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Nike, Inc.

2023-10-12T16:35:15Z

Prabhanjaytiwari:

{{Short description|American athletic equipment company}}
{{About|the company|other uses|Nike (disambiguation)}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nike, Inc.
| logo = Logo NIKE.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image_caption = Headquarters near [[Beaverton, Oregon]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| former_name = Blue Ribbon Sports, Inc. {{small|(1964–1971)}}
| image = Nike Headquarters Oregon.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{NYSE|NKE}} (Class B)|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[List of S&P 500 companies|S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US6541061031}}
| founders = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|[[Bill Bowerman]]|[[Phil Knight]]}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|[[Phil Knight|Philip H. Knight]] (chairman emeritus)|[[Mark Parker]] (executive chairman)|[[John Donahoe]] (president and CEO)|[[John Hoke III]] (chief design officer)}}
| industry = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|[[Clothing industry|Apparel]]|[[Fashion accessory|Accessories]]|[[Sports equipment]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Athletic shoes]]|[[Sportswear|athletic apparel]]|[[sporting goods]]|[[fashion accessories|accessories]]}}
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} {{US$|46.71 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]|link=yes}} (2022)}}
| operating_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$6.86 billion (2022)}}
| net_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$6.05 billion (2022)}}
| assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$40.32 billion (2022)}}
| equity = {{nowrap|{{increase}} US$15.28 billion (2022)}}
| num_employees = {{circa|79,100}} (May 2022)
| founded = {{start date and age|1964|1|25}}
| location = Unincorporated [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]] near [[Beaverton, Oregon]], U.S. (Beaverton mailing address)
| subsid = [[Converse (brand)]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.nike.com/|nike.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name=10K2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000320187/000032018722000038/nke-20220531.htm |title=US SEC: 2022 Form 10-K NIKE, Inc. |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=July 21, 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''Nike, Inc.'''{{efn|group=note|The pronunciations of "Nike" include {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-nike.ogg||ˈ|n|aɪ|k|i}} {{respell|NY|kee}} officially and in the US, as well as {{IPAc-en|n|aɪ|k}} {{respell|NYKE}} in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/nike-pronounced-nikey-confirms-guy-who-ought-know-9470111.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/nike-pronounced-nikey-confirms-guy-who-ought-know-9470111.html |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= Nike is pronounced Nikey, confirms guy who ought to know|work= The Independent|date=June 2, 2014 |access-date =July 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-03 |title=It's official: Nike rhymes with spiky – and you're saying all these wrong too |url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/shortcuts/2014/jun/03/nike-how-to-pronounce-correctly-brand-names-audi-adidas-porsche-yvessaintlaurent |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>}} (stylized as '''''NIKE''''') is an American athletic footwear and apparel corporation headquartered near [[Beaverton, Oregon]], United States.<ref name="Nike HQ">{{Cite web |title=Contact Nike, Inc. |url=https://about.nike.com/pages/contact-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630040741/https://about.nike.com/pages/contact-us |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |website=Nike, Inc.}}</ref> It is the world's largest supplier of [[Sneakers|athletic shoe]]s and apparel and a major manufacturer of [[sports equipment]], with revenue in excess of US$46 billion in its fiscal year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike annual revenue worldwide 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/241683/nikes-sales-worldwide-since-2004/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nike-idUSN2526447020080625|title=Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns|last=Sage|first=Alexandria|date=June 26, 2008|work=Reuters |access-date=July 10, 2008}}</ref>

The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as "Blue Ribbon Sports", by [[Bill Bowerman]] and [[Phil Knight]], and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], the Greek goddess of victory.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Levinson| first = Philip| title = How Nike almost ended up with a very different name| work = Business Insider| access-date = June 7, 2017| url = http://www.businessinsider.com/how-nike-got-its-name-2016-1}}</ref> Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, [[Nike+]], [[Air Jordan]], [[Nike Blazers]], [[Air Force 1 (shoe)|Air Force 1]], Nike Dunk, [[Air Max]], Foamposite, [[Nike Skateboarding]], Nike CR7,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nike.com/gb/w?q=Cristiano%20Ronaldo&vst=Cristiano%20Ronaldo |title=Nike CR7 |publisher=Nike, Inc.}}</ref> and subsidiaries including [[Air Jordan]] and [[Converse (brand)|Converse (brand)]]. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey from 1995 to 2008, and previously owned [[Cole Haan]], [[Umbro]], and [[Hurley International]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Nike sells Bauer Hockey for $200 Million | date = February 21, 2008 | publisher=[[The Sports Network]] | url = https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/news_story/?ID=230199&hubname=nhl | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080225100443/http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/news_story/?ID=230199&hubname=nhl | archive-date = February 25, 2008 | access-date = June 2, 2008 }}</ref> In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of "[[Just Do It]]" and the [[Swoosh]] logo.

As of 2020, it employed 76,700 people worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike (NKE) |url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/nike/ |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the brand alone was valued in excess of $32 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Valuable Apparel Brand? Nike Just Does It Again |agency=Brand Finance |url=https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/most-valuable-apparel-brand-nike-just-does-it-again/ |access-date=September 12, 2020}}</ref> Previously, in 2017, the Nike brand was valued at $29.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World's Most Valuable Brands 2017: 16. Nike |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/591c87fc31358e03e5593101/16-nike/ |access-date=September 27, 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Nike ranked 89th in the 2018 [[Fortune 500]] list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |access-date=November 10, 2018 |website=Fortune |language=en-US |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
{{see also|Nike timeline}}
[[File:Knight and Bowerman.jpg|thumb|[[Bill Bowerman]] (left) conversing with [[Phil Knight]] (second from left) and two other members of the Oregon track team, 1958]]
[[File:15-08-NikeFactoryStore Wisconsin IMG 1218.JPG|thumb|Nike Factory Store in Wisconsin]]
[[File:Nike Harajuku interior 2018.jpg|thumb|A Nike Store in [[Harajuku]], Tokyo, Japan]]
[[File:Nike Kicks Lounge in Harbour City 2017.jpg|thumb|Nike Kicks Lounge in [[Harbour City (Hong Kong)|Harbour City]], [[Hong Kong]]]]
Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by [[University of Oregon]] track athlete [[Phil Knight]] and his coach, [[Bill Bowerman]], on January 25, 1964.<ref name="O'Reilly-2014">{{Cite web|last=O'Reilly|first=Lara|date=November 4, 2014|title=11 Things Hardly Anyone Knows About Nike|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-nike-facts-about-its-50th-anniversary-2014-11|access-date=January 26, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref> The company initially operated in [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], [[Oregon]] as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker [[Onitsuka Tiger]], making most sales at track meets out of Knight's automobile.<ref name="O'Reilly-2014" />

