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List of awards and nominations received by Shruti Haasan

2023-10-02T09:39:37Z

Pradip89: Redirected page to Shruti Haasan

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox actor awards
|name=Shruti Haasan
|image= Shruti Haasan graces the VH1 Sound Nation event.jpg
|caption= Haasan in 2015
|wins=14
|nominations=34
|award1=[[CineMAA Awards]]
|award1W=1
|award1N=1
|award2=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|award2W=1
|award2N=1
|award3=[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|award3W=2
|award3N=8
|award5=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|award5W=6
|award5N=11
|award4= [[IIFA Utsavam]]
|award4W=1
|award4N=1
|award6=[[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
|award6W=1
|award6N=3
|award7=Other Awards
|award7W=2
|award7N=9
}}

[[Shruti Haasan]] is an Indian actress and singer who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She is a recipient of several awards including two [[Filmfare Award South]] and three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], and one [[CineMAA Awards]], [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] and [[IIFA Utsavam]] each.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/topic/Shruti-Haasan/awards |work=Times of India |title=Check out the list of awards and nominations received by Shruti Haasan |accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>

Haasan made her acting debut with the Hindi film ''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]'' (2009). She made her Telugu debut with ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' and Tamil debut with ''[[7aum Arivu]]'' both (2011), winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South]] for both. She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for ''[[Race Gurram]]''. Haasan won three [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for the films - ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'', ''Race Gurram'' and ''[[Srimanthudu]]''. She also has won the Best Introduced Music Director for ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''.

== CineMAA Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2012
| Best Female Debut
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130521163648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/news-interviews/32298265_1_life-time-achievement-award-film-mahesh-babu CineMaa awards 2012 winners list]</ref>
|}

== Edison Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)|2009]]
| Best Introduced Music Director
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

== Filmfare Awards South ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[59th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]
| ''[[7aum Arivu]]'' & ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rana Daggubati announces the 59th Idea Filmfare Awards (South)|url=http://filmfare.com/photos/rana-daggubati-announces-the-59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-580.html|work=Filmfare|publisher=Times Internet Limited|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[7aum Arivu]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2013]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/photos/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-press-conference-with-tamannaah-3452.html | title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Press Conference with Tamannaah | publisher=FilmFare.com | first=Vivek | last=Bhatia | date=18 June 2013 | access-date=11 October 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| "Kannazhaga" (from ''3'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Race Gurram]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| "Junction Lo" (from ''[[Aagadu]]'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| "Yeandi Yeandi" (from ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards South 2016 (Telugu)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Winners-of-63rd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South-2016-Telugu/articleshow/52814271.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref>
|}

== International Indian Film Academy Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[15th IIFA Awards|2014]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/iifa-2014-john-travolta-kevin-spacey-star-in-bollywood-oscars-515136 |title=IIFA 2014: John Travolta, Kevin Spacey star in 'Bollywood Oscars' - NDTV |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090849/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/iifa-2014-john-travolta-kevin-spacey-star-in-bollywood-oscars-515136 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== IIFA Utsavam ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[1st IIFA Utsavam|2016]]
| [[IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Performance In A Leading Role - Female]]
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tel.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |website=www.iifautsavam.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120022933/http://iifautsavam.com/nominees-tel.html |archive-date=2015-11-20 |access-date=2016-02-27}}</ref>
|}

== Screen Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
| Best Ensemble Cast
| ''[[Welcome Back]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/22nd-star-screen-awards-2016-pink-amitabh-bachchan-alia-bhatt/1/826924.html |title=Star Screen Awards 2016 complete winners list |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=15 January 2017 |work=India Today}}</ref>
|}

== South Indian International Movie Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2012 Winners|website=South Indian International Movie Awards|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706025553/http://siima.in/2012/winners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Tamil|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]
| ''[[7aum Arivu]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-in-sharjah/article5128642.ece | title=2nd SIIMA Awards: Stars in Sharjah | work=The Hindu | access-date=15 September 2013 | author=Sudish Kamath}}</ref>
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil
| "Kannazhaga" (from ''3'')
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Stylish Actress of South Indian Cinema
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
| rowspan="4"|Best Actress – Telugu
| ''[[Balupu]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
| ''[[Race Gurram]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/bollywood/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards|date=8 August 2015|website=thenational.ae|author=Ujala Ali Khan|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
| ''[[Krack (film)|Krack]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| Fashion Youth Icon
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Stardust Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2010
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| ''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti Haasan reminisces about hard times in 2012 as she shares a pic in goth look: Wish could go back and hug |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=8 February 2023 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/shruti-haasan-reminisces-about-hard-times-in-2012-as-she-shares-a-pic-in-goth-look-wish-could-go-back-and-hug-1208482%3famp}}</ref>
|}

== Vijay Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[6th Vijay Awards|2012]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
| ''[[7aum Arivu]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html | title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners | publisher=CNN-IBN | date=19 June 2012 | access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[7th Vijay Awards|2013]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Awards: Stars, big and small!|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 May 2013|first=Udhav|last=Naig|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[9th Vijay Awards|2015]]
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| ''[[Poojai]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=Sify |date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043201/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 }}</ref>
|}

== Zee Telugu Apsara Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| Heroine of the Year
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| Entertainer of the Year
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| 2018
| Iconic Actress of the Decade
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018: Tamannaah Bhatia, Shruti Haasan and Taapsee Pannu in attendance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-tamannaah-bhatia-taapsee-pannu-shruti-haasan-5131185/ |access-date=15 April 2018 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

== Other awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2021
| [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Middle East Achievers]]
| Art Icon
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pictures: All the shine and glamour at the Filmfare ME Achievers Night |work=Filmfare |date=1 November 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/photos/pictures-all-the-shine-and-glamour-at-the-filmfare-me-achievers-night-51400.amp}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Indian Achievers Award]]
| Power Corridors
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waltair Veerayya star Shruti Haasan bags Indian Achievers Award 2023 in Delhi. See inside |work=Times Now News |access-date=18 January 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/waltair-veerayya-star-shruti-haasan-bags-indian-achievers-award-2023-in-delhi-see-inside-article-97093731/amp}}</ref>
|}

== Other recognitions ==
=== Honours ===
* 2020: Haasan became the 9th Most Tweeted South Indian Actress of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |access-date=16 December 2020 |title=Keerthy Suresh and Mahesh Babu are Most Tweeted About South Indian Superstars of 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref>
* 2023: Guest of Honour at [[2023 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]'s round table conference on Gender Parity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shruti-haasan-to-be-guest-of-honour-at-gender-parity-conference-in-cannes-news-286743/amp |date=16 May 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023|title=Shruti Haasan to be Guest of Honour at gender parity conference in Cannes 2023 |work=Outlook India}}</ref>

=== Times of India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2012
| '''#11'''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2012/articleshow/20029988.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2012
| '''#9'''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Women of 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/20071148.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2013
| '''#1'''
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2013
| '''#1'''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sruthi Hassan- MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN OF CHENNAI |url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/sruthi-hassan-most-desirable-women-chennai |work=Deccan-Journal |accessdate=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214512/http://deccan-journal.com/content/sruthi-hassan-most-desirable-women-chennai |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2014
| '''#4'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Times 25 Most Desirable Women of 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/hyderabad-times-25-most-desirable-women-of-2014/photostory/46947427.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2014
| '''#2'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 25 Most Desirable Women in 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-25-most-desirable-women-in-2014/articleshow/46931711.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2015
| '''#6'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Theprimetalks|title=Hyderabad Times - 25 Most Desirable Women List Anushka Shetty is Top {{!}} Theprimetalks.com|url=https://www.theprimetalks.com/hyderabad-times-25-most-desirable-women-list-anushka-shetty-is-top/|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.theprimetalks.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2015
| '''#2'''
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-25-Most-Desirable-Women-in-2015/articleshow/51927178.cms |title=Chennai Times 25 Most Desirable Women in 2015 - The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.com |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2016-06-28}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2016
| '''#6'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vadlmudi|first=Raghu|date=2017-01-29|title=Hyderabad Most Desirable Women 2016 – Kajal No.1|url=https://telugustop.com/?p=1142819|access-date=2021-12-11|website=TeluguStop|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2016
| '''#5'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 25 Most Desirable Women in 2016|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-25-most-desirable-women-in-2016/articleshow/56762240.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2017
| '''#12'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mar 14|first=TNN |title=Kajal Aggarwal: Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2017: Take a bow, hotties! {{!}} Hyderabad News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2017
| '''#21'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women in 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-in-2017/articleshow/62933106.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2018
| '''#26'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women of 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-of-2018/articleshow/68007082.cms|access-date=2021-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2019
| '''#28'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2019/articleshow/74612440.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2020
| '''#1'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2020: Behold, the divas who ooze desirability|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2020-behold-the-divas-who-ooze-desirability/articleshow/83175421.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chennai Times Most Desirable Woman 2020
| '''#13'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Times 30 Most Desirable Women 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-30-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83147467.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1599046/awards/?ref_=nm_awd List of awards and nominations received by Shruti Haasan]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haasan, Shruti}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Mazhab Aur Jadeed Challenge

2023-09-16T10:57:02Z

Pradip89:

{{Short description|1966 Urdu book by Waheeduddin Khan}}
{{Infobox book
| image =
| author = [[Wahiduddin Khan]]
| name = Mazhab Aur Jadeed Challenge
| language = [[Urdu]]
| country = [[India]]
| genre = Islamic theology
| published = 1966
| publisher = Maktaba Al-Risala, New Delhi
| pages = 220
}}

'''''Mazhab Aur Jadeed Challenge''''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|مذہب اور جدید چیلنج}}}}) is a 1966 Urdu book by [[Wahiduddin Khan]] on the topic of Islam and science. The book has been translated into several major languages of the world. The Arabic translation ''Al Islam Yatahadda'' has been included in the curriculum of several universities in the Arabic world.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shadi |first1=Abdur Rehman Ahmad |title=الإسلام يتحدى |url=https://www.noormags.ir/view/ar/articlepage/642987/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |work=noor mags |language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=مولانا وحید الدین خان، ایک عہد ساز شخصیت |url=https://lafzuna.com/history/s-21948/ |website=Lafzuna |language=ur }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=مولانا وحید الدین خان افکار ونظریات |url=https://shamilaurdu.com/book/maolan-waheed-ul-deen-khan-afkar-o-nazriyat/1/ |website=Shamila Urdu |access-date=14 September 2023 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nadvi |first1=Mohsin Usmani |title=مولانا وحید الدین خاں - یکتائے روزگار شخصیت |url=https://www.taemeernews.com/2021/05/wahiduddin-khan-a-dignitary.html |website=Taemeer News |language=ur}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''Mazhab Aur Jadeed Challenge'' deals with the issue of apparent conflict between religion and modern science. The author has divided the book into ten chapters. In the first chapter, the case of the opponents of religion is presented and in the second chapter, the claims against religion are scrutinized by the author. The following eight chapters talk about the basic concepts of religion in a positive way, namely the [[existence of God]], [[prophethood]], and [[life after death]].<ref name="roohani digest">{{cite web |title=اس ماہ کی کتاب…. |url=https://roohanidigest.online/?p=7553 |website=Roohani Digest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914073856/https://roohanidigest.online/?p=7553 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Books about Islam]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1966 non-fiction books]]

Dhara, Jammu and Kashmir

2023-09-06T03:12:21Z

Pradip89: Dhara

{{short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Jammu
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| subdivision_type5 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name5 = [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3441
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Sarazi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 182201<ref name="j561">{{cite web | title=Dhara Pin Code | website=India TV News | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/jammu-and-kashmir/doda/dhara | access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhara''' is a village located in the [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda Tehsil]] of the [[Doda district]] in the Indian administered Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Forest employee injured after bear attack | website=Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir | url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=262069 | access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Work starts to provide piped water under central scheme to hilltop village in J-K's Doda | website=ETV Bharat News | date=24 September 2022 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/work-starts-to-provide-piped-water-under-central-scheme-to-hilltop-village-in-j-ks-doda/na20220924153248991991641 | access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census, the village of Dhara had a significant population of children aged 0-6, comprising 21.51% of the total population, with 740 children in this age group. The average sex ratio in Dhara is 928, which is higher than the state average of 889. The child sex ratio in Dhara stands at 968, also higher than the Jammu and Kashmir state average of 862.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web | title=District Doda Handbook | website=Census 2011, Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/520/download/1728/DH_2011_0116_PART_A_DCHB_DODA.pdf | access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>

As of the 2011 Census, Dhara had a total population of 3,441 people, with 1,785 males and 1,656 females residing in the village.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Education ==
Dhara village has a lower literacy rate compared to the overall literacy rate in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 2011, the literacy rate in Dhara was 58.68%, while the state average was 67.16%. Among the population, male literacy stood at 72.04%, while female literacy was 44.12%.<ref name="census2011"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Doda district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Chenab Valley]]

Sahdev Dirdo

2021-08-15T07:32:35Z

Pradip89: Remove

{{short description|Internet Celebrity}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahdev Dirdo
| image =
| caption = Dirdo as Guest In [[Indian Idol]] Semi-final 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachpan Ka Pyaar boy performs on Indian Idol 12, Aditya Narayan-Anu Malik and contestants groove to song. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bachpan-ka-pyaar-child-performs-on-indian-idol-12-aditya-narayan-anu-malik-and-contestants-groove-to-song-watch-101628160532796.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=India com Entertainment |title=Indian Idol 12 Semi-Finale: Bachpan Ka Pyaar Fame Sahdev Dirdo To Join Pawandeep Rajan, Arunita Kanjilal and Others |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-indian-idol-12-semi-finale-bachpan-ka-pyaar-fame-sahdev-dirdo-join-pawandeep-rajan-arunita-kanjilal-others-4866696/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bastar]], [[Chattisgarh]], India
| occupation = Student, Singer
| known_for = Bachpan Ka Pyar Song<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| years active = 2021{{endash}}present
| genre = [[Cringe pop]]
| spouse =
| mother =
| website =
}}

''' Sahdev Dirdo''' is an Indian singer and internet celebrity whose video singing ''Bachpan Ka Pyaar'' went viral.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahdev Dirdo: Meet The Kid Behind Viral 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/sahdev-dirdo-meet-the-kid-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1834690-2021-07-30 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 1 |first1=TNN / |title=Popularity of boy's video spills over to original singer {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vadodara/popularity-of-boys-video-spills-over-to-original-singer/amp_articleshow/84930357.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: From Sahdev Dirdo to Ranu Mondal, 7 people who became overnight Internet sensations {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/photo-gallery-in-pics-7-people-who-became-overnight-internet-sensation-2904033 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Boy who went viral for 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' felicitated by Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/boy-bachpan-ka-pyar-felicitated-by-chhattisgarh-cm-7426372/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Taniya Firoz |title=This Viral Video Of A Child Singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Is Receiving Too Much Of Pyaar On The Internet |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/viral-video-of-a-child-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=www.scoopwhoop.com |date=23 July 2021 |language=English}}</ref> In 2019, his video singing "Bachpan Ka Pyar" was uploaded on YouTube and suddenly two year later it became viral.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Dirdo, then made a collaboration with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] titled ''Bachpan Ka pyaar'' which received 5 lakh views shortly after it was published on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah releases new version of 'Bachpan ka Pyaar' with Chhattisgarh boy Sahdev Dirdo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/11/badshah-releases-new-version-of-bachpan-ka-pyaar-with-chhattisgarh-boy-sahdev-dirdo-2343284.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah's 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' song featuring viral sensation Sahdev to release on this date {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/badshahs-bachpan-ka-pyar-song-featuring-viral-sensation-sahdev-to-release-on-this-date/videoshow/85168948.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles and collaborations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Poster
! scope="col" | Track
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=1" | 2021
|
|"Bachpan Ka Pyaar"
| Sahdev Dirdo,[[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Aastha Gill]]
| Single
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]

Sahdev Dirdo

2021-08-15T07:29:36Z

Pradip89: Add details

{{short description|Internet Celebrity}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahdev Dirdo
| image =
| caption = Dirdo as Guest In [[Indian Idol]] Semi-final 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachpan Ka Pyaar boy performs on Indian Idol 12, Aditya Narayan-Anu Malik and contestants groove to song. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bachpan-ka-pyaar-child-performs-on-indian-idol-12-aditya-narayan-anu-malik-and-contestants-groove-to-song-watch-101628160532796.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=India com Entertainment |title=Indian Idol 12 Semi-Finale: Bachpan Ka Pyaar Fame Sahdev Dirdo To Join Pawandeep Rajan, Arunita Kanjilal and Others |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-indian-idol-12-semi-finale-bachpan-ka-pyaar-fame-sahdev-dirdo-join-pawandeep-rajan-arunita-kanjilal-others-4866696/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bastar]], [[Chattisgarh]], India
| occupation = Student, Singer
| known_for = Bachpan Ka Pyar Song<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| years active = 2021{{endash}}present
| genre = [[Cringe pop]]
| spouse =
| mother =
| website =
}}

''' Sahdev Dirdo''' , popularly known as '''Bachpan Ka Pyar Boy'''<ref>{{cite news |title=School boy singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' becomes social media sensation overnight |url=https://pragativadi.com/school-boy-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar-becomes-social-media-sensation-overnight/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Pragativadi |date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahdev Dirdo: Meet The Kid Behind Viral 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/sahdev-dirdo-meet-the-kid-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1834690-2021-07-30 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian singer and internet celebrity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 1 |first1=TNN / |title=Popularity of boy's video spills over to original singer {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vadodara/popularity-of-boys-video-spills-over-to-original-singer/amp_articleshow/84930357.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: From Sahdev Dirdo to Ranu Mondal, 7 people who became overnight Internet sensations {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/photo-gallery-in-pics-7-people-who-became-overnight-internet-sensation-2904033 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> On 2021 Dirdo's video on ''Bachpan Ka Pyar'' Song became viral,which made him Popular.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boy who went viral for 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' felicitated by Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/boy-bachpan-ka-pyar-felicitated-by-chhattisgarh-cm-7426372/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Taniya Firoz |title=This Viral Video Of A Child Singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Is Receiving Too Much Of Pyaar On The Internet |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/viral-video-of-a-child-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=www.scoopwhoop.com |date=23 July 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

==Carrer and About==
In 2019, his video singing Bachpan Ka Pyar was uploaded on YouTube and suddenly two year later it became viral.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Dirdo, then made a collaboration with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] titled ''Bachpan Ka pyaar'' which received 5 lakh views shortly after it was published on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah releases new version of 'Bachpan ka Pyaar' with Chhattisgarh boy Sahdev Dirdo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/11/badshah-releases-new-version-of-bachpan-ka-pyaar-with-chhattisgarh-boy-sahdev-dirdo-2343284.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah's 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' song featuring viral sensation Sahdev to release on this date {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/badshahs-bachpan-ka-pyar-song-featuring-viral-sensation-sahdev-to-release-on-this-date/videoshow/85168948.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles and collaborations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Poster
! scope="col" | Track
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=1" | 2021
|
|"Bachpan Ka Pyaar"
| Sahdev Dirdo,[[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Aastha Gill]]
| Single
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]

Sahdev Dirdo

2021-08-15T07:23:10Z

Pradip89: categories

{{short description|Internet Celebrity}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahdev Dirdo
| image =
| caption = Dirdo as Guest In [[Indian Idol]] Semi-final 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachpan Ka Pyaar boy performs on Indian Idol 12, Aditya Narayan-Anu Malik and contestants groove to song. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bachpan-ka-pyaar-child-performs-on-indian-idol-12-aditya-narayan-anu-malik-and-contestants-groove-to-song-watch-101628160532796.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=India com Entertainment |title=Indian Idol 12 Semi-Finale: Bachpan Ka Pyaar Fame Sahdev Dirdo To Join Pawandeep Rajan, Arunita Kanjilal and Others |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-indian-idol-12-semi-finale-bachpan-ka-pyaar-fame-sahdev-dirdo-join-pawandeep-rajan-arunita-kanjilal-others-4866696/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bastar]], [[Chattisgarh]], India
| occupation = Student, Singer
| known_for = Bachpan Ka Pyar Song<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| years active = 2021{{endash}}present
| genre = [[Cringe pop]]
| spouse =
| mother =
| website =
}}

''' Sahdev Dirdo''' , popularly Known as '''Bachpan Ka Pyar Boy'''<ref>{{cite news |title=School boy singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' becomes social media sensation overnight |url=https://pragativadi.com/school-boy-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar-becomes-social-media-sensation-overnight/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Pragativadi |date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahdev Dirdo: Meet The Kid Behind Viral 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/sahdev-dirdo-meet-the-kid-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1834690-2021-07-30 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian singer and internet celebrity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 1 |first1=TNN / |title=Popularity of boy's video spills over to original singer {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vadodara/popularity-of-boys-video-spills-over-to-original-singer/amp_articleshow/84930357.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: From Sahdev Dirdo to Ranu Mondal, 7 people who became overnight Internet sensations {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/photo-gallery-in-pics-7-people-who-became-overnight-internet-sensation-2904033 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> On 2021 Dirdo's video on ''Bachpan Ka Pyar'' Song became viral,which made him Popular.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boy who went viral for 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' felicitated by Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/boy-bachpan-ka-pyar-felicitated-by-chhattisgarh-cm-7426372/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Taniya Firoz |title=This Viral Video Of A Child Singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Is Receiving Too Much Of Pyaar On The Internet |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/viral-video-of-a-child-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=www.scoopwhoop.com |date=23 July 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

==Carrer and About==
Dirdo sang a song named Bachpan Ka Pyar 2 years and someone uploaded that on YouTube and suddenly on 2021 it became viral Dirdo Became Popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Dirdo, then made a collaboration Song Video with [[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] titled ''Bachpan Ka pyaar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah releases new version of 'Bachpan ka Pyaar' with Chhattisgarh boy Sahdev Dirdo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/11/badshah-releases-new-version-of-bachpan-ka-pyaar-with-chhattisgarh-boy-sahdev-dirdo-2343284.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah's 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' song featuring viral sensation Sahdev to release on this date {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/badshahs-bachpan-ka-pyar-song-featuring-viral-sensation-sahdev-to-release-on-this-date/videoshow/85168948.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles and collaborations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Poster
! scope="col" | Track
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=1" | 2021
|
|"Bachpan Ka Pyaar"
| Sahdev Dirdo,[[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Aastha Gill]]
| Single
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]

Sahdev Dirdo

2021-08-15T07:18:11Z

Pradip89: New page

{{short description|Internet Celebrity}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sahdev Dirdo
| image =
| caption = Dirdo as Guest In [[Indian Idol]] Semi-final 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Bachpan Ka Pyaar boy performs on Indian Idol 12, Aditya Narayan-Anu Malik and contestants groove to song. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bachpan-ka-pyaar-child-performs-on-indian-idol-12-aditya-narayan-anu-malik-and-contestants-groove-to-song-watch-101628160532796.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=India com Entertainment |title=Indian Idol 12 Semi-Finale: Bachpan Ka Pyaar Fame Sahdev Dirdo To Join Pawandeep Rajan, Arunita Kanjilal and Others |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-indian-idol-12-semi-finale-bachpan-ka-pyaar-fame-sahdev-dirdo-join-pawandeep-rajan-arunita-kanjilal-others-4866696/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bastar]], [[Chattisgarh]], India
| occupation = Student, Singer
| known_for = Bachpan Ka Pyar Song<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| years active = 2021{{endash}}present
| spouse =
| mother =
| website =
}}

''' Sahdev Dirdo''' , popularly Known as '''Bachpan Ka Pyar Boy'''<ref>{{cite news |title=School boy singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' becomes social media sensation overnight |url=https://pragativadi.com/school-boy-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar-becomes-social-media-sensation-overnight/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=Pragativadi |date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahdev Dirdo: Meet The Kid Behind Viral 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/sahdev-dirdo-meet-the-kid-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1834690-2021-07-30 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is a popular Indian Singer, Internet Celebrity and Social Media Sensation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 1 |first1=TNN / |title=Popularity of boy's video spills over to original singer {{!}} Vadodara News - Times of India |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/vadodara/popularity-of-boys-video-spills-over-to-original-singer/amp_articleshow/84930357.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: From Sahdev Dirdo to Ranu Mondal, 7 people who became overnight Internet sensations {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/photo-gallery-in-pics-7-people-who-became-overnight-internet-sensation-2904033 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> On 2021 Dirdo's video on ''Bachpan Ka Pyar'' Song became viral,which made him Popular.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boy who went viral for 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' felicitated by Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/boy-bachpan-ka-pyar-felicitated-by-chhattisgarh-cm-7426372/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Taniya Firoz |title=This Viral Video Of A Child Singing 'Bachpan Ka Pyaar' Is Receiving Too Much Of Pyaar On The Internet |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/viral-video-of-a-child-singing-bachpan-ka-pyaar/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=www.scoopwhoop.com |date=23 July 2021 |language=English}}</ref>

==Carrer and About==
Dirdo sang a song named Bachpan Ka Pyar 2 years and someone uploaded that on YouTube and suddenly on 2021 it became viral Dirdo Became Popular.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DelhiJuly 28 |first1=Raya Ghosh New |title=Who is Sahdev Dirdo, voice behind viral Bachpan Ka Pyaar video? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-sahdev-dirdo-voice-behind-viral-bachpan-ka-pyaar-video-1833530-2021-07-28 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Dirdo, then made a collaboration Song Video with [[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] titled ''Bachpan Ka pyaar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah releases new version of 'Bachpan ka Pyaar' with Chhattisgarh boy Sahdev Dirdo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/aug/11/badshah-releases-new-version-of-bachpan-ka-pyaar-with-chhattisgarh-boy-sahdev-dirdo-2343284.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah's 'Bachpan Ka Pyar' song featuring viral sensation Sahdev to release on this date {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/badshahs-bachpan-ka-pyar-song-featuring-viral-sensation-sahdev-to-release-on-this-date/videoshow/85168948.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles and collaborations===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Poster
! scope="col" | Track
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=1" | 2021
|
|"Bachpan Ka Pyaar"
| Sahdev Dirdo,[[Badshah_(rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Aastha Gill]]
| Single
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Badshah, Aastha Gill collaborate with Sahdev Dirdo on Bachpan Ka Pyaar, gets 5 lakh views within minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/badshah-aastha-gill-collaborate-with-sahdev-dirdo-on-bachpan-ka-pyaar-7448668/ |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

User talk:Helidaruwala

2021-08-09T03:30:45Z

Pradip89:

{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Helidaruwala}}

-- [[User:ShoutWiki|ShoutWiki]] ([[User talk:ShoutWiki|talk]]) 21:12, 22 June 2021 (IST)

== India edit-a-thon: Write for glory ==

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Template:Post-nominals/IND

2021-08-05T15:53:24Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{#switch: {{{1}}} | AC = AC | ADC = ADC | AVSM = AVSM | KC = KC | M..."

{{#switch: {{{1}}}
| AC = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]]
| ADC = [[Aide de Camp|ADC]]
| AVSM = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| KC = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| MVC = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]
| MVC1 = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] & [[Medal bar|Bar]]
| MVC2 = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]]
| NM = [[Nausena Medal|NM]]
| PPM = [[President's Police Medal|PPM]]
| PPMG = [[President's Police Medal for Gallantry|PPMG]]
| PVC = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| PVSM = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]]
| SC = [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]
| SM = [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| SYSM = [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal|SYSM]]
| UYSM = [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]]
| VM = [[Vayusena Medal|VM]]
| VrC = [[Vir Chakra|VrC]]
| VSM = [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| YSM = [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Bipin Rawat

2021-08-05T15:52:07Z

Pradip89:

{{short description|Current Chief of Defence Staff of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''[[General (India)|General]]'''
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=90%|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| image = Bipin Rawat Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gen. Bipin Rawat after taking charge as CDS
| office = 1st [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| term_start = {{start date|2020|01|01|df=yes}}
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = 57th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|2019|09|27|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| successor1 = Office abolished
| office2 = 26th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| president2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| successor2 = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-to-be-next-army-chief-11576512004693.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane to be next Army Chief|publisher=LiveMint|access-date=16 December 2019|date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| office3 = 37th [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|2016|09|01|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| president3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Man Mohan Singh Rai]]
| successor3 = [[Sarath Chand]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|03|16}}
| death_date =
| birth_place =[[Pauri]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 16 December 1978 {{endash}} present
| rank = [[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|23px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-35471M<ref name="pvsm-pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187777|title=411 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|date=2019-01-25}}</ref>
| unit = [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = [[File:IA Southern Command.jpg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] [[MONUSCO|MONUSCO North Kivu Brigade]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Rashtriya Rifles, Sector 5]] [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| relations = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Laxman Singh Rawat (Father)
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Indian Military Academy]] [[Defence Services Staff College]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]]) [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command & General Staff College]] (ILE) [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| predecessor = Office established
}}

'''[[General (India)|General]] Bipin Rawat''', {{Post-nominals|size=90%|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}} (born 16 March 1958)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-set-to-be-indias-first-cds-1.68733228 | title=Army Chief Gen Bipin Rawat set to be India's first CDS}}</ref> is a [[Four-star rank|four star general]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He is the first and current [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of India. On 30 December 2019, he was appointed as the first CDS of India and assumed office from 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=196194|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-first-chief-of-defence-staff-1632572-2019-12-30|title=Army chief General Bipin Rawat named India's first Chief of Defence Staff|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-amends-army-rules-to-allow-chief-of-defence-staff-to-serve-till-65/articleshow/73019504.cms|title=Govt amends Army rules to allow chief of defence staff to serve till 65|work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/a-brief-look-at-general-bipin-rawat-indias-first-cds/amp_articleshow/73029309.cms?usqp=mq331AQCKAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=Who is Bipin Rawat: A brief look at General Bipin Rawat, India's first CDS|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Prior to taking over as the CDS, he served as [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as well as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|26th Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gen-rawat-takes-over-as-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-committee/article29528935.ece|title=Gen. Rawat takes over as Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rawat was born in [[Pauri]], [[Uttarakhand]] in a [[Hindu]] [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand - Times of India|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221184712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The family had been serving in the Indian Army for multiple generations. His father Laxman Singh Rawat was from Sainj village of the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] and rose to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|title=Gen Bipin Rawat known for operational skills and strategic expertise|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224233624/http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220002909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|title=Bipin Rawat to have full three years tenure|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|archive-date=2016-12-21}}</ref> His mother was from the [[Uttarkashi district]] and was the daughter of Kishan Singh Parmar, the ex-[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Uttarkashi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of |title=Army Chief visits mother's ancestral village |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-chief-visits-mother-s-ancestral-village-119092001353_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

Rawat attended [[Cambrian Hall|Cambrian Hall School]] in [[Dehradun]] and the [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/rawat-visits-alma-mater-artrac-772528|title=Rawat visits alma mater}}</ref> He then joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khadakwasla]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]], where he was awarded the 'Sword of Honour'.

Rawat is also a graduate of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] and the Higher Command Course at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander|date=2016-01-02|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|archive-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|title=UN commander says hands are tied in Congo|last=Goma|first=By David Blair in|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|title=Lt General Bipin Rawat: Master of surgical strikes - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175826/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref> From his tenure at the DSSC, he has a [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] degree in Defence Studies as well as diplomas in Management and Computer Studies from [[University of Madras]]. In 2011, he was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctorate of Philosophy]] by [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], [[Meerut]] for his research on military-media strategic studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|title=Chief-designate for peace on border: 'Some disputes not for Army to settle'|date=2016-12-19|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218203003/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|title=GENERAL BIPIN RAWAT takes over as the 27th COAS of the INDIAN ARMY|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002700/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|archive-date=2017-01-01|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

==Military career==
Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion of [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] on 16 December 1978, the same unit as his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander|date=2 January 2016|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|title=In surprise move, Lt. Gen. Bipin Rawat appointed next Army Chief|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193836/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> He has much experience in high-altitude warfare and spent ten years conducting [[Counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name=":2" />

He commanded a [[Company (military unit)|company]] in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as a [[Major]].
As a [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], he commanded his battalion, the 5th battalion [[11 Gorkha Rifles]], in the Eastern sector along the [[Line of Actual Control]] at [[Kibithu]].
Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded 5 Sector of [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in [[Sopore]]. He then commanded a multinational [[Brigade]] in a Chapter VII mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ([[MONUSCO]]) where he was twice awarded the Force Commander’s Commendation.

After promotion to [[Major General]], Rawat took over as the [[General Officer Commanding]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] (Uri). As a [[Lieutenant General]], he commanded [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], headquartered in [[Dimapur]] before taking over the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] in [[Pune]].

He also held staff assignments which included an instructional tenure at the [[Indian Military Academy]] ([[Dehradun]]), General Staff Officer Grade 2 at the Military Operations Directorate, logistics staff officer of a Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in central India, Colonel Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch and Senior Instructor in the Junior Command Wing. He also served as the Major General General Staff (MGGS) of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].

After being promoted to the Army Commander grade, Rawat assumed the post of [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] on 1 January 2016. After a short stint, he assumed the post of [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]] on 1 September 2016.

On 17 December 2016, the Government of India appointed him as the 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], superseding two more senior [[Lieutenant General]]s, [[Praveen Bakshi]] and [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz|P. M. Hariz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|title=India Army Gets China Border Experienced General|publisher=ABC Live|issue=online|agency=ABC Live|last1=Jatinder|first1=Kaur|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153709/http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> He took office of [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] as the 27th COAS on 31 December 2016, after retirement of General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The path of glory: exploits of the 11 Gorkha Rifles|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1988|author=Gautam Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2016-12-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082340/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>

He is the third officer from the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Brigade]] to become the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], after [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] and [[General (India)|General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]. On his visit to the United States in 2019, General Rawat was inducted to the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] International Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Rawat inducted into his alma mater's International Hall of Fame in US|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/general-rawat-inducted-into-his-alma-mater-s-international-hall-of-fame-in-us-119040500337_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=5 April 2019|access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> He is also the honorary General of [[Nepalese Army]]. It has been a tradition between the Indian and Nepali armies to confer the honorary rank of General to each other's chiefs to signify their close and special military ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-nepal-army-bidhya-devi-bhandari-968426-2017-03-29|title=General Bipin Rawat made honorary General of Nepal Army|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref>

===1987 Sino-Indian skirmish===
During the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|1987 face off]] in the [[Sumdorong Chu]] valley, Rawat's battalion was deployed against the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi/1/837176.html|title=Why General Rawat made the cut which General Bakshi failed to|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217204522/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi/1/837176.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> The standoff was the first military confrontation along the disputed [[McMahon Line]] after the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]].

===UN Mission in Congo===
While commanding [[MONUSCO]] (a Multinational Brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]), Rawat had a truly outstanding tour. Within two weeks of deployment in the DRC, the Brigade faced a major offensive in the east which threatened not only the regional capital of [[North Kivu]], [[Goma]], but stability across the country as a whole. The situation demanded a rapid response and North Kivu Brigade was reinforced, where it was responsible for over 7,000 men and women, representing nearly half of the total MONUSCO force. Whilst simultaneously engaged in offensive kinetic operations against the CNDP and other armed groups, Rawat (then [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]) carried out tactical support to the Congolese Army ([[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]]), sensitization programmes with the local population and detailed coordination to ensure that all were informed about the situation and worked together in prosecuting operations whilst trying to protect the vulnerable population. This hectic period of operational tempo lasted a full four months and during this time Rawat, his headquarters and his international Brigade, were tested to the full, across the operational spectrum. His personal leadership, courage and experience were pivotal to the success that the Brigade achieved. [[Goma]] never fell, the East stabilized and the main armed group was motivated to the negotiating table and has since been integrated into the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]]. He was also tasked to present the Revised Charter of Peace Enforcement to the Special Representatives of the Secretary General and Force Commanders of all the UN missions in a special conference at [[Wilton Park]], [[London]] on 16 May 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|title=How Lt Gen Rawat changed the face of UN peacekeeping in conflict-hit Congo|date=2016-12-18|newspaper=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218200919/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref>

[[File:Bipin Rawat Baton.jpg|thumb|right|250px|General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]] handing over the baton to Gen Bipin Rawat at the Army HQ]]

===2015 Myanmar strikes===
In June 2015, eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an [[2015 Manipur ambush|ambush]] by militants belonging to the [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]] (UNLFW) in [[Manipur]]. The Indian Army responded with [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|cross-border strikes]] in which units of the 21st battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] struck an NSCN-K base in [[Myanmar]]. [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para]] was under the operational control of the [[Dimapur]] based [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], which was then commanded by Rawat.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|title=Rawat's appointment as Army chief is in line with Modi's aggressive foreign policy|last=Datta|first=Saikat|newspaper=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219123814/http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

===Bilateral visits as Chief of the Army Staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Date
!Purpose
!References
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2017'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|28 - 31 March
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister.
* Visited a high-altitude military warfare training centre at [[Pokhara]] and [[Muktinath]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|title=Indian Army Chief Gen Rawat to visit Nepal|date=2017-03-19|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319135320/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160098)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-03-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141654/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160098%29|archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|31 March - 2 April
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff.
* Visited headquarters of an infantry division and armoured corps at [[Bogra]].
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|title=Indian army chief arrives in Dhaka {{!}} Dhaka Tribune|date=2017-03-31|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331133439/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|archive-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}
|27 - 30 April
|
* Audience with King of Bhutan.
* Goodwill visit.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:161383)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A161383%29|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|28 - 31 May
|
* Bilateral discussions with [[State Counsellor of Myanmar|State Counseller]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)|Union Minister for Foreign Affairs]], [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]], [[Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]] and [[Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Army|Commander-in-Chief of Army]].
* Visited National Defence College, [[Nay Pyi Taw]] and [[Defence Services Academy]], [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Pwin Oo Lwin]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:162203)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-05-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A162203%29|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
|1 - 3 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Defence Minister, Chairman of the National Security Committee, Vice Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces of Kazakhstan.
* Visited elite Air Assault Brigade and National Defence University in Astana
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:169337)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-08-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801073043/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A169337%29|archive-date=2017-08-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan }}
|4 - 5 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Minister of Defence & Secretary, National Security Council, First Deputy Minister & Chief of General Staff, Commanders of Land, Naval, Air & Air Defence Forces
* Visited the Military Institute & Military Academy
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2018'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|12 - 14 February
|
* Bilateral meetings with President and Prime Minister
* Chief guest at Army day of the [[Nepalese Army]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-chief-on-three-day-visit-to-nepal-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62875071.cms|title=Indian Army chief on three-day visit to Nepal from tomorrow|date=2018-02-11|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-in-nepal-for-nepali-army-day201802130857220003/|title=Army Chief Gen Bipin Rawat in Nepal for Nepali Army Day|website=aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-in-nepal-to-meet-prez-pm/story-5e8lzBZCrMj6Apv0vCl4DI.html|title=Indian Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat in Nepal, to meet Prez, PM|date=2018-02-13|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|14 - 17 May
|
* Bilateral meetings with President, Prime Minister and Chiefs of Sri Lankan Armed Forces
* Visited the [[Sri Lanka Military Academy]], Diyatalawa and military establishments at [[Kandy]] and [[Trincomalee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2018/05/11/chief-of-staff-of-the-indian-army-general-rawat-to-visit-sri-lanka/|title=Chief of Staff of the Indian Army General Rawat to visit Sri Lanka {{!}} The Sunday Leader|website=thesundayleader.lk|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179251|title=Visit of Coas to Sri Lanka|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|1 - 6 October
|
* Bilateral meetings with senior military officers
* Visited the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Western Military District HQ (St Petersburg) and HQ and General Staff Academy at Moscow
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183854|title=Visit of COAS to Russia|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22 - 25 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister, Deputy Chief of the General Staff and other senior military personnel
* Visited the HQ of an infantry division near Hanoi and 7 Military Region HQ at Ho Chi Minh City
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=185855|title=Visit of COAS to Vietnam|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}} {{Flag|Kenya}}
|17 - 20 December
|
* Met senior civil and military leaders of the two countries
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186443|title=Visit of COAS to Tanzania and Kenya}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2019'''
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|2 - 5 April
|
* Bilateral meetings with [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[General (United States)|General]] [[Mark A. Milley]] and [[General (United States)|General]] [[Joseph Dunford]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
* Visited the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]] and the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189616|title=Visit of Chief of the Army Staff to USA|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|22x22px]][[Maldives]]
|30 Sept - 3 Oct 2019
|
* Interacted with the hierarchy of the Maldivian government and armed forces.
* visit aimed at strengthening close bilateral defense ties between the two nations.
* Army Chief meet Mr Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, Hon'ble President of Maldives, Ms Mariya Ahmed Didi, minister of defense, Mr Abdullah Shahid, foreign minister and Major General Abdulla Shamaal, chief of National Defense Forces.
* Military vehicles and military equipment exchanged
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193492|title=Visit of General Bipin Rawat, Coas to Maldives|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>
|}

==Honours and decorations==
During his career span of over 40 years, he has been awarded for gallantry and distinguished service with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Sena Medal]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Car|COAS Commendation]] on two occasions and the Army Commander’s Commendation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-indian-army-chief-birender-singh-dhanoa-air-force-4432972/|title=Superseding two senior Lt Gens, Bipin Rawat is new Army Chief; Dhanoa to head Air Force|date=2016-12-18|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218011736/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-indian-army-chief-birender-singh-dhanoa-air-force-4432972/|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-new-chief-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-air-force-bs-dhanoa/1/837110.html|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat appointed new Army chief, Air Marshal BS Dhanoa as new Air Force chief|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193928/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-new-chief-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-air-force-bs-dhanoa/1/837110.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|title=Eight things you need to know about new army chief Bipin Rawat|date=2016-12-17|newspaper=Hindustantimes|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/12/18/bipin-rawat-new-army-chief-has-what-government-wants-operational-experience-syed-ata-hasnain-defence|title=New Army Chief Has What the Govt Wants: Nuts-and-Bolts Experience|newspaper=The Quint|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130653/https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/12/18/bipin-rawat-new-army-chief-has-what-government-wants-operational-experience-syed-ata-hasnain-defence|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155412/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lt-gen-mathews-takes-over-as-goc-of-indias-only-desert-corps/|title=Lt Gen Mathews takes over as GoC of India's only desert corps|date=2014-09-01|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon= Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Wound_Medal-India.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=MONUC_Medal_bar.gif|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[MONUSCO]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 16 December 1978<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=212 |date=21 February 1981 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0959-1981-0008-42603.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=995 |date=1 August 1981 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0961-1981-0031-42646.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 31 July 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=375 |date=23 March 1985 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0012-34591.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1989<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1746 |date=3 November 1990 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1990/O-2466-1990-0044-112602.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 June 1998<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=811 |date=18 May 2002 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2002/O-2520-2002-0020-114254.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 August 2003<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=974 |date=25 June 2005 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_26_2011_116.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 October 2007 (seniority from 17 May 2007)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=254 |date=21 February 2009 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_8_2010_009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 20 October 2011 (substantive, seniority from 11 May 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=95 |date=19 January 2013 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_3_2013_205.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2014 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2366 |date=20 December 2014 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/162120.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 1 January 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=223 |date=25 March 2017 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174966.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|35px]]|| [[General (India)|General]] (CDS) || [[Indian Armed Forces]] (tri-service)|| 31 December 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598029|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| years = 1 January 2020
| before = office established
| after = Incumbent}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| years = 27 September 2019–31 December 2019
| before = [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| after = office abolished}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 31 December 2016 – 31 December 2019
| before = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| after = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1 September 2016 – 31 December 2016
| before = [[Man Mohan Singh Rai]]
| after = [[Sarath Chand]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
| years = 1 January 2016 – 31 July 2016
| before = [[Ashok Singh (general)|Ashok Singh]]
| after = [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]
| years = 1 September 2014 – 23 November 2015
| before = [[S. L. Narasimhan]]
| after = [[Abhay Krishna]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-tzofa0vu0 Guard of honour during the handover ceremony in 2019]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Bipin}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the National Defence College, India]]

Nastaliq

2021-08-05T15:50:53Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Short description|The predominant style in Persian calligraphy}} {{Hatnote|The Nastaliq text on this page will show in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font i..."

{{Short description|The predominant style in Persian calligraphy}}
{{Hatnote|The Nastaliq text on this page will show in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font installed.{{ref|font_display|[see below]}}}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Nastaliq
| type = [[Abjad]]
| languages = [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (including [[Dari Persian|Dari]] and [[Tajik language|Tajik]]), [[Ottoman Turkish]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (in Iran and Iraq), many [[varieties of Punjabi]] (including [[Hindko]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]), [[Kasmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Afghan Uzbek]], [[Pashto]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Hazaragi language|Hazaragi]], [[Nuristani language|Nuristani Languages]], [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Iraqi Arabic]], [[Luri language|Luri]], [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]], [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]]{{dn|date=July 2021}}, [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Pashayi language|Pashayi]], [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]], [[Turkmen language | Some Varities of Turkmen]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]]
| sample = Welcome to Persian Wikipedia.svg
| caption = "Welcome to Wikipedia" in Persian from [[:fa:صفحهٔ اصلی|Persian Wikipedia]]
| imagesize = 200px
| iso15924 = Aran
| note = none
| direction = [[right-to-left]]<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Akram|first1=Qurat ul Ain|last2=Hussain|first2=Sarmad|last3=Niazi|first3=Aneeta|last4=Anjum|first4=Umair|last5=Irfan|first5=Faheem|date=April 2014|title=Adapting Tesseract for Complex Scripts: An Example for Urdu Nastalique|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6830996|conference=11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems|location=Tours, France|publisher=IEEE|volume=|pages=191–195|doi=10.1109/DAS.2014.45|isbn=978-1-4799-3243-6|via=}}</ref>
}}
{{Calligraphy}}

[[File:Hafez Ghazal.jpg|thumb|right|
A [[couplet]] versified by the Persian poet [[Hafez]] in Nastaliq, in print: [[#Nastaliq typesetting|[note]]]
{{rtl-para|1=fa|2={{nq|
حافظ شیرازی 
مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم 
هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم
|size=1.25em}}}}
in a [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] styled typeface:
{{rtl-para|1=fa|2={{naskh|
حافظ شیرازی 
مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم 
هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم
}}}}]]

'''Nastaʼlīq''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|æ|s|t|ə|ˈ|l|iː|k|,_|ˈ|n|æ|s|t|ə|l|iː|k}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nastaliq {{!}} Definition of Nastaliq by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Nastaliq|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Lexico Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|via=Lexico.com}}</ref> {{lang-fa|{{nq|نستعلیق}}}}, {{IPA-fa|næsˈtæʔliːq|IPA}}) is one of the main [[calligraphic hand]]s used to write the [[Perso-Arabic script]] in the [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] languages,<ref>{{Cite web|last=eteraz|first=ali|date=8 October 2013|title=The Death of the Urdu Script|url=https://medium.com/@eteraz/the-death-of-the-urdu-script-9ce935435d90|access-date=4 June 2020|website=Medium|language=en|quote=Urdu is traditionally written in a Perso-Arabic script called nastaliq…}}</ref> and traditionally the predominant style in [[Persian calligraphy]].<ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam''. By P. M. Holt, et al., Cambridge University Press, 1977, {{ISBN|0-521-29138-0}}, p. 723.</ref> It was developed in the land of Persia (modern-day [[Iran]]) in the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/Famous-Calligraphers.html|title=Famous Calligraphers - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy|first=Payman|last=Hamed|website=www.persiancalligraphy.org}}</ref> It is sometimes used to write [[Arabic]] language text (where it is mainly used for titles and headings), but its use has always been more popular in the [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] sphere of influence.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020|reason=which Turkic languages?}} Nastaliq remains very widely used in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] and other countries for written poetry and as a form of art.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gulzar, Rahman|first=Atif, Shafiq|date=2007|title=Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega|url=https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=29|pages=1–6}}</ref>

A less elaborate version of Nastaliq serves as the preferred style for writing in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Urdu]] and it is often used alongside [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] for [[Pashto]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2020|reason=elsewhere some contributors have questioned whether it's used for Pashto at all}} In [[Persian language|Persian]], it is used for poetry only. {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} was historically used for writing [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], where it was known as {{lang|ota-Latn|tâlik}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zakariya.net/history/scripts.html |title=The Scripts |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214094318/http://www.zakariya.net/history/scripts.html |archive-date=2013-12-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (not to be confused with a totally different Persian style, also called ''[[taʿlīq]]''; to distinguish the two, Ottomans referred to the latter as {{transl|ota|taʿlīq-i qadim}}, "old {{transl|ota|taʿlīq}}").

Nastaliq is the core script of the post-[[Sassanid]] Persian writing tradition and is equally important in the areas under its cultural influence. The [[languages of Iran]] (Western Persian, Azeri, Balochi, Kurdi, Luri, etc.), [[Afghanistan]] (Dari Persian, Pashto, Turkmen, Uzbek, etc.), [[India]] (Urdu, Kashmiri, etc.), [[Pakistan]] (Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, Pashto, Balochi, etc.) and the Turkic [[Uyghur language]] of the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]], rely on {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}. Under the name {{transl|ota|[[taʿliq]]}} (lit. "suspending script"), it was also beloved by Ottoman calligraphers who developed the [[Diwani]] ({{transl|ota|divanî}}) and [[Ruqah]] ({{transl|ota|rık{{okina}}a}}) styles from it.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

{{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} is amongst the most fluid calligraphy styles for the [[Arabic script]]. It has short verticals with no serifs, and long horizontal strokes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020|reason=I don't see any "long horizontal strokes"}} It is written using a piece of trimmed reed with a tip of {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, called {{transl|ar|[[qalam]]}} ('pen', [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] {{lang|ar|قلم}}) and carbon ink, named ''siyahi''. The nib of a {{transl|ar|qalam}} can be split in the middle to facilitate [[ink]] absorption.<ref>{{Citation|title=Qalam|date=2020-02-15|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qalam&oldid=940890427|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

Two important forms of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} panels are {{transl|fa|[[Chalipa]]}} and {{transl|fa|[[Siyah mashq]]}}. A {{transl|fa|Chalipa}} ("cross", in Persian) panel usually consists of four diagonal hemistiches (half-lines) of poetry, clearly signifying a moral, ethical or poetic concept. {{transl|fa|Siyah Mashq}} ("black drill") panels, however, communicate via composition and form, rather than content. In {{transl|fa|Siyah Mashq}}, repeating a few letters or words (sometimes even one) virtually inks the whole panel.{{Citation needed|reason=should that say "links" instead of "inks"?|date=January 2020}} The content is thus of less significance and not clearly accessible.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements.|date=June 2017}}

== History ==
[[File:Khatt-e Nastaliq.jpg|thumb|right|
Example saying, "''Nastaliq script''", written in {{transl|fa|Nasta'līq}}.
{{rtl-para|1=fa|2={{nq|خط نستعلیق|size=1.5em}}}}
([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{lang|fa|خط نستعلیق}})
 The dotted form <big>{{lang|fa|[[:wiktionary:ڛ|ڛ]]}}</big> is used in place of <big>{{lang|fa|[[:wiktionary:س|س]]}}</big> in the word <big>{{lang|fa|نڛتعلیق}}</big> Nastaliq.]]

After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Islamic conquest of Persia]], the Iranian Persian people adopted the [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic script]] and the art of [[Persian calligraphy]] flourished in Iran as territories of the former Persian empire. Apparently, [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]] (14th century) developed {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} by combining two existing scripts of {{transl|fa|[[Naskh (script)|Nasḫ]]}} and {{transl|fa|[[Taʿlīq]]}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Calligraphers |url=http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/Famous-Calligraphers.html |work=Persian Calligraphy |access-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref> Hence, it was originally called {{transl|fa|Nasḫ-Taʿlīq}}. Another theory holds that the name {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} means "that which abrogated (''naskh'') ''Taʿlīq''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irangazette.com/en/12/494-iran-nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq-script.html|title=Iran Nastaʿlīq script - IRAN TRAVEL, TRIP TO IRAN|website=www.irangazette.com|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref>

{{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} thrived and many prominent calligraphers contributed to its splendor and beauty. It is believed{{By whom|date=July 2010}} that {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} reached its highest elegance in [[Mir Emad]]'s works. The current practice of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} is, however, heavily based on [[Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor|Mirza Reza Kalhor]]'s technique. Kalhor modified and adapted {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} to be easily used with printing machines, which in turn helped wide dissemination of his transcripts. He also devised methods for teaching {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} and specified clear proportional rules for it, which many could follow.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

The [[Mughal Empire]] used [[Persian language|Persian]] as the court [[language]] during their rule over [[South Asia]]. During this time, {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} came into widespread use in [[South Asia]]. The influence continues to this day. In India and Pakistan, almost everything in Urdu is written in the script, constituting the greatest part of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} usage in the world. The situation of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} in [[Bangladesh]] used to be the same as in Pakistan until 1971, when Urdu ceased to remain an official language. Today, only a few people use this form of writing in [[Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

Nastaliq is a descendant of {{transl|fa|[[Naskh (script)|Nasḫ]]}} and {{transl|fa|Taʿlīq}}. {{transl|fa|Shekasteh Nastaliq}} - literally: "broken Nastaliq" - style [[#Shekasteh Nastaliq|(below)]] is a development of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

{{Clear}}

== Notable Nastaliq calligraphers ==
[[File:Miremad-1.jpg|thumb|right|Persian Chalipa panel, [[Mir Emad]] 
In print: [[#Nastaliq typesetting|[note]]]
{{rtl-para|fa|{{Nastaliq|بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم|size=1.25em}}}}
In [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] styled typeface:
{{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم}}}} ]]

* [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]]
* [[Mir Emad]]
* [[Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí]]
* [[Mishkín-Qalam]]
* [[Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor]]

And others, including Mirza Jafar Tabrizi, Abdul Rashid Deilami, Sultan Ali Mashadi, Mir Ali Heravi, Emad Ul-Kottab, Mirza Gholam Reza Esfehani, Emadol Kotab, Yaghoot Mostasami and Darvish Abdol Majid Taleghani.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

And among contemporary artists: Hassan Mirkhani, Hossein Mirkhani, [[Keikhosro Khoroush]], Abbas Akhavein and Qolam-Hossein Amirkhani, Ali Akbar Kaveh,
Kaboli.<ref>[http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script – Persian Calligraphy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm |date=September 28, 2010 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">

File:Mir emad 1012 hijri.jpg|[[Mir Emad Hassani]], Safavid era

File:Soltan ali mashhadi 895 1489.jpg|Soltan-ali Mashhadi - 1489 AD
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== Etiquette ==
[[Islamic calligraphy]] was originally used to adorn Islamic religious texts, specifically the [[Quran|Qurʼan]], as pictorial ornaments were prohibited in sacred publications and spaces of [[Islam]]. Therefore, a sense of sacredness was always implicit in calligraphy.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

A {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} disciple was supposed to qualify himself spiritually for being a calligrapher, besides learning how to prepare ''{{transl|ar|qalam}}'', ink, paper and, more importantly, master {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}. For instance see ''Adab al-Mashq'', a manual of penmanship attributed to [[Mir Emad]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|date=April–June 1992|title=The Spirit of Islamic Calligraphy: Bābā Shāh Iṣfahānī's Ādāb al-mashq|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=112|issue=2|pages=279–286|doi=10.2307/603706|jstor=603706}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Sultan 'Ali Mashhadi (Persian, 1442-1519). Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza, ca. 1490.jpg|''Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza'', ca. 1490. [[Brooklyn Museum]].
File:Quatrain on the Virtue of Patience WDL6844.png|Quatrain on the Virtue of Patience by Muhammad Muhsin Lahuri of the [[Mughal Empire]]
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== {{transl|fa|Shekasteh}} Nastaliq ==
''{{transl|fa|Shekasteh}}'' or ''{{transl|fa|Shekasteh Nastaliq}}'' ({{lang-fa|{{Nastaliq|شکسته نستعلیق}}}}, {{lang|fa|{{uninaskh|شکسته نستعلیق}}}}, "cursive {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}" or literally "broken {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}") style is a "streamlined" script of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}}. It was developed in the 14th century to ease communication for non-calligraphic purposes, such as commerce and administration. ''Shekasta'' is characterized by "[letters] greatly reduced in size... thinner strokes... [and] letters that in the formal versions of the Arabic script do not connect to the left were made to connect."<ref name="readnast3">{{Cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |title=Reading Nasta'liq: Persian and Urdu Hands from 1500 to the Present |last2=Hanaway |first2=William L. |year=1995 |isbn=978-1568592138 |pages=3}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png|A [[ruba'i]] of Omar Khayyam in Shekasteh Nastaliq. In print:{{rtl-para|fa|{{Nastaliq|گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است|size=1.25em}}}} In modern [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است}}}}
File:Ghafeleye Omr.svg|A line of poetry by the Iranian poet [[Omar Khayyam]] in Shekasteh Nastaliq. In print: {{rtl-para|fa|{{Nastaliq|این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد|size=1.25em}}}} In modern [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد}}}}
File:Shikastah Nasta'liq Script.gif|An excerpt from Shaykh Sa'di's (d. 691/1292) "Gulistan" (The Rose Garden), in {{transl|fa|Shekasteh Nastaliq}} script.
File:Fath Ali Shah Qajar Firman in Shikasta Nastaliq script January 1831.jpg|[[Fath Ali Shah Qajar]]'s order in {{transl|fa|Shekasteh Nastaliq}} script, January 1831
</gallery>

{{Clear}}

== Nastaliq typesetting ==
[[File:Urdu couplet.svg|thumb|
An example of the {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} script used for writing [[Urdu]]. Nastaliq: {{rtl-para|{{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|size=1.25em|؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے}}}}}} [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{rtl-para|{{Lang|ur|{{Lang|ar|size=1.25em|؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے}}}}}}]]

{{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Typography first started with attempts to develop a metallic type for the script, but all such efforts failed. [[Fort William College]] developed a {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Type, which was not close enough to {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} and hence was never used other than by the college library to publish its own books. The State of Hyderabad Dakan (now in India) also attempted to develop a {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Typewriter but this attempt failed miserably and the file was closed with the phrase “Preparation of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} on commercial basis is impossible”. Basically, in order to develop such a metal type, thousands of pieces would be required.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

Modern {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} typography began with the invention of ''Noori Nastaleeq'' which was first created as a digital font in 1981 through the collaboration of [[Mirza Ahmad Jamil]] TI (as Calligrapher) and [[Monotype Imaging]] (formerly Monotype Corp & Monotype Typography).<ref name="Interview with Mirza Ahmad Jamil">{{cite web |last=Khurshiq |first=Iqbal |title=زندگی آگے بڑھنے کا نام اور جمود موت ہے: نوری نستعلیق کی ایجاد سے خط نستعلیق کی دائمی حفاظت ہوگئی |date=17 November 2013 |url=http://www.express.pk/story/197175/|publisher=Express|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>
Although this was a ground-breaking solution employing over 20,000 ligatures (individually designed character combinations)<ref>[https://restofworld.org/2021/bringing-urdu-into-the-digital-age/ How to bring a language to the future], 9 Feb 2021</ref> which provided the most beautiful results and allowed newspapers such as Pakistan's ''[[Daily Jang]]'' to use digital typesetting instead of an army of calligraphers, it suffered from two problems in the 1990s: (a) its non-availability on standard platforms such as [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or [[Mac OS]], and (b) the non-[[WYSIWYG]] nature of text entry, whereby the document had to be created by commands in Monotype's proprietary [[page description language]].

=== InPage ===

In 1994, [[InPage]] Urdu, which is a fully functional page layout software for Windows akin to [[Quark XPress]], was developed for Pakistan's newspaper industry by an Indian software company Concept Software Pvt Ltd. It offered the ''Noori Nastaliq'' font licensed from [[Monotype Corporation]]. This font, with its vast ligature base of over 20,000, is still used in current versions of the software for Windows. As of 2009 [[InPage]] has become Unicode based, supporting more languages, and the ''Faiz Lahori Nastaliq'' font with Kasheeda has been added to it along with compatibility with OpenType Unicode fonts. Nastaliq Kashish{{clarify|date=November 2013}} has been made for the first time{{clarify|date=November 2013}} in the history of {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Typography.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no reference / citation given for these statements |date=June 2017}}

=== Cross platform Nastaliq fonts ===

[[File:Urdu Typesetting 2020-05-30 003910.png|140px|thumb|right| Text: {{nq|نستعلیق}} in the font "Urdu Typesetting".]]
* Windows 8 was the first version of Microsoft Windows to have native Nastaliq support, through Microsoft's "Urdu Typesetting" font.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siao2.com/2011/11/16/10237715.aspx |title=The evolving Story of Locale Support, part 9: Nastaleeq vs. Nastaliq? Either way, Windows 8 has got it! |publisher=MSDN Blogs |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref>

[[File:Noto Nastaliq 2020-05-30 004037.png|140px|thumb|left| Text: {{nq|نستعلیق}} in the font "Noto Nastaliq".]]
* Google has an open-source Nastaliq font called [[Noto fonts|Noto Nastaliq Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#nastaliq-aran|title = Google Noto Fonts}}</ref> Apple provides this font on all Mac installations since macOS High Sierra. Likewise, Apple has carried this font on iOS devices since iOS 11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1514433/apple-finally-enables-nastaleeq-typeface-urdu-keyboard-ios-11/|title=Apple finally enables Nastaleeq typeface for Urdu keyboard in iOS 11|date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
* [[Awami Nastaliq]] features a more extensive character set than most Nastaliq typefaces, supporting:  [[Urdu]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], Khowar, Palula, Saraiki, Shina.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Special About Awami Nastaliq? - Awami Nastaliq |url=http://software.sil.org/awami/what-is-special/ |website=software.sil.org}}</ref>
* [[Amar Nastaleeq]] was created for [[Embedded OpenType|web embedding]] on [[Urdu]] [[website]]s in 2013. The [[font]] was announced by [[Urdu]] [[poet]] [[Fahmida Riaz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/fahmidariaz/status/403607540698578944|title=Amar Nastaleeq Font for Urdu Web Publishing |first=fahmida|last=Riaz|website=Twitter.com|date=21 November 2013}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Letter forms ==

For the [[Arabic alphabet]], and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though obviously [[Arabic calligraphy]] can add a great deal of complexity). But the Nastaliq style uses more than three general forms for many letters,<ref>{{cite web |last1=FWP |title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html |website=www.columbia.edu |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Scanned table">{{cite web |title=The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. (scanned document) |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif |website=Linked by www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/section00.html#00_01 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> even in non-decorative documents. For example, most documents written in [[Urdu]], which uses the Nastaliq style.

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Islamic calligraphy]]
* [[Persian calligraphy]]
* [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi script]]
* [[Urdu alphabet]]
* [[Ruqʿah script]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Sheila Blair, ''Islamic Calligraphy'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nastaliq}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html Rumicode]: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy
* [http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ Nastaliq Online]: Online Service For {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207192912/http://anjomankhoshnevisan.ir/en/ Iranian Calligraphers Association]
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32 Nastaliq Writer] for Macintosh by [[SIL International|SIL]]
* [http://www.inpage.com/ InPage Urdu]: Official InPage Urdu DTP software site
* [http://www.faiznastaliq.com/ Faiz Nastaliq]: Official Faiz {{transl|fa|Nastaliq}} site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ Profiles and works of World Islamic calligraphy] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy]
* [http://software.sil.org/awami/ Awami Nastaliq]: A Nastaliq font by SIL International
{{Islamic calligraphy}}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nastaliq Script}}
[[Category:Islamic calligraphy]]
[[Category:Persian calligraphy]]
[[Category:Persian orthography]]
[[Category:Urdu calligraphy]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]

Srijit Mukherji

2021-08-05T15:50:24Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Indian actor, director and screenwriter}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{BLP sources|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix =..."

{{short description|Indian actor, director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Srijit Mukherji
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Srijit Mukherji on screening of Begum Jaan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Man, in red shirt
| caption = Mukherji on screening of Begum Jaan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 23 September 1977
| birth_place = 
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|Screenwriter|Actor}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]]|2019}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Srijit Mukherji marries Bangladeshi actress Mithila |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2019/dec/07/filmmaker-srijit-mukherji-marries-bangladeshi-actress-mithila-2072929.amp |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 December 2019 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Arati Mukhopadhyay]] (Aunt)
}}

'''Srijit Mukherji''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. His regular collaboration with veteran superstar [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] brought him into the limelight. His first feature film ''[[autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' (2010), was a critical and commercial success, where he had written the script with Chatterjee in mind. His fifth film, ''[[Jaatishwar]],'' won four national awards at India's [[61st National Film Awards]] (2014). He won the National Film Award for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for his sixth film, ''[[Chotushkone]],'' at India's 62nd National Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-977075.html|title=62nd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> His eighth film, ''[[Rajkahini]]'' had been remade into a Hindi film titled, ''[[Begum Jaan]]'', starring [[Vidya Balan]] in 2017. His 2018 release [[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]] won the 'Best Bengali Film' Award at India's 66th National Film Awards. His 2019 film [[Gumnaami]] won him the Best Bengali Film and Best Adapted Screenplay Awards at the 67th National Film Awards <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12|agency=Ist}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mukherji completed his schooling from [[Dolna Day School]], [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-goes-back-to-school-with-zulfiqar/cid/1508379|title=Srijit Mukherji goes back to school with Zulfiqar|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> and [[South Point School (India)|South Point High School]], Kolkata,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-srijit-and-sujoy-were-classmates/articleshow/64987121.cms|title=Did you know Srijit and Sujoy were classmates! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> before studying economics at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He went on to complete his MA and M.Phil in [[environmental economics]] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]],<ref name=sen>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Jaideep|title=Retirement Holmes|url=http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=Time Out Bengaluru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123422/http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1|archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> parallelly working as a social scientist in the Urban Transport and Pollution Sector with [[The Energy and Resources Institute|TERI]] in [[New Delhi]]. He quit his Ph.D while in his first year, to join IRI Symphony, [[Bangalore]] as an econometrician and business analyst. After working in Bangalore and a brief stint in [[Milan]], he quit his job to actively pursue theatre and films.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Mohua|title=Think like a sleuth|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090121/jsp/entertainment/story_10417517.jsp|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=21 January 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
Even while working as an economist and statistician, he was actively involved with the English professional theatre circuit in [[Delhi]] and Bangalore. He has acted in ''Madness'', adapted from [[Paulo Coelho]]'s ''[[Veronica Decides To Die]]''; [[Manoj Mitra]]'s ''The Orchard of Banchharam''; Badal Sircar's ''The Other Side of History''; Sunil Ganguly's ''Pratidwandi – The Adversary'', adapted for the stage from [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Pratidwandi|film of the same name]] and ''Lucknow 76''. He wrote and directed ''Mindgame'', an Indian adaptation of [[Reginald Rose]]'s ''[[Twelve Angry Men]]'', at the Alliance Francaise De Bangalore in 2006. In April 2008, he formed his own troupe, Pandora's Act, whose first production, ''Feluda Pherot!'' at Rangashankara in July 2008 was a runaway success and was the first ever non-canonical dramatisation of Satyajit Ray's sleuth [[Feluda]].<ref name=sen/> [[Barun Chanda]], Ray's leading man in ''Seemabodhho'', and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], the screen [[Topshe]] and film youth icon, starred in this production. In 2009, he wrote, directed and acted in the English play ''Checkmate'', a non-canonical re-interpretation of [[Byomkesh Bakshi]], [[Saradindu Bandopadhyay]]'s sleuth.<ref name=wbri>{{cite news|title=Interview – SRIJIT MUKHERJEE|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/7947910-interview-srijit-mukherjee-director-kolkata-bengali-movie-autograph-2010-starring-pr|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=Washington Bangla Radio|date=22 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Mohua|title=Playpreview|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090515/jsp/entertainment/story_10964472.jsp|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 May 2009}}</ref> He was an assistant director, lyricist and actor in both [[Anjan Dutt]]'s ''[[Madly Bangalee]]'' and [[Aparna Sen]]'s ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'', in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakrabarty|first=Pooja|title=Autograph is not a remake of Nayak|url=http://www.ilovekolkata.in/index.php/Movies/iAutograph/i-is-not-a-remake-of-iNayak/i.html|publisher=ILK|access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> He has also written lyrics for films like ''[[Cross Connection]]'', ''[[Le Chakka]]'' and ''Josh'', TV serials like ''Coffee and More'' and ''[[Dadagiri]]'' and non-film albums of [[Usha Uthup]].

=== 2010–2012 ===
In 2010 Mukherji directed his debut feature film, the award-winning blockbuster – ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' which was both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. The film won 41 awards and was an official selection at Abu Dhabi International Film Festival 2010, MIAAC Film Festival in New York 2010, Glasgow International Film Festival 2011 and [[London Indian Film Festival]] 2011.<ref name=wbri/>

In the same year he also made his acting debut on Bengali television in the [[Rituparno Ghosh]] scripted mega serial ''[[Gaaner Opare]]'', produced by Ideas Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Zinia|title=Acting is my first love: Srijit|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-28/news-interviews/28246731_1_srijit-mukherji-iti-mrinalini-feluda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026095742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-28/news-interviews/28246731_1_srijit-mukherji-iti-mrinalini-feluda|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2013|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

His work in 2011 included a major role in Anindya Banerjee's ''Chaplin'' starring [[Rudranil Ghosh]] and his second film, ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' starring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Gautam Ghose]], who returned to acting after a hiatus of 29 years. ''Baishe Srabon'' was recently the official selection at the Dubai International Film Festival and the closing film at the London Indian Film Festival, and had a 105-day run at the box office making it the biggest blockbuster of the year. ''Baishe Srabon'' has won 41 awards. His third feature film was ''[[Hemlock society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'', a romantic satire set at the backdrop of a school which teaches aspirants how to successfully commit suicide. It featured Parambrata Chatterjee and [[Koel Mallick]] and won 21 awards.

=== 2013–2016 ===
Mukherji's fourth film, ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'', based on [[Kakababu]] with Prasenjit Chattopadhyay playing the lead character has been declared as one of the biggest blockbusters ever and the highest earning urban mainstream film. He has recently acted in films like ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'', ''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' and the national award-winning ''[[Shobdo]]''. His fifth film ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' is generally considered to be the best in his career and most critically acclaimed. It is the musical bridge between two centuries of Bengali culture and a biopic cum a musical cum a reincarnation drama. At the 61st National Awards 2014, the highest film honour in India, it won 4 national awards for Music Direction, Playback Singing, Costume and Make up. This was the highest tally for a film in India this year, and the second highest ever for a Bengali film. It also swept the Mirchi Music Awards in 2015 winning 7 awards. The following year at the 62nd National Awards 2015, Chotushkone won him the Best Director and Best Original Screenplay awards, along with winning the Best Cinematography.

He also received the Young Achiever Award from Rotary International, the prestigious Shera Bangali Award from ABP Anando and the Shoilojanando Mukhopadhyay Memorial Award in 2012 for his contribution in the field of film direction. In 2013 he received the Uttam Kumar Memorial Award from the Government of West Bengal becoming the youngest director to achieve this. He has also received the oldest film award in India, the BFJA award, for remarkable contribution to Bengali Cinema in the last few years.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/news-interviews/31233578_1_srijit-mukherji-films-shooting/3| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026100002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/news-interviews/31233578_1_srijit-mukherji-films-shooting/3| url-status=dead| archive-date=26 October 2013|title=Hemlock is far from a morbid film: Srijit Mukherji|date=24 March 2012|access-date=30 March 2012| work=[[The Times of India]]|page=3}}</ref>

=== 2017–2020 ===
Mukherji has made his directorial debut in [[Bollywood]] with the film ''[[Begum Jaan]]'' which is a remake of his earlier [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film [[Rajkahini]]. [[Vidya Balan]] plays the lead role of a brothel's madam during the [[partition of India|partition of India in 1947]].<ref name="MM">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Vidya-Balan-on-the-write-track-with-Kamala-Das/articleshow/50937570.cms|title=Vidya Balan on the write track with Kamala Das|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=11 February 2016|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="ToI Srijit debut">{{cite news|title=Srijit Mukherji makes his acting debut with 'Begum Jaan' – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Srijit-Mukherji-makes-his-acting-debut-with-Begum-Jaan/articleshow/54690859.cms|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
He had two releases in 2018, [[Uma]] and [[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]. Both were box office superhits. The former one went to 10 film festivals around the world and won 6 awards while the latter won 23 awards and went to 7 film festivals around the world including Palm Springs International Film Festival.
In 2018, it was reported that Mukherji will be directing a Junglee Pictures produced yet to be titled web-series in Hindi, based on the novel of noted novelist and blogger [[Arnab Ray]], The Mahabharata Murders. This will be his first foray into web-series direction.<ref name="Webseries debut">{{cite news|title=Raazi co-producer Junglee Pictures to adapt The Mahabharata Murders for digital debut; Srijit Mukherji will helm web series|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raazi-co-producer-junglee-pictures-to-adapt-the-mahabharata-murders-for-digital-debut-srijit-mukherji-will-helm-web-series-4425415.html|access-date=20 April 2018|work=Firstpost}}</ref>
In 2019, he has three releases [[Shahjahan Regency]], [[Vinci Da]] and [[Gumnaami]], the last two being bith critical and commercial successes along with being a festival favourite. [[Gumnaami]] won the Best Bengali Feature Film and Best Adapted Screenplay Awards at the 67th National Film Awards.

He has also completed another web-series, ''Feluda Pherot'', which is based on two [[Feluda]] stories written by Satyajit Ray, ''Chhinomostar Obhishaap'' and ''Joto Kando Kathmandute''.{{clarify|reason=If these are books, or films, they should be italicised. If these are individual stories within books, they should be wrapped in double-quote marks.|date=December 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/director-srijit-mukherji-to-launch-feluda-pherot-on-ott-platform-this-christmas-918600.html|title=Director Srijit Mukherji to launch 'Feluda Pherot' on OTT platform this Christmas|date=22 November 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== As director ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films or web series that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|'''Year'''||'''Film'''||'''Director'''||'''Writer'''
|-
! 2010 || ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2011 || ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2012 || ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2013 || ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! ''[[Chotushkone]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Nirbaak]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! ''[[Rajkahini]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2016 || ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Begum Jaan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2019 || |''[[Shahjahan Regency]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
! ''[[Vinci Da]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! ''[[Gumnaami]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2020 || ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2021 || style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!style="background:#ffc;"|''[[Oti Uttam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | '''2022'''|| style="background:#ffc;" | '''''[[Shabaash Mithu]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/just-in-director-srijit-mukherji-has-replaced-rahul-dholakia-as-the-director-of-taapsee-pannu-starrer-shabaash-mithu/articleshow/83747714.cms|title=Just in! Director Srijit Mukherji has replaced Rahul Dholakia as the director of Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Shabaash Mithu'|work=The Times of India|date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> || {{yes}}|| {{No}}
|-
! style="background:#ffc;" |''[[X=Prem]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
! style="background:#ffc;" | ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Re]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|'''Year'''||'''Web Series'''||'''Director'''||'''Writer'''|| ''' OTT'''
|-
! 2020 || ''Feluda Pherot'' (Season 1) || {{yes}} || {{No}} || [[Addatimes]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2021 |||''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]'' (Season 1) || {{yes}} || {{No}} || [[Netflix]]
|-
!style="background:#ffc;" |''[[Rabindranath Ekhane Kokhono Khete Asenni]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [[Hoichoi]]
|-
!style="background:#ffc;" |''Feluda Pherot'' (Season 2) || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [[Addatimes]]
|}

=== As lyricist and actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Movie !! Lyricist !! Actor
|-
! rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Cross Connection]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!''[[Madly Bangalee]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
! rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Le Chakka]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]''|| {{yes}}||{{no}}
|-
!''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''||{{no}}||{{Yes}}
|-
! rowspan="4"|2011 || ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
!''Flop-e'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!''Ghente Ghaw'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!''Chaplin'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!''[[Shabdo]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
!2013 || ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Ahare Mon]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
!''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2019 || ''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
! 2021 ||''[[Manabjomin]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name |3797575}}

{{Srijit Mukherji}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherji, Srijit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century screenwriters]]

Gumnaami

2021-08-05T15:50:12Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|2019 film directed by Srijit Mukherji}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox film | name = Gumnaami | i..."

{{short description|2019 film directed by Srijit Mukherji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gumnaami
| image = Gumnaami_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| producer = [[Mahendra Soni]] [[Shrikant Mohta]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Srijit Mukherji and Manish Patra
| story = Srijit Mukherji and Manish Patra
| based_on = {{based on|''Conundrum''|[[Anuj Dhar]] and Chandrachur Ghose}}
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Music and score''' [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] '''Soundtrack:''' [[Indian National Army|I.N.A.]] and [[Dwijendralal Ray|D. L. Roy]]
| cinematography = [[Soumik Haldar]] Manish Patra
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta and Manish Patra
| production_companies = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributors =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|10|2|ref1=<ref name=":m1"/>}} (Bengali)
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref name=":m1"/>
| country = India
| language = Bengali Hindi
| gross =
}}
'''''Gumnaami''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[mystery film]] directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/aug/20/15131|title=Filmmaker Srijit Mukherji announces film on 'Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose' with Prosenjit Chatterjee|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-14}}</ref> which deals with the mystery of [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji's death]], based on the [[Mukherjee Commission]] hearings and the book ''Conundrum'' written by [[Anuj Dhar]] and Chandrachur Ghose. It has been produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]], Pranay Ranjan, and [[Mahendra Soni]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref name="ToI Srijit's Next">{{cite news |title=Srijit's next is on Gumnami Baba? ?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/srijits-next-is-on-gumnami-baba/articleshow/65452080.cms |accessdate=11 September 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] plays the roles of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Gumnami Baba|Gumnaami Baba]].<ref name="Zee24Ghanta সৃজিতের ছবিতে 'গুমনামী বাবা' হচ্ছেন প্রসেনজিৎ চট্টোপাধ্যায়?">{{cite news |title=সৃজিতের ছবিতে 'গুমনামী বাবা' হচ্ছেন প্রসেনজিৎ চট্টোপাধ্যায়? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/prosenjit-chattapadhya-to-play-gumnami-baba-in-srijit-mukhukhopadhyays-film_211561.html |work=Zee24Ghanta.com |date=21 August 2018 |language=bn-IN}}</ref>

The principal photography began in May 2019 in [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="News18 Gumnaami: Shoot for Film Based on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Begins in Bengal">{{cite news |title=Gumnaami: Shoot for Film Based on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Begins in Bengal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/gumnaami-shoot-for-film-based-on-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-begins-in-bengal-2163375.html |accessdate=11 September 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 2 October 2019.<ref name=":m1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/gumnaami/movieshow/67654623.cms|title=Gumnaami|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=16 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on the Mukherjee Commission hearings and shows a dramatized version of the works of [[Anuj Dhar]], Chandrachur Ghose and the Mission Netaji voluntary organisation. The film shows the three theories trying to explain the death or disappearance of Subhas Chandra Bose.

The film starts with Subhash Chandra Bose at the Congress Conference. A courageous Subhash disagrees to follow the nonviolent methods of [[Gandhi]] and resigns from [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. He then travels the world to make allies while confronting the [[British Army]]. In 2003, journalist Chandrachur Ghose ([[Anirban Bhattacharya]]) is given an assignment for writing a detailed report about the mystery surrounding Subhash Chandra Bose's death. He takes up the assignment and spends months to gather evidence and knowledge about Bose. His neglectful attitude towards his wife ([[Tanusree Chakraborty]]) compels her to divorce him. Mentally frustrated, Dhar quits his job and forms a group entirely dedicated to the purpose for solving the mystery.

At the 2005 [[Mukherjee Commission]] hearing, he addresses the jury boldly. According to him, there was no plane crash at all in 1945. Bose had preplanned to fake his death to the world and asked his most trustworthy soldier of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habib ur Rahman]] (who later left the partitioned India and joined to higher posts in the Government of Pakistan, including the Additional Defense Secretary) to be with him and not to disclose his fake death to anyone. To support his statement, Dhar shows numerous evidences like why he went to a six-seater fighter plane when there were twelve-seater planes available, there were no recorded plane crash that year, and that there was no news of death of the Japanese soldiers who were supposed to have died in the plane crash.

The judge, seemingly convinced, asks that if the plane crash did not happen then where did Subhash go. Dhar reveals that Subhash lived as an ascetic in Uttar Pradesh without revealing his identity or face; the people who visited him could only see him behind a curtain. A few people recognised him as soon as they heard his voice. However, they never revealed it to any third person. Even his close colleague and revolutionary, [[Leela Roy]] and [[Samar Guha]], recognised him when they visited him and later maintained correspondence. It is revealed that the family members knew he was alive. Numerous pieces of evidence were lying with them. He became known as 'Gumnaami Baba' and died in 1985. Only 13 disciples were present at the funeral.

The next day, the commission concludes that there was no plane crash and that Bose did not die in 1945. However, in 2006, the Government refused to accept the verdict and discarded the report. Angry and frustrated, Dhar burns all his work and contemplates the purpose of his hard work of 3 years. His former wife encourages him to fight as Bose did for the country for 30 years. They vow to keep on fighting till justice is served.

In a flashback, Subhas Chandra Bose is seen singing [[Subh Sukh Chain]], the [[National Anthem]] of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]], along with the Indian National Army.

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Gumnami Baba]]
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as [[Anuj Dhar|Chandrachur Dhar]]
* [[Tanusree Chakraborty]] as Ronita Dhar
* Biplab Dasgupta as Mr. Paul
* Shyamal Chakraborty
* Surendra Rajan as [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Sanjay Gurbaxani as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
*Anindya Sain as Anuj
* Akshay Kapoor as Srikant Sharma Kanha
* Satyam Bhattacharya as [[Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)|Habibur Rehman]], INA Soldier
* Shibashish Bandopadhyay
* Prantik Banerjee
* [[Pallavi Chatterjee]] in Lolita Bose (cameo)
* [[Srijit Mukherjee]] as Chandrachur's office boss
*Indroneel Banerjee as Dr P Banerjee

==Marketing ==
{{external media
| float =
| width =
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF6m7TrpBJQ ''Gumnaami'' trailer] {{in lang|bn}}
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aqz8wS9J2Y ''Gumnaami'' trailer] {{in lang|hi}}
| video3 =
| model1 =
| model2 =
| model3 =
}}
The [[Teaser campaign|teaser]] of the film was released on 15 August 2019 by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RnYo898cpmo|title=Gumnaami (गुमनामी) - Teaser (Hindi) - Prosenjit Chatterjee - Anirban Bhattacharya - SVF|publisher= SVF|website=YouTube|date=15 August 2019}}</ref> Later, the trailer of the film was released on 8 September 2019 also by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] in Bengali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF6m7TrpBJQ|title=Gumnaami (গুমনামী) - Trailer - Bengali - Prosenjit Chatterjee - Srijit Mukherji - Anirban - SVF|publisher= SVF|website=YouTube|date=8 September 2019}}</ref> and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aqz8wS9J2Y|title=Gumnaami (गुमनामी) - Trailer - Hindi - Prosenjit Chatterjee - Srijit Mukherji - Anirban - SVF|publisher= SVF|website=YouTube|date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 2 October 2019.{{cn|date=April 2021}} ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars. The film also released on OTT platforms such as Hoichoi and Amazon Prime Video at a later date<ref name="ToI Gumnaami Movie Review">{{cite news |title=Gumnaami Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/gumnaami/movie-review/71410061.cms |accessdate=3 October 2019}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[Indian National Army|I.N.A.]] and [[Dwijendralal Ray|D. L. Roy]], whereas background music and score is done by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. The lyrics are by D. L. Roy and Capt. Abid Ali Mumtaz Hussain.
==Awards==
'''[[67th National Film Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/67th-national-film-awards-kangana-ranaut-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chhichhore-win-101616411773402.html|title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut, Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore win. See complete list of winners here|date=22 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''Gumnaami''
*[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] - [[Srijit Mukherji]]

== Controversy ==
The director of the film [[Srijit Mukherji]] courted a controversy in February 2019, after [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s grand nephew Chandra Kumar Bose criticized him over portrayal of Gumnami Baba as Netaji in his upcoming film.<ref name="India Today Srijit September 2019">{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji on Netaji film Gumnaami: Put me in jail, will write more scripts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/srijit-mukherji-on-netaji-film-gumnaami-put-me-in-jail-will-write-more-scripts-1462654-2019-02-22 |accessdate=11 September 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/srijit-mukherji-on-netaji-film-gumnaami-put-me-in-jail-will-write-more-scripts-1462654-2019-02-22|title=Srijit Mukherji on Netaji film Gumnaami: Put me in jail, will write more scripts|website=India Today|access-date=18 August 2019|date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10834986}}
{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Srijit Mukherji}}

[[Category:Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery films]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian National Army in fiction]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:2010s Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]
[[Category:Films about conspiracy theories]]

Indraadip Dasgupta

2021-08-05T15:49:55Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} {{Infobox person | name = Indraadip Dasgupta | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|1|..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indraadip Dasgupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|1|17}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Music director
* [[Score composer]]
* Singer
* Musician
* Film director
}}
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Indraadip Dasgupta''' (born 17 January 1973) is an Indian [[composer]] whose range of music is well-known in various Bengali Films.

In 2017 he worked with [[Anu Malik]] in ''[[Begum Jaan]]'', composed the film background music .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3368685/|title=Indraadip Dasgupta|publisher=IMDb|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>

==Film director==
''[[Kedara]]'' (2019 film)

''Agantuk'' (2021 film)

''Bismillah'' (2021 film)

''A plus B minus'' (2021 film)

==Music director (Bengali films)==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|- style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"
| '''Year''' || '''Film''' || '''Songs''' || '''Notes'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Teen Ekke Teen]]'' || "All songs" || Debut
|-
| ''[[Prohor]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]'' || 4 songs – Baba Amar Ki Biye Hobe Na, Saiyaan (Slow), Saiyaan (Female), Saiyaan (Male) || Along with [[Jeet Gannguli]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Kaler Rakhal]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Bishh]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Ei Prithibi Tomar Aamar]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Le Chakka]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011 || ''[[Shotru]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100611/jsp/entertainment/story_12551403.jsp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – Entertainment – Eyeing a sixer|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://calcuttatube.com/ley-chakka-2010-bengali-movie-review/98782/|title=LEY CHAKKA (2010) Bengali Movie Review – Calcutta Tube|website=calcuttatube.com|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Fighter (2012 film)|Fighter]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kushizone.com/bangla-movies/movie-talktrailers/605-fighter-2011-bengali-film-review-jeet-the-action-hero-.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210134039/http://kushizone.com/bangla-movies/movie-talktrailers/605-fighter-2011-bengali-film-review-jeet-the-action-hero-.html |archive-date=10 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe|Jaani Dekha Hobe]]'' || 5 songs – Thik Thakish, Jaani Dekha Hobe (Male), Phire Jaa Re Mon Ja, Jaani Dekha Hobe (Female), Jaani Dekha Hobe (Reprise) || Along with [[Neel Dutt]]
|-
| ''[[Chaplin (2011 film)|Chaplin]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Charuulata 2011|Charuulata]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[3 Kanya]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013 || ''[[Hawa Bodol]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]'' || Mon Baware || Along with [[Rishi Chanda]]
|-
| ''[[Proloy (film)|Proloy]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Mishawr Rahasya]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Mrs. Sen]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' || "All songs" || Along with [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014 || ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Yoddha - The Warrior|Yoddha]]'' || 3 songs – Sharatadin, Aami Tomar Kache, Ebar Jeno Onno Rokom Pujo || Along with [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
|-
| ''[[Khaad]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015 || ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Asche Bochhor Abar Hobe]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Roga Howar Sohoj Upaye]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| ''[[Rajkahini]]'' || "All songs" || Along with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|-
| ''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]'' || 1 songs – Shudhu Tomari Jonno (Title Track) || Along with [[Arindam Chatterjee]]
|-
| ''[[Bastu Shaap]]'' || "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016 || ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]'' || "All songs" || Bangladesh-India joint venture
|-
| ''[[Kelor Kirti]]'' || 1 songs – Item Bomb || Along with Dev Sen
|-
| ''[[Aynabaji]]'' || as background score || [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], Along with [[Shayan Chowdhury Arnob|Arnob]], [[Fuad al Muqtadir|Fuad]], [[Habib Wahid]], [[Chirkutt]]
|-
| ''[[Haripada Bandwala]]'' || rowspan="6" | "All songs" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017 || ''[[Tomake Chai (2017 film)|Tomake Chai]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chaya O Chobi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Kabir (2018 film)|Kabir]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]'' || "All songs" || Along with [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Shankar-Jaikishan]], [[R.D. Burman]], [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Bijoya]]'' || "Tomar Pasher Desh" ||
|-
| ''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]'' || "Kobe Ashbe", "E Jibon Tomar Sathe", "Himshim" || Along with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|}

==Music director (Hindi films)==

'''Background Score'''
*2017 [[Begum Jaan]]

'''Music Director'''
*2020 [[Babloo Bachelor]]

== Awards ==
* 2008 [[Anandalok Award]] nomination for ''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]''
* 2010 Anandolok Purashkar nomination for ''[[Le Chakka]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/101343210-anandalok-purashkar-calcutta-film-awards-2010-curtain-raiser-special-report-full-l|title=Anandalok Purashkar Calcutta Film Awards 2010 Curtain Raiser Special Report & Full List of Nominations|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2011 for best Background Score at Bengali film [[Baishe Srabon]]
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] for best album 'Mon Fakira'
* Star guide film award for best music director 2011 for ''Chaplin''
* [[Mirchi Music Awards Bangla]] 2016 for Best Popular Soundtrack for ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]''
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association - Best Music Director Award]] 2018 for ''[[Sahaj Paather Gappo]]''
* West Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award 2019 for ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]''
* 2019 Special Jury Award at the [[66th National Film Awards]] for Bengali film ''[[Kedara]]''

== See also ==
* [[Harabo Toke]], romantic Bengali song

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Indraadip}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Music directors]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Bengali film score composers]]

A. R. Rahman

2021-08-05T15:49:41Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Indian record producer}} {{Redirect|AR Rahman|the surah of the Quran|Ar-Rahman|other uses|Al rahman (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}..."

{{short description|Indian record producer}}
{{Redirect|AR Rahman|the surah of the Quran|Ar-Rahman|other uses|Al rahman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = A. R. Rahman
| image = AR Rahman 2021.png
| caption = Rahman in 2021
| birth_name = A. S. Dileep Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|1|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Record producer]]|[[film composer]]|[[music arranger]]|[[singer]]|[[songwriter]]|Music curator|[[entrepreneur]]}}
| years_active = 1992–present
| awards =
| website = {{URL|www.arrahman.com|Official website}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]|[[World music]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Vocal]]s|[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]s|[[Guitar]]}}
| label = {{Unbulleted list|[[KM Music Conservatory]]|[[Sony Music India]]|[[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]|[[Sony DADC]]|[[Aditya Music]]|[[Lahari Music]]|[[Universal Music]]|[[Eros International|Eros Music]]}}
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| spouse = {{marriage|Saira Banu|1995}}
| child = yes
| children = 3
| signature = A R Rahman signature.svg
}}}}

'''Allah Rakha Rahman'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|title=Why I converted: The transformation of Dilip Kumar into AR Rahman|url=http://scroll.in/article/699665/why-i-converted-the-transformation-of-dilip-kumar-into-ar-rahman|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> ({{audio|A R Rahman.ogg|pronunciation}}; born '''A. S. Dileep Kumar'''; 6 January 1967) is an Indian film composer, record producer, singer and songwriter who works predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films. In 2010, the Indian government awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the nation's third-highest civilian award.<ref>{{cite news|title=AR Rahman Feels 'Happy and Honoured' with Padma Bhushan Win|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ar-rahman-feels-happy-and-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-win-1365878|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref> Among Rahman's awards are six [[National Film Awards]], two [[Academy Awards]], two [[Grammy Award]]s, a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]], a [[Golden Globe Award]], fifteen [[Filmfare Awards]] and seventeen [[Filmfare Awards South]].

Rahman initially composed scores for different documentaries and jingles for advertisements and [[Television in India|Indian television]] channels. With his in-house studio [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], Rahman's film-scoring career began during the early 1990s with the Tamil film ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |title=Revisiting 'Roja', 25 years later |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/revisiting-roja-25-years-later/article19491084.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2017}}</ref> Following that, he went on to score several songs for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil language films]], including Ratnam's politically charged ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'', the urban ''[[Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'', and [[S. Shankar]]'s debut film ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''. Rahman's score for his first [[Hollywood]] film, the comedy ''[[Couples Retreat]]'' (2009), won the [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]] Award for Best Score. His music for ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) earned him [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[81st Academy Awards]]. He was also awarded [[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack Album]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for Visual Media]] at the [[2010 Grammy award|2010 Grammy Awards]]. He is nicknamed "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,629407,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027041354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,629407,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2011|title=The Mozart of Madras|last=Corliss|first=Richard|date=25 April 2004|work=Time|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

Rahman has also become a humanitarian and philanthropist, donating and raising money for a number of causes and charities. In 2006, he was honoured by [[Stanford University]] for his contributions to global music.<ref name="arstan06" /> In 2008, he received Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club of Madras]].<ref name="A R Rahman Honored">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/15580.html|title=A R Rahman Honored|publisher=Indiaglitz|date=4 June 2008|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In 2009, he was included on the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' list of the [[Time 100|world's 100 most influential people]].<ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2009|title=The 2009 TIME 100 – A.R. Rahman|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1894435,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217065614/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1894410_1893836_1894435%2C00.html|archive-date=17 February 2011}}</ref> In 2013, he introduced [[7.1 surround sound]] technology to South Indian films.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-27/news-interviews/32440011_1_indian-film-industry-sound-technology | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707035429/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-27/news-interviews/32440011_1_indian-film-industry-sound-technology | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 July 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title= Rahman's AM Studio introduces 7.1 technology to Kollywood |date=27 June 2012 }}</ref> In 2014, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Berklee College of Music]]. He has also received honorary doctorate from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|title=Rahman to be conferred honorary doctorate by AMU |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905261962.htm |work=The Hindu |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=26 May 2009 |location=Chennai, India |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604162150/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905261962.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> In 2017, he made his debut as a director and writer for the film [[Le Musk (film)|''Le Musk'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-virtual-reality-pushed-ar-rahman-towards-multi-sensory-filmmaking/articleshow/58662010.cms|title=How virtual reality pushed AR Rahman towards 'multi-sensory' filmmaking|last1=DUTTAGUPTA|first1=ISHANI|date=14 May 2017|website=The Economic Times|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rahman was born in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]] on 6 January 1967.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/699665/why-i-converted-the-transformation-of-dilip-kumar-into-ar-rahman|title=Why I converted: The transformation of Dilip Kumar into AR Rahman|first=Nasreen Munni|last=Kabir|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2019|reason=Birthplace is not explicitly stated in this reference.}} His father, [[R. K. Shekhar]] from an Mudaliar<ref>{{Cite web|title=AR Rahman turns 47|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/music/ar-rahman-turns-47/articleshow/17900921.cms|access-date=5 August 2020|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|title=Why I converted: The transformation of Dilip Kumar into AR Rahman|url=http://scroll.in/article/699665/why-i-converted-the-transformation-of-dilip-kumar-into-ar-rahman|access-date=5 August 2020|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> family, was a film-score composer and conductor for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. Rahman began studying piano at age four.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A.R. Rahman {{!}} Biography, Scores, Awards, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-R-Rahman|access-date=2021-01-07|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He assisted his father in the studio, playing the keyboard.

After his father's death when Rahman was nine years old, the rental of his father's musical equipment provided his family's income.<ref name="Early life">{{cite web|title=Rahman's childhood|url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/profiles/a-r-rahman.html|publisher=hindilyrics.net|access-date=19 April 2011}}</ref> Raised by his mother, Kareema (born Kashturi),<ref name="Interview with Times">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/23791015.cms|title=A R Rahman: In tune with life|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 September 2002|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> Rahman, who was studying in [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan]] had to work to support his family. which led to him to routinely miss classes and fail exams. Therefore, the Principal [[Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy|Mrs YGP]] summoned Rahman and his mother and told them that Rahman should focus on academics irrespective of family circumstances. Rahman attended another school called MCN for a year,<ref name="Trilok2018">{{cite book|author=Krishna Trilok|title=Notes of a Dream: The Authorized Biography of A.R. Rahman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-196-9|pages=67–68}}</ref> and later joined [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]], where he was admitted on his music talent and formed a band with his high school classmates.<ref name="Mathai2009">{{cite book|author=Kamini Mathai|title=A.R. Rahman: The Musical Storm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfCTmjEAChIC&pg=PA39|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08371-8|page=39}}</ref> However, after discussing with his mother, he later dropped out of school to pursue a career as a full-time musician.<ref>{{cite book|author=Krishna Trilok|title=Notes of a Dream: The Authorized Biography of A.R. Rahman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|year=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-196-9|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms | title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 October 2010 | access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>
Rahman was a keyboard player and arranger for bands such as Roots (with childhood friend and percussionist [[Sivamani]], [[John Anthony (guitarist)|John Anthony]], [[Suresh Peters]], JoJo and Raja)<ref name="ARR bio">{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/A+R+Rahman/24|publisher=hummaa.com|access-date=20 April 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615223846/http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/A+R+Rahman/24|archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> and founded the Chennai-based rock group Nemesis Avenue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ganti|first=T.|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/112 112]|isbn=0-415-28854-1|url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/112}}</ref> He mastered the keyboard, piano, synthesizer, [[Pump organ|harmonium]] and guitar, and was particularly interested in the synthesizer because it was the "ideal combination of music and technology".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Secret behind the Allure of A. R. Rahman|url=http://www.khabar.com/magazine/entertainment/the_secret_behind_the_allure_of_a._r._rahman.aspx|publisher=Khabar|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

Rahman began his early musical training under [[Master Dhanraj]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Training under dhanraj master|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/22528.html|publisher=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=20 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="spotlight">{{cite web|title=Indian under spotlight |url=http://www.indiansinparis.com/blog/roots/420-arrahman |publisher=indiansinparis.com |access-date=20 April 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232419/http://www.indiansinparis.com/blog/roots/420-arrahman |archive-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> and at age 11 began playing in the orchestra of Malayalam composer (and close friend of his father) [[M. K. Arjunan]].<ref name="MK Arjunan">{{cite web|title=Film fraternity hails Rahman, Pookutty for win|work=The Indian Express|location=India|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/film-fraternity-hails-rahman-pookutty-for-win/427046/0|date=23 February 2009|access-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> He soon began working with other composers, such as [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Vijaya Bhaskar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/rahman-reveals-composing-707609.html|title=Interview: AR Rahman reveals composing secrets|date=11 December 2018}}</ref> [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu|Ramesh Naidu]], Vijay Anand, [[Hamsalekha]] and [[Raj-Koti]],<ref name="spotlight" /> accompanied [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]] and [[L. Shankar]] on world tours and obtained a scholarship from [[Trinity College London]] to the [[Trinity College of Music]].<ref name="Interview with Times" />

Studying in Madras, Rahman graduated with a diploma in Western classical music from the school.<ref name="WaPost.">{{Cite news|author=Wax, Emily|title='Slumdog' Composer's Crescendo of a Career|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/18/AR2009021803790.html|date=9 February 2009|access-date=8 November 2010|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Rahman was introduced to [[Qadiriyya|Qadiri]] ''[[tariqa]]'' when his younger sister was seriously ill in 1984. His mother was a practising Hindu.<ref name="dwan">{{cite news|title=How AS Dileep Kumar converted to Islam to become AR Rahman |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1157419|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html|title=The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman – The A.R.Rahman Page|website=gopalhome.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/music/ar-rahman-turns-47/articleshow/17900921.cms|title=AR Rahman turns 47|access-date=21 January 2017|publisher=The Times of India Music|ref=Born in a musically Mudaliar affluent Tamil family}}</ref> At the age of 23, he converted to Islam with other members of his family in 1989, changing his name to Allahrakha Rahman (A. R. Rahman).<ref name="Interview with Times" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu1BCwAAQBAJ&q=We%20had%20Hindu%20religious%20images%20on%20the%20walls%20of%20the%20Habibullah%20Road&pg=PT62|title=A.R. Rahman: The Spirit of Music|last=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|year=2011|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=9789380070148|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="talkasia" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-for-ar-rahmans-ghar-wapsi-says-vhp/article7659524.ece#comments|title=Time for A.R. Rahman's 'ghar wapsi', says VHP|date=16 September 2015|access-date=11 March 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Rahmanrs" />

==Career==

===Soundtracks===
Rahman initially composed scores for different documentaries and jingles for advertisements and [[Television in India|Indian television]] channels. In 1987 Rahman, then still known as Dileep, composed jingles for a line of watches introduced by [[Hyderabad Allwyn Limited|Allwyn]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A.R.Rahaman – Career|url=http://www.arrahman.com/biography.aspx|website=A. R. Rahman – Official website|publisher=A. R. Rahman|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> He also arranged the jingles for some advertisements that went on to become very popular, including the popular jingle for [[Titan Watches]], in which he used the theme from [[Symphony No. 25 (Mozart)|Mozart's Symphony no.25]].<ref name="sudhishkamath">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-whats-brewing/article4348055.ece|title=Look what's brewing|author=Sudhish Kamath|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/rajiv-menon/|title=The Hindu: Breaking News, India News, Elections, Bollywood, Cricket, Video, Latest News & Live Updates|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050502280200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309144309/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050502280200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2007 |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Study at Rajiv Menon's institute |date=5 May 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> [[File:AR Rahman Shashi Gopal.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two smiling men holding a record award|Rahman (left) receiving a platinum award at the MagnaSound Awards; MagnaSound released his first film soundtrack, ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'', in 1992.|261x261px]]In 1992, he was approached by director [[Mani Ratnam]] to compose the score and soundtrack for his Tamil film, ''Roja''.<ref name="internationalrahman"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Purie|first=Aroon|title=A.R. Rahman: Prodigious Debut|volume=29|issue=1–6|year=1994|page=153|journal=India Today}}</ref>

Rahman's film career began in 1992 when he started [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], a recording and mixing studio in his backyard. It would become the most-advanced recording studio in India,<ref name="internationalrahman">{{Cite journal|last=Eur|first=Andy Gregory|title=The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002|pages=419–420}}</ref> and arguably one of Asia's most sophisticated and high-tech studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/logicstudio/in-action/arrahman|title=An Interview with A.R. Rahman|publisher=Apple Inc.|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208030704/http://www.apple.com/logicstudio/in-action/arrahman|archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref> Cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]] signed Rahman for his second film ''[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]'', a [[Malayalam]] film starring [[Mohanlal]] and directed by Sivan's brother [[Sangeeth Sivan]] that released in September 1992.