According to [[Otis Davis]], a [[University of Oregon]] student-athlete coached by Bowerman and [[List of multiple Olympic gold medalists|Olympic gold medalist]] at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]], his coach made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. According to Davis, "I told [[Tom Brokaw]] that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman made them from the [[waffle iron]], and they were mine".<ref name=HudReporter2006>{{cite web|author=Hague, Jim|author-link=Jim Hague|title=Truant officer was Olympic hero Emerson High has gold medalist in midst|newspaper=The Hudson Reporter|date=May 14, 2006 |url=http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2408547/article-Truant-officer-was-Olympic-hero-Emerson-High-has-gold-medallist-in-midst?|access-date=March 18, 2012|archive-date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504210729/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2408547/article-Truant-officer-was-Olympic-hero-Emerson-High-has-gold-medallist-in-midst|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International directory of company histories. Vol. 5.|date=1992|publisher=St. James Press |author1=Adele Hast |author2=Thomson Gale|isbn=978-1-55862-646-1|location=Detroit, MI|pages=372 |oclc=769042318}}</ref> By 1965, sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store at 3107 Pico Boulevard in [[Santa Monica, California]]. In 1967, due to increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/nike-inc-history/|title=History of NIKE, Inc. |website=FundingUniverse}}</ref>

[[File:Nike Waffle Racer Vintage (11023100684).jpg|thumb|upright|Vintage Nike "waffle racer" sneaker]]
In 1971, Bowerman used his wife's waffle iron to experiment on rubber to create a new sole for track shoes that would grip but be lightweight and increase the runner's speed. Oregon's [[Hayward Field]] was transitioning to an artificial surface, and Bowerman wanted a sole which could grip to grass or bark dust without the use of spikes. Bowerman was talking to his wife about this puzzle over breakfast, when the waffle iron idea came into play.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Hayley |title=The bizarre inspiration behind Nike's first pair of running shoes |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/nikes-first-running-shoes-were-made-in-a-waffle-iron-2015-7 |access-date=26 April 2018 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

Bowerman's design led to the introduction of the "Moon Shoe" in 1972, so named because the waffle tread was said to resemble the [[footprints]] left by astronauts on the moon. Further refinement resulted in the "Waffle Trainer" in 1974, which helped fuel the explosive growth of Blue Ribbon Sports/Nike.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_xkhcbKJx4C&pg=PT41 |title=Cultural Strategy: Using Innovative Ideologies to Build Breakthrough Brands |last2=Cameron |first2=Douglas |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958740-7 |pages=41– |access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scheerder |first=Jeroen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CX8usTKzAMC&pg=PA75 |title=Vlaanderen loopt! Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de loopsportmarkt |publisher=Academia Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-382-1484-9 |pages=75– |access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref>

Tension between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger increased in 1971 as the latter attempted a takeover of BRS by extending an ultimatum proposal that would give the Japanese company 51 percent of BRS.<ref name="Gereffi-1993">{{Cite book |last=Gereffi |first=Gary |title=Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism |last2=Korzeniewicz |first2=Miguel |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1993 |isbn=0-275-94573-1 |location=Westport, CT |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref> In 1972, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger came to an end.<ref name="Gereffi-1993" /> BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear. The previous year, it was already able to place from two Japanese shoe manufacturers the company’s first independent order for 20,000, which included 6,000 that had the Nike logo.<ref name="Gereffi-1993" /> Runner Jeff Johnson was brought in to help market the new brand and was credited for coining the name “Nike”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houze |first=Rebecca |title=New Mythologies in Design and Culture: Reading Signs and Symbols in the Visual Landscape |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4725-1849-1 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> It would bear the [[Swoosh]] newly designed by [[Carolyn Davidson (graphic designer)|Carolyn Davidson]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Independent |date=January 4, 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html| title=Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising |access-date=February 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="thestreet.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestreet.com/lifestyle/history-of-nike-15057083|title=History of Nike: Timeline and Facts|last=Meyer|first=Jack|date=August 14, 2019|website=[[TheStreet.com]]|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18, 1971,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunt |first=Joshua |title=University of Nike: How Corporate Cash Bought American Higher Education |publisher=Melville House |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61219-691-6 |pages=22 |location=Brooklyn, NY}}</ref> and was registered with the [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] on January 22, 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Cait |title=A History of American Sports in 100 Objects |publisher=Basic Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-465-09775-3 |location=New York |pages=1973}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=TSDR |url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=72414177&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |title= Registration Number 72414177|publisher=U.S. Patent & Trademark Office|access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first [[advertising agency]].<ref name="Adage-2003">{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/adage-encyclopedia/nike/98797|title=Nike Inc.|date=September 15, 2003|website=adage.com|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> The following year, the agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no finish line", in which no Nike product was shown.<ref name="Adage-2003" /> By 1980 Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/nike-inc|title=Nike Inc|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref>

[[Wieden+Kennedy]], Nike's primary ad agency, has worked with Nike to create many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=C. L. |title=Therapeutic Publicity |journal=Journal of Sport and Social Issues |date=February 2002 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1177/0193723502261001|s2cid=220320153 }}</ref> It was agency co-founder [[Dan Wieden]] who coined the now-famous slogan "[[Just Do It]]" for a 1988 Nike ad campaign,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/04/from-lets-do-it-to-just-do-it-how-nike-adapted-gary-gilmores-last-words-before-execution/|title='Just Do It': The surprising and morbid origin story of Nike's slogan|last=Bella|first=Timothy|date=September 4, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> which was chosen by ''Advertising Age'' as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adage.com/article/special-report-the-advertising-century/ad-age-advertising-century-top-10-slogans/140156|title=Ad Age Advertising Century: Top 10 Slogans|date=March 29, 1999|website=adage.com |access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> [[Walt Stack]] was featured in Nike's first "Just Do It" advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nike's 'Just Do It' slogan celebrates 20 years |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2008/07/nikes_just_do_it_slogan_celebr.html |publisher=OregonLive.com |access-date=March 4, 2010 |date=July 18, 2008}}</ref> Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to "Let's do it", the last words spoken by [[Gary Gilmore]] before he was executed.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jeremy W. |title=The Birth of 'Just Do It' and Other Magic Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/business/media/20adco.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 August 2009 }}</ref>

Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newitts.com/blog/history-of-nike?country=/|title=History of Nike |website=www.newitts.com|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building [[Nike World Headquarters|World Headquarters]] campus in Beaverton, Oregon.<ref>{{cite web |title=As Nike looks to expand, it already has a 22-building empire |date=February 2, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2013/02/as_nike_looks_to_expand_it_alr.html |first=Allan |last=Brettman| access-date=February 6, 2013| quote=The first phase of the Nike World Headquarters campus opened in 1990 and included eight buildings. Now, there are 22 buildings.}}</ref> The first Nike retail store, dubbed Niketown, opened in [[downtown Portland]] in November of that year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brettman|first=Allan|title=NikeTown Portland to close forever [at its original location] on Friday|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=October 27, 2011 |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/index.ssf/2011/10/niketown_portland_to_close_for.html|access-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref>

Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he would step down as chairman of Nike in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fashionunited.uk/news/people/nike-chairman-phil-knight-to-step-down-in-2016/2015070116905 |first=Danielle|last=Wightman-Stone|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=July 1, 2015|work=[[FashionUnited]] |title=Nike chairman Phil Knight to step down in 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bain|first=Marc |url=https://qz.com/442042/more-than-anyone-else-it-was-phil-knight-who-built-nike-from-scratch-into-the-worlds-biggest-sports-brand/|title=How Phil Knight turned the Nike brand into a global powerhouse |date=June 30, 2015 |website=Quartz|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> He officially stepped down from all duties with the company on June 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kate|last=Vinton |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevinton/2016/06/30/nike-cofounder-and-chairman-phil-knight-officially-retires-from-the-board/|date=June 30, 2016|access-date=February 17, 2018|work=[[FashionUnited]]|title=Nike Cofounder And Chairman Phil Knight Officially Retires From The Board}}</ref>

In a company public announcement on March 15, 2018, Nike CEO [[Mark Parker]] said Trevor Edwards, a top Nike executive who was seen as a potential successor to the chief executive, was relinquishing his position as Nike's brand president and would retire in August.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hsu |first1=Tiffany |title=Nike Executive Resigns; C.E.O. Addresses Workplace Behavior Complaints |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/business/nike-executive-workplace-misconduct.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 March 2018 }}</ref>

In October 2019, [[John Donahoe]] was announced as the next CEO, and succeeded Parker on January 13, 2020.<ref name="Bloomberg LP">{{cite news |last1=Turner |first1=Nick |title=Nike Taps EBay Veteran John Donahoe to Succeed Parker as CEO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-22/nike-names-ebay-veteran-john-donahoe-to-succeed-parker-as-ceo |access-date=October 22, 2019 |work=Bloomberg LP |date=October 22, 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, the company stopped selling directly through [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], focusing more on direct relationships with customers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanbury|first=Mary|date=November 13, 2019|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nike-stops-selling-amazon-2019-11|title=Nike confirms that it is no longer selling its products on Amazon|website=Business Insider|access-date=January 26, 2020}}</ref>

===Acquisitions===
[[File:Nike Flagship - NYC (48155560636).jpg|thumb|180px|A Nike flagship store in [[Manhattan]]]]
[[File:NikeFactoryStoreVaughanMills.JPG|thumb|180px|A Nike Factory Store in [[Vaughan Mills]]]]
Nike has acquired and sold several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company [[Cole Haan]] in 1988,<ref name=colehaanacquired>{{cite news |title=COMPANY NEWS; Cole-Haan to Nike For $80 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/26/business/company-news-cole-haan-to-nike-for-80-million.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 April 1988 }}</ref> followed by the purchase of [[Bauer Hockey]] in 1994.<ref name="bauerdivestment" /> In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company [[Hurley International]] from founder Bob Hurley.<ref name=hurleyacquired>{{cite news|last=Connelly|first=Laylan |title=Bob Hurley: Success built on everyone's inner surfer|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/hurley-408856-company-surf.html|access-date=February 13, 2013|newspaper=Orange County Register|date=January 22, 2013}}</ref> In 2003, Nike paid US$309 million to acquire sneaker company [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Joshua |last=Partlow |title=Nike Drafts An All Star |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 2003 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9001-2003Jul17?language=printer |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629060107/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A9001-2003Jul17?language=printer |url-status=dead |archive-date =June 29, 2011 |access-date=June 2, 2008}}</ref> The company acquired [[Starter Clothing Line|Starter]] in 2004<ref name=starteracq>{{cite news|title=Nike unloads Starter for $60M |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2007/11/12/daily22.html|access-date=February 13, 2013|newspaper=Portland Business Journal|date=November 15, 2007}}</ref> and soccer uniform maker [[Umbro]] in 2007.<ref name=umbroacqanddivest>{{cite news|last=Townsend|first=Matt |title=Iconix Brand Buys Nike's Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-24/iconix-brand-buys-nike-s-umbro-soccer-unit-for-225-million |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025132518/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-24/iconix-brand-buys-nike-s-umbro-soccer-unit-for-225-million |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2013|newspaper=BloombergBusinessweek|date=October 24, 2012}}</ref>

In order to refocus its business lines, Nike began divesting itself of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s.<ref name=chaan>{{cite news|last=Dezember|first=Ryan|title=After Umbro, Nike Turns to Cole Haan Sale |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203897404578076360671279662|access-date=February 12, 2013 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> It sold Starter in 2007<ref name=starteracq /> and Bauer Hockey in 2008.<ref name=bauerdivestment>{{cite news |last1=Austen |first1=Ian |title=Hockey Fan, and Investor, Buys Bauer From Nike |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/business/22nike.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 February 2008 }}</ref> The company sold Umbro in 2012<ref name=umbrodivestment>{{cite news|last=Stevens |first=Suzanne|title=Nike completes Umbro sale to Iconix|newspaper=Portland Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2012/12/nike-completes-umbro-sale-to-iconix.html|access-date=February 13, 2013|date=December 3, 2012}}</ref> and Cole Haan in 2013.<ref name=colehaandivestment>{{cite news|title=Nike completes Cole Haan sale|newspaper=Portland Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2013/02/nike-completes-cole-haan-sale.html |access-date=February 13, 2013|date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> As of 2020, Nike owns only one subsidiary: [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse Inc.]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Nike acquired Zodiac, a consumer data analytics company, in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's purchase of analytics firm Zodiac highlights focus on customer lifetime value |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/nikes-purchase-of-analytics-firm-zodiac-highlights-focus-on-customer-lifetime-value/ |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref> In August 2019, the company acquired Celect, a Boston-based predictive analytics company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |date=2019-08-06 |title=Nike acquires A.I. platform Celect, hoping to better predict shopping behavior |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/nike-acquires-ai-platform-celect-hoping-to-predict-shopping-behavior.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, Nike purchased RTFKT Studios, a virtual shoe company that makes NFTs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=2021-12-13 |title=Nike just bought a virtual shoe company that makes NFTs and sneakers 'for the metaverse' |url=https://www.theverge.com/22833369/nike-rtfkt-nft-sneaker-shoe-metaverse-company |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2021, Nike acquired Datalogue, a New York based company focused on digital sales and machine learning technology.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kish|first=Matthew|date=February 8, 2021|title=Nike acquires Datalogue as part of continued digital shift|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/news/2021/02/08/nike-acquires-datalogue.html|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Portland Business Journal}}</ref>

===Finance===
Nike was made a member of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] in 2013, when it replaced [[Alcoa]].<ref name="Barron's">{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|website=Barron's|publisher=Barron's|access-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref>