The following year, Rahman received the [[National Film Awards]] (Silver Lotus) award for best music director at the National Film Awards for ''Roja''. The films' score was critically and commercially successful in its original and dubbed versions, led by the innovative theme "[[Roja (soundtrack)|Chinna Chinna Aasai]]". Rahman followed this with successful scores and songs for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil–language films]] for the Chennai film industry, including Ratnam's politically charged ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'', the urban ''[[Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' and [[S. Shankar]]'s debut film ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (with its popular dance song, "[[Chikku Bukku Rayile]]").<ref>{{cite news|author=Culshaw, Peter|title=Interview with AR Rahman, the composer behind the Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack|date=6 February 2009|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/4535090/Interview-with-AR-Rahman-the-composer-behind-the-Slumdog-Millionaire-soundtrack.html|access-date=24 February 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Work of the magic and other musicians|journal=[[Global Rhythm]]|volume=11|issue=7–12|issn=1553-9814|oclc=50137257|year=1995|page= 11|publisher=World Marketing Inc. |quote=His first assignment was to write the music for Ratman's film, Roja. Subsequent films that established AR Rahman as the genius of Tamil film music included Pudhiya Mugam with director Suresh Menon and Gentleman with Shankar|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world|author=John Shepherd|year=2005|publisher=Continuum|location=London/New York|volume=3–7|isbn= 0-8264-6321-5|pages=80–81|oclc=444486924|quote=Music directors such as AR Rahman and [[Karthik Raja]] produce film scores that are more eclectic, incorporating rap, jazz, reggae, hard rock and fast dance beats ( as, for example, for Duet [1994], Kadhalan [1994] and Bombay [1995]).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Purie|first=Aroon|title=A.R. Rahman: Music The New Wave|volume=20|issue=1–6|year=1995|page=11|journal=India Today}}</ref> Rahman collaborated with director [[Bharathiraja|Bharathiraaja]] on ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' and ''[[Karuththamma]]'', producing successful Tamil rural folk-inspired film songs; he also composed for [[K. Balachander]]'s ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'', which had some memorable Saxophone themes.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Indian cinema : ebbs and tides| author=K. Naresh Kumar| year=1995| publisher=Har-Anand Publications|location=New Delhi|volume=26–27|isbn= 978-81-241-0344-9|page=135|oclc=33444588}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title=The saxophone symposium : journal of the North American Saxophone Alliance| author=World Saxophone Congress. North American Saxophone Alliance| journal=The Saxophone Symposium| year=2001| publisher=North American Saxophone Alliance|location=Greenville|volume=26–27|issn= 0271-3705|pages=78–85|oclc=5190155|quote=The famous South Indian film music director AR Rahman invited [ [[Kadri Gopalnath]] ] to work on the music for a major South Indian film. Rahman, a new music director, writes music that brings a more cosmopolitan feel to Indian cinema, and he was open to ...}}</ref> The 1995 film ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'' and romantic comedies ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' and ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' also drew attention.<ref>{{Cite journal| last =Purie| first =Aroon|title= Music love birds|volume=21|issue=1–6|year=1996|page= 195|journal=[[India Today]] |quote=AR Rahman's latest offering is a heavy dose of synthesiser and percussion sprinkled with rap. "No Problem" by [[Apache Indian]] is the selling point.|issn=0254-8399|oclc=2675526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts and Lifestyle| last=Kasbekar|first=Asha| year=2006| publisher=ABC-CLIO| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA215|isbn= 978-1-85109-636-7|page=215|quote=Songs play as important a part in South Indian films and some South Indian music directors such as A. R. Rehman and Ilyaraja have an enthusiastic national and even international following}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =S.|title= Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia|chapter=Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka|page= 149|quote=Now the South is believed to excel the North in many respects, including its colour labs, state of the art digital technology and sound processing facilities (which have improved the dubbing of Tamil and other South Indian languages into Hindi since the 1970s).}}</ref>

Rahman attracted a Japanese audience with ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''{{'}}s success there.<ref name="muthunoborderss">{{cite web|author=Prasad, Ayappa |title=Films don't believe in borders |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5670 |year=2003 |access-date=15 November 2008 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218060205/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5670 |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> His soundtracks are known in the Tamil Nadu film industry and abroad for his versatility in combining Western classical music, Carnatic and Tamil traditional and folk-music traditions, [[jazz]], [[reggae]] and rock music.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Purie | first =Aroon|title= A. R. Rahman: Music The New Wave|volume=20|issue=1–6|year=1995|page= 11|journal=[[India Today]] |quote=Now, two years later, AR Rahman looks like he is here to stay, with his digitalised sound based on pop-rock and reggae and fused with traditional Indian – mainly Carnatic – folk idioms. The supreme irony: he used to play keyboards in ... }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Ramaswamy | first =V.|title= Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|page= 199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =S.|title= Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia|chapter=Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka|page= 149|quote=Southern filmmakers like [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Priyadarshan]] have altered the profile of Indian 'national' cinema. So too have southern specialists ... cinematographers [[Santosh Sivan]], [[P. C. Sreeram]] and music composer A. R. Rahman who formed a highly successful team with Ratnam and have all attained star status in their own right}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last =Brégeat | first =Raïssa|title= Indomania: le cinéma indien des origines à nos jours|page= 133|quote=AR Rahman (Roja, Bombay), entre autres, exigent aujourd'hui les cachets les plus gros jamais payés à un directeur musical |publisher=Cinémathèque française|language=fr|location=Paris |isbn= 978-2-900596-14-2|year=1995}}</ref> The [[Bombay (soundtrack)|soundtrack for ''Bombay'']] sold 15 million copies worldwide,<ref name="release">{{cite web | author=Das Gupta, Surajeet|author2=Sen, Soumik|title=Composing a winning score| work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]| url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm| access-date=15 November 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040951/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm| archive-date= 15 October 2008|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="sbs">{{cite news|title=The 'Mozart of Madras' AR Rahman is Performing LIVE in Australia|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/audiotrack/mozart-madras-ar-rahman-performing-live-australia|agency=[[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]|date=14 February 2017}}</ref> and "[[Bombay Theme]]" would later reappear in his soundtrack for [[Deepa Mehta]]'s ''[[Fire (1996 film)|Fire]]'' and a number of compilations and other media. It was featured in the 2002 Palestinian film ''[[Divine Intervention (film)|Divine Intervention]]'' and the 2005 [[Nicolas Cage]] film, ''[[Lord of War]]''. ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'', directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], was Rahman's [[Bollywood]] debut.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Purie | first =Aroon|title= French Connection|volume=20|issue=13–18|year=1995|page= 156|journal=India Today}}</ref> Successful scores and songs for ''[[Dil Se..]]'' and the percussive ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' followed.<ref name="understandingaf">{{Cite book|last=Stafford|first=Roy|title=Understanding Audiences and the Film Industry|date=31 May 2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/understandingaud0000staf/page/27 27]|isbn=978-1-84457-141-3|publisher=British Film Institute|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingaud0000staf/page/27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music| last=Arnold|first=Alison| year=2000| page=540| publisher=Taylor & Francis| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=RA2-PA555|chapter=Film music in the late Twentieth century|isbn= 978-0-8240-4946-1|quote=The recent success of the Tamil film music director A. R. Rehman in achieving widespread popularity in the world of Hindi film music is now possibly opening doors to new South-North relationships and collaborations}}</ref> [[Sufism|Sufi mysticism]] inspired "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" from the former film and "Zikr" from his soundtrack album for ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' (which featured elaborate orchestral and choral arrangements).<ref name="Rahmanrs">{{cite web | last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author2=Suhasini, Lalitha|title=AR Rahman: The Rolling Stone interview |work=Rolling Stone | url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2008/06/07/ar-rahman-the-rolling-stone-interview/| year= 2008 | access-date=16 November 2008}}</ref>

Rahman's soundtrack album for the Chennai production ''Minsaara Kanavu'' won him his second National Film Award for Best Music Direction and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|South FilmFare Award for Best Music Direction in a Tamil film]] in 1997, the latter setting a record of six consecutive wins; he later went on to win the award three consecutive additional times. The musical cues in the soundtrack albums for ''[[Sangamam]]'' and ''[[Iruvar]]'' used Carnatic vocals, the [[veena]], rock guitar and jazz.<ref name="archat98">{{cite web | title=The A R Rahman Chat| work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff on the Net]]|publisher=Rediff| url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/rahmchat.htm| date=17 August 1998| access-date=6 December 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216150459/http://www.rediff.com/chat/rahmchat.htm| archive-date= 16 December 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> During the 2000s, Rahman composed scores and popular songs for [[Rajiv Menon]]'s ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'', ''[[Alaipayuthey (film)|Alaipayuthey]]'', [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s ''[[Swades]]'', ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<ref>{{Cite book | title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry| last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj| year=2008| page=6}}</ref> and songs with Hindustani motifs for 2005's ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]''. Rahman has worked with Indian poets and lyricists such as [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Gulzar]], [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], and has produced commercially successful soundtracks with directors [[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A. R. Rahman|Mani Ratnam]] and [[S. Shankar]] (''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'', ''[[Kadhalan]]'', ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'', ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]'', ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'', ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'', ''[[Enthiran]]'', ''[[I (film)|I]]'' and ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Ganti | first =T.|title= Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|page= 112|quote=Rehman became a major star with his hit music in Roja followed by hit scores for Mani Ratnam's and Shankar's films in Tamil.}}</ref>

In 2005 Rahman expanded his Panchathan Record Inn studio by establishing [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]] in Kodambakkam, Chennai, creating the most cutting-edge studio in Asia.<ref name="Rahmanammix">{{cite web| title= Film Composer A.R. Rahman Selects Bag End Bass Speakers| work= [[Mix (magazine)|Mix]]| url= http://mixonline.com/news/headline/bag-end-arrahman-060706/| date= 7 June 2006| access-date= 18 November 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141733/http://mixonline.com/news/headline/bag-end-arrahman-060706/| archive-date= 16 December 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| last =Omkar | first =Ashanti|title= Interview with A. R. Rahman|date=March 2008|issue=1|volume=1|periodical=The Score Magazine|location=Chennai}}</ref> The following year he launched his own music label, KM Music,<ref>{{Cite news | last =Maria Verghis | first =Shana|title= A R Rahman Interview| newspaper=[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]] | location=New Delhi| date=11 August 2006| url=http://smaramra.blogspot.com/2006/08/r-rahman-interview.html}}</ref> with his score for ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]].''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg310/p7.pdf |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |title=Cine Scope |date=19 October 2005 |page=7 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113310/http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg310/p7.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Rahman scored the [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]-language film ''[[Warriors of Heaven and Earth]]'' in 2003 after researching and using [[Music of China|Chinese]] and [[Gagaku|Japanese classical]] music,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm|title=Chinese rhapsody|date=23 October 2003|author=Savita Gautham|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225084151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm|archive-date=25 February 2004|url-status = dead}}</ref> and won the Just Plain Folks Music Organization|Just Plain Folks Music Award For Best Music Album for his score for 2006's ''[[Varalaru (film)|Varalaru (God Father)]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Just Plain Folks Music Awards Album Winners|work=Just Plain Folks Music Awards|url=http://jpfolks.com/09albumwinners.html|year=2009|access-date=14 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017193502/http://www.jpfolks.com/09albumwinners.html|archive-date=17 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He co-scored [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s second British film, ''[[Elizabeth: The Golden Age]]'', in 2007<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350030100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201082742/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350030100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2007|title=Mover and Shekhar |date=23 November 2007|access-date=5 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and received a Best Composer [[Asian Film Awards|Asian Film Award]] nomination at the [[Hong Kong International Film Festival]] for his ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' score.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Film Awards 2009 |date=6 February 2009 |work=[[3rd Asian Film Awards]] |url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2009/eng/nominations.php |access-date=24 February 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208035546/http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2009/eng/nominations.php |archive-date=8 February 2011 }}</ref> Rahman's music has been sampled for other scores in India,<ref>{{Cite news |title= Cinemaya 1998|year=1998|page=9|issue=39–41|periodical=[[Cinemaya]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0970-8782|oclc=19234070|quote=However, the song was lifted by a whole range of well-known music directors from Bombay so much so that the original composition in Tamil by AR Rahman ... }}</ref> appearing in ''[[Inside Man]]'', ''[[Lord of War]]'', ''[[Divine Intervention (film)|Divine Intervention]]'' and ''[[The Accidental Husband]].''

His score for his first Hollywood film, the 2009 comedy ''[[Couples Retreat]]'', won the [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]] London Award for Best Score.<ref name="Broadcast Music Inc">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.com/photos/entry/549749|title=A.R. Rahman Picks Up BMI Film Award in London|publisher=Broadcast Music Inc.|date=2 November 2010}}</ref> Rahman's music for 2008's ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' won a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards (a first for an Asian), and the songs "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" and "[[O... Saya]]" from its soundtrack were internationally successful. His music on 2008's Bollywood ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' was popular with Indian youth; that year, his score and songs for ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' won critical acclaim, a Best Composer Asian Film Award nomination and [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|IIFA awards for best music direction and score]].

In 2010, Rahman composed the original score and songs for the romantic ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (soundtrack)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', the sci-fi romance ''[[Enthiran (soundtrack)|Enthiran]]'' and [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[127 Hours: Music from the Motion Picture|127 Hours]]'', composing for the [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] musical ''[[Rockstar (soundtrack)|Rockstar]]''; the latter's soundtrack was a critical and commercial success.<ref name="Rockstar's rocking on">{{cite news|title=Rockstar's rocking on|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news-interviews/30258301_1_rockstar-imtiaz-ali-ranbir-kapoor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708223445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-09/news-interviews/30258301_1_rockstar-imtiaz-ali-ranbir-kapoor|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2013|access-date=9 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 November 2011}}</ref> In 2012 Rahman composed for ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha (soundtrack)|Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' and the American drama ''[[People Like Us (2012 film)|People Like Us]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/people-like-us-soundtrack-features-a-score-by-a-r-rahman-a-liz-phair-song-20120514 |title='People Like Us' Soundtrack Features A New Liz Phair Song Penned for the Film + Poster & New Photo |work=[[indieWIRE]] |date=14 May 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518003511/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/people-like-us-soundtrack-features-a-score-by-a-r-rahman-a-liz-phair-song-20120514 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref> and collaborated with director [[Yash Chopra]] on ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan (soundtrack)|Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-17/news-and-interviews/29551943_1_yash-chopra-yashji-music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403185321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-17/news-and-interviews/29551943_1_yash-chopra-yashji-music |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2012 |title=Yash Chopra signs Rahman|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Kunal M Shah|date=17 May 2011|access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> all were positively received.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/548942 | title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Music Review|author=Joginder Tuteja| access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> By the end of the year his music for Mani Ratnam's ''[[Kadal (soundtrack)|Kadal]]'' topped the [[iTunes]] India chart for December.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/kadals-audio-takes-pole-position-on-itunes.html|title=Kadal's audio takes pole position on iTunes|work= 123Telugu |date=15 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Rahman had two releases: ''[[Raanjhanaa (soundtrack)|Raanjhanaa]]'' and ''[[Maryan (soundtrack)|Maryan]]''. Both were successful, with the former nominated for a number of awards<ref name="59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations">{{cite web|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations|date=14 January 2014|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html}}</ref><ref name="GIMA">{{cite web|title=FILM MUSIC NOMINEES |date=18 January 2014 |url=http://www.gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208053318/http://gima.co.in/2014_film_nominees.php |archive-date=8 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="bas">{{cite web|title=Screen Awards 2014: The complete list of nominees|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108104623/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/20th-annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees/444093-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=8 January 2014|access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> and the latter the [[iTunes]] India Tamil Album of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryan Tops iTunes List for 2013|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Maryan-Tops-iTunes-List-for-2013/2013/12/23/article1959723.ece|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

The year 2014 was one of the busiest years for Rahman, with him claiming to have worked in 12 films in various languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/2014-has-been-a-busy-year-for-me-AR-Rahman/articleshow/45689576.cms|title= 2014 has been a busy year for me: AR Rahman|work=The Times of India|date=31 December 2014}}</ref> While his first release for the year was the [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s road movie ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'' which garnered positive reviews, his very next release was the performance captured animation film ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', a [[Rajinikanth]] starrer directed by [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]. The film's soundtrack was [[long-listed]] at the forthcoming [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/6713/ar-rahman-in-the-nomination-list-of-oscar-2014|title='AR Rahman's Kochadaiyaan in the nomination list of OSCAR'|publisher=moviecrow|date=13 December 2014}}</ref> His next were the scores for the two back to back Hollywood films, ''[[Million Dollar Arm]]'' and ''[[The Hundred Foot Journey]]'', both of which got into the contended list for the original score category nomination at the Oscars.

Then he composed for the period drama ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' teaming up with director [[Vasanthabalan]] for the first time. His next release was [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s thriller ''[[I (2014 film)|I]]'' and [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s period action film ''[[Lingaa]]''.

===Background scores===
His background scores are often characterised by the usage of subtle orchestration and ambient sounds.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.arrahman.com/biography.aspx|publisher=AR Rahman|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> He often employs contemporary instruments such as Guitars, Cello, Flute, Strings, Keyboard, Finger board, Harpejji, Santoor and traditional Indian instruments such as Shehnai, Sitar, Mrudangam, Veenai & Tabla to create scores.

Some of the films which fetched him appreciations for background scores include ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'', ''[[Bombay (film)|Bombay]]'', ''[[Iruvar]]'', ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'', ''[[Dil Se..]]'', ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'', ''[[Lagaan]]'', ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'', ''[[Swades]]'', ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero|Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'', ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'', ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', ''[[Raavanan]]'', ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'', ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'', ''[[Enthiran]]'', ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'', ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' and ''[[I (film)|I]]''. A. R. Rahman received two Academy Awards for ''Slumdog Millionaire'' and two Academy Award nominations for ''[[127 Hours]]''. Recently, his scores for ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', ''[[Million Dollar Arm]]'' and ''[[The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)|The Hundred-Foot Journey]]'' have been nominated in the long list released by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/ar-rahman-gets-nominated-for-three-films-in-87th-oscar-longlist-1848453.html|title=AR Rahman gets nominated for three films in 87th Oscar longlist- Entertainment News, Firstpost|date=15 December 2014|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/music/three-ar-rahman-scores-featured-in-oscar-list-712529|title=A R Rahman Features Thrice on Oscar Longlist, Sonu Nigam Gets a Spot – NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> In 2017 his ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' music's background score has impressed one and all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Rahman-Superb-Back-Ground-Music-For-Vijay-Mersal-Movie/61037|title=Rahman Superb Back Ground Music For Vijay Mersal Movie|last=http://english.tupaki.com|website=tupaki}}</ref> In 2018, Rahman got national award for the background score of [[Mom (2017 film)|Mom]].

[[Qutub-E-Kripa]] an ensemble of young musicians of [[KM Music Conservatory]], have been co-credited alongside A. R. Rahman for the [[background score]]s of films such as ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'', ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]'', ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'', ''[[OK Jaanu]]'', ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'', ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/%E2%80%98cinema-veeran%E2%80%99-aishwarya-dhanush%E2%80%99s-next-big-family-project-39448 |title=Cinema Veeran |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref> ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'', ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' and ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''. They have also scored for the [[Netflix]] Show, ''[[Daughters of Destiny (TV series)|Daughters of Destiny]]''.

===Performing and other projects===
[[File:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2010 A.R. Rahman IMG 7174.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Male singer with female singers and dancers|Rahman at the 2010 [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]]|250x250px]]
Rahman has also been involved in [[A. R. Rahman discography#Albums|non-film projects]]. ''[[Vande Mataram (album)|Vande Mataram]]'', an album of original compositions released for India's 50th anniversary of its independence in 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01091997/vande.html|title=A Song for India|work=India Today|date=1 September 1997|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990302025128/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01091997/vande.html|archive-date=2 March 1999|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Allen | first =John|author2=Uck Lun Chun|author3=Allen Chun|author4=Ned Rossiter|author5= Brian Shoesmith|title= Refashioning Pop Music in Asia|page= 67}}</ref><ref name="Rahmanbiovm">{{cite web | title= A. R. Rahman: Summary Biography | work=A. R. Rahman: A Biography | url= http://members.tripod.com/gopalhome/arrbio.html |quote=Particularly impressed with Vande Mataram, [[Jeremy Spencer]], formerly of [[Fleetwood Mac]] stated that Rahman was the only Indian composer he knew about and liked.|date=November 2002 | access-date=15 February 2007}}</ref> is one of India's best-selling non-film albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/msw.htm |author=Salma Khatib |title=Indi-pop: Down But Not Out |date=22 September 2000 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120045620/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/msw.htm |archive-date=20 January 2010 }}</ref> He followed it with an album for the [[Bharat Bala]]–directed video ''[[Jana Gana Mana Video|Jana Gana Mana]]'', a collection of performances by leading exponents and artists of [[Indian classical music]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|title=The Making of the Jana Gana Mana|url=http://www.rediff.com/broadband/2000/aug/29trans.htm|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> Rahman has written advertising jingles and orchestrations for athletic events, television and Internet media, documentaries and short films,<ref>{{cite web | title= A. R. Rahman: Summary Discography | work=A. R. Rahman: Complete Discography | url= http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrdisc.html |date= November 2002 | access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> frequently using the Czech Film Orchestra and the Chennai Strings Orchestra.

In 1999, Rahman partnered with choreographers [[Shobana]] and [[Prabhu Deva]] and a Tamil film-dancing troupe to perform with [[Michael Jackson]] in Munich, Germany at his Michael Jackson and Friends concert.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nydia Dias|title=A R Rahman joins hands with Michael Jackson|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-17/mumbai/27247947_1_r-rahman-michael-jackson-mj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604131229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-17/mumbai/27247947_1_r-rahman-michael-jackson-mj|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|date=17 August 2001|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In 2002 he composed the music for his first stage production, ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'', which was commissioned by [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Madhur Tankha |title=Rahman to talk about his Bombay Dreams|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082460621100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193356/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082460621100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2012|date=24 August 2007|access-date=5 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Finnish folk-music band [[Värttinä]] collaborated with Rahman on the Toronto production of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (musical)#Toronto production|The Lord of the Rings]]'', and in 2004<ref name="lotrrahmanc">{{cite web| title= A. R. Rahman| author= Iyer, Vijay| publisher= lotr.com| url= http://www.lotr.com/cast_creative/creative_bio_03.php| access-date= 15 November 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081025124725/http://www.lotr.com/cast_creative/creative_bio_03.php| archive-date= 25 October 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> he composed "Raga's Dance" for [[Vanessa-Mae]]'s album ''[[Choreography (Vanessa-Mae album)|Choreography]]'' (performed by Mae and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mae goes the raga way|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/20/stories/2004112001930200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204060417/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/20/stories/2004112001930200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2005|date=20 November 2004|access-date=5 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
[[File:A. R. Rahman at Sufi Concert in Dubai.jpg|alt=Singer and guitarist in front of effects smoke|left|thumb|A. R. Rahman at Sufi Concert in Dubai]]
Since 2004 Rahman has performed three successful world [[Concert tour|tours]] before audiences in Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, [[Dubai]], the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States and India,<ref name="lotrrahmanc"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chander, Bhuvana |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |title=Tamil Cinema |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg321/p15.pdf |date=19 April 2006 |page=15 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125653/http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg321/p15.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> and has been collaborating with [[Karen David]] on her upcoming studio album. A two-disc CD, ''[[Introducing A. R. Rahman]]'' (featuring 25 of his Tamil film-score pieces), was released in May 2006<ref>{{cite web | author=Unterberger, Richie|title= Introducing A.R. Rahman: Original Soundtracks From the Musical Genius of Indian Cinema | website= [[AllMusic]]| url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r828157|pure_url=yes}}| year=2006 | access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> and his non-film album ''Connections'' was released on 12 December 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Listen, it's got Connections|date=10 January 2009|access-date=5 April 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011052390500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109030051/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/10/stories/2009011052390500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Rahman performed at a White House [[state dinner]] arranged by US President [[Barack Obama]] during an official visit by Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] on 24 November 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postrock/2009/11/indian_composer_ar_rahman_to_p.html|title=Indian composer A.R. Rahman to perform at state dinner|work=The Washington Post |author=Chris Richards|date= 24 November 2009}}</ref>

He is one of over 70 artists on "[[We Are the World 25 for Haiti]]", a [[Charity record|charity single]] to raise relief funds in the wake of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahman part of historic remake of We are the World|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=4 February 2010|access-date=5 April 2011|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rahman-part-of-historic-remake-of-we-are-th/575626/}}</ref> In 2010, Rahman composed "[[Jai Jai Garvi Gujarat]]" in honour of the 50th anniversary of the formation of Gujarat State,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-02/ahmedabad/28319573_1_parsis-garba-kite-festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811065909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-02/ahmedabad/28319573_1_parsis-garba-kite-festival |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Gujarat turns 50 in style |date=2 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> "[[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]" as part of the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]],<ref>{{cite news|author= Ramya Kannan |title=I initially wondered how I was going to do it: A.R. Rahman |date=16 May 2010|access-date=5 April 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051663121500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519104248/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/16/stories/2010051663121500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2010 |work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and the theme song for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], "[[Jiyo Utho Bado Jeeto]]".<ref>{{cite web|author= Lasyapriya Sundaram|title=Rahman's CWG theme song finally released |publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]|date=28 August 2010|access-date=5 April 2011|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahmans-cwg-theme-song-finally-released/129800-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111223027/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahmans-cwg-theme-song-finally-released/129800-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> Rahman began his first world tour, ([[A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour]]) on 11 June 2010 at [[Nassau Coliseum]] in New York; 16 cities worldwide were scheduled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrahmanlive.com/concert/abouttour.html |title=A.R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour|work=A. R. Rahman Official Website| access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605033832/http://www.arrahmanlive.com/concert/abouttour.html|archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>

Some of Rahman's notable compositions were performed by the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] in April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/02/stories/2010040262521400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407082210/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/02/stories/2010040262521400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2010 |title=A new level of recognition, legitimacy: Rahman|author=Sarfraz Manzoor | date=2 April 2010|access-date=5 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In February 2011 Rahman collaborated with [[Michael Bolton]] on Bolton's album, ''[[Gems (Michael Bolton album)|Gems – The Duets Collection]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/bolton-collaborates-with-rahman-for-new-album/721470|title=Bolton Collaborates with Rahman for New Album|date=10 May 2011|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref> reworking his "Sajna" from ''[[Couples Retreat]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rahman-s-sajna-in-michael-bolton-s-album-news-bollywood-lfko4iifeeb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513085639/http://www.sify.com/movies/rahman-s-sajna-in-michael-bolton-s-album-news-bollywood-lfko4iifeeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2011 |title=Rahman's Sajna in Michael Bolton's album| publisher=[[Sify]]|date=10 May 2011|access-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

On 20 May 2011 [[Mick Jagger]] announced the formation of a [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]], [[SuperHeavy]], with [[David A. Stewart|Dave Stewart]], [[Joss Stone]], [[Damian Marley]] and Rahman;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520 |title=Mick Jagger Forms Supergroup with Dave Stewart, Joss Stone, A R Rahman and Damian Marley |first=Andy |last=Greene |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=22 May 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110523052409/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520| archive-date= 23 May 2011|url-status = live}}</ref> its [[SuperHeavy (album)|self-titled album]] was scheduled for release in September 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469972/mick-jaggers-superheavy-supergroup-to-drop-album-in-september|title=Mick Jagger's SuperHeavy Supergroup to Drop Album in September|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=23 June 2011|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> The album would have Jagger singing on Rahman's composition, "Satyameva Jayate" ("The Truth Alone Triumphs").<ref>{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/articles/story90756.htm|title=Mick Jagger's 'SuperHeavy' album to release in September|date=25 June 2011|publisher=Zeenews}}</ref>

In January 2012 the [[Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg]] announced that it would join [[KM Music Conservatory]] musicians for a 100-member concert tour of five Indian cities (Germany and India 2011–2012: Infinite Opportunities), performing Rahman's songs. The marked the centennial of Indian cinema and Babelsberg Studio, the world's oldest film studio.<ref name="Biography"/>

In Summer 2012 Rahman composed a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] song for the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]] [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]], directed by [[Danny Boyle]], part of a medley showcasing [[India–United Kingdom relations|Indian influence in the UK]]. Indian musician [[Ilaiyaraja]]'s song from the 1981 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Ram Lakshman]]'' was also chosen for the medley.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-30/news-and-interviews/32483335_1_london-olympics-olympics-opening-ceremony-punjabi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518124107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-30/news-and-interviews/32483335_1_london-olympics-olympics-opening-ceremony-punjabi|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2013|date=30 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=AR Rahman's Punjabi Track To Rock Olympics Inaugural }}</ref>

In December 2012 Rahman and [[Shekhar Kapoor]] launched Qyuki, a networking site which is a platform for story writers to exchange their thoughts. Cisco invested ₹270 million in the startup, giving it a 17-percent share. Qyuki uses Cisco's cloud infrastructure for the site.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.siliconindia.com/news/startups/The-Entrepreneurial-Side-Of-Bollywood-Stars-nid-162101-cid-100.html|title = The Entrepreneurial Side of Bollywood Stars |author = SiliconIndia|publisher = SiliconIndia|date =27 February 2014 |access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.linkedin.com/company/qyuki-digital-media|title = Qyuki Digital Media |publisher=LinkedIn|access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.facebook.com/myQyuki/info|title = Qyuki About Page |author = Facebook|publisher = Facebook|access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref> On 20 December he released the single "Infinite Love" in English and Hindi, commemorating the last day of the Mayan calendar to spread hope, peace and love. Rahman's 2013 tour, Rahmanishq, was announced on 29 July 2013 in [[Mumbai]]. Beginning in Sydney on 24 August, the tour moved to a number of cities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-r-rahman-live/1148472|title=A R Rahman Live – Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In January 2016, after a long break Rahman performed live in [[Chennai]] and for the first time in [[Coimbatore]] & [[Madurai]], with a complete Tamil playlist. As the name suggests, ''Nenje Yezhu'' (which means rise up) began 2016 with a positive note and with music from the heart. The proceeds of this concert will be used for flood relief in Tamil Nadu and also for creating awareness against cancer, supporting VS Medical Trust outside Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramanujam|first1=Srinivasa|title=Rahman's musical balm for Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/review-of-the-nenje-ezhu-concert-by-ar-rahman/article8116522.ece|access-date=12 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=17 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coimbatore's soul lifts up to 'Nenje Ezhu' of Rahman|url=http://www.covaipost.com/local/coimbatores-soul-lifts-up-to-nenje-ezhu-of-rahman/|website=The Covai Post|access-date=14 February 2016|date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tanvi|first1=P S|title=Saturday Night Live|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tanvi-ps-joined-thousands-of-rahmaniacs-to-enjoy-three-hours-of-musical-madness-in-coimbatore/article8151378.ece|access-date=14 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Rahman released a 19-minute orchestral composition ''The Flying Lotus'' in 2017 featuring the demonetisation. This musical piece is an open interpretation of this major stance against black money which also includes [[Narendra Modi]]'s speech.[[File:Opening Ceremony Hockey World Cup 2018 (39).jpg|thumb|Opening Ceremony Hockey World Cup Bhubaneswar 2018 performance]]

On 15 August 2018, Rahman appeared as the host in the 5-episode series of [[Amazon Prime Video]] titled "Harmony".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/a-r-rahman-bollywood-movie-soundtracks-5288309/|title=A.R. Rahman: I think Bollywood movie soundtracks are like a motherless child|date=2 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/i-like-silence-ar-rahman/article24591297.ece|title=Creating harmony with AR Rahman|last=Gaekwad|first=Manish|date=3 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Rahman launched India's first YouTube Original, ''ARRived'', which aims to find the best singing talent from across country. The series has 13 episodes and the first episode was uploaded on 7 November 2018. Rahman is the main judge and he is accompanied by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Vidya Vox]] and [[Clinton Cerejo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/look-whos-arrived-r-rahman-announces-new-singing-hunt-partnership-youtube-india-qyuki/|title=A.R. Rahman Announces New Singing Hunt in Partnership With YouTube Originals and Qyuki -|date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

On 16 January 2019, Maruti Suzuki India Limited launched NEXA Music, a platform where 24 artists will be picked and mentored by Rahman and Clinton Cerejo to create international music in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/maruti-suzuki-partners-with-a-r-rahman-to-launch-nexa-music/articleshow/67555737.cms|title=Maruti Suzuki partners with A R Rahman to launch NEXA Music|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mynexa.nexaexperience.com/nexaworld/nexamusic/nexa-music.html|title=Nexa Music|website=mynexa.nexaexperience.com}}</ref>

Rahman also appeared as a judge on ''[[The Voice (Indian TV series)|The Voice]]''. The show began airing on 3 February 2019 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-confirms-february-launch-date-of-the-voice-india/|title=Star Plus confirms February launch date of 'The Voice India'|first=Raj|last=Baddhan|date=17 January 2019}}</ref> Rahman partnered with Marvel to compose a promotional track titled "Marvel Anthem" in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu for ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019).<ref name=SC1>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/918610/song-check-ar-rahman-bangs-it-out-in-marvel-anthem-for-avengers-endgame | title=Song check: AR Rahman bangs it out in 'Marvel Anthem' for 'Avengers: Endgame' | date=1 April 2019 | publisher=Scroll.in | access-date=8 April 2019 }}</ref> Rahman has sung and composed the track spiced up with rap and heavy percussion. The lyrics are by Nirmika Singh, and MC Heam (rap).<ref name=SC1 /> The film's team also walked the red carpet and also took a selfie with over 3,500 audience members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/if-you-look-at-the-most-iconic-movies-musicians-are-all-losers-ar-rahman-on-stigmas-around-music-industry/501792|title=If you look at the most iconic movies, musicians are all losers: AR Rahman on stigmas around music industry|website=timesnownews.com|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref>

The Irish rock band [[U2]] collaborated with Rahman to release a single, "Ahimsa", in December 2019. The song was named for the [[Sanskrit]] word for [[non-violence]], and lyrically was intended to celebrate the ethnical and spiritual diversity in India. Rahman stated that ahimsa requires courage and strength, and that the song is a celebration of non-violence and peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/music/ar-rahman-collaborations.html|title=AR RAHMANS TOP COLLABORATIONS|last=Khollam|first=Amir|website=Republic World|language=en|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==Musical style and impact==
Skilled in Carnatic music, Western and [[Hindustani classical music]] and the [[Qawwali]] style of [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], Rahman is noted for film songs amalgamating elements of these and other genres, layering instruments from different musical idioms in an improvisational style.<ref name="Rahmanrs"/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 =Viswanathan | first1 =T.|last2=Harper Allen|first2=Matthew|title= Music in South India|page= 139}}</ref> During the 1980s Rahman recorded monaural arrangements in common with his musical predecessors, [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and [[M. S. Viswanathan|Vishwanathan]]–[[T. K. Ramamoorthy|Ramamoorthy]]. He has also worked as a pianist in [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s troupe for hundreds of movies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-posts-throwback-photo-with-ilaiyaraaja-and-it-is-unmissable-1446234-2019-02-04|title=AR Rahman posts throwback photo with Ilaiyaraaja and it is unmissable|date=4 February 2019|work=India Today|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> In later years his methodology changed, as he experimented with the fusion of traditional instruments with new electronic sounds and technology.<ref name="Rahmanrs"/><ref>{{Cite book | last = Slobin | first = Mark |author2=Gregory Booth|author3=Joseph Getter|author4=B. Balasubrahmaniyan| title =Global soundtracks: worlds of film music|chapter=Tamil Film Music: Sound and Significance| publisher=Wesleyan University Press | year = 2008 | pages=108, 125|location = USA | isbn =978-0-8195-6881-6 }}</ref>

Rahman's musical interests and outlook originate in his love of experimentation. His compositions have an [[Auteur theory|auteuristic]] use of [[counterpoint]], orchestration and the [[human voice]], melding Indian pop music with a unique [[timbre]], form and instrumentation. With this syncretic style and wide-ranging lyrics, the appeal of Rahman's music crosses classes and cultures in Indian society.<ref name=wom>Through innovations such as these, commentators herald Rahman's work as having "passed the relatively static makeup of Western ensembles such as jazz bands and symphony orchestras and the rigid formula of American pop songs." {{Cite book | last =Todd Titon | first =Jeff |author2=Linda Fujie |author3=David Locke |author4=David P. McAllester |author4-link=David P. McAllester |chapter=India/South India|title= Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples|pages= 202–205}}</ref>

His first soundtrack, for ''Roja'', was listed on ''Time's'' all-time "[[Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies#10 Best Soundtracks|10 Best Soundtracks]]" in 2005. Film critic [[Richard Corliss]] said that the composer's "astonishing debut work parades Rahman's gift for alchemizing outside influences until they are totally Tamil, totally Rahman",<ref name="Timetop10s">{{Cite news|author=Corliss, Richard |title=Best Soundtracks – ALL TIME 100 MOVIES |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,soundtracks,00.html |access-date=24 February 2008 |date=12 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220071222/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0%2C23220%2Csoundtracks%2C00.html |archive-date=20 February 2008 |url-status = dead}}</ref> and his initial global success is attributed to the South Asian diaspora. Music producer [[Ron Fair]] considers Rahman "one of the world's great living composers in any medium".<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Ethan|last=Smith|title='Slumdog' Remix: The Oscar-winning song 'Jai Ho' is reworked with help from a Pussycat Doll|journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=27 February 2009|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123568984902087603|access-date=1 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090228061839/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123568984902087603.html| archive-date= 28 February 2009|url-status = live}}</ref>

Director [[Baz Luhrmann]] said: {{quote| I had come to the music of A. R. Rahman through the emotional and haunting score of ''Bombay'' and the wit and celebration of ''Lagaan''. But the more of AR's music I encountered the more I was to be amazed at the sheer diversity of styles: from swinging brass bands to triumphant anthems; from joyous pop to West-End musicals. Whatever the style, A. R. Rahman's music always possesses a profound sense of humanity and spirit, qualities that inspire me the most.<ref name="charindaa">{{cite web | title= Baz Luhrrman comments on A. R. Rahman|work=Charindaa | url=http://www.charindaa.org/news.html| year=2005| access-date=15 November 2008}}</ref>}}

Rahman introduced [[7.1 surround sound]] technology to South Indian films.<ref name=":0"/>

Renowned lyricist Gulzar shared the contribution of Rahman in the lyrics,<blockquote>"First you have the prelude and then the music comes, then you have an interlude, followed by a cross-line," Gulzar says about the conventional film tune. "From the start, songs were written this way. Rahman broke the pattern… the horizon… at what stage the song will return to the refrain, one never knows…Like classical and semi-classical musicians, he elaborates the tune. These elaborations build links and keep unfolding."</blockquote> Rahman is one of the best-selling music artists in India,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hollywood-calling-rahman/story-ApUdTcYyuQeanoszuWXwPI.html|title=Hollywood calling Rahman|date=8 December 2009|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 November 2016|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39933/a-r-rahman-opens-online.html|title=A. R. Rahman opens online store|date=6 December 2009|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=3 February 2011|location=India}}</ref><ref name="Richard Corliss22">{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994077,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528081956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994077,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2007|title=Culture: The Mozart of Madras|author=Richard Corliss|author-link=Richard Corliss|date=3 May 2004|work=Time|access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref> with an estimated 150 million records sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994077,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528081956/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994077,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2007|title=Culture: The Mozart of Madras|author=Richard Corliss|author-link=Richard Corliss|date=3 May 2004|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3211258.stm|title=Indian film composer for Rings|date=21 October 2003|access-date=15 November 2008|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="release22">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm|title=Composing a winning score|author=Das Gupta, Surajeet|author2=Sen, Soumik|work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040951/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/sep/21bizsp.htm|archive-date=15 October 2008|access-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> On 21 May 2014 Rahman announced that he has partnered with former Black Eyed Peas' Will.i.am to recreate an early popular track 'Urvashi Urvashi'. Track is 'Birthday'.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/a-r-rahmans-hit-number-urvashi-urvashi-inspires-will-i-ams-new-track/ | title= A R Rahman's hit number 'Urvashi Urvashi' inspires Will.i.am's new track |date=21 May 2014 | work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:A R Rahman,Saira Banu From The Audio release of 'Enthiran - The Robot'.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|alt=Man in grey jacket and woman in sari|Rahman and his wife Saira Banu at the 2010 soundtrack release of ''[[Enthiran]]'' in [[Kuala Lumpur]] in 2010]]
Rahman is married to Saira Banu (not to be confused with actress [[Saira Banu]]); they have three children: Khatija, Rahima and Ameen.<ref>{{cite journal|title=I miss him terribly when he's away|journal=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 October 2007}}</ref> Ameen has sung "NaNa" from ''[[Couples Retreat (soundtrack)|Couples Retreat]]'', and Khatija has sung "Pudhiya Manidha" from ''[[Enthiran (soundtrack)|Enthiran]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-29/news-interviews/28179132_1_ar-rahman-couples-retreat-playback-singer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-29/news-interviews/28179132_1_ar-rahman-couples-retreat-playback-singer|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=AR Rahman's son sings for Hollywood|author=Vickey Lalwani|location=India|access-date=29 July 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/58995.html|title=A R Rahman's daughter sings song in Yanthram|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=29 July 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100730042144/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/58995.html| archive-date= 30 July 2010|url-status = live}}</ref> Rahman is the uncle of composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], the son of his elder sister [[A. R. Reihana]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kamala Bhatt |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/Ndtv-Show-Special-story.aspx?ID=5&storyid=NEWEN20090084532 |title=I knew Rahman would go international: Reihana |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=5 April 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016014333/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/Ndtv-Show-Special-story.aspx?ID=5&storyid=NEWEN20090084532 |archive-date=16 October 2009 }}</ref> Rahman's younger sister, Fathima, heads his music conservatory in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/733227/ar-rahman-spends-ramazan-with-hearth-and-home/|title=AR Rahman spends Ramazan with hearth and home|last=Tribune.com.pk|date=9 July 2014|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-extract-of-the-book-a-r-rahman-the-spirit-of-music/20110418.htm|title=Rahman: I was forced to become a musician|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref> The youngest, Ishrath, has a music studio. A.R.Rahman is the co-brother<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/co-brother#Noun|title=co-brother – Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org}}</ref> of film actor [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actorrahman.com|title=Actor Rahman's profile|publisher=actorrahman.com|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

Born Hindu, Rahman converted to Islam when he was in his 20s. After the early death of his father, his family experienced difficult times; [[Sufism]] influenced his mother, who was a practising Hindu<ref name=dwan /> and, eventually, his family.<ref name=talkasia>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/04/12/talkasia.rahman.script/|title=CNN.com – AR Rahman Full Transcript – Apr 12, 2006|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/A-R-Rahman-In-tune-with-life/articleshow/23791015.cms|title=Interview with Rahman|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> During the [[81st Academy Awards]] ceremony Rahman paid tribute to his mother: "There is a Hindi dialogue, ''mere pass ma hai'', which means 'even if I have got nothing I have my mother here'."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/India-celebrates-iSlumdog-Millionairei-Oscars/article16339964.ece|title=India celebrates Slumdog Millionaire Oscars|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2009|access-date=29 November 2016 |location=Chennai}}</ref> He said, "''Ella pughazhum iraivanukke''" ("All praise to God" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], a translation from the [[Quran]]) before his speech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022460281200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224225225/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022460281200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2009|title=Front Page: Great composer, greater human feted|date=24 February 2009|access-date=23 August 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Rahman is involved with a number of charitable causes. In 2004 he was appointed as the global ambassador of the [[Stop TB Partnership]], a [[World Health Organization|WHO]] project.<ref name="lotrrahmanc" /> Rahman has supported [[Save the Children]] India and worked with [[Cat Stevens|Yusuf Islam]] on "Indian Ocean", a song featuring [[a-ha]] keyboard player [[Magne Furuholmen]] and [[Travis (band)|Travis]] drummer [[Neil Primrose (musician)|Neil Primrose]]. Proceeds from the song went to help orphans in [[Banda Aceh]] who were affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56622/the-billboard-qa-yusuf-islam|title=The Billboard Q and A: Yusuf Islam|last=Williamson|first=Nigel|date=17 November 2006|series=Interview with Yusuf Islam; Return to Music|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414034908/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56622/the-billboard-qa-yusuf-islam |archive-date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> He produced the single "We Can Make It Better" by Don Asian with [[Mukhtar Sahota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/philpedia/ar-rahman|title=A.R. Rahman {{!}} Hollywood Bowl|website=www.hollywoodbowl.com|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904235904/http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/philpedia/ar-rahman|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status = dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2017}}</ref> In 2008 Rahman opened the [[KM Music Conservatory]] with an audio-media education facility to train aspiring musicians in vocals, instruments, music technology and sound design. The conservatory (with prominent musicians on staff and a symphony orchestra) is located near his studio in [[Kodambakkam, Chennai]] and offers courses at several levels. Violinist [[L. Subramaniam]] is on its advisory board.<ref name="Rahmankm">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Rahmans-music-conservatory-in-June/285836|title=Rahman's music conservatory in June|work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218060027/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Rahmans-music-conservatory-in-June/285836/|archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Several of Rahman's proteges from the studio have scored feature films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/print.asp?articleid=602|work=[[Tamil Guardian]]|title=Briefly Tamil Cinema|date=19 April 2006|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230719/http://www.tamilguardian.com/print.asp?articleid=602|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> In 2009, he founded [[Sunshine Orchestra]] with a vision to introduce India's first symphony orchestra where economically and socially deprived children get free music education by the [[KM Music Conservatory]]. He composed the theme music for a 2006 short film for [[The Banyan (NGO)|The Banyan]] to aid poor women in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sudhish Kamath|title= Netru, Indru, Nalai is back with a bang|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/31/stories/2006013102720200.htm|date=31 January 2006|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512182634/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/31/stories/2006013102720200.htm|archive-date=12 May 2011|url-status = dead|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2008 Rahman and noted percussionist [[Sivamani]] created a song, "Jiya Se Jiya", inspired by the [[Free Hugs Campaign]] and promoted it with a video filmed in a number of Indian cities for a cause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahman advocates free hugs for peace|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_rahman-advocates-free-hugs-for-peace_1214284|date=15 December 2008| access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In 2017, he announced one heart foundation which would support people from music industry. Rahman announced ''Ta Futures'', a collaborative culture project that would curate and celebrate the sounds of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-launches-collaborative-project-to-curate-and-celebrate-the-sounds-of-tamil-nadu/article30498095.ece|title=A.R. Rahman launches collaborative project to curate and celebrate the sounds of Tamil Nadu|author=Staff Reporter|date=7 January 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 January 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{{quote|
"While this idea initially started off like a city symphony project where we were looking at capturing the sounds of the city, I wanted to make it more participatory. In children, particularly, I want it to trigger a whole different thought process as this is not about film music or film stars and I want them to create and compose their future",<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rahman's new project will capture culture & sounds of TN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rahmans-new-project-will-capture-culture-sounds-of-tn/articleshow/73126727.cms}}</ref>
- Rahman on announcing ''Ta Futures'' project on [[Chennai]]
}}In 2019, Rahman performed a Sufi Benefit Concert at the annual New York gala of [[Pratham]], one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India, which focuses on the provision of quality education to India's underprivileged children. Rahman and his ensemble performed the full dinner concert on a pro-bono basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/oscar-winning-composer-a-r-rahman-to-perform-benefit-concert-at-pratham-s-new-york/article_273da1fc-d6a9-11e9-8219-5bb963b532d9.html|title=Oscar-winning Composer A.R. Rahman to Perform Benefit Concert at Pratham's New York Gala|last=Reporter|first=India-West Staff|website=India West|language=en|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> Afterward, Rahmam wrote on Twitter that his "long time dream of performing #Sufimusic for human causes came true" and thanked attendees for their respect and generosity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/arrahman/status/1173097800588038144|title=Our long time dream of performing #Sufimusic for human causes came true with this wonderful opportunity with #Pratham at #NewYork #Cipriani..Thank you for being respectful and extremely generous with the cause today.pic.twitter.com/HFnFhVSbaW|last=A.R.Rahman|date=14 September 2019|website=@arrahman|language=en|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{main|A. R. Rahman discography}}

== Filmography ==
===Composer===
{{main|A. R. Rahman discography}}

===Director===
* ''[[Le Musk]]''

===Producer and writer===
* ''[[Le Musk]]''
* ''[[Atkan Chatkan]] (2020; producer)''<ref>{{Cite news|title=AR Rahman {{!}} Atkan Chatkan: AR Rahman all set to present upcoming film 'Atkan Chatkan' on ZEE5|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ar-rahman-all-set-to-present-upcoming-film-atkan-chatkan-on-zee5/articleshow/77755761.cms|access-date=2021-05-19}}</ref>
*''[[99 Songs]]'' (2021)

===Performer===
* ''[[One Heart (film)|One Heart]]'' (2017)

===Actor===
*''[[Bigil]]'' (2019) (Cameo in "[[Singappenney]]" song)
*''[[Aaraattu (2021 film)|Aaraattu]]'' (2021)

==Awards==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by A. R. Rahman}}

A six-time National Film Award winner and recipient of six [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], he has fifteen [[Filmfare Awards]] and sixteen [[Filmfare Awards South]] for his music.<ref name="Turns 44">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335762.cms|title=The golden boy of Indian music A R Rahman turns 44|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=Times Now|date=6 January 2010|access-date=5 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045000/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335762.cms|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> Rahman has received a [[Kalaimamani]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for excellence in the field of music, musical-achievement awards from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|governments of Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] and a [[Padma Shri Awards (2000–2009)|Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/27/stories/02270005.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103022618/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/27/stories/02270005.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri awardees|work=The Hindu|date=26 January 2000|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

In 2006, he received an award from [[Stanford University]] for his contributions to global music.<ref name="arstan06">{{cite web|author=Prakash, B.S.|title=Stanford University honours A R Rahman|work=Rediff.com|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06bsp.htm|date=6 July 2006|access-date=16 December 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207032524/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06bsp.htm| archive-date=7 December 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> The following year, Rahman entered the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' as "Indian of the Year for Contribution to Popular Music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/limca-book-records-felicitates-ar-rahman|title=Limca Book of records felicitates A.R. Rahman|publisher=Radioandmusic.com|access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> He received the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club of Madras]].<ref name="A R Rahman Honored"/> In 2009, for his ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' score, Rahman won the [[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award]], the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]],<ref name="globes">{{cite web|title=66th Annual Golden Globe Awards|website=IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/features/rto/2009/globes|access-date=12 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214041722/http://www.imdb.com/features/rto/2009/globes|archive-date=14 December 2008|url-status = live}}</ref> the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]] and two [[Academy Awards]] ([[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]], the latter shared with [[Gulzar]]) at the [[81st Academy Awards]].

He has received honorary doctorates from [[Middlesex University]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/More-laurels-for-Rahman/article15927903.ece|title=More laurels for Rahman|date=2 April 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2016|location=Chennai}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu"/> [[Anna University]] in Chennai and Miami University in Ohio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200903030131.htm|title=Rahman to be awarded honorary doctorate|date=3 March 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103230113/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200903030131.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref> The composer has won two [[Grammy Award]]s: [[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack Album]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for Visual Media]].<ref name="AFP">{{cite news|title=India's A.R. Rahman strikes Grammys gold|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|year=2010|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGgeRMlZ8ASQ9a-5v5AnbvmL0K9Q|access-date=1 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204030253/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGgeRMlZ8ASQ9a-5v5AnbvmL0K9Q| archive-date=4 February 2010|url-status = live}}</ref> Rahman received the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian honour, in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/padma-bhushan-for-rahman-aamir-segal-gets-padma-vibhushan/story-iqK6QtOLNJc2S7zLUApM9H.html |title=Padma Bhushan for Rahman, Aamir; Segal gets Padma Vibhushan |access-date=29 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

His work in ''[[127 Hours]]'' won him Golden Globe, BAFTA, and two Academy Award nominations (Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song) in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_127-hours-gets-ar-rahman-2-oscar-nominations_1499034|title=127 Hours gets AR Rahman 2 Oscar nominations|work=Daily News and Analysis|location=India|date=25 January 2011|access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rahman-gets-BAFTA-nomination-for-127-Hours/Article1-651823.aspx |title=Rahman gets BAFTA nomination for 127 Hours |work=Hindustan Times |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |location=India |date=18 January 2011 |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119101911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rahman-gets-BAFTA-nomination-for-127-Hours/Article1-651823.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2010/12/the-68th-annual-golden-globe-awards-nominations |title=The 68th Annual Golden Globe Award |publisher=[[Golden Globe Award]] |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225113948/http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2010/12/the-68th-annual-golden-globe-awards-nominations |archive-date=25 December 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Rahman is an Honorary Fellow of the [[Trinity College of Music]].<ref>{{Cite video| people = Ashanti Omkar, A.R. Rahman|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJPJTpATdzM|title=A.R Rahman interview 2010 part 1 – Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa (VTV) – Thai Pongal special|medium=Web interview|publisher=Thamarai.com|location=London, UK|date=13 January 2010}}</ref>

On 24 October 2014 Rahman was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Berklee College of Music]] during a concert paying tribute to his music featuring an international cast of students. Upon receiving his award he commented that being honoured by Berklee illustrates how his life has come full circle, as at the start of his career, he had planned to study at Berklee before being offered the opportunity to score ''Roja''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hirsch|first1=Mark|title=With Berklee Honorary Degree, A.R. Rahman Comes Full Circle|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2014/10/25/with-berklee-honorary-degree-rahman-comes-full-circle/hjGu55LAXAv1GDpgyvMelI/story.html|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> During his 7 May 2012 acceptance speech of his honorary doctorate from [[Miami University]] in [[Ohio]], Rahman mentioned that he received a Christmas card from the family of the President of the United States and an invitation to dinner at the [[White House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hindi|title=Bollywood Cinema News – Bollywood Movie Reviews – Bollywood Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Bollywood|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> A street was named in his honour in Markham, Ontario, Canada in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title= Now a street named after AR Rahman in Canada |url= http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/now-a-street-named-after-ar-rahman-in-canada-1214455.html|work=6 November 2013|publisher=Firstpost.com|access-date=27 November 2013}}</ref>

On 4 October 2015, the government of Seychelles named A. R. Rahman ''Cultural Ambassador for Seychelles'' in appreciation of the "invaluable services contributed to enhance Seychelles' Arts and Culture development."<ref>{{cite web|title = A.R. Rahman – Mobile Uploads {{!}} Facebook|url = https://www.facebook.com/arrahman/photos/a.10151911212826720.1073741826.63441126719/10153132046566720/?type=3&theater|website = www.facebook.com|access-date = 8 October 2015}}</ref>

In January 2018, He has been appointed as the Brand Ambassador of the [[Sikkim]] government. [[A.R. Rahman]] will promote and project the state's achievements nationally and globally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/a-r-rahman-sikkim-brand-ambassador-5225307/|title=AR Rahman appointed as the Brand Ambassador of Sikkim|date=20 June 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> Rahman was honoured with the Pride of Indian Music award at the first Zee Cine Awards Tamil, held on 4 January 2020 in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-was-a-grand-affair-imagegallery-kollywood-ubho6zdafcife.html|title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 was a grand affair!|website=Sify|language=en|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref>

The UK-based world-music magazine ''[[Songlines]]'' named him one of "Tomorrow's World Music Icons" in August 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=A. R. Rahman named in ''Songlines'' Tomorrow's World Music Icons'|work=[[ARC Music]]|url=http://www.arcmusic.co.uk/index.php?page=news#d240811|access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> For years, he has been regularly listed one among ''[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]'' in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim 500: Allah Rakha Rahman|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/allah-rakha-a-r-rahman/|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Times of India on 22 most influential Muslims in India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

Currently, he is also on the Board of Advisors of [[I.I.M.U.N.|India's International Movement to Unite Nations (I.I.M.U.N.)]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=I.I.M.U.N. {{!}}{{!}} Board of Advisors|url=https://new.iimun.in/pages/BoA.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=new.iimun.in}}</ref>

== 99 Songs ==
{{main|99 Songs}}
{{main|99 Songs (soundtrack)}}
[[99 Songs]] is a [[Musical film|musical]] [[romance film]] co-written and produced by A. R. Rahman, who thus makes his debut in both roles, apart from composing the [[film score|original score]] and songs.
''99 Songs'' is the first Indian soundtrack album to use [[Dolby Atmos]] technology, and Rahman became the first Indian artist to create music album of the film in this technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/audio/news/dolby-atmos-music-india-launch-99-songs-ar-rahman-soundtrack-2183648|title=Dolby Atmos Music Comes to India with AR Rahman's '99 Songs' Soundtrack|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|language=en|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> The film stars debutants Ehan Bhat and Edilsy Vargas in lead roles, alongside [[Aditya Seal]], [[Lisa Ray]] and [[Manisha Koirala]] among others portray supporting characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/interviews/a660380/ar-rahman-interview-the-mozart-of-madras-on-the-greatest-lesson-hes-learned/|title=AR Rahman interview: The Mozart of Madras|last=Joshi|first=Priya|date=28 July 2015|website=Digital Spy|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The film is a sensual story about art and self-discovery of a struggling singer who wants to be a successful [[Composer|music composer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/05/ar-rahman-99-songs-script_n_7937330.html|title=AR Rahman Has Turned Scriptwriter For His Home Production '99 Songs'|last=Chatterjee|first=Suprateek|date=5 August 2015|website=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>
The background music and soundtrack for the film was composed by A. R. Rahman.
The full soundtrack was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 20 March 2020.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/99-Songs-marks-the-23rd-year-of-the-AR-Rahman-Sony-Music-India-association/20-03-2020-186717|title=99 Songs marks the 23rd year of the AR Rahman-Sony Music India association|date=20 March 2020|work=Everything Experiential|language=en|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> which consist of 14 songs included ''The Oracle (song)'', ''Humnawaa'' & more, each in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages & The album received highly positive reviews from critics.

A. R. Rahman said in an interview with [[Anupama Chopra]]:<blockquote>"There are two things could happen. One saying this is going to be a new wave in Hindi cinema or (smile) they will just throw it in my face"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chopra |first1=Anupama |title=Trust The Artist And Leave. Don't Tell Them What To Do: AR Rahman |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/trust-the-artist-and-leave-dont-tell-them-what-to-do-ar-rahman/ |access-date=7 March 2021 |work=Film Companion |date=6 August 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[AR Rahman Foundation]]
*[[KM Music Conservatory]]
*[[List of films directed by Mani Ratnam featuring A. R. Rahman]]
*[[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
*[[Qutub-E-Kripa]]
*[[Sunshine Orchestra]]
*[[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite web|title=Malaysian ARR concert success, still leave some fans disappointed.|url=http://inadailynews.com/News/Entertainment/1141/Malaysian-ARR-concert-success-still-leave-some-fans-disapointed.-1141|publisher=INA Daily News}}
* {{Cite book | last = Allen | first = John|author2=Uck Lun Chun|author3=Allen Chun|author4=Ned Rossiter|author5= Brian Shoesmith| title = Refashioning Pop Music in Asia| publisher=Routledge | year = 2004 | location = USA | isbn =978-0-7007-1401-8}}
* {{Cite book | title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music| last=Arnold|first=Alison| year=2000| publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-0-8240-4946-1}}
* {{Cite book| last =Brégeat| first =Raïssa|title= Indomania: le cinéma indien des origines à nos jours|page= 133|publisher=Cinémathèque française|language=fr|location=Paris |isbn= 978-2-900596-14-2|year=1995}}
* {{Cite journal|title= Cinemaya 1998|year=1998|page=9|issue=39–41|periodical=[[Cinemaya]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0970-8782|oclc=19234070}}
* {{Cite book | last = Chaudhuri | first = Shohini | title = Contemporary World Cinema: Europe, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia |chapter=Cinema of South India and Sri Lanka| publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year = 2005 | location = [[Edinburgh]] | isbn = 0-7486-1799-X}}
* {{Cite book| last =Cowie| first =Peter|title= Variety International Film Guide 1995|year=1994|page=204|edition=31st|periodical=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=London/Hollywood|isbn= 978-0-600-58516-9|oclc=221419104}}
* {{Cite journal|title= Cinemaya 1998|year=1998|page=9|issue=39–41|periodical=[[Cinemaya]]|location=New Delhi|issn=0970-8782|oclc=19234070}}
* {{Cite book| last =Eur | first =Andy Gregory|title=The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002|chapter=A. R. Rahman|isbn=978-1-85743-161-2|publisher=Routledge|year=2002}}
* {{Cite book | last = Ganti | first = Tejaswini | title = Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema | publisher = Routledge | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-415-28854-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant }}
* {{Cite book | last = Ramaswamy | first = Vijaya | title = Historical Dictionary of the Tamils | publisher=The Scarecrow Press | year = 2007 | location = [[Michigan]] | isbn = 978-0-8108-5379-9}}
* {{Cite book| title=Continuum encyclopaedia of popular music of the world| first=John|last= Shepherd| year=2005| publisher=Continuum|location=London, New York|volume=3–7|isbn= 0-8264-6321-5 |pages=80–81|oclc=444486924}}
* {{Cite book | last = Slobin | first = Mark |author2=Gregory Booth|author3=Joseph Getter|author4=B. Balasubrahmaniyan| title =Global soundtracks: worlds of film music|chapter=Tamil Film Music: Sound and Significance| publisher=Wesleyan University Press | year = 2008 | location = USA | isbn =978-0-8195-6881-6 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Terska Ciecko | first = Anne | title = Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular culture in a Global Frame | publisher=Berg Publishers | year = 2006 | location = Berg | isbn = 1-84520-237-6}}
* {{Cite book | last = Todd Titon | first = Jeff |author2=Linda Fujie |author3=David Locke |author4=David P. McAllester |author4-link=David P. McAllester | title =Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples |chapter=India/South India| publisher=Thomson Shirmer | year = 2005 | location = USA | isbn =978-0-534-62757-7}}
* {{Cite book | last = Todd Titon | first = Jeff | title =Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples |chapter=India/South India| edition=5th|publisher=Schirmer Cengage Learning | year = 2009 | location = USA | isbn =978-0-534-59539-5 }}
* {{Cite book | title= Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry| last=Velayutham|first=Selvaraj| year=2008| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-0-415-39680-6}}
* {{Cite book | last = Vishwanathan | first = T.|author2=Matthew Harp-Allen| title = Music in South India: The Karṇāṭak Concert Tradition and Beyond : Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture | url = https://archive.org/details/musicinsouthindi00visw | url-access = registration | publisher=Oxford University Press | year = 2004 | location = USA | isbn =978-0-19-514591-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|A. R. Rahman}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{Official website|http://www.arrahman.com}}
* [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p278580|pure_url=yes}} A. R. Rahman] at [[AllMusic]]
* [{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=a.r. rahman|bio=true}} A. R. Rahman] at [[Billboard.com]]
* {{IMDb name|id=0006246}}
*[https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/ar-rahman A.R. Rahman Interview] NAMM Oral History Program (2013)
*[https://psbt.org/films/jai-ho/ Jai Ho] – A documentary on AR Rahman by [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust|PSBT]]
*Ilove ARR [https://ilovearr.com/released-podcasts/ Podcast] Series by Chander

{{A. R. Rahman|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by A. R. Rahman|Awards for A. R. Rahman]]
| list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScore 2001-2020}}
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalSong 2001–2010}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Original Music}}
{{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Original Score}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Composer}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilMusicDirector}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Satellite Award for Best Original Score}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}
{{CineMAA Award for Best Music Director}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, A. R.}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman| ]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:20th-century classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century classical composers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College of Music]]
[[Category:Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Background Score National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters]]
[[Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Tamil playback singers]]
[[Category:Bollywood playback singers]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award-winning musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film singers]]
[[Category:Islam in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu playback singers]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Jingle composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:SuperHeavy members]]

C. Ramachandra

2021-08-05T15:49:15Z

Pradip89: Redirected page to C. Ramchandra

#REDIRECT [[C. Ramchandra]]

Ram Singh Thakuri

2021-08-05T15:49:08Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}} {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = Captain | name..."

{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain]]
| name = Ram Singh Thakuri
| spouse = Premu Thakuri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|08|15}}
| birth_place = Khanyara, [[Dharamsala]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|04|15|1914|08|15}}
| death_place = Bhaisakund, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|Azad Hind}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} [[Indian National Army]] {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1942–1974
| rank = [[Company Havildar Major]]
| servicenumber =
| unit = [[1st Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] War
| battles_label =
| awards = [[King George VI Coronation Medal]]
| relations =
| laterwork = Band Master
| signature =
}}

'''Ram Singh Thakuri''' 15 August 1914 – 15 April 2002) was an Indian freedom fighter, musician and composer.<ref name=Toi>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/INA-hero-Ram-Singh-dead/articleshow/7007390.cms|title=INA hero Ram Singh dead | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> He composed a number of patriotic songs including ''[[Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja]]'' and ''[[Subh Sukh Chain]]'' whilst serving in the [[Indian National Army]].

Later in life, Captain Singh worked for the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) and founded the Constabulary band.

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Ram Singh was born in the Khanyara, a village near [[Dharamsala]] on 15 August 1914. As the son of a serviceman, Singh was encouraged to enroll in the [[British Indian Army|army]]. After completing school in 1922, Singh joined the [[1 Gorkha Rifle|1st Gorkha Rifles]] as a recruit in the band. From early childhood, he had an interest in music, which was encouraged by his grandfather, Jamni Chand, who migrated from Munakot village in Pithoragarh district of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] hills, [[Uttarakhand]] in 1890.

==Service==
In the Army, Singh combined his love for music along with his service. He trained in classical and western music as well as ballad, brass band, string band and dance band.

===British Indian Army===
Singh earned the [[King George VI Coronation Medal|King George VI medal]] while serving in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] between 1937 and 1939. Promoted in 1941 to [[Company Havildar Major]], he was sent to Singapore and Malaya with his unit during [[World War II]].

===Indian National Army===
After the [[Fall of Singapore]], the Japanese forces took a large number of [[POW]]s. Of these, a large number volunteered to join the [[Indian National Army]]. Singh, who had initially not volunteered, was sent to Japan, where he met [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]. Singh later joined the Indian National Army as it was reorganised under the leadership of Bose. Subhas Chandra Bose was instrumental in tapping the talent of Captain Ram Singh as a dedicated music director. On his personal request, Singh composed the tunes for "[[Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja]]", the [[Indian National Army]]'s (INA) marching song and now a noted patriotic song from India. He also composed the tune for "[[Subh Sukh Chain]]" (or the Qaumi Tarana as it was known), the [[national anthem]] to be adopted by [[Azad Hind]]. In 1944, Singh was decorated by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] for his contributions. Singh also received a violin and a saxophone as gifts from Bose.

===Return to India===
After the end of the war, Singh was shipped back to India with his fellow soldiers. Imprisoned at the Kabul Lines of the [[Delhi Cantonment]], Singh was released later as most of the INA troops were released without charge after widespread protests. Singh and members of his orchestra band were invited to play the [[National Anthem]] on the occasion of the Prime Minister's inaugural address to the nation at the [[Red Fort]].

==Post 1947==
[[File:Ram Singh Thakur playing violin.jpg|thumb|300px|Captain Ram Singh Thakuri (extreme right) playing the violin in [[Gandhi]]'s presence, during one of Gandhi's visits to [[Indian National Army#Red Fort trials|INA prisoners]] at [[Red Fort]], 20 June 1946]]
Ram Singh was recruited in the 3rd Battalion PAC at [[Lucknow]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1948 by Shri Jagdish Prasad Bajpai [Commandant – 3rd Bn. PAC], and later was promoted as the Band Master in the Rank of Inspector. Thakur retired in 1974. Upon retirement he was accorded the honorary rank of [[Deputy Superintendent|DSP]]. He was known as "DSP Band UP Police" at the time of his retirement. He was honoured by the [[Government of India|Central]] Government, as well as the Governments of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Sikkim]].

==Final years==
Captain Singh's final years were difficult and controversial, for which the Government drew much criticism.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may01/head6.htm INA hero gets shabby treatment by government. ''The Tribune''], 1 May 1999</ref> He was initially denied the status of a freedom fighter by the government,<ref name=Tribune>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm|title=The Tribune - Windows - Feature|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> while the State government of Uttar Pradesh later faced contempt proceedings for withholding the corresponding payment although the amount in question was meager. A controversial court petition at one point sought to establish that he was not the composer of the National Anthem.

Captain Singh suffered an [[epilepsy]] attack in 2001, and after suffering ill health for nearly a year, died on 15 April 2002. He was [[cremated]] with State honours at Bhaisakund. However the State Government of Uttar Pradesh was again criticised for the absence of notable or prominent Government officials save a few police officers.<ref name=Toi/>

==Awards==
Over his long career, Captain Ram Singh earned a number of awards. These included:<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.merapahad.com/cap-ram-singh-thakur-musician-of-indian-national-anthem|title= कैप्टन राम सिंह: राष्ट्रगान के धुन निर्माता| publisher=Blog Network of Uttarakhand| access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref>
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal|George VI Medal]], 1937
*Netaji Gold Medal([[Azad Hind]]), 1943
*Uttar Pradesh 1st Governor Gold Medal, 1956
*President Police Medal, 1972
*UP Sangeet Natak Akademi (UP Music and Drama Academy) Award, 1979
*Sikkim Government Mitrasen Award, 1993
*The First Azad Hind Fauj Award by the [[West Bengal Government]] in 1996

==See also==
*[[Kumaoni people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Indian National Army}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Ram Singh}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Dharamshala]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]

Module:Check for deprecated parameters

2021-08-05T15:47:55Z

Pradip89: Created page with "-- This module may be used to compare the arguments passed to the parent -- with a list of arguments, returning a specified result if an argument is -- on the list local p = {..."

-- This module may be used to compare the arguments passed to the parent
-- with a list of arguments, returning a specified result if an argument is
-- on the list
local p = {}

local function trim(s)
return s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$')
end

local function isnotempty(s)
return s and trim(s) ~= ''
end

function p.check (frame)
-- create the table of deprecated values and their matching new value
local args = frame.args
local dep_values = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
if k == 'ignoreblank' or k == 'preview' or k == 'deprecated' then else
dep_values[k] = v
end
end

-- loop over the parent args and see if any are deprecated
local values = {}
local ignoreblank = isnotempty(frame.args['ignoreblank'])
local pargs = frame:getParent().args
for k, v in pairs(pargs) do
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else
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end

-- add results to the output tables
local res = {}
if #values > 0 then
local preview = frame.args['preview'] or
'Page using [['..frame:getParent():getTitle()..']] with deprecated parameter _VALUE_'
if isnotempty(preview) then
preview = require('Module:If preview')._warning({
preview
})
end
-- Kind of dangerous to trust that this is never nil, but I guess it's
-- preferable to display that the use of the module is broken rather than
-- have some sort of tracking category for pages which have an unknown
-- parent tracking template.
local category = frame.args['category']
for k, v in pairs(values) do
local c = category:gsub('_VALUE_', v)
table.insert(res, c)
if v == '' then
-- Fix odd bug for | = which gets stripped to the empty string
-- and breaks category links
v = ' '
end
local p = preview:gsub(
'_VALUE_',
'"'..v..'". Replace with "'..dep_values[v]..'".'
)
table.insert(res, p )
end
end

return table.concat(res)
end

return p

Nastaliq script

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Pradip89: Redirected page to Nastaliq

#REDIRECT [[Nastaliq]]

Devnagari script

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Pradip89: Redirected page to Devanagari

#REDIRECT [[Devanagari]]

Template:Infobox musical composition

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Pradip89: Created page with "{{infobox | bodyclass = {{#if:{{{list_title|}}}||vevent haudio}} | autoheaders = y | headerstyle = background-color: #eee; | above = {{{list_title|{{{name|{{{Name|{{{title..."

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Annexation of Goa

2021-08-05T15:45:39Z

Pradip89:

{{Short description|Indian Army operation in December 1961 to annex Goa into Indian Republic}}
{{About|the Indian annexation of Goa|the conquest by Portugal in 1510|Portuguese conquest of Goa}}
{{Redirect|Operation Vijay (1961)|the 1999 Indian operation|Kargil War}}
{{See also|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Annexation of Goa
| date = 17–19 December 1961
| place = {{ublist|class=nowrap|style=line-height:1.25em; |[[Goa, Daman and Diu]], [[Portuguese India]] |{{small|(incl. [[Arabian Sea|surrounding sea]] and airspace)}}}}
| result = Indian victory
| territory = {{longitem|Incorporation of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] colonial territories of Goa, Daman and Diu into the [[Republic of India]]}}
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg}} [[Rajendra Prasad]] ([[President of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|J. N. Chaudhuri]] {{flagicon image|Vice-Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vice Admiral (India)|VAdm]] [[R. D. Katari]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Air Vice Marshal 1950-1980.svg}} [[Air vice-marshal|AVM]] [[Erlic Pinto]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Major general|Maj. Gen.]] [[K. P. Candeth]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Brigadier|Brig.]] [[Sagat Singh]]
| commander2 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Américo Tomás]] |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar|A. O. Salazar]] |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva|M. A. Vassalo e Silva]]a |{{flagicon|Portugal}} {{ill|Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão|lt=Cunha Aragão|pt}}}}
| strength1 = 45,000 [[infantry]] 1 [[light aircraft carrier]] 2 [[cruisers]] 1 [[destroyer]] 8 [[frigates]] 4 [[minesweepers]] 20 [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] medium bombers 6 [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire]] fighters 6 [[Dassault Ouragan|Toofani]] fighter-bombers 6 [[Hawker Hunter|Hunter]] multi-role aircraft 4 [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystère]] fighter-bombers
| strength2 = 3,500 military personnel 1 [[frigate]] 3 inshore [[patrol boat]]s
| casualties1 = 22 killed<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Azaredo |first1=Carlos |last2=Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) |date=8 December 2001 |title=Passage to India – 18th December 1961 |url=http://www.goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224100740/http://goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=20 February 2010 |website=Goancauses.com}}</ref>
| casualties2 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |30 killed<ref name="Major K C Praval">{{Cite book |last=Praval |first=Major K.C. |title=Indian Army after Independence |publisher=Lancer |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-935501-10-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=214}}</ref> |57 wounded<ref name="Major K C Praval" />|1 frigate disabled<ref name="Major K C Praval" /><ref name="areamilitar.net" /> |4,668 captured<ref>Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). "Passagem para a Índia" [Passage to India]. Revista. Expresso (in Portuguese) (Paço d'Arcos). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</ref>}}
| notes = {{sup|a}} [[Governor-General#Portuguese|Governor-General]].
| casus = After [[Indian Independence]] from the United Kingdom, [[Portuguese India]] remained Portuguese colonies. They included the provinces of Goa, Daman and Diu, as well as the Anjidiv Islands on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula. India claimed the Portuguese territories by military power means after the refusal of the Portuguese authorities to leave.
| image = IN-GA.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Location of the state of [[Goa]] in present-day [[India]]
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Annexation of Goa''' was the process in which the [[India|Republic of India]] annexed ''{{lang|pt|[[Estado da India]]}}'', the then [[Portuguese India]]n territories of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], starting with the armed action carried out by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "'''Liberation of Goa'''". In [[Portugal]], it is referred to as the "'''Invasion of Goa'''".

The "armed action" was code named '''Operation Vijay''' (meaning "Victory") by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining [[Portuguese India|exclaves in India]]. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting.<ref name="Major K C Praval" /> The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens.

Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]] as lieutenant governor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2003 |title=Obituary of Lt-Gen K. P. Candeth |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lt-gen-k-p-candeth-36784.html |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Consultative Council]] of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.<ref>http://goaassembly.gov.in/goa-legislative-assembly-infrastructure_1.php</ref>

==Background==
After India's independence from the [[British Empire]] in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of [[exclave]]s on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]—collectively known as the ''[[Estado da Índia]]''. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around {{convert|1540|sqmi|km2}} and held a population of 637,591.<ref>Numbers from 1955, thus excluding Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), the remainder in Damman (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970) ''Salazar and Modern Portugal'', New York: Hawthorn, p. 295.</ref> The Goan [[diaspora]] was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay).<ref name="Kay">H. Kay (1970) ''Salazar and Modern Portugal'', New York: Hawthorn.</ref> Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 36.7% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2.2% Muslim.<ref name="Kay" /> The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally [[iron ore]] and some [[manganese]].<ref name="Kay" />

===Local resistance to Portuguese rule===
{{Main|Goa Liberation Movement}}

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]], a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement including [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the [[Indian National Congress]], and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected as its first President.<ref name="Frank">Prof. Frank D'Souza, "FRANKLY SPEAKING, The Collected Writings of Prof. Frank D'Souza" Editor-in-chief Mgr. Benny Aguiar, published by the Prof. Frank D'Souza Memorial Committee, Bombay 1987. {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923182300/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=2010-07-20}}</ref>

In June 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia, an Indian Socialist leader, entered Goa on a visit to his friend, Julião Menezes, a nationalist leader, who had founded the Gomantak Praja Mandal in Bombay and edited the weekly newspaper ''Gomantak''. Cunha and other leaders were also with him.<ref name="Frank" /> [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] advocated the use of non-violent [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] techniques to oppose the government.<ref name="goacom_lambert_m">[http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html Goa's Freedom Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |date=14 February 2012 }} By: Lambert Mascarenhas</ref> On 18 June 1946, the Portuguese government disrupted a protest against the suspension of civil liberties in [[Panaji]] (then spelt 'Panjim') organised by Lohia, Cunha and others including Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre in defiance of a ban on public gatherings, and arrested them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamat Research Database – Goa's Freedom Struggle |url=http://www.kamat.com/database/content/goa_freedom/ |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On Rammanohar Lohia's 99th Birth Anniversary |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1247.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> There were intermittent mass demonstrations from June to November.

In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal (The Free Goa Party) and the United Front of Goans conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Liberation From Lies By Prabhakar Sinari |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sinari061103.htm |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Countercurrents.org}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] supported the establishment of armed groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups—attempted to destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising of the population.<ref>Francisco Monteiro, Chronology of Freedom Struggle Activities Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damão and Diu [http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> A Portuguese army officer stationed with the army in Goa, Captain Carlos Azaredo, stated in 2001 in the Portuguese newspaper ''[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]]'': "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved guerilla warfare which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guiné. In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of the freedom fighters of Azad Gomantak Dal were not Goans. Many had fought in the [[British Army]], under [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|General Montgomery]], against the [[Afrika Korps|Germans]]."<ref name="Azaredo">{{Cite news |last=Castanheira |first=José Pedro |date=8 December 2001 |title=Passagem para a Índia |language=pt |trans-title=Passage to India |work=Expresso |department=Revista |location=Paço d'Arcos |url=http://semanal.expresso.pt/revista/artigos/interior.asp?edicao=1519&id_artigo=ES44188 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011209004006/http://semanal.expresso.pt/revista/artigos/interior.asp?edicao=1519&id_artigo=ES44188 |archive-date=9 December 2001}}</ref>

===Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute===
{{main|India–Portugal relations}}
[[File:Administrative map of Goa.png|thumb|Goa, Western India]]

On 27 February 1950, the Government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961 |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226040732/https://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-date=26 February 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule.<ref>Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art.1–3 & Art. 162-64 of 1822 Constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const822.html online], 1826 constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/carta826.html online], Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const838.html online], Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const911.html online] and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo.</ref> When the Portuguese government refused to respond to subsequent aide-mémoires in this regard, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=2012-03-14}} Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)</ref>

By 1954, the Republic of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed transport between Goa and other exclaves like Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Meanwhile, the Indian Union of Dockers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India.<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.283</ref> Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>P.W. Prabhakar (2003) ''Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India'' New Delhi: Mittal, p.39</ref>

On 15 August 1955, 3000–5000 unarmed Indian activists<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.282</ref> attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21<ref>"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", ''New York Times'', 15 August 1955</ref> and 30<ref>Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Published by Columbia University Press, 1998</ref> people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 1955 |title=India: Force & Soul Force |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215050523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2008 |access-date=8 May 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The news of the incident built public opinion in India against the presence of the Portuguese in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Super User |title=Ancient Goan History – GOACOM – Goa – India – Information and Services in Goa. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> On 1 September 1955, India shut its consul office in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1956, the Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with Portuguese Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the Ministers for Defence and Foreign Affairs. The demand for a referendum was repeated by presidential candidate General [[Humberto Delgado]] in 1957.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Prime Minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hinted threats at armed action against Portugal's presence in Goa, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through [[Brazil]] and eventually asked the [[United Nations Security Council]] to intervene.<ref name="ComradesatOdds">{{harvp|Rotter|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPx4vb99RUoC&pg=PA185 185]}}</ref> [[Mexico]] offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561. [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 66,</ref> Meanwhile, [[Krishna Menon]], India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated in no uncertain terms that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa.<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> The US ambassador to India, [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], requested the Indian government on several occasions to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 68</ref><ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 69</ref>

On 24 November 1961, ''Sabarmati'', a passenger boat passing between the Indian port of [[Kochi]] and the Portuguese-held island of [[Anjadip Island|Anjidiv]], was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops, resulting in the death of a passenger and injuries to the [[chief engineer]]. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military [[landing operation|landing party]] intent on storming the island.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite book |last=Couto |first=Francisco Cabral |title=O fim do Estado Português da Índia 1961: um testemunho da invasão |date=2006 |publisher=[[Tribuna da História]] |isbn=978-972-8799-53-3 |editor-last=Pissarra |editor-first=José V. |location=Lisbon |pages=22–102 |trans-title=Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961}}</ref> The incidents lent themselves to fostering widespread public support in India for military action in Goa.

Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the armed action, code named Operation Vijay, Nehru stated to the press: "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility".<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> The American response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN security council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 72</ref>

===Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli===
{{Main|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2017}}

The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the annexation of Goa, when [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian forces with the support of the Indian authorities.

[[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] and [[Nagar Haveli]] were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the [[Daman district, India|Daman district]], totally surrounded by Indian territory. The connection between the exclaves and the coastal territory of Daman had to be made by crossing about {{convert|20|km}} of Indian territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli did not have any Portuguese military garrison, but only police forces.

The Indian government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Haveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman. In July 1954, pro-Indian forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans, the National Movement Liberation Organisation, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, began to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing Police Sergeant Aniceto do Rosário and Constable António Fernandes, who resisted the attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station.

Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross the Indian territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, but no permission was given. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the [[International Court of Justice]], which, in a decision dated 12 April 1960,<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf |date=20 December 2011 }}</ref> stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. Therefore, the Portuguese authorities could not legally pass through Indian territory.

==Events preceding the hostilities==

===Indian military build-up===
On receiving the go-ahead for military action and a mandate for the capture of all occupied territories for the Indian government, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari of the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] fielded the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]] commanded by Major-General [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|K. P. Candeth]] and the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] commanded by Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]]. The assault on the enclave of Daman was assigned to the 1st battalion of the [[Maratha Light Infantry]] while the operations in Diu were assigned to the 20th battalion of the [[Rajput Regiment]] and the 5th battalion of the [[Madras Regiment]].<ref name="BR-Goa-01">{{Cite web |last=Pillarisetti |first=Jagan |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005110857/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |archive-date=5 October 2003 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |df=dmy}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the Commander-in-Chief of India's [[Western Air Command, Indian Air Force|Western Air Command]], Air Vice Marshal [[Erlic Pinto]], was appointed as the commander of all air resources assigned to the operations in Goa. Air resources for the assault on Goa were concentrated in the bases at [[Pune Airport|Pune]] and [[Belgaum Airport|Sambra]] ([[Belgaum]]).<ref name="BR-Goa-01" /> The mandate handed to Pinto by the Indian Air Command was listed out as follows:

# The destruction of Goa's lone airfield in [[Dabolim]], without causing damage to the terminal building and other airport facilities.
# Destruction of the wireless station at [[Bambolim]], Goa.
# Denial of airfields at Daman and Diu, which were, however, not to be attacked without prior permission.
# Support to advancing ground troops.

The [[Indian Navy]] deployed two warships—the [[INS Rajput (D141)|INS ''Rajput'']], an 'R' Class destroyer, and {{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}}, a [[Blackwood class frigate|Blackwood class]] anti-submarine frigate—off the coast of Goa. The actual attack on Goa was delegated to four task groups: a Surface Action Group comprising five ships: ''[[INS Mysore (C60)|Mysore]]'', {{INS|Trishul|F143|2}}, ''[[INS Betwa (1959)|Betwa]]'', ''[[INS Beas (1958)|Beas]]'' and ''[[INS Cauvery|Cauvery]]''; a Carrier Group of five ships: ''[[INS Delhi (1948)|Delhi]]'', {{INS|Kuthar|F146|2}}, ''Kirpan'', {{INS|Khukri|F149|2}} and ''Rajput'' centred on the light aircraft carrier ''[[INS Vikrant (R11)|Vikrant]]''; a Mine Sweeping Group consisting of mine sweepers including ''[[INS Karwar|Karwar]]'', ''[[INS Kakinada|Kakinada]]'', ''[[INS Cannonore|Cannonore]]'' and ''[[INS Bimilipatan|Bimilipatan]]'', and a Support Group which consisted of ''[[INS Dharini|Dharini]]''.<ref name="BR-Kore">{{Cite web |last=Kore |first=V.S. |title=Liberation of Goa: Role Of The Indian Navy |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1950s/Kore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131726/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1950s/Kore.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

===Portuguese mandate===
In March 1960, [[Ministry of National Defence (Portugal)|Portuguese Defence Minister]] General [[Júlio Botelho Moniz]] told Prime Minister Salazar that a sustained Portuguese campaign against decolonisation would create for the army "a suicide mission in which we could not succeed". His opinion was shared by Army Minister Colonel [[Afonso Magalhães de Almeida Fernandes]], by the Army under secretary of State Lieutenant-Colonel [[Francisco da Costa Gomes]] and by other top officers.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book |last=Porch |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncoOAAAAQAAJ&q=salazar+goa+sacrifice+troops&pg=PA36 |title=The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution |date=January 1977 |isbn=9780856643910 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

Ignoring this advice, Salazar sent a message to Governor General [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] in Goa on 14 December, in which he ordered the Portuguese forces in Goa to fight to the last man: "Do not expect the possibility of truce or of Portuguese prisoners, as there will be no surrender rendered because I feel that our soldiers and sailors can be either victorious or dead."<ref name="supergoa.com">{{Cite web |last=Constantino Hermanns Xavier |date=18 December 2006 |title=Invasão de Goa, Damão e Diu foi há 45 anos |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_noticia.asp?c_news=603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111816/http://www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_noticia.asp?c_news=603 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |language=pt |quote=Não prevejo a possibilidade de tréguas, nem prisioneiros portugueses, como não haverá navios rendidos, pois sinto que apenas pode haver soldados e marinheiros vitoriosos ou mortos}}</ref> Salazar asked Vassalo e Silva to hold out for at least eight days, within which time he hoped to gather international support against the Indian invasion. Vassalo e Silva disobeyed Salazar to avoid the unnecessary loss of human lives and surrendered the day after the Indian invasion.<ref name="supergoa.com" />

===Portuguese military preparations===
Portuguese military preparations began in earnest in 1954, following the Indian economic blockade, the beginning of the anti-Portuguese attacks in Goa and the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Three light infantry battalions (one each sent from Portugal, Angola and Mozambique) and support units were transported to Goa, reinforcing a locally raised battalion and increasing the Portuguese military presence there from almost nothing to 12,000 men.<ref name="Azaredo" /> Other sources state that, at the end of 1955, Portuguese forces in India represented a total of around 8,000 men (Europeans, Africans and Indians), including 7,000 in the land forces, 250 in the naval forces, 600 in the police and 250 in the Fiscal Guard, split between the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu.<ref name="Alves Lopes" /> Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the Portuguese authorities markedly strengthened the garrison of Portuguese India, with units and personnel sent from the [[Metropole]] and from the Portuguese African provinces of [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]].

The Portuguese forces were organised as the Armed Forces of the State of India (FAEI, ''Forças Armadas do Estado da Índia''), under a unified command headed by General [[Paulo Bénard Guedes]], who combined the civil role of Governor-General with the military role of Commander-in-Chief. Guedes ended his commission in 1958, with General Vassalo e Silva being appointed to replace him in both the civil and military roles.<ref name="Alves Lopes">{{Cite book |last=Lopes (2007) |first=José Alves |title=Estado Português da Índia – Rememoração Pessoal |publisher=Revista Militar |location=Lisboa}}</ref>

The Portuguese government and military commands were, however, well aware that even with this effort to strengthen the garrison of Goa, the Portuguese forces would never be sufficient to face a conventional attack from the overwhelmingly stronger Indian Armed Forces. The Portuguese government hoped however to politically deter the Indian government from attempting a military aggression through the showing of a strong will to fight and to sacrifice to defend Goa.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

In 1960, during an inspection visit to Portuguese India and referring to a predictable start of [[Angolan War of Independence|guerrilla activities in Angola]], the Under Secretary of State of the Army, [[Francisco da Costa Gomes]], stated the necessity to reinforce the Portuguese military presence in that African territory, partly at the expense of the military presence in Goa, where the then existing 7,500 men were too many just to deal with anti-Portuguese actions, and too few to face an Indian invasion, which, if it were to occur, would have to be handled by other means. This led to the Portuguese forces in India suffering a sharp reduction to about 3,300 soldiers.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

Faced with this reduced force strength, the strategy employed to defend Goa against an Indian invasion was based on the ''Plano Sentinela'' (Sentinel Plan), which divided the territory into four defence sectors (North, Center, South and Mormugão), and the ''Plano de Barragens'' (Barrage Plan), which envisaged the demolition of all bridges to delay the invading army, as well as the mining of approach roads and beaches. Defence units were organised as four [[battlegroup (army)|battlegroups]] (''agrupamentos''), with one assigned to each sector and tasked with slowing the progress of an invading force. Then-Captain Carlos Azaredo, who was stationed in Goa at the time of hostilities, described the Plano Sentinela in the Portuguese newspaper ''Expresso'' on 8 December 2001 as "a totally unrealistic and unachievable plan, which was quite incomplete. It was based on exchange of ground with time. But, for this purpose, portable communication equipment was necessary."<ref name="Azaredo" /> The plans to mine roads and beaches were also unviable because of an insufficient quantity of mines.<ref name="invasao4">{{Cite web |title=Invasão de Goa: O dispositivo português |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=4 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref>

====Navy====
The naval component of the FAEI were the Naval Forces of the State of India (FNEI, ''Forças Navais do Estado da Índia''), headed by the Naval Commander of Goa, Commodore Raúl Viegas Ventura. The only significant [[Portuguese Navy]] warship present in Goa at the time of invasion was the [[aviso|sloop]] [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Navy 1875 |url=http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/portuguese_navy.htm |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Battleships-cruisers.co.uk}}</ref> It was armed with four 120 mm guns capable of two shots per minute, and four automatic rapid-firing guns. In addition to the sloop, the Portuguese Naval Forces had three light [[patrol boat]]s (''lanchas de fiscalização''), each armed with a 20 mm Oerlikon gun, one based in each of Goa, Daman and Diu. There were also five [[merchant marine]] ships in Goa.<ref name="invasao6">{{Cite web |title=A invasão: Damão e Diu |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=6 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> An attempt by Portugal to send naval warships to Goa to reinforce its marine defences was foiled when President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] denied the ships access to the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfVVXV3-t4C&pg=PA219 |title=India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2006 |isbn=81-7835-500-0 |editor-last=Chopra |editor-first=V. D. |page=219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19611223&id=LQ4zAAAAIBAJ&pg=6593,5399334 |website=news.google.com}}</ref><ref>Egypt and India, A study of political and cultural relations, 1947–1964; Zaki Awad, El Sayed Mekkawi, [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14518/3/03_preface.pdf Preface] page i/.</ref>

====Ground forces====
Portuguese ground defences were organised as the Land Forces of the State of India (FTEI, ''Forças Terrestres do Estado da Índia''), under the [[Portuguese Army]]'s Independent Territorial Command of India, headed by Brigadier António José Martins Leitão. At the time of the invasion, they consisted of a total of 3,995 men, including 810 native (''Indo-Portugueses'' – Indo-Portuguese) soldiers, many of whom had little military training and were utilised primarily for security and anti-extremist operations. These forces were divided amongst the three Portuguese enclaves in India.<ref name="Alves Lopes" /> The Portuguese Army units in Goa included four motorised reconnaissance squadrons, eight rifle companies (''[[caçadores]]''), two artillery batteries and an engineer detachment. In addition to the military forces, the Portuguese defences counted on the civil internal [[security forces]] of Portuguese India. These included the [[Goa Police|State of India Police]] (PEI, ''Polícia do Estado da Índia''), a general police corps modelled after the Portuguese [[Public Security Police]]; the Fiscal Guard (''Guarda Fiscal''), responsible for [[Customs]] enforcement and border protection; and the Rural Guard (''Guarda Rural''), game wardens. In 1958, as an emergency measure, the Portuguese government gave provisional military status to the PEI and the Fiscal Guard, placing them under the command of the FAEI. The security forces were also divided amongst the three districts and were mostly made up of Indo-Portuguese policemen and guards. Different sources indicate between 900 and 1400 men as the total effective strength of these forces at the time of the invasion.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

====Air defence====
The [[Portuguese Air Force]] did not have any presence in Portuguese India, with the exception of a single officer with the role of air adviser in the office of the Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

On 16 December, the Portuguese Air Force was placed on alert to transport ten tonnes of anti-tank grenades in two DC-6 aircraft from Montijo Air Base in Portugal to Goa to assist in its defence. When the Portuguese Air Force was unable to obtain stopover facilities at any air base along the way because most countries, including Pakistan, denied passage of Portuguese military aircraft, the mission was passed to the Portuguese international civilian airline [[TAP Air Portugal|TAP]], which offered a [[Lockheed Constellation]] (registration CS-TLA) on charter. However, when permission to transport weapons through [[Karachi]] was denied by the Pakistani government, the Constellation landed in Goa at 18:00 on 17 December with a consignment of half a dozen bags of sausages as food supplies instead of the intended grenades. In addition it transported a contingent of female paratroopers to assist in the evacuation of Portuguese civilians.<ref>Os Transportes Aéreos Da Índia Portuguesa (TAIP), Lecture delivered by Major-General Flight Pilot (Retd.) José Krus Abecasis on 23 March 2002 in the Society of Geography of Lisbon</ref>

The Portuguese air presence in Goa at the time of hostilities was thus limited to the presence of two civilian transport aircraft, the Lockheed Constellation belonging to TAP and a [[Douglas DC-4]] Skymaster belonging to the Goan airline [[Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa|Portuguese India Airlines]]. The Indians claimed that the Portuguese had a squadron of [[F-86 Sabre]]s stationed at [[Dabolim Airport]]—which later turned out to be false intelligence. Air defence was limited to a few obsolete anti-aircraft guns manned by two artillery units who had been smuggled into Goa disguised as [[Association football|football]] teams.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

===Portuguese civilian evacuation===
The military buildup created panic amongst Europeans in Goa, who were desperate to evacuate their families before the commencement of hostilities. On 9 December, the vessel ''India'' arrived at Goa's [[Mormugão]] port en route to [[Lisbon]] from [[Timor]]. Despite orders from the Portuguese government in Lisbon not to allow anyone to embark on this vessel, Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva allowed 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin to board the ship and flee Goa. The ship had capacity for only 380 passengers, and was filled to its limits, with evacuees occupying even the toilets.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> On arranging this evacuation of women and children, Vassalo e Silva remarked to the press, "If necessary, we will die here." Evacuation of European civilians continued by air even after the commencement of Indian air strikes.<ref name="time">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713132416/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827139,00.html "'Intolerable' Goa"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 22 December 1961</ref>

===Indian reconnaissance operations===
Indian [[reconnaissance]] operations had commenced on 1 December, when two [[Leopard class frigate]]s, the INS ''Betwa'' and the INS ''Beas'', undertook linear patrolling of the Goa coast at a distance of {{convert|8|mi|km|0}}. By 8 December, the [[Indian Air Force]] had commenced baiting missions and fly-bys to lure out Portuguese air defences and fighters.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

On 17 December, a tactical reconnaissance flight conducted by Squadron Leader I. S. Loughran in a [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire NF54 Night Fighter]] over Dabolim Airport in Goa was met with five rounds fired from a ground anti-aircraft gun. The aircraft took evasive action by drastically dropping altitude and escaping out to sea. The anti-aircraft gun was later recovered near the [[Air Traffic Control|ATC building]] with a round jammed in its breech.<ref name="BR-Goa-03">{{Cite web |last=Loughran |first=I.S. |title=Four Sorties Over Goa |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1014-Loughran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131730/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa03.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

The Indian light aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']] was deployed {{convert|75|mi|km}} from the coast of Goa to head off a possible amphibious operation on Goa and deter any foreign military intervention.

==Commencement of hostilities==
===Military actions in Goa===
====Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors====
On 11 December 1961, [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]] and attached troops of the Indian Army were ordered to advance into Goa to capture Panaji and Mormugão. The main thrust on Panaji was to be made by the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Para Brigade Group]], led by Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]] from the north. Another thrust was to be carried out by [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] from the east. A [[Feint|deceptive thrust]], in company strength, was to be made from the south along the Majali-Canacona-Margao axis.<ref name="BR-OpVijay">{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=B.C. |title=Operation Vijay |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1961Goa/262-Operation-Vijay.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331145027/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1961Goa/262-Operation-Vijay.html |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

Although the 50th Para Brigade was charged with merely assisting the main thrust conducted by the 17th Infantry, its units moved rapidly across minefields, roadblocks and four riverine obstacles to be the first to reach Panaji.<ref name="Mohan2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mohan |first=P. V. S. Jagan |date=November–December 2001 |title=Remembering Sagat Singh (1918–2001) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/jagan.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Bharat Rakshak Monitor]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131720/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/jagan.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

Hostilities at Goa began at 09:45 on 17 December 1961, when a unit of Indian troops attacked and occupied the town of Maulinguém in the north east, killing two Portuguese soldiers. The Portuguese 2nd EREC (''esquadrão de reconhecimento''—[[armoured reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] squadron), stationed near Maulinguém, asked for permission to engage the Indians, but permission was refused at about 13:45.<ref name="invasao5">{{Cite web |title=17 / 18 / 19 de Dezembro: A invasão (Território de Goa) |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> During the afternoon of the 17th, the Portuguese command issued instructions that all orders to defending troops would be issued directly by headquarters, bypassing the local command outposts. This led to confusion in the chain of command.<ref name="invasao5" /> At 02:00 on 18 December, the 2nd EREC was sent to the town of Doromagogo to support the withdrawal of police forces present in the area, and were attacked by Indian Army units on their return journey.<ref name="invasao5" />

At 04:00, the Indian assault commenced with artillery bombardment on Portuguese positions south of Maulinguém, launched on the basis of the false intelligence that the Portuguese had stationed heavy [[battle tank]]s in the area. By 04:30, Bicholim was under fire. At 04:40, the Portuguese forces destroyed the bridge at Bicholim and followed this with the destruction of the bridges at Chapora in Colvale and at Assonora at 05:00.<ref name="invasao5" />

On the morning of 18 December, the 50th Para Brigade of the Indian Army moved into Goa in three columns.

# The eastern column comprised the [[Parachute Regiment (India)#Strength|2nd Para Maratha]] advanced towards the town of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] in central Goa via Usgão.
# The central column consisting of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)#Strength|1st Para Punjab]] advanced towards Panaji via the village of Banastari.
# The western column—the main thrust of the attack—comprised the [[Sikh Light Infantry|2nd Sikh Light Infantry]] as well as an armoured division which crossed the border at 06:30 and advanced on [[Tivim]].<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

At 05:30, Portuguese troops left their barracks at Ponda in central Goa and marched towards the town of Usgão, in the direction of the advancing eastern column of the Indian 2nd Para Maratha, which was under the command of Major Dalip Singh Jind and included tanks of the [[7th Light Cavalry|Indian 7th Cavalry]]. At 09:00, these Portuguese troops reported that Indian troops had already covered half the distance to the town of Ponda.<ref name="invasao5" />


By 10:00, Portuguese forces of the 1st EREC, faced with the advancing 2nd Sikh Light Infantry, began a south-bound withdrawal to the town of Mapuca where, by 12:00, they came under the risk of being surrounded by Indian forces. At 12:30, the 1st EREC began a retreat, making their way through the Indian forces, with their [[armoured car (military)|armoured cars]] firing ahead to cover the withdrawal of the personnel carrier vehicles. This unit relocated by ferry further south to the capital city of Panaji.<ref name="invasao5" /> At 13:30, just after the retreat of the 2nd EREC, the Portuguese destroyed the bridge at Banastarim, cutting off all road links to Panaji.

By 17:45, the forces of the 1st EREC and the 9th ''[[Caçadores]]'' Company of the Portuguese Battlegroup North had completed their ferry crossing of the [[Mandovi River]] to Panaji, just minutes ahead of the arrival of the Indian armoured forces.<ref name="invasao5" /> The Indian tanks had reached Betim, just across the Mandovi River from Panaji, without encountering any opposition. The 2nd Sikh Light Infantry joined it by 21:00, crossing over mines and demolished bridges en route. In the absence of orders, the unit stayed at Betim for the night.

At 20:00, a Goan by the name of Gregório Magno Antão crossed the Mandovi River from Panaji and delivered a ceasefire offer letter from Major Acácio Tenreiro of the Portuguese Army to Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu, the commanding officer of the [[7th Light Cavalry|Indian 7th Cavalry]] camped there. The letter read: "The Military Commander of the City of Goa states that he wishes to parley with the commander of the army of the Indian Union with respect to the surrender. Under these conditions, the Portuguese troops must immediately cease fire and the Indian troops do likewise in order to prevent the slaughter of the population and the destruction of the city."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Paul |date=19 June 2011 |title=Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese: Telo de Mascarenhas - A carta de Rendição (1974) |url=http://archiveofgoanwritinginportuguese.blogspot.com/2011/06/telo-de-mascarenhas-carta-de-rendicao.html |website=Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese}}</ref>

The same night Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu with a force of the 7th Cavalry decided to take [[Fort Aguada]] and obtain its surrender, after receiving information that a number of supporters of the Indian Republic were held prisoners there. However, the Portuguese defenders of the fort had not yet received orders to surrender and responded by opening fire on the Indian forces, Major Sidhu and Captain Vinod Sehgal being killed in the firefight.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

The order for Indian forces to cross the Mandovi River was received on the morning of 19 December, upon which two rifle companies of the 2nd Sikh Light Infantry advanced on Panaji at 07:30 and secured the town without facing any resistance. On orders from Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]], the troops entering Panaji removed their steel helmets and donned the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]'s [[maroon beret]]s. Fort Aguada was also captured on that day, when the Indian 7th Cavalry attacked with assistance from the armoured division stationed at Betim and freed its political prisoners.

====Advance from the east====
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

Meanwhile, in the east, the [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] advanced in two columns. The right column, consisting of the [[Bihar Regiment|2nd Bihar Battalion]], and the left column, consisting of the [[Sikh Regiment|3rd Sikh Battalion]], linked up at the border town of Mollem and then advanced by separate routes on Ponda. By nightfall, the 2nd Bihar had reached the town of Candeapur, while the 3rd Sikh had reached Darbondara. Although neither column had encountered any resistance, their further progress was hampered because all bridges spanning the river had been destroyed.

The rear battalion was the [[Sikh Regiment|4th Sikh Infantry]], which reached Candeapar in the early hours of 19 December, and not to be bogged down by the destruction of the Borim bridge, went across the Zuari river in their military tankers and then waded through chest-high water across a small stream to reach a dock known as Embarcadouro de Tembim in the village of [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], from where a road connects to [[Margão]], the administrative centre of southern Goa. Their rear battalion took some rest in a cattle shed and on the grounds and the balcony of an adjacent house before proceeding to Margão by 12:00. From here, the column advanced towards the harbour of Mormugão. En route they encountered fierce resistance from a 500-strong Portuguese unit at the village of [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], where they were joined by the 2nd Bihar. The Portuguese unit surrendered at 15:30 after fierce fighting, and the 4th Sikh then proceeded to Mormugão and Dabolim Airport, where the main body of the Portuguese Army awaited the Indians.

The [[Rajput Regiment|4th Rajput]] company staged a decoy attack south of Margão in order to mislead the Portuguese. This column overcame minefields, roadblocks and demolished bridges, and eventually went on to help secure the town of Margão.

====Air raids over Goa====
[[File:Canberra.pr9.takeoff.arp.jpg|thumb|right|A Canberra PR.9 taking off. The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers.]]

The first Indian raid was led by Wing Commander N.B. Menon on 18 December on the Dabolim Airport using 12 [[English Electric Canberra]] aircraft. 63,000 pounds of explosives were dropped within minutes, completely destroying the runway. In line with the mandate given by the Air Command, structures and facilities at the airfield were left undamaged.<ref name="BR-Goa-01" />

The second Indian raid was conducted on the same target by eight Canberras led by Wing Commander Surinder Singh, again leaving the airport's terminal and other buildings untouched. Two civilian transport aircraft—a [[Lockheed Constellation]] belonging to the Portuguese airline TAP and a [[Douglas DC-4]] belonging to the Goan airline TAIP—were parked on the apron. On the night of 18 December, the Portuguese used both aircraft to evacuate the families of some government and military officials after airport workers had hastily recovered part of the heavily damaged runway that evening. The first aircraft to leave was the TAP Constellation, commanded by Manuel Correia Reis, which took off using only 700 metres; debris from the runway damaged the fuselage, causing 25 holes and a flat tire. To make the 'short take-off' possible, the pilots had jettisoned all the extra seats and other unwanted equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavendran |first=Air Marshal S. |title=Eyewitness to the Liberation of Goa |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1050-Raghavendran.html |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> The TAIP DC-4 then also took off, piloted by TAIP Director Major Solano de Almeida. The two aircraft successfully used the cover of night and very low altitudes to break through Indian aerial patrols and escape to Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name="Dabolim and TAIP">{{Cite web |title=Dabolim and TAIP |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225141528/http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim3.htm |archive-date=25 December 2009 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Colaco.net |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A third Indian raid was carried out by six [[Hawker Hunters]], successfully targeting the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and gun cannons.

The mandate to support ground troops was served by the [[de Havilland Vampire]]s of No. 45 squadron, which patrolled the sector but did not receive any requests into action. In an incident of friendly fire, two Vampires fired rockets into the positions of the 2nd [[Sikh Light Infantry]], injuring two soldiers, while elsewhere, Indian ground troops mistakenly opened fire on an IAF [[T-6 Texan]], causing minimal damage.