On December 19, 2013, Nike's quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=Nike profit rises, futures orders up 13 percent |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nike-results-idUSL2N0JX2BG20131219 |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref> Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/nike-fiscal-2nd-quarter-profit-40-percent-21280853 |title=Nike Fiscal 2nd-Quarter Profit Jumps 40 Percent|website=[[ABC News]]|date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

In November 2015, Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback, as well as a two-for-one stock split, with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/11/20/what-nikes-two-for-one-stock-split-means-for-the-dow/|title=What Nike's Two-For-One Stock Split Means for the Dow|last=Scholer|first=Kristen|date=November 20, 2015|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=December 1, 2015}}</ref> The split will be the seventh in company history.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In June 2018, Nike announced it would initiate a $15 billion share buyback over four years, to begin in 2019 upon completion of the previous buyback program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/nike-earnings-q4-2018-2018-6-1027328545|title=Nike surges after beating on earnings and announcing $15 billion in buybacks (NKE) {{!}} Markets Insider|work=markets.businessinsider.com|access-date=September 27, 2018}}</ref>

For the fiscal year 2018, Nike reported earnings of US$1.933 billion, with annual revenue of US$36.397 billion, an increase of 6.0% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nike's shares traded at over $72 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$114.5 billion in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/NKE/nike/revenue|title=NIKE Revenue 2006–2018 {{!}} NKE|website=www.macrotrends.net|access-date=October 30, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2020, Nike reported a 5% drop in Chinese sales associated with stores' closure due to the COVID-19 outbreak. It was the first decrease in six years. At the same time, the company's online sales grew by 36% during Q1 of 2020. Also, the sales of personal training apps grew by 80% in China.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harper|first=Justin|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52029744|title=Nike turns to digital sales during China shutdown|date=March 25, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=March 25, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
!Year
!Revenue in mil. USD
!Net income in mil. USD
!Total assets in mil. USD
!Price per share in USD
!Employees
|-
|2005
|13,740
|1,212
|8,794
|8.75
|26,000
|-
|2006
|14,955
|1,392
|9,870
|9.01
|28,000
|-
|2007
|16,326
|1,492
|10,688
|12.14
|30,200
|-
|2008
|18,627
|1,883
|12,443
|13.05
|32,500
|-
|2009
|19,176
| 1,487
|13,250
|12.14
|34,300
|-
|2010
|19,014
| 1,907
|14,419
|16.80
|34,400
|-
|2011
|20,117
|2,133
|14,998
|19.82
|38,000
|-
|2012
|23,331
|2,211
|15,465
|23.39
|44,000
|-
|2013
|25,313
|2,472
|17,545
|30.50
|48,000
|-
|2014
|27,799
|2,693
|18,594
|38.56
|56,500
|-
|2015
|30,601
| 3,273
|21,597
|53.18
|62,600
|-
|2016
|32,376
|3,760
|21,379
|54.80
|70,700
|-
|2017
|34,350
|4,240
|23,259
|54.99
|74,400
|-
|2018
|36,397
|1,933
|22,536
|72.63
|73,100
|-
|2019
|39,117
|4,029
|23,717
|86.73
|76,700
|-
|2020
|37,403
|2,539
|31,342
|106.46
|75,400
|-
|2021
|44,538
|5,727
|37,740
|141.47
|73,300
|-
|2022
|46,710
|6,046
|40,321
|166.67
|79,100
|}

=== Logo evolution ===
{{see also|Swoosh}}
{{Gallery
| title =
| align = center
| footer =
| height = 120
| width = 150
| captionstyle =
|File:Blue ribbon sports logo.png|1964–71
|File:Nike swoosh logo71.png|1971–78
|File:Old Nike logo.jpg|1978–95{{refn|This logo is still used on some retro products with red boxes.|group=note2|name=former}}
|File:Logo_NIKE.svg|1995–present
}}

;Notes
{{reflist|group=note2}}

==Products==
===Sports apparel===
[[File:Zoom elite 2.png|thumb|Nike Zoom Elite 2 athletic shoe]]
[[File:Airjordan1985-1st.JPG|thumb|A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes]]
[[File:Nike Air Jordan.jpg|thumb|Another example of the Nike Air Jordan]]
Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment and apparel. Their first products were track running shoes. [[Nike Air Max]] is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. Additional product lines were introduced later, such as Air Huarache, which debuted in 1992. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and [[Nike SB]] shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.<ref>{{cite web | title = Nike launches cricket shoe Air Zoom Yorker | publisher = The Hindu Business Line | date = September 2, 2006 | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/09/02/stories/2006090203260500.htm | access-date = June 2, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035656/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/09/02/stories/2006090203260500.htm | archive-date = August 11, 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind.

Nike's range of products include shoes, jerseys, shorts, [[Cleat (shoe)|cleats]], [[baselayers]], etc. for sports activities such as association football,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccerpro.com/Nike-Air-Zoom-Control-II-FS-Indoor-Soccer-Shoes-c439/ |title=Nike Air Zoom Control II FS Futsal Shoes at Soccer Pro |publisher=Soccerpro.com |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> basketball, track and field, [[combat sports]], tennis, [[American football]], athletics, golf, [[ice hockey]], and [[cross training]] for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for activities such as [[skateboarding]], baseball, cycling, volleyball, [[wrestling]], [[cheerleading]], [[lacrosse]], [[cricket]], aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike recently teamed up with [[Apple Inc.]] to produce the [[Nike+iPod|Nike+]] product that monitors a runner's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the [[iPod nano]]. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' [[RFID]] devices from {{convert|60|ft|m}} away using small, concealable intelligence [[Crossbow Technology|motes]] in a [[wireless sensor network]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/systems/nikeipod/tracker-paper.pdf |title=Devices That Tell On You: The Nike+iPod Sport Kit |author1=T. Scott Saponas |author2=Jonathan Lester |author3=Carl Hartung |author4=Tadayoshi Kohno |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907051813/http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/systems/nikeipod/tracker-paper.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com/NikeiPod-raises-RFID-privacy-concerns/2100-1029_3-6143606.html?part=dl&tag=feed_2574&subj=6143606&tag=news|title=Nike+iPod raises RFID privacy concerns|author=Tom Espiner|date=December 13, 2006|publisher=CNet}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2004, Nike launched the [[SPARQ Training|SPARQ Training Program]]/Division.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://spectrumsp.com/2013/06/sparq-nike-performance-summitt/|title=SPARQ – Nike Performance Summitt |date=June 4, 2013 |work=SPECTRUM, Inc|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref> Some of Nike's newest shoes contain [[Nike Flywire|Flywire]] and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2008/08/04/9144388/latest-materials-improve-sportswear-performance.html |title=Latest materials improve sportswear performance |access-date=October 14, 2008 |publisher=ICIS Chemical Business}}</ref> The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe, introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation, featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full-length air cushioned sole,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sneakernews.com/2015/06/08/nike-is-celebrating-the-20th-anniversary-of-nike-zoom-with-incredible-running-shoes/|title=Newest Nike Zoom Running Shoes | SneakerNews.com|date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> an external heel counter, a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption, and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic-outdoor/nike-air-zoom-vomero-11-sneakers-release-199000/|title=Nike Air Zoom Vomero 11 Drops Tomorrow|first1=Peter |last1=Verry|date=March 2, 2016}}</ref>