In later years, commentators have maintained that India's intense air strikes against the airfields were uncalled-for, since none of the targeted airports had any military capabilities and they did not cater to any military aircraft. As such, the airfields were defenceless civilian targets.<ref name="Dabolim and TAIP" /> The Indian navy continues to control the Dabolim Airport, although it is also once more used as a civilian airport.

====Storming of Anjidiv Island====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

[[Anjidiv Island|Anjidiv]] was a small 1.5 km2 island of Portuguese India, then almost uninhabited, belonging to the District of Goa, although off the coast of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. On the island stood the ancient [[Fort Anjediva|Anjidiv Fort]], defended by a platoon of Goan soldiers of the Portuguese Army.

The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser [[INS Mysore (C60)|INS ''Mysore'']] and the frigate [[Whitby-class frigate#Construction programme|INS ''Trishul'']]. Under covering artillery fire from the ships, Indian [[marines]] under the command of Lieutenant [[Arun Auditto]] stormed the island at 14:25 on 18 December and engaged the Portuguese garrison. The assault was repulsed by the Portuguese defenders, with seven Indian marines killed and 19 wounded. Among the Indian casualties were two officers.

The Portuguese defences were eventually overrun after fierce shelling from the Indian ships offshore. The island was secured by the Indians at 14:00 on the next day, all the Portuguese defenders being captured with the exception of two [[corporal]]s and one private. Hidden in the rocks, one corporal surrendered on 19 December. The other was captured in the afternoon of 20 December, but not before launching hand grenades that injured several Indian marines. The last of the three, Goan private Manuel Caetano, became the last Portuguese soldier in India to be captured, on 22 December, after he had reached the Indian shore by swimming.

====Naval battle at Mormugão harbour====
[[File:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|right|The NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']]

On the morning of 18 December, the Portuguese sloop [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']] was anchored off [[Mormugao]] Harbour. Besides engaging Indian naval units, the ship was also tasked with providing a coastal artillery battery to defend the harbour and adjoining beaches, and providing vital radio communications with Lisbon after on-shore radio facilities had been destroyed in Indian airstrikes.

At 09:00, three Indian frigates led by the [[INS Betwa (F139)|INS ''Betwa'' (F139)]] took up position off the harbour, awaiting orders to attack the ''Afonso'' and secure sea access to the port. At 11:00, Indian planes bombed Mormugão harbour.<ref name="areamilitar.net">{{Cite web |title=Aviso / Canhoneira classe Afonso de Albuquerque |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/NAV.aspx?NN=128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412193816/http://www.areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/NAV.aspx?nn=128 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> At 12:00, upon receiving clearance, the INS ''Betwa'' and the [[INS Beas (F137)|INS ''Beas'' (F137)]] entered the harbour and fired on the ''Afonso'' with their 4.5-inch guns while transmitting requests to surrender in [[morse code]] between shots. In response, the ''Afonso'' lifted anchor, headed out towards the enemy and returned fire with its 120 mm guns.

The ''Afonso'' was outnumbered by the Indians, and was at a severe disadvantage since it was in a confined position that restricted its maneuvering, and because its four 120mm guns could fire only two rounds a minute, as compared to the 16 rounds per minute of the guns aboard the Indian frigates. A few minutes into the exchange of fire, at 12:15, the ''Afonso'' took a direct hit in its control tower, injuring its weapons officer. At 12:25, an anti-personnel shrapnel bomb fired from an Indian vessel exploded directly over the ship, killing its radio officer and severely injuring its commander, Captain António da Cunha Aragão, after which First Officer Pinto da Cruz took command of the vessel. The ship's propulsion system was also badly damaged in this attack.

At 12:35, the ''Afonso'' swerved 180 degrees and was run aground against Bambolim beach. At that time, against the commander's orders, a [[white flag]] was hoisted under instructions from the sergeant in charge of signals, but the flag coiled itself around the mast and as a result was not spotted by the Indians, who continued their barrage. The flag was immediately lowered.

Eventually at 12:50, after the ''Afonso'' had fired nearly 400 rounds at the Indians, hitting two of the Indian vessels, and had taken severe damage, the order was given to start abandoning ship. Under heavy fire directed at both the ship and the coast, non-essential crew including weapons staff left the ship and went ashore. They were followed at 13:10 by the rest of the crew, who, along with their injured commander, set fire to the ship and disembarked directly onto the beach. Following this, the commander was transferred by car to the hospital at Panaji. The NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'' lost 5 dead and 13 wounded in the battle.<ref name="areamilitar.net" />

The sloop's crew formally surrendered with the remaining Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 at 20:30.<ref name="Azaredo" /> As a gesture of goodwill, the commanders of the INS ''Betwa'' and the INS ''Beas'' later visited Captain Aragão as he lay recuperating in bed in Panaji.

The ''Afonso''—having been renamed ''Saravastri'' by the Indian Navy—lay grounded at the beach near Dona Paula until 1962, when it was towed to Bombay and sold for scrap. Parts of the ship were recovered and are on display at the Naval Museum in Mumbai.<ref name="areamilitar.net" />

The Portuguese patrol boat NRP ''Sirius'', under the command of Lieutenant Marques Silva, was also present at Goa. After observing ''Afonso'' running aground and not having communications from the Goa Naval Command, Lieutenant Marques Silva decided to scuttle the ''Sirius''. This was done by damaging the propellers and making the boat hit the rocks. The eight men of the ''Sirius''{{'}}s crew avoided being captured by the Indian forces and boarded a Greek freighter on which they reached Pakistan.

===Military actions in Daman===

====Ground attack on Daman====
[[Daman district, India|Daman]], approximately 72 km2 in area, is at the south end of [[Gujarat]] bordering [[Maharashtra]], approximately 193 km north of Bombay. The countryside is broken and interspersed with marsh, salt pans, streams, paddy fields, coconut and palm groves. The river Daman Ganga splits the capital city of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] (Damão in Portuguese) into halves—Nani Daman (''Damão Pequeno'') and Moti Daman (''Damão Grande''). The strategically important features were Daman Fort (fortress of São Jerónimo) and the air control tower of [[Daman Airport]].<ref name="shore">{{Cite news |last=Shorey |first=Anil |date=21 February 1999 |title=The forgotten battles of Daman and Diu |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb21/sunday/head3.htm |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

The Portuguese garrison in Daman was headed by Major António José da Costa Pinto (combining the roles of District Governor and military commander), with 360 soldiers of the Portuguese Army, 200 policemen and about 30 customs officials under him. The army forces consisted of two companies of ''[[caçadores]]'' (light infantry) and an artillery battery, organised as the battlegroup "[[Constantino de Bragança]]". The artillery battery was armed with 87.6 mm guns, but these had insufficient and old ammunition. The Portuguese also placed a 20 mm anti-aircraft gun ten days before the invasion to protect the artillery. Daman had been secured with small minefields and defensive shelters had been built.<ref name="invasao6" />

The advance on the enclave of Daman was conducted by the [[Maratha Light Infantry|1st Maratha Light Infantry Battalion]] under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel S.J.S. Bhonsle<ref name="shore" /> in a pre-dawn operation on 18 December.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> The plan was to capture Daman piecemeal in four phases, starting with the area of the airfield, then progressively the open countryside, Damão Pequeno and finally Damão Grande including the fort.<ref name="shore" />

The advance commenced at 04:00 when one battalion and three companies of Indian soldiers progressed through the central area of the northern territory, aiming to seize the airfield.<ref name="invasao6" /> However, the surprise was lost when the Indian A Company tried to capture the control tower and suffered three casualties. The Portuguese lost one soldier dead and six taken captive. The Indian D Company captured a position named "Point 365" just before the next morning. At the crack of dawn, two sorties by Indian Air Force [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystère]] fighters struck Portuguese [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] positions and guns inside Moti Daman Fort.<ref name="shore" />

At 04:30, the Indian artillery began to bombard Damão Grande. The artillery attack and transportation difficulties isolated the Portuguese command post there from the forces in Damão Pequeno. At 07:30, a Portuguese unit at the fortress of São Jerónimo fired mortars on Indian forces attempting to capture the airstrip.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 11:30, Portuguese forces resisting an Indian advance on the eastern border at Varacunda ran out of ammunition and withdrew westwards to Catra. At 12:00, to delay the Indian advance following the withdrawal from Varacunda, the Portuguese artillery battery on the banks of the Rio Sandalcalo was ordered to open fire. The commander of the battery, Captain Felgueiras de Sousa, instead dismantled the guns and surrendered to the Indians.<ref name="invasao6" /> By 12:00, the airfield was assaulted by the Indian A and C companies simultaneously. In the ensuing exchange of fire the A Company lost one more soldier and seven were wounded.<ref name="shore" />

By 13:00, the remaining Portuguese forces on the east border at Calicachigão exhausted their ammunition and retreated towards the coast. By 17:00, in the absence of resistance, the Indians had managed to occupy most of the territory, except the airfield and Damão Pequeno, where the Portuguese were making their last stand. By this time, the Indian Air Force had conducted six air attacks, severely demoralising the Portuguese forces. At 20:00, after a meeting between the Portuguese commanders, a delegation was dispatched to the Indian lines to open negotiations, but was fired on, and was forced to withdraw. A similar attempt by the artillery to surrender at 08:00 next day was also fired on.<ref name="invasao6" />

The Indians assaulted the airfield the next morning, upon which the Portuguese surrendered at 11:00 without a fight.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> Garrison commander Major Costa Pinto, although wounded, was stretchered to the airfield, as the Indians were only willing to accept a surrender from him.<ref name="invasao6" /> Approximately 600 Portuguese soldiers and policemen (including 24 officers<ref name="shore" />) were taken prisoner. The Indians suffered 4 dead and 14 wounded,<ref name="shore" /> while the Portuguese suffered 10 dead and two wounded.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> The 1st Light Maratha Infantry was decorated for the battle with one [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] for the commanding officer, two Sena Medals and five Mentioned in Dispatches.<ref name="shore" />

====Daman air raids====
In the Daman sector, Indian [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystères]] flew 14 sorties, continuously harassing Portuguese artillery positions.

====Naval action at Daman====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

Like the ''Vega'' in Diu, the patrol boat NRP ''Antares''—based at Daman under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Abreu Brito—was ordered to sail out and fight the imminent Indian invasion. The boat stayed in position from 07:00 on 18 December and remained a mute witness to repeated air strikes followed by ground invasion until 19:20, when it lost all communications with land.

With all information pointing to total occupation of all Portuguese enclaves in India, Lieutenant Brito decided to save his crew and vessel by escaping; the ''Vega'' traversed {{convert|530|mi|km}}, escaping detection by Indian forces, and arrived at Karachi at 20:00 on 20 December.

===Military actions in Diu===
====Ground attack on Diu====
[[Diu, India|Diu]] is a 13.8 km by 4.6 km island (area about 40 km2) at the south tip of Gujarat. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel running through a swamp. The channel could only be used by fishing boats and small craft. No bridges crossed the channels at the time of hostilities. The Portuguese garrison in Diu was headed by Major Fernando de Almeida e Vasconcelos (district governor and military commander), with around 400 soldiers and police officers, organised as the battlegroup "António da Silveira".<ref name="bhargava">Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava (Retd), Operations at Diu: The One Day War, Bharatrakshak.com [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1013-Diu.html]</ref>

Diu was attacked on 18 December from the north west along Kob Forte by two companies of the [[Rajput Regiment|20th Rajput Battalion]]—with the capture of the Diu Airfield being the primary objective—and from the northeast along Gogal and Amdepur by the Rajput B Company and the [[The Madras Regiment|4th Madras Battalion]].<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

These Indian Army units ignored requests from [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] M.P.O. "Micky" Blake, planning-in-charge of the Indian Air Force operations in Diu, to attack only on first light when close air support would be available.<ref name="bhargava" /> The Portuguese defences repulsed the attack backed by 87.6mm artillery and mortars,<ref name="invasao6" /> inflicting heavy losses on the Indians.<ref name="bhargava" /> The first attack was made by the 4th Madras on a police border post at 01:30 on 18 December at Gogol and was repulsed by 13 Portuguese police officers.<ref name="invasao6" /> Another attempt by the 4th Madras at 02:00 was again repulsed, this time backed with Portuguese 87.5mm artillery and mortar which suffered due to poor quality of munitions. By 04:00, ten of the original 13 Portuguese defenders at Gogol had been wounded and were evacuated to a hospital. At 05:30, the Portuguese artillery launched a fresh attack on the 4th Madras assaulting Gogol and forced their retreat.<ref name="invasao6" />

Meanwhile, at 03:00, two companies of the 20th Rajput attempted to cross a muddy swamp<ref name="invasao6" /> separating them from the Portuguese forces at Passo Covo under cover of dark on rafts made of bamboo cots tied to oil barrels.<ref name="bhargava" /> The attempt was to establish a bridgehead and capture the airfield.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> This attack was repulsed, with losses on the Indian side, by a well entrenched unit of Portuguese soldiers armed with small automatic weapons, [[Sten|sten gun]]s<ref name="bhargava" /> as well as light and medium machine guns. According to Indian sources this unit included between 125 and 130 soldiers,<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> but according to Portuguese sources this post was defended by only eight soldiers,<ref name="invasao6" /> but this number doesn't support the total number of weapon operators.

As the Rajputs reached the middle of the creek, the Portuguese on Diu opened fire with two medium and two light machine-guns, capsizing some of the rafts. Major Mal Singh of the Indian Army along with five men pressed on his advance and crossed the creek. On reaching the far bank, he and his men assaulted the light machine gun trenches at Fort-De-Cova and eliminated the weapon operators. The Portuguese medium machine gun fire from another position wounded the officer and two of his men. However, with the efforts of company Havildar Major Mohan Singh and two other men, the three wounded were evacuated back across the creek to safety. As dawn approached, the Portuguese increased the intensity of fire and the battalion's water crossing equipment suffered extensive damage. As a result, the Indian battalion was ordered to fall back to Kob village by first light.<ref name="shore" />

Another assault at 05:00 was similarly repulsed by the Portuguese defenders. At 06:30, Portuguese forces retrieved rafts abandoned by the 20th Rajput, recovered ammunition left behind and rescued a wounded Indian soldier, who was given treatment.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 07:00, with the onset of dawn, Indian air strikes began, forcing the Portuguese to retreat from Passo Covo to the town of Malala. By 09:00 the Portuguese unit at Gogol also retreated,<ref name="invasao6" /> allowing the Rajput B Company (who replaced the 4th Madras) to advance under heavy artillery fire and occupy the town.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> By 10:15, the Indian cruiser [[INS Delhi (1948)|INS ''Delhi'']], anchored off Diu, began to bombard targets on the shore.<ref name="invasao6" /> At 12:45, Indian jets fired a rocket at a mortar at [[Diu Fort]]ress causing a fire near a [[munitions dump]], forcing the Portuguese to order the evacuation of the fortress—a task completed by 14:15 under heavy bombardment from the Indians.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 18:00, the Portuguese commanders agreed in a meeting that in view of repeated military advances with naval and air strikes, along with the inability to establish contact with headquarters in Goa or Lisbon, there was no way to pursue an effective defence and decided to surrender to the Indian military.<ref name="invasao6" /> On 19 December, by 12:00, the Portuguese formally surrendered. The Indians took 403 prisoners, which included the Governor of the island along with 18 officers and 43 sergeants.<ref name="shore" />

When surrendering to the Indians, the Diu Governor stated that he could have stalled the army's advances for a few days to weeks, but he had no answer to the Indian Air Force and Navy. The Indian Air Force was also present at the ceremony and was represented by Gp Capt Godkhindi, Wing Cmdr Micky Blake and Sqn Ldr Nobby Clarke.<ref name="bhargava" /> 7 Portuguese soldiers were killed in the battle.<ref name="bhargava" />

Major Mal Singh and Sepoy Hakam Singh of the Indian army were awarded Ashok Chakra (Class III).<ref name="shore" />

On 19 December, the 4th Madras C Company landed on the island of [[Pani Khota]] off Diu, where a group of 13 Portuguese soldiers surrendered to them there.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

====The Diu air raids====
[[File:Dassault MD 450 Ouragan 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Dassault Ouragan|MD450 Ouragan]] on display at the [[Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History]] (Brussels-Belgium). Similar aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force, locally known as Toofani, formed the backbone of the air strikes on Diu.]]

The Indian air operations in the Diu Sector were entrusted to the Armaments Training Wing led by Wg Cdr Micky Blake. The first air attacks were made at dawn on 18 December and were aimed at destroying Diu's fortifications facing the mainland. Throughout the rest of the day, the Air Force had at least two aircraft in the air at any time, giving close support to advancing Indian infantry. During the morning, the air force attacked and destroyed Diu Airfield's ATC as well as parts of [[Diu Fort]]. On orders from Tactical Air Command located at Pune, a sortie of two [[Dassault Ouragan|Toofanis]] attacked and destroyed the airfield runway with 4 1000 lb Mk 9 bombs. A second sortie aimed at the runway and piloted by Wg Cdr Blake himself was aborted when Blake detected what he reported as people waving white flags. In subsequent sorties, [[Palamadai Muthuswamy Ramachandran|PM Ramachandran]] of the Indian Air Force attacked and destroyed the Portuguese ammunition dump as well a patrol boat [[Portuguese Navy#The Overseas wars|N.R.P. Vega]] that attempted to escape from Diu.

In the absence of any Portuguese air presence, Portuguese ground-based anti-aircraft units attempted to offer resistance to the Indian raids, but were overwhelmed and quickly silenced, leaving complete air superiority to the Indians. Continued attacks forced the Portuguese governor of Diu to surrender.

====Naval action at Diu====
The Indian cruiser INS ''Delhi'' was anchored off the coast of Diu and fired a barrage from its 6-inch guns at the Portuguese occupied Diu Fortress. The Commanding Officer of the Indian Air Force operating in the area reported that some of the shells fired from the ''New Delhi'' were bouncing off the beach and exploding on the Indian mainland. However, no casualties were reported from this.

At 04:00 on 18 December, the Portuguese patrol boat NRP ''Vega'' encountered the ''New Delhi'' around {{convert|12|mi|km}} off the coast of Diu, and was attacked with heavy machine gun fire. Staying out of range, the boat had no casualties and minimal damage, the boat withdrew to the port at Diu.

At 07:00, news was received that the Indian invasion had commenced, and the commander of the ''Vega'', 2nd Lt Oliveira e Carmo was ordered to sail out and fight until the last round of ammunition. At 07:30 the crew of the ''Vega'' spotted two Indian aircraft led by Flt. Lt. PM Ramachandran on patrol missions and opened fire on them with the ship's 20mm Oerlikon gun. In retaliation the Indian aircraft attacked the ''Vega'' twice, killing the captain and the gunner and forcing the rest of the crew to abandon the boat and swim ashore, where they were taken prisoners of war.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120034108/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa02.html |archive-date=20 November 2013 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1352-p-m-#gsc.tab=0|title=The sinking of N.R.P.Vega - a first person narrative|work=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908044733/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1352-p-m-|archive-date=8 September 2020|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==UN attempts at ceasefire==
On 18 December, a Portuguese request was made to the UN [[Security Council]] for a debate on the conflict in Goa. The request was approved when the bare minimum of seven members supported the request (the US, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China), two opposed (the Soviet Union and Ceylon), and two abstained (the [[United Arab Republic]] and Liberia).<ref name="Keesing" />

Opening the debate, Portugal's delegate, Vasco Vieira Garin, said that Portugal had consistently shown her peaceful intentions by refraining from any counter-action to India's numerous "provocations" on the Goan border. Garin also stated that Portuguese forces, though "vastly outnumbered by the invading forces," were putting up "stiff resistance" and "fighting a delaying action and destroying communications in order to halt the advance of the enemy." In response, India's delegate, Jha said that the "elimination of the last vestiges of colonialism in India" was an "article of faith" for the Indian people, "Security Council or no Security Council." He went on to describe Goa, Daman, and Diu as "an inalienable part of India unlawfully occupied by Portugal."<ref name="Keesing" />

In the ensuing debate, the US delegate, Adlai Stevenson, strongly criticised India's use of force to resolve her dispute with Portugal, stressing that such resort to violent means was against the charter of the UN. He stated that condoning such acts of armed forces would encourage other nations to resort to similar solutions to their own disputes, and would lead to the death of the United Nations. In response, the Soviet delegate, [[Valerian Zorin]], argued that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. He also drew attention to Portugal's disregard for UN resolutions calling for the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples.<ref name="Keesing" />

Following the debate, the delegates of Liberia, Ceylon and the U.A.R. presented a resolution which: (1) stated that "the enclaves claimed by Portugal in India constitute a threat to international peace and security and stand in the way of the unity of the Republic of India; (2) asked the security Council to reject the Portuguese charge of aggression against India; and (3) called upon Portugal "to terminate hostile action and co-operate with India in the liquidation of her colonial possessions in India." This resolution was supported only by the Soviet Union, the other seven members opposing.<ref name="Keesing" />

After the defeat of the Afro-Asian resolution, a resolution was presented by France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States which:
(1) Called for the immediate cessation of hostilities; (2) Called upon India to withdraw her forces immediately to "the positions prevailing before 17 Dec 1961." (3) Urged India and Portugal "to work out a permanent solution of their differences by peaceful means in accordance with the principles embodied in the Charter"; and (4) Requested the U.N. Secretary-General "to provide such assistance as may be appropriate."<ref name="Keesing" />

This resolution received seven votes in favour (the four sponsors and Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China) and four against (the Soviet Union, Ceylon, Liberia, and the United Arab Republic). It was thus defeated by the Soviet veto. In a statement after the vote, Mr. Stevenson said that the "fateful" Goa debate could have been be "the first act of a drama" which could have ended in the death of the United Nations.<ref name="Keesing" />

==Portuguese surrender==


By the evening of 18 December, most of Goa had been overrun by advancing Indian forces, and a large party of more than two thousand Portuguese soldiers had taken position at the military base at Alparqueiros at the entrance to the port town of Vasco da Gama. Per the Portuguese strategy code named ''Plano Sentinela'' the defending forces were to make their last stand at the harbour, holding out against the Indians until Portuguese naval reinforcements could arrive. Orders delivered from the Portuguese President called for a [[scorched earth]] policy—that Goa was to be destroyed before it was given up to the Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Church in Goa |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/church.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402200720/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/church.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Goacom.com}}</ref> Canadian political scientist Antonio Rangel Bandeira has argued that the sacrifice of Goa was an elaborate public relations stunt calculated to rally support for Portugal's wars in Africa.<ref name="books.google.co.in" />{{page needed|date=March 2018}}

Despite his orders from [[Lisbon]], Governor General [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] took stock of the numerical superiority of the Indian troops, as well as the food and ammunition supplies available to his forces and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as "''um sacrifício inútil''" (a useless sacrifice).{{Citation needed|date = June 2018}}

In a communication to all Portuguese forces under his command, he stated, "Having considered the defence of the Peninsula of Mormugão ... from aerial, naval and ground fire of the enemy and ... having considered the difference between the forces and the resources ... the situation does not allow myself to proceed with the fight without great sacrifice of the lives of the inhabitants of Vasco da Gama, I have decided with ... my patriotism well present, to get in touch with the enemy ... I order all my forces to cease-fire."<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web |title=Peaceful and quickly over |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981224/35850184.html |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Indianexpress.com}}</ref>

The official Portuguese surrender was conducted in a formal ceremony held at 2030 hours on 19 December when Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva signed the instrument of surrender bringing to an end 451 years of Portuguese Rule in Goa. In all, 4,668 personnel were taken prisoner by the Indians—a figure which included military and civilian personnel, Portuguese, Africans and Goan.<ref name="Azaredo" />

Upon the surrender of the Portuguese governor general, Goa, Daman and Diu was declared a federally administered Union Territory placed directly under the President of India, and Major-General K. P. Candeth was appointed as its military governor. The war had lasted two days, and had cost 22 Indian and 30 Portuguese lives.

Those Indian forces who served within the disputed territories for 48 hours, or flew at least one operational sortie during the conflict, received a [[General Service Medal 1947]] with the ''Goa 1961'' [[medal bar|bar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Service Medal |url=http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192318/http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref>

==Portuguese actions post-hostilities==
When they received news of the fall of Goa, the Portuguese government formally severed all diplomatic links with India and refused to recognise the incorporation of the seized territories into the Indian Republic. An offer of Portuguese citizenship was instead made to all Goan natives who wished to emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule. This was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Later, in a show of defiance, Prime Minister Salazar's government offered a reward of US$10,000 for the capture of Brigadier Sagat Singh, the commander of the [[maroon beret]]s of India's parachute regiment who were the first troops to enter Panaji, Goa's capital.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Rakesh |date=26 June 2005 |title=Not all generals are leaders |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/book3.htm |access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref>

Lisbon went virtually into mourning, and Christmas celebrations were extremely muted. Cinemas and theatres shut down as tens of thousands of Portuguese marched in a silent parade from Lisbon's city hall to the cathedral, escorting the relics of St. [[Francis Xavier]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 1961 |title=India: End of an Image |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827193-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120143937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827193-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |work=Time}}</ref>

Salazar, while addressing the Portuguese National Assembly on 3 January 1962, invoked the principle of national sovereignty, as defined in the legal framework of the Constitution of the Estado Novo. "We can not negotiate, not without denying and betraying our own, the cession of national territory and the transfer of populations that inhabit them to foreign sovereigns," said Salazar.<ref>[http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos José Manuel Barroso, Só soldados vitoriosos ou mortos, 2 January 2001] {{dead link|date=March 2018}}</ref> He went on to state that the UN's failure to halt aggression against Portugal, showed that effective power in the U.N. had passed to the Communist and Afro-Asian countries. Dr. Salazar also accused Britain of delaying for a week her reply to Portugal's request to be allowed the use of certain airfields. "Had it not been for this delay," he said, "we should certainly have found alternative routes and we could have rushed to India reinforcements in men and material for a sustained defence of the territory."<ref name="Keesing" />

Hinting that Portugal would yet be vindicated, Salazar went on to state that "difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from the inevitable consequences of the invasion."<ref name="Keesing" />

In the months after the conflict, the Portuguese Government used broadcasts on [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|Emissora Nacional]], the Portuguese national radio station, to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. An effort was made to create clandestine resistance movements in Goa, and within Goan diaspora communities across the world to use general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The campaign had the full support of the Portuguese government with the ministries of defence, foreign affairs, army, navy and finance involved. A plan was chalked out called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, which called for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=19 December 2011 |title=Records show colonizers were not done with Goa |work=The Times of India |location=Panaji |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Records-show-colonizers-were-not-done-with-Goa/articleshow/11162999.cms |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Xavier |first=Constantino |date=3 May 2014 |title=Lost in delusion |work=The Goan |url=http://www.thegoan.net/View-From-Afar/Lost-in-delusion/Column-Post/00473.html#.U_oc_flLpfs |url-status=dead |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704151803/http://www.thegoan.net/View-From-Afar/Lost-in-delusion/Column-Post/00473.html |archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

On 20 June 1964, [[Casimiro Monteiro]], a Portuguese [[PIDE]] agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressDisplay.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines. |url=http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx?noredirect=true&bookmarkid=LNDP1YIXVM48 |website=www.pressdisplay.com}}</ref>

Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when, following an [[Carnation Revolution#Decolonisation|anti-colonial military coup d'état]] and the fall of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|authoritarian rule]] in [[Lisbon]], Goa was finally recognised as part of India, and steps were taken to re-establish diplomatic relations with India. On 31 December 1974, a treaty was signed between India and Portugal with the Portuguese recognising full sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal On Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters [1974] INTSer 53 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> In 1992, [[President of Portugal|Portuguese President]] [[Mário Soares]] became the first Portuguese head of state to visit Goa after its annexation by India, following [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'s visit to Portugal in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=ed. S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. |title=India. |publisher=Kalpaz publ. |year=2005 |isbn=8178353938 |location=Delhi |pages=453}}</ref>

==Internment and repatriation of the prisoners of war==
After they surrendered, the Portuguese soldiers were interned by the Indian Army at their own military camps at [[Navelim]], [[Fort Aguada|Aguada]], [[Pondá]] and [[Alparqueiros]] under harsh conditions which included sleeping on cement floors and hard manual labour.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> By January 1962, most prisoners of war had been transferred to the newly established camp at [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] where conditions were substantially better.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

Portuguese non-combatants present in Goa at the surrender—which included Mrs Vassalo e Silva, wife of the Portuguese Governor General of Goa—were transported by 29 December to Mumbai, from where they were repatriated to Portugal. Manuel Vassalo e Silva, however, remained along with approximately 3,300 Portuguese combatants as prisoners in Goa.

[[Air Marshal]] [[Subramaniam Raghavendran|S Raghavendran]], who met some of the captured Portuguese soldiers, wrote in his memoirs several years later "I have never seen such a set of troops looking so miserable in my life. Short, not particularly well built and certainly very unsoldierlike."<ref>Air Marshal S Raghavendran, 'Eye Witness to the Liberation of Goa', para 8, Bharatrakshak.com, [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1050-Raghavendran.html]</ref>

In one incident, recounted by Lieutenant Francisco Cabral Couto (now retired general), on 19 March 1962 some of the prisoners tried to escape the Ponda camp in a garbage truck. The attempt was foiled, and the Portuguese officers in charge of the escapees were threatened with court martial and execution by the Indians. This situation was defused by the timely intervention of Ferreira da Silva, a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] military chaplain.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Morais |first=Carlos Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yxuAAAAMAAJ&q=972-33-1134-8 |title=A queda da Índia Portuguesa: crónica da invasão e do cativeiro |publisher=Editorial Estampa |year=1995 |isbn=972-33-1134-8 |location=Lisbon}}</ref> Following the foiled escape attempt, Captain Carlos Azeredo (now retired general) was beaten with rifle butts by four Indian soldiers while a gun was pointed at him, on the orders of Captain Naik, the 2nd Camp Commander. The beating was in retaliation for Azeredo's telling Captain Naik to "Go to Hell", and was serious enough to make him lose consciousness and cause severe [[contusion]]s. Captain Naik was later punished by the Indian Army for violating the [[Geneva Convention]].<ref name="Azaredo" />

During the internment of the Portuguese prisoners of war at various camps around Goa, the prisoners were visited by large numbers of Goans—described by Captain Azeredo as "Goan friends, acquaintances, or simply anonymous persons"—who offered the internees cigarettes, biscuits, tea, medicines and money. This surprised the Indian military authorities, who first limited the visits to twice a week, and then only to representatives of the Red Cross.<ref name="Azaredo" />

The captivity lasted for six months "thanks to the stupid stubbornness of Lisbon" (according to Capt. Carlos Azeredo). The Portuguese Government insisted that the prisoners be repatriated by Portuguese aircraft—a demand that was rejected by the Indian Government who instead insisted on aircraft from a neutral country. The negotiations were delayed even further when Salazar ordered the detention of 1200 [[Indians in Mozambique]] allegedly as a bargaining chip in exchange for Portuguese prisoners.<ref name="Azaredo" />

By May 1962, most of the prisoners had been repatriated—being first flown to [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], in chartered French aircraft, and then sent off to Lisbon by three ships: ''Vera Cruz'', ''Pátria'' and ''Moçambique''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AEIOU |title=AEIOU.pt |url=http://historiaeciencia.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/049503.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> On arrival at the [[Tagus|Tejo]] in Portugal, returning Portuguese servicemen were taken into custody by [[military police]] at gunpoint without immediate access to their families who had arrived to receive them. Following intense questioning and interrogations, the officers were charged with direct insubordination on having refused to comply with directives not to surrender to the Indians. On 22 March 1963, the governor general, the military commander, his chief of staff, one naval captain, six majors, a sub lieutenant and a sergeant were [[cashiering|cashiered]] by the council of ministers for cowardice and expelled from military service. Four captains, four lieutenants and a lieutenant commander were suspended for six months.<ref name="books.google.co.in" />

Ex-governor Manuel António Vassalo e Silva had a hostile reception when he returned to Portugal. He was subsequently [[court martial]]ed for failing to follow orders, expelled from the military and sent into exile. He returned to Portugal only in 1974, after the fall of the regime, and was given back his military status. He was later able to conduct a state visit to Goa, where he was given a warm reception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier Goa – A Recusa Do Sacrifício Inútil Summary |url=http://www.shvoong.com/books/469174-dossier-goa-recusa-sacrif%C3%ADcio-in%C3%BAtil/ |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Shvoong.com}}</ref>

==International reaction to the invasion and annexation of Goa==
===Support===
====African states====
Before the invasion the press speculated about international reaction to military action and recalled the recent charge by African nations that India was "too soft" on Portugal and was thus "dampening the enthusiasm of freedom fighters in other countries".<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> Many [[Africa]]n countries, themselves former European colonies, reacted positively to the capture of Goa by the Indians. [[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Ghana]] termed it as the "Liberation of Goa" and went on to state that the people of [[Ghana]] would "long for the day when our downtrodden brethren in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and other Portuguese territories in Africa are liberated." [[Adelino Gwambe]], the leader of the [[National Democratic Union of Mozambique|Mozambique National Democratic Union]] stated: "We fully support the use of force against Portuguese butchers."<ref name=ComradesatOdds/>

Also in 1961, the tiny Portuguese [[enclave]] of [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]] was annexed by the [[Republic of Dahomey]] (now Benin). Portugal recognised the annexation in 1975.{{Citation needed|date = June 2018}}

====Soviet Union====
The future leader of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]], who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the Indian action. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore [[Western world|Western]] indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence ... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder". [[Nikita Khrushchev]], the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a [[UN security council]] resolution condemning the Indian annexation of Goa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Goa+vetoes+USSR#v=snippet&q=%22deploring%20India%27s%20police%20action%20was%20vetoed%20by%20the%20USSR%22&f=false India-USSR Relations 1947–71: (From Ambivalence to Steadfastness) PART-I], Shri Ram Sharma, Shri Ram Sharma, Discovery Publishing House, 1999, {{ISBN|81-7141-486-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7141-486-4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2011/01/26/forbes-india-fifty-years-after-liberation-fron-portuguese-rule-tourism-boom-returns.html Saude, Goa], Prince Mathews Thomas Thomas, 01.26.11, 06:00 PM EST, Fifty years after its liberation from Portuguese rule, this tiny tourist state is rethinking its future again.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nE0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=India+Goa+veto+USSR+indian+express#v=onepage&q=%22U.S.%2C%20over%20the%20Soviet%20Veto%22&f=false ''Life'']. 5 January 1962, Vol. 52, No. 1, ISSN 0024-3019.</ref>

====Arab states====
The [[United Arab Republic]] expressed its full support for India's "legitimate efforts to regain its occupied territory". A [[Morocco|Moroccan]] Government spokesman said that "India has been extraordinarily patient and a non-violent country has been driven to violence by Portugal"; while [[Tunisia]]'s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, Sadok Mokaddem expressed the hope that "the liberation of Goa will bring nearer the end of the Portuguese colonial regime in Africa." Similar expressions of support for India were forthcoming from other Arab countries.<ref name="Keesing" />

====Ceylon====
Full support for India's action was expressed in [[Ceylon]], where Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] issued an order on 18 December directing that "transport carrying troops and equipment for the Portuguese in Goa shall not be permitted the use of Ceylon's seaports and airports." Ceylon went on, along with delegates from [[Liberia]] and the UAR, to present a resolution in the UN in support of India's annexation of Goa.<ref name="Keesing" />

===Condemnation===
====United States====
The United States' official reaction to the annexation of Goa was delivered by [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in the [[United Nations Security Council]], where he condemned the armed action of the [[Indian government]] and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil.

To express its displeasure with the Indian action in Goa, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee attempted, over the objections of President [[John F. Kennedy]], to cut the 1962 foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Perceptions Of India In The U |url=http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210050251/http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |archive-date=10 December 2009 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Sga.myweb.uga.edu}}</ref>

Referring to the perception, especially in the West, that India had previously been lecturing the world about the virtues of nonviolence, President Kennedy told the Indian ambassador to the US, "You spend the last fifteen years preaching morality to us, and then you go ahead and act the way any normal country would behave ... People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991] By Dennis Kux Published by DIANE Publishing, 1993, {{ISBN|0-7881-0279-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7881-0279-0}}, Page 198</ref>

In an article titled "India, The Aggressor", ''The New York Times'' on 19 December 1961, stated "With his invasion of Goa Prime Minister Nehru has done irreparable damage to India's good name and to the principles of international morality."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/19/archives/india-the-aggressor.html?sq=With%2520his%2520invasion%2520of%2520Goa%2520Prime%2520Minister%2520Nehru%2520has%2520done%2520irreparable%2520damage%2520to%2520India%27s%2520good%2520name%2520and%2520to%2520the%2520principles%2520of%2520international%2520morality&scp=1&st=cse "India, the Aggressor"], ''The New York Times'', Page 32, 19 December 1961</ref>

''[[Life (magazine)|Life International]]'', in its issue dated 12 February 1962, carried an article titled "Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor" in which it expressed its vehement condemnation of the military action.

{{Quotation|The world's initial outrage at pacifist India's resort to military violence for conquest has subsided into resigned disdain. And in Goa, a new Governor strikes a symbolic pose before portraits of men who had administered the prosperous Portuguese enclave for 451 years. He is [[K. P. Candeth]], commanding India's 17th Infantry Division, and as the very model of a modern major general, he betrayed no sign that he is finding Goans less than happy about their "liberation". Goan girls refuse to dance with Indian officers. Goan shops have been stripped bare by luxury-hungry Indian soldiers, and Indian import restrictions prevent replacement. Even in India, doubts are heard. "India", said respected [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], leader of the [[Swatantra Party]], "has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power"|"Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor", ''Life International''|12 February 1962}}

====United Kingdom====
Commonwealth Relations Secretary, [[Duncan Sandys]] told the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 18 December 1961 that while the UK Government had long understood the desire of the Indian people to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu in the Indian Republic, and their feeling of impatience that the Portuguese Government had not followed the example of Britain and France in relinquishing their Indian possessions, he had to "make it plain that H.M. Government deeply deplores the decision of the Government of India to use military force to attain its political objectives."

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons [[Hugh Gaitskell]] of the Labour Party also expressed "profound regret" that India should have resorted to force in her dispute with Portugal, although the Opposition recognised that the existence of Portuguese colonies on the Indian mainland had long been an anachronism and that Portugal should have abandoned them long since in pursuance of the example set by Britain and France. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, Sir [[Patrick Dean]], stated in the UN that Britain had been "shocked and dismayed" at the outbreak of hostilities.<ref name="Keesing">{{Cite web |title=International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa. - Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in security Council |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1074-1962-03-KS-b-RCW.pdf |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide, LLC}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
A Foreign Ministry spokesman in [[The Hague]] regretted that India, "of all countries," had resorted to force to gain her ends, particularly as India had always championed the principles of the U.N. Charter and consistently opposed the use of force to achieve national purposes. Fears were expressed in the Dutch Press lest the Indian attack on Goa might encourage Indonesia to make a similar attack on [[Western New Guinea|West New Guinea]].<ref name="Keesing" /> On 27 December 1961, Dutch ambassador to the United States, Herman Van Roijen asked the US Government if their military support in the form of the USN's [[United States Seventh Fleet|7th Fleet]] would be forthcoming in case of such an attack.<ref>FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME XXIII, SOUTHEAST ASIA, DOCUMENT 219. Memorandum From Robert H. Johnson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v23/d219</ref>

====Brazil====
The Brazilian government's reaction to the annexation of Goa was one of staunch solidarity with Portugal, reflecting earlier statements by Brazilian presidents that their country stood firmly with Portugal anywhere in the world and that ties between Brazil and Portugal were built on ties of blood and sentiment. Former Brazilian President [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], and long time friend and supporter of Portuguese PM Salazar, stated to Indian PM Nehru that "Seventy Million Brazilians could never understand, nor accept, an act of violence against Goa."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q=%22against%20Goa%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 27</ref> In a speech in Rio de Janeiro on 10 June 1962, Brazilian congressman [[Gilberto Freyre]] commented on the annexation of Goa by declaring that "a Portuguese wound is Brazilian pain".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA108#v=snippet&q=%22brazilian%20pain%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 108</ref>

Shortly after the conflict, the new Brazilian ambassador to India, Mário Guimarães, stated to the Portuguese ambassador to Greece that it was "necessary for the Portuguese to comprehend that the age of colonialism is over". Guimarães dismissed the Portuguese ambassador's argument that [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]] was based on miscegenation and the creation of multiracial societies, stating that this was "not enough of a reason to prevent independence".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA114#v=snippet&q=%22not%20enough%20of%20a%20reason%20to%20prevent%20independence%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 114</ref>

====Pakistan====
In a statement released on 18 December, the [[Pakistan]]<nowiki/>i Foreign Ministry spokesman described the Indian attack on Goa as "naked militarism". The statement emphasised that Pakistan stood for the settlement of international disputes by negotiation through the United Nations and stated that the proper course was a "U.N.-sponsored plebiscite to elicit from the people of Goa their wishes on the future of the territory." The Pakistani statement (issued on 18 December) continued: "The world now knows that India has double standards ... . One set of principles seem to apply to India, another set to non-India. This is one more demonstration of the fact that India remains violent and aggressive at heart, whatever the pious statements made from time to time by its leaders."<ref name="Keesing" />

"The lesson from the Indian action on Goa is of practical interest on the question of [[Kashmir]]. Certainly the people of Kashmir could draw inspiration from what the Indians are reported to have stated in the leaflets they dropped ... on Goa. The leaflets stated that it was India's task to ‘defend the honour and security of the Motherland from which the people of Goa had been separated far too long' and which the people of Goa, largely by their own efforts could again make their own. We hope the Indians will apply the same logic to Kashmir. Now the Indians can impress their electorate with having achieved military glory. The mask is off. Their much-proclaimed theories of non-violence, secularism, and democratic methods stand exposed."<ref name="Keesing" />

In a letter to the US President on 2 January 1962, Pakistani President General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] stated: "My Dear President, The forcible taking of Goa by India has demonstrated what we in Pakistan have never had any illusions about—that India would not hesitate to attack if it were in her interest to do so and if she felt that the other side was too weak to resist."<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v19/d83 Letter From President Ayub to President Kennedy], Rawalpindi, 2 January 1962.</ref>

===Ambivalence===
====People's Republic of China====
In an official statement issued on 19 December, the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] stressed its "resolute support" for the struggle of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America against "imperialist colonialism". However, the Hong Kong Communist newspaper ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' described the attack on Goa as "a desperate attempt by Mr. Nehru to regain his sagging prestige among the Afro-Asian nations." The ''Ta Kung Pao'' article – published before the statement from the Chinese Government – conceded that Goa was legitimately part of Indian territory and that the Indian people were entitled to take whatever measures were necessary to recover it. At the same time, however, the paper ridiculed Mr. Nehru for choosing "the world's tiniest imperialist country" to achieve his aim and asserted that "internal unrest, the failure of Nehru's anti-China campaign, and the forthcoming election forced him to take action against Goa to please the Indian people."<ref name="Keesing" />

====The Catholic Church====
The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa and Daman]] and [[Patriarch of the East Indies]] was always a Portuguese-born cleric; at the time of the annexation, José Vieira Alvernaz was archbishop, and days earlier Dom [[José Pedro da Silva]] had been nominated by the [[Holy See]] as [[coadjutor bishop]] with right to succeed Alvernaz. After the annexation, Silva remained in Portugal and was never consecrated; in 1965 he became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Viseu|bishop of Viseu]] in Portugal. Alvernaz retired to the [[Azores]] but remained titular Patriarch until resigning in 1975 after Portuguese recognition of the 1961 annexation.

Although the Vatican did not voice its reaction to the annexation of Goa, it delayed the appointment of a native head of the Goan Church until the inauguration of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in Rome, when Msgr [[Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo]] was consecrated Bishop and [[Vicar Apostolic]] of Goa in 1963.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Souza |first=Teotonio R. |date=December 1986 |title=Unless Ye Become Like Children... |url=http://www.goacom.com/the-catholic-church-in-goa |journal=[[Goa Today]]}}</ref><ref>Teotonio R. de Souza, Goa to Me, New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1994 ({{ISBN|81-7022-504-3}}) {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517122848/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> His was succeeded by [[Raul Nicolau Gonçalves]] in 1972, who became the first native-born Patriarch in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Cosme Jose |date=21 December 2014 |title=Reminiscences Of Goa's Liberation |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Reminiscences-Of-Goa%E2%80%99s-Liberation/82454.html |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |location=Goa}}</ref>

==Legality==
Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After invading Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Malanczuk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwiIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |title=Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law |date=12 April 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-83388-7 |pages=156– |quote=Portugal acquired Goa by conquest in the sixteenth century, and India recognized the Portuguese title after becoming independent in 1947. However, in the Security Council debates which followed the invasion, India argued that Portugal's title was void because it was based on colonial conquest. Such a view is correct under twentieth century notions of international law, but hardly under sixteenth-century notions. The sympathies of most of the members of the United Nations lay with India, and neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly condemned India's actions. But this does not necessarily mean that they thought India's action was legally justified.}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the law of occupation. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andrew Clapham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1465 |title=The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary |last2=Paola Gaeta |last3=Marco Sassòli |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100352-3 |pages=1465– |quote=In the case of the annexation of Goa by India in 1961, the Supreme Court of India held that the annexation was valid and the law of occupation no longer applicable. In 1974, Portugal recognized the Indian sovereignty over Goa by a treaty with retroactive effect.}}</ref> Under the ''[[jus cogens]]'' rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty can not justify it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fQjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 |title=Public International Law |date=8 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93641-1 |pages=268– |quote=It is submitted that in the light of the jus cogens rule prohibiting the threat or use of force any annexation which has taken place after the entry into force of the UN Charter e.g. the annexation of Tibet by China in 1951, the annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948, the annexation of Goa (despite the fact that Portugal relinquished its claim and recognised the sovereignty of India over Goa by a treaty) should be regarded as illegal and thus without any effect under international law. Such fundamental illegality can neither be justified by the subsequent conclusion of a peace treaty nor by the application of the doctrine of historic consolidation.}}</ref> Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharon Korman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC&pg=PA275 |title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice |date=31 October 1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-158380-3 |pages=275– |quote=It may therefore be argued that the recognition of India's annexation of Goa involved the bending of a principle (the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by the use of force) to accommodate a reality which was regarded as being, on the whole, beneficial, even if this situation originated in illegality. But it did not involve the abandonment of the legal principle prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force-even in respect of territories defined as colonies. The conclusion that India's successful annexation of Goa cannot be taken to indicate the existence of a legal right of reconquest in cases where a former colony seeks to recover what it considers to be its pre-colonial frontiers is reinforced-even more strongly and conclusively-by the practice of states in connection with Argentina's attempted conquest or reconquest of the Faulkland islands.}}</ref>

==Cultural depiction==
The movie ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (1969), was about Operation Vijay. ''[[Trikal]]'', a film by [[Shyam Benegal]] and ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' also have storylines based on the backdrop of 1960s Goa.

==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|India|War|1960s}}
* [[Cuncolim Revolt]]
* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[Goa liberation movement]]
* [[History of Goa]]
* [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque]]
* [[Portuguese Colonial War]]
* [[Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Portuguese Indian escudo]]
* [[Portuguese Indian rupia]]
* [[Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India|12th Amendment of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rotter |first=Andrew Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPx4vb99RUoC |title=Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8014-8460-X }}
* {{Cite book |last=Couto |first=Francisco Cabral |title=Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 |year=2006 |isbn=972-8799-53-5}} ([http://goabooks2.blogspot.com/2007/01/remembering-fall-of-portuguese-india.html Partial online version at GoaBooks2])
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |last=Fernandes |first=Aureliano |title=Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies: Goa in Perspective |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1381 |work=Lusotopie |volume=7 |year=2000 |pages=341–358}}
* {{Citation |last=Newman |first=Robert S. |title=Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region |date=Autumn 1984 |url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/viaatlantica/article/view/119337 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.2307/2759068 |jstor=2759068}}
* {{Citation |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |title=Political Integration in Goa |work=Journal of Developing Societies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1995 |id={{ProQuest|1307824129}} |pages=36–60}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713132416/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827139,00.html ''Time'' magazine coverage of the conflict]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221443/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1961.html Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071130122710/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16333.jpg Image: Ram Manohar Lohia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071130070445/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16334.jpg Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070902030916/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16338.jpg Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092549/http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/portugal.pdf Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)]

{{Military of India}}
{{Goa topics}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa, Annexation of}}
[[Category:1961 in India]]
[[Category:1961 in Portugal]]
[[Category:1961 in Portuguese India|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]
[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1961]]
[[Category:December 1961 events in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Goa|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:Portuguese India|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]

Kodandera Subayya Thimayya

2021-08-05T15:44:52Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Indian Chief of Army staff}} {{about|the Indian Army general|the 16th century Hindu privateer|Timoji}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox officeho..."

{{short description|Indian Chief of Army staff}}
{{about|the Indian Army general|the 16th century Hindu privateer|Timoji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kodendera Subayya Thimayya
| office = 3rd [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| honorific-prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
| native_name =
| image = [[File:General_Kodandera_Subayya_Thimayya.jpg|200px]]
| caption = General KS Thimayya
| predecessor = [[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh|General SM Shrinagesh]]
| successor = [[Pran Nath Thapar|General PN Thapar]]
| president = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start = 8 May 1957
| term_end = 7 May 1961
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1906|3|31}}<ref name="UNI">{{cite news |title=Home of General Thimmayya dedicated to nation in Kodagu |url=http://www.uniindia.com/home-of-general-thimmayya-dedicated-to-nation-in-kodagu/states/news/1185213.html |access-date=31 March 2019 |agency=UNI |publisher=United News of India |date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="DHNS">{{cite news |last1=K A |first1=Adithya |title=General Thimmayya's 113th birth anniversary today |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/districts/general-thimayya-s-113th-birth-anniversary-today-726068.html |access-date=31 March 2019 |agency=Deccan Herald News Service |issue=31 March 2019 |work=Deccan Herald|date=31 March 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], [[Coorg]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|17 December 1965|30 March 1906}}
| death_place = [[Cyprus]]
| relations =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| allegiance = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Empire]] {{flag|Republic of India}}
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}} [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1926 – 1961
| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]]
[[General (India)|General]]
| servicenumber = AI-944<ref name="maj_gen_subs"/>
| unit = [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] (Now [[Kumaon Regiment]])
| commands = [[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]] [[File:IA Southern Command.jpg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] [[File:IA_Western_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] [[268th Indian Infantry Brigade]] [[19th Hyderabad Regiment|8/19 Hyderabad]]
| awards = [[File:IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|23px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[File:Dso-ribbon.png|23px]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| laterwork = }}
}}

[[General (India)|General]] '''Kodendera Subayya Thimayya''' (1906-1965), [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] was a distinguished soldier of the [[Indian Army]] who served as [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] from 1957 to 1961 in the crucial years leading up to the [[Sino-Indian War|conflict]] with China in 1962. Gen. Thimayya was the only Indian to command an Infantry brigade in battle during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and is regarded as the most distinguished combat officer the Indian Army has produced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacob|first1=J.F.R|title=An Odyssey in War and Peace|year=2011|publisher=Roli Books Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7436-840-9|pages=17}}</ref> After the [[Korean War]], Thimayya headed a [[United Nations]] unit dealing with the repatriation of prisoners of war. After his retirement from the Army, he was appointed Commander of the [[United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Cyprus]] from July 1964 to December 1965 and died in Cyprus while on active duty on 18 December 1965.

==Early life and education==
Kodandera Subayya Thimayya was born in [[Madikeri]], the district town of [[Kodagu]] (formerly known as [[Coorg]]), [[Karnataka]], on 31 March 1906, to Subayya and Sitamma.<ref name="UNI"/><ref name="DHNS"/> His family was one of the leading coffee planters in the area. His mother, Sitamma, was highly educated and a social worker. She was the recipient of [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-e-Hind Medal]], in recognition of her work in public service.<ref>{{cite book|author=V.K.Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoFjDwAAQBAJ&q=Sitamma+kaisar-i-hind&pg=PA87|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year= 2005|isbn=9789352805662|pages=417}}</ref> Thimayya was the third of six children in his family. The eldest was Ponappa (m) (known as Ponnu), then Thimayya (known in the family as Dubbu, and by the British as Timmy), followed by Gangu (f), Dachu (f), Amavva (f) (known as Amie) and finally Somayya (m) (known as Freddie). All the three boys of the family rose to become officers in the Indian Army.{{Sfn|Singh|2007|p=87}}

On his father's side, Thimayya belonged to the Kodendera clan to which India's first commander-in-chief [[Cariappa]] also belonged (his uncle in fact). His mother, Cheppudi Chittauwa (or Cheppusi Chittavva), was from the Cheppudira family. His wife, Nina Thimayya, was a recipient of the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-e-Hind Medal]] for her philanthropic contribution during the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]]. His maternal uncle, C.B. Ponnappa, was in the first batch of [[King's commissioned Indian officer|commissioned Indian officers]] from the [[Daly College|Indore defence school]] and a batchmate of Cariappa. Desiring that he receive a good education, his family sent Thimayya, at the age of eight years, to St. Joseph's College in [[Coonoor]], a convent run by Irish brothers. Later, Thimayya was sent to [[Bishop Cotton Boys School|Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in [[Bangalore]], along with his brothers. After completing school, Thimayya was sent to the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]], a necessary stepping stone for a commission in the [[Indian Army]]. His elder brother Ponnappa (later joined INA) as well as younger brother Somayya (died in a mine accident in 1947–48 Kashmir operations) also joined the Indian army. Following his graduation from RIMC, "Timmy", as he was affectionately known, was one of only six Indian cadets selected for further training at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].

==Early career==

After completing his training, he was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] on 4 February 1926 as a [[Second Lieutenant]]. Amongst the other newly commissioned officers in his batch was [[Pran Nath Thapar]], who would one day succeed Thimayya as Chief of Army Staff.<ref name="commission_Gazette">{{London Gazette |issue=33130 |date=5 February 1926 |page=888 |nolink=y}}</ref> Thimayya was subsequently attached to the [[Highland Light Infantry]] as was the norm then, prior to a permanent posting with a regiment of the British Indian Army. He was soon posted to the 4th Battalion of the [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] (now [[Kumaon Regiment]]), with date from 28 May 1927.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33300 |date=25 August 1927 |page=5109 |nolink=y}}</ref> Appointed the regimental [[adjutant]] in September 1930, Thimayya honed his soldiering skills on that famous training ground in the Northwest Frontier (present-day Pakistan), battling recalcitrant Pathan tribals.

In January 1935, Thimayya married Nina Cariappa (no relation to K M Cariappa). On 20 March 1936, they had a daughter, Mireille. The same April, Thimayya was posted as an Adjutant at the University Training Corps in [[Madras]], as a fitting example for young Indian undergraduates interested in joining the Indian Army, of what a good soldier should be.

===Second World War===
After this tenure, Thimayya was posted to his battalion in [[Singapore]]. In early 1941, he was promoted to the acting rank of Major,<ref name="Indian_Army_Special_List_47">{{cite book|pages=146–147|title=Indian Army List Special Edition for August 1947|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref> and at his request, was transferred to India in October. Thimayya was posted as the Second-in-Command of a new raising at the Hyderabad Regimental Centre in [[Agra]]. He was then detailed to attend the Staff College at [[Quetta]] where he and his wife had earlier made a name for themselves by selfless service during the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]]. He then served as [[Staff (military)#British .2F Commonwealth staff|GSO2 (Ops)]] (a Grade II Staff Officer) of [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25th Indian Division]], the first Indian officer to get this coveted staff appointment.

His infantry division was conducting jungle warfare training and was preparing to go into [[Burma]] to face the [[Imperial Army of Japan|Japanese Army]] during the Second World War, serving in the [[Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Second Arakan campaign]]. In Burma, he was posted to his old regiment as Commanding Officer of 8/19th Hyderabad, which he led with outstanding success in battle. For a short while the battalion was under the command of the [[3rd Commando Brigade]], with Brigadier C. R. Hardy at the helm, who during the height of a battle presented a trophy to the battalion. It was a green beret — the command's head dress — with a little typed message on a card, "We cannot buy anything here but we would like you to accept this as a token of our great admiration for the bravery and achievement of your battalion." For his outstanding service in battle, he was awarded the much coveted [[Distinguished Service Order]] (D.S.O) and also a [[Mentioned in Dispatches|Mention-in-Dispatches]].

Thimayya represented the country during the surrender of the Japanese in Singapore, followed by the surrender of the Japanese in the Philippines. At the ceremony of Japanese surrender in Singapore, he signed on behalf of India. He was awarded the 'Keys to Manila' when he was sent to the Philippines. His innate talents of professional soldiering and leadership were soon recognized by [[Claude Auchinleck|Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck]], the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. He was specially selected to lead the [[268th Indian Infantry Brigade]] as part of the [[British Commonwealth]] Occupation Force in [[Japan]] after World War II. He got this assignment due to his outstanding battle experience as a Brigadier and being the only Indian to command a battle formation in the field. As a matter of policy, the British avoided giving operational command to Indians. Thimmayya was the only exception.

As an independent brigade, the 268th had done excellent work in the Burma Campaign and was detailed as part of BRINDIV led by [[David Tennant Cowan|Maj Gen D. T. "Punch" Cowan]]. Brig. Thimayya proved to be an outstanding commander and his diplomatic skills emerged as he had to deal with [[Douglas MacArthur|General Douglas MacArthur]], the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] of the [[South West Pacific Area (command)|Southwest Pacific Theatre]], the other Allies and the vanquished Japanese. Thimayya's personality, charm of manners and unassailable reputation, impressed the Japanese of the calibre of Indian commanders. Thimayya was called on to defuse the sit-down strike by the 2nd Battalion, [[5th Royal Gurkha Rifles]] at the palace of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in [[Tokyo]] when the battalion refused to obey its British officers.

As [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]] approached, he was recalled to India by then Commander-in-chief of British India, [[Claude Auchinleck|Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck]].

==Role in independent India==
He returned to India in 1947, during the [[Partition of India|Partition]], as member of the committee to agree to the allotment of weapons, equipment and regiments that were to remain in India, or to be allotted to Pakistan. Soon after the commission was completed, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[Major-General]] in September 1947 and was then assigned the command of the [[Indian 4th Infantry Division|4th Infantry Division]] and also to take over the Punjab Boundary Force, dealing with the exodus and intake of refugees fleeing to their respective countries. In 1948 he was one of the active officers in the actions against the forces of [[Pakistan]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|conflict]] over [[Kashmir]]. His next appointment was command of the [[Indian 19th Infantry Division|19th Infantry Division]] in [[Kashmir|Jammu & Kashmir]] where he succeeded in driving the raiders and the Pakistan Army out of the Kashmir Valley. Personally leading the attack in the forward-most tank, the [[Military operations in Ladakh (1948)#Capture of Zoji La|surprise attack on Zoji La]] on 1 November 1948 by a brigade with [[M3 Stuart|Stuart Light Tanks]] of the [[7th Light Cavalry]],<ref name="Amazing">{{cite book |title=Thimmayya:An Amazing Life |last=Khanduri|first=Chandra B. |year=1969 |publisher=Centre for Armed Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, New Delhi through Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-87966-36-X |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> succeeded in driving out the entrenched raiders and [[Pakistan Army]] regulars and the eventual capture of [[Dras]], [[Kargil town|Kargil]] and [[Leh]].

Thereafter, Thimayya served as the [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy]], Dehra Dun. On 1 January 1950, he was promoted to substantive major-general from his rank of brigadier.<ref name="maj_gen_subs">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=70 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1950/O-2343-1950-0013-108724.pdf |date=24 June 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 1 October 1951, Thimayya was appointed Quartermaster General.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=195 |date=13 October 1951 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> The experience gained by him in Japan stood him in good stead when he was specially selected by the United Nations to head the [[Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission]] in Korea. It was a very sensitive and delicate task dealing with unruly Chinese and Korean prisoners. Here again, through sheer charisma, impartiality, firmness and diplomacy, he completed this task to the satisfaction of the world body. He returned to India and was promoted to [[General Officer Commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]], with the rank of [[Lieutenant-General]], in January 1953. In 1954, he was awarded the [[List of Padma Bhushan Award recipients (1954–1959)|Padma Bhushan]] for Civil Service. He took over the reins of the Indian Army on 7 May 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060416/spectrum/main1.htm|title=When an Army Chief almost quit|website=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|date=16 April 2006|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref>

==Chief of Army Staff==

General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya assumed charge of the Indian Army, as the 6th Chief of the Army Staff, on 7 May 1957. He briefly resigned his post in 1959 over a dispute with [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], the then [[Minister of Defence (India)]]. Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru refused to accept his resignation and persuaded him into withdrawing it. However, little action was taken on Thimayya's recommendations and he continued as the Army Chief till his retirement on 7 May 1961, completing 35 years of distinguished military service. Hence retired from the army in 1961, almost 15 months before the Chinese invasion of India in November 1962.<ref name=":0" />

==After retirement==
After retirement from the Indian Army, the United Nations sought his services yet once again when he was appointed as the Commander of UN Forces in [[Cyprus]] ([[UNFICYP]]) in July 1964. He died during his tenure at UNFICYP in December 1965 and his mortal remains were flown to Bangalore for the last rites.

The street perpendicular to East Street (a road parallel to MG road in [[Pune]]), Richmond Road in [[Bangalore]], and the main road through [[Larnaca]]/Cyprus (East to West) were renamed as Gen Thimmayya Road in his memory. The road perpendicular to Hunsur Road in Mysore is also named as General Thimmayya Road.
The Republic of Cyprus, also honored him by issuing a commemorative stamp in his memory in 1966.<ref name="ph">{{cite web|url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=24|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: General Thimmayya |access-date=29 December 2009}}</ref> The General K.S. Thimayya Memorial Trust, a Trust instituted by some Old Boys of [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], annually hold the General K S Thimayya Memorial Lecture Series in his memory.<ref>{{cite web|title=General K S Thimayya Memorial Lecture Series|url=http://genthimayya.org/|publisher=Old Boys of Cottons|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> General Thimayya enjoys an unmatched legacy in the Indian Army. Of all the eulogies for him, the late [[Premindra Singh Bhagat|Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat]], VC (Retd.) summed it up best, "A General Thimayya is not born in every generation. The likes of him there will seldom be a soldier. The General is a man's man, the Army his soul and his soul the Army."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://genthimayya.org/general-thimayya/|title=General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|publisher=General Thimayya Memorial Trust}}</ref> General Thimayya's house "Sunny Side" in [[Madikeri]] has been converted into a museum and a war memorial.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2019|title=When General Thimayya's Grandson Comes Calling At 'Sunny Side'|url=https://starofmysore.com/when-general-thimayyas-grandson-comes-calling-at-sunny-side/|newspaper=Star of Mysore}}</ref> It was inaugurated in February 2021 in the presence of the President and Chief of Defence Staff.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 February 2021|title=President inaugurates museum dedicated to pride of Kodagu General Thimayya in Madikeri|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/feb/06/president-inaugurates-museum-dedicated-to-pride-of-kodagu-general-thimayya-in-madikeri-2260521.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|width=106}}{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}}{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Dso-ribbon.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Padma Bhushan]]
|colspan="2"|[[General Service Medal 1947]]
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Distinguished Service Order]]
|[[1939–1945 Star]]
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 4 February 1926<ref name="commission_Gazette"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army ||4 May 1928.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33396 |date=22 June 1928 |page=4268 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army ||4 February 1935<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34142 |date=15 March 1935 |page=1810 |nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 1941 (acting) 1 April 1942 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_Special_List_47"/> 4 February 1943 (substantive)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36042 |date=4 June 1943 |page=2579 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] || British Indian Army ||19 May 1944 (acting) 19 August 1944 (temporary) 1 October 1946 (war-substantive)<ref name="Indian_Army_Special_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-5.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] || British Indian Army || 1 April 1945 (temporary)<ref name="Quarterly_Army_List">{{cite book|pages=220q–r|title=The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I)|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1946}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] || British Indian Army || 1 April 1945 (acting)<ref>{{cite book|pages=2511a–c|title=The Quarterly Army List: December 1946 (Part I)|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1946}}</ref> 1 October 1946 (temporary)<ref name="Indian_Army_Special_List_47"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || Major || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-7.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] || Indian Army || September 1947 (acting) 1 January 1950 (substantive; seniority from 4 February 1949)<ref name="maj_gen_subs"/><ref name="insignia" group="note"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major-General]] || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || January 1953
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 8 May 1957<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=124 |date=18 May 1957 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2121-1957-0020-96186.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
;Footnotes
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Bibliography
* "1962: The War That Wasn’t" by Shiv Kunal Verma, Publisher: Aleph Book Company
*{{citation|first1=Vijay Kumar|last1=Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|author-link = Vijay Kumar Singh|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|publisher=SAGE}}
*{{citation|first1=Satinder|last1=Sharma|title=Services Chiefs of India|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7211-162-5|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/indo-china-conflict-how-nehru-menon-conspired-against-army-chief-thimayya/story-HANyf9zP7rC4k5dhLkSaAO.html How Nehru, Menon conspired against army chief Thimayya]
* {{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2014 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
|before = [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
|title = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1957–1961
|after = [[Pran Nath Thapar]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]]
| years = 1956–1957
| before = Sant Singh
| after = [[S. P. P. Thorat]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]
| years = 1955–1956
| before = [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
| after = [[Pran Nath Thapar]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command]]
| years = 1954–1955
| before = Kalwant Singh
| after = Kalwant Singh
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command]]
| years = Jan 1953 - Aug 1953
| before = [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
| after = Kalwant Singh
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy]]
| years = 1950 - 1951
| before = Thakur Mahadeo Singh
| after = [[Mohinder Singh Wadalia]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thimayya, K. S.}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:People of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Thimayya, K. S.]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:Commandants of the National Defence Academy]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Commandants of Indian Military Academy]]

Sam Manekshaw

2021-08-05T15:44:38Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|First Field marshal of the Indian Army}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = '''Field Marshal''' | name..."

{{short description|First Field marshal of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]'''
| name = Sam Manekshaw
| image = Field marshal SHFJ Manekshaw.jpg
| caption = Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw (pictured wearing General's insignia c. 1970)
| office = 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| president = [[V. V. Giri]] [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor = [[P. P. Kumaramangalam|General P. P. Kumaramangalam]]
| successor = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor|General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1969|06|08|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|1973|01|15|df=yes}}
| office1 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| term1 = 16 November 1964 - 8 June 1969
| predecessor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]]
| successor1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]
| office2 = 9th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| term2 = 4 December 1963 - 15 Nov 1964
| predecessor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Daulet Singh
| successor2 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Harbaksh Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|04|03}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|06|27|1914|04|03}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| nickname = Sam Bahadur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sam-manekshaw-105th-birth-anniversary-leaders-pay-tribute-to-india-first-field-marshal-2017093|title=Sam Manekshaw: Leaders Pay Tribute To India's Greatest General|date=2019-04-03|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1934 – 2008{{efn|Manekshaw retired from active service in 1973,<ref name="OutMeh"/> however, Indian military [[five-star rank]] officers hold their rank for life, and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths.{{Sfn|Disha Experts|2018|p=A–7}}}}<ref name="field_marshal"/>
| rank = [[File:Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg|23px]] [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| servicenumber = IC-14
| unit = [[File:Badge_of_12th_Frontier_Force_Regiment.jpg|25px]] [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] [[8 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
*[[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]]
*[[File:IA_Western_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]]
*[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]
*[[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Services Staff College, Wellington]]
*[[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]]
*[[Mhow#The Infantry School|The Infantry School]]
*167th Infantry Brigade
}}
| battles = {{plainlist|
*[[World War II]]
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947]]
*[[Sino-Indian War]]
*[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
*[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[File:IND Padma Vibhushan BAR.png|23px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]]
*[[File:IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|23px]] [[Padma Bhushan]]
*[[File:Military cross BAR.svg|23px]] [[Military Cross]]
}}
| spouse = Silloo Bode
| honorific_suffix = [[Military Cross|MC]]
}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

'''[[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html|title=Sam H.F.J. Manekshaw Dies at 94; Key to India's Victory in 1971 War|last=Pandya|first=Haresh|date=2008-06-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> {{post-nominals|list=[[Military Cross|MC]]}} (3 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), widely known as '''Sam Manekshaw''' and '''Sam Bahadur''' ("Sam the Brave"), was the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades and five wars, beginning with service in the [[British Indian Army]] in [[World War II]].

Manekshaw joined the first intake of the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]] in 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]. In World War II, he was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Following the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was reassigned to the [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]. Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War]] and the [[Operation Polo|Hyderabad crisis]], and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier while serving at the Military Operations Directorate. He became commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the Director of Military Training at Army Headquarters.

After completing the higher command course at the [[Imperial Defence College]], he was appointed [[General Officer Commanding]] the [[26th Infantry Division (India)|26th Infantry Division]]. He also served as the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]]. In 1961, Manekshaw made derogatory comments about the political leadership which allowed his opponents to label him as unpatriotic, and he was charged with sedition. After being exonerated in the subsequent court of inquiry, he took command of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] in November 1962. The next year, Manekshaw was promoted to the position of army commander and took over [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], transferring in 1964 to the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].

Having already commanded troops at [[Division (military)|division]], [[corps]] and regional levels, Manekshaw became the seventh chief of the army staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces conducted victorious campaigns against [[Pakistan]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|creation of Bangladesh]] in December 1971. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]], the second and third highest civilian awards of India.

==Early life and education==
Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], to Hormizd Manekshaw (1871–1964), who was a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1973), both [[Parsi people|Parsi]]s who moved to Amritsar from the city of [[Valsad]] in the coastal [[Gujarat]] region.{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=17–18}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=183}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=184}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=59}} Manekshaw's parents had left [[Mumbai]] in 1903 for [[Lahore]], where Hormizd had friends and where he was to begin practising medicine. However, by the time their train halted at Amritsar (trains used to make very long halts in those days), Hilla, who was pregnant, found it impossible to travel any further. The couple had to break journey to seek help from the station master, who advised that in her condition, Hilla should not attempt any journey until her confinement. By the time that happened, the couple had found Amritsar salubrious and elected to settle in the city. Hormusji soon established a thriving clinic and pharmacy in the centre of Amritsar. The couple had six children over the following decade, numbering four sons and two daughters (Fali, Cilla, Jan, Sheru, Sam and Jami), of whom Sam was their fifth child and third son.{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=18–20}}

During the Second World War, Hormusji Manekshaw served in the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Captain (rank)|captain]] in the [[Indian Medical Service]] (IMS; now the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]]).{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=184}}{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=18–20}} Of the Manekshaw siblings, Sam's two elder brothers Fali and Jan qualified as engineers, while Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Both Sam and his younger brother Jami served in the Indian Armed Forces, with Jami becoming a doctor like his father and serving in the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] as a medical officer; the first Indian to be awarded the air surgeon's wings from the [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] in the United States, Jami joined his elder brother in becoming a [[flag officer]], retiring as an [[air vice marshal]] in the Indian Air Force.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=184}}{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|p=22}}

As a boy, Manekshaw was mischievous and high-spirited. His early ambition was to study medicine and become a doctor like his father.{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=18–20}} He completed his [[primary school]]ing in Punjab, and then went to [[Sherwood College]], [[Nainital]]. In 1929, he left the college at the age of 15 with his Junior Cambridge Certificate, an English language curriculum developed by the [[Cambridge International Examinations|University of Cambridge International Examinations]].{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|p=21}} In 1931, he passed his [[Senior Cambridge]] (in the School Certificate of the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|Cambridge Board]]) with distinction. Manekshaw then asked his father to send him to London to study medicine, but his father refused on the grounds that he was not old enough; in addition, he was already supporting the studies of Manekshaw's two elder brothers, both of whom were studying engineering in London.{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=22–23}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=185}} Instead, Manekshaw entered the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, Amritsar), and in April 1932 sat his final exams held by the [[University of the Punjab]], passing with a third division in science.{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=22–23}}

In the meantime, the Indian Military College Committee, which was set up in 1931 and chaired by [[Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode|Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode]], recommended the establishment of a military academy in India to train Indians for officer commissions in the army. A three-year course was proposed, with an entry age of 18 to 20 years. Candidates would be selected on the basis of an examination conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission|Public Service Commission]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=185}} A formal notification for entrance examination to enrol in the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) was issued in the early months of 1932, and examinations were scheduled for June or July.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} In an act of rebellion against his father's refusal, Manekshaw applied for a place and sat the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932, he was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through open competition.{{efn|There were 40 vacancies, of which 15 were filled through open competition, 15 from the ranks of the army and remaining 10 from the state forces.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}}}} Manekshaw was placed sixth in the order of merit.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}}{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|p=23}}

===Indian Military Academy===
Manekshaw was selected as part of the first batch of cadets. Called "The Pioneers", his class also produced [[Smith Dun]] and [[Muhammad Musa Khan]], future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although the academy was inaugurated by Chetwode on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Manekshaw proved to be witty during his stay at IMA and went on to achieve a number of firsts: the first graduate to join one of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]; first to serve as the Chief of the Army Staff of India; and first to attain the rank of field marshal.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=186}} Of the 40 cadets inducted, only 22 completed the course, and they were commissioned as [[second lieutenant]]s on 1 February 1935 with antedated seniority from 4 February 1934.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=188–189}}

==Military career==
At the time of Manekshaw's commissioning, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially attached to a British regiment before being sent to an Indian unit. Thus, Manekshaw joined the 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Scots]], stationed at [[Lahore]]. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]], stationed in [[Burma]].{{Sfn|Singh|2002|pp=237–259}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india |title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw |author=Saighal, Vinod |date=30 June 2008 |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923150853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india |archive-date=23 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Saluting Sam Bahadur">{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms| title=Saluting Sam Bahadur| author=Tarun, Vijay| access-date=8 July 2008| website=The Times of India| date=30 June 2008| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Columnists/Tarun_Vijay/The_Right_View/Saluting_Sam_Bahadur/articleshow/msid-3179920,curpg-1.cms| archive-date=22 October 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of his company.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1938|pp=510}} Already fluent in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]] and his parental language of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in [[Pashto]].{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=18–21}}{{Sfn|Indian Army|1939|pp=753}}

=== World War II ===
Because of a shortage of qualified officers on the outbreak of war, in the first two years of the conflict Manekshaw was appointed to the acting or temporary ranks of captain and major before promotion to substantive captain on 4 February 1942.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} He saw action in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] in the 1942 campaign at the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge|Sittang River]] with the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=190}} and was recognised for bravery in battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against the invading [[Imperial Japanese Army]]; despite suffering 50% casualties the company managed to achieve its objective. After capturing the hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of [[light machine gun]] fire and was severely wounded in the stomach.<ref name="Sam Bahadur: A soldier's general - TOI">{{cite news|title=Sam Bahadur: A soldier's general|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM|access-date=24 December 2017|work=The Times of India|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|date=27 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224194925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sam-Bahadur-A-soldiers-general/articleshow/3170360.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> Observing the battle, Maj. Gen. [[David Tennent Cowan|David Cowan]], commander of the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]], spotted Manekshaw clinging to life and, having witnessed his valour in the face of stiff resistance, rushed over to him. Fearing that Manekshaw would die, the general pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on him saying, "A dead person cannot be awarded a [[Military Cross]]".{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} This award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to the ''[[London Gazette]]'' on 21 April 1942 (dated 23 April 1942).<ref name="Issue 35532 The Gazette">{{cite web|title=Issue 35532|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797|website=The Gazette|publisher=[[The London Gazette]]|date=21 April 1942|access-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724020428/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35532/pages/1797|archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref>

Manekshaw was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his orderly, who took him to an [[Australians|Australian]] surgeon. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, saying that he was badly wounded and his chances of survival were very low, but Singh forced him to treat Manekshaw. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he was "kicked by a mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of humour, he treated him, removing seven bullets from lungs, liver, and kidneys. Much of his intestines were also removed.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} Over Manekshaw's protests that he treat the other patients, the regimental medical officer, Captain G. M. Diwan, attended to him.<ref name="EconObit">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Sam Manekshaw |url=http://www.economist.com/obituary/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11661408 |newspaper=The Economist |date = 3 July 2008|issue=5 July 2008 |access-date=7 July 2008 |page=107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181525/http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11661408 |archive-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Saluting Sam Bahadur" />

{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=right|quote="By Jove, you have a sense of humour. I think you are worth saving."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=191}}|title=The Australian surgeon's remark on Manekshaw's reply, when he was asked what happened to him:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}}

Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the [[brigade major]] to the [[Razmak Brigade]], serving in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined the 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, in Gen. [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]]'s [[British Fourteenth Army|14th Army]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=191}} On 30 October 1944, he received the local rank of lieutenant colonel.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} On the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]], Manekshaw was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 60,000 Japanese [[prisoners of war]] (POWs). He handled this so well that no cases of indiscipline or escape attempts from the camp were reported. He was promoted to acting [[lieutenant colonel]] on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of [[Australia]].{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}} Manekshaw was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a [[Staff (military)#British.2FCommonwealth staff|Grade 1 General Staff Officer]] (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate.{{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}}

===Post-independence===
On the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]], became part of the [[Pakistan Army]], so Manekshaw was reassigned to the [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]. While handling the issues relating to partition in 1947, Manekshaw demonstrated his planning and administrative skills in his capacity as GSO1.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=192}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal, Do You Want Kashmir, Or Do You Want to Give it Away?|url=http://kashmirsentinel.org/jawaharlal-do-you-want-kashmir-or-do-you-want-to-give-it-away/|website=Kashmir Sentinel|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071723/http://kashmirsentinel.org/jawaharlal-do-you-want-kashmir-or-do-you-want-to-give-it-away/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the end of 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he moved on to his new appointment on 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated [[Kashmir]], capturing Domel and [[Muzaffarabad]]. The following day, the ruler of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], appealed for help from India. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied [[V. P. Menon]], the secretary of the States Department, to [[Srinagar]]. While Menon was with the Maharaja, Manekshaw carried out an aerial survey of the situation in Kashmir. According to Manekshaw, the Maharaja signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] on the same day, and they flew back to Delhi. [[Lord Mountbatten]] and the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], were briefed, during which Manekshaw suggested immediate deployments of troops to prevent Kashmir from being captured.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}

On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir, and Srinagar was occupied just before Pakistani forces reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's posting order as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|annexation of Hyderabad]] (code-named "Operation Polo"), which was also planned by the MO Directorate, Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier when he was appointed as the first Indian Director of Military Operations.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} This appointment was later upgraded to [[Major general (India)|major general]] and then to [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]], and is now termed Director General Military Operations (DGMO).{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=8}}

Manekshaw was promoted to substantive colonel on 4 February 1952,<ref name="col"/>{{efn|In the decade after Independence, due to shortages of qualified officers in the senior ranks, it was common for officers to be promoted before they had completed the usual requisite years of service to advance in rank. Manekshaw received a further 4 year extension in his substantive rank of colonel in 1956 as a result.}} and in April was appointed the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade, headquartered at [[Firozpur]].<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=57 |date=24 March 1956 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1956/O-2166-1956-0012-98852.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the Director of Military Training at Army Headquarters.<ref name="DMT">{{cite web |title=NEW DIRECTOR OF MILITARY TRAINING |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-04-09_070.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=9 April 1954}}</ref> As an acting brigadier (substantive colonel), he was posted as commandant of the Infantry School at [[Mhow]] on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]].<ref name="inf_sch">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=43 |date=26 February 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2198-1955-0009-100707.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 8th Gorkha Rifles became his new regiment, since his original parent regiment, the 12th Frontier Force Regiment, had become part of the new Pakistan Army. During his tenure as the commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by the Indian Army.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}} He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February 1957.<ref name="subs_brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=152 |date=15 June 1957 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1957/O-2125-1957-0024-96390.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

In 1957, he was sent to the [[Imperial Defence College]], London, to attend a higher command course for one year. On his return, he was appointed the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Infantry Division]] on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general.<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=35 |date=15 February 1958 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1958/O-2066-1958-0007-93496.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> While he commanded the division, Gen. [[K. S. Thimayya]] was the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), and [[Krishna Menon]] the [[Defence Minister of India|defence minister]]. During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was not appropriate for him to think of his chief in that way, as he considered it improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another."<ref name="Krishna Menon wanted to sack Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Krishna Menon wanted to sack Manekshaw|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw|website=Sunday Guardian|access-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123210358/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/krishna-menon-wanted-to-sack-manekshaw|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}
{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="Mr. Minister, I am not allowed to think about him. He is my Chief. Tomorrow, you will be asking my [subordinate] brigadiers and colonels what they think of me. It's the surest way to ruin the discipline of the Army. Don't do it in future."|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=193}}|title=Manekshaw's reply to Defence Minister Menon, when he inquired what Manekshaw thought of his chief:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}}

[[File:Maj Gen Sam Manekshaw.jpg|thumb|right|Manekshaw as Commandant Defence Services Staff College]]
Manekshaw was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=65 |date=19 March 1960 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1951-1960-0012-87861.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> On 1 October, he was appointed the [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=308 |date=12 December 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1990-1959-0050-89918.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> where he was caught up in a controversy that almost ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded by Gen. [[Pran Nath Thapar]]. Earlier in the year, Maj. Gen. [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed the Quarter Master General (QMG) by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the Chief of General Staff (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who made derogatory comments about the interference of the political leadership in the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an [[:wikt:antinational|anti-national]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}

Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. Meanwhile, two of his juniors, [[Harbaksh Singh]] and Moti Sagar, were promoted to lieutenant general and appointed as corps commanders. It was widely believed that Manekshaw had come close to being dismissed from the service. The court, presided over by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh, known for his integrity, exonerated Manekshaw. Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of the court proceedings. The Indian Army suffered a debacle in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, and both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]. Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=193–197}}{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=10}} Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed GOC of IV Corps at [[Tezpur]].<ref name="actg_lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2 |date=5 January 1963 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1838-1963-0001-83376.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt that his foremost responsibility was to improve the morale of his demoralised soldiers, which he achieved by ordering them to operate more aggressively. Just five days into his command, Nehru visited the headquarters with his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] and the COAS, and found the troops advancing. Nehru stated that he did not want any more men to die. The COAS assured him that he would get the orders to advance rescinded. Manekshaw retorted that he should be allowed to command his troops the way he wished, or he should be sent to a staff appointment. Gandhi intervened and told Manekshaw to go ahead. Though Gandhi had no official position, she had great influence in the government. The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA), where he took measures to overcome shortages of equipment, accommodation, and clothing.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=199}}

Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as GOC-in-C.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=321 |date=21 September 1963 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1963/O-1840-1963-0038-83506.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=9 |date=11 January 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1796-1964-0002-81866.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In 1964, he moved from Shimla to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] as the GOC-in-C [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], having received his appointment on 16 November.{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=10}}{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=9}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=509 |date=19 December 1964 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1964/O-1799-1964-0051-82054.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> There he responded to an [[insurgency]] in [[Nagaland]], for which he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968.{{Sfn|Singh|2002|p=16}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=60}}

===Chief of Army Staff===
Gen. [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P. P. Kumaramangalam]], retired as chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Though Manekshaw was the most senior army commander, Defence Minister [[Sardar Swaran Singh]] favoured Lt. Gen. Harbaksh Singh, who had played a key role as the GOC-in-C of Western Command during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Despite this, Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the army staff on 8 June 1969.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=201}} During his tenure, he developed the Indian Army into an efficient instrument of war, and was instrumental in stopping a plan to reserve positions in the army for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=0mdzgMr6q11GD9+nGBn3qw==&ParentID=YFacr6mydZUr0ffNJYSyEA==|website=Indian Army|title=Field Marshal S. H. F. J. Manekshaw (08 Jun 1969 to 15 Jan 1973)|publisher=Government of India|access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216041054/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=0mdzgMr6q11GD9+nGBn3qw==&ParentID=YFacr6mydZUr0ffNJYSyEA==|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> Though he was Parsi, a minority group in India, Manekshaw felt that the practice would compromise the ethos of the army and believed that all must be given an equal chance.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=213}}

In the capacity of COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=For the Gorkhas - Manekshaw is "Sam Bahadur"|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-2/PDF/DEF-1969-07-14_027.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 July 1969|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> He asked an orderly if he knew the name of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on being asked to name the chief, he said "Sam Bahadur".{{efn|[[:wikt:bahadur|Bahadur]] is an honorific title bestowed upon princes and victorious military commanders by Mughal emperors, and later by their British successors.}} This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname.{{Sfn|Singh|2011|p=2011}}

====Indo-Pakistani War of 1971====
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|250px|thumb|The instrument of surrender being signed on 16 December 1971 (signing generals were [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] and [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] from Indian and Pakistani sides respectively)]]
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was sparked by the [[Bangladesh Liberation war]], a conflict between the traditionally dominant [[West Pakistan]]is and the majority [[East Pakistan]]is. In 1970, East Pakistanis demanded autonomy for the state, but the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] failed to satisfy these demands and, in early 1971, a demand for secession took root in East Pakistan. In March, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, the latter including soldiers and police from East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to [[West Bengal]], an adjacent Indian state. In April, India decided to assist in the formation of the new nation of [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Global Security - 1971 War">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm|title=Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|work=Global Security|access-date=27 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126094736/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1971.htm|archive-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

During a cabinet meeting towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for rail carriages with the grain harvest. He also pointed out the Himalayan passes would soon open up with the forthcoming monsoon, which would result in heavy flooding.<ref name="EconObit"/> After the cabinet had left the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own terms, and set a date for it; Gandhi agreed.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=204–205}}

Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping the [[Mukti Bahini]], a local militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75,000 guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms and ammunition. These forces were used to harass the [[Pakistani Army]] stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=206}}

The war started officially on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed [[Indian Air Force]] bases in the western part of the country. The Army Headquarters, under Manekshaw's leadership, formulated the following strategy: [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]], commanded by Lt. Gen. [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]] (later [[General (India)|general]] and COAS), was to enter from the west; IV Corps, commanded by Lt. Gen. [[Sagat Singh]], was to enter from the east; [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]], commanded by Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan, was to enter from the north; and the 101 Communication Zone Area, commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh, was to provide support from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by the Eastern Command, under Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]. Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. [[J.F.R. Jacob]], chief of staff Eastern Command, to inform the Indian prime minister that orders were being issued for the movement of troops from Eastern Command. The following day, the navy and the air force also initiated full-scale operations on both eastern and western fronts.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=207}}

As the war progressed, Pakistan's resistance crumbled. India captured most of the advantageous positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, which started to surrender or withdraw.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}} The [[UN Security Council]] assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss the situation. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put forward a resolution for "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops" While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed it twice and, because of Pakistani atrocities against Bengalis, the United Kingdom and France abstained.<ref name="The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge - Time">{{cite journal|title=The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|journal=Time|access-date=27 November 2016|date=13 December 1971|url-access=subscription |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313215215/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>

{{Quote box|width=300px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=|quote="Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Force is destroyed. You have no hope of any help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from the sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the people are all prepared to take revenge for the atrocities and cruelties you have committed...Why waste lives? Don't you want to go home and be with your children? Do not lose time; there is no disgrace in laying down your arms to a soldier. We will give you the treatment befitting a soldier".|source={{harv|Singh|2005|p=209}}|title=Manekshaw's first radio message to the Pakistani troops on 9 December 1971:|title_fnt = Arial |tstyle = font size="25";}}

Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by radio broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment from the Indian troops if they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. [[Rao Farman Ali]] and Lt. Gen. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]] to their troops, which were to have a devastating effect; they convinced the troops of the pointlessness of further resistance, and led to their defeat.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}}

On 11 December, Ali messaged the United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by [[President (government title)|President]] [[Yahya Khan]], and the fighting continued. Following several discussions and consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided to stop the war in order to save the lives of Pakistani soldiers.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=208}} The actual decision to surrender was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through the United States Consul General in [[Dhaka]] via Washington. Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian counterparts by 09:00 on 16 December. The deadline was extended to 15:00 the same day at Niazi's request, and the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]]{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=209}}

When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accept the surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora.<ref name="Obituary: Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web|author1=Vinod Saighal|title=Obituary: Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=19 January 2018|date=30 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india|archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath of the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding looting and rape and stressed the need to respect and stay away from women. As a result, according to Singh, cases of looting and rape were negligible.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=210}} In addressing his troops on the matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam."{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=210}}
[[File:PM with the three Chiefs, 1971.jpg|300px|thumb|Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi congratulating the Chiefs of the three services, Gen Sam Manekshaw, [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|SM Nanda]] and [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal|PC Lal]].]]
The war was for 12 days and saw 94,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional surrender of Pakistan's eastern half and resulted in the birth of Bangladesh as a new nation.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=210–211}} In addition to the POWs, Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000.<ref name="Three Indian Blunders in the 1971 War">{{cite web|author1=Athale, Anil|title=Three Indian blunders in the 1971 war|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm|website=Rediff|access-date=27 November 2016|date=12 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123073209/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm|archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> After the war, Manekshaw became known for his compassion towards the POWs. Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, with just his [[aide-de-camp]] for company, while they shared a cup of tea. He ensured that they were well treated by the Indian Army, made provisions for them to be supplied with the copies of the Quran, and allowed them to celebrate festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=210–211}}

===Promotion to field marshal===

After the war, Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. It was felt that, because Manekshaw was from the army, the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, bureaucrats felt that it might challenge their influence over defence issues.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=214–215}} Though Manekshaw was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973.<ref name="field_marshal"/> The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 3 January.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}}

==Honours and post-retirement==
[[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Manekshaw on a 2008 stamp of India]]

For his service to the Indian nation, the [[President of India]] awarded Manekshaw a [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 after a career of nearly four decades; he settled with his wife, Silloo, in [[Coonoor]], the civilian town next to [[Wellington Cantonment]] where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College earlier in his career. Popular with [[Gurkha]] soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of the [[Nepalese Army]] in 1972.<ref name="OutMeh">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683|title=Play It Again, Sam: A tribute to the man whose wit was as astounding as his military skill|author=Mehta, Ashok|date=27 January 2003|work=Outlook|access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124047/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218683 |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> In 1977, he was awarded the [[Order of Tri Shakti Patta]] First Class, an order of knighthood of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] by the [[King of Nepal|King]] [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 1977|title=NEPAL HONOURS FIELD MARSHAL MANEKSHAW|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-AUG-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1977-10-07_111.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Sam_Manekshaw's_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Manekshaw's statue in [[Pune Cantonment]].]]
Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board of several companies and, in a few cases, as the chairman. He was outspoken and avoided [[political correctness]]; once when he was replaced on the board of a company by a man named Naik at the behest of the government, Manekshaw quipped, "This is the first time in history when a ''[[Naik (military rank)|naik]]'' (corporal) has replaced a field marshal."<ref name="OutMeh"/>

In May 2007, [[Gohar Ayub]], the son of Pakistani field marshal [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], claimed that Manekshaw had sold Indian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27858078_1_war-plan-brigadiers-dgmo|title=1965 war-plan-seller a DGMO: Gohar Khan|author=Press Trust of India|date=3 June 2005|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-03/india/27858078_1_war-plan-brigadiers-dgmo|archive-date=9 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-08/india/27884033_1_field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-sam-bahadur-gohar-khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-08/india/27884033_1_field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-sam-bahadur-gohar-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2012|title=Military Livid at Pak Slur on Sam Bahadur |author=Press Trust of India|date=8 May 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>

Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, it was reported that he was not given the complete allowances to which he was entitled. It was not until 2007 that President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] met Manekshaw in Wellington, and presented him with a cheque for {{INRConvert|1.3|c|year=2007}}—his arrears of pay for over 30 years.<ref name="The Making of a Field Marshal">{{cite web|author=Sinha, S. K.|author-link=Srinivas_Kumar_Sinha|title=The Making of a Field Marshal|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|website=Indian Defence Review|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202121509/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's Greatest General, on his Birth Centenary">{{cite news|author=Gokhale, Nitin|title=Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's greatest general, on his birth centenary|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023|publisher=NDTV|access-date=4 September 2016|date=3 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914084348/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Manekshaw married Siloo Bode on 22 April 1939 in [[Bombay]]. The couple had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Sherry married Batliwala, and they have a daughter named Brandy. Maya was employed by [[British Airways]] as a stewardess and married Daruwala, a pilot. The latter couple have two sons named Raoul Sam and Jehan Sam.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=189}}

Manekshaw died of complications from pneumonia at the Military Hospital in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu]], at 12:30 a.m. on 27 June 2008 at the age of 94.<ref>{{cite news |first=Haresh |last=Pandya |title=Sam H.F.J. Manekshaw Dies at 94; Key to India's Victory in 1971 War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=30 June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210162608/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/world/asia/30manekshaw.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 }}</ref> Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!".<ref name="EconObit"/> He was buried in the [[Parsi]] cemetery in [[Ootacamund]] (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave.<ref name="statue">{{Cite news|author=Thiagarajan, Shanta|date=3 April 2014|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw statue unveiled on Ooty–Coonoor road|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Field-Marshal-Sam-Manekshaw-statue-unveiled-on-OotyCoonoor-road/articleshow/33185688.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182132/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Field-Marshal-Sam-Manekshaw-statue-unveiled-on-OotyCoonoor-road/articleshow/33185688.cms|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Owing to the controversies in which Manekshaw was involved post-retirement, it was reported that his funeral lacked VIP representation, and no national day of mourning was declared which, while not a breach of protocol, was not customary for a leader of national importance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/india/27768634_1_service-chiefs-defence-wellington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513053724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/india/27768634_1_service-chiefs-defence-wellington |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Lone minister represents govt at Manekshaw's funeral |first=Rajat |last=Pandit |date=28 June 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="NRIs">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1176337 |website=DNA – India: Daily News & Analysis |title=NRIs irked by poor Manekshaw farewell |date=7 July 2008 |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014002922/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1176337 |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/no-national-mourning-for-manekshaw/328779/ |title=No national mourning for Manekshaw |date=29 June 2008 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> He was survived by his two daughters and three grandchildren.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=189}}

==Legacy==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=500|caption_align=center
| align = right
|image_style = border:none;
|background color =
| title =
| image1 = The Chief of Army Staff, General Bikram Singh unveiling the statue of Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, in New Delhi on April 03, 2014.jpg
| image2 = Sam_Manekshaw%27s_statue_in_Pune_Cantonment.jpg
| footer = (left) [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] [[General (India)|Gen.]] [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]] unveiling the FM's statue at the Manekshaw Centre.; (right) Manekshaws statue in [[Pune Cantonment]].
}}
Annually, on 16 December, [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]] is celebrated in memory of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |title=Stamp on Manekshaw released |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109233907/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121856742000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref>

The ''Manekshaw Centre'' in [[Delhi Cantonment]] is named for the field marshal. Among the finest institutions of the Indian Army, it is a multi-utility, state of art convention centre, spread over 25 acres of landscaped area. The centre was inaugurated by the [[President of India]] on 21 Oct 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1Ye3bl/eNTNi8J+Sbe4qyg==&ParentID=Jrg9pxjxm8VdTl2EPxx5AQ==#:~:text=Manekshaw%20Centre%20nestled%20in%20the,25%20acres%20of%20landscaped%20area.&text=The%20complex%20has%20been%20named,Marshal%20of%20the%20Indian%20Army. |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref> The biannual Army Commanders' conference, the Army's apex level that formulates policy, takes place at the centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=h3 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/nov01-14/h3.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Army Commander's Conference Begins |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161092 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The Manekshaw parade ground in Bangalore is also named for him. The republic day celebrations of Karnataka are held in this ground every year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day celebration in Bangalore: Witness first-ever pourakarmikas march |url=https://www.republicworld.com/lifestyle/festivals/republic-day-celebration-in-bangalore.html |website=Republic World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru: Republic Day celebrations amidst high security and safety measures |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-republic-day-celebrations-amidst-high-security-and-safety-measures/article33648513.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=24 January 2021}}</ref>

A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Modi’s choice:Flyover in [[Ahmedabad]] to be named after Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web|title=Modi's choice:Flyover in Ahmedabad to be named after Sam Manekshaw|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|website=Desh Gujarat|date=11 September 2008|access-date=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917172557/http://deshgujarat.com/2008/09/11/modis-choiceflyover-in-ahmedabad-to-be-named-after-sam-manekshaw/|archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], in the [[Nilgiris district]], close to the [[Black Bridge (The Nilgiris)|Manekshaw Bridge]] on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009.<ref name="statue" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2009|title=Manekshaw Bridge thrown open to traffic|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407184355/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/10/stories/2009031050300300.htm|archive-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> His statue is also on Menckji Mehta Road in [[Pune Cantonment]].

On his life, [[Meghna Gulzar]] is directing a movie, ''Sam Bahadur'', starring [[Vicky Kaushal]], which is expected to release in late 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewtechauto.com/movie-review/sam-manekshaw-movie-review/|title=Sam Manekshaw Movie Review- Story of India's Greatest General|last=Jyoti|date=2019-03-17|website=Review Tech Auto|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Padma Vibhushan BAR.png|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Poorvi_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|width=106}}[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Military cross BAR.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal.png|width=106}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|
| colspan="1"| [[Padma Vibhushan]](1972)
| colspan= "1"| [[Padma Bhushan]](1968)
|
|-
| colspan="1"| [[General Service Medal 1947]]
| colspan="1"| [[Poorvi Star]]
| colspan="1"| [[Paschimi Star]]
|[[Raksha Medal]]
|-
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan="1"| [[Military Cross|Military Cross (MC)]]
|[[1939–45 Star]]
|-
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|[[India Service Medal]]
|[[Burma Gallantry Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 4 February 1934
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 4 May 1936 {{Sfn|Indian Army|1938|pp=221E}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || July 1940 (acting){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 1 August 1940 (temporary){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 20 February 1941 (war-substantive){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 4 February 1942 (substantive){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] ||British Indian Army || 7 August 1940 (acting){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 20 February 1941 (temporary){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 4 February 1947 (substantive){{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] ||British Indian Army || 30 October 1944 (local){{Sfn|Indian Army|1945|pp=198–199}} 5 May 1946 (acting){{Sfn|Indian Army|1947|pp=198–199}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg|35px]] || Major || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947{{efn|name=BrIRank|Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-5.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] ||Indian Army || 1948 (acting){{efn|name=BrIRank}}{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=43–44}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] ||Indian Army || 1948 (acting){{efn|name=BrIRank}}{{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|pp=43–44}}
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant-Colonel || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (substantive; recommissioning and change in insignia){{Sfn|Panthaki|Panthaki|2016|p=38}}<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 4 February 1952<ref name="col"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 26 February 1950 (acting) April 1954 (acting) 4 February 1957 (substantive)<ref name="subs_brig"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 20 December 1957 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen"/> 1 March 1959 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 2 December 1962 (acting)<ref name="actg_lt_gen"/> 20 July 1963 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 8 June 1969<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=664 |date=19 July 1969 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1969/O-1467-1969-0029-65968.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Field_Marshal_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Field marshal (India)|Field marshal]] || Indian Army || 1 January 1973<ref name="field_marshal">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1 |date=2 January 1973 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1973/E-1306-1973-0001-57777.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India-Extraordinary}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] [[Arjan Singh]]
*[[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa]]

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|title=Disha Children's Yearbook 2018 – General Knowledge Fundamentals and Current Affairs|last=Disha Experts|publisher=Disha Publications|year=2018|isbn=978-93-8742-100-4}}
*{{citation|title=List for October 1938|last=[[Indian Army]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=1938}}
*{{citation|title=List for October 1939|last=[[Indian Army]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=1939}}
*{{citation|title=List for October 1945 (Part I)|last=[[Indian Army]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=1945}}
*{{citation|title=List Special Edition for August 1947|last=Indian Army|publisher=Government of India|year=1947}}
*{{citation|first1=Satinder|last1=Sharma|title=Services Chiefs of India|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7211-162-5|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}
*{{citation|first1=Arvindar|last1=Singh|title=Myths and Realities of Security & Public Affairs|year=2011|isbn=978-81-8430-112-0|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan}}
*{{citation|first1=Depinder|last1=Singh|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, M.C.: Soldiering with Dignity|year=2002|isbn=978-81-85019-02-4|publisher=Natraj Publishers}}
*{{citation|first1=Vijay Kumar|last1=Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|author-link = Vijay Kumar Singh|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&q=9780761933229&pg=PA193|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]}}
*{{citation|first1=Behram M.|last1=Panthaki|first2=Zenobia|last2=Panthaki|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw: the man and his times|year=2016|isbn=978-93-83098-30-9|publisher=Niyogi Books}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{Sort|en|2=[http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=+pFZjV8mz9fc6cOfg7px1g==&ParentID=rLdGLIGh/NUCC0Neg3IFSQ== Sam Manekshaw] at [[Indian Army|Indian Army Website]]}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Sam Manekshaw}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]]
| years = 1959 - 1962
| before = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]]
| after = D Som Dutt}}
{{succession box
|before = Daulet Singh
|title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
|years = 1963–1964
|after = [[Harbaksh Singh]]}}
{{succession box
|before = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]]
|title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|years = 1964–1969
|after =[[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]}}
{{succession box
|before = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam|P P Kumaramangalam]]
|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
|years = 1969–1973
|after = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]}}
{{succession box
|before = [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]]
|title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
|years = 1970–1973
|after = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Military}}{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manekshaw, Sam}}
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Kodandera Madappa Cariappa

2021-08-05T15:44:08Z

Pradip89: Redirected page to K. M. Cariappa

#REDIRECT [[K. M. Cariappa]]

Manoj Mukund Naravane

2021-08-05T15:43:49Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_pref..."