In 2023, Nike told ESPN that it would cease using kangaroo skins in its products by the end of that year and debut "a new Nike-only, proprietary synthetic upper, [with] a new material that is a better performance solution and replaces the use of kangaroo leather."<ref>Dan Hajducky,"[https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-fifa/story/4900211/nikepuma-to-stop-using-kangaroo-leather-in-soccer-boots Nike, Puma to stop using kangaroo leather in soccer boots, all products]," ESPN, 13 March 2023.</ref>

====Nike Vaporfly====
[[File:Nike Vaporfly Cut in Half.png|thumb|Nike Vaporfly cut in half to show the different layers that make up the base of the shoe. The dark grey line shows the carbon fiber plate.]]
[[File:Nike Fussballschuhe mit Stollen.jpg|thumb|Nike cleat]]
The Nike Vaporfly first came out in 2017 and their popularity, along with its performance, prompted a new series of running shoes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-shoe-factbox-idUSKBN1ZN0NH|title=Factbox: Nike's Vaporfly running shoes and tumbling records|date=January 24, 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=March 10, 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bachman-2020">{{cite news |last1=Bachman |first1=Rachel |last2=Safdar |first2=Khadeeja |title=Nike Vaporfly Shoes Won't Be Banned From Olympics |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nikes-controversial-vaporfly-shoe-cleared-for-use-at-tokyo-olympics-11580484025 |work=WSJ |date=31 January 2020 }}</ref> The Vaporfly series has a new technological composition that has revolutionized long-distance running since studies have shown that these shoes can improve marathon race time up to 4.2%.<ref name="Bachman-2020"/> The composition of the sole contains a foamy material, Pebax, that Nike has altered and now calls it ZoomX (which can be found in other Nike products as well). Pebax foam can also be found in airplane insulation and is "squishier, bouncier, and lighter" than foams in typical running shoes.<ref name="Bachman-2020"/> In the middle of the ZoomX foam there is a full-length carbon fiber plate "designed to generate extra spring in every step".<ref name="Bachman-2020"/> At the time of this writing Nike had just released its newest product from the Vaporfly line, the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly NEXT%, which was marketed as "the fastest shoe we’ve ever made" using Nike's "two most innovative technologies, Nike ZoomX foam and VaporWeave material".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nike.com/running/vaporfly|title=Nike Vaporfly. Featuring the new Vaporfly NEXT%|website=Nike.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref>

===Street fashions=== 
[[File:Nike no-show socks.JPG|thumb|Nike Elite no-show socks with cushioned sole]]
The Nike brand, with its distinct V-shaped logo, quickly became regarded as a status symbol<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2hBtKcZESoC&q=nike%20air%20max&pg=PA106|title=Beautiful things in popular culture |isbn=9781405178556|page=106|last=McKee|first=Alan|date=April 15, 2008|publisher=Wiley |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> in modern [[urban fashion]] and [[hip-hop fashion]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cnVUcxRA0MC&q=nike%20tempo&pg=PA102|title=Nike Culture: The Sign of the Swoosh|pages=88, 102|last1=Goldman|first1=Peter|last2=Papson|first2=Stephen|date=1998|publisher=SAGE |access-date=April 2, 2016|isbn=9780761961499}}</ref> due to its association with success in sport.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCT05HUsYZ8C&q=nike%20air%20max&pg=PA17|title=Nike|access-date=April 2, 2016|first=Tracy|last=Carbasho|page=17|isbn=9781598843439 |date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> Beginning in the 1980s, various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American [[youth culture|youth fashion]], especially tracksuits, [[shell suit]]s, [[baseball cap]]s, [[Air Jordans]], Air Force 1's, and [[Air Max]] running shoes<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuQDAAAAMBAJ&q=nike+air+max&pg=PA33|newspaper=[[Popular Mechanics]]|date=August 1987|access-date=April 2, 2016 |title=Nike's High-Stepping Air Force|page=33|publisher=Hearst Magazines}}</ref> with thick, air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue, yellow, green, white, or red trim.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWEEAAAAMBAJ&q=nike+air+max&pg=PA76-IA3|newspaper=Working Mother |title=Nike advert|access-date=April 2, 2016|page=76|last1=Media|first1=Working Mother|date=August 1987}}</ref> Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as [[Quickstrike sneakers|Quickstrikes]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/five-steps-to-reselling-sneakers-online|title=Five Easy Steps to Re-Selling Your Sneakers on the Internet |date=September 29, 2015 |website=GQ}}</ref> and became highly desirable items<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/nike-air-max-plus-black-blue-orange/|title=New Nike Air Max Plus Colorways Are on the Way |date=November 2, 2021|website=Highsnobiety}}</ref> for teenage members of the [[sneakerhead subculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sneakerwatch.com/article/021308/crazy-quickstrikes-20-most-limited-air-jordan-releases |title=Sneaker Watch |access-date=April 10, 2016 |archive-date=January 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107084908/http://www.sneakerwatch.com/article/021308/crazy-quickstrikes-20-most-limited-air-jordan-releases |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By the 1990s and [[2000s youth fashion|2000s]], American and European teenagers<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-teens-are-spending-money-2014-2014-10|title=Here's How Teens Really Spend Money, What They Like, And Where They Shop|first=Hayley|last=Peterson|website=Business Insider}}</ref> associated with the [[preppy]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o7SrLdgx8gC&dq=nike+preppy&pg=PA172|title=Brand Failures: The Truth about the 100 Biggest Branding Mistakes of All Time|first=Matt|last=Haig|date=July 12, 2005 |publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=9780749444334 |via=Google Books}}</ref> or [[popular clique]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xze9-DIufJ0C&dq=nike+preppy&pg=PA29 |title=Dress to Express: Seven Secrets to Overcoming Closet Trauma and Revealing Your Inner Beauty |first=Tracy|last=McWilliams|date=March 1, 2012|publisher=New World Library|isbn=9781608681495 |via=Google Books}}</ref> began combining these sneakers,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hannahgale.co.uk/2015/01/22/26-signs-youre-the-absolute-queen-of-basic-bitches/|title=26 signs you're the absolute queen of basic bitches|date=January 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124204652/http://hannahgale.co.uk/2015/01/22/26-signs-youre-the-absolute-queen-of-basic-bitches/|archive-date=January 24, 2015|publisher=hannahgale.co.uk}}</ref> [[leggings]], sweatpants, [[crop top]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/back-to-basics-fall-fashion-guide|title=7 Basic Fall Looks to Embrace Your Inner #Basic|date=September 19, 2014|website=Vogue}}</ref> and tracksuits with regular [[casual chic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneytimes.com/articles/4885/20150907/nike-j-crews-toughest-rival.htm|title=Nike could be J. Crew's toughest rival|date=September 7, 2015|website=Money Times}}</ref> street clothes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetab.com/uk/exeter/2015/10/21/basic-exetah-bitch-28095|title=A comprehensive manual on becoming an EX4 basic betch|date=October 21, 2015|website=University of Exeter}}</ref> such as jeans, skirts, [[leg warmers]], [[slouch socks]], and [[bomber jacket]]s. Particularly popular<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adelson |first=Karen Iorio |date=2017-09-20 |title=The On-Sale Running Shorts You Should Buy in Bulk |url=https://www.racked.com/2017/9/20/16337836/nike-tempo-running-shorts |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Racked |language=en}}</ref> were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo [[compression shorts]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smudailymustang.com/?p=4769 |title=Nike Tempo trend |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413203412/http://www.smudailymustang.com/?p=4769 |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> worn for cycling and running,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=10 Best Women’s Running Shorts For Your New Year Fitness Regime |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/vogue-shops/gallery/running-shorts-women |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}</ref> which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a [[Walkman]] or [[MP3 player]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViG2kT2eDecC&q=nike%20tempo&pg=PT240|title=Running for beginners|year=2013 |page=240|publisher=Imagine|isbn=9781908955111|access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref>

From the late 2000s into the 2010s, Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip-hop fans and young children.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Suzy|last=Fielders |url=https://journalnow.com/winstonsalemmonthly/the-young-the-stylish/article_794a11a6-f68d-11e5-bf5b-ef0644e800d3.html|title=The Young & the Stylish|website=Winston-Salem Journal}}</ref>
Originally plain white or black, these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesource.com/2016/03/07/introducing-the-nike-elite-versatility-sock/|title=Introducing the Nike Elite|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227091247/https://thesource.com/2016/03/07/introducing-the-nike-elite-versatility-sock/|url-status=dead}}</ref> plus a moisture wicking upper weave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colorful socks no longer a fad |url=http://blogs.marketwatch.com/behindthestorefront/2014/05/02/style-conscious-men-prove-colorful-socks-no-longer-a-fad/ |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401175234/https://blogs.marketwatch.com/behindthestorefront/2014/05/02/style-conscious-men-prove-colorful-socks-no-longer-a-fad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback [[basketball uniform]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2015/04/28/do-you-like-the-new-socks-stance-is-creating-for-the-nba/ |title=Dr Jays |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416011833/http://live.drjays.com/index.php/2015/04/28/do-you-like-the-new-socks-stance-is-creating-for-the-nba/ |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> often with contrasting bold abstract designs, images of celebrities,<ref>{{Cite web|title=These Aaliyah, Nino Brown, and Eazy-E Nike Elite Socks Can't Be Real Life|website=Complex |url=https://www.complex.com/style/2013/10/aaliyah-nino-brown-freddy-krueger-nike-elite-socks}}</ref> and freehand digital print<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/style/2014/06/nike-elite-digital-ink-sock-printing-process |title=Nike Elite Is Releasing Socks Using Its Digital Ink Printing Process in Limited Quantities|website=Complex}}</ref> to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for [[1990s fashion]].

In 2015, a new self-lacing shoe was introduced. Called the [[Nike Mag]], which are replicas of the shoes featured in ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'', it had a preliminary limited release, only available by auction with all proceeds going to the [[Michael J. Fox Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = The 2015 Nike Mag|url = http://news.nike.com/news/nike-mag-2015|website = NIKE, Inc.|access-date = October 23, 2015}}</ref> This was done again in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/nike-mag-raffle-reportedly-raised-s675-million-for-parkinsons-research-news.24878.html?|title=The Michael J. Fox Foundation does raffle with Nike to raise awareness for Parkinson's disease |last=Rooney |first=Kyle |date=October 21, 2016 |website=Hotnewhiphop |access-date=October 21, 2016}}</ref>

Nike have introduced a premium line, focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nike.com/ie/en_gb/c/nikelab?ref=https://www.google.ie/|title=NikeLab|website=www.nike.com|language=en-GB|access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Khari |date=2014-06-12 |title=Nike Will Launch "NikeLab" Stores Worldwide Tomorrow - The Source |url=https://thesource.com/2014/06/12/nike-will-launch-nikelab-stores-worldwide-tomorrow/,%20https://thesource.com/2014/06/12/nike-will-launch-nikelab-stores-worldwide-tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2017, Nike announced its launch of a plus-size clothing line,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=Nike Is FINALLY Launching a Plus-Size Collection |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/nike-launches-plus-size-womens-collection |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2017/03/01/nike-plus-size-clothing-line/|title=Nike finally releases plus-size clothing line for women|last=Lekach|first=Sasha|website=Mashable|date=March 2017|access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> Another significant development at this time was the [[Chuck Taylor All-Stars|Chuck Taylor All-Star Modern]], an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike's Air Jordans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.askmen.com/news/fashion/converse-unveils-all-star-modern-sneakers.html|title=Converse Unveils All-Star Modern Sneakers|first=Alex|last=Bracetti|website=AskMen}}</ref>

=== Collectibles ===
On July 23, 2019, a pair of Nike Inc. running shoes sold for $437,500 at a [[Sotheby's]] auction. The so-called "Moon Shoes"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-16 |title=Nike's $100,000 USD "Moon Shoe" Is a Piece of Sneaker History |url=https://hypebeast.com/2021/3/nike-moon-shoe-bill-bowerman-waffle-running-original-swoosh-sothebys-100000-usd |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Hypebeast}}</ref> were designed by Nike co-founder and track coach Bill Bowerman for runners participating in the 1972 Olympics trials. The buyer was [[MDC Partners|Miles Nadal]], a Canadian investor and car collector, who had just paid $850,000 for a group of 99 rare of limited collection pairs of sport shoes. The purchase price was the highest for one pair of sneakers, the previous record being $190,373 in 2017 for a pair of signed [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]] shoes in California, said to have been worn by [[Michael Jordan]] during the 1984 basketball final of the Olympics that year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-auction-sneakers-idUSKCN1UI2KM|title=Nike shoes race to $437,500 world record auction price for sneakers|date=July 24, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en}}</ref>

=== Virtual ===
After acquiring RTFKT, Nike launched the Dunk Genesis Cryptokicks collection, which features over 20,000 NFTs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Alex |title=Nike Sold an NFT Sneaker for $134,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/style/nike-nft-sneaker.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> One design by [[Takashi Murakami]] was sold for $134,000 in April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/personal-finance/crypto/these-nike-nft-cryptokicks-sneakers-sold-for-130k/|title=These Nike NFT 'Cryptokicks' Sneakers Sold For $130K|website=CNET|date=April 28, 2022|author=Daniel Van Boom|access-date=January 7, 2023}}</ref>