{{short description|Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| name = M M Naravane
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM AVSM SM VSM ADC (1).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start = 31 December 2019
| term_end =
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Bipin Rawat]]
| successor =
| office1 = 40th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 2019
| term_end1 = 31 December 2019
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Devraj Anbu]]
| successor1 = [[Satinder Kumar Saini]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lt-gen-sk-saini-appointed-vice-chief-of-indian-army/articleshow/73595561.cms |title = Lt Gen SK Saini appointed Vice Chief of Indian Army | Pune News - Times of India}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|04|22|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lt-gen-manoj-naravane-to-succeed-gen-bipin-rawat-as-next-army-chief/story-t1atBNDIpoveREJdktlh7N.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Naravane to succeed Gen Bipin Rawat as next army chief|date=16 December 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = June 1980 – present
| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-38750H<ref name="pvsm"/>
| unit = [[Sikh Light Infantry|7 Sikh Light Infantry]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:IA_Eastern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
* [[File:IA_Training_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Army Training Command (India)|ARTRAC]]
* [[II Corps (India)|Kharga Corps]]
* [[Assam Rifles|HQ IGAR (North)]]
* 106 Infantry Brigade
* [[Rashtriya Rifles|2 RR (SikhLI)]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse = Veena Naravane
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
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}}
[[General (India)|General]] '''Manoj Mukund Naravane''' (born 22 April 1960) {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}} is an [[Indian Army]] [[General]] and the current and [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|27th Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS).<ref name="coas-appointed">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195923|title=Lt Gen M.M. Naravane appointed as Chief of Army Staff|date=2019-12-17}}</ref> He took over from [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] on 31 December 2019 after the latter completed his term as the COAS. Prior to his appointment as the COAS, the general served as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|40th Vice Chief of Army Staff]] (VCOAS) of the [[Indian Army]], [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] and [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of [[Army Training Command]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane takes over as GOC-in-C of Indian Army's Eastern Command |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/01/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-as-goc-in-c-of-indian-armys-eastern-command-1879686.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-naravane-relinquishes-charge-of-eastern-command-to-take-over-as-vcoas20190831204951/|title=Lt Gen Naravane relinquishes charge of Eastern Command, to take over as VCOAS|date=2019-08-31}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Naravane hails from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Interesting facts about Lieutenant General Manoj Mukund Naravane who is becoming the new army chief|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/interesting-facts-about-lieutenant-general-manoj-mukund-naravane/articleshow/72830204.cms|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/manoj-naravane-will-be-next-army-chief-after-bipin-rawats-retirement-723040|title=महाराष्ट्राचे सुपूत्र मनोज नरवणे होणार लष्करप्रमुख|first=एबीपी माझा वेब|last=टीम|date=16 December 2019|website=marathi.abplive.com}}</ref> His father, Mukund Naravane, is a former officer in the [[Indian Air Force]] who retired in the rank of [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] and his mother Sudha was an announcer with the [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune: Studious and humble, recall next Army chief's classmates and teacher|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/studious-and-humble-recall-next-army-chiefs-classmates-teacher/articleshow/72785262.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen MM Naravane, other two military chiefs have two things in common |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naravane-other-two-chiefs-are-air-force-kids/story-qHDDcluDro9IzHqNChK1ZL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
He completed his schooling at the [[Jnana Prabodhini Prashala]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane set to be next Army Chief |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-set-to-be-next-army-chief/amp/ar-BBY46S2 |access-date=22 September 2020 |agency=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Naravane is an alumnus of [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]] and [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He also holds a master's degree in Defence Studies from [[University of Madras]], [[Chennai]] and an [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil.]] in Defence and Management Studies from [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Indore]] and he also pursuing PhD in defence and strategic studies from [[Punjabi University, Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The hunt for India's new army chief is on-- here's a profile of the senior-most contender|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-new-army-chief-lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-senior-most-in-the-race/articleshow/69956369.cms|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Naravane has attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] and the [[Army War College, Mhow]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Naravane was commissioned into 7th battalion The Sikh Light Infantry in June 1980. He has commanded the 2nd [[Battalion]] ([[Sikh Light Infantry|SikhLi]]) of [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as well as the 106 Infantry brigade. He has also commanded the [[Assam Rifles]] as Inspector General (North) in [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]. He has served in [[Counterinsurgency operations|Counter-insurgency operations]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Northeast India]], as well as the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Sri Lanka]] during [[Operation Pawan]].<ref name="coas-appointed"/>

His staff assignments include tenures as a [[Brigade Major]] of an Infantry Brigade, Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General (AA&QMG) of Headquarters Establishment No. 22. The General has also served as the [[Defence Attache|Military attaché]] to [[Myanmar]] at [[Yangon]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-naravane-takes-over-as-artrac-chief/506687.html|title=Lt Gen Naravane takes over as ARTRAC chief|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203155307/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-naravane-takes-over-as-artrac-chief/506687.html|archive-date=2017-12-03}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-gen-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-artrac/states/news/1063937.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane takes over Gen officer Commanding-in-chief of ARTRAC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231823/http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-gen-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-artrac/states/news/1063937.html|archive-date=2017-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-break-from-past-lt-gen-doesnt-stand-behind-prime-minister-during-speech-4798628/|title=In break from past, Lt Gen doesn't stand behind Prime Minister during speech|date=2017-08-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-12-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816020122/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-break-from-past-lt-gen-doesnt-stand-behind-prime-minister-during-speech-4798628/|archive-date=2017-08-16|language=en}}</ref>

In addition, he served in an instructional appointment at the [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]], [[Mhow]] as Directing Staff in the Higher Command Wing and two tenures at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] Headquarters of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1596687|title=Lt Gen M.M. Naravane appointed as Chief of Army Staff|website=pib.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>

[[File:Lieutenant General Manoj Mukund Naravane, Army Commander Eastern Command, visited MISA Camp.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Lt Gen Naravane as GOC-in-C Eastern Command in early 2019]]

On promotion to the rank of [[Lieutenant General]], he commanded the [[Ambala]]-based [[II Corps (India)|Kharga Strike Corps]] and served as the [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) Delhi Area. As GOC Delhi Area, he commanded the 2017 [[Republic Day Parade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CNNnews18/status/824477788233203712|title=#RepublicDay 2017 Parade is commanded by Lt. Gen. Manoj Mukund Naravane,Sena Medal,Vishisht Seva Medal General Officer Commanding,Delhi Areapic.twitter.com/LBSSwAOQho|last=News18|date=2017-01-25|website=@CNNnews18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231823/https://twitter.com/CNNnews18/status/824477788233203712|archive-date=2017-12-04|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=169965|title=Press Information Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231824/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=169965|archive-date=2017-12-04|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

After being promoted to Army Commander grade, Naravane served as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]] from 1 December 2017 to 30 September 2018. Later, he also served as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] from 1 October 2018 to 31 August 2019, succeeding Lt Gen [[Abhay Krishna]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-naravane-takes-over-as-artrac-chief/506687.html|title=Lt Gen Naravane takes over as ARTRAC chief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203155307/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-naravane-takes-over-as-artrac-chief/506687.html|archive-date=2017-12-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-gen-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-artrac/states/news/1063937.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane takes over Gen officer Commanding-in-chief of ARTRAC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231823/http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-gen-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-artrac/states/news/1063937.html|archive-date=2017-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 September 2019, he was appointed [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] (VCOAS) when Lt Gen [[Devraj Anbu]] retired on 31 August, and became the senior-most serving general after General [[Bipin Rawat]].<ref name="commanders_appointed">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms|title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|last1=Gurung|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2019-07-23|access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref> On 16 December 2019 ([[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Diwas]] eve) he was announced as the successor of [[General]] [[Bipin Rawat|Rawat]], who relinquished the office of [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] on 31 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-mm-naravane-to-be-next-army-chief20191216220912/|title=Lt Gen MM Naravane to be next Army Chief|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192928|title=Lt Gen MM Naravane assumes appointment of VCOAS|date=2019-09-01|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

General Naravane is the 3rd officer from the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] to become [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] , the other officers from this regiment were the 18th COAS [[General (India)|General]] [[Ved Prakash Malik]] and the 24th COAS [[General (India)|General]] [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-to-be-next-army-chief/article30322649.ece|title=Lt. Gen. Manoj Mukund Naravane to be next Army Chief|newspaper=The Hindu|quote=He will be the third Army Chief from the Sikh Light regiment after Gen VP Malik and Gen Bikram Singh.|date=2019-12-16|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Naravane hails from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. He likes painting, yoga and gardening. His wife, Veena Naravane, is a teacher with 25 years of experience. She is the president of [[Army Wives Welfare Association]]. They have two daughters.<ref name=":1" />

== Honours and decorations ==
During his career, he has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2019), [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2017), [[Sena Medal]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|Vishist Seva Medal]] (2015), and the CoAS commendation card for his service.<ref name="pvsm">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1561454|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=157683|title=Press Information Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224720/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=157683|archive-date=2017-10-13|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114924|title=Ashok Chakra Awarded to NK Neeraj Kumar Singh of 13 Rajputana Rifles (Posthumous) 374 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231824/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114924|archive-date=2017-12-04|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> He is also the Colonel of the Regiment of the [[Sikh Light Infantry]], he took over this honour from previous colonel of the Regiment Lt Gen [[Devraj Anbu]] post his retirement.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|-
| colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| colspan="1"|[[Sena Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="1"|[[Operation Vijay Medal|Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|
[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]
|
[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|
[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 7 June 1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=674 |date=16 May 1981 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0960-1981-0020-42638.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1982<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1514 |date=11 December 1982 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1982/O-0922-1982-0050-40845.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1985<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=924 |date=7 June 1986 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1986/O-0725-1986-0023-32306.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 7 June 1991<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=813 |date=25 April 1992 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0468-1992-0017-18752.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 31 December 2002<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1053 |date=31 July 2004 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2004/W_31_2011_102.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 February 2005<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=411 |date=25 March 2006 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2006/W_12_2011_094.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 19 July 2010 (substantive, seniority from 13 January 2008)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=636 |date=5 May 2012 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/W_18_2012_164.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 January 2013 (substantive, seniority from 7 April 2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=428 |date=22 March 2014 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158718.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 10 November 2015 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=478 |date=20 February 2016 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168202.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}
</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 31 December 2019
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{commons category-inline|Manoj Mukund Naravane}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}{{succession box
| title = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 31 December 2019 – present
| before = [[Bipin Rawat]]
| after = Incumbent
}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1 September 2019 – 30 December 2019
| before = [[Devraj Anbu]]
| after = [[Satinder Kumar Saini]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| years = 1 October 2018 – 31 August 2019
| before = [[Abhay Krishna]]
| after = [[Anil Chauhan]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]]
| years = 1 December 2017 – 30 September 2018
| before = [[Dewan Rabindranath Soni]]
| after = [[Pattacheruvanda C Thimayya]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] Delhi Area
| years = January 2017- 30 November 2017
| before = Vijay Singh
| after = Asit Mistry
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[II Corps (India)|Kharga Corps]]
| years = January 2016 - January 2017
| before = Amarjeet Singh
| after = [[Jaiveer Singh Negi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naravane, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]

Bipin Rawat

2021-08-05T15:43:44Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{pp-pc1}} {{short description|Current Chief of Defence Staff of India}} {{pp-pc|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}} {{Inf..."

{{pp-pc1}}
{{short description|Current Chief of Defence Staff of India}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = '''[[General (India)|General]]'''
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=90%|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| image = Bipin Rawat Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gen. Bipin Rawat after taking charge as CDS
| office = 1st [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| term_start = {{start date|2020|01|01|df=yes}}
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| office1 = 57th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|2019|09|27|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| successor1 = Office abolished
| office2 = 26th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{end date|2019|12|31|df=yes}}
| president2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| successor2 = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lt-gen-manoj-mukund-naravane-to-be-next-army-chief-11576512004693.html|title=Lt Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane to be next Army Chief|publisher=LiveMint|access-date=16 December 2019|date=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| office3 = 37th [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|2016|09|01|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{end date|2016|12|31|df=yes}}
| president3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Man Mohan Singh Rai]]
| successor3 = [[Sarath Chand]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|03|16}}
| death_date =
| birth_place =[[Pauri]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 16 December 1978 {{endash}} present
| rank = [[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|23px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-35471M<ref name="pvsm-pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187777|title=411 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|date=2019-01-25}}</ref>
| unit = [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
| commands = [[File:IA Southern Command.jpg|20px]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] [[MONUSCO|MONUSCO North Kivu Brigade]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Rashtriya Rifles, Sector 5]] [[11 Gorkha Rifles|5/11 Gorkha Rifles]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| relations = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Laxman Singh Rawat (Father)
| alma_mater = [[National Defence Academy]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Indian Military Academy]] [[Defence Services Staff College]] ([[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]]) [[United States Army Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command & General Staff College]] (ILE) [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| laterwork =
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'''[[General (India)|General]] Bipin Rawat''', {{Post-nominals|size=90%|country=IND|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}} (born 16 March 1958)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-set-to-be-indias-first-cds-1.68733228 | title=Army Chief Gen Bipin Rawat set to be India's first CDS}}</ref> is a [[Four-star rank|four star general]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He is the first and current [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of India. On 30 December 2019, he was appointed as the first CDS of India and assumed office from 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=196194|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-first-chief-of-defence-staff-1632572-2019-12-30|title=Army chief General Bipin Rawat named India's first Chief of Defence Staff|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-amends-army-rules-to-allow-chief-of-defence-staff-to-serve-till-65/articleshow/73019504.cms|title=Govt amends Army rules to allow chief of defence staff to serve till 65|work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/m.economictimes.com/news/defence/a-brief-look-at-general-bipin-rawat-indias-first-cds/amp_articleshow/73029309.cms?usqp=mq331AQCKAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=Who is Bipin Rawat: A brief look at General Bipin Rawat, India's first CDS|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> Prior to taking over as the CDS, he served as [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as well as [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|26th Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gen-rawat-takes-over-as-chairman-of-chiefs-of-staff-committee/article29528935.ece|title=Gen. Rawat takes over as Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rawat was born in [[Pauri]], [[Uttarakhand]] in a [[Hindu]] [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand - Times of India|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221184712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The family had been serving in the Indian Army for multiple generations. His father Laxman Singh Rawat was from Sainj village of the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] and rose to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|title=Gen Bipin Rawat known for operational skills and strategic expertise|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224233624/http://news.webindia123.com/News/Articles/India/20161217/3015239.html|archive-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|title=Top positions in country's security establishments helmed by men from Uttarakhand - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220002909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/top-positions-in-countrys-security-establishments-helmed-by-men-from-ukhand/articleshow/56056880.cms|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|title=Bipin Rawat to have full three years tenure|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/dec/19/bipin-rawat-to-have-full-three-years-tenure-1550946.html|archive-date=2016-12-21}}</ref> His mother was from the [[Uttarkashi district]] and was the daughter of Kishan Singh Parmar, the ex-[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Uttarkashi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=Press Trust of |title=Army Chief visits mother's ancestral village |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-chief-visits-mother-s-ancestral-village-119092001353_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

Rawat attended [[Cambrian Hall|Cambrian Hall School]] in [[Dehradun]] and the [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/rawat-visits-alma-mater-artrac-772528|title=Rawat visits alma mater}}</ref> He then joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khadakwasla]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]], where he was awarded the 'Sword of Honour'.

Rawat is also a graduate of the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] and the Higher Command Course at the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander|date=2016-01-02|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|archive-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|title=UN commander says hands are tied in Congo|last=Goma|first=By David Blair in|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/3472724/UN-commander-says-hands-are-tied-in-Congo.html|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|title=Lt General Bipin Rawat: Master of surgical strikes - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219175826/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-general-bipin-rawat-master-of-surgical-strikes/articleshow/56054559.cms|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref> From his tenure at the DSSC, he has a [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] degree in Defence Studies as well as diplomas in Management and Computer Studies from [[University of Madras]]. In 2011, he was awarded a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctorate of Philosophy]] by [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]], [[Meerut]] for his research on military-media strategic studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|title=Chief-designate for peace on border: 'Some disputes not for Army to settle'|date=2016-12-19|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218203003/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/chief-designate-for-peace-on-border-some-disputes-not-for-army-to-settle-4434284/|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|title=GENERAL BIPIN RAWAT takes over as the 27th COAS of the INDIAN ARMY|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002700/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=156038|archive-date=2017-01-01|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

==Military career==
Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion of [[11 Gorkha Rifles]] on 16 December 1978, the same unit as his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat takes over as new Army Commander|date=2 January 2016|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225044152/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-bipin-rawat-takes-over-as-new-army-commander/|archive-date=25 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|title=In surprise move, Lt. Gen. Bipin Rawat appointed next Army Chief|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|access-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193836/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/In-surprise-move-Lt.-Gen.-Bipin-Rawat-appointed-next-Army-Chief/article16896802.ece|archive-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2016}}</ref> He has much experience in high-altitude warfare and spent ten years conducting [[Counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name=":2" />

He commanded a [[Company (military unit)|company]] in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as a [[Major]].
As a [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], he commanded his battalion, the 5th battalion [[11 Gorkha Rifles]], in the Eastern sector along the [[Line of Actual Control]] at [[Kibithu]].
Promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded 5 Sector of [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in [[Sopore]]. He then commanded a multinational [[Brigade]] in a Chapter VII mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ([[MONUSCO]]) where he was twice awarded the Force Commander’s Commendation.

After promotion to [[Major General]], Rawat took over as the [[General Officer Commanding]] [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] (Uri). As a [[Lieutenant General]], he commanded [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], headquartered in [[Dimapur]] before taking over the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] in [[Pune]].

He also held staff assignments which included an instructional tenure at the [[Indian Military Academy]] ([[Dehradun]]), General Staff Officer Grade 2 at the Military Operations Directorate, logistics staff officer of a Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in central India, Colonel Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch and Senior Instructor in the Junior Command Wing. He also served as the Major General General Staff (MGGS) of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].

After being promoted to the Army Commander grade, Rawat assumed the post of [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] on 1 January 2016. After a short stint, he assumed the post of [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]] on 1 September 2016.

On 17 December 2016, the Government of India appointed him as the 27th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], superseding two more senior [[Lieutenant General]]s, [[Praveen Bakshi]] and [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz|P. M. Hariz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|title=India Army Gets China Border Experienced General|publisher=ABC Live|issue=online|agency=ABC Live|last1=Jatinder|first1=Kaur|access-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220153709/http://abclive.in/india-army-china-border-experienced-general/|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> He took office of [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] as the 27th COAS on 31 December 2016, after retirement of General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The path of glory: exploits of the 11 Gorkha Rifles|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1988|author=Gautam Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2016-12-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082340/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=149410|archive-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>

He is the third officer from the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Brigade]] to become the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], after [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] and [[General (India)|General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]. On his visit to the United States in 2019, General Rawat was inducted to the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] International Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Rawat inducted into his alma mater's International Hall of Fame in US|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/general-rawat-inducted-into-his-alma-mater-s-international-hall-of-fame-in-us-119040500337_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=5 April 2019|access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> He is also the honorary General of [[Nepalese Army]]. It has been a tradition between the Indian and Nepali armies to confer the honorary rank of General to each other's chiefs to signify their close and special military ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/general-bipin-rawat-nepal-army-bidhya-devi-bhandari-968426-2017-03-29|title=General Bipin Rawat made honorary General of Nepal Army|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref>

===1987 Sino-Indian skirmish===
During the [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish|1987 face off]] in the [[Sumdorong Chu]] valley, Rawat's battalion was deployed against the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi/1/837176.html|title=Why General Rawat made the cut which General Bakshi failed to|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217204522/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-chief-general-bipin-rawat-bakshi/1/837176.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref> The standoff was the first military confrontation along the disputed [[McMahon Line]] after the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]].

===UN Mission in Congo===
While commanding [[MONUSCO]] (a Multinational Brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]), Rawat had a truly outstanding tour. Within two weeks of deployment in the DRC, the Brigade faced a major offensive in the east which threatened not only the regional capital of [[North Kivu]], [[Goma]], but stability across the country as a whole. The situation demanded a rapid response and North Kivu Brigade was reinforced, where it was responsible for over 7,000 men and women, representing nearly half of the total MONUSCO force. Whilst simultaneously engaged in offensive kinetic operations against the CNDP and other armed groups, Rawat (then [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]) carried out tactical support to the Congolese Army ([[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]]), sensitization programmes with the local population and detailed coordination to ensure that all were informed about the situation and worked together in prosecuting operations whilst trying to protect the vulnerable population. This hectic period of operational tempo lasted a full four months and during this time Rawat, his headquarters and his international Brigade, were tested to the full, across the operational spectrum. His personal leadership, courage and experience were pivotal to the success that the Brigade achieved. [[Goma]] never fell, the East stabilized and the main armed group was motivated to the negotiating table and has since been integrated into the [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]]. He was also tasked to present the Revised Charter of Peace Enforcement to the Special Representatives of the Secretary General and Force Commanders of all the UN missions in a special conference at [[Wilton Park]], [[London]] on 16 May 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|title=How Lt Gen Rawat changed the face of UN peacekeeping in conflict-hit Congo|date=2016-12-18|newspaper=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218200919/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-changed-the-face-of-un-peacekeeping-in-conflict-hit-congo/story-RLHFqcvPhzvZzeLdiL1u8M.html|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref>

[[File:Bipin Rawat Baton.jpg|thumb|right|250px|General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]] handing over the baton to Gen Bipin Rawat at the Army HQ]]

===2015 Myanmar strikes===
In June 2015, eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an [[2015 Manipur ambush|ambush]] by militants belonging to the [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]] (UNLFW) in [[Manipur]]. The Indian Army responded with [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|cross-border strikes]] in which units of the 21st battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] struck an NSCN-K base in [[Myanmar]]. [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para]] was under the operational control of the [[Dimapur]] based [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], which was then commanded by Rawat.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|title=Rawat's appointment as Army chief is in line with Modi's aggressive foreign policy|last=Datta|first=Saikat|newspaper=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219123814/http://scroll.in/article/824529/rawats-appointment-as-army-chief-is-in-line-with-modis-aggressive-foreign-policy|archive-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

===Bilateral visits as Chief of the Army Staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Date
!Purpose
!References
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2017'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|28 - 31 March
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Defence Minister.
* Visited a high-altitude military warfare training centre at [[Pokhara]] and [[Muktinath]].
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|title=Indian Army Chief Gen Rawat to visit Nepal|date=2017-03-19|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319135320/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-army-chief-gen-rawat-to-visit-nepal/story-Y2HwouDcs0JbqW4rXSWu5L.html|archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160098)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-03-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141654/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160098%29|archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|31 March - 2 April
|
* Bilateral discussions with President, Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff.
* Visited headquarters of an infantry division and armoured corps at [[Bogra]].
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|title=Indian army chief arrives in Dhaka {{!}} Dhaka Tribune|date=2017-03-31|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331133439/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/31/indian-army-chief-arrives-dhaka/|archive-date=2017-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}
|27 - 30 April
|
* Audience with King of Bhutan.
* Goodwill visit.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:161383)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A161383%29|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}
|28 - 31 May
|
* Bilateral discussions with [[State Counsellor of Myanmar|State Counseller]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)|Union Minister for Foreign Affairs]], [[Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]], [[Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services]] and [[Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Army|Commander-in-Chief of Army]].
* Visited National Defence College, [[Nay Pyi Taw]] and [[Defence Services Academy]], [[Pyin Oo Lwin|Pwin Oo Lwin]].
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:162203)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-05-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A162203%29|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
|1 - 3 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Defence Minister, Chairman of the National Security Committee, Vice Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces of Kazakhstan.
* Visited elite Air Assault Brigade and National Defence University in Astana
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:169337)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-08-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801073043/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A169337%29|archive-date=2017-08-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan }}
|4 - 5 August
|
* Bilateral discussions with Minister of Defence & Secretary, National Security Council, First Deputy Minister & Chief of General Staff, Commanders of Land, Naval, Air & Air Defence Forces
* Visited the Military Institute & Military Academy
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2018'''
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|12 - 14 February
|
* Bilateral meetings with President and Prime Minister
* Chief guest at Army day of the [[Nepalese Army]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-chief-on-three-day-visit-to-nepal-from-tomorrow/articleshow/62875071.cms|title=Indian Army chief on three-day visit to Nepal from tomorrow|date=2018-02-11|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-in-nepal-for-nepali-army-day201802130857220003/|title=Army Chief Gen Bipin Rawat in Nepal for Nepali Army Day|website=aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-chief-gen-bipin-rawat-in-nepal-to-meet-prez-pm/story-5e8lzBZCrMj6Apv0vCl4DI.html|title=Indian Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat in Nepal, to meet Prez, PM|date=2018-02-13|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|14 - 17 May
|
* Bilateral meetings with President, Prime Minister and Chiefs of Sri Lankan Armed Forces
* Visited the [[Sri Lanka Military Academy]], Diyatalawa and military establishments at [[Kandy]] and [[Trincomalee]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2018/05/11/chief-of-staff-of-the-indian-army-general-rawat-to-visit-sri-lanka/|title=Chief of Staff of the Indian Army General Rawat to visit Sri Lanka {{!}} The Sunday Leader|website=thesundayleader.lk|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179251|title=Visit of Coas to Sri Lanka|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|1 - 6 October
|
* Bilateral meetings with senior military officers
* Visited the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Western Military District HQ (St Petersburg) and HQ and General Staff Academy at Moscow
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183854|title=Visit of COAS to Russia|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|22 - 25 November
|
* Bilateral meetings with Defence Minister, Deputy Chief of the General Staff and other senior military personnel
* Visited the HQ of an infantry division near Hanoi and 7 Military Region HQ at Ho Chi Minh City
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=185855|title=Visit of COAS to Vietnam|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}} {{Flag|Kenya}}
|17 - 20 December
|
* Met senior civil and military leaders of the two countries
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186443|title=Visit of COAS to Tanzania and Kenya}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''2019'''
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|2 - 5 April
|
* Bilateral meetings with [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[General (United States)|General]] [[Mark A. Milley]] and [[General (United States)|General]] [[Joseph Dunford]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]
* Visited the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York|West Point]] and the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189616|title=Visit of Chief of the Army Staff to USA|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|22x22px]][[Maldives]]
|30 Sept - 3 Oct 2019
|
* Interacted with the hierarchy of the Maldivian government and armed forces.
* visit aimed at strengthening close bilateral defense ties between the two nations.
* Army Chief meet Mr Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, Hon'ble President of Maldives, Ms Mariya Ahmed Didi, minister of defense, Mr Abdullah Shahid, foreign minister and Major General Abdulla Shamaal, chief of National Defense Forces.
* Military vehicles and military equipment exchanged
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=193492|title=Visit of General Bipin Rawat, Coas to Maldives|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref>
|}

==Honours and decorations==
During his career span of over 40 years, he has been awarded for gallantry and distinguished service with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Yudh Seva Medal]], [[Sena Medal]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Car|COAS Commendation]] on two occasions and the Army Commander’s Commendation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-indian-army-chief-birender-singh-dhanoa-air-force-4432972/|title=Superseding two senior Lt Gens, Bipin Rawat is new Army Chief; Dhanoa to head Air Force|date=2016-12-18|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218011736/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bipin-rawat-indian-army-chief-birender-singh-dhanoa-air-force-4432972/|archive-date=2016-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-new-chief-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-air-force-bs-dhanoa/1/837110.html|title=Lt Gen Bipin Rawat appointed new Army chief, Air Marshal BS Dhanoa as new Air Force chief|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193928/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-new-chief-lt-gen-bipin-rawat-air-force-bs-dhanoa/1/837110.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|title=Eight things you need to know about new army chief Bipin Rawat|date=2016-12-17|newspaper=Hindustantimes|access-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217193532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-things-you-need-to-know-about-new-army-chief-bipin-rawat/story-BDd2pWxRd44X44Z1lIog8N.html|archive-date=2016-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/12/18/bipin-rawat-new-army-chief-has-what-government-wants-operational-experience-syed-ata-hasnain-defence|title=New Army Chief Has What the Govt Wants: Nuts-and-Bolts Experience|newspaper=The Quint|access-date=2016-12-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130653/https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/12/18/bipin-rawat-new-army-chief-has-what-government-wants-operational-experience-syed-ata-hasnain-defence|archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-08|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008155412/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135773|archive-date=2017-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lt-gen-mathews-takes-over-as-goc-of-indias-only-desert-corps/|title=Lt Gen Mathews takes over as GoC of India's only desert corps|date=2014-09-01|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon= Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Wound_Medal-India.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=MONUC_Medal_bar.gif|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[MONUSCO]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 16 December 1978<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=212 |date=21 February 1981 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0959-1981-0008-42603.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=995 |date=1 August 1981 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1981/O-0961-1981-0031-42646.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 31 July 1984<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=375 |date=23 March 1985 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0012-34591.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 16 December 1989<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1746 |date=3 November 1990 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1990/O-2466-1990-0044-112602.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 June 1998<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=811 |date=18 May 2002 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2002/O-2520-2002-0020-114254.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 August 2003<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=974 |date=25 June 2005 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_26_2011_116.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 October 2007 (seniority from 17 May 2007)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=254 |date=21 February 2009 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_8_2010_009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 20 October 2011 (substantive, seniority from 11 May 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=95 |date=19 January 2013 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_3_2013_205.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2014 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2366 |date=20 December 2014 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/162120.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 1 January 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=223 |date=25 March 2017 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/174966.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Rank insignia for India CDS.svg|35px]]|| [[General (India)|General]] (CDS) || [[Indian Armed Forces]] (tri-service)|| 31 December 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=General Bipin Rawat Appointed as Chief of Defence Staff|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598029|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 December 2019|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| years = 1 January 2020
| before = office established
| after = Incumbent}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| years = 27 September 2019–31 December 2019
| before = [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| after = office abolished}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 31 December 2016 – 31 December 2019
| before = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| after = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1 September 2016 – 31 December 2016
| before = [[Man Mohan Singh Rai]]
| after = [[Sarath Chand]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
| years = 1 January 2016 – 31 July 2016
| before = [[Ashok Singh (general)|Ashok Singh]]
| after = [[Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz]]}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]
| years = 1 September 2014 – 23 November 2015
| before = [[S. L. Narasimhan]]
| after = [[Abhay Krishna]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-tzofa0vu0 Guard of honour during the handover ceremony in 2019]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Bipin}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the National Defence College, India]]

General (India)

2021-08-05T15:43:24Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Infobox military rank | name = General | image = 150px | image_size = 150 | caption = Flag of a gen..."

{{Infobox military rank
| name = General
| image = [[File:Flag of Indian Generals.svg|border|150px]]
| image_size = 150
| caption = Flag of a general
| image2 = General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg
| image_size2 = 70
| caption2 = Rank insignia of a general
| image3 =
| image_size3 =
| caption3 =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| service branch = {{army|India}}
| abbreviation = Gen
| rank = [[Four-star rank]]
| NATO rank =
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation =
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Field marshal (India)|Field marshal]]
| lower rank = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]]
| equivalents = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] ([[Indian Navy]]) [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air chief marshal]] ([[Indian Air Force]])
| history =
}}
{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}
'''General''' is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] [[general officer]] rank in the [[Indian Army]]. It is the highest active rank in the Indian Army. General ranks above the [[three-star rank]] of [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and below the [[five-star rank]] of [[Field marshal (India)|field marshal]], which is largely a war-time or ceremonial rank.

A general may be referred to as a full general or four-star general to distinguish them from lower [[general officer]] ranks like [[Lieutenant General (India)|lieutenant general]] and [[major general]].

The rank is held by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS), the professional head of the [[Indian Army]], and may also be held by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS). Until 1 January 2020, when the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) was established, the COAS was the only officer to hold the rank of full general. Since the creation of the post and the appointment of General [[Bipin Rawat]] as the first CDS, there are two serving full generals for the first time in Independent India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title='Quintessential Army man' General Manoj Mukund Naravane takes over as chief |url=https://theprint.in/defence/quintessential-army-man-general-manoj-mukund-naravane-takes-over-as-chief/342892/ |website=ThePrint |date=31 December 2019}}</ref>

The two current generals in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] are General [[Bipin Rawat]] (Chief of Defence Staff) and General [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] (Chief of the Army Staff).

The equivalent rank in the [[Indian Navy]] is [[Admiral (India)|admiral]] and in the [[Indian Air Force]] is [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|air chief marshal]].

[[File:General_Manoj_Mukund_Naravane,_PVSM,_AVSM,_SM,_VSM,_ADC_takes_over_as_the_Chief_of_Army_Staff_COAS_of_the_Indian_Army.jpg|thumb|General M M Naravane in uniform]]

==Insignia==
The badges of rank have a crossed sword and baton over a five-pointed star and [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka emblem]] above.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=LIiNdtO/x4O9toMkmfjaQFWYZzkVm/rTdL4uRicHmRM=&ParentID=wgsBCImdjbR/27+tUKRW13Bb1Fi591IofVN9AKRGCA4=&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ== |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref>

The [[gorget patches]] of a general are:
* CDS - maroon patches with four golden stars and golden laurel wreath
* COAS - crimson patches with four golden stars and golden laurel wreath

==Appointment and term length==
Appointments to the office of CDS and COAS are made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), which is chaired by the [[Prime Minister of India]].

The term length of the Chief of Defence Staff is three years or until the age of 65 of the holder, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiDecember 29 |first1=Manjeet Singh Negi New |last2=December 29 |first2=Manjeet Singh Negi New |last3=Ist |first3=Manjeet Singh Negi New |title=Maximum age limit for Chief of Defence Staff put at 65 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-rules-changed-cheif-of-defense-staff-new-age-for-retirement-nuclear-facility-1632415-2019-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Chief of the Army Staff reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Government amends rules to allow Chief of Defence Staff to serve up to maximum age of 65 years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/maximum-age-limit-for-chief-of-defence-staff-put-at-65/articleshow/73019479.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=29 December 2019}}</ref>

==Order of precedence==
A general ranks at No. 12 on the [[Indian order of precedence]], along with the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|CDS]] and the Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] (the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] and the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|CAS]]).<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web |work=Office of the President of India |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=2010-08-05 |date=1979-08-26 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf |title=President's Secretariat}}</ref> A general is at pay level 18, equivalent to [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] (at No. 11 on the warrant of precedence), with a monthly pay of ₹250,000 (US$3,500).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiJune 29 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |last2=June 29 |first2=India Today Web Desk New |last3=Ist |first3=India Today Web Desk New |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army]]
* [[Army ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{Indian Army}}

[[Category:Military insignia|India Army]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

Samman Guard

2021-08-05T15:43:09Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Infobox musical composition | name = Samman Guard | type = March | image = File:Seychelles President James Michel receiving..."

{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Samman Guard
| type = [[March (music)|March]]
| image = [[File:Seychelles President James Michel receiving a guard of honour at Rashtrapati Bhawan.jpg|250px]]
| caption = [[President of Seychelles|Seychelles President]] [[James Michel]] receiving a [[guard of honour]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]]. ''Samman Guard'' is the march played by [[Indian military bands]] during inspections of guards of honour during [[state visit]]s.
|native_name = सम्मान गार्ड
|client = [[Indian army]]
|composed = 29 January 1999
|publisher = [[Saregama]]
| misc =
| composer = L. B. Gurung
}}
'''Samman Guard''' ([[English language|English]]: The Guard of Honour, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: सम्मान गार्ड) is the official slow march of the [[Indian Army]]. The music was originally composed by L. B. Gurung on January 29, 1999 as the last song in the ''Martial Music Of The Indian Army Vol. 1'' Album.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=Samman+Guard&source=bl&ots=lMkfEP5IKG&sig=ACfU3U2IgeMDyzucPNwmVswwKCo9GSbKSg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSgdLAuOvmAhULPK0KHcptCvM4ChDoATAKegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Samman%20Guard&f=false</ref> It was released under the [[Saregama|Saregama record label]].<ref>https://www.pendujatt.com/hindi-songs/song/samman-guard-lb-gurung-jrxc.html</ref>

==See also ==
; India related
* [[Band of the Brigade of Gurkhas]]
* [[Delhi_Republic_Day_parade#Beating Retreat|Beating retreat in India]]
* [[Deshon Ka Sartaj Bharat]]
* [[Indian military bands]]
* [[Indian Army Chief's Band]]
* [[Military Music Wing]]
* [[Music of India]]
* [[President's Bodyguard]]
* [[Tri-Services Guard of Honour (India)]]

; Other related
* [[Guard of honour]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=76_v4_qinC0]

[[Category:1999 compositions]]
[[Category:1999 songs]]
[[Category:Indian military marches]]

Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja

2021-08-05T15:42:59Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Short description|Indian regimental march}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}} {{Infobox musical composition | name =..."

{{Short description|Indian regimental march}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = "Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja"
| type = [[March (music)|March]]
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]])
| misc = <center>[[File:Kadam Kadam Badhaye Ja.ogg]]</center>
| written = 1942
| composer = [[Ram Singh Thakuri]]
| text = Vanshidhar Shukla
}}
"'''Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja'''" ([[Hindi]]: क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा; [[Urdu]]: قدم قدم بڑھائے جا) was the regimental quick march of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]]. Written by Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by [[Ram Singh Thakur]]i, it was banned by the British in [[India]] after [[World War II]] as seditious, with the ban subsequently being lifted in August 1947. The song has since become a patriotic anthem in India, and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including [[C. Ramachandra]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and recently by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] in the film [[Gumnaami]] by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. The song is currently the regimental quick march of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="ref90yocij">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bhlAAAAAMAAJ Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian war of independence], Satish Chandra Maikap, pp. 352, Punascha, 1998, {{oclc|39292599}}, ''... I. N. A. Marching Song Qadam qadam bar'haye ja ...''</ref><ref name="ref46lucoq">[https://books.google.com/books?id=YwZs02kZSxAC Reflections And Reminiscences Of Police Officers], Sankar Sen, pp. 90, Concept Publishing Company, 2006, {{ISBN|9788180692369}}.</ref>

==Lyrics==

{|
![[Devnagari script]]
![[Nastaliq script]]
![[Romanization#Devanagari–nastaʿlīq (Hindustani)|Romanized Hindustani]]
!Translation
|-
|
<poem>
क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

तू शेर-ए-हिन्द आगे बढ़
मरने से तू कभी न डर
उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर
जोश-ए-वतन बढ़ाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे
ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे
जो सामने तेरे खड़े
तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

चलो दिल्ली पुकार के
क़ौमी-निशाँ संभाल के
लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के
लहराये जा लहराये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा
</poem>
|
<poem>
قدم قدم بڑھائے جا
خوشی کے گیت گایے جا
یہ زندگی ہے قوم کی
تو قوم پے لٹایے جا

تو شیر ہند آگے بڑھ
مرنے سے تو کبھی نہ ڈر
اڑا کے دشمنوں کا سر
جوش وطن بڑھائے جا

قدم قدم بڑھائے جا
خوشی کے گیت گایے جا
یہ زندگی ہے قوم کی
تو قوم پے لٹایے جا

ہمت تیری بڑھتی رہے
خدا تیری سنتا رہے
جو سامنے تیرے کھڑے
تو خاک میں ملایے جا

قدم قدم بڑھائے جا
خوشی کے گیت گایے جا
یہ زندگی ہے قوم کی
تو قوم پے لٹایے جا

چلو دلی پکار کے
قومی نشاں سنبھال کے
لال قلعے پے گاڑ کے
لہرایے جا لہرایے جا

قدم قدم بڑھائے جا
خوشی کے گیت گایے جا
یہ زندگی ہے قوم کی
تو قوم پے لٹایے جا
</poem>
|
<poem>
Qadam qadam baṛhāye jā
khushī ke gīt gāye jā
ye zindagī hai qaum kī
tū qaum pe lutāye jā

Tū sher-e-hind āge baṛh
marne se tū kabhī na dar
uṛā ke dushmanon kā sar
josh-e-watan baṛhāye jā

Qadam qadam baṛhāye jā
khushī ke gīt gāye jā
ye zindagī hai qaum kī
tū qaum pe lutāye jā

Himmat terī baṛhtī rahe
khudā terī suntā rahe
jo sāmne tere khaṛe
tū khāq men milāye jā

Qadam qadam baṛhāye jā
khushī ke gīt gāye jā
ye zindagī hai qaum kī
tū qaum pe lutāye jā

Chalo dillī pukār ke
qaumī-nishān sambhāl ke
Lāl qile pe gāṛ ke
lahrāye jā lahrāye jā

Qadam qadam baṛhāye jā
khushī ke gīt gāye jā
ye zindagī hai qaum kī
tū qaum pe lutāye jā
</poem>
|
<poem>
Keep stepping, stepping forward,
keep singing songs of happiness!
Your life belongs to the people,
spend it in their servitude!

Move forward, you, the lion of [[India]],
don't ever be afraid of death.
By blowing off the enemy's head,
raise the spirits of your nation!

Keep stepping, stepping forward,
keep singing songs of happiness!
Your life belongs to the people,
spend it in their servitude!

May your courage be ever increasing,
may God keep listening to you.
Whoever stands in your way,
may he/she turn into ash!

Keep stepping, stepping forward,
keep singing songs of happiness!
Your life belongs to the people,
spend it in their servitude!

Shout "to [[Delhi]]",
holding the banner of your people,
plant it on the [[Red Fort]],
let it fly, let it fly!

Keep stepping, stepping forward,
keep singing songs of happiness!
Your life belongs to the people,
spend it in their servitude!
</poem>
|}

==References==
;Sources
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020504/windows/main2.htm A tribute to the legendary composer of National Anthem]
*[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/24bose.htm Rahman's tunes bring Bose back]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070819122737/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/BANDSTAND/armyband.html (Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja .. (Every Step, Forward..)) Band of INA]
*Songwriter: http://bigsurmise.com/India_Songs/Indian_Songs.php?val=39

;Notes
{{reflist}}

{{Indian National Army}}

[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:1942 songs]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Indian military marches]]

{{mil-hist-stub}}

Operation Brasstacks

2021-08-05T15:42:45Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Short description|Major combined Indian military exercise in Rajasthan, India}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}} {{operational p..."

{{Short description|Major combined Indian military exercise in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{operational plan
| name =Operation Brasstacks
| partof =
| image =[[File:India Rajasthan locator map.svg|250px]]
| caption =
| scope =
| type =[[Indian Army]] [[Military exercise]]
| location =
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| planned = [[General (India)|General]] [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|CoAS]]
| planned_by =[[Western Command (India)|Western Army Command]] [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]
| objective =Deployment of all [[:Category:Commands of the Indian Army|Army commands]] of [[Indian Army]]
| target =[[Sindh|Southern Pakistan]]
| date =
| time =
| time-begin =18 November 1986
| time-end =6 March 1987
| timezone =
| executed_by =[[Indian Army]]
| outcome =Exercises were halted; Pakistan redeployment its armed forces [[Cricket diplomacy]] defused the threat
| casualties =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
'''Operation Brasstacks''' was a major [[combined arms]] [[military exercise]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in [[Rajasthan]] state of India, that took place in 1986 until its execution{{clarify|date=July 2020}} in 1987.<ref name="Euroasia review">{{cite web |title=India Toying With Dangerous Cold Start War Doctrine – Analysis |publisher=Euroasia Review |access-date=31 October 2012|author=Brigadier-General Muhammad Aslam Khan Niazi of Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/29102011-india-toying-with-dangerous-cold-start-war-doctrine-analysis/}}</ref>

As part of a series of exercises to simulate the operational capabilities of the [[Indian armed forces]], it was the major and largest mobilization of Indian forces on the [[Indian subcontinent]], involving the combined strength of two Army Commands - almost 500,000 troops - half the Indian Army. Operation Brasstacks was tasked with two objectives: the initial goal was the deployment of ground troops.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|last=GS|title=Brass Tacks|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/brass-tacks.htm|work=Global Security.org|publisher=Global Security|access-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> The other objective was to conduct a series of [[amphibious assault]] exercises by the [[Indian Navy]] near to the Pakistan naval base.{{which|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Global Security"/> Operation Brasstacks involved numbers of infantry, mechanized, air assault divisions, and 500,000 army personnel who were massed within 100 miles of Pakistan.<ref name="Global Security"/> An amphibious assault group formed from Indian naval forces was planned and deployed near to the [[Korangi Creek]] of [[Karachi Division]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Global Security"/> However, the most important aim of this war alert simulation was to determine tactical [[nuclear strategy]], overseen by the Indian Army.<ref name="Global Security"/>

The military strategists of the [[Pakistan Military]] regarded this [[war game]] as a threatening exhibition of overwhelming conventional force, and the most critical moment in [[India–Pakistan relations]]. Pakistani military strategists even viewed this war game as reprisal{{clarify|date=July 2020| reason=rehearsal not reprisal?}} of [[nuclear war]].<ref name="Pakistan Link News">{{cite news |title=The Nuclear Danger in South Asia|url=http://pakistanlink.org/Commentary/2006/March06/03/02.HTM|access-date=31 October 2012|date=6 March 2012|author=Shafik H. Hashmi, Professor Emeritus of Political Science Georgia Southern University|agency=Pakistan Link News}}</ref> The security information website ''Global Security.org'' characterized Operation Brasstacks as "bigger than any [[Operation Strikeback|NATO exercise]] – and the biggest since World War II".<ref name="Global Security"/> Even today, Pakistan military analysts and strategists regard this as a "[[Blitzkrieg|blitzkrieg-like]]" integrated [[Soviet deep battle|deep offensive]] strategy to infiltrate into dense areas of Central Pakistan, on the other hand, India maintained that "[the] core objective of Operation Brasstacks was to test new concepts of mechanization, mobility, and air support devised by Indian army."<ref name="Euroasia review"/><ref name="Bharat-Rakshak">{{cite web|last=Mahar Regiment|title=General Krishnaswamy Sundarji|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/156-K-Sundarji.html|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak|access-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183522/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/156-K-Sundarji.html|archive-date=27 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== Indian Strategic overview ===
{{Main|Cold Start (military doctrine)}}
After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the Indian Army had long been advocating for practicing modern methods of land-based warfare and professionalism.<ref name="Bharat-Rakshak"/> The [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]], General [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]], an officer who earlier had commanded the infantry division in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], threw himself into the Indian Army's modernisation.<ref name="Bharat-Rakshak"/> He was granted permission, and ordered a large scale military exercise to test new concepts of mechanization, mobility, and air support.<ref name="Bharat-Rakshak"/> He issued orders to mobilize the mechanized and armoured divisions, and armed tanks were sent to take position in the [[Thar desert]].<ref name="Bharat-Rakshak"/> In December 1986, with more than ten thousand armoured vehicles spread across its western desert, India launched the final stage of a huge military exercise that stirred new tensions with Pakistan.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987">{{cite news |title=ON INDIA'S BORDER, A HUGE MOCK WAR|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/06/world/on-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html|access-date=1 November 2012|newspaper=The New York Times, 1987|date=6 March 1987|author=Steven Weisman, Special to the New York Times|pages=html}}</ref>

The scale of the operation was bigger than any [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) exercise and the biggest land exercise since [[World War II]].<ref name="Islamabad Policy Research Institute">{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Sannia|title=Cold Star in Strategic Calculus|journal=IPRI Journal XII|date=Winter 2012|volume=1|issue=27|pages=6–8|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:43Mpbf39gN8J:ipripak.org/journal/winter2012/Article%25201.pdf+operation+brasstacks+1986&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShlsWI_vEE-DZfXFDzW2od-psETqEi9lI0hCHJ3XcOURPym9HW5tY-Bw6ya-jyrJjOtIiAstIMkjqp-skSJbsP_0BEDOL0ILgboLOarJ2sKjUn2KlTiA4shg9oJYkdiw8APnehA&sig=AHIEtbRoQvjs6IWBx8qYSPqlYarfNyVykg|access-date=1 November 2012|publisher=Islamabad Policy Research Institute|format=google docs}}</ref> Initially, around 600,000–800,000 troops were mobilized and stationed on Rajasthan state's western border, less than 100 miles away from Pakistan.<ref name="Islamabad Policy Research Institute"/> The commander of the Indian Army's [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], Lieutenant General [[Prem Nath Hoon]], maintained that, "Operation Brasstacks was a mobilization of the entire Army of India."<ref name="The Rediff Interview">{{cite web|last=Miranda|first=Jewella C|title=Interview with General PN Hoon|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05hoon.htm|work=The Redcliff Review|publisher=The Rediff Interview|access-date=1 November 2012|date=5 August 1999}}</ref>

The magnitude and large scale of the exercise led to Pakistani fears that India was displaying an overwhelming conventional superiority and was planning to invade Pakistan and dismember it by [[surgical strike]]s, as it did to [[East Pakistan]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pak 1971 ''Winter war'']].<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> According to General Hoon's memoirs, a letter was directed to Sundarji by Western Command, arguing that "when such a large exercise is conceived", the movement of Indian forces is going to attract the attention of Pakistan.<ref name="The Rediff Interview"/> General Hoon maintained that, General Sundarji did not inform Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] about the scale of the operation and such details were hidden from him.<ref name="The Rediff Interview"/> Hoon also wrote in his memoir: "Brasstacks was no military exercise. It was a plan to build up the situation for a fourth war with Pakistan." Indian scholar, Paul Kapur further argues that during Operation Brasstacks, {{clarify span|Indian Army persuaded multiple times, but unsuccessfully, to attack Pakistan.|date=July 2020}}<ref name="NUS Press">{{cite book|last=Kapur|first=S. Paul|title=Dangerous deterrent : nuclear weapons proliferation and conflict in South Asia|year=2009|publisher=NUS Press|location=Singapore|isbn=978-9971-69-443-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&q=PN+Hoon+Brasstacks&pg=PA86}}</ref><ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">{{cite book|last1=Art|first1=edited by Robert J.|title=The use of force : military power and international politics|year=2009|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-7425-5669-0|pages=380–390|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OGHHbLbdAAC&q=PN+Hoon+Brasstacks&pg=PA384|edition=7th|author2=Waltz, Kenneth N.}}</ref>

It is theorised by author Robert Art and others that the Brasstacks crisis was not an inadvertent and accidental crisis caused by Pakistan's misinterpretation of a large scale Indian Army exercise, confined mainly to the vast Rajasthan desert sector, as provocative. <ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"/> Apparently, General Sunderji's strategy was to provoke Pakistan to respond and this would provide India with an excuse to implement existing contingency plans to go on to the offensive against Pakistan and take out its [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb projects]] in a series of preventive strikes.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"/>

=== Pakistan strategic response ===
{{Main|Strategic depth}}
After the success of the [[Israeli Air Force]]'s surprise [[Operation Opera]] air strike on the Iraqi [[nuclear power plant]] in Osirak in 1981, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] had been on alert. According to memoirs of nuclear strategist and [[theoretical physicist]] [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], hectic discussions took place every day between the Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Defence]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Affairs]], amid fears that India might attack Pakistan, who was on route to becoming a [[nuclear power]]. Since 1981, the commanders of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] were given standing orders to mobilize their forces at once, from all directions, as quick as it could to divert such attacks.<ref name="Allied Publishers"/>

When ''Brasstacks'' was executed, Pakistan quickly responded with maneuvers of its own forces, first mobilizing the entire [[V Corps (Pakistan)|V Corps]] and then the [[PAF Base Minhas|Southern Air Command]], near the [[Indian state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> Within weeks, the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s combat ships and submarines were deployed for the purpose of intelligence management, in the northern [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> The [[Government of Pakistan]] viewed this [[military exercise]] as a ''direct threat'' to Pakistan's physical existence.<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> This included further orders to deploy the entire [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]], with the V Corps, to move to the front lines.<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> By mid-January 1987, the Pakistani Armed Forces and Indian Army personnel stood within firing range along an extended border area.<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> The [[Foreign Office of Pakistan]] of summoned the Indian Ambassador to Pakistan, S. K. Singh, at midnight, to meet with [[Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of State for Foreign Affairs]], Zain Noorani, who had just returned from an emergency meeting with Pakistan's President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]. Noorani advised the Indian Embassy that he had an important message from President Zia.<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> Noorani officially advised Singh that in the event of violation of Pakistan's [[sovereignty]] and territorial integrity by India, Pakistan was "capable of inflicting unacceptable damage on it."<ref name="Allied Publishers"/> When Singh asked Noorani whether this implied an [atomic] attack on [[Bombay]], Noorani replied: "it might be so".<ref name="Allied Publishers">{{cite book|title=The making of India's foreign policy.|year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7764-402-5|pages=272|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFAhDuuyeLYC&q=operation+brasstacks+1986&pg=PA272|edition=3rd.|access-date=1 November 2012|chapter=Operation Brasstacks}}</ref>

The situation could have potentially lead to a war between a ''de facto'' nuclear weapon state (India—who had already conducted a nuclear test in 1974, ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', and a state known to have [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear infrastructure]], that was believed to be developing nuclear weapons at that time (Pakistan).<ref name="Allied Publishers"/>

===1987 Pakistan atomic alert===

On January 1987, Pakistan had put its entire nuclear installations on "''high-alert''", and the crisis atmosphere was heightened.<ref name="Pakistan Link News"/> During this time, [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] gave an interview to Indian diplomat, [[Kuldip Nayar]] in which he made it clear that "Pakistan would use its [[atomic weapons]] if its existence was threatened"; although he later denied having made such a statement.<ref name="Pakistan Link News"/> The Indian diplomats claimed that their diplomats in Islamabad were warned that Pakistan would not hesitate to use nuclear weapons if attacked. Pakistan denied the veracity of these statements.<ref name="Pakistan Link News"/>

==Aftermath==

===Cricket diplomacy===
{{Main|Pakistani cricket team in India in 1986–87}}

The tensions diminished in March 1987, with an agreement by the two nations to withdraw 150,000 troops in the Kashmir area, followed by a second agreement to withdraw more troops in the desert area that was signed the same month.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> While negotiating the withdrawal accord, India vowed to proceed with ''Brasstacks'', asserting that Pakistan had no reason to feel provoked.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> India did delay the beginning of the last stage of the operation until the following week, while the latest withdrawal agreement was being negotiated.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> To prove its intentions were peaceful, India took the unusual step of inviting diplomats and journalists to observe the operation separately.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> Pakistani Foreign Service officers, senior diplomats and statesmen were those who were invited.<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> According to an unnamed Western diplomat, "This was not a third-world army. This was a modern army, fully competent for any mission, easily as good as the Chinese, the Koreans or the French."<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/>

Pakistan's President Zia visited India on February 1987, having been invited to see a cricket match between the two countries.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal">{{cite web|last=SPECIAL REPORT|title=PAKISTAN AND THE WORLD DURING THE ZIA REGIME|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/april98/ziaregime.htm|publisher=Pakistan Defence Journal|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Zia's estimation was that he and Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi could meet quite cordially, but could not agree on substantive issues.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal"/>

=== Effects and legacy ===

According to events that played out and the stance taken by the Indian Army, ''Brasstacks'' was only an exercise and not supposed to be a provocative one. The media, particularly the Western media, was involved after this and intense diplomatic manoeuvres followed preventing any further escalation in hostilities. On multiple occasions, General Sunderji maintained that: "This was, is and always has been a training exercise. I can't answer why there have been misperceptions about it in some quarters."<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/> India repeatedly charged Pakistan with its continuing scientific research on atomic bombs, while Pakistan sharply continued to reject the claims. A few days later, A. Q. Khan also rejected any statements issued regarding atomic bomb development, and has since said "his comments were taken out of context."<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/>

The real motives behind this controversial military exercise are unknown and unclear. In 1999, former senior commander of Indian Army, Lieutenant-General P. N. Hoon remarked that the operation had mobilized the entire Indian army to Pakistan's eastern border.<ref name="The Rediff Interview"/> He further notes that, ''Brasstacks'' was a plan to build up a situation for a fourth war with Pakistan.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"/> Western scholars also theorized that ''Brasstacks'' has been an accidental crisis, caused by Pakistan's misinterpretation of an inadvertently provocative Indian Army exercise.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"/> Robert Art noted that, "General Sunderji's strategy was to provoke Pakistan's response and this would provide India with an excuse to implement existing contingency plans to go on to offensive against Pakistan and take out its [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb projects]] in a preventive strikes."<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"/> Even as of today, the Pakistan military analysts and strategists regarded this as a "[[Blitzkrieg|blitzkrieg-like]]"<ref name="Euroasia review"/> integrated deep offensive strategy to infiltrate into dense areas of Pakistan.<ref name="Euroasia review"/> The ''[[New York Times]]'' noted that India's accelerated drive for military technology, motivated Pakistan to turn to its rationale of stockpiling [[atomic bombs]] as a [[nuclear deterrent]].<ref name="The New York Times, 1987"/>

==Sources==
*Sunil Dasgupta, "Operation Brasstacks," ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', October 1996 (book review noting previous coverage of the operation).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/143245 Singh and Gilani Confer at Match], ''Israel National News'', 30 April 2011
*[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/siafdu/sundarji.html&date=2009-10-26+02:34:27 General Krishnaswamy Sundarrajan], ''Geocities'', 26 October 2009
*[https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/05hoon.htm Rediff interview by PN Hoon]
*[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/brass-tacks.htm Brass Tacks], ''Global Securi''ty
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rtanter/S96PS472_Papers/KHAN.ARIFA.PAKISTAN Pakistan and Nuclear Proliferation], Arifa Khan, 20 June 1996

{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}

[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1986 in India]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:Indian military exercises]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of India]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]

1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt

2021-08-05T15:41:43Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1988 Maldiv..."

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt
| partof = [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian Intervention]] in the [[Sri Lankan civil war]]
| image = IAF IL-76 Hawaii.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = An [[Indian Air Force]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] transport aircraft of the model used to transport Indian paratroopers to [[Malé]].
| date = 3 November 1988
| place = [[Maldives]], Indian Ocean
| casus = Armed Coup led by PLOTE sought to overthrow the government in Maldives.
| result = Indian/Maldivian victory Government rule restored in Maldives
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldivian rebels
| commander1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]] {{flagicon|India}}Vice-Admiral S.V.V. Gopalachari {{flagicon|India}} Brigadier Farouk Bulsara {{flagicon|India}} Colonel Subhash Joshi {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]
| commander2 = [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] [[Uma Maheswaran]] [[File:Bandera del PLOTE (Tàmils).svg|22px|border]] Wasanti{{KIA}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Abdullah Luthufi{{POW}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Sagaru Ahmed Nasir{{POW}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Ahmed Ismail Manik Sikka{{POW}}
| strength1 = 500 Indian paratroopers
Maldivian National Security Service (presently known as [[Maldives National Defense Force]])
| strength2 = 800–1000 gunmen
| casualties1 = 19 Maldivians killed, out of which 8 were [[National Security Service (Maldives)|NSS]] (National Security Service) personnel, 39 injured of which 18 were NSS personal. 4 hostages killed, 3 hostages unaccounted for.
| casualties2 = Several mercenaries were killed and some were captured. 27 hostages were taken, 20 were retrieved. 4 killed and the other 3 unknown.
}}

The '''1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt''' was the attempt by a group of [[Maldivians]] led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamil]] secessionist organisation from [[Sri Lanka]], the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of [[Maldives]]. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by Indian armed forces - codenamed 'Operation Cactus' trounced the attempted coup.

==Prelude==
Whereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]'s presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indda's Major Military & Rescue Operations |isbn=9789386369390 |page=180}}</ref> About 80 armed [[PLOTE]] mercenaries<ref>[http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002135900/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives |date=2 October 2006 }}</ref> landed in the capital [[Malé]] before dawn aboard speedboats from a hijacked Sri Lankan freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched towards the [[Muliaage|Presidential Palace]] where [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom|President Gayoom]] was residing with his family. But before they reached the Presidential Palace, President Gayoom was escorted by Maldivian National Security Advisor to the Defence Minister's home. The Defence Minister then escorted the President to a safe house. Meanwhile, the mercenaries had seized the Presidential Palace and managed to take the Maldivian Education Minister as hostage. President Gayoom requested military intervention from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]], but both denied any help, citing a lack of military capabilities. The president then requested [[Singapore]]'s intervention, but Singapore declined, citing the same reasons. After that, he contacted the [[United States]], but was told that it will take them 2–3 days to reach the Maldives from their nearest military base in [[Diego Garcia]], 1000 km away. The president then contacted the [[United Kingdom]], which advised them to seek assistance from [[India]]. Following this, President Gayoom contacted the Indian government for assistance. India swiftly accepted their request and an emergency meeting was arranged at the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of the [[SOS]], India was ready to commence their operation.

==Operation Cactus==

[[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a member of the then-ruling political party in India- [[Indian National Congress]], stated that India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in [[Maldives]], which being in [[India]]'s backyard would have been detrimental to [[India]]'s [[national interest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi’s Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India, therefore, intervened with "Operation Cactus".

The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when [[Ilyushin Il-76]] aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted the elements of the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Independent Parachute Brigade]], commanded by [[Brigadier]] Farukh Bulsara, the 6th Battalion of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] and the [[17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila & Poongli Bridge)|17th Parachute Field Regiment]] from [[Agra Air Force Station]] and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi) to land them over the [[Malé International Airport]] on [[Hulhule Island]]. The [[Indian Army]] paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.<ref name="Op Cactus">{{cite web|author=Chordia, AK|date=n.d.|title=Operation Cactus|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921164330/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html|archive-date=21 September 2009|access-date=26 April 2012|publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K81vPRQf1A8C&pg=PA5311|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|pages=5310–11}}</ref>

The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the [[airfield]], crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward [[Sri Lanka]] in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The [[Indian Navy]] frigates ''[[INS Godavari (F20)|Godavari]]'' and ''[[INS Betwa (F39)|Betwa]]'' intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.<ref name="Op Cactus1" />

==Reaction==
India received international praise for the operation. United States President [[Ronald Reagan]] expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] reportedly commented, ‘"Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2014/04/operation-cactus-indias-1988-intervention-in-the-maldives/|title= Operation Cactus: India’s 1988 Intervention in the Maldives. Retrieved 14 August 2014}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In July 1989, India repatriated the mercenaries captured on board the hijacked freighter to [[Maldives]] to stand trial. President Gayoom commuted the death sentences passed against them to life imprisonment under Indian pressure.<ref>[http://www.photius.com/countries/madagascar/government/madagascar_government_security_concerns.html Madagascar Security Concerns – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System]</ref>

The 1988 coup d'état had been headed by a once prominent Maldivian businessperson named Abdullah Luthufi, who was operating a farm on [[Sri Lanka]]. Former Maldivian President [[Ibrahim Nasir]] was accused, but denied any involvement in the coup d'état. In fact, in July 1990, President Gayoom officially pardoned Nasir in absentia in recognition of his role in obtaining [[Maldives]]' independence.<ref name="Op Cactus1">[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1988Cactus/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011095022/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1988Cactus/ |date=11 October 2010 }}</ref>

The operation also strengthened [[Indo-Maldivian relations]] as a result of the successful restoration of the Gayoom government.

==Published accounts==
===Documentaries===
''Operation Cactus : How India Averted Maldives Crisis in 1988'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premièred on Veer by [[Discovery Channel]] series, Battle Ops.<ref name="VeerTV">{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|access-date=22 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Parachute Regiment (India)]]
* [[Mohamed Zahir]]
* [[Moosa Ali Jaleel]]
* [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
* [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Maldives topics}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Maldives security forces}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1988 Maldives Coup D'etat}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1988]]
[[Category:Wars involving India|Maldives coup d'état, 1988]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Air Force|Maldives coup d'état, 1988]]
[[Category:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts|Maldives]]
[[Category:1988 in India|Maldives Coup, 1988]]
[[Category:Attempted coups d'état]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maldives]]
[[Category:India–Maldives relations]]
[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces|Maldives coup d'état, 1988]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India|Maldives coup d'état, 1988]]
[[Category:November 1988 events in Asia]]

Annexation of Goa

2021-08-05T15:41:34Z

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{{Short description|Indian Army operation in December 1961 to annex Goa into Indian Republic}}
{{About|the Indian annexation of Goa|the conquest by Portugal in 1510|Portuguese conquest of Goa}}
{{Redirect|Operation Vijay (1961)|the 1999 Indian operation|Kargil War}}
{{See also|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Annexation of Goa
| date = 17–19 December 1961
| place = {{ublist|class=nowrap|style=line-height:1.25em; |[[Goa, Daman and Diu]], [[Portuguese India]] |{{small|(incl. [[Arabian Sea|surrounding sea]] and airspace)}}}}
| result = Indian victory
| territory = {{longitem|Incorporation of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] colonial territories of Goa, Daman and Diu into the [[Republic of India]]}}
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of India (1950–1971).svg}} [[Rajendra Prasad]] ([[President of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri|J. N. Chaudhuri]] {{flagicon image|Vice-Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vice Admiral (India)|VAdm]] [[R. D. Katari]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Air Vice Marshal 1950-1980.svg}} [[Air vice-marshal|AVM]] [[Erlic Pinto]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Major general|Maj. Gen.]] [[K. P. Candeth]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Brigadier|Brig.]] [[Sagat Singh]]
| commander2 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Américo Tomás]] |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[António de Oliveira Salazar|A. O. Salazar]] |{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva|M. A. Vassalo e Silva]]a |{{flagicon|Portugal}} {{ill|Francisco Xavier da Cunha Aragão|lt=Cunha Aragão|pt}}}}
| strength1 = 45,000 [[infantry]] 1 [[light aircraft carrier]] 2 [[cruisers]] 1 [[destroyer]] 8 [[frigates]] 4 [[minesweepers]] 20 [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]] medium bombers 6 [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire]] fighters 6 [[Dassault Ouragan|Toofani]] fighter-bombers 6 [[Hawker Hunter|Hunter]] multi-role aircraft 4 [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystère]] fighter-bombers
| strength2 = 3,500 military personnel 1 [[frigate]] 3 inshore [[patrol boat]]s
| casualties1 = 22 killed<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Azaredo |first1=Carlos |last2=Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) |date=8 December 2001 |title=Passage to India – 18th December 1961 |url=http://www.goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224100740/http://goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |archive-date=24 December 2010 |access-date=20 February 2010 |website=Goancauses.com}}</ref>
| casualties2 = {{ublist|class=nowrap |30 killed<ref name="Major K C Praval">{{Cite book |last=Praval |first=Major K.C. |title=Indian Army after Independence |publisher=Lancer |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-935501-10-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=214}}</ref> |57 wounded<ref name="Major K C Praval" />|1 frigate disabled<ref name="Major K C Praval" /><ref name="areamilitar.net" /> |4,668 captured<ref>Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). "Passagem para a Índia" [Passage to India]. Revista. Expresso (in Portuguese) (Paço d'Arcos). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</ref>}}
| notes = {{sup|a}} [[Governor-General#Portuguese|Governor-General]].
| casus = After [[Indian Independence]] from the United Kingdom, [[Portuguese India]] remained Portuguese colonies. They included the provinces of Goa, Daman and Diu, as well as the Anjidiv Islands on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula. India claimed the Portuguese territories by military power means after the refusal of the Portuguese authorities to leave.
| image = IN-GA.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Location of the state of [[Goa]] in present-day [[India]]
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

The '''Annexation of Goa''' was the process in which the [[India|Republic of India]] annexed ''{{lang|pt|[[Estado da India]]}}'', the then [[Portuguese India]]n territories of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], starting with the armed action carried out by the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "'''Liberation of Goa'''". In [[Portugal]], it is referred to as the "'''Invasion of Goa'''".

The "armed action" was code named '''Operation Vijay''' (meaning "Victory") by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining [[Portuguese India|exclaves in India]]. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting.<ref name="Major K C Praval" /> The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens.

Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]] as lieutenant governor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2003 |title=Obituary of Lt-Gen K. P. Candeth |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lt-gen-k-p-candeth-36784.html |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Consultative Council]] of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.<ref>http://goaassembly.gov.in/goa-legislative-assembly-infrastructure_1.php</ref>

==Background==
After India's independence from the [[British Empire]] in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of [[exclave]]s on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]—collectively known as the ''[[Estado da Índia]]''. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around {{convert|1540|sqmi|km2}} and held a population of 637,591.<ref>Numbers from 1955, thus excluding Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), the remainder in Damman (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970) ''Salazar and Modern Portugal'', New York: Hawthorn, p. 295.</ref> The Goan [[diaspora]] was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay).<ref name="Kay">H. Kay (1970) ''Salazar and Modern Portugal'', New York: Hawthorn.</ref> Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 36.7% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2.2% Muslim.<ref name="Kay" /> The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally [[iron ore]] and some [[manganese]].<ref name="Kay" />

===Local resistance to Portuguese rule===
{{Main|Goa Liberation Movement}}

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]], a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement including [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the [[Indian National Congress]], and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected as its first President.<ref name="Frank">Prof. Frank D'Souza, "FRANKLY SPEAKING, The Collected Writings of Prof. Frank D'Souza" Editor-in-chief Mgr. Benny Aguiar, published by the Prof. Frank D'Souza Memorial Committee, Bombay 1987. {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923182300/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=2010-07-20}}</ref>

In June 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia, an Indian Socialist leader, entered Goa on a visit to his friend, Julião Menezes, a nationalist leader, who had founded the Gomantak Praja Mandal in Bombay and edited the weekly newspaper ''Gomantak''. Cunha and other leaders were also with him.<ref name="Frank" /> [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] advocated the use of non-violent [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] techniques to oppose the government.<ref name="goacom_lambert_m">[http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html Goa's Freedom Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |date=14 February 2012 }} By: Lambert Mascarenhas</ref> On 18 June 1946, the Portuguese government disrupted a protest against the suspension of civil liberties in [[Panaji]] (then spelt 'Panjim') organised by Lohia, Cunha and others including Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre in defiance of a ban on public gatherings, and arrested them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamat Research Database – Goa's Freedom Struggle |url=http://www.kamat.com/database/content/goa_freedom/ |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On Rammanohar Lohia's 99th Birth Anniversary |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1247.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> There were intermittent mass demonstrations from June to November.

In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal (The Free Goa Party) and the United Front of Goans conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Liberation From Lies By Prabhakar Sinari |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sinari061103.htm |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Countercurrents.org}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] supported the establishment of armed groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups—attempted to destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising of the population.<ref>Francisco Monteiro, Chronology of Freedom Struggle Activities Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damão and Diu [http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> A Portuguese army officer stationed with the army in Goa, Captain Carlos Azaredo, stated in 2001 in the Portuguese newspaper ''[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]]'': "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved guerilla warfare which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guiné. In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of the freedom fighters of Azad Gomantak Dal were not Goans. Many had fought in the [[British Army]], under [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|General Montgomery]], against the [[Afrika Korps|Germans]]."<ref name="Azaredo">{{Cite news |last=Castanheira |first=José Pedro |date=8 December 2001 |title=Passagem para a Índia |language=pt |trans-title=Passage to India |work=Expresso |department=Revista |location=Paço d'Arcos |url=http://semanal.expresso.pt/revista/artigos/interior.asp?edicao=1519&id_artigo=ES44188 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011209004006/http://semanal.expresso.pt/revista/artigos/interior.asp?edicao=1519&id_artigo=ES44188 |archive-date=9 December 2001}}</ref>

===Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute===
{{main|India–Portugal relations}}
[[File:Administrative map of Goa.png|thumb|Goa, Western India]]

On 27 February 1950, the Government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961 |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226040732/https://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-date=26 February 2008 |language=pt}}</ref> Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule.<ref>Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art.1–3 & Art. 162-64 of 1822 Constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const822.html online], 1826 constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/carta826.html online], Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const838.html online], Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const911.html online] and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo.</ref> When the Portuguese government refused to respond to subsequent aide-mémoires in this regard, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=2012-03-14}} Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)</ref>

By 1954, the Republic of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed transport between Goa and other exclaves like Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Meanwhile, the Indian Union of Dockers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India.<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.283</ref> Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>P.W. Prabhakar (2003) ''Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India'' New Delhi: Mittal, p.39</ref>

On 15 August 1955, 3000–5000 unarmed Indian activists<ref>Sankar Ghose (1993) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography''. Mumbai: Allied. p.282</ref> attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21<ref>"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", ''New York Times'', 15 August 1955</ref> and 30<ref>Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Published by Columbia University Press, 1998</ref> people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 1955 |title=India: Force & Soul Force |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215050523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823878,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2008 |access-date=8 May 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The news of the incident built public opinion in India against the presence of the Portuguese in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Super User |title=Ancient Goan History – GOACOM – Goa – India – Information and Services in Goa. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> On 1 September 1955, India shut its consul office in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205346/http://www.colaco.net/1/India-ter.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1956, the Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with Portuguese Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the Ministers for Defence and Foreign Affairs. The demand for a referendum was repeated by presidential candidate General [[Humberto Delgado]] in 1957.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Prime Minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hinted threats at armed action against Portugal's presence in Goa, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through [[Brazil]] and eventually asked the [[United Nations Security Council]] to intervene.<ref name="ComradesatOdds">{{harvp|Rotter|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uPx4vb99RUoC&pg=PA185 185]}}</ref> [[Mexico]] offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561. [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 66,</ref> Meanwhile, [[Krishna Menon]], India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated in no uncertain terms that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa.<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> The US ambassador to India, [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], requested the Indian government on several occasions to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 68</ref><ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 69</ref>

On 24 November 1961, ''Sabarmati'', a passenger boat passing between the Indian port of [[Kochi]] and the Portuguese-held island of [[Anjadip Island|Anjidiv]], was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops, resulting in the death of a passenger and injuries to the [[chief engineer]]. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military [[landing operation|landing party]] intent on storming the island.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite book |last=Couto |first=Francisco Cabral |title=O fim do Estado Português da Índia 1961: um testemunho da invasão |date=2006 |publisher=[[Tribuna da História]] |isbn=978-972-8799-53-3 |editor-last=Pissarra |editor-first=José V. |location=Lisbon |pages=22–102 |trans-title=Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961}}</ref> The incidents lent themselves to fostering widespread public support in India for military action in Goa.

Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the armed action, code named Operation Vijay, Nehru stated to the press: "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility".<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> The American response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN security council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.<ref>US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/46453.htm] Document 72</ref>

===Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli===
{{Main|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2017}}

The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the annexation of Goa, when [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian forces with the support of the Indian authorities.

[[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] and [[Nagar Haveli]] were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the [[Daman district, India|Daman district]], totally surrounded by Indian territory. The connection between the exclaves and the coastal territory of Daman had to be made by crossing about {{convert|20|km}} of Indian territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli did not have any Portuguese military garrison, but only police forces.

The Indian government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Haveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman. In July 1954, pro-Indian forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans, the National Movement Liberation Organisation, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, began to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing Police Sergeant Aniceto do Rosário and Constable António Fernandes, who resisted the attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station.

Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross the Indian territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, but no permission was given. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the [[International Court of Justice]], which, in a decision dated 12 April 1960,<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf |date=20 December 2011 }}</ref> stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. Therefore, the Portuguese authorities could not legally pass through Indian territory.

==Events preceding the hostilities==

===Indian military build-up===
On receiving the go-ahead for military action and a mandate for the capture of all occupied territories for the Indian government, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari of the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] fielded the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]] commanded by Major-General [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|K. P. Candeth]] and the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] commanded by Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]]. The assault on the enclave of Daman was assigned to the 1st battalion of the [[Maratha Light Infantry]] while the operations in Diu were assigned to the 20th battalion of the [[Rajput Regiment]] and the 5th battalion of the [[Madras Regiment]].<ref name="BR-Goa-01">{{Cite web |last=Pillarisetti |first=Jagan |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005110857/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html |archive-date=5 October 2003 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=[[Bharat Rakshak]] |df=dmy}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the Commander-in-Chief of India's [[Western Air Command, Indian Air Force|Western Air Command]], Air Vice Marshal [[Erlic Pinto]], was appointed as the commander of all air resources assigned to the operations in Goa. Air resources for the assault on Goa were concentrated in the bases at [[Pune Airport|Pune]] and [[Belgaum Airport|Sambra]] ([[Belgaum]]).<ref name="BR-Goa-01" /> The mandate handed to Pinto by the Indian Air Command was listed out as follows:

# The destruction of Goa's lone airfield in [[Dabolim]], without causing damage to the terminal building and other airport facilities.
# Destruction of the wireless station at [[Bambolim]], Goa.
# Denial of airfields at Daman and Diu, which were, however, not to be attacked without prior permission.
# Support to advancing ground troops.

The [[Indian Navy]] deployed two warships—the [[INS Rajput (D141)|INS ''Rajput'']], an 'R' Class destroyer, and {{INS|Kirpan|1959|6}}, a [[Blackwood class frigate|Blackwood class]] anti-submarine frigate—off the coast of Goa. The actual attack on Goa was delegated to four task groups: a Surface Action Group comprising five ships: ''[[INS Mysore (C60)|Mysore]]'', {{INS|Trishul|F143|2}}, ''[[INS Betwa (1959)|Betwa]]'', ''[[INS Beas (1958)|Beas]]'' and ''[[INS Cauvery|Cauvery]]''; a Carrier Group of five ships: ''[[INS Delhi (1948)|Delhi]]'', {{INS|Kuthar|F146|2}}, ''Kirpan'', {{INS|Khukri|F149|2}} and ''Rajput'' centred on the light aircraft carrier ''[[INS Vikrant (R11)|Vikrant]]''; a Mine Sweeping Group consisting of mine sweepers including ''[[INS Karwar|Karwar]]'', ''[[INS Kakinada|Kakinada]]'', ''[[INS Cannonore|Cannonore]]'' and ''[[INS Bimilipatan|Bimilipatan]]'', and a Support Group which consisted of ''[[INS Dharini|Dharini]]''.<ref name="BR-Kore">{{Cite web |last=Kore |first=V.S. |title=Liberation of Goa: Role Of The Indian Navy |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1950s/Kore.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131726/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1950s/Kore.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

===Portuguese mandate===
In March 1960, [[Ministry of National Defence (Portugal)|Portuguese Defence Minister]] General [[Júlio Botelho Moniz]] told Prime Minister Salazar that a sustained Portuguese campaign against decolonisation would create for the army "a suicide mission in which we could not succeed". His opinion was shared by Army Minister Colonel [[Afonso Magalhães de Almeida Fernandes]], by the Army under secretary of State Lieutenant-Colonel [[Francisco da Costa Gomes]] and by other top officers.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book |last=Porch |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncoOAAAAQAAJ&q=salazar+goa+sacrifice+troops&pg=PA36 |title=The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution |date=January 1977 |isbn=9780856643910 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

Ignoring this advice, Salazar sent a message to Governor General [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] in Goa on 14 December, in which he ordered the Portuguese forces in Goa to fight to the last man: "Do not expect the possibility of truce or of Portuguese prisoners, as there will be no surrender rendered because I feel that our soldiers and sailors can be either victorious or dead."<ref name="supergoa.com">{{Cite web |last=Constantino Hermanns Xavier |date=18 December 2006 |title=Invasão de Goa, Damão e Diu foi há 45 anos |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_noticia.asp?c_news=603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111816/http://www.supergoa.com/pt/read/news_noticia.asp?c_news=603 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |language=pt |quote=Não prevejo a possibilidade de tréguas, nem prisioneiros portugueses, como não haverá navios rendidos, pois sinto que apenas pode haver soldados e marinheiros vitoriosos ou mortos}}</ref> Salazar asked Vassalo e Silva to hold out for at least eight days, within which time he hoped to gather international support against the Indian invasion. Vassalo e Silva disobeyed Salazar to avoid the unnecessary loss of human lives and surrendered the day after the Indian invasion.<ref name="supergoa.com" />

===Portuguese military preparations===
Portuguese military preparations began in earnest in 1954, following the Indian economic blockade, the beginning of the anti-Portuguese attacks in Goa and the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Three light infantry battalions (one each sent from Portugal, Angola and Mozambique) and support units were transported to Goa, reinforcing a locally raised battalion and increasing the Portuguese military presence there from almost nothing to 12,000 men.<ref name="Azaredo" /> Other sources state that, at the end of 1955, Portuguese forces in India represented a total of around 8,000 men (Europeans, Africans and Indians), including 7,000 in the land forces, 250 in the naval forces, 600 in the police and 250 in the Fiscal Guard, split between the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu.<ref name="Alves Lopes" /> Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the Portuguese authorities markedly strengthened the garrison of Portuguese India, with units and personnel sent from the [[Metropole]] and from the Portuguese African provinces of [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]].

The Portuguese forces were organised as the Armed Forces of the State of India (FAEI, ''Forças Armadas do Estado da Índia''), under a unified command headed by General [[Paulo Bénard Guedes]], who combined the civil role of Governor-General with the military role of Commander-in-Chief. Guedes ended his commission in 1958, with General Vassalo e Silva being appointed to replace him in both the civil and military roles.<ref name="Alves Lopes">{{Cite book |last=Lopes (2007) |first=José Alves |title=Estado Português da Índia – Rememoração Pessoal |publisher=Revista Militar |location=Lisboa}}</ref>

The Portuguese government and military commands were, however, well aware that even with this effort to strengthen the garrison of Goa, the Portuguese forces would never be sufficient to face a conventional attack from the overwhelmingly stronger Indian Armed Forces. The Portuguese government hoped however to politically deter the Indian government from attempting a military aggression through the showing of a strong will to fight and to sacrifice to defend Goa.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

In 1960, during an inspection visit to Portuguese India and referring to a predictable start of [[Angolan War of Independence|guerrilla activities in Angola]], the Under Secretary of State of the Army, [[Francisco da Costa Gomes]], stated the necessity to reinforce the Portuguese military presence in that African territory, partly at the expense of the military presence in Goa, where the then existing 7,500 men were too many just to deal with anti-Portuguese actions, and too few to face an Indian invasion, which, if it were to occur, would have to be handled by other means. This led to the Portuguese forces in India suffering a sharp reduction to about 3,300 soldiers.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

Faced with this reduced force strength, the strategy employed to defend Goa against an Indian invasion was based on the ''Plano Sentinela'' (Sentinel Plan), which divided the territory into four defence sectors (North, Center, South and Mormugão), and the ''Plano de Barragens'' (Barrage Plan), which envisaged the demolition of all bridges to delay the invading army, as well as the mining of approach roads and beaches. Defence units were organised as four [[battlegroup (army)|battlegroups]] (''agrupamentos''), with one assigned to each sector and tasked with slowing the progress of an invading force. Then-Captain Carlos Azaredo, who was stationed in Goa at the time of hostilities, described the Plano Sentinela in the Portuguese newspaper ''Expresso'' on 8 December 2001 as "a totally unrealistic and unachievable plan, which was quite incomplete. It was based on exchange of ground with time. But, for this purpose, portable communication equipment was necessary."<ref name="Azaredo" /> The plans to mine roads and beaches were also unviable because of an insufficient quantity of mines.<ref name="invasao4">{{Cite web |title=Invasão de Goa: O dispositivo português |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=4 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref>

====Navy====
The naval component of the FAEI were the Naval Forces of the State of India (FNEI, ''Forças Navais do Estado da Índia''), headed by the Naval Commander of Goa, Commodore Raúl Viegas Ventura. The only significant [[Portuguese Navy]] warship present in Goa at the time of invasion was the [[aviso|sloop]] [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Navy 1875 |url=http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/portuguese_navy.htm |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Battleships-cruisers.co.uk}}</ref> It was armed with four 120 mm guns capable of two shots per minute, and four automatic rapid-firing guns. In addition to the sloop, the Portuguese Naval Forces had three light [[patrol boat]]s (''lanchas de fiscalização''), each armed with a 20 mm Oerlikon gun, one based in each of Goa, Daman and Diu. There were also five [[merchant marine]] ships in Goa.<ref name="invasao6">{{Cite web |title=A invasão: Damão e Diu |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=6 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> An attempt by Portugal to send naval warships to Goa to reinforce its marine defences was foiled when President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] of [[Egypt]] denied the ships access to the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfVVXV3-t4C&pg=PA219 |title=India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2006 |isbn=81-7835-500-0 |editor-last=Chopra |editor-first=V. D. |page=219}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19611223&id=LQ4zAAAAIBAJ&pg=6593,5399334 |website=news.google.com}}</ref><ref>Egypt and India, A study of political and cultural relations, 1947–1964; Zaki Awad, El Sayed Mekkawi, [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14518/3/03_preface.pdf Preface] page i/.</ref>

====Ground forces====
Portuguese ground defences were organised as the Land Forces of the State of India (FTEI, ''Forças Terrestres do Estado da Índia''), under the [[Portuguese Army]]'s Independent Territorial Command of India, headed by Brigadier António José Martins Leitão. At the time of the invasion, they consisted of a total of 3,995 men, including 810 native (''Indo-Portugueses'' – Indo-Portuguese) soldiers, many of whom had little military training and were utilised primarily for security and anti-extremist operations. These forces were divided amongst the three Portuguese enclaves in India.<ref name="Alves Lopes" /> The Portuguese Army units in Goa included four motorised reconnaissance squadrons, eight rifle companies (''[[caçadores]]''), two artillery batteries and an engineer detachment. In addition to the military forces, the Portuguese defences counted on the civil internal [[security forces]] of Portuguese India. These included the [[Goa Police|State of India Police]] (PEI, ''Polícia do Estado da Índia''), a general police corps modelled after the Portuguese [[Public Security Police]]; the Fiscal Guard (''Guarda Fiscal''), responsible for [[Customs]] enforcement and border protection; and the Rural Guard (''Guarda Rural''), game wardens. In 1958, as an emergency measure, the Portuguese government gave provisional military status to the PEI and the Fiscal Guard, placing them under the command of the FAEI. The security forces were also divided amongst the three districts and were mostly made up of Indo-Portuguese policemen and guards. Different sources indicate between 900 and 1400 men as the total effective strength of these forces at the time of the invasion.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

====Air defence====
The [[Portuguese Air Force]] did not have any presence in Portuguese India, with the exception of a single officer with the role of air adviser in the office of the Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="Alves Lopes" />

On 16 December, the Portuguese Air Force was placed on alert to transport ten tonnes of anti-tank grenades in two DC-6 aircraft from Montijo Air Base in Portugal to Goa to assist in its defence. When the Portuguese Air Force was unable to obtain stopover facilities at any air base along the way because most countries, including Pakistan, denied passage of Portuguese military aircraft, the mission was passed to the Portuguese international civilian airline [[TAP Air Portugal|TAP]], which offered a [[Lockheed Constellation]] (registration CS-TLA) on charter. However, when permission to transport weapons through [[Karachi]] was denied by the Pakistani government, the Constellation landed in Goa at 18:00 on 17 December with a consignment of half a dozen bags of sausages as food supplies instead of the intended grenades. In addition it transported a contingent of female paratroopers to assist in the evacuation of Portuguese civilians.<ref>Os Transportes Aéreos Da Índia Portuguesa (TAIP), Lecture delivered by Major-General Flight Pilot (Retd.) José Krus Abecasis on 23 March 2002 in the Society of Geography of Lisbon</ref>

The Portuguese air presence in Goa at the time of hostilities was thus limited to the presence of two civilian transport aircraft, the Lockheed Constellation belonging to TAP and a [[Douglas DC-4]] Skymaster belonging to the Goan airline [[Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa|Portuguese India Airlines]]. The Indians claimed that the Portuguese had a squadron of [[F-86 Sabre]]s stationed at [[Dabolim Airport]]—which later turned out to be false intelligence. Air defence was limited to a few obsolete anti-aircraft guns manned by two artillery units who had been smuggled into Goa disguised as [[Association football|football]] teams.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

===Portuguese civilian evacuation===
The military buildup created panic amongst Europeans in Goa, who were desperate to evacuate their families before the commencement of hostilities. On 9 December, the vessel ''India'' arrived at Goa's [[Mormugão]] port en route to [[Lisbon]] from [[Timor]]. Despite orders from the Portuguese government in Lisbon not to allow anyone to embark on this vessel, Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva allowed 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin to board the ship and flee Goa. The ship had capacity for only 380 passengers, and was filled to its limits, with evacuees occupying even the toilets.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> On arranging this evacuation of women and children, Vassalo e Silva remarked to the press, "If necessary, we will die here." Evacuation of European civilians continued by air even after the commencement of Indian air strikes.<ref name="time">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713132416/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827139,00.html "'Intolerable' Goa"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 22 December 1961</ref>

===Indian reconnaissance operations===
Indian [[reconnaissance]] operations had commenced on 1 December, when two [[Leopard class frigate]]s, the INS ''Betwa'' and the INS ''Beas'', undertook linear patrolling of the Goa coast at a distance of {{convert|8|mi|km|0}}. By 8 December, the [[Indian Air Force]] had commenced baiting missions and fly-bys to lure out Portuguese air defences and fighters.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

On 17 December, a tactical reconnaissance flight conducted by Squadron Leader I. S. Loughran in a [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire NF54 Night Fighter]] over Dabolim Airport in Goa was met with five rounds fired from a ground anti-aircraft gun. The aircraft took evasive action by drastically dropping altitude and escaping out to sea. The anti-aircraft gun was later recovered near the [[Air Traffic Control|ATC building]] with a round jammed in its breech.<ref name="BR-Goa-03">{{Cite web |last=Loughran |first=I.S. |title=Four Sorties Over Goa |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1014-Loughran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131730/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa03.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

The Indian light aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']] was deployed {{convert|75|mi|km}} from the coast of Goa to head off a possible amphibious operation on Goa and deter any foreign military intervention.

==Commencement of hostilities==
===Military actions in Goa===
====Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors====
On 11 December 1961, [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]] and attached troops of the Indian Army were ordered to advance into Goa to capture Panaji and Mormugão. The main thrust on Panaji was to be made by the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Para Brigade Group]], led by Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]] from the north. Another thrust was to be carried out by [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] from the east. A [[Feint|deceptive thrust]], in company strength, was to be made from the south along the Majali-Canacona-Margao axis.<ref name="BR-OpVijay">{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=B.C. |title=Operation Vijay |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1961Goa/262-Operation-Vijay.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331145027/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1961Goa/262-Operation-Vijay.html |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=12 June 2014 |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

Although the 50th Para Brigade was charged with merely assisting the main thrust conducted by the 17th Infantry, its units moved rapidly across minefields, roadblocks and four riverine obstacles to be the first to reach Panaji.<ref name="Mohan2001">{{Cite journal |last=Mohan |first=P. V. S. Jagan |date=November–December 2001 |title=Remembering Sagat Singh (1918–2001) |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/jagan.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Bharat Rakshak Monitor]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131720/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-3/jagan.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

Hostilities at Goa began at 09:45 on 17 December 1961, when a unit of Indian troops attacked and occupied the town of Maulinguém in the north east, killing two Portuguese soldiers. The Portuguese 2nd EREC (''esquadrão de reconhecimento''—[[armoured reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] squadron), stationed near Maulinguém, asked for permission to engage the Indians, but permission was refused at about 13:45.<ref name="invasao5">{{Cite web |title=17 / 18 / 19 de Dezembro: A invasão (Território de Goa) |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/analise/analise.aspx?NrMateria=52&p=5 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> During the afternoon of the 17th, the Portuguese command issued instructions that all orders to defending troops would be issued directly by headquarters, bypassing the local command outposts. This led to confusion in the chain of command.<ref name="invasao5" /> At 02:00 on 18 December, the 2nd EREC was sent to the town of Doromagogo to support the withdrawal of police forces present in the area, and were attacked by Indian Army units on their return journey.<ref name="invasao5" />

At 04:00, the Indian assault commenced with artillery bombardment on Portuguese positions south of Maulinguém, launched on the basis of the false intelligence that the Portuguese had stationed heavy [[battle tank]]s in the area. By 04:30, Bicholim was under fire. At 04:40, the Portuguese forces destroyed the bridge at Bicholim and followed this with the destruction of the bridges at Chapora in Colvale and at Assonora at 05:00.<ref name="invasao5" />

On the morning of 18 December, the 50th Para Brigade of the Indian Army moved into Goa in three columns.

# The eastern column comprised the [[Parachute Regiment (India)#Strength|2nd Para Maratha]] advanced towards the town of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] in central Goa via Usgão.
# The central column consisting of the [[Parachute Regiment (India)#Strength|1st Para Punjab]] advanced towards Panaji via the village of Banastari.
# The western column—the main thrust of the attack—comprised the [[Sikh Light Infantry|2nd Sikh Light Infantry]] as well as an armoured division which crossed the border at 06:30 and advanced on [[Tivim]].<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

At 05:30, Portuguese troops left their barracks at Ponda in central Goa and marched towards the town of Usgão, in the direction of the advancing eastern column of the Indian 2nd Para Maratha, which was under the command of Major Dalip Singh Jind and included tanks of the [[7th Light Cavalry|Indian 7th Cavalry]]. At 09:00, these Portuguese troops reported that Indian troops had already covered half the distance to the town of Ponda.<ref name="invasao5" />


By 10:00, Portuguese forces of the 1st EREC, faced with the advancing 2nd Sikh Light Infantry, began a south-bound withdrawal to the town of Mapuca where, by 12:00, they came under the risk of being surrounded by Indian forces. At 12:30, the 1st EREC began a retreat, making their way through the Indian forces, with their [[armoured car (military)|armoured cars]] firing ahead to cover the withdrawal of the personnel carrier vehicles. This unit relocated by ferry further south to the capital city of Panaji.<ref name="invasao5" /> At 13:30, just after the retreat of the 2nd EREC, the Portuguese destroyed the bridge at Banastarim, cutting off all road links to Panaji.

By 17:45, the forces of the 1st EREC and the 9th ''[[Caçadores]]'' Company of the Portuguese Battlegroup North had completed their ferry crossing of the [[Mandovi River]] to Panaji, just minutes ahead of the arrival of the Indian armoured forces.<ref name="invasao5" /> The Indian tanks had reached Betim, just across the Mandovi River from Panaji, without encountering any opposition. The 2nd Sikh Light Infantry joined it by 21:00, crossing over mines and demolished bridges en route. In the absence of orders, the unit stayed at Betim for the night.

At 20:00, a Goan by the name of Gregório Magno Antão crossed the Mandovi River from Panaji and delivered a ceasefire offer letter from Major Acácio Tenreiro of the Portuguese Army to Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu, the commanding officer of the [[7th Light Cavalry|Indian 7th Cavalry]] camped there. The letter read: "The Military Commander of the City of Goa states that he wishes to parley with the commander of the army of the Indian Union with respect to the surrender. Under these conditions, the Portuguese troops must immediately cease fire and the Indian troops do likewise in order to prevent the slaughter of the population and the destruction of the city."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Paul |date=19 June 2011 |title=Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese: Telo de Mascarenhas - A carta de Rendição (1974) |url=http://archiveofgoanwritinginportuguese.blogspot.com/2011/06/telo-de-mascarenhas-carta-de-rendicao.html |website=Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese}}</ref>

The same night Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu with a force of the 7th Cavalry decided to take [[Fort Aguada]] and obtain its surrender, after receiving information that a number of supporters of the Indian Republic were held prisoners there. However, the Portuguese defenders of the fort had not yet received orders to surrender and responded by opening fire on the Indian forces, Major Sidhu and Captain Vinod Sehgal being killed in the firefight.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

The order for Indian forces to cross the Mandovi River was received on the morning of 19 December, upon which two rifle companies of the 2nd Sikh Light Infantry advanced on Panaji at 07:30 and secured the town without facing any resistance. On orders from Brigadier [[Sagat Singh]], the troops entering Panaji removed their steel helmets and donned the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]'s [[maroon beret]]s. Fort Aguada was also captured on that day, when the Indian 7th Cavalry attacked with assistance from the armoured division stationed at Betim and freed its political prisoners.

====Advance from the east====
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

Meanwhile, in the east, the [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] advanced in two columns. The right column, consisting of the [[Bihar Regiment|2nd Bihar Battalion]], and the left column, consisting of the [[Sikh Regiment|3rd Sikh Battalion]], linked up at the border town of Mollem and then advanced by separate routes on Ponda. By nightfall, the 2nd Bihar had reached the town of Candeapur, while the 3rd Sikh had reached Darbondara. Although neither column had encountered any resistance, their further progress was hampered because all bridges spanning the river had been destroyed.

The rear battalion was the [[Sikh Regiment|4th Sikh Infantry]], which reached Candeapar in the early hours of 19 December, and not to be bogged down by the destruction of the Borim bridge, went across the Zuari river in their military tankers and then waded through chest-high water across a small stream to reach a dock known as Embarcadouro de Tembim in the village of [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], from where a road connects to [[Margão]], the administrative centre of southern Goa. Their rear battalion took some rest in a cattle shed and on the grounds and the balcony of an adjacent house before proceeding to Margão by 12:00. From here, the column advanced towards the harbour of Mormugão. En route they encountered fierce resistance from a 500-strong Portuguese unit at the village of [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], where they were joined by the 2nd Bihar. The Portuguese unit surrendered at 15:30 after fierce fighting, and the 4th Sikh then proceeded to Mormugão and Dabolim Airport, where the main body of the Portuguese Army awaited the Indians.

The [[Rajput Regiment|4th Rajput]] company staged a decoy attack south of Margão in order to mislead the Portuguese. This column overcame minefields, roadblocks and demolished bridges, and eventually went on to help secure the town of Margão.

====Air raids over Goa====
[[File:Canberra.pr9.takeoff.arp.jpg|thumb|right|A Canberra PR.9 taking off. The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers.]]

The first Indian raid was led by Wing Commander N.B. Menon on 18 December on the Dabolim Airport using 12 [[English Electric Canberra]] aircraft. 63,000 pounds of explosives were dropped within minutes, completely destroying the runway. In line with the mandate given by the Air Command, structures and facilities at the airfield were left undamaged.<ref name="BR-Goa-01" />

The second Indian raid was conducted on the same target by eight Canberras led by Wing Commander Surinder Singh, again leaving the airport's terminal and other buildings untouched. Two civilian transport aircraft—a [[Lockheed Constellation]] belonging to the Portuguese airline TAP and a [[Douglas DC-4]] belonging to the Goan airline TAIP—were parked on the apron. On the night of 18 December, the Portuguese used both aircraft to evacuate the families of some government and military officials after airport workers had hastily recovered part of the heavily damaged runway that evening. The first aircraft to leave was the TAP Constellation, commanded by Manuel Correia Reis, which took off using only 700 metres; debris from the runway damaged the fuselage, causing 25 holes and a flat tire. To make the 'short take-off' possible, the pilots had jettisoned all the extra seats and other unwanted equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavendran |first=Air Marshal S. |title=Eyewitness to the Liberation of Goa |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1050-Raghavendran.html |website=www.bharat-rakshak.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> The TAIP DC-4 then also took off, piloted by TAIP Director Major Solano de Almeida. The two aircraft successfully used the cover of night and very low altitudes to break through Indian aerial patrols and escape to Karachi, Pakistan.<ref name="Dabolim and TAIP">{{Cite web |title=Dabolim and TAIP |url=http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225141528/http://www.colaco.net/1/GdeFdabolim3.htm |archive-date=25 December 2009 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Colaco.net |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A third Indian raid was carried out by six [[Hawker Hunters]], successfully targeting the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and gun cannons.

The mandate to support ground troops was served by the [[de Havilland Vampire]]s of No. 45 squadron, which patrolled the sector but did not receive any requests into action. In an incident of friendly fire, two Vampires fired rockets into the positions of the 2nd [[Sikh Light Infantry]], injuring two soldiers, while elsewhere, Indian ground troops mistakenly opened fire on an IAF [[T-6 Texan]], causing minimal damage.

In later years, commentators have maintained that India's intense air strikes against the airfields were uncalled-for, since none of the targeted airports had any military capabilities and they did not cater to any military aircraft. As such, the airfields were defenceless civilian targets.<ref name="Dabolim and TAIP" /> The Indian navy continues to control the Dabolim Airport, although it is also once more used as a civilian airport.

====Storming of Anjidiv Island====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

[[Anjidiv Island|Anjidiv]] was a small 1.5 km2 island of Portuguese India, then almost uninhabited, belonging to the District of Goa, although off the coast of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. On the island stood the ancient [[Fort Anjediva|Anjidiv Fort]], defended by a platoon of Goan soldiers of the Portuguese Army.

The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser [[INS Mysore (C60)|INS ''Mysore'']] and the frigate [[Whitby-class frigate#Construction programme|INS ''Trishul'']]. Under covering artillery fire from the ships, Indian [[marines]] under the command of Lieutenant [[Arun Auditto]] stormed the island at 14:25 on 18 December and engaged the Portuguese garrison. The assault was repulsed by the Portuguese defenders, with seven Indian marines killed and 19 wounded. Among the Indian casualties were two officers.

The Portuguese defences were eventually overrun after fierce shelling from the Indian ships offshore. The island was secured by the Indians at 14:00 on the next day, all the Portuguese defenders being captured with the exception of two [[corporal]]s and one private. Hidden in the rocks, one corporal surrendered on 19 December. The other was captured in the afternoon of 20 December, but not before launching hand grenades that injured several Indian marines. The last of the three, Goan private Manuel Caetano, became the last Portuguese soldier in India to be captured, on 22 December, after he had reached the Indian shore by swimming.

====Naval battle at Mormugão harbour====
[[File:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|right|The NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']]

On the morning of 18 December, the Portuguese sloop [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque|NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']] was anchored off [[Mormugao]] Harbour. Besides engaging Indian naval units, the ship was also tasked with providing a coastal artillery battery to defend the harbour and adjoining beaches, and providing vital radio communications with Lisbon after on-shore radio facilities had been destroyed in Indian airstrikes.

At 09:00, three Indian frigates led by the [[INS Betwa (F139)|INS ''Betwa'' (F139)]] took up position off the harbour, awaiting orders to attack the ''Afonso'' and secure sea access to the port. At 11:00, Indian planes bombed Mormugão harbour.<ref name="areamilitar.net">{{Cite web |title=Aviso / Canhoneira classe Afonso de Albuquerque |url=http://www.areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/NAV.aspx?NN=128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412193816/http://www.areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/NAV.aspx?nn=128 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=ÁreaMilitar}}</ref> At 12:00, upon receiving clearance, the INS ''Betwa'' and the [[INS Beas (F137)|INS ''Beas'' (F137)]] entered the harbour and fired on the ''Afonso'' with their 4.5-inch guns while transmitting requests to surrender in [[morse code]] between shots. In response, the ''Afonso'' lifted anchor, headed out towards the enemy and returned fire with its 120 mm guns.

The ''Afonso'' was outnumbered by the Indians, and was at a severe disadvantage since it was in a confined position that restricted its maneuvering, and because its four 120mm guns could fire only two rounds a minute, as compared to the 16 rounds per minute of the guns aboard the Indian frigates. A few minutes into the exchange of fire, at 12:15, the ''Afonso'' took a direct hit in its control tower, injuring its weapons officer. At 12:25, an anti-personnel shrapnel bomb fired from an Indian vessel exploded directly over the ship, killing its radio officer and severely injuring its commander, Captain António da Cunha Aragão, after which First Officer Pinto da Cruz took command of the vessel. The ship's propulsion system was also badly damaged in this attack.

At 12:35, the ''Afonso'' swerved 180 degrees and was run aground against Bambolim beach. At that time, against the commander's orders, a [[white flag]] was hoisted under instructions from the sergeant in charge of signals, but the flag coiled itself around the mast and as a result was not spotted by the Indians, who continued their barrage. The flag was immediately lowered.

Eventually at 12:50, after the ''Afonso'' had fired nearly 400 rounds at the Indians, hitting two of the Indian vessels, and had taken severe damage, the order was given to start abandoning ship. Under heavy fire directed at both the ship and the coast, non-essential crew including weapons staff left the ship and went ashore. They were followed at 13:10 by the rest of the crew, who, along with their injured commander, set fire to the ship and disembarked directly onto the beach. Following this, the commander was transferred by car to the hospital at Panaji. The NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'' lost 5 dead and 13 wounded in the battle.<ref name="areamilitar.net" />

The sloop's crew formally surrendered with the remaining Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 at 20:30.<ref name="Azaredo" /> As a gesture of goodwill, the commanders of the INS ''Betwa'' and the INS ''Beas'' later visited Captain Aragão as he lay recuperating in bed in Panaji.

The ''Afonso''—having been renamed ''Saravastri'' by the Indian Navy—lay grounded at the beach near Dona Paula until 1962, when it was towed to Bombay and sold for scrap. Parts of the ship were recovered and are on display at the Naval Museum in Mumbai.<ref name="areamilitar.net" />

The Portuguese patrol boat NRP ''Sirius'', under the command of Lieutenant Marques Silva, was also present at Goa. After observing ''Afonso'' running aground and not having communications from the Goa Naval Command, Lieutenant Marques Silva decided to scuttle the ''Sirius''. This was done by damaging the propellers and making the boat hit the rocks. The eight men of the ''Sirius''{{'}}s crew avoided being captured by the Indian forces and boarded a Greek freighter on which they reached Pakistan.

===Military actions in Daman===

====Ground attack on Daman====
[[Daman district, India|Daman]], approximately 72 km2 in area, is at the south end of [[Gujarat]] bordering [[Maharashtra]], approximately 193 km north of Bombay. The countryside is broken and interspersed with marsh, salt pans, streams, paddy fields, coconut and palm groves. The river Daman Ganga splits the capital city of [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] (Damão in Portuguese) into halves—Nani Daman (''Damão Pequeno'') and Moti Daman (''Damão Grande''). The strategically important features were Daman Fort (fortress of São Jerónimo) and the air control tower of [[Daman Airport]].<ref name="shore">{{Cite news |last=Shorey |first=Anil |date=21 February 1999 |title=The forgotten battles of Daman and Diu |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb21/sunday/head3.htm |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref>

The Portuguese garrison in Daman was headed by Major António José da Costa Pinto (combining the roles of District Governor and military commander), with 360 soldiers of the Portuguese Army, 200 policemen and about 30 customs officials under him. The army forces consisted of two companies of ''[[caçadores]]'' (light infantry) and an artillery battery, organised as the battlegroup "[[Constantino de Bragança]]". The artillery battery was armed with 87.6 mm guns, but these had insufficient and old ammunition. The Portuguese also placed a 20 mm anti-aircraft gun ten days before the invasion to protect the artillery. Daman had been secured with small minefields and defensive shelters had been built.<ref name="invasao6" />

The advance on the enclave of Daman was conducted by the [[Maratha Light Infantry|1st Maratha Light Infantry Battalion]] under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel S.J.S. Bhonsle<ref name="shore" /> in a pre-dawn operation on 18 December.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> The plan was to capture Daman piecemeal in four phases, starting with the area of the airfield, then progressively the open countryside, Damão Pequeno and finally Damão Grande including the fort.<ref name="shore" />

The advance commenced at 04:00 when one battalion and three companies of Indian soldiers progressed through the central area of the northern territory, aiming to seize the airfield.<ref name="invasao6" /> However, the surprise was lost when the Indian A Company tried to capture the control tower and suffered three casualties. The Portuguese lost one soldier dead and six taken captive. The Indian D Company captured a position named "Point 365" just before the next morning. At the crack of dawn, two sorties by Indian Air Force [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystère]] fighters struck Portuguese [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] positions and guns inside Moti Daman Fort.<ref name="shore" />

At 04:30, the Indian artillery began to bombard Damão Grande. The artillery attack and transportation difficulties isolated the Portuguese command post there from the forces in Damão Pequeno. At 07:30, a Portuguese unit at the fortress of São Jerónimo fired mortars on Indian forces attempting to capture the airstrip.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 11:30, Portuguese forces resisting an Indian advance on the eastern border at Varacunda ran out of ammunition and withdrew westwards to Catra. At 12:00, to delay the Indian advance following the withdrawal from Varacunda, the Portuguese artillery battery on the banks of the Rio Sandalcalo was ordered to open fire. The commander of the battery, Captain Felgueiras de Sousa, instead dismantled the guns and surrendered to the Indians.<ref name="invasao6" /> By 12:00, the airfield was assaulted by the Indian A and C companies simultaneously. In the ensuing exchange of fire the A Company lost one more soldier and seven were wounded.<ref name="shore" />

By 13:00, the remaining Portuguese forces on the east border at Calicachigão exhausted their ammunition and retreated towards the coast. By 17:00, in the absence of resistance, the Indians had managed to occupy most of the territory, except the airfield and Damão Pequeno, where the Portuguese were making their last stand. By this time, the Indian Air Force had conducted six air attacks, severely demoralising the Portuguese forces. At 20:00, after a meeting between the Portuguese commanders, a delegation was dispatched to the Indian lines to open negotiations, but was fired on, and was forced to withdraw. A similar attempt by the artillery to surrender at 08:00 next day was also fired on.<ref name="invasao6" />

The Indians assaulted the airfield the next morning, upon which the Portuguese surrendered at 11:00 without a fight.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> Garrison commander Major Costa Pinto, although wounded, was stretchered to the airfield, as the Indians were only willing to accept a surrender from him.<ref name="invasao6" /> Approximately 600 Portuguese soldiers and policemen (including 24 officers<ref name="shore" />) were taken prisoner. The Indians suffered 4 dead and 14 wounded,<ref name="shore" /> while the Portuguese suffered 10 dead and two wounded.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> The 1st Light Maratha Infantry was decorated for the battle with one [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] for the commanding officer, two Sena Medals and five Mentioned in Dispatches.<ref name="shore" />

====Daman air raids====
In the Daman sector, Indian [[Dassault Mystère IV|Mystères]] flew 14 sorties, continuously harassing Portuguese artillery positions.