==Headquarters==
[[File:Nikeworldheadquarters.jpg|thumb|Nike World Headquarters near Beaverton, Oregon]]
{{Main|Nike World Headquarters}}
Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]]. The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a lawsuit by Nike, and [[lobbying]] by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms, Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and [[Columbia Sportswear]] occupy in Washington County for 35 years, while [[Electro Scientific Industries]] and [[Tektronix]] receive the same protection for 30 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2006/06/appellate_court_rejects_beaver.html |title=Appellate court rejects Beaverton annexation | The Oregonian Extra |publisher=Blog.oregonlive.com |date=June 16, 2006 |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton.<ref name="Siemers-2016">{{Cite news | title =A first look at Nike's $380M-plus HQ expansion (Renderings) | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/threads_and_laces/2016/01/nike-releases-first-images-of-expanded-washington.html | first=Erik | last=Siemers | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=January 20, 2016}}</ref> The design will target [[LEED]] Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight, and a gray water treatment center.<ref name="Siemers-2016" />

==Controversies==
Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Responsibility |website=www.nike.com |url=http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/investors/reporting_sec/ar_99/corporate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090302/http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/investors/reporting_sec/ar_99/corporate.html |archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref> Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-50-most-trusted-brands/20110120.htm |title=India's 50 most trusted brands |work=rediff.com |date=January 20, 2011}}</ref> Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of factories |url=http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/gc/mp/pdf/disclosure_list_2005-06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620125833/http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/gc/mp/pdf/disclosure_list_2005-06.pdf|archive-date=June 20, 2007|url-status=dead|website=www.nike.com}}</ref> Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some organizations like [[CorpWatch]], Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report.

===Sweatshops===
{{main|Nike sweatshops}}

In the 1990s, Nike received criticism for its use of [[sweatshop]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nike is facing a new wave of anti-sweatshop protests |date=1 August 2017 |website=Ресурсный центр по вопросам бизнеса и прав человека [Business & Human Rights Resource Centre] |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/ru/свежие-новости/nike-is-facing-a-new-wave-of-anti-sweatshop-protests/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |archive-date=2022-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712204736/https://www.business-humanrights.org/ru/свежие-новости/nike-is-facing-a-new-wave-of-anti-sweatshop-protests/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nike is facing a new wave of anti-sweatshop protests |date=2 August 2017 |website=MR Magazine |url=https://mr-mag.com/nike-facing-new-wave-anti-sweatshop-protests/ |access-date=2022-07-12}}</ref> Beginning in 1990, many protests occurred in big cities such as Los Angeles,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-22-me-6131-story.html|title=Boycott of Shoe Company Is Burning Issue at Protest|website=latimes.com}}</ref> Washington, DC and Boston in order to show public outcry for Nike's use of child labor and sweatshops. Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as [[Nike sweatshops]]) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have [[Wage theft|violated]] [[minimum wage]] and overtime [[laws in Vietnam]] as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saigon.com/nike/reports/report1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010418214242/http://www.saigon.com/nike/reports/report1.html|url-status=dead|title=Nike Labor Practices in Vietnam |archivedate=April 18, 2001|website=www.saigon.com}}</ref> The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and [[exploitation of labor|exploitation]] of cheap overseas labor employed in the [[free trade zone]]s where their goods are typically manufactured. Sources for this criticism include [[Naomi Klein]]'s book ''[[No Logo]]'' and [[Michael Moore]] documentaries.

Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities, especially [[anti-globalisation]] groups, as well as several [[anti-sweatshop movement|anti-sweatshop groups]] such as the United Students Against Sweatshops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentsagainstsweatshops.org//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=27 |title=Sweatfree Campus Campaign Launch |publisher=Studentsagainstsweatshops.org |date=September 28, 2005 |access-date=September 18, 2010}}</ref>

As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 [[Associated Press]] article stated that employees at the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors.<ref>[[Associated Press]], "Nike still dogged by worker abuses", ''[[Japan Times]]'', July 15, 2011, p. 4.</ref>

===Child labor allegations===
During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of [[Child labour in Cambodia|child labor in Cambodia]] and [[Child labour in Pakistan|Pakistan]] in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls. Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice, they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/02-007.pdf |title=MIT |access-date=September 18, 2010}}</ref>

In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sun Thyda, 12 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/970385.stm |title=Programmes | Panorama | Archive | Gap and Nike: No Sweat? October 15, 2000 |publisher=BBC News |date=October 15, 2000 |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref> The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a week, often 16 hours a day.

===Strike in China factory===
In April 2014, one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the [[Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings]] [[Dongguan]] shoe factory, producing amongst others for Nike. Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan (40.82 US Dollars) per month. The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month. The factory employs 70,000 people. This practice was in place for nearly 20 years.<ref>[http://www.clb.org.hk/en/content/more-ten-thousand-workers-stage-strike-massive-dongguan-shoe-factory More than ten thousand workers stage strike at massive Dongguan shoe factory], April 14, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1483287/yue-yuen-shoe-factory-workers-strike-dongguan-plants-continues Yue Yuen shoe factory workers' strike at Dongguan plants continues], April 17, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1486399/yue-yuen-strikers-vow-continue-until-benefit-contribution-deficit-paid Yue Yuen strikers vow to continue until benefit contribution deficit paid in full], South China Morning Post, April 18, 2013.</ref>

===Paradise Papers===
{{Main|Paradise Papers}}

[[File:NikeCanada.jpg|thumb|upright|Nike office in North America]]
On November 5, 2017, the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential [[electronic document]]s relating to [[offshore investment]], revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used [[Offshore company|offshore companies]] to avoid taxes.<ref>"[http://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-evasion-schemes-of-the-global-elite/a-41246087 'Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite]". [[Deutsche Welle]]. November 5, 2017.</ref><ref>"[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/paradise-papers-so-lief-die-sz-recherche-1.3736605 So lief die SZ-Recherche]". ''Süddeutsche Zeitung''. November 5, 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/|access-date=November 7, 2017|work=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]|date=November 5, 2017}}</ref>

[[Appleby (law firm)|Appleby]] documents detail how Nike boosted its after-tax profits by, among other maneuvers, transferring ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. This transfer allowed the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in [[Hilversum]], [[Netherlands]], effectively converting taxable company [[profit (accounting)|profit]]s to an account payable in [[Tax haven|tax-free]] [[Bermuda]].<ref name=Nike>{{cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/explore-politicians-paradise-papers/|title=How NikeStays One Step Ahead of the Regulators: When One Tax Loophole Closes, Another Opens|author=Simon Bowers|publisher=ICIJ|date=November 6, 2017|access-date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> Although the subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike's main offices in Beaverton, Oregon—to the point where a duplicate of the Bermudan company's seal was needed—for tax purposes the subsidiary was treated as Bermuda. Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly unrelated case in US Tax Court, where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaling $3.86 billion.<ref name=Nike/> Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities, the tax break was to expire in 2014, so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from the Bermudan company to a Dutch ''commanditaire vennootschap'' or limited partnership, Nike Innovate CV. Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as if it had been earned by the principals, who owe no tax in the Netherlands if they do not reside there.<ref name=Nike/>