====Naval action at Daman====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}

Like the ''Vega'' in Diu, the patrol boat NRP ''Antares''—based at Daman under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Abreu Brito—was ordered to sail out and fight the imminent Indian invasion. The boat stayed in position from 07:00 on 18 December and remained a mute witness to repeated air strikes followed by ground invasion until 19:20, when it lost all communications with land.

With all information pointing to total occupation of all Portuguese enclaves in India, Lieutenant Brito decided to save his crew and vessel by escaping; the ''Vega'' traversed {{convert|530|mi|km}}, escaping detection by Indian forces, and arrived at Karachi at 20:00 on 20 December.

===Military actions in Diu===
====Ground attack on Diu====
[[Diu, India|Diu]] is a 13.8 km by 4.6 km island (area about 40 km2) at the south tip of Gujarat. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel running through a swamp. The channel could only be used by fishing boats and small craft. No bridges crossed the channels at the time of hostilities. The Portuguese garrison in Diu was headed by Major Fernando de Almeida e Vasconcelos (district governor and military commander), with around 400 soldiers and police officers, organised as the battlegroup "António da Silveira".<ref name="bhargava">Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava (Retd), Operations at Diu: The One Day War, Bharatrakshak.com [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1013-Diu.html]</ref>

Diu was attacked on 18 December from the north west along Kob Forte by two companies of the [[Rajput Regiment|20th Rajput Battalion]]—with the capture of the Diu Airfield being the primary objective—and from the northeast along Gogal and Amdepur by the Rajput B Company and the [[The Madras Regiment|4th Madras Battalion]].<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

These Indian Army units ignored requests from [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] M.P.O. "Micky" Blake, planning-in-charge of the Indian Air Force operations in Diu, to attack only on first light when close air support would be available.<ref name="bhargava" /> The Portuguese defences repulsed the attack backed by 87.6mm artillery and mortars,<ref name="invasao6" /> inflicting heavy losses on the Indians.<ref name="bhargava" /> The first attack was made by the 4th Madras on a police border post at 01:30 on 18 December at Gogol and was repulsed by 13 Portuguese police officers.<ref name="invasao6" /> Another attempt by the 4th Madras at 02:00 was again repulsed, this time backed with Portuguese 87.5mm artillery and mortar which suffered due to poor quality of munitions. By 04:00, ten of the original 13 Portuguese defenders at Gogol had been wounded and were evacuated to a hospital. At 05:30, the Portuguese artillery launched a fresh attack on the 4th Madras assaulting Gogol and forced their retreat.<ref name="invasao6" />

Meanwhile, at 03:00, two companies of the 20th Rajput attempted to cross a muddy swamp<ref name="invasao6" /> separating them from the Portuguese forces at Passo Covo under cover of dark on rafts made of bamboo cots tied to oil barrels.<ref name="bhargava" /> The attempt was to establish a bridgehead and capture the airfield.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> This attack was repulsed, with losses on the Indian side, by a well entrenched unit of Portuguese soldiers armed with small automatic weapons, [[Sten|sten gun]]s<ref name="bhargava" /> as well as light and medium machine guns. According to Indian sources this unit included between 125 and 130 soldiers,<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> but according to Portuguese sources this post was defended by only eight soldiers,<ref name="invasao6" /> but this number doesn't support the total number of weapon operators.

As the Rajputs reached the middle of the creek, the Portuguese on Diu opened fire with two medium and two light machine-guns, capsizing some of the rafts. Major Mal Singh of the Indian Army along with five men pressed on his advance and crossed the creek. On reaching the far bank, he and his men assaulted the light machine gun trenches at Fort-De-Cova and eliminated the weapon operators. The Portuguese medium machine gun fire from another position wounded the officer and two of his men. However, with the efforts of company Havildar Major Mohan Singh and two other men, the three wounded were evacuated back across the creek to safety. As dawn approached, the Portuguese increased the intensity of fire and the battalion's water crossing equipment suffered extensive damage. As a result, the Indian battalion was ordered to fall back to Kob village by first light.<ref name="shore" />

Another assault at 05:00 was similarly repulsed by the Portuguese defenders. At 06:30, Portuguese forces retrieved rafts abandoned by the 20th Rajput, recovered ammunition left behind and rescued a wounded Indian soldier, who was given treatment.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 07:00, with the onset of dawn, Indian air strikes began, forcing the Portuguese to retreat from Passo Covo to the town of Malala. By 09:00 the Portuguese unit at Gogol also retreated,<ref name="invasao6" /> allowing the Rajput B Company (who replaced the 4th Madras) to advance under heavy artillery fire and occupy the town.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" /> By 10:15, the Indian cruiser [[INS Delhi (1948)|INS ''Delhi'']], anchored off Diu, began to bombard targets on the shore.<ref name="invasao6" /> At 12:45, Indian jets fired a rocket at a mortar at [[Diu Fort]]ress causing a fire near a [[munitions dump]], forcing the Portuguese to order the evacuation of the fortress—a task completed by 14:15 under heavy bombardment from the Indians.<ref name="invasao6" />

At 18:00, the Portuguese commanders agreed in a meeting that in view of repeated military advances with naval and air strikes, along with the inability to establish contact with headquarters in Goa or Lisbon, there was no way to pursue an effective defence and decided to surrender to the Indian military.<ref name="invasao6" /> On 19 December, by 12:00, the Portuguese formally surrendered. The Indians took 403 prisoners, which included the Governor of the island along with 18 officers and 43 sergeants.<ref name="shore" />

When surrendering to the Indians, the Diu Governor stated that he could have stalled the army's advances for a few days to weeks, but he had no answer to the Indian Air Force and Navy. The Indian Air Force was also present at the ceremony and was represented by Gp Capt Godkhindi, Wing Cmdr Micky Blake and Sqn Ldr Nobby Clarke.<ref name="bhargava" /> 7 Portuguese soldiers were killed in the battle.<ref name="bhargava" />

Major Mal Singh and Sepoy Hakam Singh of the Indian army were awarded Ashok Chakra (Class III).<ref name="shore" />

On 19 December, the 4th Madras C Company landed on the island of [[Pani Khota]] off Diu, where a group of 13 Portuguese soldiers surrendered to them there.<ref name="BR-OpVijay" />

====The Diu air raids====
[[File:Dassault MD 450 Ouragan 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Dassault Ouragan|MD450 Ouragan]] on display at the [[Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History]] (Brussels-Belgium). Similar aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force, locally known as Toofani, formed the backbone of the air strikes on Diu.]]

The Indian air operations in the Diu Sector were entrusted to the Armaments Training Wing led by Wg Cdr Micky Blake. The first air attacks were made at dawn on 18 December and were aimed at destroying Diu's fortifications facing the mainland. Throughout the rest of the day, the Air Force had at least two aircraft in the air at any time, giving close support to advancing Indian infantry. During the morning, the air force attacked and destroyed Diu Airfield's ATC as well as parts of [[Diu Fort]]. On orders from Tactical Air Command located at Pune, a sortie of two [[Dassault Ouragan|Toofanis]] attacked and destroyed the airfield runway with 4 1000 lb Mk 9 bombs. A second sortie aimed at the runway and piloted by Wg Cdr Blake himself was aborted when Blake detected what he reported as people waving white flags. In subsequent sorties, [[Palamadai Muthuswamy Ramachandran|PM Ramachandran]] of the Indian Air Force attacked and destroyed the Portuguese ammunition dump as well a patrol boat [[Portuguese Navy#The Overseas wars|N.R.P. Vega]] that attempted to escape from Diu.

In the absence of any Portuguese air presence, Portuguese ground-based anti-aircraft units attempted to offer resistance to the Indian raids, but were overwhelmed and quickly silenced, leaving complete air superiority to the Indians. Continued attacks forced the Portuguese governor of Diu to surrender.

====Naval action at Diu====
The Indian cruiser INS ''Delhi'' was anchored off the coast of Diu and fired a barrage from its 6-inch guns at the Portuguese occupied Diu Fortress. The Commanding Officer of the Indian Air Force operating in the area reported that some of the shells fired from the ''New Delhi'' were bouncing off the beach and exploding on the Indian mainland. However, no casualties were reported from this.

At 04:00 on 18 December, the Portuguese patrol boat NRP ''Vega'' encountered the ''New Delhi'' around {{convert|12|mi|km}} off the coast of Diu, and was attacked with heavy machine gun fire. Staying out of range, the boat had no casualties and minimal damage, the boat withdrew to the port at Diu.

At 07:00, news was received that the Indian invasion had commenced, and the commander of the ''Vega'', 2nd Lt Oliveira e Carmo was ordered to sail out and fight until the last round of ammunition. At 07:30 the crew of the ''Vega'' spotted two Indian aircraft led by Flt. Lt. PM Ramachandran on patrol missions and opened fire on them with the ship's 20mm Oerlikon gun. In retaliation the Indian aircraft attacked the ''Vega'' twice, killing the captain and the gunner and forcing the rest of the crew to abandon the boat and swim ashore, where they were taken prisoners of war.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |title=The Liberation of Goa: 1961 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120034108/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa02.html |archive-date=20 November 2013 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1352-p-m-#gsc.tab=0|title=The sinking of N.R.P.Vega - a first person narrative|work=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908044733/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1352-p-m-|archive-date=8 September 2020|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==UN attempts at ceasefire==
On 18 December, a Portuguese request was made to the UN [[Security Council]] for a debate on the conflict in Goa. The request was approved when the bare minimum of seven members supported the request (the US, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China), two opposed (the Soviet Union and Ceylon), and two abstained (the [[United Arab Republic]] and Liberia).<ref name="Keesing" />

Opening the debate, Portugal's delegate, Vasco Vieira Garin, said that Portugal had consistently shown her peaceful intentions by refraining from any counter-action to India's numerous "provocations" on the Goan border. Garin also stated that Portuguese forces, though "vastly outnumbered by the invading forces," were putting up "stiff resistance" and "fighting a delaying action and destroying communications in order to halt the advance of the enemy." In response, India's delegate, Jha said that the "elimination of the last vestiges of colonialism in India" was an "article of faith" for the Indian people, "Security Council or no Security Council." He went on to describe Goa, Daman, and Diu as "an inalienable part of India unlawfully occupied by Portugal."<ref name="Keesing" />

In the ensuing debate, the US delegate, Adlai Stevenson, strongly criticised India's use of force to resolve her dispute with Portugal, stressing that such resort to violent means was against the charter of the UN. He stated that condoning such acts of armed forces would encourage other nations to resort to similar solutions to their own disputes, and would lead to the death of the United Nations. In response, the Soviet delegate, [[Valerian Zorin]], argued that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. He also drew attention to Portugal's disregard for UN resolutions calling for the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples.<ref name="Keesing" />

Following the debate, the delegates of Liberia, Ceylon and the U.A.R. presented a resolution which: (1) stated that "the enclaves claimed by Portugal in India constitute a threat to international peace and security and stand in the way of the unity of the Republic of India; (2) asked the security Council to reject the Portuguese charge of aggression against India; and (3) called upon Portugal "to terminate hostile action and co-operate with India in the liquidation of her colonial possessions in India." This resolution was supported only by the Soviet Union, the other seven members opposing.<ref name="Keesing" />

After the defeat of the Afro-Asian resolution, a resolution was presented by France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States which:
(1) Called for the immediate cessation of hostilities; (2) Called upon India to withdraw her forces immediately to "the positions prevailing before 17 Dec 1961." (3) Urged India and Portugal "to work out a permanent solution of their differences by peaceful means in accordance with the principles embodied in the Charter"; and (4) Requested the U.N. Secretary-General "to provide such assistance as may be appropriate."<ref name="Keesing" />

This resolution received seven votes in favour (the four sponsors and Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China) and four against (the Soviet Union, Ceylon, Liberia, and the United Arab Republic). It was thus defeated by the Soviet veto. In a statement after the vote, Mr. Stevenson said that the "fateful" Goa debate could have been be "the first act of a drama" which could have ended in the death of the United Nations.<ref name="Keesing" />

==Portuguese surrender==


By the evening of 18 December, most of Goa had been overrun by advancing Indian forces, and a large party of more than two thousand Portuguese soldiers had taken position at the military base at Alparqueiros at the entrance to the port town of Vasco da Gama. Per the Portuguese strategy code named ''Plano Sentinela'' the defending forces were to make their last stand at the harbour, holding out against the Indians until Portuguese naval reinforcements could arrive. Orders delivered from the Portuguese President called for a [[scorched earth]] policy—that Goa was to be destroyed before it was given up to the Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Church in Goa |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/church.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402200720/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/church.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Goacom.com}}</ref> Canadian political scientist Antonio Rangel Bandeira has argued that the sacrifice of Goa was an elaborate public relations stunt calculated to rally support for Portugal's wars in Africa.<ref name="books.google.co.in" />{{page needed|date=March 2018}}

Despite his orders from [[Lisbon]], Governor General [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] took stock of the numerical superiority of the Indian troops, as well as the food and ammunition supplies available to his forces and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as "''um sacrifício inútil''" (a useless sacrifice).{{Citation needed|date = June 2018}}

In a communication to all Portuguese forces under his command, he stated, "Having considered the defence of the Peninsula of Mormugão ... from aerial, naval and ground fire of the enemy and ... having considered the difference between the forces and the resources ... the situation does not allow myself to proceed with the fight without great sacrifice of the lives of the inhabitants of Vasco da Gama, I have decided with ... my patriotism well present, to get in touch with the enemy ... I order all my forces to cease-fire."<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web |title=Peaceful and quickly over |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981224/35850184.html |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Indianexpress.com}}</ref>

The official Portuguese surrender was conducted in a formal ceremony held at 2030 hours on 19 December when Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva signed the instrument of surrender bringing to an end 451 years of Portuguese Rule in Goa. In all, 4,668 personnel were taken prisoner by the Indians—a figure which included military and civilian personnel, Portuguese, Africans and Goan.<ref name="Azaredo" />

Upon the surrender of the Portuguese governor general, Goa, Daman and Diu was declared a federally administered Union Territory placed directly under the President of India, and Major-General K. P. Candeth was appointed as its military governor. The war had lasted two days, and had cost 22 Indian and 30 Portuguese lives.

Those Indian forces who served within the disputed territories for 48 hours, or flew at least one operational sortie during the conflict, received a [[General Service Medal 1947]] with the ''Goa 1961'' [[medal bar|bar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Service Medal |url=http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192318/http://www.prideofindia.net/general.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=8 May 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref>

==Portuguese actions post-hostilities==
When they received news of the fall of Goa, the Portuguese government formally severed all diplomatic links with India and refused to recognise the incorporation of the seized territories into the Indian Republic. An offer of Portuguese citizenship was instead made to all Goan natives who wished to emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule. This was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Later, in a show of defiance, Prime Minister Salazar's government offered a reward of US$10,000 for the capture of Brigadier Sagat Singh, the commander of the [[maroon beret]]s of India's parachute regiment who were the first troops to enter Panaji, Goa's capital.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Rakesh |date=26 June 2005 |title=Not all generals are leaders |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/book3.htm |access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref>

Lisbon went virtually into mourning, and Christmas celebrations were extremely muted. Cinemas and theatres shut down as tens of thousands of Portuguese marched in a silent parade from Lisbon's city hall to the cathedral, escorting the relics of St. [[Francis Xavier]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 1961 |title=India: End of an Image |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827193-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120143937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827193-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2011 |access-date=8 May 2015 |work=Time}}</ref>

Salazar, while addressing the Portuguese National Assembly on 3 January 1962, invoked the principle of national sovereignty, as defined in the legal framework of the Constitution of the Estado Novo. "We can not negotiate, not without denying and betraying our own, the cession of national territory and the transfer of populations that inhabit them to foreign sovereigns," said Salazar.<ref>[http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos José Manuel Barroso, Só soldados vitoriosos ou mortos, 2 January 2001] {{dead link|date=March 2018}}</ref> He went on to state that the UN's failure to halt aggression against Portugal, showed that effective power in the U.N. had passed to the Communist and Afro-Asian countries. Dr. Salazar also accused Britain of delaying for a week her reply to Portugal's request to be allowed the use of certain airfields. "Had it not been for this delay," he said, "we should certainly have found alternative routes and we could have rushed to India reinforcements in men and material for a sustained defence of the territory."<ref name="Keesing" />

Hinting that Portugal would yet be vindicated, Salazar went on to state that "difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from the inevitable consequences of the invasion."<ref name="Keesing" />

In the months after the conflict, the Portuguese Government used broadcasts on [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|Emissora Nacional]], the Portuguese national radio station, to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. An effort was made to create clandestine resistance movements in Goa, and within Goan diaspora communities across the world to use general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The campaign had the full support of the Portuguese government with the ministries of defence, foreign affairs, army, navy and finance involved. A plan was chalked out called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, which called for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=19 December 2011 |title=Records show colonizers were not done with Goa |work=The Times of India |location=Panaji |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Records-show-colonizers-were-not-done-with-Goa/articleshow/11162999.cms |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Xavier |first=Constantino |date=3 May 2014 |title=Lost in delusion |work=The Goan |url=http://www.thegoan.net/View-From-Afar/Lost-in-delusion/Column-Post/00473.html#.U_oc_flLpfs |url-status=dead |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704151803/http://www.thegoan.net/View-From-Afar/Lost-in-delusion/Column-Post/00473.html |archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

On 20 June 1964, [[Casimiro Monteiro]], a Portuguese [[PIDE]] agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PressDisplay.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines. |url=http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx?noredirect=true&bookmarkid=LNDP1YIXVM48 |website=www.pressdisplay.com}}</ref>

Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when, following an [[Carnation Revolution#Decolonisation|anti-colonial military coup d'état]] and the fall of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|authoritarian rule]] in [[Lisbon]], Goa was finally recognised as part of India, and steps were taken to re-establish diplomatic relations with India. On 31 December 1974, a treaty was signed between India and Portugal with the Portuguese recognising full sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal On Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters [1974] INTSer 53 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> In 1992, [[President of Portugal|Portuguese President]] [[Mário Soares]] became the first Portuguese head of state to visit Goa after its annexation by India, following [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]'s visit to Portugal in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=ed. S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. |title=India. |publisher=Kalpaz publ. |year=2005 |isbn=8178353938 |location=Delhi |pages=453}}</ref>

==Internment and repatriation of the prisoners of war==
After they surrendered, the Portuguese soldiers were interned by the Indian Army at their own military camps at [[Navelim]], [[Fort Aguada|Aguada]], [[Pondá]] and [[Alparqueiros]] under harsh conditions which included sleeping on cement floors and hard manual labour.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> By January 1962, most prisoners of war had been transferred to the newly established camp at [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] where conditions were substantially better.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

Portuguese non-combatants present in Goa at the surrender—which included Mrs Vassalo e Silva, wife of the Portuguese Governor General of Goa—were transported by 29 December to Mumbai, from where they were repatriated to Portugal. Manuel Vassalo e Silva, however, remained along with approximately 3,300 Portuguese combatants as prisoners in Goa.

[[Air Marshal]] [[Subramaniam Raghavendran|S Raghavendran]], who met some of the captured Portuguese soldiers, wrote in his memoirs several years later "I have never seen such a set of troops looking so miserable in my life. Short, not particularly well built and certainly very unsoldierlike."<ref>Air Marshal S Raghavendran, 'Eye Witness to the Liberation of Goa', para 8, Bharatrakshak.com, [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1961Goa/1050-Raghavendran.html]</ref>

In one incident, recounted by Lieutenant Francisco Cabral Couto (now retired general), on 19 March 1962 some of the prisoners tried to escape the Ponda camp in a garbage truck. The attempt was foiled, and the Portuguese officers in charge of the escapees were threatened with court martial and execution by the Indians. This situation was defused by the timely intervention of Ferreira da Silva, a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] military chaplain.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Morais |first=Carlos Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yxuAAAAMAAJ&q=972-33-1134-8 |title=A queda da Índia Portuguesa: crónica da invasão e do cativeiro |publisher=Editorial Estampa |year=1995 |isbn=972-33-1134-8 |location=Lisbon}}</ref> Following the foiled escape attempt, Captain Carlos Azeredo (now retired general) was beaten with rifle butts by four Indian soldiers while a gun was pointed at him, on the orders of Captain Naik, the 2nd Camp Commander. The beating was in retaliation for Azeredo's telling Captain Naik to "Go to Hell", and was serious enough to make him lose consciousness and cause severe [[contusion]]s. Captain Naik was later punished by the Indian Army for violating the [[Geneva Convention]].<ref name="Azaredo" />

During the internment of the Portuguese prisoners of war at various camps around Goa, the prisoners were visited by large numbers of Goans—described by Captain Azeredo as "Goan friends, acquaintances, or simply anonymous persons"—who offered the internees cigarettes, biscuits, tea, medicines and money. This surprised the Indian military authorities, who first limited the visits to twice a week, and then only to representatives of the Red Cross.<ref name="Azaredo" />

The captivity lasted for six months "thanks to the stupid stubbornness of Lisbon" (according to Capt. Carlos Azeredo). The Portuguese Government insisted that the prisoners be repatriated by Portuguese aircraft—a demand that was rejected by the Indian Government who instead insisted on aircraft from a neutral country. The negotiations were delayed even further when Salazar ordered the detention of 1200 [[Indians in Mozambique]] allegedly as a bargaining chip in exchange for Portuguese prisoners.<ref name="Azaredo" />

By May 1962, most of the prisoners had been repatriated—being first flown to [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], in chartered French aircraft, and then sent off to Lisbon by three ships: ''Vera Cruz'', ''Pátria'' and ''Moçambique''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AEIOU |title=AEIOU.pt |url=http://historiaeciencia.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/049503.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> On arrival at the [[Tagus|Tejo]] in Portugal, returning Portuguese servicemen were taken into custody by [[military police]] at gunpoint without immediate access to their families who had arrived to receive them. Following intense questioning and interrogations, the officers were charged with direct insubordination on having refused to comply with directives not to surrender to the Indians. On 22 March 1963, the governor general, the military commander, his chief of staff, one naval captain, six majors, a sub lieutenant and a sergeant were [[cashiering|cashiered]] by the council of ministers for cowardice and expelled from military service. Four captains, four lieutenants and a lieutenant commander were suspended for six months.<ref name="books.google.co.in" />

Ex-governor Manuel António Vassalo e Silva had a hostile reception when he returned to Portugal. He was subsequently [[court martial]]ed for failing to follow orders, expelled from the military and sent into exile. He returned to Portugal only in 1974, after the fall of the regime, and was given back his military status. He was later able to conduct a state visit to Goa, where he was given a warm reception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier Goa – A Recusa Do Sacrifício Inútil Summary |url=http://www.shvoong.com/books/469174-dossier-goa-recusa-sacrif%C3%ADcio-in%C3%BAtil/ |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Shvoong.com}}</ref>

==International reaction to the invasion and annexation of Goa==
===Support===
====African states====
Before the invasion the press speculated about international reaction to military action and recalled the recent charge by African nations that India was "too soft" on Portugal and was thus "dampening the enthusiasm of freedom fighters in other countries".<ref name=ComradesatOdds/> Many [[Africa]]n countries, themselves former European colonies, reacted positively to the capture of Goa by the Indians. [[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Ghana]] termed it as the "Liberation of Goa" and went on to state that the people of [[Ghana]] would "long for the day when our downtrodden brethren in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and other Portuguese territories in Africa are liberated." [[Adelino Gwambe]], the leader of the [[National Democratic Union of Mozambique|Mozambique National Democratic Union]] stated: "We fully support the use of force against Portuguese butchers."<ref name=ComradesatOdds/>

Also in 1961, the tiny Portuguese [[enclave]] of [[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]] was annexed by the [[Republic of Dahomey]] (now Benin). Portugal recognised the annexation in 1975.{{Citation needed|date = June 2018}}

====Soviet Union====
The future leader of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]], who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the Indian action. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore [[Western world|Western]] indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence ... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder". [[Nikita Khrushchev]], the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a [[UN security council]] resolution condemning the Indian annexation of Goa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Goa+vetoes+USSR#v=snippet&q=%22deploring%20India%27s%20police%20action%20was%20vetoed%20by%20the%20USSR%22&f=false India-USSR Relations 1947–71: (From Ambivalence to Steadfastness) PART-I], Shri Ram Sharma, Shri Ram Sharma, Discovery Publishing House, 1999, {{ISBN|81-7141-486-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7141-486-4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2011/01/26/forbes-india-fifty-years-after-liberation-fron-portuguese-rule-tourism-boom-returns.html Saude, Goa], Prince Mathews Thomas Thomas, 01.26.11, 06:00 PM EST, Fifty years after its liberation from Portuguese rule, this tiny tourist state is rethinking its future again.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nE0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=India+Goa+veto+USSR+indian+express#v=onepage&q=%22U.S.%2C%20over%20the%20Soviet%20Veto%22&f=false ''Life'']. 5 January 1962, Vol. 52, No. 1, ISSN 0024-3019.</ref>

====Arab states====
The [[United Arab Republic]] expressed its full support for India's "legitimate efforts to regain its occupied territory". A [[Morocco|Moroccan]] Government spokesman said that "India has been extraordinarily patient and a non-violent country has been driven to violence by Portugal"; while [[Tunisia]]'s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, Sadok Mokaddem expressed the hope that "the liberation of Goa will bring nearer the end of the Portuguese colonial regime in Africa." Similar expressions of support for India were forthcoming from other Arab countries.<ref name="Keesing" />

====Ceylon====
Full support for India's action was expressed in [[Ceylon]], where Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] issued an order on 18 December directing that "transport carrying troops and equipment for the Portuguese in Goa shall not be permitted the use of Ceylon's seaports and airports." Ceylon went on, along with delegates from [[Liberia]] and the UAR, to present a resolution in the UN in support of India's annexation of Goa.<ref name="Keesing" />

===Condemnation===
====United States====
The United States' official reaction to the annexation of Goa was delivered by [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in the [[United Nations Security Council]], where he condemned the armed action of the [[Indian government]] and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil.

To express its displeasure with the Indian action in Goa, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee attempted, over the objections of President [[John F. Kennedy]], to cut the 1962 foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Perceptions Of India In The U |url=http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210050251/http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |archive-date=10 December 2009 |access-date=9 November 2009 |publisher=Sga.myweb.uga.edu}}</ref>

Referring to the perception, especially in the West, that India had previously been lecturing the world about the virtues of nonviolence, President Kennedy told the Indian ambassador to the US, "You spend the last fifteen years preaching morality to us, and then you go ahead and act the way any normal country would behave ... People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991] By Dennis Kux Published by DIANE Publishing, 1993, {{ISBN|0-7881-0279-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7881-0279-0}}, Page 198</ref>

In an article titled "India, The Aggressor", ''The New York Times'' on 19 December 1961, stated "With his invasion of Goa Prime Minister Nehru has done irreparable damage to India's good name and to the principles of international morality."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1961/12/19/archives/india-the-aggressor.html?sq=With%2520his%2520invasion%2520of%2520Goa%2520Prime%2520Minister%2520Nehru%2520has%2520done%2520irreparable%2520damage%2520to%2520India%27s%2520good%2520name%2520and%2520to%2520the%2520principles%2520of%2520international%2520morality&scp=1&st=cse "India, the Aggressor"], ''The New York Times'', Page 32, 19 December 1961</ref>

''[[Life (magazine)|Life International]]'', in its issue dated 12 February 1962, carried an article titled "Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor" in which it expressed its vehement condemnation of the military action.

{{Quotation|The world's initial outrage at pacifist India's resort to military violence for conquest has subsided into resigned disdain. And in Goa, a new Governor strikes a symbolic pose before portraits of men who had administered the prosperous Portuguese enclave for 451 years. He is [[K. P. Candeth]], commanding India's 17th Infantry Division, and as the very model of a modern major general, he betrayed no sign that he is finding Goans less than happy about their "liberation". Goan girls refuse to dance with Indian officers. Goan shops have been stripped bare by luxury-hungry Indian soldiers, and Indian import restrictions prevent replacement. Even in India, doubts are heard. "India", said respected [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], leader of the [[Swatantra Party]], "has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power"|"Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor", ''Life International''|12 February 1962}}

====United Kingdom====
Commonwealth Relations Secretary, [[Duncan Sandys]] told the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 18 December 1961 that while the UK Government had long understood the desire of the Indian people to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu in the Indian Republic, and their feeling of impatience that the Portuguese Government had not followed the example of Britain and France in relinquishing their Indian possessions, he had to "make it plain that H.M. Government deeply deplores the decision of the Government of India to use military force to attain its political objectives."

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons [[Hugh Gaitskell]] of the Labour Party also expressed "profound regret" that India should have resorted to force in her dispute with Portugal, although the Opposition recognised that the existence of Portuguese colonies on the Indian mainland had long been an anachronism and that Portugal should have abandoned them long since in pursuance of the example set by Britain and France. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, Sir [[Patrick Dean]], stated in the UN that Britain had been "shocked and dismayed" at the outbreak of hostilities.<ref name="Keesing">{{Cite web |title=International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa. - Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in security Council |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1074-1962-03-KS-b-RCW.pdf |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide, LLC}}</ref>

====Netherlands====
A Foreign Ministry spokesman in [[The Hague]] regretted that India, "of all countries," had resorted to force to gain her ends, particularly as India had always championed the principles of the U.N. Charter and consistently opposed the use of force to achieve national purposes. Fears were expressed in the Dutch Press lest the Indian attack on Goa might encourage Indonesia to make a similar attack on [[Western New Guinea|West New Guinea]].<ref name="Keesing" /> On 27 December 1961, Dutch ambassador to the United States, Herman Van Roijen asked the US Government if their military support in the form of the USN's [[United States Seventh Fleet|7th Fleet]] would be forthcoming in case of such an attack.<ref>FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961–1963, VOLUME XXIII, SOUTHEAST ASIA, DOCUMENT 219. Memorandum From Robert H. Johnson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v23/d219</ref>

====Brazil====
The Brazilian government's reaction to the annexation of Goa was one of staunch solidarity with Portugal, reflecting earlier statements by Brazilian presidents that their country stood firmly with Portugal anywhere in the world and that ties between Brazil and Portugal were built on ties of blood and sentiment. Former Brazilian President [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], and long time friend and supporter of Portuguese PM Salazar, stated to Indian PM Nehru that "Seventy Million Brazilians could never understand, nor accept, an act of violence against Goa."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q=%22against%20Goa%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 27</ref> In a speech in Rio de Janeiro on 10 June 1962, Brazilian congressman [[Gilberto Freyre]] commented on the annexation of Goa by declaring that "a Portuguese wound is Brazilian pain".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA108#v=snippet&q=%22brazilian%20pain%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 108</ref>

Shortly after the conflict, the new Brazilian ambassador to India, Mário Guimarães, stated to the Portuguese ambassador to Greece that it was "necessary for the Portuguese to comprehend that the age of colonialism is over". Guimarães dismissed the Portuguese ambassador's argument that [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonialism]] was based on miscegenation and the creation of multiracial societies, stating that this was "not enough of a reason to prevent independence".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0-4uEqrWC00C&lpg=PA108&vq=%22brazilian%20pain%22&pg=PA114#v=snippet&q=%22not%20enough%20of%20a%20reason%20to%20prevent%20independence%22&f=false ''Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980''], Jerry Dávila, page 114</ref>

====Pakistan====
In a statement released on 18 December, the [[Pakistan]]<nowiki/>i Foreign Ministry spokesman described the Indian attack on Goa as "naked militarism". The statement emphasised that Pakistan stood for the settlement of international disputes by negotiation through the United Nations and stated that the proper course was a "U.N.-sponsored plebiscite to elicit from the people of Goa their wishes on the future of the territory." The Pakistani statement (issued on 18 December) continued: "The world now knows that India has double standards ... . One set of principles seem to apply to India, another set to non-India. This is one more demonstration of the fact that India remains violent and aggressive at heart, whatever the pious statements made from time to time by its leaders."<ref name="Keesing" />

"The lesson from the Indian action on Goa is of practical interest on the question of [[Kashmir]]. Certainly the people of Kashmir could draw inspiration from what the Indians are reported to have stated in the leaflets they dropped ... on Goa. The leaflets stated that it was India's task to ‘defend the honour and security of the Motherland from which the people of Goa had been separated far too long' and which the people of Goa, largely by their own efforts could again make their own. We hope the Indians will apply the same logic to Kashmir. Now the Indians can impress their electorate with having achieved military glory. The mask is off. Their much-proclaimed theories of non-violence, secularism, and democratic methods stand exposed."<ref name="Keesing" />

In a letter to the US President on 2 January 1962, Pakistani President General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] stated: "My Dear President, The forcible taking of Goa by India has demonstrated what we in Pakistan have never had any illusions about—that India would not hesitate to attack if it were in her interest to do so and if she felt that the other side was too weak to resist."<ref>[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v19/d83 Letter From President Ayub to President Kennedy], Rawalpindi, 2 January 1962.</ref>

===Ambivalence===
====People's Republic of China====
In an official statement issued on 19 December, the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] stressed its "resolute support" for the struggle of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America against "imperialist colonialism". However, the Hong Kong Communist newspaper ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' described the attack on Goa as "a desperate attempt by Mr. Nehru to regain his sagging prestige among the Afro-Asian nations." The ''Ta Kung Pao'' article – published before the statement from the Chinese Government – conceded that Goa was legitimately part of Indian territory and that the Indian people were entitled to take whatever measures were necessary to recover it. At the same time, however, the paper ridiculed Mr. Nehru for choosing "the world's tiniest imperialist country" to achieve his aim and asserted that "internal unrest, the failure of Nehru's anti-China campaign, and the forthcoming election forced him to take action against Goa to please the Indian people."<ref name="Keesing" />

====The Catholic Church====
The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa and Daman]] and [[Patriarch of the East Indies]] was always a Portuguese-born cleric; at the time of the annexation, José Vieira Alvernaz was archbishop, and days earlier Dom [[José Pedro da Silva]] had been nominated by the [[Holy See]] as [[coadjutor bishop]] with right to succeed Alvernaz. After the annexation, Silva remained in Portugal and was never consecrated; in 1965 he became [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Viseu|bishop of Viseu]] in Portugal. Alvernaz retired to the [[Azores]] but remained titular Patriarch until resigning in 1975 after Portuguese recognition of the 1961 annexation.

Although the Vatican did not voice its reaction to the annexation of Goa, it delayed the appointment of a native head of the Goan Church until the inauguration of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in Rome, when Msgr [[Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo]] was consecrated Bishop and [[Vicar Apostolic]] of Goa in 1963.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Souza |first=Teotonio R. |date=December 1986 |title=Unless Ye Become Like Children... |url=http://www.goacom.com/the-catholic-church-in-goa |journal=[[Goa Today]]}}</ref><ref>Teotonio R. de Souza, Goa to Me, New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1994 ({{ISBN|81-7022-504-3}}) {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517122848/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> His was succeeded by [[Raul Nicolau Gonçalves]] in 1972, who became the first native-born Patriarch in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Cosme Jose |date=21 December 2014 |title=Reminiscences Of Goa's Liberation |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Reminiscences-Of-Goa%E2%80%99s-Liberation/82454.html |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |location=Goa}}</ref>

==Legality==
Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After invading Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Malanczuk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwiIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 |title=Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law |date=12 April 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-83388-7 |pages=156– |quote=Portugal acquired Goa by conquest in the sixteenth century, and India recognized the Portuguese title after becoming independent in 1947. However, in the Security Council debates which followed the invasion, India argued that Portugal's title was void because it was based on colonial conquest. Such a view is correct under twentieth century notions of international law, but hardly under sixteenth-century notions. The sympathies of most of the members of the United Nations lay with India, and neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly condemned India's actions. But this does not necessarily mean that they thought India's action was legally justified.}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the law of occupation. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andrew Clapham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IGhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1465 |title=The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary |last2=Paola Gaeta |last3=Marco Sassòli |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100352-3 |pages=1465– |quote=In the case of the annexation of Goa by India in 1961, the Supreme Court of India held that the annexation was valid and the law of occupation no longer applicable. In 1974, Portugal recognized the Indian sovereignty over Goa by a treaty with retroactive effect.}}</ref> Under the ''[[jus cogens]]'' rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty can not justify it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fQjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 |title=Public International Law |date=8 May 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93641-1 |pages=268– |quote=It is submitted that in the light of the jus cogens rule prohibiting the threat or use of force any annexation which has taken place after the entry into force of the UN Charter e.g. the annexation of Tibet by China in 1951, the annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948, the annexation of Goa (despite the fact that Portugal relinquished its claim and recognised the sovereignty of India over Goa by a treaty) should be regarded as illegal and thus without any effect under international law. Such fundamental illegality can neither be justified by the subsequent conclusion of a peace treaty nor by the application of the doctrine of historic consolidation.}}</ref> Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharon Korman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC&pg=PA275 |title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice |date=31 October 1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-158380-3 |pages=275– |quote=It may therefore be argued that the recognition of India's annexation of Goa involved the bending of a principle (the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by the use of force) to accommodate a reality which was regarded as being, on the whole, beneficial, even if this situation originated in illegality. But it did not involve the abandonment of the legal principle prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force-even in respect of territories defined as colonies. The conclusion that India's successful annexation of Goa cannot be taken to indicate the existence of a legal right of reconquest in cases where a former colony seeks to recover what it considers to be its pre-colonial frontiers is reinforced-even more strongly and conclusively-by the practice of states in connection with Argentina's attempted conquest or reconquest of the Faulkland islands.}}</ref>

==Cultural depiction==
The movie ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'' (1969), was about Operation Vijay. ''[[Trikal]]'', a film by [[Shyam Benegal]] and ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' also have storylines based on the backdrop of 1960s Goa.

==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|India|War|1960s}}
* [[Cuncolim Revolt]]
* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[Goa liberation movement]]
* [[History of Goa]]
* [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque]]
* [[Portuguese Colonial War]]
* [[Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Portuguese Indian escudo]]
* [[Portuguese Indian rupia]]
* [[Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India|12th Amendment of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rotter |first=Andrew Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPx4vb99RUoC |title=Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8014-8460-X }}
* {{Cite book |last=Couto |first=Francisco Cabral |title=Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 |year=2006 |isbn=972-8799-53-5}} ([http://goabooks2.blogspot.com/2007/01/remembering-fall-of-portuguese-india.html Partial online version at GoaBooks2])
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |last=Fernandes |first=Aureliano |title=Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies: Goa in Perspective |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1381 |work=Lusotopie |volume=7 |year=2000 |pages=341–358}}
* {{Citation |last=Newman |first=Robert S. |title=Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region |date=Autumn 1984 |url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/viaatlantica/article/view/119337 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.2307/2759068 |jstor=2759068}}
* {{Citation |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |title=Political Integration in Goa |work=Journal of Developing Societies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1995 |id={{ProQuest|1307824129}} |pages=36–60}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713132416/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827139,00.html ''Time'' magazine coverage of the conflict]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221443/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-1961.html Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071130122710/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16333.jpg Image: Ram Manohar Lohia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071130070445/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16334.jpg Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070902030916/http://www.kamat.org/picture.asp?Name=16338.jpg Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092549/http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/portugal.pdf Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)]

{{Military of India}}
{{Goa topics}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa, Annexation of}}
[[Category:1961 in India]]
[[Category:1961 in Portugal]]
[[Category:1961 in Portuguese India|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]
[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1961]]
[[Category:December 1961 events in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Goa|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:Portuguese India|Annexation of Goa]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]

Chief of the Army Staff (India)

2021-08-05T15:40:51Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox official post | post = Chief | body = the Army Staff | native_name = | flag = Flag COAS.sv..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief
| body = the Army Staff
| native_name =
| flag = Flag COAS.svg
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[List of Indian flags#Army|Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff]]
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image = General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM AVSM SM VSM ADC (1).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 31 December 2019
| type =
| status =
| department = {{army|India}}
| style =
| member_of = [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]]
| reports_to = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]][[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[File:Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg|20px]][[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[File:Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg|20px]][[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet|ACC]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|3 years or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.}}
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/TheArmyAct1950.pdf Army Act, 1950 (Act No. 46 of 1950)]
| precursor = Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1948|06|21}}
| first = [[General (India)|General]] [[Rob Lockhart|Sir Rob Lockhart]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation = COAS
| unofficial_names = Army Chief
| deputy = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| salary = {{INRConvert|250000}} monthly<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets/1/703452.html|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|date=June 29, 2016|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref>
| website =
}}

The '''Chief of the Army Staff''' is the [[chief of staff|head]] of the [[military staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] and the chairman of the Indian Army Board. The Chief is usually the highest ranking officer of the Indian army unless the Chief and Vice Chief of Defence are army officers. The position is abbreviated as '''COAS''' in Indian Army, and is always held by a [[Four star rank|full]] [[General (India)|general]]. The general is responsible for directing and chairing the army staff of the armed forces serving as the staff's [[chief executive]]. As the most senior officer to serve in the [[Indian Army]], the Chief of the Army Staff is a military adviser to the [[Government of the Republic of India]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. The current COAS is [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], who took office on 31 December 2019.

==Office of the Chief of the Army Staff==

The post of [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] was established in 1748 to designate the commander of all forces of [[East India Company]].

After 1857 , the Commander-in-Chief become the supreme commander of the [[British Indian Army]]. The C-in-C was also the overall head of the armed forces of the [[British Raj|British India]] including the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] and [[Royal Indian Navy]]. The Commander-in-Chief was also closely in contact with Office of the [[Viceroy of india|Viceroy of India]].

After partition in 1947 the post of Commander-in-Chief was divided into:- Commander-in-Chief of Indian Army, [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]] and Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in India and Pakistan. At Independence, the head of the Indian Army was designated as the "'''Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army'''". On 1 March 1948, the designation changed to "'''Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army"''' .<ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 1948|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-02-28_119.pdf|access-date=16 February 2020|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive}}</ref> The designation was again changed to "'''Chief of Army Staff"''' through the Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act ,1955.<ref name="india-cincact3">{{cite web|title=The Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act, 1955|url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/laws/The-Commanders-In-Chief-Change-in-Designation-Act-1955.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111144149/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/laws/The-Commanders-In-Chief-Change-in-Designation-Act-1955.html|archive-date=11 November 2011|access-date=18 October 2011|publisher=VakilNo1.com|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The office is based at [[South Block]] of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]] at [[Raisina Hill]], [[New Delhi]].

Appointments to the office are made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC). The COAS reaches [[superannuation]] upon three years in the office or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.

==Appointees==
{{See also|Commander-in-Chief, India|Chief of the General Staff (India)}}

The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Army Staff or its preceding positions since the [[independence of India]].<ref name="ia-coas">{{cite web |last=Official Indian Army Web Portal |title=Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=KlXwOige5RfLtzzoCqAdnQ%3D%3D&ParentID=03FzZ1bcM4iK4xVqplbx8w%3D%3D&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ%3D%3D |website=www.indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718121307/https://indianarmy.nic.in/site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=KlXwOige5RfLtzzoCqAdnQ%3D%3D&ParentID=03FzZ1bcM4iK4xVqplbx8w%3D%3D&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ%3D%3D |archive-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>

===Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1947–1948)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showelection = y
| election_title = Unit of Commission
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n

}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image =
| military_rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| officeholder = {{nowrap|[[Rob Lockhart|Sir Robert Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KCB|CIE|MC}}}}
| officeholder_sort = Lockhart, Rob
| officeholder_note = {{Efn|Formerly ''[[British Indian Army]]''. Seconded from the ''[[British Army]]''.|name=British Army}}
| born_year = 1893
| died_year = 1981
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 31 December 1947
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1947|08|15|1947|12|01}}
| election = [[51st Sikhs]]

}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image = General Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Roy Bucher|Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KBE|CB|MC}}
| officeholder_sort = Bucher, Roy
| officeholder_note = {{Efn|name=British Army}}
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1980
| term_start = 1 January 1948
| term_end = 20 June 1948
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1948|01|01|1948|06|20}}
| election = [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|4th Cameronians]]
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

===Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1948-1955)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showelection = y
| election_title = Unit of Commission
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
| showref = y
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = General Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Roy Bucher|Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KBE|CB|MC}}
| officeholder_sort = Bucher, Roy
| officeholder_note = {{Efn|name=British Army}}
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1980
| term_start = 21 June 1948
| term_end = 15 January 1949
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1948|06|21|1949|01|15}}
| election = [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)|4th Cameronians]]
| ref = —
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image = General K. M. Cariappa.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}}
| officeholder_sort = Cariappa, Kodandera
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 15 January 1949
| term_end = 14 January 1953
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1949|01|15|1953|01|14}}
| election = [[88th Carnatic Infantry]]
| ref = —
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 3
| image = Gen Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Maharaj]] [[Shri]] [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DSO}}
| officeholder_sort = Jadeja, Rajendrasinhji
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1964
| term_start = 14 January 1953
| term_end = 1 April 1955
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1953|01|14|1955|04|01}}
| election = [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
| ref = <ref name="BRmksr">{{cite web |last1=Contibutor |first1=Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |title=General Maharaj Kumar Shri Rajendrasinhji DSO |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/123-shri-rajendrasinhji.html |website=www.Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111071604/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/123-shri-rajendrasinhji.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 |df=dmy}}</ref>
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

===Chief of the Army Staff (1955–present)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showelection = y
| election_title = Unit of Commission
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = Gen Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Maharaj]] [[Shri]] [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=|DSO}}
| officeholder_sort = Jadeja, Rajendrasinhji
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1964
| term_start = 1 April 1955
| term_end = 14 May 1955
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1955|04|01|1955|05|14}}
| election = [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image = General Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[S. M. Shrinagesh|Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh]]
| officeholder_sort = Shrinagesh, S.
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1903
| died_year = 1977
| term_start = 15 May 1955
| term_end = 7 May 1957
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1955|05|15|1957|05|07}}
| election = [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 3
| image = General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DSO}}
| officeholder_sort = Thimayya, Kodendera
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1906
| died_year = 1965
| term_start = 8 May 1957
| term_end = 7 May 1961
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1957|05|07|1961|05|07}}
| election = [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 4
| image = General Pran Nath Thapar.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Pran Nath Thapar]]
| officeholder_sort = Thapar, Pran
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1906
| died_year = 1975
| term_start = 8 May 1961
| term_end = 19 November 1962
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1961|05|08|1962|11|19}}
| election = [[1st Punjab Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 5
| image = General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}}
| officeholder_sort = Chaudhuri, Jayanto Nath
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1908
| died_year = 1983
| term_start = 20 November 1962
| term_end = 7 June 1966
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1962|11|20|1966|06|07}}
| election = [[16th Light Cavalry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 6
| image = General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DSO|MBE}}
| officeholder_sort = Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1913
| died_year = 2000
| term_start = 8 June 1966
| term_end = 7 June 1969
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1966|06|08|1969|06|07}}
| election = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 7
| image = FM Sam Manekshaw.jpg
| military_rank = [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]], {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|MC}}
| officeholder_sort = Manekshaw, Sam
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1914
| died_year = 2008
| term_start = 8 June 1969
| term_end = 15 January 1973
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1969|06|08|1973|01|15}}
| election = [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 8
| image = General Gopal Gurnath Bewoor.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Bewoor, Gopal Gurunath
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1916
| died_year = 1989
| term_start = 16 January 1973
| term_end = 31 May 1975
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1973|01|16|1975|05|31}}
| election = [[Dogra Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 9
| image = General Tapishwar Narain Raina.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|MVC|SM}}
| officeholder_sort = Raina, Tapishwar Narain
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1921
| died_year = 1980
| term_start = 1 June 1975
| term_end = 31 May 1978
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1975|06|01|1978|05|31}}
| election = [[Kumaon Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 10
| image = Om-prakash-Mhalotra.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Om Prakash Malhotra]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Malhotra, Om Prakash
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1922
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 1 June 1978
| term_end = 31 May 1981
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1978|06|01|1981|05|31}}
| election = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 11
| image = General Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[K. V. Krishna Rao|Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Rao, K.
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 2016
| term_start = 1 June 1981
| term_end = 31 July 1983
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1981|06|01|1983|05|31}}
| election = [[Mahar Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 12
| image = General Arunkumar Shridhar Vaidya.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya|Arunkumar Shridhar Vaidya]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|MVC|AVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Vaidya, Arun Shridhar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1926
| died_year = 1986
| term_start = 1 August 1983
| term_end = 31 January 1986
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1983|06|01|1986|01|31}}
| election = [[9th Deccan Horse]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 13
| image = General Krishnaswami Sundarji.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Sundarji, Krishnaswamy
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1928
| died_year = 1999
| term_start = 1 February 1986
| term_end = 31 May 1988
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1986|02|01|1988|05|31}}
| election = [[Mahar Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 14
| image = General Vishwa Nath Sharma.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Sharma, Vishwa Nath
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1930
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 June 1988
| term_end = 30 June 1990
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1988|06|01|1990|06|30}}
| election = [[16th Light Cavalry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 15
| image = General Sunith Francis Rodrigues.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Rodrigues, Sunith Francis
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1933
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 July 1990
| term_end = 30 June 1993
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1990|07|01|1993|06|30}}
| election = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 16
| image = General Bipin Chandra Joshi.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Joshi, Bipin Chandra
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1935
| died_year = 1994
| term_start = 1 July 1993
| term_end = 19 November 1994
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1993|07|01|1994|11|19}}
| election = [[64th Cavalry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 17
| image = Gen Shankar Roy Chowdhary.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Shankar Roychowdhury|Shankar Roy Chowdhary]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Roychowdhury, Shankar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1937
| died_year =
| term_start = 20 November 1994
| term_end = 30 September 1997
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1994|11|20|1997|09|30}}
| election = [[20 Lancers (India)|20th Lancers]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 18
| image = General VP Malik.png
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Ved Prakash Malik]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Chowdhury, Shankar Roy
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1939
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 October 1997
| term_end = 30 September 2000
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1997|10|01|2000|09|30}}
| election = [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 19
| image = General Sundararajan Padmanabhan.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Padmanabhan, Sundararajan
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1940
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 October 2000
| term_end = 31 December 2002
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2000|10|01|2002|12|31}}
| election = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 20
| image = General Vij.png
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Vij, Nirmal Chander
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1943
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 January 2003
| term_end = 31 January 2005
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2003|01|01|2005|01|31}}
| election = [[Dogra Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 21
| image = J. J. Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Vij, Nirmal Chander
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1945
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 February 2005
| term_end = 30 September 2007
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2005|02|01|2007|09|30}}
| election = [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 22
| image = General Deepak Kapoor.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Deepak Kapoor]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Kapoor, Deepak
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1948
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 October 2007
| term_end = 31 March 2010
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2007|10|01|2010|03|31}}
| election = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 23
| image = General Vijay Kumar Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Vijay Kumar Singh]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Vijay Kumar
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1951
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 April 2010
| term_end = 31 May 2012
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2010|04|01|2012|05|31}}
| election = [[Rajput Regiment]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 24
| image = Gen Bikram Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Bikram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1952
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 June 2012
| term_end = 31 July 2014
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2012|06|01|2014|07|31}}
| election = [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 25
| image = General Dalbir Singh official photo.jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Dalbir
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1954
| died_year =
| term_start = 1 August 2014
| term_end = 31 December 2016
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2014|08|01|2016|12|31}}
| election = [[5 Gorkha Rifles]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 26
| image = Bipin Rawat (CDS).jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Bipin Rawat]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Rawat, Bipin
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1958
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 31 December 2019
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2016|12|31|2019|12|31}}
| election = [[11 Gorkha Rifles]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 27
| image = General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM AVSM SM VSM ADC (1).jpg
| military_rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| officeholder = [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Naravane, Manoj Mukund
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1960
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2019
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2019|12|31}}
| election = [[Sikh Light Infantry]]
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==See also==
{{commons cat|Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}
* [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]
* [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]]
* [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal of the Indian Army]]
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
* [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
* [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]
* [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Thimayya: an amazing life |last=Khanduri |first=Chandra B. |year=2006 |publisher=Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87966-36-4 |pages=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 July 2010}}

{{Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Army}}
{{Chief of the army by country}}

[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)|*C]]
[[Category:Army chiefs of staff|India]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Army appointments]]

Operation Cactus

2021-08-05T15:40:19Z

Pradip89: Redirected page to 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt

#REDIRECT [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt]]

[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]

Operation Meghdoot

2021-08-05T15:40:05Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Short description|1984 Indian military operation to capture the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir}} {{Multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=September 2017}} {{Cleanup|reaso..."

{{Short description|1984 Indian military operation to capture the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Cleanup|reason=rough grammar/spelling in some sections|date=September 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Meghdoot
| width =
| partof = the [[Siachen conflict]]
| image = Siachen Glacier Satellite Image, 1.jpg
| caption = Satellite imagery of the [[Siachen Glacier]]
| date = {{date and age|1984|04|13|df=yes}}
| place = [[Siachen Glacier]], [[Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35|25|N|76|55|E|type:adm1st_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = India gains control of the entire [[Siachen Glacier]], administers it as part of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] (now [[Ladakh]])<ref>See http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html for a detailed description of Indian forces taking control of Bilafond La in 1987. and pages 19-20 plus the map on p. 21 at http://www.sandia.gov/cooperative-monitoring-center/_assets/documents/sand20075670.pdf , Pakistani control over the heights just to the west, near "Naveed Top" east of Chumik Glacier, contrary to the oft-copied misstatement in the old error-plagued summary at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/siachen.htm</ref><ref name="fronltine_leaders">{{cite news | url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2304/stories/20060310001704400.htm | title=For the first time, the leaders of India and Pakistan seem close to finding a solution to the Kashmir problem. | work=for a detailed, current map| date=10 March 2006 | access-date=29 April 2012 | author=Noorani, A.G.}}</ref><ref>"Indians have been able to hold on to the tactical advantage of the high ground. Most of India's many outposts are west of the (Siachen) Glacier along the [[Saltoro Ridge|Saltoro Range]]. {{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807EFDA1431F930A15756C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&&scp=1&sq=%22May%2023,%201999%22%20%22Roof%20of%20the%20World%22&st=cse|first= Barry |last= Bearak |title= THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World |access-date= 2009-02-20 |work= [[The New York Times]]|date= 23 May 1999}}</ref><ref>In an academic study with detailed maps and satellite images, co-authored by brigadiers from both the Pakistani and Indian military, pages 16 and 27: "Since 1984, the Indian army has been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline. The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline." {{cite web |url=http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand20075670.pdf |title=Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone |access-date=2009-02-20 |last=Hakeem |first=Asad |author2=Gurmeet Kanwal |author3=Michael Vannoni |author4=Gaurav Rajen |date=2007-09-01 |work=Sandia Report |publisher=Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417040258/http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand20075670.pdf |df=dmy-all |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>
| result = Indian operational success
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|India|23px}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg|size=23px}} [[Giani]] [[Zail Singh]] ([[President of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg|size=23px}} [[Indira Gandhi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Lieutenant Generals, Army Headquarters.svg|size=23px}} [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen.]] [[Prem Nath Hoon]] ([[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]], [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] D. K. Khanna
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg|size=23px}} [[General|Gen.]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] ([[President of Pakistan]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen.]] [[Zahid Ali Akbar Khan|Zahid Ali Akbar]] ([[General officer commanding|Commanding Officer]], [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]]) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|size=23px}} [[Brigadier general|Brig. Gen.]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| strength1 = 3,000+<ref name="story">{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412045808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2012 | publisher=Time.com | title=War at the Top of the World | date=7 November 2005}}</ref>
| strength2 = 3,000<ref name="story"/>
| casualties1 = Unknown<ref name="militaryops"/><ref name="thecitizen"/>
| casualties2 = Unknown<ref name="militaryops">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn5IDwAAQBAJ&q=operation+meghdoot+casualties|title=INDIA'S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|last1=Kumar Pandey|first1=Hemant|last2=Raj Singh|first2=Manish|date=1 August 2017|publisher=Horizon Books|page=141|isbn=9789386369390|quote=Camps were soon converted into permanent post by both countries. The number of casualties on both sides during this operation is not known.}}</ref><ref name="thecitizen">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/6996/HIGH-TIME-TO-SETTLE-SIACHEN|title=HIGH TIME TO SETTLE SIACHEN|work=The Citizen India|date=28 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821063636/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/6996/HIGH-TIME-TO-SETTLE-SIACHEN|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|right|UN map of Siachen]]

'''Operation Meghdoot''' ({{lit}} "Operation [[Meghadūta|Cloud Messenger]]" after a famous [[Sanskrit]] poem by [[Kalidasa]]) was the codename for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]' operation to seize control of the [[Siachen Glacier]] in [[Kashmir]], precipitating the [[Siachen conflict]]. Executed in the morning of {{Date|Apr 13, 1984|dmy}} in the highest battlefield in the world, Meghdoot was the first military offensive of its kind. The operation preempted [[Pakistan]]'s impending Operation Ababeel (which was intended to achieve the same objective as Meghdoot) and was a success, resulting in Indian forces gaining control of the Siachen Glacier in its entirety.<ref name=BaghelNusser/>

Currently, the [[Indian Army]] remains the first and only army in the world to have taken [[tank]]s and other heavy ordnance up to such an altitude (well over {{convert|5000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Up to ten infantry battalions each of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Pakistan Army]] are actively deployed at high altitudes of up to {{convert|6400|m|ft}} throughout the region of the [[glacier]].

[[File:Kashmir_map.jpg|thumb|420x346px|right|Indo-Pak mutually-agreed undisputed ''"International Border"'' (IB) in the black line, Indo-Pak ''"Line of Control"'' (LoC) in black dotted line in the north and west, Indo-Sino ''"Line of Actual"'' (LAC) in black dotted line in the east, Indo-Pak line across Siachen in north is ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL). The areas shown in green are the two Pakistani-controlled areas: Gilgit–Baltistan in the north and Azad Kashmir in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh, and the diagonally-hatched area to the east is the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. ''"Territories ceded by Pakistan to China claimed by India"'' in the north is Shaksgam ([[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]).]]
[[File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|420x380px|right|[[United Nations]] map of Siachen Glacier showing ''"Point NJ980420"'' (Point NJ9842) as the starting point of the ''"Actual Ground Position Line"'' (AGPL) and the [[Nubra River]] valley and Siachen Glacier held by India. The AGPL starts from NJ9842 and goes north near Gyong La, Chumik Kangri, Saltoro Galcier, Bilafond La, and Sia La to near Indira Col West. Goma military camp, the Masherbrum Range, Baltoro Glacier, Baltoro Muztagh and K2 are held by Pakistan.]]

==The operation==

===Cause of conflict===

The Siachen Glacier became a bone of contention following a vague demarcation of territories in the Karachi Agreement of July 1949 which did not exactly specify who had authority over the Siachen Glacier area. Indian interpretation was that Pakistan territory extended only to about the Saltoro Ridge based on the [[Simla Accord (1913)|Simla agreement]] where the territorial line's route after the last demarcated Point [[NJ9842]] was "thence north to the glaciers." Pakistan interpretation was that their territory continued northeast from Point NJ9842 to the [[Karakoram Pass]]. As a result, both nations claimed the barren heights and the Siachen Glacier. In the 1970s and early 1980s, [[Pakistan]] permitted several [[mountaineering]] expeditions to climb the peaks in the Siachen region from the Pakistani side, perhaps in an attempt to reinforce their claim on the area as these expeditions received permits obtained from the [[Government of Pakistan]] and in many cases a [[liaison officer]] from the [[Pakistan Army]] accompanied the teams. In 1978, the Indian Army also allowed mountaineering expeditions to the glacier, approaching from its side. The most notable one was the one launched by [[Colonel Narendra Kumar|Colonel Narinder "Bull" Kumar]] of the [[Indian Army]], who led an expedition to [[Teram Kangri]], along with medical officer Captain A.V.S. Gupta. The Indian Air Force provided valuable support to this expedition in 1978 through logistic support and supply of fresh rations. The first air landing on the glacier was carried out on 6 October 1978 when two casualties were evacuated from the Advance Base Camp in a [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] helicopter by Sqn Ldr Monga and Flying Officer Manmohan Bahadur. Contention over the glacier was aggravated by these expeditions, through both sides asserting their claims.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Notably, when Pakistan gave permission to a [[Japan]]ese expedition to scale an important peak ([[Rimo I]]) in 1984, it further fueled the suspicion of the Indian Government of Pakistani attempts to legitimize their claim. The peak, located east of the Siachen Glacier, also overlooks the northwestern areas of the [[Aksai Chin]] area which is controlled by [[China]] but claimed by [[India]]. The Indian military believed that such an expedition could further a link for a trade route from the northeastern (Chinese) to the southwestern (Pakistani) side of the [[Karakoram Range]] and eventually provide a strategic, if not tactical, advantage to the [[Pakistani Armed Forces]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===Planning===

The Indian military decided to deploy troops from Northern [[Ladakh]] region as well as some paramilitary forces to the glacier area. Most of the troops had been acclimatized to the extremities of the glacier through a training expedition to [[Antarctica]] in 1982 before eventually launching the operation to occupy the complete glacier.<ref>https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-raw-outsmarted-isi-to-win-siachen-for-india-through-operation-meghdoot-263062.html</ref> In 1983, Pakistani generals decided to stake their claim through troop deployments to the Siachen glacier. After analysing the Indian Army's mountaineering expeditions, they feared that India might capture key [[ridge]]s and [[mountain pass|passes]] near the glacier, and decided to send their own troops first. [[Islamabad]] ordered [[Arctic]]-weather gear from a London supplier,<ref name=supplier>{{cite news| url=http://indiafacts.info/20-interesting-facts-about-raw/ | work=India Facts| title=19 Interesting Facts About RAW | date=21 September 2016|access-date=2017-01-03}}</ref> unaware that the same supplier provided outfits to the Indians. The Indians were informed about this development and initiated their own plan, providing them with a head start.<ref name=time-war>{{cite news| url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html | work=Time Magazine| title=War at the Top of the World | date=4 July 2005|access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref>

The Indian Army planned an operation to control the glacier by 13 April 1984, to preempt the Pakistani Army by about 4 days, as intelligence had reported that the Pakistani operation planned to occupy the glacier by 17 April. Named for the divine cloud messenger, [[Meghaduta]], from the 4th century AD [[Sanskrit]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] by [[Kalidasa]], Operation ''Meghdoot'' was led by Lieutenant General [[Prem Nath Hoon]]. The task of occupying the Saltoro ridge was given to 26 Sector, commanded by Brigadier Vijay Channa, who was tasked with launching the operation between 10 and 30 April. He chose 13 April, supposedly an lucky date, because it was the [[Vaisakhi]] day, when the Pakistanis would be least expecting the Indians to launch an operation.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/operation-meghdoot-34-years-ago-how-india-won-siachen-5135429/</ref>

Preparations for Operation ''Meghdoot'' started with the airlift of Indian Army soldiers by the [[Indian Air Force]]. The Air Force used [[Il-76]], [[Antonov An-12|An-12]] and [[Antonov An-32|An-32]] to transport stores and troops as well to airdrop supplies to high altitude airfields. From there [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17]], [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] and [[HAL Chetak]] helicopters carried provisions and personnel to the east of the hitherto unscaled peaks.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

===Execution ===

The first phase of the operation began in March 1984 with the march on foot to the eastern base of the glacier. A full battalion of the [[Kumaon Regiment]] and units from the [[Ladakh Scouts]], marched with full battle packs through an ice-bound [[Zoji La]] pass for days.<ref name=ia-meghdoot>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp3PLMMCRM6C.aspx?MnId=GWOq5gm/3bWnw01bjgMFeA==&ParentID=PUXKeyfrbKTnUWp2lVC0YA==|title=Operation Meghdoot|publisher=Indian Army}}</ref> The units under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel (later Brigadier) D. K. Khanna were moved on foot to avoid detection of large troop movements by Pakistani radars.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

The first unit—tasked with establishing a position on the heights of the glacier—was led by Major (later Lieutenant-Colonel) R. S. Sandhu. The next unit led by Captain Sanjay Kulkarni secured [[Bilafond La]]. The remaining forward deployment units then marched and climbed for four days under the command of Captain P. V. Yadav to secure the remaining heights of the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]].<ref name=ia-meghdoot/> By 13 April, approximately 300 Indian troops were dug into the critical peaks and passes of the glacier. By the time Pakistan troops managed to get into the immediate area, they found that the Indian troops had controlled all three major mountain passes of [[Sia La]], Bilafond La, and by 1987 [[Gyong La]] and all the commanding heights of the Saltoro Ridge west of the Siachen Glacier.<ref name="time-war"/><ref name=BaghelNusser>{{cite journal|title=Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram |author=Baghel, Ravi |pages=24–36 |date=2015-06-17|publisher=Elsevier |author2=Nusser, Marcus |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001 |volume=48 |journal=Political Geography|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Wirsing>{{cite book |last = Wirsing |first = Robert |title = Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977-1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan, 1991 |isbn = 978-0-312-06067-1|date = 15 November 1991 }}</ref> Handicapped by the altitude and the limited time, Pakistan could only manage to control the Saltoro Ridge's western slopes and foothills despite the fact that Pakistan possessed more ground accessible routes to the area, unlike Indian access which was largely reliant on air drops for supplies due to the steeper eastern side of the glacier.<ref name=time-war/>

In [[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|his memoirs]], former [[President of Pakistan|Pakistani president]], General [[Pervez Musharraf]] states that Pakistan lost {{convert| 985.71|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of territory.<ref name="Memoirs">{{cite book|author=Pervez Musharraf | title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir | publisher=Free Press | year=2006 | isbn=0-7432-8344-9| author-link=Pervez Musharraf | title-link=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir }}(pp. 68-69)</ref> [[Time magazine]] also states that the Indian advance captured {{convert|985.71|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of territory claimed by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312141921/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2007|title=The Himalayas War at the Top of the World|first=Edward W.|last=Desmond|date=31 July 1989|access-date=15 December 2017|via=www.time.com}}</ref> Camps were soon converted to permanent posts by both countries. The number of casualties on both sides during this particular operation is not known.<ref name="militaryops"/>

=== Casualties ===

No reliable data is available. However, both sides incurred most of their casualties from the weather and the terrain. A large number of soldiers from both sides suffered [[frostbite]] and [[high altitude sickness]] or were lost in [[avalanche]]s or [[crevasse]]s during patrols.

In Siachen Glacier Operation Meghdoot, from 1984 till 18.11.2016, 35 officers and 887 JCOs / ORs{{clarify|What do these abbreviations mean?|date=June 2019}} have lost their lives. This information was given by Minister of State for Defence Dr. Subhash Bhamre in a written reply to Majeed Memon in Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parminder|first1=Kaur|title=Siachen Glacier Operation Meghdoot Takes 922 Lives|url=http://abclive.in/?p=3469|access-date=30 November 2016|agency=ABC Live|publisher=ABC Live|date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

The operation resulted in India gaining {{convert|70|km|mi}} long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier, Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La, thus presently giving India the tactical advantage of holding higher grounds.<ref name="fronltine_leaders"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614202041/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |df=dmy-all |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> The AGPL runs roughly along the [[Saltoro Mountains]] from Point [[NJ9842]] on the India-Pakistan [[Line of Control|LoC]] to near [[La Yongma Ri]], [[Gyong La]], [[Gyong Kangri]], [[Chumik Kangri]], [[Bilafond La]] (pass) and nearby [[Operation Rajiv|Bana Post]], [[Saltoro Kangri]], [[Ghent Kangri]], and [[Sia La]] to the India–Pakistan–China trijunction northwest of [[Indira Col|Indira Col West]] on the Sino-Indian [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Bharat Rakshak Monitor |title=Manning the Siachen Glacier |year=2003 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |access-date=2011-01-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614202041/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Siachen.html |archive-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref><ref name=control2>R Baghela and M Nüsserab, 2015, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629815000347 Securing the heights: The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram], [[Political Geography (journal)]], Volume 48, Pages 24-36.</ref> The peaks and passes under Pakistan's control such as [[2012 Gayari Sector avalanche|Gayari Camp]], [[Chogolisa]], [[Baltoro Glacier]], [[Conway Saddle]],<ref name=control2/> [[Baltoro Muztagh]], and [[Gasherbrum]] lie west of the AGPL.

The operation and the continued cost of maintaining logistics to the area is a major drain on both militaries. Pakistan launched an all out assault in 1987 and again in 1989 to capture the ridge and passes held by India. The first assault was headed by then-[[Brigadier-General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] (later [[President of Pakistan]]) and initially managed to capture a few high points before being pushed back. Later the same year, Pakistan lost at least one major Pakistani post, the "[[Quaid-e-Azam|Quaid]]", which came under Indian control as [[Bana Top|Bana Post]], in recognition of [[Bana Singh]] who launched a daring daylight attack, codenamed [[Operation Rajiv]], after climbing {{convert|1500|ft|abbr=on}} of ice cliff. Bana Singh was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]] (PVC) – the highest gallantry award of India for the assault that captured the post. Bana Post is the highest battlefield post in the world today at a height of {{convert|22143|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=rediff-hope>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2001/jan/25hope.htm|title=Project Hope|publisher=Rediff|date=2001-01-25|access-date=2011-12-30}}</ref><ref name=br-siachen>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1984/290-Confrontation.html|title=Confrontation at Siachen, 26 June 1987|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2011-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224074306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1984/290-Confrontation.html|df=dmy-all|archive-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> The second assault in 1989 was also unsuccessful as the ground positions did not change. The loss of most of the Siachen area and the subsequent unsuccessful military forays prompted [[Benazir Bhutto]] to taunt [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia ul Haq]] that he should wear a [[burqa]] as he had lost his [[manliness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakobserver.net/200607/05/Articles01.asp?txt=Demilitarisation%20of%20Siachin|title=Demilitarisation of Siachin by Air Marshal [R] Ayaz A Khan|access-date=15 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==In popular media==
''Operation Meghdoot: How India Captured Siachen (Battle Ops)'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premièred on the [[Discovery Channel]]'s [[Veer by Discovery]] series, Battle Ops.<ref name="VeerTV">{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|access-date=22 April 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="VeerYTV">{{cite web|title=Operation Meghdoot: How India Captured Siachen Battle Ops|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Q7AC66O8nU|publisher=Veer by Discovery|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==

; Near the AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line)
* [[NJ9842]] LoC ends and AGPL begins
* [[Gyong La]]
* [[Chumik Glacier]]
* [[Saltoro Mountains]]
* [[Saltoro Kangri]]
* [[Ghent Kangri]]
* [[Bilafond La]]
* [[Sia La]]
* [[Indira Col]]

; Borders
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL)
* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB)
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC)
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]
* [[:Category:Borders of Pakistan|Borders of Pakistan]]

; Conflicts
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]
* [[Northern Areas]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]

; Operations
* [[Operation Rajiv]], by India
* [[Operation Safed Sagar]], by India

; Other related topics
* [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Bana Singh]], after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
* [[Dafdar]], westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422041211/http://defenceindia.com/def_common/siachen.html Defence India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060417114400/http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/majop1.htm Indian Air Force]
* [http://www.rediff.com/republic/2000/jan/29mehta.htm Gen. Mehta on Kargil and Siachen] - [[Rediff.com]]
* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_1-12-2002_pg3_3 Siachen disengagement] - Article in ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050707031356/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501050711/story.html War at the top of the World] - Article in ''[[TIME]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614202808/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Siachen01.html The buildup to Operation ''Meghdoot'' by Wing Commander M. Bahadur]

{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Battles of Indo-Pakistani wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1984]]
[[Category:Siachen conflict]]
[[Category:1984 in India]]
[[Category:1984 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]
[[Category:April 1984 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]

Operation Vijay (1961)

2021-08-05T15:39:52Z

Pradip89: Redirected page to Annexation of Goa

#REDIRECT [[Annexation of Goa]]

[[Category:Operations involving Indian special forces]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]

Operation Surya Hope

2021-08-05T15:39:36Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} Surya, Central Command's emblem '''Operation Surya Ho..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[Image:IA Central Command.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Surya, Central Command's emblem]]
'''Operation Surya Hope''' was the [[Indian Army]]’s [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] response to the June [[2013 North India floods]] in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website">{{cite web|title=Armed Forces Mount Massive Relief Operations in Uttarakhand and Himachal|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=27 June 2013|author=Ministry of Defence|date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The Uttarakhand flood was caused by record off-season [[monsoon]] rains, [[cloud burst]], [[floods]], [[flash floods]], and [[glacial lake outburst flood]]s (GLOFs), which were possibly induced by [[climate change]].<ref name="Bidwai, 30 june">{{cite web|last=Bidwai|first=Praful|title=India Floods: a Man-made Disaster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/28/india-floods-man-made-disaster.|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 July 2013|date=30 June 2013}}</ref> The humanitarian disaster affected millions, stranded over 100,000 [[pilgrim]]s and tourists in [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] religious sites, and killed several thousand people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peer|first=Basharat|title=India Flood Rescue Hindered by Rain and Landslides.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/world/asia/india-flood-rescue-hindered-by-rain-and-landslides.html.|work=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2013|date=June 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYtimes, 25 june">{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Hari|title=Copter Crash Kills 19 as Flood Rescue Efforts Strain Indian Air Force.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/world/asia/crash-of-helicopter-kills-19-as-flood-evacuation-efforts-strain-the-indian-air-force.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2013|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
The [[Indian Army]]'s Lucknow based [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] conducted the operation. '''[[Surya]]''' or Sun, is the emblem of the Central Command and features prominently on the Command's [[:File:IA Central Command.jpg|formation sign]] and flag, which is probably why Central Command chose to name the effort Operation Surya Hope.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website"/><ref name="Press Trust of India , 19 june">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand rescue operations are among army's largest ever|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/uttarakhand-rescue-operations-are-among-army-s-largest-ever-381782|publisher=NDTV|author=Press Trust of India|date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

Operation Surya Hope was the follow-up to Operation Ganga Prahar.<ref name="ganga prahar, pioneer">{{cite web|title=Operation Ganga Prahar -Army Aids Flood Affected|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/operation-ganga-prahar--army-aids-flood-affected.html|publisher=Pioneer News Service|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=Pioneer News Service|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="CC, Ganga Prahar">{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE : OPERATION GANGA PRAHAR ARMY AIDS FLOOD AFFECTED|url=http://suryahopes.in/press_release_page.asp|publisher=Central Command|accessdate=5 July 2013|author=Central Command|date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The operation was commanded by Lieutenant General Anil Chait, the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|General Officer Commanding in Chief]] (GOC in C) of Central Command.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" /><ref name="phase 2">{{cite web|title=Second Phase of Operation Surya Hope to Start Today|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cJVC637wofeature=youtube_gdata_player.|publisher=itvnewsindia|accessdate=1 July 2013|author=India News|language=Hindi|date=22 June 2013}}</ref> He was succeeded by Lieutenant General Rajan Bakhshi on 1 July 2013. Soon after assuming command, Bakhshi said that the Army would continue with the relief operations, and that he would soon visit Uttarakhand.<ref name="TOI, 27 June">{{cite web|title=Army commander accompanies 500 people on foot from Badrinath|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Army-commander-accompanies-500-people-on-foot-from-Badrinath/articleshow/20799151.cms|publisher=Times of india|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=Ashish Tripathi|date=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="TOI, 30 june">{{cite web|title=Lieutenant General Bakhi is Central Command's new GOC-in-C|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-30/lucknow/40285948_1_strike-corps-goc-in-c-defence-services-staff-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707064801/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-30/lucknow/40285948_1_strike-corps-goc-in-c-defence-services-staff-college|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2013|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=Arunav Sinha|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 June 2013}}</ref> Over 10,000 troops participated in Operation Surya Hope. It was conducted in arrangement with efforts from the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) ([[Operation Rahat]]), [[Border Road Organization]], [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) and other para military forces under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home]].<ref name="'OP RAHAT' website">{{cite web|last=Ministry of Defence|title=IAF Continues 'OP RAHAT'|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|work=Ministry of Defence|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="MHA, 20 june">{{cite web|title=22 Helicopters deployed in Uttrakhand for Relief Work Over 22,000 persons rescued 13 teams of NDRF assisting in search & rescue|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=28 June 2013|author=MHA|date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

The floods and landslides in Uttarakhand was considered by many as the worst natural disaster in the area in a hundred years. The [[Government of India]] classifies the disaster as a [[tsunami]].<ref name="Video, flood, India news">{{cite web|title=Flood Hits Uttarakhand, 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33QXliZZi-E|publisher=itvnewsindia|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=India News|language=Hindi|date=June 2013}}</ref><ref>http://reliefweb.int/report/india/himalaya-tsunami-creates-havoc-north-india-death-toll-crosses-1000</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=25 SHOCKING Pictures of Devastation Caused by Himalayan Tsunami in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYlNC55PXTE.|publisher=CNN IBN Live|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref> [[India Meteorological Department|India Meteorological Department (IMD)]] states that the total rainfall in Uttarakhand from 1 to 18 June 2013 totaled to 385.1 mm, the highest in the last 80 years. The normal rainfall during the period is 71.3 mm, making the total 440% larger than the normal.<ref name="MHA, 20 june" /><ref name="BBC, 2 July 13">{{cite web|title=India floods: Last stranded pilgrims rescued in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23145924|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 July 2013|date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

== Early warning ==
India has an elaborate multi-tier and multi-agency natural disaster and flood Early Warning (EW) system, both at the Central and the State levels. Federal nodal agencies responsible for providing EW are:
* Floods – Central Water Commission
* Landslide hazard – [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI)
* Avalanche – [[Defence Research Development Organization|Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO)]]
* Disaster Management Support (DMS) – [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO)
* Weather- India Metrological Department (IMD).<ref name="Disaster Management in India, p110">{{cite web|title=Disaster Management in India|url=http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=18 July 2013|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|pages=107–110|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815153311/http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Out of all the agencies above, only the India Meteorological Department warned of the tsunami that struck Uttarakhand in June 2013. The Central Water Commission, under the Union Ministry of Water Resources, made its first flood forecast for the year for Uttarakhand after the event on 18 June which impacted Rishikesh and Haridwar.<ref name="Rediff, 27 june">{{cite web|title=Forecasters played poker while Uttarakhand drowned|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-column-forecasters-played-poker-while-uttarakhand-drowned/20130627.htm|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=18 July 2013|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> The IMD's warnings had little effect, and few moved to safer places. Both the state and central government ignored the early warning. The State Government didn't issue any form of advisory to the residents or the pilgrims in the affected areas. Uttarakhand Chief Secretary Subhash Kumar also dismissed the IMD advisory.<ref name="Rediff, 27 june"/><ref name="Purie , 28 june">{{cite web|title=India Today Editor-in-Chief Aroon Puri on Uttarakhand floods|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-today-editor-in-chief-aroon-purie-on-uttarakhand-floods/1/285817.html|accessdate=6 July 2013|author=Aroon Purie|date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

== Organizations ==
The area of responsibility for the humanitarian assistance mission included the heavily [[flood]] affected areas of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The mission boundary in the north runs along the India-Tibet border, in the east it runs along the India [[Nepal]] border, and in the west it goes up to the western boundary of the [[Garhwal Division]]. The areas covered by the mission included [[Uttarkashi]], [[Chamoli]], [[Rudraprayag]] [[Badrinath]], [[Hemkund]] [[Joshimath]], [[Harsil]], Gauchar, [[Kedarnath]] Kedarghati, Rajakhet, Koti Tehri, Gauri Kund, in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal Division]], [[Dharchula]], the [[Pithoragarh district]], and the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon Division]].<ref name="cc, 20 june">{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE ARMY LAUNCHES OPERATION SURYA HOPE|url=http://suryahopes.in/press_release_page.asp|publisher=Central Command|date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Disaster management and disaster preparedness ===
In India's federal system, the state government holds the responsibility for disaster management. The national government plays a ‘supporting role’. The ‘nodal Ministry’ in the central government for management of natural disasters, is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). In the MHA this function is discharged by the Disaster Management Division (DM Division).<ref name="Disaster Management in India, p 113">{{cite web|title=Disaster Management in India|url=http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=19 July 2013|author=Disaster Management Division|page=113|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815153311/http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> When "calamities of severe nature" occur, the Central Government is responsible for providing aid and assistance to the affected state, as may be needed, including the deploying, at the State’s request, of Armed Forces, Central Paramilitary Forces, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and such communication, air and other assets, as are available and needed. The response of the central government is based on "gravity of a natural calamity" and the "scale of the relief operation".<ref name="Disaster Management in India, p 107-10">{{cite web|title=Disaster Management in India|url=http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=19 July 2013|author=Disaster Management Division|pages=107–10|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815153311/http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The “apex Body for Disaster Management" in India, mandated by the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]], is the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The NDRF, under the NDRM consists of 12 battalions, and is organised along the lines of a paramilitary force. The NDRF has several flag rank officers, and its Director General wears the uniform and badges of rank of an army three-star general.<ref name="NDRF website, 10 july">{{cite web|title=National Disaster Response Force and Civil Defence|url=http://ndrfandcd.gov.in/CMS/AboutUs.aspx|publisher=MHA|accessdate=10 July 2013|date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029102440/http://ndrfandcd.gov.in/CMS/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Armed forces ===
[[File:UttarakhandDistricts.png|thumb|Uttarakhund]]

On 19 June, the day Operation Ganga Prahar became Operation Surya Hope, and the strength of the Army in the affected area was 5,600.<ref name="ganga prahar, pioneer"/><ref name="PMO, 19 june" /> By 27 June 2013, the Army's numbers in the mission area had increased to above 8,500.<ref name="TOI, 27 June" /> Army's [[disaster response]] units included infantry battalions, [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]] units to provide [[Military logistics|Logistic and Supply]] support, signals regiment, engineer regiments, advance dressing stations and other medical units, special forces, specialised mountain troops, paratroopers, and army aviation corps assets. The [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] deployed 13 helicopters (nine on 19 June and an additional four the next day). This is the largest humanitarian mission by the Indian Army in several decades.<ref name="Press Trust of India , 19 june" />

By 23 June, the total number of aircraft involved in the evacuation, relief, rescue, and search tasks, according to government sources, was 83 (IAF-45, Army-13, state government hired civil helicopters- 25).<ref name="TOI, 27 June"/> The helicopters carried out their mission in hazardous mountain conditions, often in rain and fog, in what one pilot called a "war like situation". On 24 June, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]], the Chief of the Indian Air-force, to assure the people cut off in the mountains, by the bad weather, road blocks, and the floods, said "Our helicopter rotors will not stop churning till such time we get each one of you out. Do not lose hope, and hang in there."<ref name="NYtimes, 25 june" /> The next day, 25 June, to high light the hazardous conditions of flying, an IAF Mi 17, Russian built helicopter, flying in poor visibility, in a narrow valley, crashed into the mountain side killing all 20 on board (5 IAF, 6 ITBP, and 9 NDRF personnel).<ref name="WP, 25 june">{{cite web|title=20 bodies recovered after helicopter on mission to rescue India flood survivors crashes|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-25/world/40186307_1_monsoon-floods-rescue-efforts-chief-minister-vijay-bahuguna|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707002427/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-25/world/40186307_1_monsoon-floods-rescue-efforts-chief-minister-vijay-bahuguna|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2013|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2 July 2013|agency=Associated Press|date=25 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Indian Navy]], too, had a small presence in the mission area. The Navy's marine commandos (Marcos), were deployed to [[Rudraprayag]], and [[Rishikesh]], for rescue and search missions. It is not known what task, if any, was performed by this group.<ref name="TOI, navy commandoes">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand: Navy deploys marine commandos, deep-sea divers|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-25/india/40184858_1_marine-commandos-divers-indian-navy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-25/india/40184858_1_marine-commandos-divers-indian-navy|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|accessdate=28 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) ===
The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) deployed 13 teams (a total of 422 persons) from two NDRF battalions in six locations, as follows: five teams (174 personnel) in Rudraprayag District, three teams (89 personnel) in the Haridwar area, one team (33 personnel) in Guptkashi, one team (29 personnel) in Lakshar, one team (40 personnel) in Gaurikund, one team (45 personnel) in Dehradun, and one team (12 personnel) at Jolly Grant Airport. The NDRF mission was to assist the "State Government for search and rescue operations".<ref name="MHA, 20 june" /> The strength of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) in the affected area as on 20 June 13 was 600 personnel: 300 from the Ist ITBP Battalion in the Joshimath area, and 300 from the 8th ITBP Battalion in [[Kedarnath]], [[Gaurikund]], and [[Gaucher]].<ref name="PMO, 19 june">{{cite web|title=PM announces 1000 crore rupee disaster relief for Uttarakhand|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=PBI|accessdate=29 June 2013|author=Prime Minister's Office|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ITBP, 25 june">{{cite web|title=Rescue and Relief Operations by ITBP in Uttarakhand|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96763|publisher=PIB|accessdate=1 July 2013|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>

== Conduct ==
For relief and rescue operations, the Army divided the affected areas into four axes, or sub sectors: [1] [[Rishikesh]] – [[Uttarkashi]] – [[Harsil]] – [[Gangotri]] axis [2] [[Rudraprayag]] – [[Kedarnath]] axis [3] [[Joshimath]] – [[Badrinath]] axis and Dharchhula – Tawaghat axis, and [4] [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] district, in [[Kumaon division]].<ref name="MOD, 20 june">{{cite web|title=Army Reaches Isolated People|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=27 June 2013|author=Ministry of Defence|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The Army's response plan consisted of three broad phases. Phase One, 19–20 June; Phase Two, 21–22 June; and Phase Three, 23 June onwards.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" />

On 19–20 June, the Army conducted reconnaissance and carried out air evacuation of people stranded along [[Govindghat]]-[[Badrinath]] road, track from Ghagriya to [[Hemkund]] to Badrinath and Ghagriya.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" /> By evening 19 June, the Army had evacuated 1,610 civilians in Uttarkashi district, 3,034 in Joshimath sector, and 1,550 people from [[Govindghat]]. Shelter, food and medical aid had been provided to 1,300 people in the Uttarkashi area and 1,276 in Joshmith, while medical teams had treated 300 people in Joshimath, 150 in [[Harsil]], and 70 in Rudraprag.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" /> By evening on 20 June the Army reported that it had "rescued more than 11000 people, mainly from Govindghat and [[Harsil]]", and was sheltering, feeding, and providing medical assistance to about 10,000. On 20 June the army opened the road up to Uttarkashi, and to Sonprayag on Kedarnath axis. On the same day it launched a bridge across Vasuki Ganga between Mundkatiya and Sonprayag, and started work on the repair of the bridge over [[Alaknanda]] between Govindghat and Ghagria on Hemkund Sahib track.<ref name="MOD, 20 june"/> On 20 June, the army, started work on the maintenance and improvement, and expansion of [[helipad]] at Gagaria on Hemkund Sahib axis to make it ready to accommodate the larger MI-17 helicopter to allow for speedier aerial evacuation.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" /><ref name="MOD, 20 june"/> Following aerial reconnaissance on 19 June, the army on 21 June dropped Paratroopers in Rudraprayag-Kedarnath, Jungle Chatti, and other in accessible areas to establish contact with to stranded pilgrims and commence relief and evacuation operations. Simultaneously, it establishes "heli-bridge-air shuttle service between Jungle Chatti and Gaurikund".<ref name="GOM, 21 june">{{cite web|title=RESCUE AND RELIEF IN UTTARAKHAND – STATUS UPDATE AS ON 1700 HRS|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96763|publisher=PBI|accessdate=4 July 2013|author=GoM(Media)|date=21 June 2013}}</ref> On 21–22 June, the army's ground troops moved to Sonprayag and Kedarnath, to build infrastructure to receive, move, assist, treat, and hold the affected people.<ref name="phase 2"/>

On 23 June, phase three of the Army's operation began. The priorities of phase three included relief, rescue, search, and evacuation operations. The army worked on securing, marking, and improving helipads; repairing and installing bridges; improving and restoring tracks; establishing staging areas, transit areas, reception centres, medical aid posts; escorting and guiding people; providing food, water, shelter, and medical aid to the affected population, and most importantly providing through their presence, example, and leadership, hope, and encouragement to the stranded population.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website" /><ref name="phase, India tv">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand Floods: ITBP to Start Third Phase of Operation Surya Hope|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsZ7NnTonnI.|publisher=IndiaTV|language=Hindi|date=23 June 2013}}</ref> A steel foot bridge across Alaknanda at Lambagar in Badrinath Valley, by the army engineers, was under construction, on 26 June 13, to facilitate the cross river evacuation.<ref name="IA, 26 june">{{cite web|title=ARMY CONSTRUCTING FOOT BRIDGE ACROSS ALAKNANDA|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/PressRelease/frmPressReleaseDetail.aspx?n=bniEtbbo9LN7kb4q3kupGg==&NewsID=c7/H55MO7BS8eineDlib6A==|publisher=Indian Army|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=26 June 2013}}</ref> As of 26 June Surya Hope had delivered 24 tons of food, fuel, medicines, blankets and relief material and evacuated 33,000 people, including 2,715 by thirteen helicopters of the Army Aviation Corps, which clocked over 600 sorties.<ref name="Operation Surya, website">{{cite web|last=Ministry of defence|title=Army Launches Website for Flood Affected|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=27 June 2013|date=26 June 2013}}</ref> Special troops trained in high altitude search, rescue, and relief work, including paratroopers and heli-borne troops, were deployed on search and rescue missions in the Kedarnath and Badrinath axis, along Arva Tal on Gangotri – Mana axis, and in the [[Pindari Glacier]], and Sunder Dunga Glacier in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]], to search, rescue, and assist, stranded civilians.<ref name="MOD, 20 june" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Surya Hope to Rescue Thousands in Uttarakhand|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2013/06/19/operation-surya-hope-to-rescue-thousands-in-uttarakhand-1241019.html.|publisher=News.oneindia.in|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref>

Medical aid formed an important component of the mission. Doctors from [[Army Medical Corps]] (AMC), and nurses from the [[Military Nursing Service]] were amongst the lead elements to be deployed in the area. By 19 June it was reported that 12 self-sufficient medical teams were deployed in the area. An emergency medical helpline was opened, and military communication channels were provided to affected people to speak with their families and friends.<ref name="Operation Surya Hope, 19 June 13, website"/>

By 25 June the strength of ‘self sufficient’ military medical posts, it was reported, had increased to 29. An ‘Accident and Emergency Services Medical Centre’ was established at Joshimath Helipad. These medical posts were manned by Army doctors, nurses, and para-medics. Medical camps were reported ready at Gothi, Dharchula, Gauridham, Tijam, and the Military Hospital at Pithoragarh, was opened for civilian casualties along the Pithoragarh – Dharchula – Tawaghat axis. Thousands of patients were provided medical attention at these facilities daily. In addition, the IAF deployed Air Force Rapid Action Medical Teams, with the air stations, and detachments.<ref name= "medical, 25 june">{{cite web|title=Armed Forces Medical Services Personnel Provides Maximum Medical Aid to Flood Victims|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=PIB|accessdate=9 July 2013|author=Ministry of Defence|date=25 June 2013}}</ref> On 26 June a team of two psychiatrists from the Army Medical Corps(AMC) opened a post disaster and trauma counselling centre in the Joshimath sector, to provide counselling to the civil population stranded at Badrinath and Kedarnath.<ref name="IA, 26 june"/>
The same day teams from the Army Veterinary Corps consisting of a veterinary doctor and two paramedics were inserted by helicopter to establish Animal Aid Posts along the Hemkund axis to take care of ponies and mules stranded in the area. Similar aid posts were planned for Gauri Kund.<ref name="IA, 26 june"/>

In addition to humanitarian operations in the high [[Himalayas]], Central Command carried out rescue, relief, and assistance missions in the flood affected areas on the plains in Uttar Pradesh. Six Army humanitarian columns were deployed on 20 June to cover the [[Pilibhit]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Laksar]] and [[Amroha]] districts in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Two columns were deployed for missions in [[Saharanpur]] and [[Bijnor]] districts. In the plains the army assisted with evacuation of flood affected persons, and construction of anti-flood bunds.<ref name="MOD, 20 june" />

== Appraisal ==

The Government of Uttarakhand, and [[Vijay Bahuguna]], the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, have been blamed for not taking heed of the meteorological departments warning, failing to issue timely evacuation advisory, for being ill-prepared, for tardy and disorganised response, and poor leadership.<ref name="Purie , 28 june"/><ref name="Lessons Still Unlearnt">{{cite web|title=Lessons still Unlearned: Another national calamity, another instance of apathy and disaster mismanagement by unprepared state and central governments|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-floods-national-calamity-apathy-and-disaster-mismanagement/1/285856.html|publisher=India Today|accessdate=3 July 2013|author=Bhavna Vij-Aurora|author2=Amarnath K. Menon|page=English|date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Some have suggested that it was not a natural disaster but a man made disaster.<ref name="Bidwai, 30 june" /> Chief Minister Bahuguna denied that it was a man made disaster stating that "There was no delay" and that "more than a lakh people were evacuated without any law and order problem, so credit should go to the government", adding "I don't agree that it is a man-made disaster. Calamities are not in our control. I cannot control tsunami, earthquake or cloudburst."<ref name="IE, casualty count, 1 july">{{cite web|title=Will never know exact death toll in Uttarakhand floods: CM Bahuguna|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/will-never-know-exact-death-toll-in-uttarakhand-floods-cm-bahuguna/1136067/|publisher=indianexpress|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=Press Trust of India|date=1 July 2013}}</ref>

The army's and the IAF's performance and discipline, in the response to the Humanitarian crisis in Uttarakhand, has been widely applauded.<ref name="Purie , 28 june"/><ref name="Documentry of role of army, ibn">{{cite web|title=Indian Army : The real heroes in Uttarakhand flood rescue operations Documentary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7pU7bWM93I|publisher=UttarakhandLiveTV|accessdate=3 July 2013|author=CNN IBN|date=June 2013}}</ref> The performance of the NDMA and the NDRF, organisations which are well-funded, has been faulted. It was criticised for providing a tardy, sloppy response to the disaster and for failing "miserably in its first major challenge".<ref name="Bidwai, 30 june" /><ref name="Purie , 28 june"/>

There was no clear accounting of the dead, injured and missing, even two weeks after the flash floods struck the state on 17 June. As late as 2 July 2013, official figures for the dead and missing varied between of 800 to over 10,000.<ref name="online">{{cite web|title=Death Estimates From Indian Floods Vary Wildly More Than Two Weeks After Disaster, Toll Ranges From 800 to 10,000|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324436104578578592033472784|publisher=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=VIBHUTI AGARWAL|page=English|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> Govind Singh Kunjwal, Uttarakhand Assembly Speaker, and the NDMA's vice-chairman, Shashidhar Reddy, on 1 July, estimated that "more than 10,000" were killed by the floods. The Home Ministry estimate of the death toll was lower at 800.<ref name="online" /> Vijay Bahuguna, the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, thought that the death toll "will exceed 1000". Controversially on 1 July, he said, "We will never know the exact number of the dead and the number of people buried or washed away."<ref name="IE, casualty count, 1 july" /> Even for the missing there were varied estimates. The [[Uttarakhand Police]] estimated the missing to be no more than 500.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Mass Cremation Held For Bodies Of Almost 300 Flood Victims In Kedarnath|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/india-mass-cremation-flood-victims_n_3509244.html|publisher=huffingtonpost|accessdate=2 July 2013|author=RAFIQ MAQBOOL|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> NDMA, UN agencies, and NGOs, estimates on 2 July for 'missing' was upward of 10,000.<ref name="BBC, 2 July 13" /> A week later on 8 July Vijay Bahuguna, the Chief Minister, said over 4000 were missing, of whom 795 were from Uttarakhand, his home state.<ref name="hari kumar, 9 july">{{cite web|title=4,000 Still Missing in Indian Floods|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/4000-still-missing-in-indian-floods/|accessdate=17 July 2013|author=Hari Kumar|page=English|date=9 July 2013}}</ref>

On 15 July, the official toll for the disaster was 580 confirmed dead, and 5,748 missing (924, from Uttarakhand and 4,824 are from other Indian states). The Chief Minister Vijay Bahuguna confirmed that Uttarakhand was not issuing death certificates, “We are only giving some monetary help to the family.”<ref name="hari kumar, 15 july">{{cite web|title=India Declares 5,748 Missing in Himalayan Floods|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/india-declares-5748-missing-in-himalayan-floods/|work=New York Times|accessdate=17 July 2013|author=Hari Kumar|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> "The total fatalities for the purposes of compensation thus is 6328. The state authorities have decided to treat the ‘missing’ as presumed dead for the purposes of compensation, even though the usual time lag between being ‘missing’ and being declared dead is seven years. The next of kin of the dead and the ‘missing’ will be paid Rupees 500,000 ($8,394). Residents of Uttarakhand will be paid by the state government. Those from other states will be paid 350, 000 by the central government, and 150,000, by the state government."<ref name="hari kumar, 15 july"/><ref name="TOI, 15 july">{{cite web|title=Vijay Bahuguna refuses to declare dead those missing in Uttarakhand disaster|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vijay-Bahuguna-refuses-to-declare-dead-those-missing-in-Uttarakhand-disaster/articleshow/21083784.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

'''13 June 2013''': Meteorological Department (IMD), [[Dehradun]], forecast "heavy to very heavy rainfall in the upper regions of Uttarakhand in the next 48 to 72 hours". The Central Government, Uttarakhund Government, and the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]], ignore the warning.<ref name="Lessons Still Unlearnt" />

'''14–16 June 2013''': Heavy unseasonal monsoon rain in north India, trigger floods, and landslides, in the north western mountain states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Bidwai, 30 june" /><ref name="india today,">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand news: 17 choppers to stay put for 15 days, says Shinde|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-news-17-choppers-to-stay-put-says-shinde/1/285786.html|publisher=India Today|accessdate=28 June 2013|author=IANS|date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

'''17 June 2013''': Army aviation helicopters conduct aerial reconnaissance of Himalayan temple town [[Kedarnath]]. Army orders an infantry unit to send a foot column to establish contact with the beleaguered temple town. Next day, early morning, after a night march, an infantry column reaches Kedarnath. The [[Bareilly]] based Uttar Bharat Area mobilises headquarters to move to [[Dehradun]], the state capital.<ref name="thapa, 2 july">{{cite web|title=Nation needs to undertsand Ethos of Forces: Uttarakhand Disaster- A Test Case|url=http://www.claws.in/Nation-needs-to-undertsand-Ethos-of-Forces-Uttarakhand-Disaster--A-Test-Case-Brig-CS-Thapa-Retd.html|work=Centre for Land Warfare|publisher=Centre for Land Warfare|accessdate=19 July 2013|author=Thapa, CS , Brig (Retd)|location=Delhi Cantonment|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> India Army's Central Command starts deployment of 5000 troops in the flood affected areas, in response named "Operation [[Ganga]] Prahar".<ref name="ganga prahar, pioneer" /> Indian Air Force (IAF) helicopters conducts relief and rescue missions in Nakur area, [[Saharanpur district]], in Uttar Pradesh and Indri Sub division of [[Karnal]] district, in Haryana state. IAF station Sarsawa designated as hub for helicopter operations.<ref>{{cite web|title=AF on Relief Rescue Mission in Aid of Flash Floods Affected Areas|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Defence|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=17 June 2013}}</ref> Medium lift helicopters including MI -17 V5s, moved to Jollygrant helipad, [[Dehradun]].<ref name="MOD, 18 june">{{cite web|title=Operation 'Rahat' Launched by the IAF|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=PIB|accessdate=28 June 2013|author=Ministry of Defence|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Late in the evening, Defense Minister A.K. Antony, alerts the Armed Forces for relief and rescue mission.<ref name="Lessons Still Unlearnt" /> Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, returns from Delhi.<ref name="Tehelka, 20 july">{{cite news|title=Failing the disaster test|url=http://tehelka.com/failing-the-disaster-test/|accessdate=24 July 2013|newspaper=Tehelka|date=2013-07-20|author=Manoj Rawat}}</ref>

'''18 June 2013''': Lt-General Navtej Singh Bawa, the general officer commanding (GOC) Uttar Bharat Area, moves to Dehradun, to lead the Army disaster response and co-ordinate with the State government, and other agencies.<ref name="thapa, 2 july"/><ref name="Flights of Heroism, 28 June">{{cite web|title=Flights of Heroism Flights of Heroism: When all seemed lost, men in uniform stepped forward to turn the tide in the Uttarakhand floods|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttarakhand-floods-army-rescue-operations-itbp-personnel/1/285846.html|publisher=India Today|accessdate=4 July 2013|author=Sandeep Unnithan|date=28 June 2013}}</ref> Indian Air Force's humanitarian mission, named ''Operation Rahat''.<ref name="MOD, 18 june" /><ref name="pib">{{cite web|title=IAF's 'OP RAHAT' Update on 27 Jun 2013 Upto [sic] 6 O'clock|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=96834|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), outlines response to the unfolding disaster. On 15 June, the Inspector General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Uttarakhand, ordered to "get in touch with Chief Secretary and provide whatever assistance was required by the State Government"; Border Road Organisation (BRO) asked to "facilitate restoration of road communication across the different routes"; 12 additional teams of the National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF) ordered to be deployed to [[Uttarakhand]], and 34 deaths confirmed in Uttarakhund.<ref name="MHA Sit Report, 18 june 13, website">{{cite web|title=Sit report:Rescue & Relief Operations in Flood Affected Areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|accessdate=27 June 2013|author=MHA|date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Rudraprayag, for the next four days was without a district magistrate and no system was in place to get information on who died, where the injured had been admitted and who were still trapped. No deputy collector was posted in Gaurikund, Sonprayag, Phata and Guptkashi for five days

'''19 June 2013''': Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who is also Chairman of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress Party]] President [[Sonia Gandhi]], carry out an aerial survey of affected area.<ref name="PMO, 19 june" /><ref>{{cite web|title=PM, Sonia undertake aerial survey of the flood hit areas|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/video/pm-sonia-undertake-aerial-survey-142800919.html|publisher=NBS news|accessdate=28 June 2013|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NDMA, concept">{{cite web|title=The Concept|url=http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/ndrfoverview.html|publisher=Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)|accessdate=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="NDMA, members">{{cite web|title=Members|url=http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/vc.html|publisher=National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2019}} The PM calls the situation in Uttarrakhand a '[[disaster]]' and directs "all Central Agencies to render all possible assistance in their domain to the State.”<ref name="PMO, 19 june" /> Responders in affected area include Army-5500, Border Roads Organisation-3000, ITBP -600, National Disaster Response Force 13 teams-422, [[helicopters]] (IAF, army and civil) 18 and [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]]-1.<ref name="PMO, 19 june" />

'''20 June 2013''': Disaster toll : Districts affected: 09; Deaths: 71; Injured: 53; Missing: 23; Livestock lost: 1157; Houses 'fully' damaged: 366; Houses partially damaged: 272; Bridges damaged: 21; Stranded pilgrims: 62,122; Persons rescued: 22,392 (1295 in Kedarnath, 8878 in Chamoli,7219 in Uttrakashi,2000 in Tehiri,3000 in Pithoragarh).<ref name="MHA, 20 june" />

'''21 June 2013''': [[V.K. Duggal]], retired bureaucrat, and one of the eight members of the NDMA, holding the post of Minister of State designated nodal officer to co-ordinate rescue, relief, and assistance mission.<ref name="Lessons Still Unlearnt" /><ref name="NDMA, members"/> Uttrakhand Government posts 12 officers to disaster affected areas as nodal officers to co-ordinate the response. The officers reach their respective posts on 22 and 23 June.<ref name="Tehelka, 20 july"/>

'''25 June 2013''': An IAF Mi-17 V5 helicopter on a relief and rescue mission from Gauchar to Guptkashi and Kedarnath on return leg from Kedarnath crashed North of Gaurikund. 20 persons on board were killed. Of these five were IAF crew members, and 15 ITBP soldiers, of whom 9 were on deputation with NDRF.<ref name="NYtimes, 25 june" /><ref>{{cite web|title=IAF Mi- 17 V 5 Helicopter Crash|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=96763|publisher=PIB|accessdate=1 July 2013|author=Ministry of Defence|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>

'''26 June 2013''': Central Command launches a website for reporting "minute to minute" progress on Operation Surya Hope in Uttarakhand.<ref name="Surya Hope, web site">{{cite web|title=Surya Hope|url=http://suryahopes.in/|publisher=Central Command|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref> The site provides location wise list of stranded and rescued persons, and press releases(10) issued by Central Command.<ref name="Operation Surya, website"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Indian Army|title=Surya Hope|url=http://suryahopes.in/|accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> Government imports 25 satellite phones from Hong Kong for the ill-prepared NDMA and NDRF.<ref name="Lessons Still Unlearnt" />

'''28 June 13''': General Bikram Singh, the Chief of the Army Staff, on a visit to Gaucher, in Uttarakhand, while speaking to a journalist, says that the purpose of Operation Surya Hope was to provide “aid to civil authorities”, to “strengthen the hands of the civil administration”. The Army confirms that all people stranded in Kedarnath had been evacuated, and that the road to Badrinath was open.<ref name="Central Command , COAS visit, 28 june">{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE ARMY CHIEF VISITS UTTARAKHAND|url=http://suryahopes.in/press_release_page.asp|publisher=Central Command|accessdate=5 July 2013|author=Central Command|date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

'''30 June 2013''': A Ministry of Defence update notes that the IAF from 17 to 30 June 2013, had airlifted 18,424 persons, in 2,137 sorties, and delivered 3,36,930 kg of relief supplies.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF's rescue and relief operations for 'Op Rahat'|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|publisher=PIB|author=Ministry of Defence|date=30 June 2013}}</ref>

'''2 July 2013''': The evacuation of all stranded pilgrims is completed. BBC described it as "one of the world's largest air rescue operations".<ref name="BBC, 2 July 13" />

'''10 July 2013''': Army Engineers start work on a new 20 km route to restore land communication with Kedarnath, which has remained cut off since 16 June. An advance team of four officers and 21 soldiers reach Gomkara on 11 July. The alignment of the new route, which in places is over 13,000 feet, is Sonprayag-Gomkar-Dev Vishnu-Dhungaj Giri-Kedarnath.<ref name="First post, 11 july">{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand floods: Army begins work on new land route to Kedarnath|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/uttarakhand-floods-army-begins-work-on-new-land-route-to-kedarnath-949097.html|publisher=First Post|accessdate=17 July 2013|date=11 July 2013}}</ref>

'''15 July 2013''': Officials confirmed that the disaster toll was 580 dead, and 5,748 missing (924 from Uttarakhand and 4,824 from other Indian states), and that a total of 108,653 people have been evacuated from affected area by air and foot.<ref name="hari kumar, 15 july"/>

'''16 September 2013''' Subhash Kumar, Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand, issued revised figures for missing persons from 5,100 to 4,120, including 421 children. The revised figures, compiled by the Dehradun-based Missing Persons Cell, are based on a review of the [[First Information Report]]s (FIRs) recorded in the state's 13 districts. The state wise distribution of missing persons is: 852 from Uttarakhand (including 652 from Rudrapryag district alone), 1,150 from Uttar Pradesh, 542 from Madhya Pradesh, 511 from Rajasthan, 216 from Delhi, 163 from Maharashtra, 129 from Gujarat, 112 from Haryana, 86 from Andhra Pradesh, 58 from Bihar, 40 from Jharkhand, 36 from West Bengal, 33 from Punjab, 29 from Chhattisgarh, 26 from Odisha, 14 each from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, six from [[Meghalaya]], four from Chandigarh, three from Jammu and Kashmir, two from Kerala and one each from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="TOI/ 17-9-2013">{{cite news|last=Kunwar|first=DS|title=4,120 missing post-Uttarakhand floods|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/4120-missing-post-Uttarakhand-floods/articleshow/22641395.cms|accessdate=17 September 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2013 North India floods]]
* [[Operation Rahat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://suryahopes.in// Central Command SuryaHope]
* [http://google.org/crisismap/2013-uttrakhand-floods?gl=in/ GoogleMap: 2013 Uttarakhand Flooding Crisis Response]
* [http://suryahopes.in/PHOTO/index.html/ Photo Gallery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815153311/http://ndmindia.nic.in/UNDP-020811.pdf Disaster Management in India]

{{Natural disasters in India}}

[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving India]]
[[Category:Humanitarian military operations]]
[[Category:2013 floods|India]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)|2013]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]

Defence (military)

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Pradip89: Redirected page to Military

#REDIRECT [[Military]]

National Security Council (India)

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| chief1_name = [[Ajit Kumar Doval]]
| chief1_position = [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]
| chief2_name = [[Rajinder Khanna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-revamped-security-set-up-gets-ips-intelligence-influx/story-XPxe4FzlPV8emhPh5xFnaK.html|title=India’s revamped security set-up gets IPS, intelligence influx|date=2018-01-05}}</ref>
| chief2_position = Deputy National Security Advisor
| chief3_name = [[Pankaj Saran]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180530053009/https://www.news18.com/news/india/with-former-diplomat-pankaj-saran-as-deputy-nsa-goes-beyond-just-strategy-1763525.html</ref>
| chief3_position = Deputy National Security Advisor
| chief4_name = [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]]<ref>https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/former-maha-dgp-appointed-deputy-nsa/articleshow/71812445.cms</ref>
| chief4_position = Deputy National Security Advisor
| chief5_name = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Vinod G. Khandare]] (Retd)<ref>http://www.sakaltimes.com/pune/lt-gen-khandare-appointed-advisor-nscs-26248</ref>
| chief5_position = Military Advisor
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
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The '''National Security Council''' (NSC) ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Rāṣṭrīya Surakṣā Pariṣad'') of India is an executive government agency tasked with advising the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] on matters of national security and strategic interest. It was established by the former prime minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] on 19 November 1998, with [[Brajesh Mishra]] as the first [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]. Prior to the formation of the NSC, these activities were overseen by the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the preceding [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].

==Members==
Besides the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] (NSA), the Deputy National Security Advisors, the [[Government of India#The Union Ministries|Ministers]] of [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance]] of the [[Government of India]], and the Vice Chairman of the [[NITI Aayog]] are members of the National Security Council. PM can chair the meeting of NSC (for eg - PM chaired the meeting of NSC Post Pulwama to discuss heightened tension with Pakistan). Other members may be invited to attend its monthly meetings, as and when it is required.

==Organisational structure==
The NSC is the apex body of the three-tiered structure of the national security management system in India. The three tiers are the Strategic Policy Group, the National Security Advisory Board and a secretariat from the Joint Intelligence Committee.<ref name=NSAB>{{cite web|title=About NSAB|url=http://www.nsab.gov.in/?1001|website=National Security Advisory Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416141403/http://nsab.gov.in/?1001|archive-date=16 April 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Security Council|url=http://www.allgov.com/india/departments/ministry-of-youth-affairs-and-sports/national-security-council?agencyid=7599|website=ALLGOV INDIA}}</ref>

===Strategic Policy Group===
The Strategic Policy Group is the first level of the three tier structure of the National Security Council. It forms the nucleus of the decision-making apparatus of the NSC. [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] [[Ajit Doval]] is the chairman of the group and it consists of the following members:
*[[Niti Aayog|Vice Chairman Niti Aayog]] [[Rajiv Kumar (economist)|Rajiv Kumar]]
*[[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]] ([[Rajiv Gauba]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
*[[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) ([[Shaktikanta Das]])
*[[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] ([[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]])
*[[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] ([[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
*[[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] (Ajay Kumar Bhalla)
*[[Finance Secretary]] (Rajiv Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
*[[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] ([[Bipin Rawat|General Bipin Rawat]])
*[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] ([[General officer|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]])
*[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] ([[Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]])
*[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] ([[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]])
*[[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (Research) (i.e. the head of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]]) ([[Samant Goel]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IPS]])
* Director General of [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]] (Lieutenant General [[Kanwal Jeet Singh Dhillon|KJS Dhillion]])
*[[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]] ([[Arvind Kumar (civil servant)|Arvind Kumar]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
*[[Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (Pramod Chandra Mody, [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|IRS (IT)]])
*[[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] (Defence Production) (Dr. Ajay Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
* Scientific Advisor to the Raksha Mantri and Chairman of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) (Dr. [[G. Satheesh Reddy]])
*[[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] ([[Department of Atomic Energy|Atomic Energy]]) (Dr. [[Sekhar Basu]])
* [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] ([[Department of Space|Space]]) and ''[[ex-officio]]'' [[List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation|Chairman]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) (Dr. [[K. Sivan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/k-sivan-named-new-isro-chairman/article22412843.ece|title=Rocket expert K. Sivan new Space Secretary|date=2018-01-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-29|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>)

The Strategic Policy Group undertakes the ''Strategic Defence Review'', a blueprint of short and long term security threats, as well as possible policy options on a priority basis.

===National Security Advisory Board===
The brainchild of the first National Security Advisor (NSA), [[Brajesh Mishra]], a former member of Indian Foreign Service. The National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) consists of a group of eminent national security experts outside of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/BrajeshMishrasLegacytoNationalSecurityandDiplomacy_agupta_300912|title=Brajesh Mishra’s Legacy to National Security and Diplomacy|last=Gupta|first=Arvind|publisher=Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Members are usually senior retired officials, civilian as well as military, academics and distinguished members of civil society drawn from and having expertise in Internal and External Security, Foreign Affairs, Defence, Science & Technology and Economic Affairs.

The first NSAB, constituted in December 1998, headed by the late [[K. Subrahmanyam]] produced a draft [[K. Subrahmanyam#Nuclear doctrine|Nuclear Doctrine]] for the country in 2001, a Strategic Defence Review in 2002 and a National Security Review in 2007.<ref name=":0" />

The board meets at least once a month, and more frequently as required. It provides a long-term prognosis and analysis to the NSC and recommends solutions and address policy issues referred to it. Initially the Board was constituted for one year, but since 2004-06, the Board has been reconstituted for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nsab.gov.in:80/?1001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416141403/http://nsab.gov.in/?1001|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2017|title=National Security Advisory Board|date=2017-04-16|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>

The tenure of the previous NSAB, headed by former Foreign Secretary [[Shyam Saran]], ended in January 2015. It had 14 members.

The new board has been re-constituted in July 2018, with P. S. Raghavan, former [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Indian Ambassador to Russia]] (2014–16), as its head. It has a tenure of two years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/national-security-advisory-board-reconstituted-with-ex-envoy-to-russia-raghavan-as-head/articleshow/54765284.cms|title=National Security Advisory Board reconstituted with ex-envoy to Russia Raghavan as head|date=2018-07-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-09-08}}</ref>

===Joint Intelligence Committee===
The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the [[Government of India]] analyses intelligence data from the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Research and Analysis Wing]] and the Directorates of [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military]], [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Naval]] and [[Directorate of Air Intelligence|Air Intelligence]] and thus analyses both domestic and foreign intelligence. The JIC has its own Secretariat that works under the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]].

=== Cyber Security ===
National Cyber Security Strategy is formulated by the Office of [[National Cyber Coordination Centre|National Cyber Security Coordinator]] at the National Security Council Secretariat. The National Security Council and National Information Board headed by National Security Adviser are at working under the cyber security surveillance helping in framing India’s cyber security policy. It aims to protect the cyber space including critical information infrastructure from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage.

In 2014 the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre under the [[National Technical Research Organisation]] mandated the protection of critical information infrastructure. In 2015, the Office of National Cyber Security Coordinator was created to advice the Prime Minister on strategic cyber security issues. In the case of nodal entity, India’s [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team|Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-in)]] is playing a crucial role under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology(MEITY).

On 15 June 2021, Government of India launched the Trusted Telecom Portal signalling the coming into effect of the National Security Directive on Telecommunication Sector (NSDTS). Consequently, with effect from 15 June 2021 the Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) are mandatorily required to connect in their networks only those new devices which are designated as ''Trusted Products'' from ''Trusted Sources''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Launch of the Trusted Telecom Portal for implementation of the National Security Directive on Telecommunication Sector|url=https://trustedtelecom.gov.in/resources/pdf/Launch%20of%20Trusted%20Telecom%20Portal%2015%20June%202021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETTelecom.com|title=Indian government launches trusted telecom portal - ET Telecom|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/government-launched-trusted-telecom-portal/83538801|access-date=2021-06-16|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Cabinet Committee on Security]]
* [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.nsab.gov.in Official website of the National Security Advisory Board]
*[https://trustedtelecom.gov.in/ Trusted Telecom Portal - National Security Directive on Telecommunication Sector]
* [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/events/recent/narayJune03.asp Center for Contemporary Conflict - Indian Internal Security and Intelligence Organization]
* [http://www.espionageinfo.com/Gu-In/India-Intelligence-and-Security.html Espionage Info - India, Intelligence and Security]
* [https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ FAS - Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/india/index.html Global Security - India Intelligence and Security Agencies]

{{Military of India}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{India topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:National security councils|India]]
[[Category:Councils of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India|Security]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Cyber Security in India]]

Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army

2021-08-05T15:38:50Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} File:Indian Cavalry near Tigris.jpg|thumb|right|Indian cavalry near the Tigris River, during the Firs..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

[[File:Indian Cavalry near Tigris.jpg|thumb|right|Indian cavalry near the Tigris River, during the First World War]]
The '''[[Indian Army]]''' has a distinguished history in which they won many '''[[Battle honour|battle and theatre honours]]'''. The practice of giving battle honours began with the [[East India Company]] who awarded these to the units of the native Indian corps in their presidency armies. The practice continued after the advent of the British Crown post-1857 when the armies of the East India Company became part of the [[British Indian Army]] and after [[India]]'s independence in 1947. The earliest conflict for which a battle honour was awarded was "[[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]]" which was awarded in 1829 to the 1st Regiment, [[Bengal Native Infantry]] which served the East India Company in Bengal while the latest is "Kargil" in 1999 awarded to units of independent India's army for feats during the [[Kargil War]].

==Pre-1914 battle honours==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Plassey.
* Buxar.
* Amboor.
* Korah.
* Guzerat.
* Carnatic.
* Sholinghur.
* Mangalore.
* Mysore.
* Sedaseer.
* Seringapatam.
* Egypt.
* Allyghur.
* Delhi.
* Assaye.
* Leswarree.
* Deig.
* Cochin.
* Bourbon
* Java.
* Kirkee.
* Seetabuldee.
* Nagpore.
* Maheidpoor.
* Corygaum.
* Nowah.
* Persian Gulf.
* Beni Boo Alli.
* Assam.
* Ava.
* Kemmendine.
* Arracan.
{{col-3}}
* Burmah.
* Bhurtpore.
* Aden.
* Afghanistan.
* Ghuznee 1839.
* Khelat.
* Kahun.
* Jellalabad.
* Kelat-i-Ghilzie.
* Candahar 1842.
* Ghuznee 1842.
* Cabool 1842.
* Cutchee.
* China.
* Meeanee.
* Hyderabad.
* Maharajpoor.
* Punniar.
* Moodkee.
* Ferozeshah.
* Aliwal.
* Sobraon.
* Punjaub.
* Chillianwalah.
* Mooltan.
* Goojerat.
* Pegu.
* Persia.
* Reshire.
* Bushire.
* Koosh-ab.
* Delhi 1857.
{{col-3}}
* Lucknow.
* Defence of Arrah.
* Behar.
* Central India.
* China 1858–59.
* Taku Forts.
* Pekin 1860.
* China 1860–62.
* Abyssinia.
* Afghanistan 1878–80.
* Ali Masjid.
* Peiwar Kotal.
* Charasiah.
* Kabul 1879.
* Ahmed Khel.
* Kandahar 1880.
* Egypt 1882,
* Tel-el-kebir.
* Suakin.
* Tofrek.
* Burma 1885–1887.
* Defence of Chitral
* Chitral.
* Punjab Frontier.
* Malakand.
* Samana.
* Tirah.
* British East Africa.
* Pekin 1900.
* China 1900.
* Somaliland 1901–04.
{{col-end}}

==First World War==

===Europe & Gallipoli===
;Europe
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* France and Flanders 1914–1918 .
* La Bassee, 1914.
* Armentieres 1914.
* Messines 1914.
* Ypres 1914–15.
* Gheluvelt.
* Festubert, 1914 (also 1914–15).
{{col-3}}
* Givenchy 1914.
* Neuve Chappelle.
* Ypres 1915.
* St Julien.
* Aubers.
* Festubert, 1915.
* Loos.
{{col-3}}
* Somme, 1916.
* Bazentin.
* Delville Wood.
* Flers-Courcelette.
* Morval.
* Cambrai 1917.
{{col-end}}
;Gallipoli
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Gallipoli 1915
* Helles
* Krithia
* Anzac
{{col-3}}
* Landing at Anzac
* Defence of Anzac
* Suvla
* Sari Bair
{{col-3}}
* Landing at Suvla
* Scimitar Hill
* Macedonia 1916–18
{{col-end}}

===Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Arabia===
;Egypt & Palestine
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Damascus
* Egypt 1915–17
* El Mughar
* Gaza
{{col-3}}
* Jerusalem
* Megiddo
* Nablus
* Nebi Samwil
{{col-3}}
* Palestine 1917–18
* Sharon
* Suez Canal
* Tell' Asur
{{col-end}}
;Mesopotamia
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Baghdad
* Basra
* Ctesiphon
* Defence of Kut al Amara
{{col-3}}
* Khan Baghdadi
* Kut al Amara 1915
* Kut al Amara 1917
* Mesopotamia 1914–18
{{col-3}}
* Shaiba
* Sharqat
* Tigris 1916
{{col-end}}
;Arabia
* Aden

===Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan, India, China===
;Central Asia
* Merv
;Persia
* Persia 1915–19
;Afghanistan
*Afghanistan
;India
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* NW Frontier, India 1914–17
{{col-3}}
* Baluchistan 1915–16, 1918
{{col-3}}
{{col-end}}
;China
* Tsingtao

===East Africa===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* East Africa 1914–18
* Kilimanjaro
{{col-3}}
* Beho Beho
* Narungombe
{{col-3}}
* Nyangao
{{col-end}}



==Second World War==
{{expand list|date=August 2015}}
===North East Africa, Middle East===
;North East Africa
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Abyssinia 1940–41
* Ad Teclesan
* Agordat
* Amba Alagi
{{col-3}}
* Barentu
* Berbera
* British Somaliland
* Gallabat
{{col-3}}
* Keren
* Keren-Asmara Road
* Massawa
{{col-end}}
;Middle East
* Iraq 1941

==Post-independence==

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947===
The battle and theatre honours of the 1947 War are:<ref name='Sarbans'>Singh, Sarbans (1993) pp 227–238</ref> 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48 (theatre honour)
* Gurais
* Jhangar
* Kargil
{{col-3}}
* Naoshera
* Punch
* Rajouri
* Skardu
{{col-3}}
* Srinagar
* Tithwal
* Uri
* Zoji La
{{col-end}}

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===
The battle and theatre honours of the 1965 War are:<ref name='Sarbansp242'>Singh, Sarbans (1993) pp 242–256.</ref>
;Jammu and Kashmir sector
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Jammu and Kashmir 1965 (theatre honour)
* Hajipir
* Jaurian Kalit
{{col-3}}
* Kalidhar
* OP Hill
{{col-3}}
* Raja Picquet-Chand Tekri
* Sanjoi Mirpur
{{col-end}}
;Punjab sector
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Punjab 1965 (theatre honour)
* Assal Uttar
* Burki
* Buttur Dograndi
{{col-3}}
* Charwa
* Dograi
* Hussainiwala Bridge
{{col-3}}
* Maharajke
* Phillora
* Tilakpur-Muhadipur
{{col-end}}
;Rajasthan sector
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Rajasthan 1965 (theatre honour)
{{col-3}}
* Gadra Road
{{col-end}}

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
;East Pakistan Sector
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* East Pakistan 1971 (theatre honour)
* Akhaura
* Belonia
* Bhaduria
* Bogra
* Chauddagram
* Darsana
{{col-3}}
* Ganga Sagar
* Hilli
* Jamalpur
* Khansama
* Kumarkhali
* Madhumati River
* Mian Bazaar
{{col-3}}
* Mynamati
* Poongli Bridge
* Shamsher Nagar
* Siramani
* Suadih
* Syamganj
* Sylhet
{{col-end}}

;Jammu and Kashmir sector
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Jammu and Kashmir 1971 (theatre honour)
* Banwat
* Brachil Pass and Wali Malik
* Chhamb
{{col-3}}
* Defence of Punch
* Gutrian
* Laleali-Picquet 707
* Nangi Tekri
{{col-3}}
* Shingo River Valley
* Thanpir
* Turtok
{{col-end}}
;Punjab theatre
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Punjab 1971 (theatre honour)
* Amritsar Airfield
* Basantar River
* Burj
{{col-3}}
* Chakri
* Dera Baba Nanak
* Fatehpur
* Harar Kalan
{{col-3}}
* Jarpal
* Malakpur
* Samba (VA/VP)
* Shehjra
{{col-end}}
;Sindh theatre
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* Sindh 1971 (theatre honour)
* Chachro
{{col-3}}
* Gadra City
* Khinsar
{{col-3}}
* Longanewala
* Parbat Ali
{{col-end}}

;Op Vijay

== See also ==

* [[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-115-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 November 2011}}

[[Category:Battle honours of the Indian Army| ]]

Independence of India

2021-08-05T15:38:30Z

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#REDIRECT [[Indian_independence_movement]]

Field marshal (India)

2021-08-05T15:38:24Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox military rank | name = Field Marshal | native_name = | image..."

{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
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{{Infobox military rank
| name = Field Marshal
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| image2 = Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg
| image_size2 = 70px
| caption2 = [[National Emblem of India|National emblem]] over two crossed [[Baton (weapon)|batons]] in a lotus blossom wreath.
| image3 = Star insignia of Field Marshal (India).jpg
| image_size3 = 200px
| caption3 = Star insignia of Field marshal
| country = {{flag|India}}
| service branch = {{army|India}}
| abbreviation = FM
| rank = [[Five-star rank|Five star]]
| NATO rank = OF–10
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation = 26 January 1950
| abolished =
| higher rank = None
| lower rank = [[General (India)|General]]
| equivalents = {{plainlist|
* [[Admiral of the Fleet]] ([[Indian Navy|IN]])
* [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] ([[Indian Air Force|IAF]])}}
| history =
}}
{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}
'''Field Marshal''' (or '''field marshal''', abbreviated as '''FM''') is a [[Five-star rank|five–star]] [[general officer]] rank and the highest attainable rank in the [[Indian Army]]. Field Marshal is ranked immediately above [[general]], but not exercised in the regular army structure. It is a largely ceremonial or wartime rank, having been awarded only twice. A field marshal's insignia consists of the [[Emblem of India|national emblem]] over a crossed baton and sabre in a lotus blossom wreath.

[[Sam Manekshaw]] was the first field marshal of India, and was conferred the rank on 1 January 1973. The second was [[Kodandera M. Cariappa]], who was conferred the rank on 15 January 1986.

Field marshal is equivalent to an [[admiral of the fleet]] in the [[Indian Navy]] and a [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] in the [[Indian Air Force]]. In the navy, admiral of the fleet has never been awarded, but from the air force, [[Arjan Singh]] was promoted to the marshal of the Indian air force rank.

==History==
To date, only two Indian Army officers have been conferred the rank. It was first conferred to [[Sam Manekshaw]] in 1973, in recognition of his service and leadership in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]]. In 1971, after the war, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] decided to promote Manekshaw to field marshal and subsequently to appoint him as the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS). This appointment was dropped after several objections from the bureaucracy and the commanders of the navy and the air force. On 3 January 1973, after his term as the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) Manekshaw was conferred with the rank of field marshal at a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=59–61}} As it was the first appointment, several entitlements of the rank, including the badges and ribbons, were yet to worked out. A few weeks before Manekshaw's appointment, the field marshal's badges of rank were made at the Army workshop in [[Delhi Cantonment]]. They were inspired by the [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|British field marshal]] insignia.<ref name="The Making of a Field Marshal">{{cite web|author1=Lt Gen Sk Sinha|author-link1=Srinivas_Kumar_Sinha|title=The Making of a Field Marshal|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|website=Indian Defence Review|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202121509/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-making-of-a-field-marshall/|archive-date=2 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The second individual to be conferred the rank was [[Kodandera M. Cariappa]], the first Indian to serve as the commander–in–chief of the Indian Army. Unlike Manekshaw, who was conferred the rank just before his retirement,{{efn|Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal just a few days before his term as COAS ended.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=59–61}}}} Cariappa was already retired in 1953, and since a field marshal never retires, therefore retired officers cannot be given the rank. But as a token of gratitude for the exemplary service rendered by him to the nation, the Government of India overruled the pre-established criteria, and conferred the rank of field marshal on him on 15 January 1986 at a special investiture ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=49}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=43–45}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Cariappa made Field Marshal |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-01-14_020.pdf}}</ref>

==Overview==
Field marshal is the five-star rank and highest attainable rank in the Indian Army. Though the rank is placed above general, it is not observed in the regular structure. It is a largely ceremonial or wartime rank, having been awarded only twice.<ref name="Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?"/>

A field marshal receives the full pay of a [[Four-star rank|four–star]] general, and is considered a serving officer until their death. They wear a full uniform on all ceremonial occasions. In addition to this, they also run an office in the Army Headquarters with a secretariat.<ref name="Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?">{{cite web|title=Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces/#.53j2ve5ta|website=Scoop Whoop|access-date=4 September 2016|language=En|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090735/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces#.53j2ve5ta|archive-date=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Field marshal is equivalent to an [[admiral of the fleet]] in the [[Indian Navy]] or a [[marshal of the Air Force]] in the [[Indian Air Force]]. While [[Arjan Singh]] is the only holder of the marshal of the air force to date, no officer has ever been promoted to admiral of the fleet.<ref name="Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?"/>

===Insignia===
A field marshal's insignia consists of the [[Emblem of India|national emblem]] over a crossed baton and sabre in a lotus blossom wreath. On appointment, field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped [[Baton (symbol)|baton]] which they may carry on formal occasions. The star insignia, which comprises five golden stars over a red strip, is used on car pennants, rank flags and as [[gorget patches]].<ref name="Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?"/>

==Rank holders==
===Sam Manekshaw===
{{main article|Sam Manekshaw}}

'''Sam Manekshaw''', [[Military Cross|MC]] (1914–2008),{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=183}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=59–61}} also known as "Sam Bahadur" ("Sam the Brave"), was the first Indian Army officer to be promoted to the rank of field marshal.<ref name="Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?" /> Commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] on 1 February 1935 with seniority [[Antedated contract|antedated]] to 4 February 1934,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=188–189}} Manekshaw's distinguished military career spanned four decades and five wars, beginning with service in [[World War II]]. He was first attached to the 2nd Battalion of [[Royal Scots]], and later posted to the 4th Battalion of [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]], commonly known as the [[54th Sikhs]]. Following partition, he was reassigned to the [[16th Punjab Regiment]].{{Sfn|Singh|2002|pp=237–259}}<ref name="Obituary Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw">{{cite web|author1=Vinod Saighal|title=Obituary Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india|website=The Guardian|access-date=4 September 2016|date=29 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923150853/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/30/india|archive-date=23 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Saluting Sam Bahadur">{{cite web|author1=Tarun Vijay|title=Saluting Sam Bahadur|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tarun-vijay/the-right-view/Saluting-Sam-Bahadur/articleshow/3179920.cms?|website=Times of India|access-date=4 September 2016|date=30 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220200623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tarun-vijay/the-right-view/Saluting-Sam-Bahadur/articleshow/3179920.cms|archive-date=20 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Manekshaw rose to be the 8th COAS of the Indian Army in 1969,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=213}} and under his command Indian forces conducted successful campaigns against [[Pakistan]] in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 that led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation of Bangladesh]] in December 1971.The war lasted for 12 days from 3 December to 16 December, one among the Shortest wars of the History. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen [[A. A. K. Niazi]] of the Pakistan Army signed the Instrument of Surrender at Dhaka in the presence of Lt. Gen. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]], Lt. Gen. [[J. F. R. Jacob]] and other Senior Officers of the Indian Army. More than 93000 Pakistani Soldiers surrendered to the Indian Army, which was recorded as one among the largest surrender in the History. Though, Gen. [[Yahya Khan]] of Pakistan was not in favour of the Surrender, but he had to agree in order to save his soldiers. The decisive results achieved by the Indian Army during this war, under the able military leadership of Manekshaw, gave the nation a new sense of confidence,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|pp=210–211}} and in recognition of his services, in January 1973 the [[President of India]] conferred the rank of field marshal on him.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=215}} Later, he was also awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]], the second and third highest Indian civilian awards respectively, for his services to the Indian nation.<ref name="Obituary Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw"/><ref name="Play It Again, Sam">{{cite web|title=Play It Again, Sam|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/play-it-again-sam/218683|website=Outlook India|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207032200/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/play-it-again-sam/218683|archive-date=7 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Controversies====
Though Sam Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, it was reported that he was never given the complete allowances he was entitled to as a field marshal. It was not until President [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] took the initiative when he met Manekshaw in Wellington, and made sure that the field marshal was presented with a cheque for ₹1.3 crores–his arrears of pay for over 30 years. Even more surprisingly, Manekshaw's funeral was not attended by the top brass from civil, military, or political leadership.<ref name="The Making of a Field Marshal" /><ref name="Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's greatest general, on his birth centenary">{{cite web|author1=Nitin Gokhale|title=Remembering Sam Manekshaw, India's greatest general, on his birth centenary|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023|website=NDTV|access-date=4 September 2016|date=3 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914084348/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-sam-manekshaw-indias-greatest-general-on-his-birth-centenary-556023|archive-date=14 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Kodandera Madappa Cariappa===
{{main article|Kodandera M. Cariappa}}

'''Sir Kodandera Madappa Cariappa''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1899–1993),{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=21}} was the first Indian to be appointed as commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the Indian Army. His distinguished military career spanned almost three decades. Cariappa joined the British Indian Army on 1 December 1919, and was commissioned as temporary [[second lieutenant]] in the [[88th Carnatic Infantry|2/88 Carnatic Infantry]].{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=21}} He was later transferred to [[125th Napier's Rifles|2/125 Napier Rifles]], then to the 7th Prince of Wales Own Dogra Regiment in June 1922, and finally to the [[7th Rajput Regiment|1/7 Rajput]], which became his parent regiment.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=43–45}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=23}}<ref name="Viewing Page 7663 of Issue 32878">{{cite web|title=Viewing Page 7663 of Issue 32878|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32878/page/7663|website=[[The London Gazette]]|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125055546/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32878/page/7663|archive-date=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He was the first Indian officer to attend the course at Staff College, Quetta, the first Indian to command a battalion{{efn|A battalion comprises four rifle companies. A rifle company comprises four platoons. A platoon consists of a section which has 10 men.<ref name="STRUCTURE of Indian Army">{{cite web|title=Structure|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1KRe3PlAUEofJY1khsmQiw==&ParentID=3MNO2EnY8feZhYb+f0sRuw==|website=Indian Army|access-date=12 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224153537/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1KRe3PlAUEofJY1khsmQiw%3D%3D&ParentID=3MNO2EnY8feZhYb%2Bf0sRuw%3D%3D|archive-date=24 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} in the Indian Army,{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=29}} and also was one of the first two Indians selected to undergo a training course at the [[Imperial Defence College]],{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=33}} [[Camberly]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]. He served in various staff capacities at various unit and command headquarters (HQ) and also at the General HQ, New Delhi.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=43–45}}

He led the Indian forces in [[Kashmir]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. He was a member of the Army Sub Committee of the Forces Reconstitution Committee, which divided the British Indian Army into the Indian and [[Pakistani Army|Pakistani]] Armies after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=34}} After his retirement from the Indian Army in 1953, he served as the [[high commissioner]] to Australia and New Zealand until 1956.{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=46}}<ref name="Previous High Commissioners {{!}} About High Commission {{!}} The High Commission of India in Australia">{{cite web|title=Previous High Commissioners|url=http://www.hcindia-au.org/previous-high-commissioners.htm|website=The High Commission of India in Australia|access-date=4 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816173243/http://www.hcindia-au.org/previous-high-commissioners.htm|archive-date=16 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As a token of gratitude for the exemplary service rendered by him to the nation, the Government of India conferred the rank of field marshal on Cariappa in his 87th year, on 14 January 1986.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=43–45}}{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=49}}

==See also==
* [[Army ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Arjan Singh|Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh]]
* [[Field marshal]]
* [[Five-star rank]]

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|first1=Vijay Kumar|last1=Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|author-link = Vijay Kumar Singh|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|publisher=Sage}}
* {{citation|first1=Satinder|last1=Sharma|title=Services Chiefs of India|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7211-162-5|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|first1=Depinder|last1=Singh|title=Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, M.C.: Soldiering with Dignity|year=2002|isbn=978-81-85019-02-4|publisher=Natraj}}
* {{cite book|author1=K. C. Cariappa|author-link1=K. C. Cariappa|editor1-last=Chaudhuri|editor1-first=Dipa|title=Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa|date=2007|publisher=Niyogi Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-89738-26-6|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|author1=Edel Weis|title=Field Marshal Cariappa: The Man who Touched the Sky|date=2002|publisher=Roopa & Co|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7167-944-7}}

==External links==
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=+pFZjV8mz9fc6cOfg7px1g==&ParentID=rLdGLIGh/NUCC0Neg3IFSQ== Profile on Sam Manekshaw Indian Army official website]
* [http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=Qofq8o630PNbNPgw+7GS3A==&ParentID=Cj9ARBsMxPEkqMd1Q03cgw== Profile on K. M. Cariappa Indian Army official website]

{{Military ranks by country}}

{{Indian Army}}

[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Military insignia|India Army]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army

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Pradip89: Redirected page to Chief of the Army Staff (India)

#REDIRECT [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)]]

Indian Army

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Pradip89: Expand

{{Short description|Land based branch of the Indian Armed Forces}}
{{About|the Indian Army since 1947|the earlier period|Military history of India|and| British Indian Army}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Army
| native_name = 
| image = ADGPI Indian Army.svg
| caption = Crest of the Indian Army
| dates =
| country = {{IND}}
| type = [[Army]]
| role = [[Ground warfare|Land warfare]]
| size = {{plainlist|
*1,237,117 active personnel<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Rana |first1=Uday |title=20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html |access-date=13 August 2018 |work=News18 |date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227162941/http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html |archive-date=27 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*960,000 reserve personnel<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
}}
|equipment = [[List of active Indian military aircraft#Army Aviation Corps|315]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/26019/waf2014/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302210400/https://www.flightglobal.com/asset/26019/waf2014// |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|equipment_label = Aircraft
| command_structure = [[Indian Armed Forces]]
| garrison = [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Integrated Defence Headquarters]], [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[New Delhi]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| march = {{plainlist|
*Quick: ''[[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]'' (Keep stepping forward)
*Slow: ''[[Samman Guard]]'' (The Guard of Honour)
}}
| motto = ''Service Before Self''
| colors = Gold, red and black {{color box|#FFD700}}{{color box|#D90000}}{{color box|#000000}}
| colors_label = Colours
| anniversaries = [[Army Day (India)|Army Day]]: 15 January
| website = [http://indianarmy.nic.in/ indianarmy.nic.in]
| commander1 = [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-chief#India|Commander-in-Chief]]
| commander2 = [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=100%|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|YSM|SM|VSM|ADC}}
| commander2_label = [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)]]
| commander3 = [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]], [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| commander3_label = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)]]
| commander4 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]] [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| commander4_label = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff (VCOAS)]]
| notable_commanders = {{plainlist|
*[[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Kodandera Madappa Cariappa|K. M. Cariappa]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
*[[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]], [[Military Cross|MC]]
*[[General (India)|General]] [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|K. S. Thimayya]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
}}
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|border|200px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_attack = [[HAL Rudra]], [[HAL LCH]]
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_helicopter = [[HAL Dhruv]], [[HAL Chetak]], [[HAL Cheetah]]
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1895|04|01}}
}}

The '''Indian Army''' is the [[Land warfare|land-based branch]] and the largest component of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The [[President of India]] is the [[Commander-in-Chief|Supreme Commander]] of the Indian Army,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|title=About – The President of India|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405170925/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/about.htm|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> and its professional head is the [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] (COAS), who is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] [[General officer|general]]. Two officers have been conferred with the rank of [[Field marshal (India)|field marshal]], a [[five-star rank]], which is a ceremonial position of great honour. The Indian Army originated from the armies of the [[East India Company]], which eventually became the [[British Indian Army]], and the armies of the princely states, which were merged into the national army after [[Independence of India|independence]]. The units and regiments of the Indian Army have diverse histories and have participated in a number of battles and campaigns around the world, earning many [[Battle and theatre honours of the Indian Army|battle and theatre honours]] before and after Independence.<ref name="Sarbans">{{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757–1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8170941156}}</ref>

The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure [[National Security Council (India)|national security]] and national unity, to [[Defence (military)|defend]] the nation from external aggression and internal threats, and to maintain peace and security within [[:Category:Borders of India|its borders]]. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such as [[Operation Surya Hope]], and can also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats. It is a major component of national power, alongside the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/indianarmydoctrine_1.doc |title=Indian Army Doctrine |date=October 2004 |publisher=Headquarters Army Training Command |access-date=1 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201062843/http://indianarmy.nic.in/indianarmydoctrine_1.doc |archive-date=1 December 2007 }}</ref> The army has been involved in four wars with neighbouring [[Pakistan]] and one with [[China]]. Other major operations undertaken by the army include [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]], [[Operation Meghdoot]], and [[Operation Cactus]]. The army has conducted large peace time exercises such as [[Operation Brasstacks]] and Exercise Shoorveer, and it has also been an active participant in numerous [[Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions|United Nations peacekeeping missions]], including those in [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|Lebanon]], [[United Nations Operation in the Congo|Congo]], Angola, [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|Cambodia]], Vietnam, [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group|Namibia]], [[ONUCA and ONUSAL|El Salvador]], Liberia, Mozambique, South Sudan, and Somalia.

The Indian Army is operationally and geographically divided into [[#Command structure|seven commands]], with the basic field formation being a [[Division (military)|division]]. Below the division level are [[Regiment#Regimental system|permanent regiments]] that are responsible for their own recruiting and training. The army is an [[Volunteer military|all-volunteer force]] and comprises more than 80% of the country's active defence personnel. It is the [https://theprint.in/defence/indian-army-now-worlds-largest-ground-force-as-china-halves-strength-on-modernisation-push/382287/ largest standing army] in the world, with 1,237,117<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|title=20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament|work=News18|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227162941/http://www.news18.com/news/india/20-sailor-shortage-in-navy-15-officer-posts-vacant-in-army-nirmala-sitharaman-tells-parliament-1616303.html|archive-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms|title=Armed forces facing shortage of nearly 60,000 personnel: Government|date=27 December 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228202832/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-facing-shortage-of-nearly-60000-personnel-government/articleshow/62270482.cms|archive-date=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> active troops and 960,000 reserve troops.<ref name="IISS 2014">{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2014|pages=241–246| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=3 February 2014| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=9781857437225| ref=IISS2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk8-vgAACAAJ|title=The Military Balance 2017|date=14 February 2017|publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated|isbn=9781857439007|language=en}}</ref> The army has embarked on an infantry modernisation program known as Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System ([[F-INSAS]]), and is also upgrading and acquiring new assets for its armoured, artillery, and aviation branches.<ref name=tmb2010>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/militarybalance2010iiss|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxfordshire|isbn=978-1857435573|pages=[https://archive.org/details/militarybalance2010iiss/page/n348 351], 359–364}}</ref><ref name=isfeb10>{{cite news|title=Indian Army Modernisation Needs a Major Push|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories482.htm|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=India Strategic|date=February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906195929/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories482.htm|archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=dn2a12>{{cite news|title=India's Military Modernisation Up To 2027 Gets Approval |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/611/indias-military-modernisation-up-to-2027-gets-approval.html |access-date=10 July 2013 |newspaper=Defence Now |date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201514/http://www.defencenow.com/news/611/indias-military-modernisation-up-to-2027-gets-approval.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
===British Indian Army===
{{main|British Indian Army}} {{Further|List of regiments of the British Indian Army (1903)}}
[[File:RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg|thumb|left|No. 4 ([[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]]) Mountain Battery with RML7 pounder "Steel Gun" Mountain Gun in Review Order. Left to right Naick, Havaldar, Subadar (Sikhs) and Gunner (Punjabi Musalman) circa 1895.]]

In 1776, a Military Department was created within the government of the [[East India Company]] at [[Kolkata]]. Its main function was to record orders that were issued to the army by various departments of the East India Company for the territories under its control.<ref name=mod-history>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/welcome.html |title=About The Ministry |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509001243/http://mod.nic.in/aboutus/welcome.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

With the Charter Act of 1833, the Secretariat of the government of the East India Company was reorganised into four departments, including a Military Department. The army in the presidencies of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] functioned as respective Presidency Armies until 1 April 1895, when they were unified into a single [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/07/10-facts-which-prove-indian-army-living-up-to-its-motto-service-before-self.html|title=10 Facts Which Prove Indian Army Living Up To Its Motto – "Service Before Self"|author=Editorial Team|work=SSB Interview Tips & Coaching – SSBCrack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414043620/http://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/07/10-facts-which-prove-indian-army-living-up-to-its-motto-service-before-self.html|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://guidinghawk.com/indian-army-official-facebook-page-wikifactsofficial-websitemotto/|title=Indian army official Facebook page wiki-facts, official website, motto|work=GuidingHawk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411132259/http://guidinghawk.com/indian-army-official-facebook-page-wikifactsofficial-websitemotto/|archive-date=11 April 2016|access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=richreynolds74 |title=The British Indian Army During the First World War |url=http://20thcenturybattles.com/2015/02/06/the-british-indian-army-during-the-first-world-war/# |date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228235732/http://20thcenturybattles.com/2015/02/06/the-british-indian-army-during-the-first-world-war/ |archive-date=28 February 2016 |website=20th Century Battles |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]{{cite web |url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul8-1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415110107/http://www.idsa-india.org/an-jul8-1.html |archive-date=15 April 2016 }}</ref> For administrative convenience, it was divided into four commands, namely Punjab (including the North West Frontier), Bengal, Madras (including Burma), and Bombay (including Sind, Quetta and Aden).<ref>Harold E. Raugh, ''The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopaedia of British military history'' (2004) pp 173–79</ref>

The British Indian Army was a critical force for maintaining the primacy of the [[British Empire]], both in India and throughout the world. Besides maintaining the internal security of the [[British Raj]], the Army fought in many other theatres: the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]; the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|Second]] Anglo-Sikh wars; the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First]], [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Second]], and [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Third]] Anglo-Afghan wars; the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War|Second]] opium wars, and the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China; and in [[Abyssinia (battle honour)|Abyssinia]].

===World wars===
{{Main|Indian Army during World War I|Indian Army during World War II}}
[[File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|right|thumb|French postcard depicting the arrival of 15th [[Sikh Regiment]] in [[France]] during [[World War I]]. The postcard reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans."]]
[[File:0129.jpg|right|thumb|A Sikh soldier of the 4th Division (the Red Eagles) of the Indian Army, attached to the British Fifth Army in Italy. Holding a captured swastika after the surrender of German forces in Italy, May 1945. Behind him, a fascist inscriptions says "VIVA IL DUCE", "Long live the [[Duce]]" (i.e. Mussolini).]]

The Kitchener Reforms brought the British Army to a new century.<ref>{{cite thesis |first=John |last=Lydgate |title=Quezon, Kitchener and the Problem of Indian Army Administration, 1899-1909 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28542/1/10672701.pdf |work=SOAS Research Online |publisher=University of London |degree=PhD |date=June 1965 |access-date=4 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615134159/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28542/1/10672701.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> In the 20th century, the British Indian Army was a crucial adjunct to British forces in both [[world war]]s. 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in [[World War I]] (1914–1918) with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], in which 74,187 Indian troops were killed or missing in action.<ref name="Urlanis">{{cite book |title=Wars and Population |last=Urlanis |first=Boris |year=1971 |location=Moscow |page=85 }}</ref> In 1915 there was a [[1915 Singapore Mutiny|mutiny]] by Indian soldiers in Singapore. The United Kingdom made promises of self-governance to the [[Indian National Congress]] in return for its support but reneged on them after the war, following which the [[Indian independence movement#First World War|Indian Independence movement]] gained strength.

The "[[Indianisation (British India)|Indianisation]]" of the British Indian Army began with the formation of the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] at Dehradun, in March 1912, with the purpose of providing education to the scions of aristocratic and well-to-do Indian families and to prepare selected Indian boys for admission into the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. Cadets were given a King's commission, after passing out, and were posted to one of the [[Eight Unit Scheme of Indianisation|eight units]] selected for Indianisation. Because of the slow pace of Indianisation, with just 69 officers being commissioned between 1918 and 1932, political pressure was applied, leading to the formation of the [[Indian Military Academy]] in 1932 and greater numbers of officers of Indian origin being commissioned.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thimayya: an amazing life |last=Khanduri |first=Chandra B. |year=2006 |publisher=Knowledge World |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87966-36-4 |page=394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |access-date=30 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWXfAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=6 January 2016 }}</ref>

In [[World War II]] Indian soldiers fought alongside the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. In 1939, British officials had no plan for expansion and training of Indian forces, which comprised about 130,000 men (in addition there were 44,000 men in British units in India in 1939), whose mission was internal security and defence against a possible [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] threat through Afghanistan. As the war progressed, the size and role of the Indian Army expanded dramatically, and troops were sent to battlefronts as soon as possible. The most serious problem was lack of equipment.<ref>Kaushik Roy, "Expansion And Deployment of the Indian Army during World War II: 1939–45,"''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research,'' Autumn 2010, Vol. 88 Issue 355, pp 248–268</ref> Indian units served in Burma, where in 1944–45, five Indian divisions were engaged along with one British and three African divisions. Even larger numbers operated in the Middle East. Some 87,000 Indian soldiers died in the war. By the end of the war it had become the largest [[Volunteer military|volunteer army]] in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945.<ref name="su25">Sumner, p.25</ref><ref name="CWrepdirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Report on India 2007–2008 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618081321/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref>

In the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|African and Middle East campaigns]], captured Indian troops were given a choice to join the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]], to eventually "liberate" India from Great Britain, instead of being sent to [[POW camp]]s. These men, along with Indian students who were in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] when the war broke out, made up what was called the [[Free India Legion]]. They were originally intended as pathfinders for German forces in Asia, but were soon sent to help guard the [[Atlantic Wall]]. Few who were part of the Free India Legion ever saw any combat, and very few were ever stationed outside Europe. At its height, the Free India Legion had over 3,000 troops in its ranks.<ref>{{cite web |author=Martin Bamber and Aad Neeven |url=http://www.freeindianlegion.info/pag_infanterie-regement-950.php |title=The Free Indian Legion – Infantry Regiment 950 (Ind) |publisher=Freeindianlegion.info |date=26 August 1942 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317021230/http://www.freeindianlegion.info/pag_infanterie-regement-950.php |archive-date=17 March 2012 }}</ref>

Indian POWs also joined the [[Indian National Army]], which was allied with the [[Empire of Japan]]. It was raised by a former colonel of the British Indian Army, General Mohan Singh, but was later led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and [[Rash Bihari Bose]]. With the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] in 1942, about 40,000 Indian soldiers were captured. When given the choice, over 30,000 joined the Indian National Army. Those who refused became POWs and were mostly shipped to New Guinea.<ref>Peter Stanley, "Great in adversity": Indian prisoners of war in New Guinea," ''Journal of the Australian War Memorial'' (October 2002) No. 37 [https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.asp online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208040250/https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.asp |date=8 February 2016 }}</ref> After initial success, this army was defeated, along with the Japanese; but it had a huge impact on the Indian independence movement.

===Indian independence===
Upon the [[Partition of India]] and [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, four of the ten [[Gurkha]] regiments were transferred to the British Army. The rest of the [[British Indian Army]] was divided between the newly created nations of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. The [[Punjab Boundary Force]], which had been formed to help police the Punjab during the partition period, was disbanded.<ref>For the Punjab Boundary Force, see Daniel P. Marston, "The Indian Army, Partition, and the Punjab Boundary Force, 1945–47", ''War in History'' November 2009, vol. 16 no. 4 469–505</ref> Headquarters Delhi and the East Punjab Command were formed to administer the area.

The departure of virtually all senior British officers following independence, and their replacement by Indian officers, meant many of the latter held acting ranks several ranks above their substantive ones. For instance, [[S. M. Shrinagesh]], the ground-forces commander of Indian forces during the first Indo-Pak War of 1947–49 (and the future third COAS), was first an acting major-general and then an acting lieutenant-general during the conflict while holding the substantive rank of major, and only received a substantive promotion to lieutenant-colonel in August 1949.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1375 |date=24 September 1949 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]], the future ninth COAS, was an acting colonel at his promotion to substantive major from substantive captain in 1949, while future Lieutenant General [[K. P. Candeth]] was an acting brigadier (substantive captain) at the same time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1520 |date=29 October 1949 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> In April 1948, the former Viceroy's Commissioned Officers (VCO) were re-designated Junior Commissioned Officers, while the former King's Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIO) and Indian Commissioned Officers (ICO), along with the former Indian Other Ranks (IOR), were respectively re-designated as Officers and Other Ranks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Note|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-04-06_199.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|date=6 April 1948|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Army Day (India)|Army Day]] is celebrated on 15 January every year in India, in recognition of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[K. M. Cariappa]]'s taking over as the first commander-in-chief of the Indian Army from [[General]] [[Roy Bucher|Sir Francis Butcher]], the last British [[Commander-in-Chief, India|commander-in-chief]] of India, on 15 January 1949. With effect from 26 January 1950, the date India became a republic, all active-duty Indian Army officers formerly holding the King's Commission were recommissioned and confirmed in their substantive ranks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

===Conflicts and operations===
{{main|Military operations of India}}

'''First Kashmir War (1947)'''
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Kashmir conflict}}

Immediately after independence, tensions between India and Pakistan erupted into the first of three full-scale wars between the two nations over the then [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir]]. The Maharaja of Kashmir wanted to have a standstill position. Since Kashmir was a [[Muslim]] majority state, Pakistan wanted to make Kashmir a Pakistani territory. As a result, Pakistan invaded Kashmir on 22 October 1947, causing [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] to look to India, specifically to [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], the governor general, for help. He signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] to India on 26 October 1947. Indian troops were airlifted to Srinagar from 27 October dawn onwards.<ref name="TC">{{cite journal|first=Tom |last=Cooper |date=29 October 2003 |title=Indo-Pakistani War, 1947–1949 |publisher=ACIG |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_321.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613025308/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_321.shtml |archive-date=13 June 2006 }}</ref> This contingent included [[General Thimayya]] who distinguished himself in the operation and in the years that followed became a Chief of the Indian Army. An intense war was waged across the state and former comrades found themselves fighting each other. Pakistan suffered significant losses. Its forces were stopped on the line formed which is now called the [[Line of Control]] (LOC).{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

An uneasy peace, sponsored by the UN, returned by the end of 1948, with Indian and Pakistani soldiers facing each other across the Line of Control, which has since divided Indian-held Kashmir from that part held by Pakistan. A number of [[United Nations Security Council resolution|UN Security Council resolutions]] were passed, with [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] calling for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir to determine accession to India or Pakistan, only after Pakistan withdrew its army from Kashmir.<ref name="Kashmir in the United Nations">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmiri-cc.ca/un/index.htm |title=Kashmir in the United Nations |date=28 January 1998 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980128230651/http://www.kashmiri-cc.ca/un/index.htm |archive-date=28 January 1998 }}</ref> A precondition to the resolution was for Pakistan and India to return to a [[Status quo ante bellum|state of "as was" prior to the conflict]]. Pakistan would withdraw all tribesmen and Pakistani nationals brought in to fight in Kashmir. Pakistan refused to pull back, and there could be no further dialogue on fulfilling the UN resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=47 (1948). Resolution of 21 April 1948 [S/726] |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/47(1948) |website=United Nations |access-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513100302/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F47%281948%29 |archive-date=13 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Kashmir in the United Nations"/> Tensions between India and Pakistan, largely over Kashmir, have never been entirely eliminated.

'''Annexation of Hyderabad (1948)'''
{{Main|Operation Polo}}
[[File:Op Polo Surrender.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Major General]] [[General El Edroos|El Edroos]] (at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General (later Army Chief) [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri|J.N. Chaudhuri]] at [[Secunderabad]]]]

After the partition of India, [[Hyderabad State]], a princely state under the rule of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], chose to remain independent. The following stand-off between the [[Government of India]] and the Nizam ended on 12 September 1948, when India's then Deputy Prime Minister [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] ordered Indian troops to secure Hyderabad State. During five days of fighting, the Indian Army, backed by an [[Indian Air Force]] squadron of [[Hawker Tempest]] aircraft, routed the Hyderabad State forces. Five Indian Army infantry battalions and one armoured squadron were engaged in the operation. The following day, Hyderabad was proclaimed part of India. Major General [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], who led the operation, and accepted the surrender of the Nizam's forces on 18 September 1948, was appointed the military governor of Hyderabad, to restore law and order, and served until 1949.

'''Assistance during the Korean War (1950–1953)'''
{{main|Korean War}}

During the Korean War, although deciding against sending combat forces, India sent its 60th Parachute Field Ambulance unit to aid the UN troops fighting against the North Korean invasion of South Korea, as part of the [[1st Commonwealth Division]]. In the aftermath of the war, an Indian infantry brigade formed the Custodian Force of India, some of whose soldiers were also part of the [[Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission]], which assisted in the exchange of prisoners of war and was headed by Lieutenant General [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|K. S. Thimayya]].{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

'''Annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu (1961)'''
{{Main|Annexation of Goa}}


Even though the British and French vacated all their colonial possessions in the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Portugal]] refused to relinquish control of its colonies of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu|Daman, and Diu]]. After repeated attempts by India to negotiate were spurned by Portuguese prime minister and dictator, [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], on 12 December 1961 India launched [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] to capture the Portuguese colonies, which was accomplished by small contingents of Indian troops. After a brief conflict that lasted twenty-six hours—during which 31 Portuguese soldiers were killed, the [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque]] was destroyed, and over 3,000 Portuguese were captured—Portuguese General [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]] surrendered to Major General Kunhiraman Palat Kandoth of the Indian Army. Goa, Daman, and Diu became a part of the Republic of India.

'''Sino-Indian War (1962)'''
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}
[[File:Hall of Fame Museum, Leh.jpg|thumb|Indian Army Hall of Fame at [[Leh]], near Indo-Tibet border]]

The cause of this war was a dispute over the sovereignty of the widely separated [[Aksai Chin]] and Arunachal Pradesh border regions. Aksai Chin, claimed by India as part of Kashmir, and by China as part of Xinjiang, contains an important road link that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. China's construction of this road was one of the triggers of the conflict.

Small-scale clashes between Indian and Chinese forces broke out as India insisted on the disputed [[McMahon Line]] being regarded as the international border between the two countries. Chinese troops claimed not to have retaliated to the cross-border firing by Indian troops, despite sustaining losses.<ref>Bruce Bueno de Mesquita & David Lalman. ''War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives''. Yale University Press (1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=jhVyb7m_m8MC&pg=PA200&as_brr=3#PPA201,M1 p. 201] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509194521/https://books.google.com/books?id=jhVyb7m_m8MC&pg=PA200&as_brr=3 |date=9 May 2016 }} {{ISBN|978-0-300-05922-9}}</ref> China's suspicion of India's involvement in [[Tibet]] created more rifts between the two countries.<ref>Alastair I. Johnston & Robert S. Ross. ''New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy''. Stanford University Press (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC&pg=PA86&as_brr=3#PPA99,M1 p. 99] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=DCihrQEdPzAC&pg=PA86&as_brr=3 |date=6 January 2016 }} {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5363-0}}</ref>

In 1962, the Indian Army was ordered to move to the Thag La ridge, located near the border between Bhutan and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and about {{convert|3|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=off}} north of the disputed McMahon Line. Meanwhile, Chinese troops had also made incursions into Indian-held territory, and tensions between the two reached a new high when Indian forces discovered the road constructed by China in Aksai Chin. After a series of failed negotiations, the [[People's Liberation Army]] attacked Indian Army positions on the Thag La ridge. This move by China caught India by surprise; and on 12 October Nehru gave orders for the Chinese to be expelled from Aksai Chin. However, poor co-ordination among various divisions of the Indian Army, and the late decision to mobilise the Indian Air Force in vast numbers, gave China a crucial tactical and strategic advantage over India. On 20 October, Chinese soldiers attacked India from both the northwest and northeast, and captured large portions of Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.

As the fighting moved beyond disputed territories, China called on the Indian government to negotiate; however, India remained determined to regain lost territory. With no agreement in sight, China unilaterally withdrew its forces from Arunachal Pradesh. The reasons for the withdrawal are disputed, with India claiming various logistical problems for China and diplomatic support from the United States, while China stated that it still held territory it had staked a claim on. The dividing line between the Indian and Chinese forces was named the [[Line of Actual Control]].

The poor decisions made by India's military commanders, and the political leadership, raised several questions. The [[Henderson-Brooks Report|Henderson-Brooks and Bhagat committee]] was soon set up by the government of India to determine the causes of the poor performance of the Indian Army. Its report criticised the decision not to allow the Indian Air Force to target Chinese transport lines, out of fear of a Chinese aerial counter-attack on Indian civilian areas. Much of the blame was placed on the then–defence minister, [[Krishna Menon]], who resigned from his post soon after the war ended. Despite frequent calls for its release, the Henderson-Brooks report still remains classified.<ref>Claude Arpi. ''India and her neighbourhood: a French observer's views''. Har-Anand Publications (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=RtLS3TPoan4C&pg=PA186 p. 186] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=RtLS3TPoan4C&pg=PA186 |date=6 January 2016 }}.
{{ISBN|978-81-241-1097-3}}.</ref> [[Neville Maxwell]] has written an account of the war.<ref>CenturyChina, www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm</ref>

'''Indo-Pakistani War of 1965'''
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}

A second confrontation with Pakistan took place in 1965. Although the war is described as inconclusive, India had the better of the war and was the clear winner in tactical and strategic terms.<ref>Dennis Kux's ''India and the United States: estranged democracies, 1941–1991'', {{ISBN|1-4289-8189-6}}, DIANE Publishing, Pg 238</ref><ref>Dijkink, Gertjan. ''National identity and geopolitical visions: maps of pride and pain''. Routledge, 1996. {{ISBN|0-415-13934-1}}.</ref><ref>Praagh, David. ''The greater game: India's race with destiny and China''. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7735-2639-0}}.</ref> Pakistani president [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] launched [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965, during which Pakistani paramilitary troops infiltrated into Indian-administered Kashmir and attempted to ignite anti-India agitation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Pakistani leaders believed that India, which was still recovering from the Sino-Indian War, would be unable to deal with a military thrust and a Kashmiri rebellion. India reacted swiftly and launched a counter-offensive against Pakistan. In reply, on 1 September Pakistan launched [[Operation Grand Slam]], invading India's Chamb-Jaurian sector. In retaliation, the Indian Army launched a major offensive all along its border with Pakistan, with Lahore as its prime target.

[[File:1965 Indo-Pak War DestroyedShermanTank.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian Army officer next to a destroyed Pakistani Sherman tank, after the battle of ''Asal Uttar.'']]

Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success in the northern sector. After launching prolonged artillery barrages against Pakistan, India was able to capture three important mountain positions in Kashmir. By 9 September, the Indian Army had made considerable inroads into Pakistan. India had its largest haul of Pakistani tanks when an offensive by Pakistan's 1st Armoured Division was blunted at the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]], which took place on 10 September near Khemkaran.<ref name=pradhan>{{cite book|last=R.D. Pradhan & Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan|title=1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War''.|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0762-5|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC&pg=PA47|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ymYCJQjEGBUC&pg=PA47|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> The biggest tank battle of the war was the [[Battle of Chawinda]], the largest tank battle in history after [[World War II]]. Pakistan's defeat at the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]] hastened the end of the conflict.<ref name=pradhan/>

At the time of the ceasefire declaration, India reported casualties of about 3,000. On the other hand, it was estimated that more than 3,800 Pakistani soldiers were killed in the conflict.<ref>Sumit Ganguly. "Pakistan". In [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html ''India: A Country Study''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401023700/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |date=1 April 2007 }} (James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, editors). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (September 1995).</ref><ref name=encarta>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/indo-pakistan_wars.html "Indo-Pakistan Wars"]. [[Microsoft Encarta]] 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508073809/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781531179/Indo-Pakistan_Wars.html |date=8 May 2009 }} 31 October 2009.</ref><ref name="Hagerty">{{cite book
|last = Thomas M. Leonard
|title = Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 2
|publisher = Taylor & Francis, 2006
|isbn = 978-0-415-97663-3|year = 2006
}}</ref> About 200–300 Pakistani tanks were either destroyed or captured by India. India lost a total of 150-190 tanks during the conflict.<ref name=pradhan/><ref>Spencer Tucker. ''Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact''. ABC-CLIO (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172 p. 172] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=N481TmqiSiUC&pg=PA172 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-995-9}}.</ref> The decision to return to pre-war positions, following the [[Tashkent Declaration]], caused an outcry in New Delhi. It was widely believed that India's decision to accept the ceasefire was due to political factors, not military, since it was facing considerable pressure from the United States and the United Nations to cease hostilities.<ref>Sumit Ganguly. ''Conflict unending: India-Pakistan tensions since 1947''. Columbia University Press (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xn_QVYLy6ocC&pg=PA45 p. 45] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=xn_QVYLy6ocC&pg=PA45 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-231-12369-3}}.</ref>

'''1967 Sino-Indian conflict'''
{{Main|Cho La incident}}

The 1967 Sino-Indian skirmish, also known as the Cho La incident, was a [[military conflict]] between [[India]]n troops and members of the [[China|Chinese]] [[People's Liberation Army]] who, on 1 October 1967, invaded [[Sikkim]], which was then a protectorate of India. On 10 October, both sides clashed again. Defence minister [[Sardar Swaran Singh]] assured the Indian people that the government was taking care of developments along the border. Indian losses were 88 killed, and 163 wounded, while Chinese casualties were 300 killed and 450 wounded in [[Nathu La|Nathula]], and 40 in Chola.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |title=Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold War Period (1947–2003) |access-date=15 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC |archive-date=6 January 2016 |isbn=9788178352947 |last1=Mishra |first1=Keshav |year=2004 |page=40}}</ref> The Chinese Army left Sikkim after this defeat.<ref name=Hoontrakul>{{cite book |last=Hoontrakul |first=Pongsak |title=The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=illustrated |isbn=9781137412355 |page=37 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518210733/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769 |title=50 years after Sino-Indian war |newspaper=Millennium Post |date=16 May 1975 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031350/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=11769 |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Kirantis' khukris flash at Chola in 1967">{{cite news |title=Kirantis' khukris flash at Chola in 1967 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 July 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kirantis-khukris-flash-at-chola-in-1967/article1-1239765.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html |archive-date=28 February 2016 }}</ref>

'''Operation against the Naxalites during 1971'''

Under Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], during the [[president's rule]] in 1971, the Indian Army and the [[Indian police]] launched [[Operation Steeplechase]], a gigantic "counter-insurgency" operation against the [[Naxalites]], which resulted in the death of hundreds of Naxalites and the imprisonment of more than 20,000 suspects and cadres, including senior leaders.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the Twenty-first Century |chapter=Part V: Military and state dimension |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |page=208 |first1=Mahendra |last1=Lawoti |first2=Anup Kumar |last2=Pahari |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |year=2009 |isbn=978-11-35261-68-9 |quote=The second turning point came in the wake of the 1971 Bangladesh war of independence which India supported with armed troops. With large contingents of Indian Army troops amassed in the West Bengal border with what was then East Pakistan, the Government of Indira Gandhi used the opening provided by President's Rule to divert sections of the army to assist the police in decisive counter–insurgency drives across Naxal–impacted areas. "Operation Steeplechase," a police and army joint anti–Naxalite undertaking, was launched in July–August 1971. By the end of "Operation Steeplechase" over 20,000 suspected Naxalites were imprisoned and including senior leaders and cadre, and hundreds had been killed in police encounters. It was a massive counter–insurgency undertaking by any standards.}}</ref> The army was also assisted by a [[brigade]] of [[Para Commandos (India)|para commandos]] and the [[Paramilitary forces of India|Indian paramilitary]]. The operation was organised in October 1969, and Lieutenant General [[J.F.R. Jacob]] was enjoined by Govind Narain, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Home Secretary and other senior officials|Home Secretary]], that "there should be no publicity and no records". Jacob's request to be presented with written orders was also refused by [[Sam Manekshaw]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hello, Bastar : The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ83V3JLXFMC&pg=PA23 |first=Rahul |last=Pandita |pages=23–24 |publisher=Westland (Tranquebar Press) |year=2011 |location=Chennai |isbn=978-93-80658-34-6 |oclc=754482226 |quote=Meanwhile, the Congress government led by Indira Gandhi decided to send in the army and tackle the problem militarily. A combined operation called Operation Steeplechase was launched jointly by military, paramilitary and state police forces in West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In Kolkata, Lt General J.F.R. Jacob of the Indian Army's Eastern Command received two very important visitors in his office in October 1969. One was the army chief General Sam Manekshaw and the other was the home secretary Govind Narain. Jacob was told of the Centre's plan to send in the army to break the Naxal. More than 40 years later, Jacob would recall how he had asked for more troops, some of which he got along with a brigade of para commandos. When he asked his boss to give him something in writing, Manekshaw declined, saying, 'Nothing in writing.' while secretary Narain added that there should be no publicity and no records. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ83V3JLXFMC&pg=PA23&output=text#c_top |archive-date=6 January 2016 }}</ref>

'''Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971'''
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{See also|Battle of Longewala|Battle of Hilli|Battle of Basantar}}

An independence movement broke out in [[East Pakistan]] which was [[Operation Searchlight|crushed]] by Pakistani forces. Due to large-scale [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|atrocities]] against them, thousands of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] took refuge in neighbouring India causing a major refugee crisis there. In early 1971, India declared its full-support for the Bengali freedom fighters, known as [[Mukti Bahini]], and Indian agents were extensively involved in covert operations to aid them.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

On 20 November 1971, the Indian Army moved 14 Punjab Battalion, of the [[45th Cavalry (India)|45th Cavalry]] regiment, into Garibpur, a strategically important town in East Pakistan, near India's border, and successfully [[Battle of Garibpur|captured it]]. The following day, more [[Battle of Atgram|clashes]] took place between Indian and Pakistani forces. Wary of India's growing involvement in the Bengali rebellion, the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) launched a preemptive strike on 10 Indian air bases—at Srinagar, Jammu, Pathankot, Amritsar, Agra, Adampur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Uttarlai, and Sirsa—at 17:45 hours on 3 December. However, this aerial offensive failed to accomplish its objectives, and gave India an excuse to declare a full-scale war against Pakistan the same day. By midnight, the Indian Army, accompanied by the Indian Air Force, launched a major three-pronged assault into East Pakistan. The Indian Army won several battles on the eastern front including the decisive [[Battle of Hilli]]. The operation also included a battalion-level airborne operation on Tangail, which resulted in the capitulation of all resistance within five days.<ref>Owen Bennett Jones. ''Pakistan: Eye of the Storm''. Yale University Press (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=RA1-PA177 p. 177] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=RA1-PA177 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-300-10147-8}}.</ref> India's massive early gains were attributed largely to the speed and flexibility with which Indian armoured divisions moved across East Pakistan.<ref>Eric H. Arnett. ''Military capacity and the risk of war: China, India, Pakistan, and Iran''. Oxford University Press (1997), [https://books.google.com/books?id=eOgj3HHDnJkC&pg=PA134 p. 134] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=eOgj3HHDnJkC&pg=PA134 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-19-829281-4}}.</ref>

[[File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Lt Gen A A K Niazi (right), Commander of the Pakistani Eastern Command, signing the Instrument of Surrender under the gaze of Lt Gen J S Aurora.]]

Pakistan launched a counterattack against India on the western front. On 4 December 1971, A Company of the 23rd Battalion of India's [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] intercepted the Pakistani 51st Infantry Brigade near Ramgarh, Rajasthan. The [[Battle of Longewala]] ensued, during which A Company, though outnumbered, thwarted the Pakistani advance until the Indian Air Force directed its fighters to engage the Pakistani tanks. By the time the battle had ended, 38 Pakistani tanks and 100 armoured vehicles were either destroyed or abandoned. About 200 Pakistani troops were killed in action, while only two Indian soldiers lost their lives. Pakistan suffered another major defeat on the western front at the [[Battle of Basantar]], which was fought from 4 to 16 December. During the battle, about 66 Pakistani tanks were destroyed and 40 more were captured. Pakistani forces were destroyed only 11 Indian tanks.<ref>S. Paul Kapur. ''Dangerous deterrent: nuclear weapons proliferation and conflict in South Asia''. Stanford University Press (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qbovlt-eZ4C&pg=PA17 p. 17] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qbovlt-eZ4C&pg=PA17 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5550-4}}.</ref> By 16 December, Pakistan had lost sizeable territory on both the eastern and western fronts.

On 16 December 1971, under the command of [[Jagjit Singh Arora|Lt. General J. S. Arora]], elements of the three corps of the Indian Army that had invaded East Pakistan entered [[Dhaka]] as a part of the Indo-Bangladesh allied force and forced Pakistani forces to surrender, one day after the conclusion of the Battle of Basantar. After Pakistan's Lt General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A. A. K. Niazi]] signed the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Instrument of Surrender]], the India, as a part of the allied forces, took more than 90,000 Pakistani [[prisoners of war]]. By the time of the signing, 11,000 Pakistani soldiers had been killed in action, while India suffered 3,500 battle-related deaths.<ref name=encarta/> In addition, Pakistan lost 220 tanks during the battle compared to India's 69.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Developing World, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA806 p. 806] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA806 |date=6 January 2016 }}.</ref>

In 1972, the [[Simla Agreement]] was signed between the two countries, although subsequent incidences of heightened tensions has resulted in continued military vigilance on both sides.

'''Siachen conflict (1984)'''
{{Main|Siachen conflict}}
[[File:22 Indian Army Medical Corps.jpg|alt=|thumb|A memorial for the 22 Indian Army Medical Corps at the War Cemetery in Taiping, Perak]]

The [[Siachen Glacier]], although a part of the Kashmir region, was not demarcated on maps prepared and exchanged between the two sides in 1947. In consequence, prior to the 1980s neither India nor Pakistan maintained a permanent military presence in the region. However, beginning in the 1950s, Pakistan began sending mountaineering expeditions to the glacier. By the early 1980s, the Government of Pakistan was granting special expedition permits to mountaineers and United States Army maps showed Siachen as a part of Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} This practice gave rise to the term ''[[oropolitics]]''.

India, possibly irked by these developments, launched [[Operation Meghdoot]] in April 1984. An entire battalion of the Kumaon Regiment was airlifted to the glacier. Pakistani forces responded quickly, and clashes between the two followed. The Indian Army secured the strategic [[Sia La]] and [[Bilafond La]] mountain passes, and by 1985 more than {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2|order=flip|abbr=on}} of territory claimed by Pakistan was under Indian control.<ref>Edward W. Desmond. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html "The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html |date=14 January 2009 }}. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (31 July 1989).</ref> The Indian Army continues to control all of the Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers. Pakistan has made several unsuccessful attempts to regain control over Siachen. In late 1987, Pakistan mobilised about 8,000 troops and garrisoned them near Khapalu, aiming to capture Bilafond La.<ref>Vivek Chadha. ''Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis''. SAGE (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA105 p. 105] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA105 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-7619-3325-0}}.</ref> However, they were repulsed by Indian Army personnel guarding Bilafond. During the battle, about 23 Indian soldiers lost their lives, while more than 150 Pakistani troops perished.<ref>Pradeep Barua. ''The State at War in South Asia''. University of Nebraska Press (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA256 p. 256] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA256 |date=6 January 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-0-8032-1344-9}}.</ref> Further unsuccessful attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996, and 1999, most notably in Kargil in the latter year.

India continues to maintain a strong military presence in the region, despite inhospitable conditions. The conflict over Siachen is regularly cited as an example of [[mountain warfare]].<ref>Tim McGirk with Aravind Adiga. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050707031356/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501050711/story.html "War at the Top of the World"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (4 May 2005). </ref><ref name="Kamal Thakur">{{cite news|title=16 Things You Should Know About India's Soldiers Defending Siachen|url=http://topyaps.com/know-about-indian-soldiers-in-siachen|access-date=16 May 2014|newspaper=Topyaps|date=1 November 2014|author=Kamal Thakur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031102028/http://topyaps.com/know-about-indian-soldiers-in-siachen|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> The highest peak in the Siachen Glacier region, [[Saltoro Kangri]], could be viewed as strategically important for India because of its height, which would enable Indian forces to monitor Pakistani or Chinese movements in the area.<ref>Sanjay Dutt. ''War and Peace in Kargil Sector''. APH Publishing (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA389 p. 389-90] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521053715/https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA389 |date=21 May 2016 }}.
{{ISBN|978-81-7648-151-9}}.</ref> Maintaining control over Siachen poses several logistical challenges for the Indian Army. Several infrastructure projects were constructed in the region, including a helipad at an elevation of {{convert|21000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref>Nick Easen. [http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/ Siachen: The world's highest cold war] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823055149/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/ |date=23 August 2016 }}. [[CNN]] (17 September 2003).</ref> In 2004, the Indian Army was spending an estimated US$2 million a month to support its personnel stationed in the region.<ref>Arun Bhattacharjee. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FI23Df04.html "On Kashmir, hot air and trial balloons"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html |date=28 February 2016 }}. ''[[Asia Times]]'' (23 September 2004).</ref>

'''Counter-insurgency activities'''

The Indian Army has played a crucial role in fighting [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s and terrorists within the nation. The army launched [[Operation Blue Star]] and [[Operation Woodrose]] in the 1980s to combat [[Sikh]] insurgents. The army, along with [[Paramilitary forces of India|some paramilitary forces]], has the prime responsibility of maintaining [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] in the troubled [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region, under Northern Command. The Indian Army sent a contingent to Sri Lanka in 1987 as a part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=40585|title=Indian Army organizes a Symposium titled "North Technical-2014" – Scoop News Jammu Kashmir|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=40585|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=IndianArmyE-SymposiumNCmd>{{Cite web |title=e-Symposium – Northern Command |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=qa5JhBUEvMjl6sBZTu6ALg==&ParentID=djRlGJCPlMimzWFr2XjtFQ==&flag=XJhhZ3ZNb4jdIfd36rqrwA== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224154906/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=qa5JhBUEvMjl6sBZTu6ALg%3D%3D&ParentID=djRlGJCPlMimzWFr2XjtFQ%3D%3D&flag=XJhhZ3ZNb4jdIfd36rqrwA%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name=IndianArmyE-SymposiumNCmdNTS2016>{{Cite web |title=e-Symposium – Northern Command: North Tech Symposium 2016 |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=3F60ea7D/0+avn5qmbETJA==&ParentID=L6g1oacs6fCSYTJA2U+VpQ== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224181634/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=3F60ea7D%2F0%2Bavn5qmbETJA%3D%3D&ParentID=L6g1oacs6fCSYTJA2U%2BVpQ%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> The Indian Army also successfully conducted [[Operation Golden Bird]] in 1995, as a counter-insurgency operation in northeast India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9KGAwAAQBAJ&q=Wyakaung+beach&pg=PA185|title=Troubled Periphery: The Crisis of India's North East By Subir Bhaumik|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106123006/https://books.google.com/books?id=h9KGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185#v=onepage&q=Wyakaung%20beach|archive-date=6 January 2017|isbn=9788132104797|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|date=10 December 2009}}</ref>

'''Kargil war (1999)'''
{{Main|Kargil War}}

In 1998, India carried out [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]]; and a few days later, Pakistan responded with [[Chagai-I|nuclear tests]] of its own, giving both countries [[nuclear deterrence]] capability, although India had tested a hydrogen bomb, which Pakistan lacked. Diplomatic tensions eased after the [[Lahore Summit]] was held in 1999. However, the sense of optimism was short-lived. In mid-1999, Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured the deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the [[Kargil district]] of India. These had been vacated by the Indian Army during the onset of the inhospitable winter and were to be reoccupied in spring. The troops that took control of these areas received important support, of both arms and supplies, from Pakistan. Some of the heights under their control, which also included the Tiger Hill, overlooked the vital [[Srinagar]]–[[Leh]] Highway ([[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1A]]), [[Batalik]], and [[Dras]].

[[File:KWM.jpg|thumb|Kargil War Memorial looking at National Highway 1 from the foot of Tololing]]

Once the scale of the Pakistani incursion was realised, the Indian Army quickly mobilised about 200,000 troops, and [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] was launched. However, since the heights were under Pakistani control, India was at a clear strategic disadvantage. From their [[observation post]]s, the Pakistani forces had a clear line-of-sight to lay down [[indirect fire|indirect artillery fire]] on NH 1A, inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians.<ref name="NLI">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_5-5-2003_pg7_14 Indian general praises Pakistani valour at Kargil] 5 May 2003 Daily Times, Pakistan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116123416/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_5-5-2003_pg7_14 |date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was its main supply route.<ref>Kashmir in the Shadow of War By Robert Wirsing Published by M.E. Sharpe, 2003
{{ISBN|0-7656-1090-6}} pp36</ref> Thus, the Indian Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1A. This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras.<ref>Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century By Adekeye Adebajo, Chandra Lekha Sriram Published by Routledge pp192,193</ref> This was soon followed by more attacks on the Batalik–Turtok sub-sector, which provided access to Siachen Glacier. Point 4590, which had the nearest view of the NH 1A, was successfully recaptured by Indian forces on 14 June.<ref>The State at War in South Asia By Pradeep Barua Published by U of Nebraska Press Page 261</ref>

[[File:Natural Look Of Kargil War Memorial.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Kargil War Memorial, built to honor fallen soldiers.]]

Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared of the enemy by mid-June, some posts near Dras endured sporadic shelling until the end of the war. Once the NH 1A area was cleared, the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control. The [[Battle of Tololing]], among others, slowly tilted the war in India's favour. Nevertheless, some Pakistani posts put up a stiff resistance, including Tiger Hill (Point 5140), which fell only later in the war. As the operation was fully under way, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in posts that were in the [[Sightline|line-of-sight]]. At many vital points, neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the Pakistan soldiers, who were out of visible range. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults, which were slow and took a heavy toll, given the steep ascents that had to be made on peaks as high as {{convert|18000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges they had lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|title=Tariq Ali · Bitter Chill of Winter: Kashmir · LRB 19 April 2001|work=London Review of Books|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html|archive-date=1 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Colonel Ravi Nanda | title=Kargil : A Wake Up Call | publisher=Vedams Books | year=1999 | isbn=978-81-7095-074-5}} [https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm Online summary of the Book] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> According to official accounts, an estimated 75%–80% of the enemy-occupied area, and nearly all the high ground, was back under Indian control.

Following the Washington Accord of 4 July, where Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt; but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC. In addition, the [[United Jihad Council]] (an umbrella group for all extremists) rejected Pakistan's plan for a draw-down, deciding instead to fight on.<ref>Alastair Lawson. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/386537.stm "Pakistan and the Kashmir militants"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030228190044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/386537.stm |date=28 February 2003 }}. [[BBC News]] (5 July 1999).</ref> The Indian Army launched its final attacks in the last week of July. As soon as the Dras sub-sector had been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26 July, which has since been celebrated as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war, India had resumed control of all the territory south and east of the Line of Control, as was established in July 1972 per the Shimla Accord. By the time all hostilities had ended, the number of Indian soldiers killed during the conflict stood at 527,<ref>A.K. Chakraborty. [http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjul2000/f210720001.html "Kargil War brings into sharp focus India's commitment to peace"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818095434/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjul2000/f210720001.html |date=18 August 2014 }}. Government of India Press Information Bureau (July 2000).</ref> while more than 700 regular members of the Pakistani Army had been killed.<ref>Michael Edward Brown. ''Offense, defence, and war''. MIT Press (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7bx2eNsc7wC&pg=PA393 p. 393] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003728/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7bx2eNsc7wC&pg=PA393 |date=6 January 2016 }}.</ref> The number of Islamist fighters, also known as Mujahideen, killed by Indian armed forces during the conflict stood at about 3,000.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

'''2016 Surgical Strikes on Kashmir and the 2016–2018 India-Pakistan conflict'''
{{main|India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)}}

On 18 September 2016, a [[2016 Uri attack|''fedayeen'' attack]] was made by four armed militants on an army base near the town of [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. Nineteen Indian Army soldiers were killed. India accused [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]], a Pakistan-based terrorist organisation.<ref>{{citation|author=Sameer Yasir |title=Uri attack carried out by Jaish-e-Mohammad militants, confirms Indian Army |newspaper=Firstpost |date=21 September 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uri-attack-carried-out-by-jaish-e-mohammad-militants-confirms-indian-army-3013332.html}}.</ref> On 29 September 2016, the India Army announced that it conducted "[[surgical strike]]s" against militant launch pads across the [[Line of Control]], in Pakistani-administered [[Kashmir]], and inflicted "significant casualties".<ref name="DGMO">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> Indian media reported the casualty figures variously from 35 to 70 killed.<ref name="FE">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-avenged-35-40-terrorists-9-pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-indian-surgical-strikes-say-tv-reports/397625/|date=29 September 2016|title=Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002035024/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-avenged-35-40-terrorists-9-pakistani-soldiers-killed-in-indian-surgical-strikes-say-tv-reports/397625/|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="para_commandos">{{cite magazine | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok/1/776433.html | title=Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps | magazine=India Today | date=29 September 2016 | access-date=1 October 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001032146/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok/1/776433.html | archive-date=1 October 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Partial footage of the strikes was released to the Indian media on 27 June 2018 as proof of the strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/video-footage-provides-proof-of-surgical-strikes-across-loc/videoshow/64768915.cms|title=Video footage provides proof of surgical strikes across LoC {{!}} News- Times of India Videos ►|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/watch-its-the-footage-i-saw-the-next-day-confirms-lt-gen-ds-hooda-who-led-the-surgical-strike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628072448/https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/watch-its-the-footage-i-saw-the-next-day-confirms-lt-gen-ds-hooda-who-led-the-surgical-strike|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2018|title=WATCH: "It's the footage I saw the next day", confirms Lt Gen DS Hooda who led the Surgical Strike – Republic World|work=Republic World|access-date=28 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/surgical-strikes-video-out-shows-terror-casualties-damage-to-bunkers-pakistan-border-indian-army-5236452/|title=Surgical strikes video out, shows terror casualties, damage to bunkers|date=28 June 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=28 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The incident triggered the [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)|2016–2018 India-Pakistan border conflict]], which ended on 16 June 2018 with both India and Pakistan agreeing on a ceasefire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bsf-carries-out-9-major-strikes-on-pak-10-posts-bunkers-decimated/|title=BSF carries out 9 major strikes on Pak; 10 posts, bunkers decimated|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-armys-21-year-old-rifleman-killed-in-ceasefire-violation/articleshow/64613172.cms|title=Indian Army's 21-year-old Rifleman killed in ceasefire violation|date=16 June 2018|via=The Economic Times}}</ref>

'''United Nations peacekeeping missions'''
{{Main|Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
[[File:UN forces in Somalia.JPEG|alt=|thumb|Indian T-72 armored tanks in Somalia, as part of the UN peacekeeping mission]]

India has been the largest troop contributor to [[UN peacekeeping missions]] since its inception. So far, India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions, with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014, India was the third largest troop contributor (TCC), with 7,860 personnel deployed, of which 995 were police personnel, including the first UN [[Female Formed Police Unit]], serving with ten UN peacekeeping missions.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/peacekeeping.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201324/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/peacekeeping.pdf|date=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/pastops.shtml |title=Past peacekeeping operations |publisher=United Nations Peacekeeping |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002335/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/pastops.shtml |archive-date=12 September 2009 }}</ref> {{As of|2014|June|30}}, 157 Indians have been killed during such missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/fatalities/documents/stats_2.pdf|title=United Nations peacekeeping – Fatalities By Year up to 30 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702205147/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/fatalities/documents/stats_2.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.

'''Indo-China Doklam issue'''
{{main|2017 China–India border standoff}}

===Major exercises===
{{See also|List of exercises of the Indian Army}}

'''Operation Brasstacks'''

[[Operation Brasstacks]] was launched by the Indian Army in November 1986 to simulate a full-scale war on India's western border. The exercise was the largest ever conducted in India; it included nine infantry, three mechanised, three armoured divisions, and one air assault division, as well as three independent armoured brigades. Amphibious assault exercises were also conducted with the Indian Navy. Brasstacks also allegedly incorporated nuclear attack drills. It led to tensions with Pakistan and a subsequent rapprochement in mid-1987.<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/brass-tacks.htm |title=Brass Tacks |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211104142/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/brass-tacks.htm |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1811/18110990.htm |title=An exercise in anticipation |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |author=John Cherian |date=8 June 2001 |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207205511/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1811/18110990.htm |archive-date=7 December 2004 }}</ref>

'''Exercise Nomadic Elephant'''

Since 2004, and every year since, the Indian Army has been conducting training exercises with the [[Mongolian Army]]. In 2012, the exercise took place in [[Belgaum]]; in June 2013, it was held in Mongolia. The aim of the exercises is to enhance counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations, and to train in conducting peacekeeping operations under the mandate of the United Nations.<ref name=bs11j13>{{cite news|title=India, Mongolia engage in joint military exercises|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-mongolia-engage-in-joint-military-exercises-113061100792_1.html|access-date=27 June 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=11 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615211324/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-mongolia-engage-in-joint-military-exercises-113061100792_1.html|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.142199665976671.1073741891.123788044484500&type=1 Exercise Nomadic Elephant, Indo Mongolian Joint Military Exercise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018110057/https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.142199665976671.1073741891.123788044484500&type=1 |date=18 October 2015 }}. Facebook (24 June 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref>

'''Exercise Ashwamedha'''

Indian Army tested its network-centric warfare capabilities in the Ashwamedha exercise. The exercise was held in the Thar desert, and over 300,000 troops participated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3115 |title=Indian Army tests network centric warfare capability in Ashwamedha war games |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100849/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3115 |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/138168.php/Ashwamedha-reinforces-importance-of-foot-soldiers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202026/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/138168.php/Ashwamedha-reinforces-importance-of-foot-soldiers|url-status=dead|title='Ashwamedha' reinforces importance of foot soldiers|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

'''Exercise Yudh Abhyas'''
{{main|India–United States relations#Military relations}}
[[File:Yudh Abhyas 2012.ogv|thumb|left|Yudh Abhyas 2012 – US and Indian Army military exercise video trailer]]

The Yudh Abhyas exercise is an ongoing series, since 2005, of joint exercises between the Indian and United States armies, agreed upon under the New Framework of the India-US Defence Relationship. Commencing at the platoon level, the exercise has graduated to a command post (CPX) and field training exercise (FTX).

The seventh edition of Yudh Abhyas began on 5 March 2012, in two locations under the South Western Command. The US Army contingent is from the [[United States Army Pacific|US Army Pacific (USARPAC)]], part of the [[United States Pacific Command]] (USPACOM). The command post exercise has an engineer brigade headquarters, with its planners drawn from both countries, while the field training exercise comprises troops of the United States' 2nd Squadron, [[14th Cavalry Regiment]], from the [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]], Hawaii, along with a [[Stryker]] platoon, and a similarly sized Indian Army contingent of mechanised infantry. A number of key surveillance, communications, and improvised-explosive-device detection and neutralisation technologies, available to both sides, were fielded in the exercise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/165331-indo-us-army-exercise-yudh-abhyas.html |title=Indo-US Army Exercise Yudh Abhyas |publisher=Defence.pk |date=14 March 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418094553/http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/165331-indo-us-army-exercise-yudh-abhyas.html |archive-date=18 April 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Army Aviation India deploying US troops.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian Army Aviation Corps Dhruv helicopter ferrying U.S soldiers during the Yudh Abhyas training exercise in 2009]]
[[File:T-90 Bhisma cropped.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian army armoured vehicles during Yudh Abhyas exercises]]

The eighth edition of Yudh Abhyas was conducted from 3 to 17 May 2013 as a U.S.-Army-Pacific-sponsored bilateral training exercise with the Indian Army, an exercise that focused on the two countries' cultures, weapons training, and tactics. Units from the United States included the 1st Brigade Combat Team, [[82nd Airborne Division]], from [[Fort Bragg]], N.C., and the 3rd Squadron, [[73rd Cavalry Regiment]]. Units from India were the Indian Army's [[99th Mountain Brigade]]; the 2nd Battalion, [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gurka Rifles]]; the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|
50th Independent Parachute Brigade]]; and the 54th Engineers Regiment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiiarmyweekly.com/2013/05/22/yudh-abhyas-enhances-u-s-indian-army-partnership/ |title=Yudh Abhyas enhances U.S., Indian Army partnership |publisher=Hawaii Army Weekly |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705080627/http://www.hawaiiarmyweekly.com/2013/05/22/yudh-abhyas-enhances-u-s-indian-army-partnership/ |archive-date=5 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2013/08/Documents/Steele_August2013.pdf|title=Steele_August2013.pdf – Association of the United States Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054755/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2013/08/Documents/Steele_August2013.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/media/295176|title=Yudh Abhyas 2013 Begins|author=Sgt. Michael J. MacLeod|date=11 May 2013|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011703/http://www.army.mil/media/295176|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg|title=File:Sgt. Balkrishna Dave explains weapons-range safety procedures to Indian Army soldiers with the 99th Mountain Brigade before they fire American machine guns.jpg|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026024029/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg|archive-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

'''Exercise Shakti'''

The Shakti exercise is an ongoing series, since 2011, of joint exercises between the Indian and French armies. The exercise is conducted to practice and validate anti-terrorist operations in snowbound and mountainous areas. The first joint exercise was held in India in October 2011 and the second one in September 2013. The theme of the exercise is to conduct joint platoon-level counter-insurgency operations in high-altitude mountainous terrain under the UN Charter, thus emphasising the shared concerns of both countries regarding global terrorism. An added aim of the exercise is to qualitatively enhance knowledge of each other's military procedures, thus increasing the scope for interoperability and the ability to respond to a common threat. The twelve-day exercise with the French Army is scheduled to be conducted in multiple modules in order to achieve complete integration between the two contingents at every stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indo-french-joint-army-exercise-shakti-2013-begins-today_875147.html |title=Indo-French joint Army exercise Shakti 2013 begins today |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706090958/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indo-french-joint-army-exercise-shakti-2013-begins-today_875147.html |archive-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.161880577341913.1073741956.123788044484500&type=1 |title=Indo-French Joint Army Exercise "Shakti 2016" |publisher=Facebook |access-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018110057/https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.161880577341913.1073741956.123788044484500&type=1 |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}</ref>

'''Exercise Shoorveer'''

From the first week of April to the first week of May 2012, the Indian Army launched a massive summer exercise in the Rajasthan desert, involving over 50,000 troops and several hundred artillery pieces and infantry combat vehicles, as part of its efforts to shore up its battle worthiness on the western front, the border with Pakistan. The exercise, code-named "Shoorveer", was being conducted by the Jaipur-based South Western Command. This was the largest ever exercise conducted by Indian army since 1947. The collective training started with the honing of basic battle procedures and tactical drills.

A number of field firings were carried out to check the accuracy and lethality of weapon systems. Many innovations, adopted by units and formations to enhance combat power, were tested in the field. The troops built on the training momentum gradually, with increasing combat tempo, to set the stage for a major joint army–air force exercise in the later part of the exercise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/24655/indian-army-gears-up-for-war-game-in-rajasthan-desert.htm |title=Indian Army gears up for war game in Rajasthan desert |publisher=FacenFacts |date=25 April 2012 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605123334/http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/24655/indian-army-gears-up-for-war-game-in-rajasthan-desert.htm |archive-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref>

'''Exercise Rudra Akrosh'''

In May 2012, the Indian Army conducted a number of war games aimed (according to officials) at validating "the operational and transformational effectiveness of various formations under the Western Army Command".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/western-army-command-conducts-summer-training-exercises-112051100459_1.html |title=Western Army Command conducts summer training exercises |date=11 May 2012 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref> The exercise involved approximately 20,000 troops and support from the Indian Air Force.

'''Exercise Shatrujeet'''

In April 2016, the Indian Army conducted a major exercise called Shatrujeet, with the elite [[I Corps (India)|Mathura-based Strike Corps]] in the desert area of the Mahajan Field Firing Range in [[Rajasthan]], whose object was to evaluate the capability to strike deep into enemy territory, to deliver a quick, lethal strike against the enemy in an integrated air-land battle environment, with co-ordination among all the forces in a nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare scenario.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Indian-Armys-firing-exercise-Shatrujeet-enters-its-last-phase/articleshow/51861638.cms|title=Indian Army's firing exercise 'Shatrujeet' enters its last phase – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418064432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Indian-Armys-firing-exercise-Shatrujeet-enters-its-last-phase/articleshow/51861638.cms|archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-army-conducts-battle-exercise-shatrujeet-in-rajasthan-1396215|title=Indian Army Conducts Battle Exercise 'Shatrujeet' In Rajasthan|website=NDTV.com|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417140922/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-army-conducts-battle-exercise-shatrujeet-in-rajasthan-1396215|archive-date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsghana.com.gh/indian-army-test-its-operation-abilities/|title=Indian Army Test Its Operation Abilities|last=Admin|website=News Ghana|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422040921/http://www.newsghana.com.gh/indian-army-test-its-operation-abilities/|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Mission and doctrine==

Initially, the army's main objective was to defend the nation's frontiers. However, over the years, the army has also taken up the responsibility of providing internal security, especially against insurgencies in [[Kashmir]] and [[Northeast India]]. Currently, the army is also looking at enhancing its [[special forces]] capabilities. With India's increasing international role, and the requirement to protect its interests in far-off countries becomes important, the Indian Army and Indian Navy are jointly planning to set up a marine brigade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/100770/India/army-and-navy-plan-to-set-up-a-marine-brigade.html |title=Army and navy plan to set up a marine brigade |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019211335/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/100770/India/army-and-navy-plan-to-set-up-a-marine-brigade.html |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/peninsular-command-by-next-year-end-theatre-commands-by-2022-gen-rawat/article30840974.ece | title =Peninsular command by next year end, theatre commands by 2022: Gen. Rawat | website =The Hindu | access-date =19 July 2021 }}</ref>

The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on effectively utilising holding formations and strike formations. In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain the enemy and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralise enemy forces. In the case of an Indian attack, the holding formations would pin enemy forces down, whilst the strike formations would attack at a point of India's choosing. The Indian Army is large enough to devote several corps to the strike role.

==Organisation==
{{Main|List of serving generals of the Indian Army}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Principal Staff Officers at Headquarters, Indian Army
!Post
!Current Holder
|-
|[[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
|General [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC
|-
|[[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]]
|Lieutenant General [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]] [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
|-
|Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Information Systems & Training)
|Lieutenant General Saranjit Singh UYSM, YSM
|-
|Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Planning & Systems)
|Lieutenant General Sudharshan Shrikant Hasabnis PVSM, VSM, ADC<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/make-in-india-not-just-confined-to-india-anymore-benefitting-others-jitendra-singh/1378556|title='Make in India' not just confined to India anymore, benefitting others: Jitendra Singh|work=Outlook|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094634/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/make-in-india-not-just-confined-to-india-anymore-benefitting-others-jitendra-singh/1378556|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant General]]
|Lieutenant General Arvind Dutta PVSM, AVSM, YSM<ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Arvind Dutta Appointed Adjutant General of Indian Army |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-arvind-dutta-appointed-adjutant-general-of-indian-army |date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224935/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-arvind-dutta-appointed-adjutant-general-of-indian-army20191030224226/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Military Secretary (India)|Military Secretary]]
|Lieutenant General [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]] UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM<ref name="Kashmir News Zone">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/lt-gen-a-k-bhatt-joining-as-military-secretary-at-army-headquarters/|title=Lt Gen A K Bhatt joining as Military Secretary at army headquarters|date=9 January 2019|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>
|-
|[[Master-General of the Ordnance|Master General of Ordnance]]
|Lieutenant General S K Upadhya PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projectyourstate.com/index.php/Home/display/Lt-Gen-S-K-Upadhyay-designated-as-MGO|title=Lt Gen S K Upadhyay designated as MGO}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Engineer-in-Chief]]
|Lieutenant General Harpal Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM<ref name="Engineer in Chief">{{Cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Y4rGVKtJOxeh0fa45xgiQA==&ParentID=R4Vzz2oJuBgkxiSRB3QZUg==&flag=C30guu1iW7LuRWoZFmISSQ==|title=Engineer in Chief}}</ref>
|-
|[[Quartermaster general|Quartermaster General]]
|Lieutenant General [[Gopal R]] UYSM, AVSM, SM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army&oldid=965487094|title=List of serving generals of the Indian Army|date=1 July 2020|via=Wikipedia}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Indian Army Structure.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Indian Army Structure (click to enlarge)]]

The troops are organized into 40 Divisions in 14 Corps.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/divisions.htm Divisions and Corps of Indian Army, ''Global Security''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/divisions.htm |date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> Army headquarters is located in the Indian capital, New Delhi, and it is under the overall command of the [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]] (COAS).

===Command structure===
The army operates six operational commands and one training command.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> Each command is headed by [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] with the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]. Each command directly reports to Army HQ in New Delhi. These commands are given below in order of creation, with location (city) and commanders listed. There is also the [[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]] abbreviated ARTRAC. Besides these, army officers may head tri-service commands such as the [[Strategic Forces Command]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], as well as institutions such as the [[Ministry of Defence (India)#Integrated Defence Staff (IDS)|Integrated Defence Staff]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Insignia !! Name!! Headquarters
!Army Commander!! Subordinate Unit(s)
|-
| [[File:Badge of the Indian Army HQ.svg|50px]] || '''Headquarters, Indian Army''' || [[New Delhi]]
||| [[50th Indian Parachute Brigade|50th Independent Parachute Brigade]] – [[Agra]]
|-
| [[File:IA Central Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]''' || [[Lucknow]]
|Lieutenant General [[Yogendra Dimri]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/nation/lt-gen-dimri-takes-over-army-central-command-chief-531334|title=Lt Gen Dimri Takes Over Army Central Command Chief | OTV News|date=1 April 2021}}</ref>
|[[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th Mountain Division]] – [[Bareilly]]
|-
| [[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]''' ||[[Kolkata]]
|Lieutenant General [[Anil Chauhan]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sep 1 |first1=Jayanta Gupta {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated |title=Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan takes over as Eastern Army Commander {{!}} Kolkata News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lieutenant-general-anil-chauhan-takes-over-as-eastern-army-commander/articleshow/70938726.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en|date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|
{{bulleted list

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]] – [[Dimapur]]
| 1 = [[2nd Infantry Division (India)|2nd Mountain Division]] – [[Dibrugarh]]
| 2 = [[57th Mountain Division (India)|57th Mountain Division]] – [[Leimakhong]]
| 3 = [[56th Infantry Division (India)|56th Infantry Division]] – [[Likabali]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] – [[Tezpur]]
| 1 = [[71st Infantry Division (India)|71st Mountain Division]] – [[Missamari]]
| 2 = [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th Mountain Division]] – [[Bomdila]]
| 3 = [[21st Infantry Division (India)|21st Mountain Division]] – [[Rangiya]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] – [[Siliguri]]
| 1 = [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Mountain Division]] – [[Gangtok]]
| 2 = [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Mountain Division]] – [[Binnaguri]]
| 3 = [[27th Mountain Division (India)|27th Mountain Division]] – [[Kalimpong]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]** – [[Panagarh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-army-eye-on-china-india-to-raise-second-division-for-mountain-corps-4572493/|title=Eye on China, India to raise second division for mountain corps|date=17 March 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317013100/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-army-eye-on-china-india-to-raise-second-division-for-mountain-corps-4572493/|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-mountain-chinese-territory-general-dalbir-singh-arun-jaitley-budget/1/604583.html|title=The mountain is now a molehill|access-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207044822/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-mountain-chinese-territory-general-dalbir-singh-arun-jaitley-budget/1/604583.html|archive-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
| 1 = 59th Infantry Division – [[Panagarh]]
| 2 = 72 Infantry Division** – [[Pathankot]]
}}
}}
|-
| [[File:IA Northern Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]''' || [[Udhampur]]
|Lieutenant General [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Negi, Manjeet Singh |title=Kargil fame Lt Gen YK Joshi appointed Northern Army Commander |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kargil-fame-lt-gen-yk-joshi-appointed-northern-army-commander-1639616-2020-01-24 |work=India Today |location=London |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
|
{{bulleted list

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] – [[Leh]]
| 1 = [[3rd Infantry Division (India)|3rd Infantry Division]] – [[Leh]]
| 2 = [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Mountain Division]] – [[Dras]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] – [[Srinagar]]
| 1 = [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Infantry Division]] – [[Baramulla]],
| 2 = [[28th Mountain Division (India)|28th Mountain Division]] – [[Gurez]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] – [[Nagrota]]
| 1 = [[10th Infantry Division (India)|10th Infantry Division]] – [[Akhnoor]]
| 2 = [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25th Infantry Division]] – [[Rajauri]]
| 3 = [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39th Infantry Division]] – [[Yol, Himachal Pradesh|Yol]]
| 4 = 10 Artillery brigade
}}

}}
|-
| [[File:IA Southern Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]''' || [[Pune]]
|Lieutenant General [[Jai Singh Nain|JS Nain]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Lt Gen JS Nain assumes command of Southern Army in Pune|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/1431149-lt-gen-js-nain-assumes-command-of-southern-army-in-pune |work=Devdiscourse|location= |date=1 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref>
|
{{bulleted list
| [[41 Artillery Division (India)|41st Artillery Division]] – [[Pune]]

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]] – [[Jodhpur]]
| 1 = 4th Armoured Brigade
| 2 = 340th Mechanised Brigade
| 3 = [[11th Infantry Division (India)|11th Infantry Division]] – [[Ahmedabad]]
| 4 = [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th RAPID]] – [[Jaisalmer]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]] – [[Bhopal]]
| 1 = [[31st Indian Armoured Division|31st Armoured Division]] – [[Jhansi]]
| 2 = [[36th Infantry Division (India)|36th RAPID]] – [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| 3 = [[54th Infantry Division (India)|54th Infantry Division]] – [[Secunderabad]]
| 4 = 475th Engineering Brigade
}}

}}
|-
| [[File:IA South Western Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]''' || [[Jaipur]]
|Lieutenant General [[Amardeep Singh Bhinder]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Lt Gen Amardeep Singh Bhinder takes over as chief of South Western Command|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-amardeep-singh-bhinder-takes-over-as-chief-of-south-western-command/articleshow/81832417.cms |work=The Economic Times |location= |date=1 April 2021 |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>
|
{{bulleted list
|[[42nd Artillery Division (India)|42nd Artillery Division]] – [[Jaipur]]

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] – [[Mathura]]
| 1 = [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry Division]] – [[Allahabad]]
| 2 = [[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Infantry Division]] – [[Ranchi]]
| 3 = [[33rd Armoured Division]] – [[Hisar Military Station|Hisar]]
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] – [[Bathinda]]
| 1 = [[16th Infantry Division (India)|16th Infantry Division]] – [[Sri Ganganagar]]
| 2 = [[18th Infantry Division (India)|18th RAPID]] – [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
| 3 = [[24th Infantry Division (India)|24th RAPID]] – [[Bikaner]]
| 4 = [[6th Armoured Brigade (India)|6th Independent Armoured Brigade]] – [[Suratgarh, Rajasthan|Suratgarh]]
| 5 = 615th Independent Air Defence Brigade
| 6 = 471st Engineering Brigade
}}

}}
|-
| [[File:IA Western Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]''' ||[[Chandimandir Cantonment|Chandimandir]]
|Lieutenant General [[Ravendra Pal Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Naravane appointed as new Vice Chief of Indian Army, four army commanders appointed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/naravane-appointed-as-new-vice-chief-of-indian-army-four-army-commanders-appointed/articleshow/70339637.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=23 July 2019}}</ref>
|
{{bulleted list
|[[40th Artillery Division (India)|40th Artillery Division]] – [[Ambala]]

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] – [[Ambala]]
| 1 = [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1st Armoured Division]] – [[Patiala]]
| 2 = [[14th Infantry Division (India)|14th RAPID]] at [[Dehradun]]
| 3 = [[22nd Infantry Division (India)|22nd Infantry Division]] – [[Meerut]]
| 4 = 474th Engineering Brigade
| 5 = 612th Mechanised Independent Air Defence Brigade
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[IX Corps (India)|IX Corps]] – [[Yol, Himachal Pradesh|Yol]]
| 1 = [[26th Infantry Division (India)|26th Infantry Division]] – [[Jammu]]
| 2 = [[29th Infantry Division (India)|29th Infantry Division]] – [[Pathankot]]
| 3 = [[2nd Armoured Brigade (India)|2nd Independent Armoured Brigade]]
| 4 = 3rd Independent Armoured Brigade
}}

|{{Collapsible list
| bullets = true
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;
| title = [[XI Corps (India)|XI Corps]] – [[Jalandhar]]
| 1 = [[7th Infantry Division (India)|7th Infantry Division]] – [[Firozpur]]
| 2 = [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Infantry Division]] – [[Meerut]]
| 3 = [[15th Infantry Division (India)|15th Infantry Division]] – [[Amritsar]]
| 4 = 23rd Armoured Brigade
| 5 = 55th Mechanised Brigade
}}

}}
|-
| [[File:IA Training Command.jpg|50px]] || '''[[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]]''' || [[Shimla]]
|Lieutenant General [[Raj Shukla]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/lt-gen-raj-shukla-assumes-charge-of-artrac/|title=Lt Gen Raj Shukla assumes charge of ARTRAC|first=Sumit|last=Arora}}</ref>|| [[Military academies in India#Indian Army|Army Training Establishments]]
|}
''Note: ** = Currently being raised''

=== Combat Arms ===
{{Main|List of regiments of the Indian Army}}
[[File:Flickr - DVIDSHUB - US Army Alaska, Indian Army practice operational harmony (Image 4 of 7).jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian Army paratroopers with U.S soldiers during an exercise in Alaska]]
[[File:Indian Army soldiers move into position while demonstrating a platoon-level ambush to U.S. Army paratroopers during Yudh Abhyas 2013.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian Army soldiers move into position while demonstrating a platoon level ambush to U.S Army paratroopers.]]
[[File:Indian Army Band.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian army band in Russia during the Moscow Victory Day Parade]]

Not to be confused with the field corps listed above, the corps mentioned below are divisions entrusted with specific pan-Army tasks.

The [[Indian Territorial Army]] has battalions affiliated with different infantry regiments and some department units that are from the Corps of Engineers, Army Medical Corps, or the Army Service Corps. They serve as a part-time reserve. On 4 June 2017, the chief of staff announced that the Army was planning to open combat positions to women, who would first be appointed to positions in the military police.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[File:Honour guard, India 20060302-9 d-0108-2-515h.jpg|thumb|The mounted [[President's Bodyguard]] during a state visit by a foreign dignitary]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Director General
!Center
|-
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|
|The Armoured Corps Centre and School, [[Ahmednagar]]
|-
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|Lieutenant General P K Srivastava, PVSM, AVSM, VSM<ref name=IndianArmyArtilleryDG>{{Cite web |title=The Regiment of Artillery: Director General and Colonel Commandant |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=tp6QV4gmHtrUy/2aWwOdPQ==&ParentID=c/kSjJUgAet86QVQqfy9rQ== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224160759/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=tp6QV4gmHtrUy%2F2aWwOdPQ%3D%3D&ParentID=c%2FkSjJUgAet86QVQqfy9rQ%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2019/01/26/des70-day-army-awards.html|title=List of personnel being conferred gallantry and distinguished awards|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref>
|The School of Artillery, [[Devlali]] near [[Nasik]]
|-
|[[Corps of Army Air Defence (India)|Corps of Army Air Defence]] 
|Lieutenant General A P Singh,<ref name=IndianArmyAirDefenceDG>{{Cite web |title=Army Air Defence: Director General Army Air Defence |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2P_SameRow1Flash2C.aspx?MnId=sAfhA9jyS0nVao8srSkuig==&ParentID=MYf/ZqOryVj+hMZZBdL2Yw==&flag=7QuSd9EEv4RiL0wgt7N/BA== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224215707/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2P_SameRow1Flash2C.aspx?MnId=sAfhA9jyS0nVao8srSkuig%3D%3D&ParentID=MYf%2FZqOryVj%2BhMZZBdL2Yw%3D%3D&flag=7QuSd9EEv4RiL0wgt7N%2FBA%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Gopalpur, Orissa|Gopalpur]], [[Odisha]].
|-
|[[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]]
|Lieutenant General Kanwal Kumar<ref name=IndianArmyAviationDG>{{Cite web |title=Army Aviation Corps: Director General and Colonel Commandant |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1jNdrzG4uqOdGXvYwmFaHA==&ParentID=jXRQ8bX13B68jZasmqKbng== |website=Official Website of Indian Army |access-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224215513/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1jNdrzG4uqOdGXvYwmFaHA%3D%3D&ParentID=jXRQ8bX13B68jZasmqKbng%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>
|Combat Army Aviation Training School, [[Nasik]].
|-
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
|Lieutenant General Harpal Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
|[[College of Military Engineering, Pune]] [[Madras Engineer Group]], [[Bangalore]] [[Bengal Engineer Group]], [[Roorkee]] [[Bombay Engineer Group]], [[Khadki]] near [[Pune]]
|-
|[[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|Lieutenant General Rajeev Sabheral, AVSM, VSM<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=h8szue/cWu/d1pegKHWb3A==&ParentID=ZETSh8BjfAVd9DdrFSyVeA==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=The Corps of Signals SO-in-C|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
|[[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]] (MCTE), [[Mhow]] Two Signal Training Centres at [[Jabalpur]] and [[Goa]].
|-
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]]
|Lieutenant General R K Jagga
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|-
|Infantry
|
|
|}

'''[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]'''
[[File:Indian Army Armoured Corps.jpg|thumb|Army Armoured Corps in 2006]]

There are 65 armoured regiments in the Indian Army (including). These include the [[President's Bodyguard]] and [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]] the as well as the following historic regiments dating back to the nineteenth century or earlier: [[1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse|1st (Skinner's) Horse]], the [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]], the [[3rd Cavalry (India)|3rd Cavalry]], the [[4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse|4th (Hodson's) Horse]], the [[7th Light Cavalry]], the [[8th King George's Own Light Cavalry|8th Light Cavalry]], the [[9th Royal Deccan Horse|9th (Deccan) Horse]], the [[14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse|14th (Scinde) Horse]], the [[The Poona Horse|17th (Poona) Horse]], the [[15th Lancers]], the [[16th Light Cavalry]], the [[18th Cavalry]], the 20th Lancers and the [[The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse)|21st (Central India) Horse]]. A substantial number of additional units designated as either "Cavalry" or "Armoured" Regiments have been raised since Independence.

'''[[Mechanised infantry|Mechanised Infantry]]'''

The Mechanised Infantry is the newest combat arm of the Indian Army. Often referred to as "tomorrow's arm in today's army", it is formed of two regiments—[[Brigade of the Guards#Regimental Battalions|The Brigade of the Guards]] and [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]—and comprises 48 Mechanised Infantry battalions in all. It is the brainchild of General [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]] (28 April 1930 – 8 February 1999), who was the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1986 to 1988. During the late 70s, as part of Indian Army modernisation, there was an urgent need to re-calibrate the Indian Mechanised Forces, which led to the forming of Mechanised Infantry units to further the shock-action, fire-power, flexibility, and mobility of armoured formations by including ground-holding ability. The Mechanised Infantry regiments were first created with carefully selected existing Infantry battalions, based on their operational performance. As the need for more mechanised battalions grew, the elite Brigade of The Guards were also converted to the mechanised profile. The two regiments along with the Armoured Corps form part of the Indian Army's elite "Mechanised Forces".

'''Infantry'''
[[File:Indian Army personnel with Sig 716i.jpg|thumb|Indian army personnel from [[XVI Corps (India)|White Night Corps]] armed with a standard issued Sig 716i, 2021]]
[[File:A Indian Army Personnel from Assam Regiment with US Army.jpg|thumb|A Indian Army Personnel from [[Assam Regiment]] during Yudh Abhyas exercise in 2019]]
[[File:Indian Army-Rajput regiment.jpeg|right|thumb|Soldiers of the [[Rajput Regiment]] during a [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]]]]
[[File:Indian Army-Sikh Light Infantry regiment.jpeg|right|thumb|Soldiers of the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] during a Republic Day Parade]]

Upon its inception, the Indian Army inherited the British Army's organisational structure, which is still maintained today. Therefore, like its predecessor, an Indian infantry regiment's responsibility is not to undertake field operations but to provide battalions and well trained personnel to the field formations. As such, it is common to find battalions of the same regiment spread across several brigades, divisions, corps, commands, and even theatres. Like its British and Commonwealth counterparts, troops enlisted within the regiment are immensely loyal, take great pride in the regiment to which they are assigned, and generally spend their entire career within the regiment.

Most Indian Army infantry regiments recruit based on certain selection criteria, such as region (for example, the [[Assam Regiment]]), caste/community ([[Jat Regiment]]), or religion ([[Sikh Regiment]]). Most regiments continue the heritage of regiments raised under the British Raj, but some have been raised after independence, some of which have specialised in border defence, in particular the [[Ladakh Scouts]], the [[Arunachal Scouts]], and the [[Sikkim Scouts]].

Over the years there have been fears that troops' allegiance lay more with their regiments and the regions/castes/communities/religions from which they were recruited, as opposed to the Indian union as a whole. Thus some "all India" or "all class" regiments have been created, which recruit troops from all over India, regardless of region, caste, community, or religion: such as the [[Brigade of the Guards]] (which later converted to the Mechanised Infantry profile) and the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Infantry regiments in the Indian Army<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry.html?layout=default |title=Infantry Regiments |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |year=2008 |access-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007164813/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry.html?layout=default |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref>
!Regiment
!Regimental Center
!Raised
|-
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|[[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
|1945
|-
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|[[Ramgarh Cantonment]], [[Jharkhand]]
|1761
|-
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|[[Wellington Cantonment]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|1758
|-
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|[[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|1778
|-
|[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
|[[Belgaum]], Karnataka
|1768
|-
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|[[Delhi Cantonment]], [[New Delhi]]
|1775
|-
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|[[Fatehgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1778
|-
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|[[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh
|1795
|-
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand
|1846
|-
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|[[Fatehgarh]], Uttar Pradesh
|1857
|-
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|[[Faizabad]], Uttar Pradesh
|1877
|-
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|[[Lansdowne, India|Lansdowne]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|1887
|-
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|[[Ranikhet]], Uttarakhand
|1813
|-
|[[Assam Regiment]]
|[[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|1941
|-
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|[[Danapur Cantonment]], [[Bihar]]
|1941
|-
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|[[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], Madhya Pradesh
|1941
|-
|[[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles]]
|Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
|1821
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
|[[Avantipur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1947
|-
|[[Naga Regiment]]
|Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
|1970
|-
|[[1 Gorkha Rifles]]
|[[Sabathu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|1815
|-
|[[3 Gorkha Rifles]]
|[[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh
|1815
|-
|[[4 Gorkha Rifles]]
|Sabathu, Himachal Pradesh
|1857
|-
|[[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
|Shillong, Meghalaya
|1858
|-
|[[8 Gorkha Rifles]]
|Shillong, Meghalaya
|1824
|-
|[[9 Gorkha Rifles]]
|Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
|1817
|-
|[[11 Gorkha Rifles]]
|[[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
|1918
|-
|[[Ladakh Scouts]]
|[[Leh]], Jammu and Kashmir
|1963
|-
|[[Rashtriya Rifles]]
|
|1990
|-
|[[Arunachal Scouts]]
|Shillong, Meghalaya
|2010
|-
|[[Sikkim Scouts]]
|
|2013
|}

'''Artillery'''
[[File:The DRDO's Pinaka Launcher system gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]]s were used during the [[Kargil War]].]]

The [[Regiment of Artillery]] is the second largest arm of the Indian Army, constituting nearly one sixth of the Army's total strength. Originally raised in 1935 as part of the [[Royal Indian Artillery]] of the [[British Indian Army]], the Regiment is now tasked with providing the Army's towed and self-propelled [[field artillery]], including guns, howitzers, heavy mortars, rockets, and missiles.

As an integral part of nearly all combat operations conducted by the Indian Army, the Regiment of Artillery has a history of being a major contributor to its military success. During the [[Kargil War]], it was the Indian Artillery that inflicted the most damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-artillery-inflicted-maximum-damage-to-pak-during-kargil_669140.html|title=Indian artillery inflicted maximum damage to Pak during Kargil|work=Zee News|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031120505/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-artillery-inflicted-maximum-damage-to-pak-during-kargil_669140.html|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> Over the years, five artillery officers have gone on to the Army's highest post as Chief of Army Staff.

[[File:Indian Army Aviation Corps and Air Defence Arty Joint Display Ex 2.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush artillery gun]] ]]

For some time, the Regiment of Artillery commanded a significantly larger share of the Army's personnel than it does now, as it was also responsible for air defense artillery and some aviation assets. The 1990s saw the formation of the Corps of Army Air Defence and the coalescing of all aviation assets into the Army Aviation Corps. The arm is now focused on field artillery, and supplies regiments and batteries to each of the operational commands. The home of the Regiment is in [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], where their headquarters is located, along with the service's museum. The School of Artillery of the Indian Army is located nearby, in [[Devlali]].

After suffering consistent failure to import or produce modern artillery for three decades,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140321/DEFREG03/303210026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140321145114/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140321/DEFREG03/303210026 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2014 |title=Upgraded Indian Howitzers Cleared for Summer Trials |last1=RAGHUVSNSHI |first1=VIVEK |date=21 March 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inside-indias-defence-acquisition-mess/article3255466.ece |title=Inside India's defence acquisition mess |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |date=29 March 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107015921/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inside-indias-defence-acquisition-mess/article3255466.ece |archive-date=7 January 2014 }}</ref> the [[Regiment of Artillery]] is finally going ahead with procurement of brand new 130-mm and 155-mm guns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-dhanush-indian-army-s-prayers-answered-544552|title=In 'Dhanush', Indian Army's Prayers Answered|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002850/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-dhanush-indian-army-s-prayers-answered-544552|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-defence-ministry-agrees-to-army-s-long-pending-demand-of-artillery-guns-2015130|title=Defence ministry agrees to army's long pending demand of artillery guns|work=dna|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124222833/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-defence-ministry-agrees-to-army-s-long-pending-demand-of-artillery-guns-2015130|archive-date=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/defence/Indigenous-Artillery-Gun-Dhanush-to-be-Ready-This-Year/2014/03/18/article2116399.ece|title=Indigenous Artillery Gun 'Dhanush' to be Ready This Year|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122105735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/defence/Indigenous-Artillery-Gun-Dhanush-to-be-Ready-This-Year/2014/03/18/article2116399.ece|archive-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> The Army is also putting large numbers of rocket launchers into service, with 22 regiments to be equipped with the indigenously-developed [[Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher]] by the end of the next decade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Army to increase indigenous rocket regiments by 2022 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-army-to-increase-indigenous-rocket-regiments-by-2022-3144102.html |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |work=Firstpost |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208111922/http://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-army-to-increase-indigenous-rocket-regiments-by-2022-3144102.html |archive-date=8 December 2016 }}</ref>

'''Corps of Engineers'''

The [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] has a long history dating back to the mid-18th century. The earliest existing subunit of the Corps (18 Field Company) dates back to 1777, while the Corps officially recognises its birth as 1780, when the senior-most group of the Corps, the Madras Sappers, were raised. The Corps consists of three groups of combat engineers, namely the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers]], the [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Sappers]], and the [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]]. A group is roughly analogous to a regiment of Indian infantry, each group consisting of a number of engineer regiments. The engineer regiment is the basic combat-engineer unit, analogous to an infantry battalion.

'''Corps of Signals'''

[[Indian Army Corps of Signals]] is a corps and the arm of the Indian Army which handles its [[military communications]]. It was formed on 15 February 1911 as a separate entity under Lieutenant Colonel S. H. Powell, and went on to make important contributions during World War I and World War II.<ref>Brett-James, Antony ''Report my Signals'' London Hennel Locke 1948 – personal account of a British officer attached to Indian Army in Egypt and Burma</ref> On 15 February 2011, the corps celebrated the 100-year anniversary of its raising.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corps Of Signals – Inaugural: Ceremony Centenary Year |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57818 |date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134930/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57818 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

'''Army Aviation Corps'''

The [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]], formed on 1 November 1986, is the aviation arm of the Indian Army. It is headed by a Director General with the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] at Army HQ in [[New Delhi]].

'''Corps of Army Air Defence'''

The [[Corps of Army Air Defence]] (abbreviated AAD) is an active corps of the Indian Army, and a major combat formation tasked with the [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defences]] of the country from foreign threats. The Corps is responsible for the protection of Indian air space from enemy aircraft and missiles, especially those below 5,000 feet.<ref name="21 Different Branches Of Indian Army That Make It Such An Efficient Defence Force">{{cite web|author1=Rishabh Mishra|title=21 Different Branches Of Indian Army That Make It Such An Efficient Defence Force|url=http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|website=TopYaps|access-date=7 June 2016|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611002310/http://topyaps.com/branches-of-the-indian-army|archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>

The history of the AAD dates back to 1939, during the times of the [[British Raj]] in India. The corps actively took part in the [[Second World War]], fighting on behalf of the [[British Empire]]. Post-independence, the corps has participated in all the [[wars involving India]], starting with the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War]], up to the [[1999 Kargil conflict]]. The corps enjoyed autonomous status from 1994, after the bifurcation of the Corps of Air Defence Artillery from the Army's artillery regiment. A separate training school, the Army Air Defence College (AADC), was established to train its personnel.

'''Para (Special Forces)'''

[[Para (Special Forces)]], commonly known as '''Para SF''', is the [[special operations]] unit of Indian Army. It is part of the [[Bangalore]]-based [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]].

=== Services ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
!Director General
! Centre
|-
|[[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]]
|Lt General M. H. Thakur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/sep/30/wives-of-wronged-army-officers-move-pmo-defence-minister-1664963.html|title=Lt Gen MH Thakur|access-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219070747/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/sep/30/wives-of-wronged-army-officers-move-pmo-defence-minister-1664963.html|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|[[Indian Army Medical Corps|Army Medical Corps]]
|Lt General Velu Nair, AVSM, VSM<ref name=IndianArmyMedicalChief>{{Cite web |title=Army Medical Corps: DGMS (Army) [Director General, Medical Services, Army] |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Jl9nSV/I8NQQnCiRe6LtrQ==&ParentID=S5klO6/BDv+krDnXMTOt2Q==&flag=Xk6R5ZzAC5dgZbgYGufbiQ== |website=Official Website of the Indian Army |access-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224205508/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Jl9nSV%2FI8NQQnCiRe6LtrQ%3D%3D&ParentID=S5klO6%2FBDv%2BkrDnXMTOt2Q%3D%3D&flag=Xk6R5ZzAC5dgZbgYGufbiQ%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Lucknow]]/[[Pune]]
|-
|Army Dental Corps
|Lt General T. K. Bandyopadhyay<ref name=IndianArmyDentalChief>{{Cite web |title=Army Dental Corps: Director General, Dental Services |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=M3b+XYs56WCIv34Q1tz5yA==&ParentID=jEeI7acRVboGEuVPfmWc7w==&flag=cocBvg+IVvPwMx6VrGM/3g== |website=Official Website of the Indian Army |access-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224160814/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=M3b%2BXYs56WCIv34Q1tz5yA%3D%3D&ParentID=jEeI7acRVboGEuVPfmWc7w%3D%3D&flag=cocBvg%2BIVvPwMx6VrGM%2F3g%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Lucknow]]
|-
|[[Army Ordnance Corps (India)|Army Ordnance Corps]]
|Lt General Dalip Singh<ref name=IndianArmyOrdnanceChief>{{Cite web |title=Director General Ordnance Services |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=6ZIqb9KzqBI3oTia7gAKew==&ParentID=51NL5Xb7d88a6JF4qORMMA== |website=Official Website of the Indian Army |access-date=23 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323101959/https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=6ZIqb9KzqBI3oTia7gAKew%3D%3D&ParentID=51NL5Xb7d88a6JF4qORMMA%3D%3D |archive-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>
|[[Jabalpur]] and [[Secunderabad]] (HQ)
|-
|[[Indian Army Corps of EME|Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]]
|Lt General K. K. Agarwal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davp.nic.in/WriteReadData/ADS/eng_10103_15_1718b.pdf|title=75th EME CORPS DAY – DAVP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231517/http://www.davp.nic.in/WriteReadData/ADS/eng_10103_15_1718b.pdf|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Secunderabad]]
|-
|[[Indian Army Remount and Veterinary Corps|Remount and Veterinary Corps]]
|Lt General A. J. Singh, VSM<ref name=IndianArmyVeterinaryChief>{{Cite web |title=Remount and Veterinary Corps: Director General, Remount Veterinary Services |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=kMDEfPW2dI/M5b1QFDVhiA==&ParentID=n6dZeeNUwNkKbVdRm6xrXQ==&flag=zm/q3oC+z/l3lOVaAAQs+w== |website=Official Website of the Indian Army |access-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html |archive-date=28 February 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Meerut]]
|-
|[[Army Education Corps (India)|Army Education Corps]]
|Major General Sunil Chandra<ref name=IndianArmyEducationChief>{{Cite web |title=Army Education Corps: General Information |url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1P7C.aspx?MnId=UyhuZtytWMaSw6oBORnA4w==&ParentID=EtWz6WYTvK4NhNqb5xFD9g==&flag=0EnAQ/iObNWCdOOuEEMDKw== |website=Official Website of the Indian Army |access-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224215656/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1P7C.aspx?MnId=UyhuZtytWMaSw6oBORnA4w%3D%3D&ParentID=EtWz6WYTvK4NhNqb5xFD9g%3D%3D&flag=0EnAQ%2FiObNWCdOOuEEMDKw%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Pachmarhi]]
|-
|[[Corps of Military Police (India)|Corps of Military Police]]
|
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|[[Indian Army Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]]
|
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|[[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postal Service Corps]]
|Major General P. S. Negi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=SfW1A9oZY/S3WGtJXYCEGA==&ParentID=EaWTQAYELhDrAQXLDcAOkA==|title=Heads of Service}}</ref>
|[[Kamptee]] near Nagpur
|-
|[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]]
|Lieutenant General D. P. Pandey <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors/ ADGs |url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithoutText.aspx?MnId=mPtsIdm0I4EmaOT%2fyzr1Ew%3d%3d&ParentID=9bWq0b0Mt5On95RdCdIb7g%3d%3d |website=Indian Army |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |title=Territorial Army set for overhaul as voluntary force gets its first director general |url=https://theprint.in/defence/territorial-army-set-for-overhaul-as-voluntary-force-gets-its-first-director-general/374017/ |date=2 March 2020 |website=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Defence Security Corps]]
|
|[[Kannur Cantonment]], Kerala
|-
|[[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Intelligence Corps]]
|
|[[Pune]]
|-
|[[Judge Advocate General's Department (India)|Judge Advocate General's Department]]
|
|Institute of Military Law [[Kamptee]], [[Nagpur]]
|-
|[[Military Nursing Service (India)|Military Nursing Service]]
|Major General Joyce Gladys Roach<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 September 2019|title=Major General Joyce Gladys Roach takes over as ADG, MNS – India Strategic|url=https://www.indiastrategic.in/2019/09/01/major-general-joyce-gladys-roach-takes-over-as-adg-mns/}}</ref>
|Pune and Lucknow
|-
|Human Rights Cell
|Major General Gautam Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R|date=4 January 2021|title=Indian Army appoints major general as 1st head of its Human Rights Cell|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/04/indian-army-appoints-major-general-as-1st-head-of-its-human-rights-cell.html|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
|Delhi
|}

====Recruitment and Training====
{{Main|Military academies in India}}

Pre-commission training of Gentlemen Cadets is carried out at the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]] and the [[Officers Training Academy]] at [[Chennai]]. There are also specialised training institutions such as the [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]], at Mhow, Madhya Pradesh; the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS), at Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir; the [[Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School]] (CIJW), in Vairengte, Mizoram; and the [[College of Military Engineering, Pune|College of Military Engineering]] (CME), in Pune.

The [[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]] (ARTRAC), at [[Shimla]], supervises training of personnel.

In 2020 a 'Tour of Duty' scheme was proposed for voluntary recruitment into the forces for civilians, to enable them to join for a period of three years of short service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anand Mahindra May Recruit Those Who Served In Army's New 3-Year 'Tour Of Duty' Scheme|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/anand-mahindra-may-recruit-those-who-served-in-armys-new-3-year-tour-of-duty-scheme-2229789|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=16 May 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> The scheme is on a trial basis and will start with a test group of 100 officers and 1000 jawans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Tour of Duty in Indian Army - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/jobs/what-is-tour-of-duty-in-indian-army/articleshow/75743441.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

====Intelligence====
{{Main|Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)}}

The [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]] (DMI) is an intelligence-gathering arm of the Indian Army. The MI (as it is commonly referred to) was constituted in 1941. It was initially created to check corruption in the Army's own ranks. With time, its role has evolved into cross-border intelligence, intelligence sharing with friendly nations, infiltrating insurgent groups, and counter-terrorism.

In the late 1970s, the MI was embroiled in the [[Samba spy scandal]], wherein three Indian Army officers were falsely implicated as Pakistani spies. The organisation has since emerged from the scandal as a prime intelligence organisation of the Indian Army.

{{as of|2012}}, the MI has seen many of its roles taken away by the newly created [[National Technical Research Organisation]] and the [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangladesh-indian-army-military-intelligence-directorate-sheikh-hasina/1/170880.html |title=How Indian Army's Military Intelligence Directorate works : Special Report – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031141954/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangladesh-indian-army-military-intelligence-directorate-sheikh-hasina/1/170880.html |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> Since it was set up in 2004 as a premier scientific agency under the National Security Adviser in the Prime Minister's Office, it also includes the National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development (NICRD), which is the first of its kind in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-govt-allots-land-for-ntro-in-borda-village/424811-3-236.html|title=State govt allots land for NTRO in Borda village|work=IBNLive|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017235147/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-govt-allots-land-for-ntro-in-borda-village/424811-3-236.html|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

===Field formations===
Below are the basic field formations of the Indian Army:

*[[Command (military formation)|Command]]: Indian Army has six operational commands and one training command. Each one is headed by a [[General Officer Commanding|general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C)]], known as the army commander, who is among the seniormost [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] officers in the army.
*[[Corps]]: A command generally consists of two or more corps. Indian Army has 14 Corps each one commanded by a [[General Officer Commanding|general officer commanding (GOC)]], known as the corps commander, who holds the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]].<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> Each corps is composed of three or four divisions. There are three types of corps in the Indian Army: Strike, Holding and Mixed. The Corps HQ is the highest field formation in the army.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Rinaldi|author2=Ravi Rikhye|title=Indian Army Order of Battle|year=2010|publisher=General Data LLC|isbn=978-0982054178|url-status=live|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[Division (Military)|Division]]: Each division is headed by [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] (division commander) in the rank of [[Major general (India)|major general]].<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> It usually consists of three to four Brigades.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> Currently, the Indian Army has 40 Divisions<ref>{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/divisions.htm |title=Indian Army Divisions |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/divisions.htm |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> including four RAPIDs (Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division), 18 Infantry Divisions, 12 Mountain Divisions, three Armoured Divisions and three Artillery Divisions.
* [[Brigade]]: A brigade generally consists of around 3,000 combat troops with supporting elements. An Infantry Brigade usually has three Infantry [[battalion]]s along with various Support Elements.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> It is commanded by a brigade commander who is a [[Brigadier]],<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> equivalent to a [[brigadier general]] in some armies. In addition to the Brigades in various Army Divisions, the Indian Army also has five Independent Armoured Brigades, 15 Independent Artillery Brigades, seven Independent Infantry Brigades, one Independent Parachute Brigade, three Independent Air Defence Brigades, two Independent Air Defence Groups and four Independent Engineer Brigades. These Independent Brigades operate directly under the Corps Commander (GOC Corps).
* [[Battalion]]: Composed of four rifle companies.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> Commanded by a battalion commander who is a [[Colonel]]<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> and is the Infantry's main fighting unit. Every infantry battalion also possesses one [[Ghatak Force|Ghatak Platoon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-about-ghatak-commandos-the-invincible-special-forces-of-in-33442.html|title=Know about Ghatak commandos, the invincible Special Forces of India|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015022350/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/know-about-ghatak-commandos-the-invincible-special-forces-of-in-33442.html|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>
* [[Company (military unit)|Company]]: Composed of three platoons.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure /> Commanded by a company commander who is a [[major]] or [[lieutenant-colonel]].<ref name=IndianArmyStructure />
* [[Artillery battery|Battery]]: Comprising either 3 or 4 sections, in artillery and air defence units. Every battery has two officers, the senior of which is the Battery Commander.
* [[Platoon]]: Composed of three sections.<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/> Commanded by a platoon commander who is a [[junior commissioned officer|JCO]].<ref name=IndianArmyStructure/>
* [[Section (military unit)|Section]]: Smallest military outfit, with a strength of 10 personnel. Commanded by a section commander of the rank of [[Havaldar]].<ref name=IndianArmyStructure>{{cite web |title=Know Your Army: Structure |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1KRe3PlAUEofJY1khsmQiw==&ParentID=3MNO2EnY8feZhYb+f0sRuw== |website=Official Indian Army Web Portal |access-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224153537/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=1KRe3PlAUEofJY1khsmQiw%3D%3D&ParentID=3MNO2EnY8feZhYb%2Bf0sRuw%3D%3D |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>

===Indian Army forts===
* [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Kolkata]]: Garrison of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army Command]]
* [[Fort St George]], [[Chennai]]: Garrison of ATNK&K Army Area
* OD Fort, [[Allahabad]], Ordnance Depot

==Personnel==
The Indian Army is a voluntary service, and although a provision for military [[conscription]] exists in the [[Indian constitution]], conscription has never been imposed. {{As of|2017|7|1}}, the Indian Army has a sanctioned strength of 49,932 officers (42,253 serving, being 7,679 under strength), and 1,215,049 enlisted personnel (1,194,864 serving, being 20,185 under strength).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Recently, it has been proposed to increase the strength of the army by more than 90,000, to counter the increasing presence of Chinese troops along the [[Line of Actual Control]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-mountain-chinese-territory-general-dalbir-singh-arun-jaitley-budget/1/604583.html|title=The mountain is now a molehill|access-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119181816/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-army-mountain-chinese-territory-general-dalbir-singh-arun-jaitley-budget/1/604583.html|archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/more-soldiers-but-weaker-army.html|title=More soldiers but weaker Army|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119062512/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/more-soldiers-but-weaker-army.html|archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> According to the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], in 2020 the army had a strength of 1,237,000 active personnel and 960,000 reserve personnel.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNAzQEACAAJ|title=The Military Balance 2020|last=(Iiss)|first=The International Institute of Strategic Studies|date=14 February 2020|publisher=Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated|isbn=9780367466398|language=en}}</ref> Of those in reserve, 300,000 are first-line reserves (within 5 years of active service), 500,000 are committed to return if called until the age of 50, and 160,000 were in the [[Indian Territorial Army]], with 40,000 in regular establishment. This makes the Indian Army the world's largest standing [[volunteer military|volunteer army]].<ref name="SinghCOAS">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-31/india/28144490_1_yudh-sena-medal-indian-army-rajput-regiment|title=General V K Singh takes over as new Indian Army chief|date=31 March 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 March 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref>Page, Jeremy. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3338199.ece "Comic starts adventure to find war heroes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809042114/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3338199.ece |date=9 August 2011 }}. ''[[The Times]]'' (9 February 2008).</ref>

===Rank Structure===
{{Main|Army ranks and insignia of India}}

The ranks of the Indian Army for the most part follow the British Army tradition.

'''Commissioned Officers'''

Commissioned officers are the leaders of the army and command units from platoon/company to brigade, division, corps, and above.

Indian Army officers are continually put through different courses of training, and assessed on merit, for promotions and appointments. Substantive promotions up to lieutenant colonel, or equivalent, are based on time in service, whereas those for colonel and above are based on selection, with promotion to colonel being also based on time served.

{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!Equivalent NATO code
|colspan=1|OF-10
|colspan=1|OF-9
|colspan=1|OF-8
|colspan=1|OF-7
|colspan=1|OF-6
|colspan=1|OF-5
|colspan=1|OF-4
|colspan=1|OF-3
|colspan=1|OF-2
|OF-1
|- align=center
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
|- align=center
|+ '''Ranks of the Indian Army – Officer Ranks'''
||'''Shoulder Insignia'''
|| [[File:Field Marshal of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|| [[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|40px]]
|- align=center
||'''Rank'''
|| [[Field Marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]1
|| [[General (India)|General]]2
|| [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|| [[Major General (India)|Major General]]
|| [[Brigadier]]
|| [[Colonel]]
|| [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|| [[Major]]
|| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|| [[Lieutenant]]
|- align=center
|colspan=8|
|-
|colspan=5|
* 1Honorary/wartime rank.
* 2Held only by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
|}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center|direction=vertical
| image1 = An Indian Army paratrooper with the 50th Independent Para Brigade exits a CH47 Chinook helicopter during a partnered airborne training exercise with U.S. Army paratroopers in 2013.jpg
| alt1 =
| width1 = 240

| image2 = An Indian Army paratrooper with the 50th Independent Para Brigade exits a CH47 Chinook helicopter in 2013.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 = 240
| footer = An Indian Army paratrooper with the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] jumps from a helicopter
}}

'''Other Ranks'''

{{Indian_Army_enlisted_ranks}}

===Uniforms===
[[File:IndianArmyDelhi.JPG|thumb|left|Soldiers of the [[Assam Regiment]] ]]

To make themselves less of a target, the forces of the [[East India Company]] in India dyed their white summer [[tunic]]s to neutral tones initially a tan called [[khaki]] (from the [[Hindi]] word for "dusty"). This was a temporary measure which became standard in the Indian service in the 1880s. Only during the [[Second Boer War]] in 1902, did the entire [[British Army]] standardise on [[dun]] for [[Service Dress (British Army)|Service Dress]]. The Indian Army uniform standardises on dun for khaki.

The Indian Army camouflage uniform consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up with two chest pockets with buttoned flaps. Trousers have two pockets, two thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. Current standard issued [[camouflage]] uniform of Indian Army is the [[Camouflage Europe Centrale| French Camouflage Europe Centrale]] which features a forest camouflage pattern and is designed for use in woodland environments. The Indian Army Desert camouflage which is based on the [[Camouflage Daguet| French Camouflage Daguet]], which features a desert camouflage pattern, is used by artillery and infantry posted in dusty, semi-desert, and desert areas of [[Rajasthan]] and its vicinity.

The modern Indian Army wears distinctive parade uniforms characterised by variegated turbans and waist-sashes in regimental colours. The Gurkha and Garwhal Rifles and the Assam, Kumaon, and Naga Regiments wear broad brimmed hats of traditional style. Traditionally, all rifle regiments (the Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, the Garhwal Rifles, all Gorkha Rifles, and the Rajputana Rifles) as well as the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry wear [[rank badge]]s, buttons, and wire-embroidered articles in black, instead of the usual brass (or gold) colour, as the original role of the rifle regiments was camouflage and concealment.

===Medals and awards===
{{Main|Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

The medals awarded by the President of India for gallantry displayed on the battlefield, in order of precedence, are [[Param Vir Chakra]], [[Maha Vir Chakra]], and [[Vir Chakra]].

The medals awarded by the President for gallantry displayed away from the battlefield, in order of precedence, are [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], [[Kirti Chakra]], and [[Shaurya Chakra]].

Many of the recipients of these awards have been Indian Army personnel.

===Women===
[[File:Dr Seema Rao Woman Commando Trainer at Corps Battle School Northern Command Indian Army.png|alt=|thumb|A female civilian Contractor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2019-wpower-trailblazers/dr-seema-rao-indias-first-female-combat-trainer-fighting-stereotypes/52713/1|title=Dr Seema Rao: India's First Female Combat Trainer, Fighting Stereotypes|website=Forbes India}}</ref> briefing Indian Army soldiers on firing techniques.]]
{{Main|Women in the Indian Army}}
The role of women in the Indian Army began when the Indian Military Nursing Service was formed in 1888. Nurses served in World Wars I and II, where 350 Indian Army nurses either died, were taken prisoner of war, or declared missing in action; this includes nurses who died when SS Kuala was sunk by Japanese Bombers in 1942.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indian-army-must-stop-its-discrimination-against-military-nurses/story-VmhPT6cKj3GW3M3KjCterK.html Indian Army must stop its discrimination against military nurses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073109/http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/indian-army-must-stop-its-discrimination-against-military-nurses/story-VmhPT6cKj3GW3M3KjCterK.html |date=14 December 2017 }}, [[Hindustan Times]], 13 December 2017.</ref> In 1992, the Indian Army began inducting women officers in non-medical roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/bravo/entry-schemes-women.htm|title=Entry Schemes Women : Officers Selection – Join Indian Army|website=joinindianarmy.nic.in|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225175117/http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/Bravo/entry-schemes-women.htm|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 January 2007, the United Nations first all-female peacekeeping force, made up of 105 Indian policewomen, was deployed to [[Liberia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=First All-Female U.N. Peacekeeping Force to Deploy to Liberia|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,244862,00.html|work=Fox News Channel|date=19 January 2007|access-date=28 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217033156/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,244862,00.html|archive-date=17 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, India's army had 3 percent women, the Navy 2.8 percent, and the Air Force, the highest, with 8.5 percent women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army's shameful treatment of women recruits|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/indian-armys-shameful-treatment-of-women-recruits-706717|website=NDTV|access-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310201754/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/indian-armys-shameful-treatment-of-women-recruits-706717|archive-date=10 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, India opened new combat air force roles for women as [[fighter pilot]]s, adding to their role as helicopter pilots in the Indian Air Force.<ref>"India paves way for women in military combat roles" [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-paves-way-for-women/2215380.html ''Channel NewsAsia'' 24 Oct 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205014816/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-paves-way-for-women/2215380.html |date=5 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Equipment==
{{Main|List of equipment of the Indian Army|List of active Indian military aircraft}}
[[File:Akash Indian Army.jpg|right|thumb|[[Akash (missile)|Akash Surface to Air Missile]]]]

Most of the army equipment is imported, but efforts are being made to manufacture indigenous equipment. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] has developed a range of weapons for the Indian Army, including small arms, artillery, radars, and the [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] tank. All Indian military small-arms are manufactured under the umbrella administration of the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], with principal firearm manufacturing facilities in Ichhapore, [[Cossipore]], Kanpur, Jabalpur, and Tiruchirapalli. The Indian Small Arms System ([[INSAS]]) rifle, which has been successfully deployed since 1997, is a product of [[Rifle Factory Ishapore]], while ammunition is manufactured at Khadki, and possibly at Bolangir.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In 2014, Army chief [[Bikram Singh (general)|General Bikram Singh]] said that if given sufficient budget support, the Indian Army might be able to acquire half the ammunition needed to fight in a major conflict by the next year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-running-low-on-ammunation/articleshow/32569909.cms |title=Army running low on ammunition |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=24 March 2014 |website=indiatimes.com |publisher=TNN |access-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326030657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-running-low-on-ammunation/articleshow/32569909.cms |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Indian Army Rudra MK-IV.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[HAL Rudra]] ]]

'''Aircraft'''

The [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] is the main body of the Indian Army for tactical air transport, reconnaissance, and medical evacuation, while the [[Indian Air Force]]'s helicopter assets are responsible for assisting army troop transport and close air support. The Aviation Corps operates approximately 150 helicopters. The Indian army had projected a requirement for a helicopter that can carry loads of up to {{convert|750|kg|lb}} to heights of {{convert|23000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} on the Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir. Flying at these heights poses unique challenges due to the rarefied atmosphere. The Indian Army will induct the [[HAL Light Utility Helicopter]] to replace its ageing fleet of [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetaks]] and [[Aérospatiale Alouette II|Cheetahs]], some of which were deployed more than three decades ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/hal-developing-light-choppers-for-highaltitude-operations/article5350865.ece|title=HAL developing light choppers for high-altitude operations|author=PTI|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=26 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321164317/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/hal-developing-light-choppers-for-highaltitude-operations/article5350865.ece|archive-date=21 March 2014}}</ref>

On 13 October 2012, the defence minister gave control of attack helicopters to the Indian Army, which had formerly rested the Indian Air force.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army to get attack helicopters: Defence Ministry |author=Gautam Datt |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-to-get-attack-helicopters-defence-ministry/1/224587.html |newspaper=Mail Today (epaper) |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201074804/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/army-to-get-attack-helicopters-defence-ministry/1/224587.html |archive-date=1 December 2012 }}</ref>

===Future developments===
* [[F-INSAS]] is the Indian Army's principal infantry modernisation programme, which aims to modernise the army's 465 infantry and paramilitary battalions by 2020. The programme aims to upgrade the infantry to a multi-calibre rifle with an under-barrel grenade launcher, as well as bulletproof jackets and helmets. The helmet would include a visor, flashlight, thermal sensors, night vision devices, and a miniature computer with audio headset. There would also be a new lightweight and waterproof uniform, which would help the soldier in carrying extra loads and fighting in an [[NBC suit|NBC]] environment.<ref name=dns9j13>{{cite news|title=DRDO's F-INSAS programme to be ready in two years |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1645 |access-date=10 July 2013 |newspaper=Defence News |date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212084347/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1645 |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>
* India is currently re-organising its mechanised forces to achieve strategic mobility and high-volume firepower for rapid thrusts into enemy territory. India proposes to progressively deploy as many as 248 [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] main battle tanks (MBT) and to develop and deploy the Arjun MK-II variant, as well as 1,657 Russian-made [[T-90|T-90S]] MBTs. The army is procuring 2,000 night vision devices for T-72 tanks, for Rs 10 billion; 1,200 for T-90 tanks, for Rs 9.60 billion; and 1,780 for infantry combat vehicles, for Rs 8.60 billion. It is also acquiring 700 TISAS (thermal imaging stand alone systems) and 418 TIFACS (thermal fire control systems) for its T-72 fleet, at a cost of around $230 million. 300 Israeli TISAS were installed as part of several T-72 upgrade phases, followed by 3,860 image intensifier-based night-vision devices. 310 Russian produced T-90S Main Battle Tanks were also fitted with French Catherine TI cameras.<ref name=zn2a13>{{cite news|title=Night-vision devices for Indian Army approved|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/night-vision-devices-for-indian-army-approved_839359.html|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=2 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608075901/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/night-vision-devices-for-indian-army-approved_839359.html|archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=tect2a13>{{cite news|title=Army to get night vision devices worth over Rs 2,800 crore for its tanks and infantry combat vehicles|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/news/38218271_1_indian-army-indigenisation-ongoing-12th-defence-plan|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref>
*In 2008, the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] approved raising two new infantry mountain divisions (with around 15,000 combat soldiers each) and an artillery brigade. These divisions were likely to be armed with ultralight howitzers.<ref>Pandit, Rajat. [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-07/india/27780786_1_mountain-divisions-offensive-corps-ultralight-howitzers "Army to raise 2 mountain units to counter Pak, China"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html |date=28 February 2016 }}. ''[[The Times of India]]'', 7 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</ref> In July 2009, it was reported that the Army was advocating a new artillery division. The proposed artillery division, to be under the Kolkata-based [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], was to have three brigades – two armed with 155 mm howitzers and one with the Russian "Smerch" and indigenous "Pinaka" multiple-launch rocket systems.<ref>Rajat Pandit, [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-02/india/28166808_1_artillery-division-military-capabilities-sino-indian-border Eye on China, is India adding muscle on East?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html |date=28 February 2016 }} 2 2009 July 0325hrs</ref>

The major ongoing weapons programmes of the Indian Army are as follows:

;Tanks and Armoured vehicles

* Arjun MK-IA – main battle tank<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/476/arjun-dhruv-get-thumbs-up-from-indian-army-chief.html |title=Arjun, Dhruv Get Thumbs Up From Indian Army Chief |access-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420121002/http://www.defencenow.com/news/476/arjun-dhruv-get-thumbs-up-from-indian-army-chief.html |archive-date=20 April 2016 }}</ref>
* Futuristic Battle Tank (FMBT) – The FMBT will be a lighter tank of 50 tons. At conceptual stage.
* [[Abhay IFV]] – Future Infantry Combat Vehicle
* [[TATA Kestrel]] – A modern armoured personnel carrier (APC) developed by Tata Motors and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ([[DRDO]]). It is developed with the intention to replace old Soviet-era infantry fighting vehicles (BMP) and APCs in service with Indian army. It is expected to join Indian Army by 2017.

[[File:Arjun Mark 1 Alpha.jpg|thumb|right|Indian Army's [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Mark 1 Alpha]] tank]]
[[File:BRAHMOS Launcher.JPG|right|thumb|The [[BrahMos]] supersonic cruise missile is a crucial component of the Indian Army's strike capabilities.]]
[[File:Light Combat Helicopter Aero India 2013.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] ]]

;Aviation

* The procurement process for 197 light utility helicopters (LUH) has been scrapped; only 64 will be inducted in the Army Aviation to replace the Cheetak and Cheetah Helicopters.
* [[HAL Light Utility Helicopter]] (LUH) – requirement for 384 helicopters for both the army and air force.
* HAL has obtained a firm order to deliver 114 [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]]s to the Indian Army.<ref>Shenoy, Ramnath. [http://www.ptinews.com/news/422197_India-to-test-fly-light-combat-helicopters-shortly "India to test fly light combat helicopters shortly"]. [[Press Trust of India]], 14 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218083937/http://www.ptinews.com/news/422197_India-to-test-fly-light-combat-helicopters-shortly |date=18 December 2009 }}</ref>

;Missiles
[[File:AAD Launch Crop.jpg|thumb|[[Advanced Air Defence (AAD)]] missile launch, 2008]]

* Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
** [[Agni-V]] – {{cvt|5500|km|mi}}–{{cvt|8,000|km|mi}} Successfully Tested third time canistered version by DRDO on 31 January 2015.
** [[Agni-VI]] – {{cvt|8000|km|mi}}–{{cvt|12,000|km|mi}} range with [[MIRV]]ed warheads. Currently in planning stage.
*Cruise Missiles
** [[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle|Hypersonic missile]]
** [[Nirbhay|Nirbhay Missile]]
** [[BrahMos]] – M
* Tactical Ballistic Missiles
** [[Prahaar (missile)]] – With a range of {{convert|150|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prahaar-missile-to-be-testfired-on-sunday/167739-60-117.html |title=Prahaar Missile to be test-fired on Sunday |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016161050/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prahaar-missile-to-be-testfired-on-sunday/167739-60-117.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
** [[Agni-II (missile)]] – It a ballistic missile with a range of 2000–3500 km with a speed of 3.5 km/s.
** [[Agni-III (missile)]] – It is the successor to the Agni-II missile with an effective range of 3500–5000 km with a speed of 5–6 km/s.
** [[Agni-IV]] – Also known as the Agni-II prime in the earlier times, it has an effective range of 4000 km and a cruise altitude of 900 km.
** [[Shaurya (missile)]] – It has a range of between {{cvt|750|km|mi}}-{{cvt|1900|km|mi}}
* Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
** [[Nag (missile)|Nag Anti-tank guided missile]] – ground and air-launched variant.
* The [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]] is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks. It is a double-tiered system consisting of two [[Anti-ballistic missile|interceptor missiles]], namely the [[Prithvi Air Defence|Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)]] missile for high altitude interception, and the [[Advanced Air Defence (AAD)]] Missile for lower altitude interception.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202110808/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20061211/defence.shtml%26SET%3DT The New Guardian]''India unveils an all new anti-ballistic missile expected to be the fore-runner of a sophisticated air defence system to thwart, among other threats, a [[Pakistan]]i nuclear weapons attack''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |title=India tests interceptor missile |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602000349/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF8vr43UZ29RmlnKWgtpAmQs81Lg |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>

;Artillery

* Under the Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan, the army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 pieces of artillery at the cost of {{INRConvert|200|b|0}}. This includes purchasing 1580 towed, 814 mounted, 180 self-propelled wheeled, 100 self-propelled tracked, and 145 ultra-light 155 mm/39 calibre guns. The requirement for artillery guns would be met with indigenous development and production.<ref>{{cite web |author=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-entersfray/402834/ |title=155-mm gun contract: DRDO enters the fray |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006061446/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/155-mm-gun-contract-drdo-entersfray/402834/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 }}</ref>

;Small Arms

Earlier development efforts of the DRDO to meet the Indian Army's small arms requirements—namely the [[Excalibur rifle]], which was meant to replace the INSAS rifle in service;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|title=Exclusive: Made in India rifles to replace INSAS|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228201511/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/assault-rifle-excalibur-drdo-dalbir-singh-indian-army-arde/1/449238.html|archive-date=28 February 2016}}</ref> the [[Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System (MCIWS)]]; and the [[Modern Sub Machine Carbine]], a combined venture of ARDE & OFB to develop an assault carbine for the Indian Army based on a platform of experiences from the INSAS rifle—have been halted.

The Indian Army has chosen instead to procure 72,400 [[SIG Sauer SIG516#Variants|Sig Sauer SIG 716 G2 Patrol]] high-performance assault rifles for its frontline troops engaged in counter-militancy operations, and the [[CAR 816|Caracal CAR 816]] to meet a requirement of 94,000 close quarter battle carbines.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shiv Aroor|title=First Images Of Indian Army With Their New SIG716 Assault Rifles|date=8 March 2020|website=Livefist Defence.com|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2020/03/first-images-of-indian-army-with-their-new-sig716-assault-rifles.html |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

To meet the needs of the rest of its soldiers, the army has selected the Russian 7.62 mm AK-103/AK-203 assault rifle as a "Make in India" project to manufacture 650,000 rifles through a government-to-government agreement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shiv Aroor|title=Mega Made-In-India Kalashnikov Assault Rifle Deal Around The Corner|date=1 November 2018|website=Livefist Defence.com|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2018/11/mega-made-in-india-kalashnikov-assault-rifle-deal-before-year-end.html|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

;Vehicles

* [[Tata Motors]] offers a full range of 6×6, 8×8, and 12×12 multi-purpose high mobility carriers, designed especially for integrating specialist rocket and missile systems. The Tata 2038 6×6 vehicle platform has, after rigorous field-firing evaluation trials, been qualified by the Indian Army to carry the GRAD BM21 Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) application.
* [[Mahindra Axe]] – Light utility vehicle to be purchased.
* The army needs 3,000 light support vehicles and 1600 heavy motor vehicles for mounting rockets and radar, and for reconnaissance and transportation, at a cost of Rs 15 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=19731 |title=Indian Military News Headlines |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |access-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105035922/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=19731 |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]]
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army]]
* [[Paramilitary forces of India]]
* [[Army Day (India)]]

==References==

;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2010| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)|year=2010| publisher=Routledge| location=London| isbn=978-1-85743-557-3| ref=IISS2010}}
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2012| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author2=Hackett, James (ed.)| date=7 March 2012| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=978-1857436426| ref=IISS2012}}
*Praval, K.C. Praval ''Indian Army After Independence'' (3rd ed. 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Indian-Army-After-Independence-ebook/dp/B00DVNCDD0/ excerpt and text search]
*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2014| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=3 February 2014| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| isbn=9781857437225| ref=IISS2014}}

==Further reading==
* Wilkinson, Steven I. 2015. [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728806 Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy since Independence]. Harvard University Press.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Army of India|Indian Army}}
* {{Official website|http://indianarmy.nic.in/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041206180157/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/ Indian Army] at [[Bharat Rakshak]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army.htm Indian army guide] at ''Global Security''

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{{Indian Army}}
{{Indian Army Arms and Services}}
{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}
{{Active corps of the Indian Army}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
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Tripura

2021-08-05T15:22:55Z

Pradip89:

{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{About|the Indian state of Tripura|the mythological city|Tripura (mythology)|the 2015 Indian film|Tripura (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

'''Tripura''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|p|ʊr|ə|,_|-|ər|ə}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in northeastern [[India]]. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers {{convert|10491.69|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and is bordered by [[Bangladesh]] to the north,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms|title=Rohingya crisis: Security tightened along India-Myanmar border|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915082041/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms|archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> south, and west, and the Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]] to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0.3% of the country's population.

The area of modern Tripura—ruled for several centuries by the [[Manikya dynasty]]—was part of an independent [[princely state]] under the protectorate of the [[British Raj|British Empire]]. The independent [[Tripuri Kingdom]] (also known as Hill Tippera) joined the newly independent India in 1949.

Tripura lies in a geographically isolated location in India, as only one major highway, the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]], connects it with the rest of the country. Five mountain ranges—[[Boromura]], [[Atharamura]], [[Longtharai]], [[Shakhan]] and [[Jampui Hills]]—run north to south, with intervening valleys; [[Agartala]], the capital, is located on a plain to the west. The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], and receives seasonal heavy rains from the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]]. Forests cover more than half of the area, in which [[bamboo]] and [[cane (grass)|cane]] tracts are common. Tripura has the highest number of [[primate]] species found in any Indian state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure. Most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product.

According to 2011 census, Tripura is one of the most literate states in India with a literacy rate of 87.75%. According to 2015 Child Census, the literacy rate had increased to about 95.65%. Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities; the use of locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] provide historical evidence of artistic fusion between organised and tribal religions.

==Etymology==
[[File:Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripura Sundari Temple]] in [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]].]]
The [[Sanskrit]] name of the state is linked to the Hindu goddess of beauty; [[Tripura Sundari]], the presiding deity of the [[Tripura Sundari Temple]] at [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], one of the 51 ''[[Shakti Peethas]]'' (pilgrimage centres of ''[[Shaktism]]''),<ref name="hr name"/><ref name="Debbarma1996"/> and to the legendary tyrant king Tripur, who reigned in the region. Tripur was the 39th descendant of [[Druhyu]], who belonged to the lineage of [[Yayati]], a king of the [[Lunar Dynasty]].<ref name="Acharjya1979">{{cite book|last=Acharjya|first=Phanibhushan|title=Tripura|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489119|year=1979|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=1|asin=B0006E4EQ6}}</ref>

There are alternative theories regarding the origin of the name Tripura, such as a possible Sanskritic [[folk etymology]] of a Tibeto-Burman ([[Kokborok]]) name. Variants of the name include ''Tipra'', ''Tuipura'' and ''Tippera''. A Kokborok etymology from ''twi'' (water) and ''pra'' (near) has been suggested; the boundaries of Tripura extended to the [[Bay of Bengal]] when the kings of the Tipra Kingdom held sway from the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]] to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], the present Rakhine State of [[Burma]]; so the name may reflect vicinity to the sea.<ref name="hr name">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples|last=Das|first=J.K.|pages=208–9|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|chapter=Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as Tribals) in Tripura}}</ref><ref name="Debbarma1996">{{cite book|last=Debbarma|first=Sukhendu|title=Origin and growth of Christianity in Tripura: with special reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938–1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|year=1996|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-038-5|page=20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429233857/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 p. 2272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424123659/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 |date=24 April 2016 }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Tripura}}
{{see also|Twipra Kingdom|Tripura (princely state)|Kings of Tripura|Insurgency in Tripura}}
[[File:Unakoti 5.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|200x200px|Rock-cut sculpture of [[Shiva]] at [[Unakoti]]]]

Although there is no evidence of lower or middle [[Paleolithic]] settlements in Tripura, [[Upper Paleolithic]] tools made of fossil wood have been found in the [[Haora River|Haora]] and [[Khowai River|Khowai]] valleys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the stone age to the 12th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> The Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''; ancient religious texts, the ''[[Purana]]s''; and the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] – stone pillar inscriptions of the emperor [[Ashoka]] dating from the third century [[Common Era|BCE]] – all mention Tripura.<ref name="Acharjya1979"/> An ancient name of Tripura(as mentioned in the Mahabharata) is ''Kirat Desh'' (English: "The land of Kirat"), probably referring to the [[Kirata Kingdom]]s or the more generic term [[Kirata]].<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975">{{cite book|title=Tripura district gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Educational Publications, Department of Education, Government of Tripura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504071510/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>{{rp|155}} However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with ''Kirat Desh''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Syed Amanur|last2=Verma|first2=Balraj|title=The beautiful India – Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|date=5 August 2006|publisher=Reference Press|isbn=978-81-8405-026-4|page=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004122/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, although when this dates from is not documented. The ''[[Rajmala]]'', a chronicle of Tripuri kings which was first written in the 15th century,<ref name="Gazetteer 118">{{cite journal | title = Hill Tippera – history | journal = [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | year = 1909 | volume = 13 | page = 118 | url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | format = GIF | access-date = 27 October 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607142251/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | archive-date = 7 June 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> provides a list of 179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830–1850),<ref name="Bera2010">{{cite book| first=Gautam Kumar|last=Bera |title=The land of fourteen gods: ethno-cultural profile of Tripura|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-333-9}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="rajmala book">{{cite book|url=http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|title=Sri rajmala volume – IV|editor-last=Sen|editor-first=Kali Prasanna|language=bn|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Government of Tripura|year=2003|access-date=10 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606013645/http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharyya1930">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Apurba Chandra|title=Progressive Tripura|year=1930|publisher=Inter-India Publications|page=179|oclc=16845189}}</ref> but the reliability of the ''Rajmala'' has been doubted.<ref name="sircar1979">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D.C.|title=Some epigraphical records of the mediaeval period from eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|year=1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-096-9|page=89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528181614/https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Neermahal192.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Neermahal|Neermahal Palace]] is royal palace built by [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] of the [[Tripura (princely state)|Kingdom of Tripura]].]]

The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the [[Sundarbans]] on the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to the boundary of the [[Kamarupa]] kingdom in [[Assam]].<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> There were [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|several Muslim invasions]] of the region from the 13th century onward,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> which culminated in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dominance]] of the plains of the kingdom in 1733,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> although their rule never extended to the hill regions.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> The Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/>
[[File:Maharani kanchan prabhadevi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Queen [[Kanchan Prava Devi|Kanchan Prabha Devi]] who signed the [[instrument of accession]] to India as president of the Council of Regency.]]
Tripura became a [[princely state]] during [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. The kings had an estate in British India, known as ''Tippera district'' or [[Chakla (administrative division)|Chakla]] Roshnabad (now the [[Comilla District|Comilla district]] of Bangladesh),<ref name="theodora.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/t/tippera.html|title=Tippera|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica| year= 1911| access-date=1 April 2019| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215757/http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/t/tippera.html|archive-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> in addition to the independent area known as ''Hill Tippera'', the present-day state.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> Udaipur, in the south of Tripura, was the capital of the kingdom, until the king Krishna Manikya moved the capital to [[Agartala|Old Agartala]] in the 18th century. It was moved to the new city of Agartala in the 19th century. [[Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–1896) modelled his administration on the pattern of [[British India]], and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMC at a glance|url=http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|publisher=Agartala Municipal Corporation|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006034328/http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

===Modern History===
Following the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Tippera district – the estate in the plains of British India – became a part of [[East Pakistan]], and Hill Tippera remained under a regency council until 1949. The [[Maharani|Maharani Regent]] of Tripura signed the [[Tripura Merger Agreement]] on 9 September 1949, as a result of which Tripura became a [[Part C State|Part C]] state of India.<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book
|title=Tripura human development report 2007
|chapter-url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|access-date=19 March 2012
|publisher= Government of Tripura
|chapter= The state of human development
|year=2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 May 2013
}}</ref>{{rp|3}} It became a [[Union Territory]], without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} It was conferred full statehood in 1971 by the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]. The [[partition of India|geographic partition]] that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the major cities of India had to follow a more circuitous route. The road distance between [[Kolkata]] and Agartala before the partition was less than {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and increased to {{convert|1700|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as the route now avoided East Pakistan(although from June,2015 bus service started from Agartala to Kolkata via Dhaka, which has been named as the "Bangla Corridor").<ref>{{cite news
| last = Abdi
| first = S. N. M.
| title = Kolkata-Agartala bus link gets a major push forward
| newspaper = DNA
| location = Kolkata
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = DNAIndia.com
| date = 13 March 2006
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1017981
| access-date = 23 June 2021}}</ref> The geopolitical isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport.<ref name="General1967">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Tripura|year=1967|publisher=Office of the Registrar General General. Government of India|page=980}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty2006">{{cite book|editor-last=Chakraborty|editor-first=Kiran Sankar|url=http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020174651/http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Entrepreneurship and small business development: with special reference to Tripura|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-125-0}}</ref>{{rp|93}}

Since the partition of India, many [[Bengali Hindus]] have migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949 and this is primarily attributed by the immigration of 610,000 Bengalis — the figure almost equal to the State’s total population in 1951 — from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1971.<ref name="hdrchap1" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece</ref> Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, where around at that time, nearly 1,381,649 [[Bengalis]] (mostly hindus) have came into various parts of Tripura to take refugees and most of them have settled here permanently afterwards.<ref>https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462</ref> Parts of the state were shelled by the [[Pakistan Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to ensure effective control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972:<ref name="Wolpert2008">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|title=A new history of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|pages=390–1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.<ref name="Wolpert2008"/> Before independence, most of the population was indigenous.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|9}} Ethnic strife between the Tripuri tribe and the predominantly immigrant Bengali community led to scattered violence,<ref name="Kumāra2007">{{cite book|last=Kumāra|first=Braja Bihārī|title=Problems of ethnicity in the North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|access-date=11 July 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-464-6|pages=68–9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231036/http://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Insurgency in Northeast India#Tripura (1978-2009)|an insurgency]] spanning decades, including occasional massacres such as the 1980 [[Mandai massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=16 June 1980 |access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> This gradually abated following the establishment of a [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|tribal autonomous district council]] and the use of strategic [[counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name="hindu 19 Sep 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |title=How Tripura overcame insurgency |last=Sahaya |first=D.N. |author-link=Dinesh Nandan Sahay |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925060944/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tripura remains peaceful, as of 2016.<ref name="satp 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |title=Tripura assessment – year 2013 |work=South Asia terrorism portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104183152/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |archive-date=4 November 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Tripura (37).JPG|thumb|Rice is grown on Tripura's [[alluvial plain]]s, which include ''lungas'', the narrow valleys that are found mainly in the west of the state.|alt=Green agricultural field, with a hill range far in the background.]]
Tripura is a [[landlocked country|landlocked]] state in [[Northeast India|North East India]], where the seven contiguous states – [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and Tripura – are collectively known as the [[Seven Sister States]]. Spread over {{convert|10491.69|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Tripura is the third-smallest among the 28 [[States and territories of India|states in the country]], behind Goa and [[Sikkim]]. It extends from 22°56'N to 24°32'N, and 91°09'E to 92°20'E.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} Its maximum extent measures about {{convert|178|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south, and {{convert|131|km|mi|abbr=on}} east to west. Tripura is bordered by the country of Bangladesh to the west, north and south; and the Indian states of Assam to the north east; and Mizoram to the east.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} It is accessible by [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] passing through the [[Karimganj district]] of Assam and [[Mamit district]] of Mizoram.<ref name="highway list">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |title=National highways and their length |publisher=National Highways Authority of India |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906234553/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Topography===
The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five [[anticline|anticlinal]] ranges of hills running north to south, from [[Boromura]] in the west, through [[Atharamura]], [[Longtharai]] and [[Shakhan]], to the [[Jampui Hills]] in the east.<ref name="gsi report">{{Cite report| title= Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura| url= http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| publisher= Geological Survey of India, Government of India| series= Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV| volume= 1 (Part-2)| year= 2011| access-date= 10 July 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510091749/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| archive-date= 10 May 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The intervening [[syncline]]s are the Agartala–Udaipur, Khowai–Teliamura, Kamalpur–Ambasa, Kailasahar–Manu and Dharmanagar–Kanchanpur valleys.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|4}} At an altitude of {{convert|939|m|ft|abbr=on}}, [[Betlingchhip|Betling Shib]] in the Jampui range is the state's highest point.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout the state are known as ''tillas'', and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called ''lungas''.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} A number of rivers originate in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The Khowai, [[Dhalai River|Dhalai]], [[Manu River, Tripura|Manu]], [[Juri River|Juri]] and [[Longai River|Longai]] flow towards the north; the [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gumti]] to the west; and the [[Muhuri River|Muhuri]] and [[Feni River|Feni]] to the south west.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}

The [[lithostratigraphy]] data published by the [[Geological Survey of India]] dates the rocks, on the [[geologic time scale]], between the [[Oligocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]], approximately 34 to 23 million [[Before Present|years ago]], and the [[Holocene]] epoch, which started 12,000 years ago.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73–4}} The hills have red [[laterite]] soil that is porous. The [[flood plain]]s and narrow valleys are overlain by alluvial soil, and those in the west and south constitute most of the agricultural land.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], on a scale ranging from {{nowrap|I to V}} in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone V]].<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite map|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Seismic zoning map |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |access-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603143951/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>

===Climate===
The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], designated ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The undulating topography leads to local variations, particularly in the hill ranges.<ref name="gov agri land">{{cite web|url=http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|title=Land, soil and climate|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura| access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420091358/http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|archive-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> The four main seasons are winter, from December to February; pre-monsoon or summer, from March to April; monsoon, from May to September; and post-monsoon, from October to November.<ref name="gov agri climate">{{cite web|url=http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|title=Annual plan 2011–12|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215123728/http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> During the monsoon season, the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]] brings heavy rains, which cause frequent floods.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}}<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}} The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006 ranged from {{convert|1979.6|to|2745.9|mm|inch|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rainfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|title=Monthly and yearly quinquennial average rainfall in Tripura|work=Statistical abstract of Tripura – 2007|publisher=Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|page=13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127234822/http://destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> During winter, temperatures range from {{convert|13|to|27|C|F}}, while in the summer they fall between {{convert|24|and|36|C|F}}.<ref name="gov agri climate"/> According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, the state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from wind and cyclones.<ref name=cycloneundp>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|work=National capacity building project in disaster management |publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|collapsed=
|open= yes
|metric first=yes
|single line= yes
|location= Agartala, the capital of Tripura

|temperature colour= 


|Jan high F= |Jan high C=25.6
|Feb high F= |Feb high C=28.3
|Mar high F= |Mar high C=32.5
|Apr high F= |Apr high C=33.7
|May high F= |May high C=32.8
|Jun high F= |Jun high C=31.8
|Jul high F= |Jul high C=31.4
|Aug high F= |Aug high C=31.7
|Sep high F= |Sep high C=31.7
|Oct high F= |Oct high C=31.1
|Nov high F= |Nov high C=29.2
|Dec high F= |Dec high C=26.4
|year high F= |year high C=

|Jan low F= |Jan low C=10
|Feb low F= |Feb low C=13.2
|Mar low F= |Mar low C=18.7
|Apr low F= |Apr low C=22.2
|May low F= |May low C=23.5
|Jun low F= |Jun low C=24.6
|Jul low F= |Jul low C=24.8
|Aug low F= |Aug low C=24.7
|Sep low F= |Sep low C=24.3
|Oct low F= |Oct low C=22
|Nov low F= |Nov low C=16.6
|Dec low F= |Dec low C=11.3
|year low F= |year low C=

|precipitation colour= 

|Jan precipitation inch= |Jan precipitation cm= |Jan precipitation mm=27.5
|Feb precipitation inch= |Feb precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation mm=21.5
|Mar precipitation inch= |Mar precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation mm=60.7
|Apr precipitation inch= |Apr precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation mm=199.7
|May precipitation inch= |May precipitation cm= |May precipitation mm=329.9
|Jun precipitation inch= |Jun precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation mm=393.4
|Jul precipitation inch= |Jul precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation mm=363.1
|Aug precipitation inch= |Aug precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation mm=298.7
|Sep precipitation inch= |Sep precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation mm=232.4
|Oct precipitation inch= |Oct precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation mm=162.5
|Nov precipitation inch= |Nov precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation mm=46
|Dec precipitation inch= |Dec precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation mm=10.6
|year precipitation inch= |year precipitation cm= |year precipitation mm=

|source 1=<ref name="IMD agartala">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |publisher=India Meteorology Department |page=6 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>
}}

==Flora and fauna==
{{see also|Tourism in North East India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''State symbols of Tripura'''<ref name="wiisymbols">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615001645/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2007 |title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| '''State animal''' || [[Phayre's leaf monkey]]
|-
| '''State bird''' || [[Green imperial pigeon]]
|-
| '''State tree''' || [[Aquilaria malaccensis|Agarwood]]
|-
| '''State flower''' || [[Mesua ferrea]]
|-
| '''State fruit''' || [[Pineapple|Queen pineapple]]
|}
Like most of the Indian subcontinent, Tripura lies within the [[Indomalayan realm]]. According to the [[Biogeographic classification of India]], the state is in the "North-East" biogeographic zone.<ref name="biogeo zone">{{cite map |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |title=Biogeographic classification of India: zones |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |scale=1 cm=100 km |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041736/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 forests covered 57.73 per cent of the state.<ref name="fsitripforest 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura|work=India state of forest report 2011|publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|access-date=1 April 2012|pages=225–9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232013/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Tripura hosts three different types of ecosystems: mountain, forest and freshwater.<ref name="soe report bd">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|title=Biodiversity|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113164053/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref> The [[evergreen forest]]s on the hill slopes and the sandy river banks are dominated by species such as ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'', ''[[Artocarpus]]'', ''[[Amoora]]'', ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'', ''[[Syzygium]]'' and ''[[Eugenia]]''.<ref name="soe report forest">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|title=Forest|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125142/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Two types of [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forests]] comprise majority of the vegetation: moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'')-predominant forest.<ref name="soe report forest"/> The interspersion of [[bamboo]] and [[Arundo|cane]] forests with deciduous and evergreen flora is a peculiarity of Tripura's vegetation.<ref name="soe report forest"/> [[Grassland]]s and [[swamp]]s are also present, particularly in the plains. [[Herbaceous plant]]s, shrubs, and trees such as ''[[Albizia]]'', ''[[Barringtonia]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' and ''[[Macaranga]]'' flourish in the swamps of Tripura. Shrubs and grasses include ''[[Schumannianthus dichotoma]]'' (''shitalpati''), ''[[Phragmites]]'' and ''[[Saccharum]]'' (sugarcane).<ref name="soe report forest"/>

According to a survey in 1989–90, Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders,<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna">{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=A.K.|s2cid=153323209|date=December 2000 |title= Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India |journal=Human Ecology |volume= 28 |issue=4 |pages=614–5|issn=0300-7839 |doi=10.1023/A:1026491831856 }}</ref> including such species as elephant (''Elephas maximus''), bear (''Melursus ursinus''), binturong (''[[Arctictis binturong]]''), wild dog (''[[Cuon alpinus]]''), porcupine (''[[Artherurus assamensis]]''), barking deer (''[[Muntiacus muntjak]]''), sambar (''[[Cervus unicolor]]''), wild boar (''[[Sus scrofa]]''), gaur (''[[Bos gaurus]]''), leopard (''[[Panthera pardus]]''), clouded leopard (''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''), and many species of small cats and primates.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, seven are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> The wild buffalo (''[[Bubalus arnee]]'') is extinct now.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation, Guwahati, India, 184pp.</ref> There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. ''Indian Birds'' 6(3): 66–74.</ref>

[[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|Wildlife sanctuaries]] of the state are [[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary|Sipahijola]], [[Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary|Gumti]], [[Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary|Rowa]] and [[Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary|Trishna]] wildlife sanctuaries.<ref name="tripura pa">{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|title=Protected area network in India|page=28|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307203800/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> [[National park of India|National parks]] of the state are [[Clouded Leopard National Park]] and [[Rajbari National Park]].<ref name="tripura pa"/> These protected areas cover a total of {{convert|566.93|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tripura pa"/> Gumti is also an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= July–September 2009|title= Gumti –Tripura's remote IBA|journal= Mistnet|volume= 10|issue= 3|pages= 7–8|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160339/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= April–June 2008|title= Rudrasagar – a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India.|journal= Mistnet|volume= 9|issue= 2|pages= 4–5|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160318/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Divisions==
[[File:Tripura-district-map.svg|thumb|right|200px|Tripura district map]]
{{See also|List of districts of Tripura}}
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. Beforehand, there had been four districts – [[Dhalai]] (headquarters [[Ambassa]]), [[North Tripura]] (headquarters [[Kailashahar]]), [[South Tripura]] (headquarters [[Udaipur, Tripura]]), and [[West Tripura]] (headquarters [[Agartala]]). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012 – [[Khowai district|Khowai]], [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]], [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]] and [[Gomati district|Gomati]].<ref name="ibnlive divisions">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126032522/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 October 2011|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Six new subdivisions and five new blocks were also added.<ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |title=Four new districts for Tripura — plan for six more subdivisions to decentralise administration |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419053133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> Each is governed by a [[district collector]] or a district magistrate, usually appointed by the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The subdivisions of each district are governed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]] and each subdivision is further divided into blocks. The blocks consist of ''[[Panchayat]]''s (village councils) and town municipalities. As of 2012, the state had eight districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks.<ref name="tripurainfo">{{cite news | url=http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | title=New districts, sub-divisions and blocks for Tripura | work=tripurainfo | date=28 December 2011 | access-date=11 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107100456/http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | archive-date=7 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> National census and state statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative divisions, as of March 2013. [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura, is the most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or more (as per 2015 census) are [[Sabroom]], [[Dharmanagar]], [[Jogendranagar]], [[Kailashahar]], [[Pratapgarh, Tripura|Pratapgarh]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]], [[Belonia, India|Belonia]], [[Gandhigram, Tripura|Gandhigram]], [[Kumarghat]], [[Khowai]], [[Ranirbazar]], [[Sonamura]], [[Bishalgarh]], [[Teliamura]], [[Mohanpur, Tripura|Mohanpur]], [[Melaghar]], [[Ambassa]], [[Kamalpur, Tripura|Kamalpur]], [[Bishramganj]], [[Kathaliya]], [[Santirbazar]] and [[Baxanagar]].

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Tripura|Tripura Legislative Assembly}}
{{see also|Political parties in Tripura}}
[[File:Agartala Palace, Tripura.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Facade of a Ujjayanta Palace, used earlier as the state's Legislative Assembly|[[Ujjayanta Palace]], built in the 19th century as a replacement for a former royal palace destroyed in an earthquake, was used until 2011 as the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly.]]
Tripura is governed through a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature it shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in case of Speaker's absence. The Assembly is [[unicameral]] with 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name=60mla>{{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| title = Tripura Legislative Assembly| access-date = 21 April 2007| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513185344/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| archive-date = 13 May 2007| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The members are elected for a term of five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[Tripura High Court]] and a system of lower courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |title=About us |publisher=Tripura High Court |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328121134/http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Chief Justices for Manipur, Meghalaya & Tripura high courts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|access-date=24 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2013|last1=Sharma|first1=K Sarojkumar|last2=Das|first2=Manosh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430042306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> [[Executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]. The Governor, the titular [[head of state]], is appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.

[[File:NE_Autonomous_divisions_of_India.svg|thumb|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], pictured, encompasses much of the state]]
Tripura sends two representatives to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[parliament of India]]) and one representative to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (parliament's [[upper house]]). In [[2014 Indian general election in Tripura|2014 Indian general election]], both parliament lower house seats were won by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=mapindiaelectionresult>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|title=Tripura General Election Results|work=Maps of India|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329194154/http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Panchayats'' ([[Local self-government in India|local self-governments]]) elected by local body elections are present in many villages for self-governance. Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance body, the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref name="ttadc">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |title=State and district administration: fifteenth report |publisher=Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India |page=267 |year=2009 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123171129/http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high density of the scheduled tribes.<ref name="ttadc"/><ref name="ttadc self">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|title=About TTAADC|publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008102341/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The main political parties are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and [[Indian National Congress]] along with regional parties like [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] and [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|INPT]]. Until 1977, the state was governed by the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Bhattacharyya1986">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Banikantha|title=Tripura administration: the era of modernisation, 1870–1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|asin=B0006ENGHO|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424201343/https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|255–66}} The Left Front was in power from 1978 to 1988, and then again from 1993 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|title=Manik Sarkar-led CPI(M) wins Tripura Assembly elections for the fifth straight time|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=28 February 2013|access-date=28 March 2013|quote=The Left Front has been in power since 1978, barring one term during 1988 to 1993.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302213708/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> During 1988–1993, the Congress and [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] were in a ruling coalition.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28246658_1_attf-tiger-force-coup| title= Tripura terror outfit suffers vertical split| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 24 December 2010| access-date= 28 March 2013| quote= ATTF was an off shoot of All Tripura Tribal Force formed during the Congress-TUJS coalition government-1988-1993 in Tripura| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130503001415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28246658_1_attf-tiger-force-coup| archive-date= 3 May 2013| url-status= dead| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| df= dmy-all}}</ref> In the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], the Left Front won 50 out of 60 seats in the Assembly.<ref name=result2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411044332/http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=CPI(M) win in Tripura reflects re-emergence of Left Parties|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 February 2013|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018 assembly election]] resulted in loss for the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]]; the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won an overall majority in the state, resulting in the end of the Communist Party's uninterrupted twenty-five year rule.<ref name="hindu2018election">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=BJP stuns Left in Tripura|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=4 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055356/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BJP]] won 44 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] only got 16 seats and [[Indian National Congress]] lost by huge margins in all constituencies.

Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era, inspired by freedom struggle activities in [[Bengal]], and culminating in regional parties with communist leanings.<ref name="Chadha2005">{{cite book|last=Chadha|first=Vivek|title=Low intensity conflicts in India: an analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|year=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428022258/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>{{rp|362}} It capitalised on the tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers,<ref name="Chadha2005"/>{{rp|362}} and has been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches for identity".<ref name="Mitra2004">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Harihar|editor=Mitra, Subrata Kumar|title=Political Parties in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=88–9|chapter=Communist party of India (Marxist): from rebellion to governance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512180355/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, there is an ongoing [[Tripuri nationalism|irredentist]] [[Tripura rebellion]], involving militant outfits such as the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF); [[terrorism in India|terrorist]] incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of 389 victims in the seven-year period of 1993 to 2000.<ref>"Secessionist Movements of Tripura" in Prakash, ''Terrorism in India's North-east'' vol. 1, 2008, [books.google.ch/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC&pg=PA955 955ff.]</ref> The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] (AFSPA) was first enforced in Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the state. Ever since it was enforced in Tripura, the Act, as per its provisions, was reviewed and extended after every six months. However, in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist activities being reported, the Tripura government in June 2013 reduced operational areas of the AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last six-month extension to AFSPA was given in November 2014, and after about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015.<ref name="hindu2018election"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | title=AFSPA removed in Tripura after 18 years: Here's why it was enforced and why it's gone now | work=Firstpost India | date=29 May 2015 | agency=Firstpost | access-date=20 June 2015 | author=Anshu Lal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702141647/http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | archive-date=2 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''{{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}} at Constant Prices (2004–05 base)<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/>'''
figures in [[crore]]s [[Indian rupee]]
|-
! Year || {{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}}
|-
| 2004–05 ||   8,904
|-
| 2005–06 ||   9,482
|-
| 2006–07 || 10,202
|-
| 2007–08 || 10,988
|-
| 2008–09 || 11,596
|-
| 2009–10 || 12,248
|-
| 2010–11 || 12,947
|}
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2010–11 was {{INRConvert|129.47|b}} at constant price (2004–05),<ref name="nedfi gsdp">{{cite web|url=http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|title=Gross state domestic product of Tripura|publisher=North Eastern Development Finance Corporation|access-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423034247/http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|archive-date=23 April 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref> recording 5.71 per cent growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was {{INRConvert|48778.42|b}}, with a growth rate of 8.55 per cent.<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/> Annual per capita income at current price of the state was {{INRConvert|38493|nolink=yes}}, compared to the national per capita income {{INRConvert|44345|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="ecorev 2010 9">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2009–2010|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|page=9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In 2009, the [[tertiary sector of the economy]] (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of the state's economy compared to 23.07 per cent from the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] (industrial and manufacturing).<ref name="ecorev 2010 9"/> According to the Economic Census of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21 per cent of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60 per cent), public administration (14.54 per cent), and education (14.40 per cent).<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=77–82|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

Tripura is an agrarian state with more than half of the population dependent on agriculture and allied activities.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=8–10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27 per cent of the land is available for cultivation.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> Rice, the major crop of the state, is cultivated in 91 per cent of the cropped area.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> According to the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tripura, in 2009–10, potato, [[sugarcane]], [[Roselle (plant)|mesta]], [[pulse]]s and [[jute]] were the other major crops cultivated in the state.<ref name="glance 2010 agri">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|title=Tripura at a glance – 2010|at=Section: Agriculture 2009–10|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021105116/http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> [[Jackfruit]] and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.<ref name="glance 2010 agri"/> Traditionally, most of the indigenous population practised ''[[Jhum cultivation|jhum]]'' method (a type of [[slash-and-burn]]) of cultivation. The number of people dependent on ''jhum'' has declined over the years.<ref name="hdrchap2">{{cite book
|title = Tripura human development Report 2007
|chapter-url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|access-date = 19 April 2012
|publisher = Government of Tripura
|chapter = The economy
|year = 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|archive-date = 2 May 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>{{rp|37–9}}

[[File:Tripurarice (44).JPG|thumb|left|alt=Green paddy field with a few huts at a distance|Rice is the major crop in Tripura and accounts for 91 percent of the land under cultivation.]]
[[Fish farming|Pisciculture]] has made significant advances in the state. At the end of 2009–10, the state produced a surplus of 104.3 million [[Juvenile fish|fish seeds]], primarily [[Catla|carp]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 133-138">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=133–8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura ranks second to Kerala in the production of natural rubber in the country.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=14–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> The state is known for its [[handicraft]], particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products. High quality timber including [[Sal tree|sal]], [[Dipterocarpus|garjan]], [[teak]] and [[Gmelina arborea|gamar]] are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |title=Tata Trust signs MoU with Tripura Govt. for sustainable development |publisher=Tripura Infoway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711024952/http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF31; text-align:center;"| '''Per Capita Income with 2004–05 Base'''
|-
! Year !! Tripura !! India
|-
| 2004–05 || 24,394 || 24,095
|-
| 2005–06 || 26,668 || 27,183
|-
| 2006–07 || 29,081 || 31,080
|-
| 2007–08 || 31,111 || 35,430
|-
| 2008–09 || 33,350 || 40,141
|-
| 2010–11 || 33,493 || 44,345
|}
The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped – [[Brick#Methods of manufacture|brickfields]] and tea industry are the only two organised sectors.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Tripura has considerable reservoirs of natural gas.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|78–81}} According to estimates by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), the state has 400 billion metres3 reserves of natural gas, with 16 billion metres3 is recoverable.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> ONGC produced 480 million metres3 natural gas in the state, in 2006–07.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> In 2011 and 2013, new large discoveries of natural gas were announced by ONGC.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ ONGC makes three oil, gas discoveries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120929/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ |date=2 April 2015 }} UPI (March 2013)</ref> Tourism industry in the state is growing – the revenue earned in tourism sector crossed {{INRConvert|10|m}} for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassed {{INRConvert|15|m}} in 2010–11.<ref name="ecorev 2011 228-230">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=228–30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Although Bangladesh is in a [[trade deficit]] with India, its export to Tripura is significantly more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper ''The Hindu'' estimated Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about {{INRConvert|3.5|b}} to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very small quantity" of import.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013"/> Alongside legal international trade, unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant.<ref name="bus standard feb 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |title=Tripura-Bangladesh border fencing to boost trade |last=Dey |first=Supratim |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180102/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> In a research paper published by the [[Institute of Developing Economies]] in 2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of Bangladesh was emphasised.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura">{{cite web|title=Sub-regional relations in the eastern South Asia: with special focus on India's North Eastern region|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|last=Saha|first=Arunadoy|access-date=9 May 2013|editor1-last=Murayama|editor1-first=Mayumi|editor2-last=Inoue|editor2-first=Kyoko|editor3-last=Hazarika|editor3-first=Sanjoy|year=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120132512/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>{{rp|313}}

The economy of Tripura can be characterised by the high rate of poverty, low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of the population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tripurainfo.com/info/ | title=tripurainfo | access-date=20 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619002557/http://www.tripurainfo.com/Info/ | archive-date=19 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However agriculture and allied activities to Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and constraints coupled with severe resources for investing in basic infrastructure, this has brought consistency progress in the quality of life and income of people cutting across all sections of society. The state government through its Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in capital investment and transport, preferences in government procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has been not much significant beyond a few industries being set up in the [[Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|title=Industrial Growth Centers|publisher=Tripura Industrial Development Corporation Limited, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061459/http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|archive-date=1 January 2014|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] estimates the poverty rate of all North East Indian states by using headcount ratio of Assam (the second largest state in North East India after Arunachal Pradesh). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22 percent of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, Tripura government's independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data, reported that, in 2001, 55 percent of the rural population was below the poverty line.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Geographic isolation and communication bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted economic growth of the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/>

== Transport==
'''Air''' 
[[File:agartala airport from the apron.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]]
[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]], located 12 km northwest of Agartala at Singerbhil, is the second busiest airport in northeast India after Guwahati. There are direct flights to [[Kolkata]], [[Imphal]], [[Delhi]], [[Shillong]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Mumbai]]. The major airlines are [[AirAsia India]], [[Air India]] and [[Indigo Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Tripura seeks help from Centre after SpiceJet announces suspension of operation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-seeks-help-from-centre-after-spicejet-announces-suspension-of-operation/article24412293.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

'''Railway''' 
[[File:AGARTALA MAIN STATION.jpg|thumb|left|[[Agartala Railway Station]]]]
Agartala, came on India's railway map with the advent of the railways in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] in 1853 but the link was broken when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] in 1947. Railway service was established in Tripura in 1964 by constructing {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} track from [[Lumding]] in Assam to [[Dharmanagar]] and [[Kailasahar]] in Tripura but the track did not connect the state capital Agartala. Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when the railway track was extended to the capital Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The metre gauge rail track was connected to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] at Lumding. The major railway stations in this line are in Agartala, [[Dharmanagar]], and [[Kumarghat]]. This metre gauge track was converted to {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 2016 and now trains run from Agartala to [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. The total length of this railway track in Tripura state is 153 km. It is a single line without electrification.

The 76 km long track from Agartala to [[Belonia, India|Belonia]] railway station (station code BENA) has been commissioned and two trains run on this section. The 38 km long section from Belonia to Sabroom on the bank of [[Feni River]], which separates Tripura from Bangladesh, is being constructed as of 2019.

A new railway line is being laid westwards from Agartala to [[Akhaura]] in [[Bangladesh]]. This will reduce the distance between Agartala and [[Calcutta]] by over 1000 km and provide rail access to [[Chittagong]] port.

'''Road''' 
[[File:IBC Post.jpeg|thumb|The border post between Bangladesh and India in [[Akhaura]]]]
Only one major road, the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] (NH-8), connects Tripura to the rest of India.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=195–201|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Starting at [[Sabroom]] in southern Tripura, it heads north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as "Assam Road", the NH-8 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut the state off from its neighbours.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}<ref name="hdrchap2"/>{{rp|8}} Another National Highway, [[National Highway 8A (India)|NH 108]], connects the town [[Panisagar, Tripura|Panisagar]] in North Tripura District with [[Aizawl]], Mizoram.<ref name="highway list"/> The [[Tripura Road Transport Corporation]] is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The total length of roads in the state is {{convert|16931|km|mi|abbr=on}} of which national highways constitute {{convert|88|km|mi|abbr=on}} and state highways {{convert|689|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as of 2009–10.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.<ref name="Bareh2001"/>{{rp|140}}

Tripura has an {{convert|856|km|mi|abbr=on}} long international border with Bangladesh, of which {{convert|777.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} is fenced, as of 2012.<ref name="mha border">{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|title=Management of Indo-Bangladesh border|pages=1–2|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116192934/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several locations along the border serve as bilateral trading points between India and Bangladesh, such as Akhaura near Agartala, Raghna, Srimantpur, Belonia, Khowai and Kailasahar.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| title=Bangladesh violence hits border trade in Tripura| newspaper=The Hindu| last=Ali| first=Syed Sajjad| date=5 March 2013| access-date=7 May 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032205/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| archive-date=11 May 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref> A [[Transport between India and Bangladesh|bus service]] exists between Agartala and [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| title= How to reach Tripura by international bus service| publisher= Tripura Tourism Development Corporation, Government of Tripura| access-date= 7 May 2013| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709235623/http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| archive-date= 9 July 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="toi 2003 bus">{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| title= Dhaka-Agartala bus service agreement signed| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 9 September 2003| access-date= 7 May 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| archive-date= 3 December 2013| url-status= dead| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, the two countries signed an agreement to establish a {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} railway link between Agartala and [[Akhaura Upazila#Railways and transportation|the Akhaura junction]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="et nov 2013">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |title=Progress of Akhaura-Agartala rail link to be reviewed on December 4 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130054700/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |archive-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Citizens of both countries need [[visa (document)|visa]] to legally enter the other country; however, illegal movement and smuggling across the border are widespread.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura"/>{{rp|314}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|title=Drug smuggling rampant on Tripura-Bangla border|last=Soondas|first=Anand|date=29 April 2005|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media and communication==
[[Doordarshan]] (DD) has a television station in Agartala.
Akash Tripura, is one of the first television channels in Agartala. It is a full-time Agartala-based news channel. Other full-time based channels are Headlines Tripura,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headlinestripura.net |title=Tripura Homepage |publisher=Headlinestripura.net\accessdate=2015-05-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129235205/http://headlinestripura.net/ |archive-date=29 January 2014 }}</ref> News Vanguard, PB 24, Prime Television Network, Kok Tripura, Swrangchati News Channel and Chini Khorang.

As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in Tripura.<ref name="tripura papers">{{cite web|url=http://tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|title=List of newspapers categorized by the state Government as per advertisement guidelines – 2009|date=13 June 2012|access-date=10 August 2012|publisher=Department of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319063744/http://www.tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Most of the newspapers are published in Bengali, except for one Kokborok daily (''[[Hachukni Kok]]''), one Manipuri weekly (''Marup''), two English dailies and three bilingual weeklies.<ref name="tripura papers"/> Notable dailies include ''[[Ajkal Tripura]]'', ''[[Daily Desher Katha]]'', ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'' and ''[[Syandan Patrika]]''.<ref name="tripura papers"/> and popular news portal www.tripurachronicle.in In a study by [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] in 2009, 93 per cent of the sampled in Tripura rated television as very effective for information and mass education.<ref name="iimc sample">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|title=Impact and penetration of mass media in North East and J and K regions|publisher=Indian Institute of Mass Communication|date=March 2009|access-date=10 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105080733/http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> In the study, 67 per cent of the sampled listened to radio and 80–90 per cent read newspaper.<ref name="iimc sample"/> Most of the major Indian telecommunication companies are present in the state, such as [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Aircel]], [[Vodafone]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]], [[Jio]], [[Idea]] and [[BSNL]]. Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled BSNL has 57,897 landline subscribers and {{formatnum:325279}} GSM mobile service connections.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state, as of 2011.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

===Electricity===
Till 2014, Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently discovered [[natural gas]] resources, and installing high efficiency gas turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations. These are owned by Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL), natural gas-powered [[thermal power station]]s at Rokhia and Baramura, and the [[ONGC Tripura Power Company]] in Palatana.<ref name="indexp palatala">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-inaugurates-ongc-tripura-power-plant/1132373/ | title= President inaugurates ONGC Tripura power plant |date= 22 June 2013|access-date=22 July 2013| last=Iqbal | first= Naveed| newspaper= The Indian Express}}</ref> The ONGC plant has a capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in November 2014.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pm-modi-palatana-power-project-tripura-northeast-visit-centre-projects/1/404676.html PM Modi inaugurates second unit of Palatana power project in Tripura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204033831/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pm-modi-palatana-power-project-tripura-northeast-visit-centre-projects/1/404676.html |date=4 December 2014 }} India Today</ref><ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator BHEL commissions second gas-based power plant in Tripura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218033906/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator |date=18 December 2014 }} BHEL, The Economic Times (November 2014)</ref> It is the largest individual power plant in the northeast region.<ref>[http://www.otpcindia.in ONGC Tripura Power Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209124400/http://www.otpcindia.in/ |date=9 February 2014 }} (2014)</ref>

The state also has a [[Hydroelectricity|hydro power]] station on the Gumti River. The combined power generation from these three stations is 100–105 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=190–2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|North Eastern Electric Power Corporation]] (NEEPCO) operates the 84 MW Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192"/> As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is being built at Monarchak.<ref name="et neepco">{{cite web|url= http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|title= Commissioning of Monarchak power project uncertain: NEEPCO|date= 18 November 2014|access-date= 1 December 2014|newspaper= Business Standard|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204213517/http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|archive-date= 4 December 2014|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

With the newly added power generation capacity, Tripura has with enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India, as well export power to neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141201214035/http://www.morungexpress.com/regional/125334.html PM dedicates power plant in Tripura] The Morung Express (1 December 2014)</ref> With recent discoveries, the state has abundant natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver the fuel or electricity to India's national grid.

===Irrigation and fertilizers===
As of 2011, {{convert|255241|ha|sqmi|0|lk=in}} of land in Tripura cultivable, of which {{convert|108646|ha|sqmi|0}} has the potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only {{convert|74796|ha|sqmi|0}} is irrigated.<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=16 October 2012|pages=193–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The state lacks major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced from Gumti, Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise [[tube well]]s, water pumps, tanks and [[lift irrigation]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195"/>

ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building a fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in Tripura.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak Urea plant to become operational in Tripura in 3 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221071910/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak |date=21 December 2014 }} The Economic Times (June 2014)</ref> Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html ONGC sets sight on Bangladesh for fertiliser sale from Tripura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812005139/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html |date=12 August 2014 }} Business Standard (June 2014)</ref>

===Drinking water===
[http://www.dwstripura.in/dws/Index.aspx Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing] of [http://pwd.tripura.gov.in/pwd/index.php/ Public Works Department] manages the [[drinking water]] supply in the state. Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of Tripura have the problem of excessive iron content in groundwater requiring the installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP). Tripura State has received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people with the sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly regions of the State. However, a study by the DWS Department found a depleting water table and excessive contamination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |title=Land of water, no more |publisher=India Water Portal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214094604/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> Still, packaged drinking water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance in rural areas is less.

==Education==
{{main|Education in Tripura}}
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Tripura}}
[[File:Tripura-school294.jpg|thumb|right|Classrooms built of [[bamboo]] in a school. In 2010–11, Tripura had 4,455 schools run by the state government or private organisations.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=232–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Instruction is mainly in English or [[Bengali language|Bengali]].|alt=Classrooms made of bamboo in a school]]

Per 2011 census, the literacy rate of Tripura was 87.75 percent, the fourth-highest in India (which had a national literacy rate of 74.04 percent).<ref name="litrate">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|date=8 September 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> A state government survey in 2013 announced that Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India at 94.65 percent.<ref name="litrate"/> Schools in Tripura are run by the state government, TTAADC or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Instruction in schools is mainly in Bengali or English, though [[Kokborok]] and other regional languages are also used. Some of the special schools include [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]], residential schools run by Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm/ |title=Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822143140/http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm |archive-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> missionary organisations like St. Paul's,
St. Arnold's, Holy Cross, Don Bosco, and St. John's. The schools are affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education]].<ref name="goi mhrd boards">{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |title=Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India |publisher=Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320234548/http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> Under the [[Education in India#10+2+3 pattern|10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]] or in a higher secondary school affiliated either to the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or to other central boards. Students choose from one of the three streams—[[liberal arts]], commerce or science.<ref name="goi mhrd boards"/> As in the rest of India,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Y.K.|last2=Nath|first2=R.|title=History of Indian education system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-932-4|pages=174–5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501130534/http://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> after passing the [[Higher Secondary Examination]] (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programs such as [[bachelor's degree]] in arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programs such as engineering, law or medicine.

According to the Economic Review of Tripura 2010–11, Tripura has a total of 4,455 schools, of which 2,298 are primary schools.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> The total enrolment in all schools of the state is 767,672.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> Tripura has one [[Central University, India|Central University]] ([[Tripura University]]), one State University ([[Maharaja Bir Bikram College|M. B. B. University]]) and one private university (a branch of the [[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India]]). There are 15 general colleges, three engineering colleges ([[Tripura Institute of Technology]], [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] and [http://agartala.nielit.gov.in/ NIEILT, Agartala]), two medical colleges ([[Agartala Government Medical College]] and [[Tripura Medical College]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agmc.gov.in |title=Agartala Government Medical College website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704040013/http://www.agmc.gov.in/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmc.nic.in/ |title=Tripura Medical College and Hospital website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505045352/http://www.tmc.nic.in/ |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> three nursing or paramedical colleges, three polytechnic colleges, one law college, one [http://www.sdmgovtmusiccollege.in/home/ Government Music College], one [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502025825/http://cofcau.nic.in/welcome.html College of Fisheries], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150701002129/http://www.iasetripura.in/IASE/Index.aspx/ Institute of Advance Studies in Education], one [http://yas.tripura.gov.in/rcpe-panisagar/ Regional College of Physical Education] at Panisagar and one art college.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |title=List of Professional Colleges in Tripura |publisher=Tripura University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033837/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref> Tripura University also houses the [http://rcagartala.ignou.ac.in/ IGNOU Agartala Regional Center].

==Healthcare==
{{main|Healthcare in Tripura}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Health indices as of 2010'''<ref name="eco rev p 251">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|page=251|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}} These data are based on [[Sample Registration System]] of Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.</ref>
|-
! Indicator !! Tripura !! India
|-
|[[Birth rate]] || 14.9 || 22.1
|-
|[[Death rate]] || 5.0 || 7.2
|-
| [[Infant mortality rate]]|| 27|| 47
|-
| [[Total fertility rate]] || 2.2 || 2.7
|-
| [[Rate of natural increase|Natural growth rate]]||9.9 || 14.9
|}

Healthcare in Tripura features a [[universal health care]] system run by the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Tripura)|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]] of the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|title=Health care centres of Tripura|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117014941/http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> The health care infrastructure is divided into three tiers – the primary health care network, a secondary care system comprising district and sub-divisional hospitals and tertiary hospitals providing speciality and super speciality care. As of 2010–11, there are 17 hospitals, 11 rural hospitals and community health centres, 79 primary health centres, 635 sub-centres/dispensaries, 7 blood banks and 7 blood storage centres in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=254–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] styles of medicine are also popular in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5"/> The National Family Health Survey – 3 conducted in 2005–06 revealed that 20 per cent of the residents of Tripura do not generally use government health facilities, and prefers the private medical sector.<ref name="nfhs3 438">{{cite web|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|author=International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS – 3), 2005–06|date=September 2007|access-date=5 October 2012|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|page=438|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208112913/http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> This is overwhelmingly less compared to the national level, where 65.6 per cent do not rely on government facilities.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As in the rest of India, Tripura residents also cite poor quality of care as the most frequent reason for non-reliance over the public health sector. Other reasons include distance of the public sector facilities, long waiting time, and inconvenient hours of operation.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As of 2010, the state's performance in major public health care indices, such as birth rate, infant mortality rate and total fertility rate is better than the national average.<ref name="eco rev p 251"/> The state is vulnerable to epidemics of [[malaria]], [[diarrhea]], [[Japanese encephalitis]] and [[meningitis]]. In summer 2014 the state witnessed a major malaria outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|title=Malaria deaths put Tripura on high alert|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706005859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Population growth'''<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! Census !! Population !! %±
|-
| 1951 || 639,000 || —
|-
| 1961 || 1,142,000 || 78.7%
|-
| 1971 || 1,556,000 || 36.3%
|-
| 1981 || 2,053,000 || 31.9%
|-
| 1991 || 2,757,000 || 34.3%
|-
| 2001 || 3,199,203 || 16%
|-
| 2011 || 3,671,032 || 14.7%
|}

Tripura ranks second to Assam as the most populous state in [[Northeast India|North East India]]. According to the provisional results of [[2011 census of India]], Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.<ref name="prov pop paper 2">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf|title=Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> It constitutes 0.3 per cent of India's population. The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population is 350 persons per square kilometre.<ref name="pop glance pap 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |title=Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 – Tripura |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021520/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75 per cent,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> higher than the national average 74.04 per cent, and third best among all the states.

Tripura ranked 6th in [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) among 35 states and union territories of India, according to 2006 estimate by India's [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]; the HDI of Tripura was 0.663, better than the all-India HDI 0.605.<ref name="wcd 2006 hdi">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|title=HDI and GDI estimates for India and the states/UTs: results and analysis|work=Gendering human development indices: recasting the gender development index and gender empowerment measure for India|publisher=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|year=2009|pages=30–2|access-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160655/http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the police in Tripura recorded 5,803 [[cognisable offence]]s under the [[Indian Penal Code]], a number second only to Assam (66,714) in North East India.<ref name=ncrb2011p246>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |page=246 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215324/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per 100,000 people, less than the all-India average of 192.2.<ref name=ncrb2011p200>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |page=200 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192832/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> However, 2010 reports showed that the state topped all the states for crime against women, with a rate of 46.5 per 100,000 people, significantly more than the national rate of 18.<ref name=ncrb2010p81>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |title=Crime in India-2010 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |page=81 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419002342/http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
[[File:Tripuri 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] children preparing for a dance performance.<ref name="Kumāra2007"/><ref name="st 2001 hl"/>|alt=Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance]]
The Indigenous [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] constitute about 31 per cent of the state population while other non-indigenous like the migrants<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deb|first=Mrinal Kanti|last2=Mahato|first2=Arobindo|date=2017|title=Understanding the politics around illegal migration from Bangladesh into Assam and Tripura|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajrssh&volume=7&issue=9&article=019|journal=Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|pages=222|doi=10.5958/2249-7315.2017.00456.7|issn=2249-7315}}</ref> Bengalis about 69 per cent of Tripura's population.<ref name="st 2001 hl">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|title=Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303210236/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> The other ethnic groups of people recognised by the country's constitution, consist of ethnic groups like [[Chakma people|Chakma]] (6.5 per cent), [[Halam tribe|Halam]] (4.8 per cent), [[Mog people|Mog]] (3.1 per cent), [[Munda people|Munda]] (1.2 per cent), [[Kuki people|Kuki]] (1.2 per cent) and [[Garo people|Garo]] (1.1 per cent).<ref name="st 2001 hl" /> and many sub-groups,<ref name="19 st">{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|title=State wise scheduled tribes: Lo Tripura|publisher=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124214944/http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> with diverse languages and cultures.

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Tripura}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Tripura per 2011 Indian census<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Indian Census: Language and Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/Kolkata/every-5th-bengali-speaker-lives-outside-bengal/amp_articleshow/64770649.cms |title=Every 5th Bengali speaker lives outside Bengal |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|label2=[[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]
|label3=[[Chakma language|Chakma]]
|label4=[[Hindi]]
|label5=[[Mogh language|Mogh]] (Marma)
|label6=Others
|value1=63.48
|value2=25.90
|value3=2.17
|value4=2.11
|value5=0.97
|value6=5.37
|color1=gold
|color2=deepskyblue
|color3=red
|color4=orange
|color5=green
|color6=grey
}}
[[Kokborok language|Tripuri (Kokborok)]] is the Indigenous language of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2021-06-17|title=Tripura: TTAADC Initiates Official Use Of Kokborok|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/06/17/tripura-ttaadc-initiates-official-use-of-kokborok/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref> However, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the most spoken due to migration from the neighboring country Bangladesh with Noakhailla as the most wide spread dialect. Other minority languages such as [[Arakanese language|Mog]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Falam language|Halam]], [[Garo language|Garo]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]] belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken in the state.<ref name="nclm 2001 table">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], Government of India|year=2011|pages=116–21|access-date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> [[Thadou language|Thadou]], a nearly extinct language, is spoken by only four people in one village, as of 2012.<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 July 2012 |access-date= 7 April 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130103122507/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

===Demography of Indigenous population===

'''Percentage of Tripuris by decade'''<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/1/16/in-tripura-indian-citizenship-law-reignites-old-hostilities</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/brus-vs-non-tribal-bengalis-its-a-clash-among-the-displaced-in-tripura/article30883079.ece</ref><ref name="repository.tribal.gov.in">https://repository.tribal.gov.in › ...PDF
Web results
Kaloi Community in Tripura Group-A (500 Copy) - Tribal Digital ...</ref><ref>https://trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''1941'''
| '''50.09%'''
| '''–'''
|-
| '''1951'''
| '''48.65%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-13.41%'''
|-
| '''1961'''
| '''31.55%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-17.1%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''28.65%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-2.59%'''
|-
| '''1981'''
| '''28.44%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-0.21%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''30.95%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.51%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''31.05%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.1%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''31.78%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.73%'''
|}
In 1941, the Indigenous [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] made up 50.09% of the population in present-day Tripura while the non-indiegenous refugees people, mainly Bengalis and non-Bengalis made up the rest and were concentrated mainly in the plains.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The percentage of decreased from 50.09% in 1941 (before partition) to 37.23% (after partition) in 1951 due to [[East Bengali refugees]] coming from [[East Pakistan]], present-day-[[Bangladesh]]. After 1971, the indigenous Tripuri population of Tripura increased from 28.44% in 1981 to 31.05% in 2001.<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/census-data-busts-tripura-tribal-myths/cid/735625</ref> The 2011 census records that indigenous Tripuris constitute 31.78% of the state population which is up from the previous census record of 31.05% in 2001.<ref name="repository.tribal.gov.in"/>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|color1=darkorange|value4=3.41|color6=brown|color5=darkkhaki|color4=yellow|color3=dodgerblue|color2=Green|value7=.2|value6=.02|value5=.02|value3=4.35|label1=[[Hinduism]]|label7=Other or no religion|label6=[[Jainism]]|label5=[[Sikhism]]|label4=[[Buddhism]]|label3=[[Christianity]]|label2=[[Islam]]|value2=8.6|value1=83.4|color7=Black|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Tripura (2011 census)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2017|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2017|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>}}
According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in the state, followed by 83.40 per cent of the population.<ref name="2017 Census religion state">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 11 December 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Muslims make up 8.60 per cent of the population, [[Christians]] 4.35 per cent, and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] 3.41 per cent.<ref name="2011 Census religion state">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Christianity is chiefly followed by members of the [[Lusei tribe|Lushai]], Kuki, Garo, Halam tribes and as per 2017 census has 159,882 adherents.<ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|year=2017|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-795-5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|135–6}}

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Tripura|Tripuri culture|Bengali culture}}
[[File:Traditional dress of Tripura.jpg|thumb|Tripuri couple in traditional attire]]
[[File:Durga Puja DS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Durga Puja]] is the major festival of Tripura]]
The diverse ethno-linguistic groups of Tripura have given rise to a composite culture.<ref name="comp book">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples| last=Das|first=J.K|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|page=215}}</ref><ref name="nkc compos">{{cite web|url=http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|title=Tripura: a composite culture|work=Glimpses from the North-East|last=Chaudhury|first=Saroj|publisher=[[National Knowledge Commission]]|year=2009|pages=55–61|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911012156/http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2010}}</ref> The major Tripuri clans are [[Debbarma]], [[Jamatia]], [[Reang]], Tripura, [[Noatia]]. And there are tribal groups such as [[Murasing]], Chakma, [[Halam (ethnic group)|Halam]], Garo, Kuki, [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Uchoi]], Dhamai, Roaza, [[Mogh]] Munda, [[Oraon]] and [[Santhal people|Santhal]] who migrated in Tripura as tea labourers.<ref name="19 st" /> Bengali people represent the largest ethno-linguist community of the state. Bengali culture, as a result, is the main non-indigenous culture. The Tripuri Maharajas were great patrons of Bengali culture, especially literature;<ref name="Paul2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|title=The eyewitness: tales from Tripura's ethnic conflict|last=Paul|first=Manas|date=19 April 2010|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-15-2|page=104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222457/http://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengali language]] replaced [[Kokborok]] as the language of the court.<ref name="Boland-CreweLea2002">{{cite book|last1=Boland-Crewe|first1=Tara|last2=Lea|first2=David|title=The territories and states of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|date=15 November 2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-148-3|page=238|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514220600/http://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Elements of Bengali culture, such as [[Bengali literature]], [[Bengali music]], and [[Bengali cuisine]] are widespread, particularly in the urban areas of the state.<ref name="Sircar2006">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=Kaushik|title=The consumer in the north-east: new vistas for marketing|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0023-5}}</ref>{{rp|110}}<ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 p. 2268] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502180050/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 |date=2 May 2016 }}</ref>

Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane handicrafts.<ref name="nkc compos" /> Bamboo, wood and cane are used to create an array of furniture, utensils, hand-held fans, replicas, mats, baskets, idols and interior decoration materials.<ref name="Chakraborty2006"/>{{rp|39–41}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|title=Handicrafts|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410083950/http://www.tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|archive-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Music and dance are integral to the culture of the state. Some local musical instruments are the ''[[sarinda]]'', ''[[Musical instruments of Tripura#Chongpreng|chongpreng]]'' (both string instruments), and ''[[sumui]]'' (a type of [[flute]]).<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975"/>{{rp|344–5}} Each indigenous community has its own repertoire of songs and dances performed during weddings, religious occasions, and other festivities. The Tripuri and Jamatia people perform [[goria dance]] during the [[Goria puja]]. [[Jhum dance]] (also called tangbiti dance), [[lebang dance]], [[mamita dance]], and [[mosak sulmani dance]] are other Tripuri dance forms.<ref name="ttaadc culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |title=The folk dance and music of Tripura |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Reang community, the second largest scheduled tribe of the state, is noted for its [[hojagiri dance]] that is performed by young girls balanced on earthen pitchers.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> [[Bizhu dance]] is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'' in [[Hindu calendar]]). Other dance forms include [[wangala]] dance of the Garo people, [[hai-hak dance]] of the Halam branch of Kuki people, and [[sangrai dance]] and [[owa dance]] of the Mog.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> Alongside such traditional music, mainstream Indian musical elements such as [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]] are also practised.<ref name="Hazarika2000">{{cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|title=Rites of passage: border crossings, imagined homelands, India's east and Bangladesh|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100422-8|page=169}}</ref> [[Sachin Dev Burman]], a member of the royal family, was a maestro in the [[filmi]] genre of Indian music.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema|date=24 August 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28853-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109 109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109}}</ref>

Hindus believe that ''[[Tripura Sundari]]'' is the [[patron god]]dess of Tripura and an aspect of ''[[Shakti]]''.<ref name="Bera2010"/>{{rp|30}} [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Holi|Dolyatra]], Ashokastami and the worship of the [[Chaturdasha Temple|''Chaturdasha'' deities]] are important festivals in the state. Some festivals represent confluence of different regional traditions, such as [[Ganga puja]], [[Garia puja]], [[Kharchi puja]] and [[Ker puja]].<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.P.|title=Famous festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-288-8|chapter=Tripura festival|date=8 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223300/http://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|title=Fairs and festivals|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204193132/http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] are historic sites where large collections of stone carvings and rock sculptures are noted.<ref name="nkc compos"/><ref name="herald rock">{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |title=Tripura sculptures, rock images speak of glorious past |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122533/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=5 January 2015 }}</ref> Like [[Neermahal]] is a cultural Water Palace of this state. Sculptures are evidence of the presence of Buddhist and [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] orders for centuries, and represent a rare artistic fusion of traditional organised religions and tribal influence.<ref name="Chauley2007">{{cite book|first=G. C.|last=Chauley|title=Art treasures of Unakoti, Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7320-066-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223719/http://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Session2003">{{cite book|author=North East India History Association. Session|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=The Association|page=13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514230310/http://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ChaudhuriChaudhuri1983">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Saroj|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Bikach|title=Glimpses of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Tripura Darpan Prakashani|page=5|asin=B0000CQFES|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231214/http://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>
The State Museum in the Ujjayanta Palace in Agartala has impressive galleries that depict the history and culture of Tripura through pictures, videos and other installations.

==Sports==
[[association football|Football]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year in which many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. The [[Tripura cricket team]] participates in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.<ref name="nat game">{{cite news|url=http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|title=34th National Games medal tally|newspaper=Ranchi Express|year=2011|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110063815/http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ne games">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|title=Northeastern games|publisher=[[Sports Authority of India]]|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611023051/http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

Tennis player [[Somdev Devvarman]], who won the gold medal in the [[Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's Singles|Men's Singles]] event at the [[2010 Asian Games]], has family roots in Tripura.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patwardhan |first1=Deepti |title=Somdev Devvarman: An Indian unafraid to play game of attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZdVcIjdtIZZixB1ib2OZmN/Somdev-Devvarman-An-Indian-unafraid-to-play-game-of-attriti.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Mint |date=4 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2010|title=Asian Games: Somdev Devvarman wins seventh gold for India|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-news/asian-games-somdev-devvarman-wins-seventh-gold-for-india/articleshow/6974595.cms|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Dipa Karmakar]] from Agartala became the first ever female gymnast from India to qualify for the Olympics when she qualified for the women's [[artistic gymnastics]] event of [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|title=Dipa Karmakar becomes 1st Indian woman gymnast to qualify for Rio Olympics|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=19 April 2016|access-date=21 April 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421031905/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Other notable gymnasts from Tripura include [[Mantu Debnath]], [[Kalpana Debnath]], and [[Bishweshwar Nandi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2014|title=Leap to gold|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/leap-to-gold/|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] – 1908–1947, one of the last [[Manikya dynasty|Kings of Tripura]].
* [[Sachin Dev Burman]] – Bollywood composer and singer.
* [[Rahul Dev Burman]] – Bollywood composer and singer.
* [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
* [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
* [[Bibhu Kumari Devi]] – Rajmata of Tripura
* [[Kanchan Prava Devi]]
* [[Radha Kishore Manikya]]
* [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
* [[Maha Manikya]]
* [[ N.C. Debbarma]]
* [[Dharma Manikya I]]
* [[Ratna Manikya I]]
* [[Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman]]– Indian sitarist and Dhrupad singer
* [[Kujendra Lal Tripura]]
* [[Pratap Manikya]]
* [[Sourabhee Debbarma]] – First female Indian idol winner, TV performer and singer.
* [[Riya Sen|Riya Sen Dev Varma]] – Bollywood actress.
* [[Raima Sen|Raima Sen Dev Varma]] – Bollywood actress.
* [[Somdev Devvarman]] – Indian tennis player. Somdev Devvarman created history<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2010|title=Asiad: Somdev Creates History, India Retains 8th Spot|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/asiad-somdev-creates-history-india-retains-8th-spot/702187|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.outlookindia.com|publisher=[[Outlook.com]]}}</ref> by becoming the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the [[Asian Games]]. In 2011, Devvarman received the [[Arjuna Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-20|title=Somdev receives Arjuna Award|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/somdev-receives-arjuna-award/story-wpYRBmXSWHWNAAFhPOkVvI.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Agencies|first=New Delhi|date=20 September 2011|title=Somdev Devvarman receives Arjuna Award|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/somdev-devvarman-receives-arjuna-award/|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> from the Indian government for his tennis successes. In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, appointed him as the national observer for tennis. In 2018, he was awarded with the civilian award [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kidambi Srikanth, Somdev Devvarman receive Padma Shri awards; Padma Bhushan for Dhoni - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kidambi-srikanth-somdev-devvarman-receive-padma-shri-awards-padma-bhushan-for-dhoni/articleshow/63384367.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Narendra Chandra Debbarma]]
* [[Mathura Bikash Tripura]]
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
* [[Dasarath Deb]]
* [[Aghore Debbarma]]
* [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]
* [[Bidya Debbarma]]
* [[Ranjit Debbarma]]
* [[Jotindra Lal Tripura]]
* [[Nagendra Jamatia]]
* [[Benichandra Jamatia]] – Padma Shri Indian folk writer and litterateur
* [[Mevar Kumar Jamatia]]
* [[Satyaram Reang]] – Padma Shri Indian folk performer and folk artist
* [[Shobha Rani Tripura]]
* [[Harinath Debbarma]]
* [[Tanushree Deb Barma]]- The First Woman [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer of Tripura.
* [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]]
* [[Manoranjan Debbarma]]
* [[Rashiram Debbarma]]
* [[Aghore Debbarma]]
* [[Padma Kumar Debbarma]]
* [[Jashabir Tripura]]
* [[Ramendra Narayan Debbarma]]
* [[Harinath Debbarma]]
* [[Radhacharan Debbarma]]
* [[Rathin Datta]]
* [[Mantu Debnath]]
* [[Kalpana Debnath]]
* [[Saraswati Dey]]
* [[Bishweshwar Nandi]]
* [[Dipa Karmakar]]
* [[Nistha Chakraborty]]
* [[Anshuman Nandi]]
* [[Arshiya Das]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Tipraland]]
* [[Manikya dynasty]]
*[[Habugra]]
*[[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]
*[[Tripura Industrial Development Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web| url=http://www.oocities.org/the_agony_of_tripura/| title=The Agony of Tripura}} By Mr. J.D. Mandal (2003)
* {{cite book|last=Gan-Chaudhuri|first=Jagadis|title=An anthology of Tripura|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Inter-India Publications|oclc=568730389}}
* {{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Nalini Ranjan|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|year=1977|publisher=Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura|oclc=4497205}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Pravas Ranjan|title=Economic transition in Tripura|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|isbn=978-0-7069-7171-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Palit|first=Projit Kumar|title=History of religion in Tripura|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Kaveri Books|isbn=978-81-7479-064-4}}
* {{cite book|last=DebBarma|first=Chandramani|title=Glory of Tripura civilisation: history of Tripura with Kok Borok names of the kings|year=2006|publisher=Parul Prakashani|oclc=68193115}}
* Jain, Sandhya (2010). Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study]. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
; Government
* [http://tripura.gov.in/ Tripura Government]
* [http://tripuratourism.gov.in/ Tripura Tourism]
* [http://tpsc.nic.in/ Public Service Commission]
* [http://ceotripura.nic.in/ Election Department]

'''General information'''
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Tripura/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2026458}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tripura
|North = [[Sylhet Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northeast = [[Assam]]
|East = [[Mizoram]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Southwest =
|West = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Tripura topics}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= India |commons= y |commons-search= Category:Tripura |n= y |wikt= y |wikt-search= Tripura |b= y |s= y |v= y |voy= y |voy-search= Tripura }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Bengali-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Greater Tripura Region]]

Tripura

2021-08-05T15:20:02Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Short description|State in northeastern India}} {{About|the Indian state of Tripura|the mythological city|Tripura (mythology)|the 2015 Indian film|Tripura (film)}} {{Use dmy..."

{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}
{{About|the Indian state of Tripura|the mythological city|Tripura (mythology)|the 2015 Indian film|Tripura (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox state
| name = Tripura
| official_name = Tripura
| native_name =
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Forests invoking to be explored.JPG
| photo1b = Unakoti 1.jpg
| photo2a = Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg
| photo3a = Neer-Mahal.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 250
}}
| image_caption = (clockwise from top) [[Clouded Leopard National Park]]; Rock-cut sculptures at [[Unakoti]]; [[Ujjayanta Palace]]; [[Neermahal palace]]
| image_map = IN-TR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.84|91.28|region:IN-TR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Agartala
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Subdivision
| subdivision_name = 23 subdivisions
| established_title = Union territory
| established_date = 1 November 1956
| established_title1 = State
| established_date1 = 21 January 1972{{ref|cap|†}}
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Agartala]]
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts of Tripura|8]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = {{nowrap|[[Government of Tripura]]}}
| leader_title = [[Governors of Tripura|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Satyadev Narayan Arya]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Governors of States/UTs of India |url=https://pendulumedu.com/blog/governors-and-lieutenant-governors-of-indian-states-and-uts |website=PendulumEdu |publisher=PendulumEdu |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Biplab Kumar Deb]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Biplab Deb takes oath as Tripura chief minister|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Xchvm1A5zrM7Zj47RZbxlN/Biplab-Deb-set-to-take-oath-as-Tripura-chief-minister-today.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|date=9 March 2018|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309083239/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Xchvm1A5zrM7Zj47RZbxlN/Biplab-Deb-set-to-take-oath-as-Tripura-chief-minister-today.html|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tripura|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jishnu Dev Varma]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP picks Biplab Deb as new Tripura CM, Jishnu Debbarma to be his deputy|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-leader-biplab-deb-will-be-new-tripura-cm-jishnu-dev-varma-his-deputy/story-h0AzOQH581uv1699O5MCeL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name3 = [[Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|60 seats]])
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Know Tripura {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/know-tripura |website=tripura.gov.in |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 10491.69
| area_rank = 27th (2014)
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = {{increase neutral}}3671032
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 22nd (2014)
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_title1 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|Nominal]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{INRConvert|0.461|lc}}
| demographics2_title2 = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Nominal per capita]]
| demographics2_info2 = {{INRConvert|112849}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TR]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#TR.E2.80.94Tripura|TR]]-
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.663 (medium)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|HDI rank]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 25th
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 87.75 % (2011)<ref>{{citation | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf | title=State of Literacy | publisher=censusindia.gov.in | access-date=20 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf | archive-date=6 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official languages]]}}<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 79–84 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref>
| blank_info_sec2 = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Kokborok]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| website = {{url|http://tripura.gov.in/}}
| module = {{Infobox place symbols
| embedded = yes
|region = Tripura
|region_type= 
| country = 
| flag =
| emblem =[[Emblem of Tripura]] [[File:Seal of Tripura.svg|50px|left]]
| nickname =
| motto =[[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| anthem =
| song = 
| foundation_day =
| currency =
| calendar =
| dance =
| instrument =
| vegetable =
| food = 
| drink =
| sweet = 
| river = 
| fossil =
| mineral =
| sport = 
| costume = 
| colour = 
}}
| footnotes = {{ref|cap|†}}It was elevated from the status of Union territory by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
| type = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| seat1_type = Most populous city
| seat1 = [[Agartala]]
}}

'''Tripura''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|p|ʊr|ə|,_|-|ər|ə}})<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in northeastern [[India]]. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers {{convert|10491.69|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and is bordered by [[Bangladesh]] to the north,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms|title=Rohingya crisis: Security tightened along India-Myanmar border|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915082041/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rohingya-crisis-security-tightened-along-india-myanmar-border/articleshow/60526163.cms|archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> south, and west, and the Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]] to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0.3% of the country's population.

The area of modern Tripura—ruled for several centuries by the [[Manikya dynasty]]—was part of an independent [[princely state]] under the protectorate of the [[British Raj|British Empire]]. The independent [[Tripuri Kingdom]] (also known as Hill Tippera) joined the newly independent India in 1949.

Tripura lies in a geographically isolated location in India, as only one major highway, the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]], connects it with the rest of the country. Five mountain ranges—[[Boromura]], [[Atharamura]], [[Longtharai]], [[Shakhan]] and [[Jampui Hills]]—run north to south, with intervening valleys; [[Agartala]], the capital, is located on a plain to the west. The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], and receives seasonal heavy rains from the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]]. Forests cover more than half of the area, in which [[bamboo]] and [[cane (grass)|cane]] tracts are common. Tripura has the highest number of [[primate]] species found in any Indian state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure. Most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product.

According to 2011 census, Tripura is one of the most literate states in India with a literacy rate of 87.75%. According to 2015 Child Census, the literacy rate had increased to about 95.65%. Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities; the use of locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] provide historical evidence of artistic fusion between organised and tribal religions.

==Etymology==
[[File:Tripura Sundari Temple, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripura Sundari Temple]] in [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]].]]
The [[Sanskrit]] name of the state is linked to the Hindu goddess of beauty; [[Tripura Sundari]], the presiding deity of the [[Tripura Sundari Temple]] at [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], one of the 51 ''[[Shakti Peethas]]'' (pilgrimage centres of ''[[Shaktism]]''),<ref name="hr name"/><ref name="Debbarma1996"/> and to the legendary tyrant king Tripur, who reigned in the region. Tripur was the 39th descendant of [[Druhyu]], who belonged to the lineage of [[Yayati]], a king of the [[Lunar Dynasty]].<ref name="Acharjya1979">{{cite book|last=Acharjya|first=Phanibhushan|title=Tripura|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489119|year=1979|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=1|asin=B0006E4EQ6}}</ref>

There are alternative theories regarding the origin of the name Tripura, such as a possible Sanskritic [[folk etymology]] of a Tibeto-Burman ([[Kokborok]]) name. Variants of the name include ''Tipra'', ''Tuipura'' and ''Tippera''. A Kokborok etymology from ''twi'' (water) and ''pra'' (near) has been suggested; the boundaries of Tripura extended to the [[Bay of Bengal]] when the kings of the Tipra Kingdom held sway from the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]] to [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], the present Rakhine State of [[Burma]]; so the name may reflect vicinity to the sea.<ref name="hr name">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples|last=Das|first=J.K.|pages=208–9|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|chapter=Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as Tribals) in Tripura}}</ref><ref name="Debbarma1996">{{cite book|last=Debbarma|first=Sukhendu|title=Origin and growth of Christianity in Tripura: with special reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938–1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|year=1996|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-038-5|page=20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429233857/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC&pg=PA20|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 p. 2272] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424123659/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2272 |date=24 April 2016 }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Tripura}}
{{see also|Twipra Kingdom|Tripura (princely state)|Kings of Tripura|Insurgency in Tripura}}
[[File:Unakoti 5.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|200x200px|Rock-cut sculpture of [[Shiva]] at [[Unakoti]]]]

Although there is no evidence of lower or middle [[Paleolithic]] settlements in Tripura, [[Upper Paleolithic]] tools made of fossil wood have been found in the [[Haora River|Haora]] and [[Khowai River|Khowai]] valleys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the stone age to the 12th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA77|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref> The Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''; ancient religious texts, the ''[[Purana]]s''; and the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] – stone pillar inscriptions of the emperor [[Ashoka]] dating from the third century [[Common Era|BCE]] – all mention Tripura.<ref name="Acharjya1979"/> An ancient name of Tripura(as mentioned in the Mahabharata) is ''Kirat Desh'' (English: "The land of Kirat"), probably referring to the [[Kirata Kingdom]]s or the more generic term [[Kirata]].<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975">{{cite book|title=Tripura district gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Educational Publications, Department of Education, Government of Tripura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504071510/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>{{rp|155}} However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with ''Kirat Desh''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahman|first1=Syed Amanur|last2=Verma|first2=Balraj|title=The beautiful India – Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|date=5 August 2006|publisher=Reference Press|isbn=978-81-8405-026-4|page=9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617004122/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mcwAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, although when this dates from is not documented. The ''[[Rajmala]]'', a chronicle of Tripuri kings which was first written in the 15th century,<ref name="Gazetteer 118">{{cite journal | title = Hill Tippera – history | journal = [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | year = 1909 | volume = 13 | page = 118 | url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | format = GIF | access-date = 27 October 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607142251/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif | archive-date = 7 June 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> provides a list of 179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830–1850),<ref name="Bera2010">{{cite book| first=Gautam Kumar|last=Bera |title=The land of fourteen gods: ethno-cultural profile of Tripura|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-333-9}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="rajmala book">{{cite book|url=http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|title=Sri rajmala volume – IV|editor-last=Sen|editor-first=Kali Prasanna|language=bn|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Government of Tripura|year=2003|access-date=10 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606013645/http://www.tripura.org.in/rajmala4.htm|archive-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharyya1930">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Apurba Chandra|title=Progressive Tripura|year=1930|publisher=Inter-India Publications|page=179|oclc=16845189}}</ref> but the reliability of the ''Rajmala'' has been doubted.<ref name="sircar1979">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=D.C.|title=Some epigraphical records of the mediaeval period from eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|year=1979|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-096-9|page=89|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528181614/https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA89|archive-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Neermahal192.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Neermahal|Neermahal Palace]] is royal palace built by [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] of the [[Tripura (princely state)|Kingdom of Tripura]].]]

The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the [[Sundarbans]] on the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to the boundary of the [[Kamarupa]] kingdom in [[Assam]].<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> There were [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|several Muslim invasions]] of the region from the 13th century onward,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> which culminated in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal dominance]] of the plains of the kingdom in 1733,<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> although their rule never extended to the hill regions.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> The Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/>
[[File:Maharani kanchan prabhadevi.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Queen [[Kanchan Prava Devi|Kanchan Prabha Devi]] who signed the [[instrument of accession]] to India as president of the Council of Regency.]]
Tripura became a [[princely state]] during [[British Raj|British rule in India]]. The kings had an estate in British India, known as ''Tippera district'' or [[Chakla (administrative division)|Chakla]] Roshnabad (now the [[Comilla District|Comilla district]] of Bangladesh),<ref name="theodora.com">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/t/tippera.html|title=Tippera|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica| year= 1911| access-date=1 April 2019| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215757/http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/t/tippera.html|archive-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> in addition to the independent area known as ''Hill Tippera'', the present-day state.<ref name="Gazetteer 118"/> Udaipur, in the south of Tripura, was the capital of the kingdom, until the king Krishna Manikya moved the capital to [[Agartala|Old Agartala]] in the 18th century. It was moved to the new city of Agartala in the 19th century. [[Bir Chandra Manikya]] (1862–1896) modelled his administration on the pattern of [[British India]], and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMC at a glance|url=http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|publisher=Agartala Municipal Corporation|access-date=8 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006034328/http://agartalacity.nic.in/about_amc1.htm|archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref>

===Modern History===
Following the [[independence of India]] in 1947, Tippera district – the estate in the plains of British India – became a part of [[East Pakistan]], and Hill Tippera remained under a regency council until 1949. The [[Maharani|Maharani Regent]] of Tripura signed the [[Tripura Merger Agreement]] on 9 September 1949, as a result of which Tripura became a [[Part C State|Part C]] state of India.<ref name="hdrchap1">{{cite book
|title=Tripura human development report 2007
|chapter-url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|access-date=19 March 2012
|publisher= Government of Tripura
|chapter= The state of human development
|year=2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2 May 2013
}}</ref>{{rp|3}} It became a [[Union Territory]], without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} It was conferred full statehood in 1971 by the [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]. The [[partition of India|geographic partition]] that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the major cities of India had to follow a more circuitous route. The road distance between [[Kolkata]] and Agartala before the partition was less than {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and increased to {{convert|1700|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as the route now avoided East Pakistan(although from June,2015 bus service started from Agartala to Kolkata via Dhaka, which has been named as the "Bangla Corridor").<ref>{{cite news
| last = Abdi
| first = S. N. M.
| title = Kolkata-Agartala bus link gets a major push forward
| newspaper = DNA
| location = Kolkata
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = DNAIndia.com
| date = 13 March 2006
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1017981
| access-date = 23 June 2021}}</ref> The geopolitical isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport.<ref name="General1967">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Tripura|year=1967|publisher=Office of the Registrar General General. Government of India|page=980}}</ref><ref name="Chakraborty2006">{{cite book|editor-last=Chakraborty|editor-first=Kiran Sankar|url=http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020174651/http://www.mittalbooks.com/products/Entrepreneurship-and-Small-Business-Development.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Entrepreneurship and small business development: with special reference to Tripura|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-125-0}}</ref>{{rp|93}}

Since the partition of India, many [[Bengali Hindus]] have migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949 and this is primarily attributed by the immigration of 610,000 Bengalis — the figure almost equal to the State’s total population in 1951 — from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1971.<ref name="hdrchap1" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-where-demand-for-assam-like-nrc-widens-gap-between-indigenous-people-and-non-tribal-settlers/article25348269.ece</ref> Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, where around at that time, nearly 1,381,649 [[Bengalis]] (mostly hindus) have came into various parts of Tripura to take refugees and most of them have settled here permanently afterwards.<ref>https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462</ref> Parts of the state were shelled by the [[Pakistan Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Following the war, the Indian government reorganised the North East region to ensure effective control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972:<ref name="Wolpert2008">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|title=A new history of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|pages=390–1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura.<ref name="Wolpert2008"/> Before independence, most of the population was indigenous.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|9}} Ethnic strife between the Tripuri tribe and the predominantly immigrant Bengali community led to scattered violence,<ref name="Kumāra2007">{{cite book|last=Kumāra|first=Braja Bihārī|title=Problems of ethnicity in the North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|access-date=11 July 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-464-6|pages=68–9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231036/http://books.google.com/books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Insurgency in Northeast India#Tripura (1978-2009)|an insurgency]] spanning decades, including occasional massacres such as the 1980 [[Mandai massacre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19800616&id=3E4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zm0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3736,2460642 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=16 June 1980 |access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref> This gradually abated following the establishment of a [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|tribal autonomous district council]] and the use of strategic [[counter-insurgency]] operations.<ref name="hindu 19 Sep 11">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |title=How Tripura overcame insurgency |last=Sahaya |first=D.N. |author-link=Dinesh Nandan Sahay |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925060944/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tripura remains peaceful, as of 2016.<ref name="satp 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |title=Tripura assessment – year 2013 |work=South Asia terrorism portal |publisher=Institute for Conflict Management |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104183152/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/index.html |archive-date=4 November 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Tripura (37).JPG|thumb|Rice is grown on Tripura's [[alluvial plain]]s, which include ''lungas'', the narrow valleys that are found mainly in the west of the state.|alt=Green agricultural field, with a hill range far in the background.]]
Tripura is a [[landlocked country|landlocked]] state in [[Northeast India|North East India]], where the seven contiguous states – [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and Tripura – are collectively known as the [[Seven Sister States]]. Spread over {{convert|10491.69|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Tripura is the third-smallest among the 28 [[States and territories of India|states in the country]], behind Goa and [[Sikkim]]. It extends from 22°56'N to 24°32'N, and 91°09'E to 92°20'E.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} Its maximum extent measures about {{convert|178|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south, and {{convert|131|km|mi|abbr=on}} east to west. Tripura is bordered by the country of Bangladesh to the west, north and south; and the Indian states of Assam to the north east; and Mizoram to the east.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|3}} It is accessible by [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] passing through the [[Karimganj district]] of Assam and [[Mamit district]] of Mizoram.<ref name="highway list">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |title=National highways and their length |publisher=National Highways Authority of India |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906234553/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Topography===
The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five [[anticline|anticlinal]] ranges of hills running north to south, from [[Boromura]] in the west, through [[Atharamura]], [[Longtharai]] and [[Shakhan]], to the [[Jampui Hills]] in the east.<ref name="gsi report">{{Cite report| title= Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura| url= http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| publisher= Geological Survey of India, Government of India| series= Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV| volume= 1 (Part-2)| year= 2011| access-date= 10 July 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510091749/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf| archive-date= 10 May 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The intervening [[syncline]]s are the Agartala–Udaipur, Khowai–Teliamura, Kamalpur–Ambasa, Kailasahar–Manu and Dharmanagar–Kanchanpur valleys.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|4}} At an altitude of {{convert|939|m|ft|abbr=on}}, [[Betlingchhip|Betling Shib]] in the Jampui range is the state's highest point.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout the state are known as ''tillas'', and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called ''lungas''.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} A number of rivers originate in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} The Khowai, [[Dhalai River|Dhalai]], [[Manu River, Tripura|Manu]], [[Juri River|Juri]] and [[Longai River|Longai]] flow towards the north; the [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gumti]] to the west; and the [[Muhuri River|Muhuri]] and [[Feni River|Feni]] to the south west.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}

The [[lithostratigraphy]] data published by the [[Geological Survey of India]] dates the rocks, on the [[geologic time scale]], between the [[Oligocene]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]], approximately 34 to 23 million [[Before Present|years ago]], and the [[Holocene]] epoch, which started 12,000 years ago.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73–4}} The hills have red [[laterite]] soil that is porous. The [[flood plain]]s and narrow valleys are overlain by alluvial soil, and those in the west and south constitute most of the agricultural land.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}} According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], on a scale ranging from {{nowrap|I to V}} in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone V]].<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite map|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Seismic zoning map |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |access-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603143951/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=3 June 2014 }}</ref>

===Climate===
The state has a [[tropical savanna climate]], designated ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. The undulating topography leads to local variations, particularly in the hill ranges.<ref name="gov agri land">{{cite web|url=http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|title=Land, soil and climate|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura| access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420091358/http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm|archive-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> The four main seasons are winter, from December to February; pre-monsoon or summer, from March to April; monsoon, from May to September; and post-monsoon, from October to November.<ref name="gov agri climate">{{cite web|url=http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|title=Annual plan 2011–12|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215123728/http://agritripura.nic.in/links/ASP_11_12.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> During the monsoon season, the [[southwest monsoon|south west monsoon]] brings heavy rains, which cause frequent floods.<ref name="hdrchap1"/>{{rp|4}}<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}} The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006 ranged from {{convert|1979.6|to|2745.9|mm|inch|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rainfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|title=Monthly and yearly quinquennial average rainfall in Tripura|work=Statistical abstract of Tripura – 2007|publisher=Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=30 October 2012|page=13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127234822/http://destripura.nic.in/ABSTRACT-2007_complete.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> During winter, temperatures range from {{convert|13|to|27|C|F}}, while in the summer they fall between {{convert|24|and|36|C|F}}.<ref name="gov agri climate"/> According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, the state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from wind and cyclones.<ref name=cycloneundp>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|work=National capacity building project in disaster management |publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|collapsed=
|open= yes
|metric first=yes
|single line= yes
|location= Agartala, the capital of Tripura

|temperature colour= 


|Jan high F= |Jan high C=25.6
|Feb high F= |Feb high C=28.3
|Mar high F= |Mar high C=32.5
|Apr high F= |Apr high C=33.7
|May high F= |May high C=32.8
|Jun high F= |Jun high C=31.8
|Jul high F= |Jul high C=31.4
|Aug high F= |Aug high C=31.7
|Sep high F= |Sep high C=31.7
|Oct high F= |Oct high C=31.1
|Nov high F= |Nov high C=29.2
|Dec high F= |Dec high C=26.4
|year high F= |year high C=

|Jan low F= |Jan low C=10
|Feb low F= |Feb low C=13.2
|Mar low F= |Mar low C=18.7
|Apr low F= |Apr low C=22.2
|May low F= |May low C=23.5
|Jun low F= |Jun low C=24.6
|Jul low F= |Jul low C=24.8
|Aug low F= |Aug low C=24.7
|Sep low F= |Sep low C=24.3
|Oct low F= |Oct low C=22
|Nov low F= |Nov low C=16.6
|Dec low F= |Dec low C=11.3
|year low F= |year low C=

|precipitation colour= 

|Jan precipitation inch= |Jan precipitation cm= |Jan precipitation mm=27.5
|Feb precipitation inch= |Feb precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation mm=21.5
|Mar precipitation inch= |Mar precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation mm=60.7
|Apr precipitation inch= |Apr precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation mm=199.7
|May precipitation inch= |May precipitation cm= |May precipitation mm=329.9
|Jun precipitation inch= |Jun precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation mm=393.4
|Jul precipitation inch= |Jul precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation mm=363.1
|Aug precipitation inch= |Aug precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation mm=298.7
|Sep precipitation inch= |Sep precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation mm=232.4
|Oct precipitation inch= |Oct precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation mm=162.5
|Nov precipitation inch= |Nov precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation mm=46
|Dec precipitation inch= |Dec precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation mm=10.6
|year precipitation inch= |year precipitation cm= |year precipitation mm=

|source 1=<ref name="IMD agartala">{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |publisher=India Meteorology Department |page=6 |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>
}}

==Flora and fauna==
{{see also|Tourism in North East India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''State symbols of Tripura'''<ref name="wiisymbols">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615001645/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2007 |title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| '''State animal''' || [[Phayre's leaf monkey]]
|-
| '''State bird''' || [[Green imperial pigeon]]
|-
| '''State tree''' || [[Aquilaria malaccensis|Agarwood]]
|-
| '''State flower''' || [[Mesua ferrea]]
|-
| '''State fruit''' || [[Pineapple|Queen pineapple]]
|}
Like most of the Indian subcontinent, Tripura lies within the [[Indomalayan realm]]. According to the [[Biogeographic classification of India]], the state is in the "North-East" biogeographic zone.<ref name="biogeo zone">{{cite map |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |title=Biogeographic classification of India: zones |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |scale=1 cm=100 km |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041736/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/HtmlPages/biozonemap.htm |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 forests covered 57.73 per cent of the state.<ref name="fsitripforest 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura|work=India state of forest report 2011|publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|access-date=1 April 2012|pages=225–9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523232013/http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Tripura hosts three different types of ecosystems: mountain, forest and freshwater.<ref name="soe report bd">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|title=Biodiversity|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113164053/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/bioderversity.htm|archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref> The [[evergreen forest]]s on the hill slopes and the sandy river banks are dominated by species such as ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'', ''[[Artocarpus]]'', ''[[Amoora]]'', ''[[Elaeocarpus]]'', ''[[Syzygium]]'' and ''[[Eugenia]]''.<ref name="soe report forest">{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|title=Forest|work=State of environment report of Tripura – 2002|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125142/http://tripura.nic.in/tspcb/forest.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Two types of [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forests]] comprise majority of the vegetation: moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'')-predominant forest.<ref name="soe report forest"/> The interspersion of [[bamboo]] and [[Arundo|cane]] forests with deciduous and evergreen flora is a peculiarity of Tripura's vegetation.<ref name="soe report forest"/> [[Grassland]]s and [[swamp]]s are also present, particularly in the plains. [[Herbaceous plant]]s, shrubs, and trees such as ''[[Albizia]]'', ''[[Barringtonia]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' and ''[[Macaranga]]'' flourish in the swamps of Tripura. Shrubs and grasses include ''[[Schumannianthus dichotoma]]'' (''shitalpati''), ''[[Phragmites]]'' and ''[[Saccharum]]'' (sugarcane).<ref name="soe report forest"/>

According to a survey in 1989–90, Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders,<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna">{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=A.K.|s2cid=153323209|date=December 2000 |title= Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India |journal=Human Ecology |volume= 28 |issue=4 |pages=614–5|issn=0300-7839 |doi=10.1023/A:1026491831856 }}</ref> including such species as elephant (''Elephas maximus''), bear (''Melursus ursinus''), binturong (''[[Arctictis binturong]]''), wild dog (''[[Cuon alpinus]]''), porcupine (''[[Artherurus assamensis]]''), barking deer (''[[Muntiacus muntjak]]''), sambar (''[[Cervus unicolor]]''), wild boar (''[[Sus scrofa]]''), gaur (''[[Bos gaurus]]''), leopard (''[[Panthera pardus]]''), clouded leopard (''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''), and many species of small cats and primates.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, seven are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.<ref name="gupta 2000 fauna"/> The wild buffalo (''[[Bubalus arnee]]'') is extinct now.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation, Guwahati, India, 184pp.</ref> There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. ''Indian Birds'' 6(3): 66–74.</ref>

[[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|Wildlife sanctuaries]] of the state are [[Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary|Sipahijola]], [[Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary|Gumti]], [[Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary|Rowa]] and [[Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary|Trishna]] wildlife sanctuaries.<ref name="tripura pa">{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|title=Protected area network in India|page=28|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307203800/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> [[National park of India|National parks]] of the state are [[Clouded Leopard National Park]] and [[Rajbari National Park]].<ref name="tripura pa"/> These protected areas cover a total of {{convert|566.93|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="tripura pa"/> Gumti is also an [[Important Bird Area]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= July–September 2009|title= Gumti –Tripura's remote IBA|journal= Mistnet|volume= 10|issue= 3|pages= 7–8|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160339/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2009-Mistnet-July_Sept.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref> In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Choudhury|first= Anwaruddin|date= April–June 2008|title= Rudrasagar – a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India.|journal= Mistnet|volume= 9|issue= 2|pages= 4–5|publisher= Indian Bird Conservation Network|url= http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|access-date= 6 April 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160318/http://ibcn.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2008-Mistnet-Apr_June.pdf|archive-date= 2 February 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Divisions==
[[File:Tripura-district-map.svg|thumb|right|200px|Tripura district map]]
{{See also|List of districts of Tripura}}
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. Beforehand, there had been four districts – [[Dhalai]] (headquarters [[Ambassa]]), [[North Tripura]] (headquarters [[Kailashahar]]), [[South Tripura]] (headquarters [[Udaipur, Tripura]]), and [[West Tripura]] (headquarters [[Agartala]]). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012 – [[Khowai district|Khowai]], [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]], [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]] and [[Gomati district|Gomati]].<ref name="ibnlive divisions">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126032522/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 October 2011|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Six new subdivisions and five new blocks were also added.<ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |title=Four new districts for Tripura — plan for six more subdivisions to decentralise administration |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419053133/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111027/jsp/northeast/story_14670582.jsp |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> Each is governed by a [[district collector]] or a district magistrate, usually appointed by the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The subdivisions of each district are governed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]] and each subdivision is further divided into blocks. The blocks consist of ''[[Panchayat]]''s (village councils) and town municipalities. As of 2012, the state had eight districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks.<ref name="tripurainfo">{{cite news | url=http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | title=New districts, sub-divisions and blocks for Tripura | work=tripurainfo | date=28 December 2011 | access-date=11 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107100456/http://tripurainfo.com/ATripura/administrative/dist_sbdiv_blocks.html | archive-date=7 November 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> National census and state statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative divisions, as of March 2013. [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura, is the most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or more (as per 2015 census) are [[Sabroom]], [[Dharmanagar]], [[Jogendranagar]], [[Kailashahar]], [[Pratapgarh, Tripura|Pratapgarh]], [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]], [[Belonia, India|Belonia]], [[Gandhigram, Tripura|Gandhigram]], [[Kumarghat]], [[Khowai]], [[Ranirbazar]], [[Sonamura]], [[Bishalgarh]], [[Teliamura]], [[Mohanpur, Tripura|Mohanpur]], [[Melaghar]], [[Ambassa]], [[Kamalpur, Tripura|Kamalpur]], [[Bishramganj]], [[Kathaliya]], [[Santirbazar]] and [[Baxanagar]].

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Tripura|Tripura Legislative Assembly}}
{{see also|Political parties in Tripura}}
[[File:Agartala Palace, Tripura.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Facade of a Ujjayanta Palace, used earlier as the state's Legislative Assembly|[[Ujjayanta Palace]], built in the 19th century as a replacement for a former royal palace destroyed in an earthquake, was used until 2011 as the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly.]]
Tripura is governed through a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]], a feature it shares with other Indian states. [[Universal suffrage]] is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in case of Speaker's absence. The Assembly is [[unicameral]] with 60 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name=60mla>{{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| title = Tripura Legislative Assembly| access-date = 21 April 2007| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513185344/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm| archive-date = 13 May 2007| df = dmy-all}}</ref> The members are elected for a term of five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The [[judiciary]] is composed of the [[Tripura High Court]] and a system of lower courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |title=About us |publisher=Tripura High Court |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328121134/http://tsu.trp.nic.in/highcourt/ |archive-date=28 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Chief Justices for Manipur, Meghalaya & Tripura high courts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|access-date=24 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2013|last1=Sharma|first1=K Sarojkumar|last2=Das|first2=Manosh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430042306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|archive-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> [[Executive (government)|Executive authority]] is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]. The Governor, the titular [[head of state]], is appointed by the [[President of India]]. The leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.

[[File:NE_Autonomous_divisions_of_India.svg|thumb|[[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]], pictured, encompasses much of the state]]
Tripura sends two representatives to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the [[parliament of India]]) and one representative to the [[Rajya Sabha]] (parliament's [[upper house]]). In [[2014 Indian general election in Tripura|2014 Indian general election]], both parliament lower house seats were won by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=mapindiaelectionresult>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|title=Tripura General Election Results|work=Maps of India|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329194154/http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/tripura/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Panchayats'' ([[Local self-government in India|local self-governments]]) elected by local body elections are present in many villages for self-governance. Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance body, the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref name="ttadc">{{cite web|url=http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |title=State and district administration: fifteenth report |publisher=Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India |page=267 |year=2009 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123171129/http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/sdadmin15.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high density of the scheduled tribes.<ref name="ttadc"/><ref name="ttadc self">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|title=About TTAADC|publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008102341/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/introduction.htm|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The main political parties are the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]], the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and [[Indian National Congress]] along with regional parties like [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] and [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra|INPT]]. Until 1977, the state was governed by the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Bhattacharyya1986">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Banikantha|title=Tripura administration: the era of modernisation, 1870–1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|asin=B0006ENGHO|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424201343/https://books.google.com/books?id=WmgrZgspJbIC|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|255–66}} The Left Front was in power from 1978 to 1988, and then again from 1993 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|title=Manik Sarkar-led CPI(M) wins Tripura Assembly elections for the fifth straight time|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=28 February 2013|access-date=28 March 2013|quote=The Left Front has been in power since 1978, barring one term during 1988 to 1993.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302213708/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/manik-sarkarled-cpim-wins-tripura-assembly-elections-for-the-fourth-straight-time/375648-3-224.html|archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> During 1988–1993, the Congress and [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] were in a ruling coalition.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28246658_1_attf-tiger-force-coup| title= Tripura terror outfit suffers vertical split| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 24 December 2010| access-date= 28 March 2013| quote= ATTF was an off shoot of All Tripura Tribal Force formed during the Congress-TUJS coalition government-1988-1993 in Tripura| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130503001415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/india/28246658_1_attf-tiger-force-coup| archive-date= 3 May 2013| url-status= dead| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| df= dmy-all}}</ref> In the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], the Left Front won 50 out of 60 seats in the Assembly.<ref name=result2013>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411044332/http://www.indianexpress.com/assembly-elections/news/-cpi(m)-win-in-tripura-reflects-reemergence-of-left-parties-/1081250|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=CPI(M) win in Tripura reflects re-emergence of Left Parties|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 February 2013|access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018 assembly election]] resulted in loss for the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]]; the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won an overall majority in the state, resulting in the end of the Communist Party's uninterrupted twenty-five year rule.<ref name="hindu2018election">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=BJP stuns Left in Tripura|last=Karmakar|first=Rahul|date=4 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055356/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/bjp-stuns-left-in-tripura/article22921787.ece|archive-date=4 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BJP]] won 44 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] only got 16 seats and [[Indian National Congress]] lost by huge margins in all constituencies.

Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era, inspired by freedom struggle activities in [[Bengal]], and culminating in regional parties with communist leanings.<ref name="Chadha2005">{{cite book|last=Chadha|first=Vivek|title=Low intensity conflicts in India: an analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|year=2005|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428022258/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&pg=PA362|archive-date=28 April 2016}}</ref>{{rp|362}} It capitalised on the tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers,<ref name="Chadha2005"/>{{rp|362}} and has been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches for identity".<ref name="Mitra2004">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Harihar|editor=Mitra, Subrata Kumar|title=Political Parties in South Asia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=88–9|chapter=Communist party of India (Marxist): from rebellion to governance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512180355/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA88|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, there is an ongoing [[Tripuri nationalism|irredentist]] [[Tripura rebellion]], involving militant outfits such as the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF); [[terrorism in India|terrorist]] incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of 389 victims in the seven-year period of 1993 to 2000.<ref>"Secessionist Movements of Tripura" in Prakash, ''Terrorism in India's North-east'' vol. 1, 2008, [books.google.ch/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC&pg=PA955 955ff.]</ref> The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] (AFSPA) was first enforced in Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the state. Ever since it was enforced in Tripura, the Act, as per its provisions, was reviewed and extended after every six months. However, in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist activities being reported, the Tripura government in June 2013 reduced operational areas of the AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last six-month extension to AFSPA was given in November 2014, and after about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015.<ref name="hindu2018election"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | title=AFSPA removed in Tripura after 18 years: Here's why it was enforced and why it's gone now | work=Firstpost India | date=29 May 2015 | agency=Firstpost | access-date=20 June 2015 | author=Anshu Lal | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702141647/http://www.firstpost.com/india/afspa-removed-in-tripura-after-18-years-heres-why-it-was-enforced-and-why-its-gone-now-2266770.html | archive-date=2 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''{{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}} at Constant Prices (2004–05 base)<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/>'''
figures in [[crore]]s [[Indian rupee]]
|-
! Year || {{abbr|GSDP|Gross State Domestic Product}}
|-
| 2004–05 ||   8,904
|-
| 2005–06 ||   9,482
|-
| 2006–07 || 10,202
|-
| 2007–08 || 10,988
|-
| 2008–09 || 11,596
|-
| 2009–10 || 12,248
|-
| 2010–11 || 12,947
|}
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2010–11 was {{INRConvert|129.47|b}} at constant price (2004–05),<ref name="nedfi gsdp">{{cite web|url=http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|title=Gross state domestic product of Tripura|publisher=North Eastern Development Finance Corporation|access-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423034247/http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura|archive-date=23 April 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref> recording 5.71 per cent growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was {{INRConvert|48778.42|b}}, with a growth rate of 8.55 per cent.<ref name="nedfi gsdp"/> Annual per capita income at current price of the state was {{INRConvert|38493|nolink=yes}}, compared to the national per capita income {{INRConvert|44345|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="ecorev 2010 9">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2009–2010|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|page=9|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In 2009, the [[tertiary sector of the economy]] (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of the state's economy compared to 23.07 per cent from the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] (industrial and manufacturing).<ref name="ecorev 2010 9"/> According to the Economic Census of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21 per cent of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60 per cent), public administration (14.54 per cent), and education (14.40 per cent).<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=77–82|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref>

Tripura is an agrarian state with more than half of the population dependent on agriculture and allied activities.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=8–10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27 per cent of the land is available for cultivation.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> Rice, the major crop of the state, is cultivated in 91 per cent of the cropped area.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> According to the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tripura, in 2009–10, potato, [[sugarcane]], [[Roselle (plant)|mesta]], [[pulse]]s and [[jute]] were the other major crops cultivated in the state.<ref name="glance 2010 agri">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|title=Tripura at a glance – 2010|at=Section: Agriculture 2009–10|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021105116/http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> [[Jackfruit]] and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.<ref name="glance 2010 agri"/> Traditionally, most of the indigenous population practised ''[[Jhum cultivation|jhum]]'' method (a type of [[slash-and-burn]]) of cultivation. The number of people dependent on ''jhum'' has declined over the years.<ref name="hdrchap2">{{cite book
|title = Tripura human development Report 2007
|chapter-url = http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|access-date = 19 April 2012
|publisher = Government of Tripura
|chapter = The economy
|year = 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502120425/http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf
|archive-date = 2 May 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>{{rp|37–9}}

[[File:Tripurarice (44).JPG|thumb|left|alt=Green paddy field with a few huts at a distance|Rice is the major crop in Tripura and accounts for 91 percent of the land under cultivation.]]
[[Fish farming|Pisciculture]] has made significant advances in the state. At the end of 2009–10, the state produced a surplus of 104.3 million [[Juvenile fish|fish seeds]], primarily [[Catla|carp]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 133-138">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=133–8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura ranks second to Kerala in the production of natural rubber in the country.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16">{{cite web|url=http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=14–6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513052757/http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> The state is known for its [[handicraft]], particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products. High quality timber including [[Sal tree|sal]], [[Dipterocarpus|garjan]], [[teak]] and [[Gmelina arborea|gamar]] are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |title=Tata Trust signs MoU with Tripura Govt. for sustainable development |publisher=Tripura Infoway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711024952/http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/31726/tripura-gets-tata-backed-development-programs-tata-trust-signs-mou-with-tripura-govt-towards-sustainable-development.html |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#FFFF31; text-align:center;"| '''Per Capita Income with 2004–05 Base'''
|-
! Year !! Tripura !! India
|-
| 2004–05 || 24,394 || 24,095
|-
| 2005–06 || 26,668 || 27,183
|-
| 2006–07 || 29,081 || 31,080
|-
| 2007–08 || 31,111 || 35,430
|-
| 2008–09 || 33,350 || 40,141
|-
| 2010–11 || 33,493 || 44,345
|}
The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped – [[Brick#Methods of manufacture|brickfields]] and tea industry are the only two organised sectors.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Tripura has considerable reservoirs of natural gas.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|78–81}} According to estimates by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), the state has 400 billion metres3 reserves of natural gas, with 16 billion metres3 is recoverable.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> ONGC produced 480 million metres3 natural gas in the state, in 2006–07.<ref name="ecorev 2011 14-16"/> In 2011 and 2013, new large discoveries of natural gas were announced by ONGC.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ ONGC makes three oil, gas discoveries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120929/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/03/22/ONGC-makes-three-oil-gas-discoveries/UPI-51311363951261/ |date=2 April 2015 }} UPI (March 2013)</ref> Tourism industry in the state is growing – the revenue earned in tourism sector crossed {{INRConvert|10|m}} for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassed {{INRConvert|15|m}} in 2010–11.<ref name="ecorev 2011 228-230">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=228–30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Although Bangladesh is in a [[trade deficit]] with India, its export to Tripura is significantly more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper ''The Hindu'' estimated Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about {{INRConvert|3.5|b}} to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very small quantity" of import.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013"/> Alongside legal international trade, unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant.<ref name="bus standard feb 2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |title=Tripura-Bangladesh border fencing to boost trade |last=Dey |first=Supratim |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180102/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tripura-bangladesh-border-fencing-to-boost-trade-111020900013_1.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> In a research paper published by the [[Institute of Developing Economies]] in 2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of Bangladesh was emphasised.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura">{{cite web|title=Sub-regional relations in the eastern South Asia: with special focus on India's North Eastern region|url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|last=Saha|first=Arunadoy|access-date=9 May 2013|editor1-last=Murayama|editor1-first=Mayumi|editor2-last=Inoue|editor2-first=Kyoko|editor3-last=Hazarika|editor3-first=Sanjoy|year=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120132512/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_11.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>{{rp|313}}

The economy of Tripura can be characterised by the high rate of poverty, low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of the population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tripurainfo.com/info/ | title=tripurainfo | access-date=20 June 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619002557/http://www.tripurainfo.com/Info/ | archive-date=19 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> However agriculture and allied activities to Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and constraints coupled with severe resources for investing in basic infrastructure, this has brought consistency progress in the quality of life and income of people cutting across all sections of society. The state government through its Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in capital investment and transport, preferences in government procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has been not much significant beyond a few industries being set up in the [[Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|title=Industrial Growth Centers|publisher=Tripura Industrial Development Corporation Limited, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101061459/http://www.tidc.in/G_introduction.html|archive-date=1 January 2014|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] estimates the poverty rate of all North East Indian states by using headcount ratio of Assam (the second largest state in North East India after Arunachal Pradesh). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22 percent of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, Tripura government's independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data, reported that, in 2001, 55 percent of the rural population was below the poverty line.<ref name="ecorev 2011 77-82"/> Geographic isolation and communication bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted economic growth of the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/> High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.<ref name="ecorev 2011 8-10"/>

== Transport==
'''Air''' 
[[File:agartala airport from the apron.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]]
[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]], located 12 km northwest of Agartala at Singerbhil, is the second busiest airport in northeast India after Guwahati. There are direct flights to [[Kolkata]], [[Imphal]], [[Delhi]], [[Shillong]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Mumbai]]. The major airlines are [[AirAsia India]], [[Air India]] and [[Indigo Airlines]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Tripura seeks help from Centre after SpiceJet announces suspension of operation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-seeks-help-from-centre-after-spicejet-announces-suspension-of-operation/article24412293.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

'''Railway''' 
[[File:AGARTALA MAIN STATION.jpg|thumb|left|[[Agartala Railway Station]]]]
Agartala, came on India's railway map with the advent of the railways in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] in 1853 but the link was broken when India was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] in 1947. Railway service was established in Tripura in 1964 by constructing {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} track from [[Lumding]] in Assam to [[Dharmanagar]] and [[Kailasahar]] in Tripura but the track did not connect the state capital Agartala. Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when the railway track was extended to the capital Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The metre gauge rail track was connected to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] at Lumding. The major railway stations in this line are in Agartala, [[Dharmanagar]], and [[Kumarghat]]. This metre gauge track was converted to {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 2016 and now trains run from Agartala to [[Kolkata]] and [[Delhi]]. The total length of this railway track in Tripura state is 153 km. It is a single line without electrification.

The 76 km long track from Agartala to [[Belonia, India|Belonia]] railway station (station code BENA) has been commissioned and two trains run on this section. The 38 km long section from Belonia to Sabroom on the bank of [[Feni River]], which separates Tripura from Bangladesh, is being constructed as of 2019.

A new railway line is being laid westwards from Agartala to [[Akhaura]] in [[Bangladesh]]. This will reduce the distance between Agartala and [[Calcutta]] by over 1000 km and provide rail access to [[Chittagong]] port.

'''Road''' 
[[File:IBC Post.jpeg|thumb|The border post between Bangladesh and India in [[Akhaura]]]]
Only one major road, the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] (NH-8), connects Tripura to the rest of India.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=195–201|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Starting at [[Sabroom]] in southern Tripura, it heads north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as "Assam Road", the NH-8 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut the state off from its neighbours.<ref name="gsi report"/>{{rp|73}}<ref name="hdrchap2"/>{{rp|8}} Another National Highway, [[National Highway 8A (India)|NH 108]], connects the town [[Panisagar, Tripura|Panisagar]] in North Tripura District with [[Aizawl]], Mizoram.<ref name="highway list"/> The [[Tripura Road Transport Corporation]] is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> The total length of roads in the state is {{convert|16931|km|mi|abbr=on}} of which national highways constitute {{convert|88|km|mi|abbr=on}} and state highways {{convert|689|km|mi|abbr=on}}, as of 2009–10.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.<ref name="Bareh2001"/>{{rp|140}}

Tripura has an {{convert|856|km|mi|abbr=on}} long international border with Bangladesh, of which {{convert|777.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} is fenced, as of 2012.<ref name="mha border">{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|title=Management of Indo-Bangladesh border|pages=1–2|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116192934/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/India/document/papers/BM_MAN-IN-BANG-270813.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Several locations along the border serve as bilateral trading points between India and Bangladesh, such as Akhaura near Agartala, Raghna, Srimantpur, Belonia, Khowai and Kailasahar.<ref name="hindu 5 march 2013">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| title=Bangladesh violence hits border trade in Tripura| newspaper=The Hindu| last=Ali| first=Syed Sajjad| date=5 March 2013| access-date=7 May 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032205/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-violence-hits-border-trade-in-tripura/article4478949.ece| archive-date=11 May 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref> A [[Transport between India and Bangladesh|bus service]] exists between Agartala and [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| title= How to reach Tripura by international bus service| publisher= Tripura Tourism Development Corporation, Government of Tripura| access-date= 7 May 2013| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130709235623/http://tripuratourism.nic.in/Bus.htm| archive-date= 9 July 2013| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="toi 2003 bus">{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| title= Dhaka-Agartala bus service agreement signed| last= Paul| first= Manas| date= 9 September 2003| access-date= 7 May 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-09/india/27172877_1_bus-service-bangladesh-road-transport-corporation-visa-applications| archive-date= 3 December 2013| url-status= dead| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| df= dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, the two countries signed an agreement to establish a {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} railway link between Agartala and [[Akhaura Upazila#Railways and transportation|the Akhaura junction]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="et nov 2013">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |title=Progress of Akhaura-Agartala rail link to be reviewed on December 4 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130054700/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-26/news/44487253_1_bangladesh-delegation-rail-link-chittagong-port |archive-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Citizens of both countries need [[visa (document)|visa]] to legally enter the other country; however, illegal movement and smuggling across the border are widespread.<ref name="ide 2004 tripura"/>{{rp|314}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|title=Drug smuggling rampant on Tripura-Bangla border|last=Soondas|first=Anand|date=29 April 2005|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-04-29/india/27846695_1_phensedyl-cough-syrup-bangladesh-rifles|archive-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media and communication==
[[Doordarshan]] (DD) has a television station in Agartala.
Akash Tripura, is one of the first television channels in Agartala. It is a full-time Agartala-based news channel. Other full-time based channels are Headlines Tripura,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.headlinestripura.net |title=Tripura Homepage |publisher=Headlinestripura.net\accessdate=2015-05-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129235205/http://headlinestripura.net/ |archive-date=29 January 2014 }}</ref> News Vanguard, PB 24, Prime Television Network, Kok Tripura, Swrangchati News Channel and Chini Khorang.

As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in Tripura.<ref name="tripura papers">{{cite web|url=http://tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|title=List of newspapers categorized by the state Government as per advertisement guidelines – 2009|date=13 June 2012|access-date=10 August 2012|publisher=Department of Information, Cultural Affairs and Tourism, Government of Tripura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319063744/http://www.tripuraica.in/List_News.htm|archive-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Most of the newspapers are published in Bengali, except for one Kokborok daily (''[[Hachukni Kok]]''), one Manipuri weekly (''Marup''), two English dailies and three bilingual weeklies.<ref name="tripura papers"/> Notable dailies include ''[[Ajkal Tripura]]'', ''[[Daily Desher Katha]]'', ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'' and ''[[Syandan Patrika]]''.<ref name="tripura papers"/> and popular news portal www.tripurachronicle.in In a study by [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] in 2009, 93 per cent of the sampled in Tripura rated television as very effective for information and mass education.<ref name="iimc sample">{{cite web|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|title=Impact and penetration of mass media in North East and J and K regions|publisher=Indian Institute of Mass Communication|date=March 2009|access-date=10 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105080733/http://www.iimc.nic.in/Ex-summary-Media-penetration.pdf|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> In the study, 67 per cent of the sampled listened to radio and 80–90 per cent read newspaper.<ref name="iimc sample"/> Most of the major Indian telecommunication companies are present in the state, such as [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Aircel]], [[Vodafone]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]], [[Jio]], [[Idea]] and [[BSNL]]. Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled BSNL has 57,897 landline subscribers and {{formatnum:325279}} GSM mobile service connections.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/> There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state, as of 2011.<ref name="ecorev 2011 195-201"/>

===Electricity===
Till 2014, Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently discovered [[natural gas]] resources, and installing high efficiency gas turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations. These are owned by Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL), natural gas-powered [[thermal power station]]s at Rokhia and Baramura, and the [[ONGC Tripura Power Company]] in Palatana.<ref name="indexp palatala">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-inaugurates-ongc-tripura-power-plant/1132373/ | title= President inaugurates ONGC Tripura power plant |date= 22 June 2013|access-date=22 July 2013| last=Iqbal | first= Naveed| newspaper= The Indian Express}}</ref> The ONGC plant has a capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in November 2014.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pm-modi-palatana-power-project-tripura-northeast-visit-centre-projects/1/404676.html PM Modi inaugurates second unit of Palatana power project in Tripura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204033831/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pm-modi-palatana-power-project-tripura-northeast-visit-centre-projects/1/404676.html |date=4 December 2014 }} India Today</ref><ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator BHEL commissions second gas-based power plant in Tripura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218033906/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-17/news/56175010_1_tripura-power-palatana-gas-turbine-generator |date=18 December 2014 }} BHEL, The Economic Times (November 2014)</ref> It is the largest individual power plant in the northeast region.<ref>[http://www.otpcindia.in ONGC Tripura Power Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209124400/http://www.otpcindia.in/ |date=9 February 2014 }} (2014)</ref>

The state also has a [[Hydroelectricity|hydro power]] station on the Gumti River. The combined power generation from these three stations is 100–105 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=190–2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The [[North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited|North Eastern Electric Power Corporation]] (NEEPCO) operates the 84 MW Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near Agartala.<ref name="ecorev 2011 190-192"/> As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is being built at Monarchak.<ref name="et neepco">{{cite web|url= http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|title= Commissioning of Monarchak power project uncertain: NEEPCO|date= 18 November 2014|access-date= 1 December 2014|newspaper= Business Standard|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141204213517/http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/bhel-commissions-363-mw-power-project-in-tripura-114111900352_1.html|archive-date= 4 December 2014|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

With the newly added power generation capacity, Tripura has with enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India, as well export power to neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141201214035/http://www.morungexpress.com/regional/125334.html PM dedicates power plant in Tripura] The Morung Express (1 December 2014)</ref> With recent discoveries, the state has abundant natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver the fuel or electricity to India's national grid.

===Irrigation and fertilizers===
As of 2011, {{convert|255241|ha|sqmi|0|lk=in}} of land in Tripura cultivable, of which {{convert|108646|ha|sqmi|0}} has the potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only {{convert|74796|ha|sqmi|0}} is irrigated.<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=16 October 2012|pages=193–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The state lacks major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced from Gumti, Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise [[tube well]]s, water pumps, tanks and [[lift irrigation]].<ref name="ecorev 2011 193-195"/>

ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building a fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in Tripura.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak Urea plant to become operational in Tripura in 3 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221071910/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598134_1_khobal-ongc-monarchak |date=21 December 2014 }} The Economic Times (June 2014)</ref> Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html ONGC sets sight on Bangladesh for fertiliser sale from Tripura] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812005139/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ongc-sets-sight-on-bangladesh-for-fertiliser-sale-from-tripura-113060800454_1.html |date=12 August 2014 }} Business Standard (June 2014)</ref>

===Drinking water===
[http://www.dwstripura.in/dws/Index.aspx Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing] of [http://pwd.tripura.gov.in/pwd/index.php/ Public Works Department] manages the [[drinking water]] supply in the state. Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of Tripura have the problem of excessive iron content in groundwater requiring the installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP). Tripura State has received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people with the sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly regions of the State. However, a study by the DWS Department found a depleting water table and excessive contamination.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |title=Land of water, no more |publisher=India Water Portal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214094604/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/tripura-land-water-no-more |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> Still, packaged drinking water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance in rural areas is less.

==Education==
{{main|Education in Tripura}}
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Tripura}}
[[File:Tripura-school294.jpg|thumb|right|Classrooms built of [[bamboo]] in a school. In 2010–11, Tripura had 4,455 schools run by the state government or private organisations.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=232–3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> Instruction is mainly in English or [[Bengali language|Bengali]].|alt=Classrooms made of bamboo in a school]]

Per 2011 census, the literacy rate of Tripura was 87.75 percent, the fourth-highest in India (which had a national literacy rate of 74.04 percent).<ref name="litrate">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|date=8 September 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref> A state government survey in 2013 announced that Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India at 94.65 percent.<ref name="litrate"/> Schools in Tripura are run by the state government, TTAADC or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Instruction in schools is mainly in Bengali or English, though [[Kokborok]] and other regional languages are also used. Some of the special schools include [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]], residential schools run by Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm/ |title=Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822143140/http://twdtripura.in/TTWREIS.htm |archive-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> missionary organisations like St. Paul's,
St. Arnold's, Holy Cross, Don Bosco, and St. John's. The schools are affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education]].<ref name="goi mhrd boards">{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |title=Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India |publisher=Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320234548/http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> Under the [[Education in India#10+2+3 pattern|10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]] or in a higher secondary school affiliated either to the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or to other central boards. Students choose from one of the three streams—[[liberal arts]], commerce or science.<ref name="goi mhrd boards"/> As in the rest of India,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Y.K.|last2=Nath|first2=R.|title=History of Indian education system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-932-4|pages=174–5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501130534/http://books.google.com/books?id=OT5_MYv_rbkC&pg=PA83|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> after passing the [[Higher Secondary Examination]] (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programs such as [[bachelor's degree]] in arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programs such as engineering, law or medicine.

According to the Economic Review of Tripura 2010–11, Tripura has a total of 4,455 schools, of which 2,298 are primary schools.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> The total enrolment in all schools of the state is 767,672.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/> Tripura has one [[Central University, India|Central University]] ([[Tripura University]]), one State University ([[Maharaja Bir Bikram College|M. B. B. University]]) and one private university (a branch of the [[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India]]). There are 15 general colleges, three engineering colleges ([[Tripura Institute of Technology]], [[National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] and [http://agartala.nielit.gov.in/ NIEILT, Agartala]), two medical colleges ([[Agartala Government Medical College]] and [[Tripura Medical College]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agmc.gov.in |title=Agartala Government Medical College website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704040013/http://www.agmc.gov.in/ |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmc.nic.in/ |title=Tripura Medical College and Hospital website |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505045352/http://www.tmc.nic.in/ |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> three nursing or paramedical colleges, three polytechnic colleges, one law college, one [http://www.sdmgovtmusiccollege.in/home/ Government Music College], one [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502025825/http://cofcau.nic.in/welcome.html College of Fisheries], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150701002129/http://www.iasetripura.in/IASE/Index.aspx/ Institute of Advance Studies in Education], one [http://yas.tripura.gov.in/rcpe-panisagar/ Regional College of Physical Education] at Panisagar and one art college.<ref name="ecorev 2011 232-33"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |title=List of Professional Colleges in Tripura |publisher=Tripura University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033837/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/professional-degree-colleges/ |archive-date=1 July 2015 }}</ref> Tripura University also houses the [http://rcagartala.ignou.ac.in/ IGNOU Agartala Regional Center].

==Healthcare==
{{main|Healthcare in Tripura}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Health indices as of 2010'''<ref name="eco rev p 251">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|page=251|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}} These data are based on [[Sample Registration System]] of Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.</ref>
|-
! Indicator !! Tripura !! India
|-
|[[Birth rate]] || 14.9 || 22.1
|-
|[[Death rate]] || 5.0 || 7.2
|-
| [[Infant mortality rate]]|| 27|| 47
|-
| [[Total fertility rate]] || 2.2 || 2.7
|-
| [[Rate of natural increase|Natural growth rate]]||9.9 || 14.9
|}

Healthcare in Tripura features a [[universal health care]] system run by the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Tripura)|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]] of the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|title=Health care centres of Tripura|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117014941/http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/health%20care.aspx|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> The health care infrastructure is divided into three tiers – the primary health care network, a secondary care system comprising district and sub-divisional hospitals and tertiary hospitals providing speciality and super speciality care. As of 2010–11, there are 17 hospitals, 11 rural hospitals and community health centres, 79 primary health centres, 635 sub-centres/dispensaries, 7 blood banks and 7 blood storage centres in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|title=Economic review of Tripura 2010–11|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura|access-date=20 April 2012|pages=254–5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053410/http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] styles of medicine are also popular in the state.<ref name="ecorev 2011 254-5"/> The National Family Health Survey – 3 conducted in 2005–06 revealed that 20 per cent of the residents of Tripura do not generally use government health facilities, and prefers the private medical sector.<ref name="nfhs3 438">{{cite web|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|author=International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International|title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS – 3), 2005–06|date=September 2007|access-date=5 October 2012|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India|page=438|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208112913/http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/FRIND3-Vol1AndVol2.pdf|archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> This is overwhelmingly less compared to the national level, where 65.6 per cent do not rely on government facilities.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As in the rest of India, Tripura residents also cite poor quality of care as the most frequent reason for non-reliance over the public health sector. Other reasons include distance of the public sector facilities, long waiting time, and inconvenient hours of operation.<ref name="nfhs3 438"/> As of 2010, the state's performance in major public health care indices, such as birth rate, infant mortality rate and total fertility rate is better than the national average.<ref name="eco rev p 251"/> The state is vulnerable to epidemics of [[malaria]], [[diarrhea]], [[Japanese encephalitis]] and [[meningitis]]. In summer 2014 the state witnessed a major malaria outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|title=Malaria deaths put Tripura on high alert|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706005859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/malaria-deaths-put-tripura-on-alert/article6109984.ece|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center;"| '''Population growth'''<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! Census !! Population !! %±
|-
| 1951 || 639,000 || —
|-
| 1961 || 1,142,000 || 78.7%
|-
| 1971 || 1,556,000 || 36.3%
|-
| 1981 || 2,053,000 || 31.9%
|-
| 1991 || 2,757,000 || 34.3%
|-
| 2001 || 3,199,203 || 16%
|-
| 2011 || 3,671,032 || 14.7%
|}

Tripura ranks second to Assam as the most populous state in [[Northeast India|North East India]]. According to the provisional results of [[2011 census of India]], Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.<ref name="prov pop paper 2">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf|title=Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> It constitutes 0.3 per cent of India's population. The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population is 350 persons per square kilometre.<ref name="pop glance pap 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |title=Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 – Tripura |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120021520/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html |archive-date=20 January 2012 }}</ref> The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75 per cent,<ref name="prov pop paper 2"/> higher than the national average 74.04 per cent, and third best among all the states.

Tripura ranked 6th in [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) among 35 states and union territories of India, according to 2006 estimate by India's [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]; the HDI of Tripura was 0.663, better than the all-India HDI 0.605.<ref name="wcd 2006 hdi">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|title=HDI and GDI estimates for India and the states/UTs: results and analysis|work=Gendering human development indices: recasting the gender development index and gender empowerment measure for India|publisher=Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India|year=2009|pages=30–2|access-date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160655/http://wcd.nic.in/publication/GDIGEReport/Part2.pdf|archive-date=16 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, the police in Tripura recorded 5,803 [[cognisable offence]]s under the [[Indian Penal Code]], a number second only to Assam (66,714) in North East India.<ref name=ncrb2011p246>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |page=246 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215324/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.13.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per 100,000 people, less than the all-India average of 192.2.<ref name=ncrb2011p200>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2011 |title=Crime in India-2011 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |page=200 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192832/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%201.6.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> However, 2010 reports showed that the state topped all the states for crime against women, with a rate of 46.5 per 100,000 people, significantly more than the national rate of 18.<ref name=ncrb2010p81>{{cite web |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |title=Crime in India-2010 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |page=81 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419002342/http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2010/cii-2010/Chapter%205.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
[[File:Tripuri 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] children preparing for a dance performance.<ref name="Kumāra2007"/><ref name="st 2001 hl"/>|alt=Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance]]
The Indigenous [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] constitute about 31 per cent of the state population while other non-indigenous like the migrants<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deb|first=Mrinal Kanti|last2=Mahato|first2=Arobindo|date=2017|title=Understanding the politics around illegal migration from Bangladesh into Assam and Tripura|url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajrssh&volume=7&issue=9&article=019|journal=Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|pages=222|doi=10.5958/2249-7315.2017.00456.7|issn=2249-7315}}</ref> Bengalis about 69 per cent of Tripura's population.<ref name="st 2001 hl">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|title=Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303210236/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Indira Gandhi said: Refugees of all religions must go back – Watch video|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/indira-gandhi-rahul-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-east-pakistan-pakistan-assam-accord-national-register-of-citizens-congress-bharatiya-janata-party-tripura/264462|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> The other ethnic groups of people recognised by the country's constitution, consist of ethnic groups like [[Chakma people|Chakma]] (6.5 per cent), [[Halam tribe|Halam]] (4.8 per cent), [[Mog people|Mog]] (3.1 per cent), [[Munda people|Munda]] (1.2 per cent), [[Kuki people|Kuki]] (1.2 per cent) and [[Garo people|Garo]] (1.1 per cent).<ref name="st 2001 hl" /> and many sub-groups,<ref name="19 st">{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|title=State wise scheduled tribes: Lo Tripura|publisher=[[Ministry of Tribal Affairs (India)|Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], Government of India|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124214944/http://tribal.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1067.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> with diverse languages and cultures.

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Tripura}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=Languages of Tripura per 2011 Indian census<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Indian Census: Language and Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1600.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/Kolkata/every-5th-bengali-speaker-lives-outside-bengal/amp_articleshow/64770649.cms |title=Every 5th Bengali speaker lives outside Bengal |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|label2=[[Tripuri language|Tripuri]]
|label3=[[Chakma language|Chakma]]
|label4=[[Hindi]]
|label5=[[Mogh language|Mogh]] (Marma)
|label6=Others
|value1=63.48
|value2=25.90
|value3=2.17
|value4=2.11
|value5=0.97
|value6=5.37
|color1=gold
|color2=deepskyblue
|color3=red
|color4=orange
|color5=green
|color6=grey
}}
[[Kokborok language|Tripuri (Kokborok)]] is the Indigenous language of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2021-06-17|title=Tripura: TTAADC Initiates Official Use Of Kokborok|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/06/17/tripura-ttaadc-initiates-official-use-of-kokborok/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref> However, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the most spoken due to migration from the neighboring country Bangladesh with Noakhailla as the most wide spread dialect. Other minority languages such as [[Arakanese language|Mog]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Falam language|Halam]], [[Garo language|Garo]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]] belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken in the state.<ref name="nclm 2001 table">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=Report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], Government of India|year=2011|pages=116–21|access-date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> [[Thadou language|Thadou]], a nearly extinct language, is spoken by only four people in one village, as of 2012.<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 July 2012 |access-date= 7 April 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130103122507/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

===Demography of Indigenous population===

'''Percentage of Tripuris by decade'''<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/1/16/in-tripura-indian-citizenship-law-reignites-old-hostilities</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/brus-vs-non-tribal-bengalis-its-a-clash-among-the-displaced-in-tripura/article30883079.ece</ref><ref name="repository.tribal.gov.in">https://repository.tribal.gov.in › ...PDF
Web results
Kaloi Community in Tripura Group-A (500 Copy) - Tribal Digital ...</ref><ref>https://trci.tripura.gov.in/tribal_population</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''1941'''
| '''50.09%'''
| '''–'''
|-
| '''1951'''
| '''48.65%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-13.41%'''
|-
| '''1961'''
| '''31.55%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-17.1%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''28.65%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-2.59%'''
|-
| '''1981'''
| '''28.44%'''
| style="background: red" | '''-0.21%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''30.95%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.51%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''31.05%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.1%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''31.78%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.73%'''
|}
In 1941, the Indigenous [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] made up 50.09% of the population in present-day Tripura while the non-indiegenous refugees people, mainly Bengalis and non-Bengalis made up the rest and were concentrated mainly in the plains.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The percentage of decreased from 50.09% in 1941 (before partition) to 37.23% (after partition) in 1951 due to [[East Bengali refugees]] coming from [[East Pakistan]], present-day-[[Bangladesh]]. After 1971, the indigenous Tripuri population of Tripura increased from 28.44% in 1981 to 31.05% in 2001.<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/census-data-busts-tripura-tribal-myths/cid/735625</ref> The 2011 census records that indigenous Tripuris constitute 31.78% of the state population which is up from the previous census record of 31.05% in 2001.<ref name="repository.tribal.gov.in"/>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|color1=darkorange|value4=3.41|color6=brown|color5=darkkhaki|color4=yellow|color3=dodgerblue|color2=Green|value7=.2|value6=.02|value5=.02|value3=4.35|label1=[[Hinduism]]|label7=Other or no religion|label6=[[Jainism]]|label5=[[Sikhism]]|label4=[[Buddhism]]|label3=[[Christianity]]|label2=[[Islam]]|value2=8.6|value1=83.4|color7=Black|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Tripura (2011 census)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2017|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2017|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>}}
According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in the state, followed by 83.40 per cent of the population.<ref name="2017 Census religion state">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 11 December 2017 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Muslims make up 8.60 per cent of the population, [[Christians]] 4.35 per cent, and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] 3.41 per cent.<ref name="2011 Census religion state">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Christianity is chiefly followed by members of the [[Lusei tribe|Lushai]], Kuki, Garo, Halam tribes and as per 2017 census has 159,882 adherents.<ref name="Bareh2001">{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|year=2017|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-795-5|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723031609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|135–6}}

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Tripura|Tripuri culture|Bengali culture}}
[[File:Traditional dress of Tripura.jpg|thumb|Tripuri couple in traditional attire]]
[[File:Durga Puja DS.jpg|thumb|left|[[Durga Puja]] is the major festival of Tripura]]
The diverse ethno-linguistic groups of Tripura have given rise to a composite culture.<ref name="comp book">{{cite book|title=Human rights and indigenous peoples| last=Das|first=J.K|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7648-243-1|page=215}}</ref><ref name="nkc compos">{{cite web|url=http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|title=Tripura: a composite culture|work=Glimpses from the North-East|last=Chaudhury|first=Saroj|publisher=[[National Knowledge Commission]]|year=2009|pages=55–61|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911012156/http://www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/nkc_northEast.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2010}}</ref> The major Tripuri clans are [[Debbarma]], [[Jamatia]], [[Reang]], Tripura, [[Noatia]]. And there are tribal groups such as [[Murasing]], Chakma, [[Halam (ethnic group)|Halam]], Garo, Kuki, [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Uchoi]], Dhamai, Roaza, [[Mogh]] Munda, [[Oraon]] and [[Santhal people|Santhal]] who migrated in Tripura as tea labourers.<ref name="19 st" /> Bengali people represent the largest ethno-linguist community of the state. Bengali culture, as a result, is the main non-indigenous culture. The Tripuri Maharajas were great patrons of Bengali culture, especially literature;<ref name="Paul2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|title=The eyewitness: tales from Tripura's ethnic conflict|last=Paul|first=Manas|date=19 April 2010|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-15-2|page=104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514222457/http://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bengali language]] replaced [[Kokborok]] as the language of the court.<ref name="Boland-CreweLea2002">{{cite book|last1=Boland-Crewe|first1=Tara|last2=Lea|first2=David|title=The territories and states of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|date=15 November 2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-148-3|page=238|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514220600/http://books.google.com/books?id=JrNCaYCriicC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Elements of Bengali culture, such as [[Bengali literature]], [[Bengali music]], and [[Bengali cuisine]] are widespread, particularly in the urban areas of the state.<ref name="Sircar2006">{{cite book|last=Sircar|first=Kaushik|title=The consumer in the north-east: new vistas for marketing|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0023-5}}</ref>{{rp|110}}<ref>Prakash (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of North-east India'', vol. 5, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 p. 2268] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502180050/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixSANFgMjW0C&pg=PA2268 |date=2 May 2016 }}</ref>

Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane handicrafts.<ref name="nkc compos" /> Bamboo, wood and cane are used to create an array of furniture, utensils, hand-held fans, replicas, mats, baskets, idols and interior decoration materials.<ref name="Chakraborty2006"/>{{rp|39–41}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|title=Handicrafts|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410083950/http://www.tripura.nic.in/han3.htm|archive-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> Music and dance are integral to the culture of the state. Some local musical instruments are the ''[[sarinda]]'', ''[[Musical instruments of Tripura#Chongpreng|chongpreng]]'' (both string instruments), and ''[[sumui]]'' (a type of [[flute]]).<ref name="Tripura gazet 1975"/>{{rp|344–5}} Each indigenous community has its own repertoire of songs and dances performed during weddings, religious occasions, and other festivities. The Tripuri and Jamatia people perform [[goria dance]] during the [[Goria puja]]. [[Jhum dance]] (also called tangbiti dance), [[lebang dance]], [[mamita dance]], and [[mosak sulmani dance]] are other Tripuri dance forms.<ref name="ttaadc culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |title=The folk dance and music of Tripura |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Reang community, the second largest scheduled tribe of the state, is noted for its [[hojagiri dance]] that is performed by young girls balanced on earthen pitchers.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> [[Bizhu dance]] is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of ''[[Chaitra]]'' in [[Hindu calendar]]). Other dance forms include [[wangala]] dance of the Garo people, [[hai-hak dance]] of the Halam branch of Kuki people, and [[sangrai dance]] and [[owa dance]] of the Mog.<ref name="ttaadc culture"/> Alongside such traditional music, mainstream Indian musical elements such as [[Indian classical music]] and [[Indian classical dance|dance]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]] are also practised.<ref name="Hazarika2000">{{cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|title=Rites of passage: border crossings, imagined homelands, India's east and Bangladesh|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100422-8|page=169}}</ref> [[Sachin Dev Burman]], a member of the royal family, was a maestro in the [[filmi]] genre of Indian music.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema|date=24 August 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-28853-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109 109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/109}}</ref>

Hindus believe that ''[[Tripura Sundari]]'' is the [[patron god]]dess of Tripura and an aspect of ''[[Shakti]]''.<ref name="Bera2010"/>{{rp|30}} [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Holi|Dolyatra]], Ashokastami and the worship of the [[Chaturdasha Temple|''Chaturdasha'' deities]] are important festivals in the state. Some festivals represent confluence of different regional traditions, such as [[Ganga puja]], [[Garia puja]], [[Kharchi puja]] and [[Ker puja]].<ref name="Sharma">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=A.P.|title=Famous festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-288-8|chapter=Tripura festival|date=8 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223300/http://books.google.com/books?id=VRgD7cga54EC|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|title=Fairs and festivals|publisher=Government of Tripura|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204193132/http://tripura.nic.in/cul3.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> [[Unakoti]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]] and [[Devtamura]] are historic sites where large collections of stone carvings and rock sculptures are noted.<ref name="nkc compos"/><ref name="herald rock">{{cite news|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |title=Tripura sculptures, rock images speak of glorious past |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122533/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul252008/national2008072580863.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=5 January 2015 }}</ref> Like [[Neermahal]] is a cultural Water Palace of this state. Sculptures are evidence of the presence of Buddhist and [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] orders for centuries, and represent a rare artistic fusion of traditional organised religions and tribal influence.<ref name="Chauley2007">{{cite book|first=G. C.|last=Chauley|title=Art treasures of Unakoti, Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 September 2007|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7320-066-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514223719/http://books.google.com/books?id=FwxuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Session2003">{{cite book|author=North East India History Association. Session|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=The Association|page=13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514230310/http://books.google.com/books?id=eDluAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ChaudhuriChaudhuri1983">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Saroj|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Bikach|title=Glimpses of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Tripura Darpan Prakashani|page=5|asin=B0000CQFES|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514231214/http://books.google.com/books?id=pyUuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>
The State Museum in the Ujjayanta Palace in Agartala has impressive galleries that depict the history and culture of Tripura through pictures, videos and other installations.

==Sports==
[[association football|Football]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year in which many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. The [[Tripura cricket team]] participates in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.<ref name="nat game">{{cite news|url=http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|title=34th National Games medal tally|newspaper=Ranchi Express|year=2011|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110063815/http://ranchiexpress.com/national-games/tripura.html|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="ne games">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|title=Northeastern games|publisher=[[Sports Authority of India]]|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611023051/http://www.nsnis.org/tournaments.htm#NORTH_EASTERN_REGION|archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

Tennis player [[Somdev Devvarman]], who won the gold medal in the [[Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's Singles|Men's Singles]] event at the [[2010 Asian Games]], has family roots in Tripura.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patwardhan |first1=Deepti |title=Somdev Devvarman: An Indian unafraid to play game of attrition |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZdVcIjdtIZZixB1ib2OZmN/Somdev-Devvarman-An-Indian-unafraid-to-play-game-of-attriti.html |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=Mint |date=4 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 2010|title=Asian Games: Somdev Devvarman wins seventh gold for India|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-news/asian-games-somdev-devvarman-wins-seventh-gold-for-india/articleshow/6974595.cms|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Dipa Karmakar]] from Agartala became the first ever female gymnast from India to qualify for the Olympics when she qualified for the women's [[artistic gymnastics]] event of [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|title=Dipa Karmakar becomes 1st Indian woman gymnast to qualify for Rio Olympics|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=19 April 2016|access-date=21 April 2016|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421031905/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/dipa-karmakar-becomes-1st-indian-woman-gymnast-to-qualify-for-rio-olympics/articleshow/51872891.cms|archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Other notable gymnasts from Tripura include [[Mantu Debnath]], [[Kalpana Debnath]], and [[Bishweshwar Nandi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2014|title=Leap to gold|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/leap-to-gold/|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] – 1908–1947, one of the last [[Manikya dynasty|Kings of Tripura]].
* [[Sachin Dev Burman]] – Bollywood composer and singer.
* [[Rahul Dev Burman]] – Bollywood composer and singer.
* [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
* [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]
* [[Bibhu Kumari Devi]] – Rajmata of Tripura
* [[Kanchan Prava Devi]]
* [[Radha Kishore Manikya]]
* [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
* [[Maha Manikya]]
* [[ N.C. Debbarma]]
* [[Dharma Manikya I]]
* [[Ratna Manikya I]]
* [[Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman]]– Indian sitarist and Dhrupad singer
* [[Kujendra Lal Tripura]]
* [[Pratap Manikya]]
* [[Sourabhee Debbarma]] – First female Indian idol winner, TV performer and singer.
* [[Riya Sen|Riya Sen Dev Varma]] – Bollywood actress.
* [[Raima Sen|Raima Sen Dev Varma]] – Bollywood actress.
* [[Somdev Devvarman]] – Indian tennis player. Somdev Devvarman created history<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2010|title=Asiad: Somdev Creates History, India Retains 8th Spot|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/asiad-somdev-creates-history-india-retains-8th-spot/702187|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.outlookindia.com|publisher=[[Outlook.com]]}}</ref> by becoming the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the [[Asian Games]]. In 2011, Devvarman received the [[Arjuna Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-20|title=Somdev receives Arjuna Award|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/somdev-receives-arjuna-award/story-wpYRBmXSWHWNAAFhPOkVvI.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Agencies|first=New Delhi|date=20 September 2011|title=Somdev Devvarman receives Arjuna Award|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/somdev-devvarman-receives-arjuna-award/|access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> from the Indian government for his tennis successes. In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, appointed him as the national observer for tennis. In 2018, he was awarded with the civilian award [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kidambi Srikanth, Somdev Devvarman receive Padma Shri awards; Padma Bhushan for Dhoni - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kidambi-srikanth-somdev-devvarman-receive-padma-shri-awards-padma-bhushan-for-dhoni/articleshow/63384367.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Narendra Chandra Debbarma]]
* [[Mathura Bikash Tripura]]
* [[Jishnu Dev Varma]]
* [[Dasarath Deb]]
* [[Aghore Debbarma]]
* [[Sudhanwa Debbarma]]
* [[Bidya Debbarma]]
* [[Ranjit Debbarma]]
* [[Jotindra Lal Tripura]]
* [[Nagendra Jamatia]]
* [[Benichandra Jamatia]] – Padma Shri Indian folk writer and litterateur
* [[Mevar Kumar Jamatia]]
* [[Satyaram Reang]] – Padma Shri Indian folk performer and folk artist
* [[Shobha Rani Tripura]]
* [[Harinath Debbarma]]
* [[Tanushree Deb Barma]]- The First Woman [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer of Tripura.
* [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma]]
* [[Manoranjan Debbarma]]
* [[Rashiram Debbarma]]
* [[Aghore Debbarma]]
* [[Padma Kumar Debbarma]]
* [[Jashabir Tripura]]
* [[Ramendra Narayan Debbarma]]
* [[Harinath Debbarma]]
* [[Radhacharan Debbarma]]
* [[Rathin Datta]]
* [[Mantu Debnath]]
* [[Kalpana Debnath]]
* [[Saraswati Dey]]
* [[Bishweshwar Nandi]]
* [[Dipa Karmakar]]
* [[Nistha Chakraborty]]
* [[Anshuman Nandi]]
* [[Arshiya Das]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Tipraland]]
* [[Manikya dynasty]]
*[[Habugra]]
*[[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]
*[[Tripura Industrial Development Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web| url=http://www.oocities.org/the_agony_of_tripura/| title=The Agony of Tripura}} By Mr. J.D. Mandal (2003)
* {{cite book|last=Gan-Chaudhuri|first=Jagadis|title=An anthology of Tripura|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Inter-India Publications|oclc=568730389}}
* {{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Nalini Ranjan|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|year=1977|publisher=Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura|oclc=4497205}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Pravas Ranjan|title=Economic transition in Tripura|year=1993|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|isbn=978-0-7069-7171-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Palit|first=Projit Kumar|title=History of religion in Tripura|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Kaveri Books|isbn=978-81-7479-064-4}}
* {{cite book|last=DebBarma|first=Chandramani|title=Glory of Tripura civilisation: history of Tripura with Kok Borok names of the kings|year=2006|publisher=Parul Prakashani|oclc=68193115}}
* Jain, Sandhya (2010). Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study]. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
; Government
* [http://tripura.gov.in/ Tripura Government]
* [http://tripuratourism.gov.in/ Tripura Tourism]
* [http://tpsc.nic.in/ Public Service Commission]
* [http://ceotripura.nic.in/ Election Department]

'''General information'''
* {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Tripura/}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|2026458}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tripura
|North = [[Sylhet Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northeast = [[Assam]]
|East = [[Mizoram]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Southwest =
|West = [[Chittagong Division]], {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Tripura topics}}
{{North East India|state=collapsed}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Subject bar |portal1= India |commons= y |commons-search= Category:Tripura |n= y |wikt= y |wikt-search= Tripura |b= y |s= y |v= y |voy= y |voy-search= Tripura }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Bengali-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Greater Tripura Region]]

Mevar Kumar Jamatia

2021-08-05T15:18:59Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} '''Mevar Kumar Jamatia''' is an Indian Politician from Tripura. He is the General Secre..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''Mevar Kumar Jamatia''' is an [[India]]n Politician from [[Tripura]]. He is the General Secretary of the [[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]]. He is Minister of Tribal Welfare and Forest in [[Biplab Kumar Deb ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/day-after-assuming-office-tripura-chief-minister-biplab-kumar-deb-allocates-portfolios-1822227|title=Day After Assuming Office, Tripura Chief Minister Allocates Portfolios|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-cm-biplab-kumar-deb-distributes-portfolios-among-ministers/story-bBs1I3rDVMl1xbZBRza3cM.html|title=Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb distributes portfolios among ministers|date=10 March 2018|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/tripura-cm-biplab-kumar-deb-allocates-portfolios-to-inducted-ministers-keeps-home-pwd-industries-departments-for-self-4384813.html|title=Tripura CM Biplab Kumar Deb allocates portfolios to inducted ministers; keeps home, PWD, industries departments for self - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/9-cabinet-ministers-take-oath-214447|title=9 cabinet ministers take oath|publisher=}}</ref> He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Asharambari Constituency by defeating [[CPI(M)]] Candidate Aghore Debbarma by a margin of 6,987 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2326.htm?ac=26|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|website=eciresults.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5933|title=Mevar Kumar Jamatia(IPFT):Constituency- ASHARAMBARI(KHOWAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|first=|last=ADR|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

{{Infobox politician
| name = Mevar kumar Jamatia
| image =

| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| predecessor1 =
| office2 = [[Biplab Kumar Deb ministry|Minister of Tribal Welfare and Forest]]
| term_start2 = 9 March 2018
| term_end2 =
|minister2= [[ Biplab Kumar Deb| Shri Biplab Kumar Deb ]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3=
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| 1blankname2 =
| 1namedata2 =
| cabinet = [[Government of Tripura|State Government of Tripura]]
| birth_name = Mevar Kumar Jamatia
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Tripura, India
| party = [[Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura]]
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Mevar Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:12th Tripura Legislative Assembly members]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura politicians]]

Indigenous People's Front of Tripura

2021-08-05T15:16:56Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{short description|Political party in India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox Indian political party | party_name = I..."

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Indigenous People's Front of Tripura
| abbreviation = IPFT
| logo =
| flag = Flag green yellow.svg
| eci = State Party
| colorcode = {{Indigenous People's Front of Tripura/meta/color}}
| president = N.C.Debbarma
| chairman = N.C.Debbarma
| spokesperson = Mangal Debbarma
|leader = [[N.C. Debbarma]]
|secretary = [[Mevar Kumar Jamatia]]
|ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]] [[Indigenism|Ethnic nationalism]] [[Anti-immigration]]
|headquarters = Old Kali Bari Road, Krishnanagar, Agartala - 799100 [[Tripura]]
|youth = Youth IPFT
|electoral_symbol = [[File:Indian_Election_symbol_Dao.svg|200px]]
|website =
| Political position =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]
| colours = {{Color box|#FAE94F|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}}
| membership =
| state2_seats_name = [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| state2_seats = {{composition bar|0|30}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{composition bar|8|60|hex={{Indigenous People's Front of Tripura/meta/color}}}}
}}

The '''Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura''' ('''IPFT''') is a regional [[political party]] in [[Tripura]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indigenous-peoples-front-of-tripura-demands-separate-tribal-state/article5052649.ece|title=Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura demands separate tribal state|last=Ali|first=Syed Sajjad|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref> It is a member of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)| National Democratic Alliance]] and [[North-East Democratic Alliance]]. The party was merged into the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] (INPT) in 2001, However diverged out in 2009. The party is allied with [[BJP]] in the [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] and won 8 seats out of 9 contested seats. The party got 7.5% of the total votes polled. The BJP got 36 seats and with a total of 44 seats the BJP-IPFT coalition have two-thirds majority at the Legislative Assembly.<ref>[http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS23.htm?st=S23]{{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref>

==History==

The IPFT made its political breakthrough in the 2000 [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC) elections. The militant separatist organization [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] (NLFT) had declared that it would only allow the IPFT to contest the election; in light of a series of assassinations, death threats, and kidnappings, only the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] and the IPFT participated. The IPFT ended up winning 17 out of 28 seats, taking a majority on the TTAADC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Left sweeps Tripura tribal council polls|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/printArticles.aspx?sectionID=317121&sectionName=news|location=Agartala|date=6 May 2015|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref>

The [[Tripura National Volunteers]] (TNV), [[Tripuri nationalism|Tripuri nationalist]] [[Insurgent|militant]] group, supported the IPFT in the 2000 elections. In 2001, after pressure from the NLFT, the TNV merged with the Indigenous People's Front of Tripura. In 2002, the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Tripura]] (INPT) was formed as a merger of the Indigenous People's Front of Tripura and the [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]] (TUJS).<ref name="A Short History">{{cite web|last1=Varma|first1=Subodh|title=A Short History of IPFT, BJP’s Election Partner in Tripura|url=https://newsclick.in/short-history-ipft-bjps-election-partner-tripura|website=Newsclick.in|access-date=6 March 2018|date=10 February 2018}}</ref>

The newly formed INPT formed an alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] for the 2003 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] election, in which the INPT won six assembly seats.

After the 2003 assembly election, 6 District Councilors split away from the INPT to form the [[National Socialist Party of Tripura]] (NSPT), under the leadership of Hirendra Tripura and Budhu Kumar Debbarma. The NSPT formed a government in the TTAADC by forming a coalition with the communist [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] party. Following this, more INPT leaders defected, leaving to join the Indian National Congress.

In 2005, another youth leader and INPT MLA [[Animesh Debbarma]] left the party to form the [[National Conference of Tripura]] (NCT).

Before the 2009 Loksabha election, some INPT leaders decided to revive the IPFT party under the leadership of former All India Radio Director [[N.C Debbarma]]. The main demand of the IPFT is the formation of "[[Tipraland]]", a state within the TTAADC, under articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution.

The IPFT contested both of the Loksabha seats of Tripura in 2009, but received very few votes. It also contested 21 out of 28 ADC seats in the 2010 [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] election, but only received a total of 2,216 votes.

The IPFT also failed to gain a majority in the 2013 Tripura assembly elections, receiving 11,234 votes in 17 contested seats. Following these elections, IPFT leader [[Patal Kanya Jamatia]] left and joined the INPT, ultimately leaving again to form the [[Tripura Peoples Front]] (TPF).

In the 2015 ADC elections, the IPFT contested 27 of the 28 seats. Despite securing the second-highest number of votes at 115,252, the IPFT was unable to gain a single seat. The IPFT split again following these elections, with some members like Retd. TCS officer C.R Debbarma & Rangchak Kwthang leaving to form the [[Tipraland State Party]] (TSP). The party was further weakened after some prominent IPFT youth leaders, including [[David Murasing]] and [[Pabitra Jamatia]], left the party to join the right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), the party in power nationally in India, on 11 December 2016, but David Murasing ultimately leaving again BJP on 16 August 2017 to form [[Twipra Dophani Sikla Srwngnai Motha]] (TDSSM).

==Splinter Factions==
IPFT is splintered into 3-6 factions:
* [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura (N.C. Debbarma)]] (IPFT-NC) of [[N.C. Debbarma]].
* [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura (Tipraha)]] (IPFT-T) of Aghor Debbarma, Budhu Debbarma, and Binoy Debbarma.
* [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura (Balaram Debbarma)]] (IPFT-B) of Balaram Debbarma.
* [[Tripura People's Front]] (TPF) of Patal Kanya Jamatia.
* [[Tipraland State Party]] (TSP) of Retired TCS officer C.R Debbarma & Sonacharan Debbarma.
* [[Twipra Dophani Sikla Srwngnai Motha]] (TDSSM) of D Hamkhrai Twipra (David Murasing) also split from IPFT.

==See also==
* [[Tipraland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North-East Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{National Democratic Alliance}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Indigenous People's Front of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Tripuri nationalism]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:2001 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2001]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2009]]

Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal

2021-08-05T15:16:43Z

Pradip89: Created page with "{{For|other people with same name|Shihab Thangal (disambiguation){{!}}Shihab Thangal}} {{short description|Muslim leader from Kerala}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Inf..."

{{For|other people with same name|Shihab Thangal (disambiguation){{!}}Shihab Thangal}}
{{short description|Muslim leader from Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sayyid
| name = Sayyid Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal
| image = Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal BNC.jpg
| caption = Panakkad Sayyid Hyderali Shihab Thangal
| office = Kerala State President President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| office1 = Chairman, National Political Advisory Committee - [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| termstart1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|06|15}}{{Citation needed|date= August 2018}}
| birth_place = [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| nationality = India
| office2 = Vice President, [[Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama']]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = Fatima Zuhra Beevi
| relations =
* [[Syed Muhammadali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Muhammad Ali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* [[Sayed Umerali Shihab Thangal|Syed Umer Ali Shihab Thangal]] (brother)
* Syed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal (brother)
* Syed Sadeq Ali Shihab Thangal (brother)
| children =
* Syed Mueen Ali Shaihab Thangal
* Syed Naeem Ali Shihab Thangal
| parents =
* [[PMSA Pookkoya Thangal|P. M. S. A. Pookkoya Thangal]] (father)
* Aisha Cherukunji Beevi (mother)
| residence = [[Panakkad]] ([[Malappuram]])
| education = Faizy (Post Graduate, Arabic and Islamic Sharīʿah)
| alma_mater = [[Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College|Jami'a Nooriyya Arabiya]] ([[Perintalmanna]])
| occupation =
* Community Leader
| known_for =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Panakkad Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal''' is a [[sayyid]] ([[thangal]]) community leader from [[Kerala]], southern India. He serves as the Chairman, National Political Advisory Committee and Kerala State President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Political Advisory Committee|url=http://iuml.com/nationalcommittees.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142153/http://iuml.com/nationalcommittees.html|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=2019-01-09|website=Indian Union Muslim League (official website)}}</ref> He is also the Vice President of the [[Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyat al-'Ulama']], the principal [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi‘i|Shafi'i]] scholarly body in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times News Network|date=2018-01-18|title=Samastha-Thangal family row settled|work=The Times of India|publication-place=Kozhikode|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/samastha-thangal-family-row-settled/articleshow/62347851.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620082425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/samastha-thangal-family-row-settled/articleshow/62347851.cms|archive-date=2020-06-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hyderali Shihab Thangal is a member of the [[Pukkoya family of Panakkad|Pukkoya family]] of [[Panakkad]] (north Kerala). He is the third son of [[Pukkoya Tangal|P. M. S. A .Pookkoya Thangal]] (d. 1975) and the younger brother of [[Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Sayed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal]] and [[Sayed Umerali Shihab Thangal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nijeesh|first=T. P.|date=2012-04-03|title=Panakkad family to figure in history of Syeds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Panakkad-family-to-figure-in-history-of-Syeds/articleshow/12512913.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116175442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Panakkad-family-to-figure-in-history-of-Syeds/articleshow/12512913.cms|archive-date=16 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-09|website=The Times of India|publication-place=Malappuram}}</ref> He was elected as the successor to [[Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Mohammedali Shihab Thangal]] as the Kerala State President, Indian Union Muslim League in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-08-15|title=Hyderali Shihab Thangal, chief of IUML in Kerala|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Hyderali-Shihab-Thangal-chief-of-IUML-in-Kerala/article16875145.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620083115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Hyderali-Shihab-Thangal-chief-of-IUML-in-Kerala/article16875145.ece|archive-date=2020-06-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangal, Sayed Hyderali Shihab}}
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]