===Colin Kaepernick===
In September 2018, Nike announced it had signed former American football quarterback [[Colin Kaepernick]], noted for his [[U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)|controversial decision to kneel]] during the playing of the US national anthem, to a long-term advertising campaign.<ref>{{cite web | last = Einhorn | first = Bruce | title = Nike Falls as Critics Fume on Social Media Over Kaepernick Deal | publisher = Bloomberg | date = September 4, 2018 | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-04/nike-decides-a-colin-kaepernick-deal-is-worth-the-backlash}}</ref> According to Charles Robinson of [[Yahoo Sports|Yahoo! Sports]], Kaepernick and Nike agreed to a new contract despite the fact Kaepernick has been with the company since 2011 and said that "interest from other shoe companies" played a part in the new agreement. Robinson said the contract is a "wide endorsement" where Kaepernick will have his own branded line including shoes, shirts, jerseys and more. According to Robinson, Kaepernick signed a "star" contract that puts him level with a "top-end NFL player" worth millions per year plus royalties.<ref>{{cite web | last = Daniels | first = Tim | title = Colin Kaepernick Named Face of Nike's 30th Anniversary of 'Just Do It' Campaign | publisher = Bleacher Report | date = September 3, 2018 | url = https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2793994-colin-kaepernick-named-face-of-nikes-30th-anniversary-of-just-do-it-campaign}}</ref> In response, some people set fire to their own Nike-branded clothes and shoes or cut the Nike swoosh logo out of their clothes, and the [[Fraternal Order of Police]] called the advertisement an "insult";<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a22969808/colin-kaepernick-nike-ad-burning-sneakers-response/|title=People Are Already Burning Their Nikes in Response to the Colin Kaepernick Ad|date=September 4, 2018|work=Esquire|access-date=September 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/nike-advert-with-colin-kaepernick-has-people-burning-products-2018-9|title=People are destroying their Nike shoes and socks to protest Nike's Colin Kaepernick ad campaign|website=Business Insider France|language=fr-FR|access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="vibe" /> others, such as [[LeBron James]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cancian |first1=Dan |title=LeBron 'Stands with Nike' in Support of Colin Kaepernick's Campaign |url=https://www.newsweek.com/lebron-stands-nike-support-colin-kaepernicks-campaign-1108699 |website=Newsweek |access-date=September 7, 2018|date=September 6, 2018 }}</ref> [[Serena Williams]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Serena Williams supports Nike's decision to endorse Colin Kaepernick |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/4427989/serena-williams-supports-nikes-decision-to-endorse-colin-kaepernick |website=Global News |access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> and the [[National Black Police Association (United States)|National Black Police Association]],<ref name="vibe">{{cite web |last1=Golding |first1=Shenequa |title=The National Black Police Association Is In Full Support Of Nike's Colin Kaepernick Ad |url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/09/national-association-of-black-police-support-nike-colin-kaepernick/ |website=Vibe |date=September 6, 2018 |access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> praised Nike for its campaign. The [[College of the Ozarks]] removed Nike from all their athletic uniforms in response.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Wyatt D. |title=College of the Ozarks drops Nike, will 'choose country over company' |url=https://www.news-leader.com/story/sports/2018/09/05/college-ozarks-drops-nike-choose-country-over-company/1206366002/ |newspaper=[[Springfield News-Leader]]
|access-date=September 7, 2018 |date=September 5, 2018}}</ref>

During the following week, Nike's stock price fell 2.2%, even as online orders of Nike products rose 27% compared with the previous year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Novy-Williams |first1=Eben |title=Nike Orders Rose in Four-Day Period After Kaepernick Ad Debut |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-07/nike-orders-rose-in-four-day-period-after-kaepernick-ad-debut |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=September 7, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018}}</ref> In the following three months, Nike reported a rise in sales.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nike hit by conservative backlash over 'racist trainer' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48848270 |access-date=July 3, 2019 |agency=BBC}}</ref>

In July 2019, Nike released a shoe featuring a [[Betsy Ross flag]] called the Air Max 1 Quick Strike Fourth of July trainers. The trainers were designed to celebrate [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]]. The model was subsequently withdrawn after [[Colin Kaepernick]] told the brand he and others found the flag offensive because of its association with slavery.<ref name="safdar2019">{{cite news |last1=Safdar |first1=Khadeeja |last2=Beaton |first2=Andrew |title=Nike Nixes 'Betsy Ross Flag' Shoe After Kaepernick Intervenes |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nike-nixes-betsy-ross-flag-sneaker-after-colin-kaepernick-intervenes-11562024126 |access-date=July 2, 2019 |date=July 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-colin-kaepernick-air-max-1-fourth-of-july-flag-offensive-colonies-a8983701.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/nike-colin-kaepernick-air-max-1-fourth-of-july-flag-offensive-colonies-a8983701.html |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nike pulls Fourth of July trainers after Colin Kaepernick 'raises concerns'|date=July 2, 2019|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="complaint">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48840608|title=Nike 'pulls Betsy Ross flag trainer after Kaepernick complaint'|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

Nike's decision to withdraw the product drew criticism from [[List of governors of Arizona|Arizona's]] Republican Governor, [[Doug Ducey]], and Texas's Republican Senator [[Ted Cruz]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-02/nike-pulls-betsy-ross-flag-shoes-at-kaepernick-s-urging-wsj|title=Nike Pulls 'Betsy Ross Flag' Sneakers After Kaepernick Complaint|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|language=en}}</ref> Nike's decision was praised by others due to the use of the flag by [[white nationalists]],<ref name="complaint"/> but the [[Anti-Defamation League|Anti-Defamation League's]] Center on Extremism has declined to add the flag to its database of "hate symbols."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-op-0715-goldberg-nike-20190715-mvaj6n7hznhdtcvvjlavyqoaiu-story.html |title=Nike fans the flames of the culture war |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=July 15, 2019 |last=Goldberg |first=Jonah |access-date=August 12, 2019}}</ref>

===Hong Kong protests===
U.S. Vice President [[Mike Pence]] criticized Nike for "siding with the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and silencing free speech". He claimed that after [[Houston Rockets]] general manager [[Daryl Morey]] was criticized by the Chinese government for [[Daryl Morey#Twitter comments on Hong Kong|his tweet]] supporting the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests|2019 Hong Kong protests]], Nike removed Rockets merchandise from its stores in China.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alper|first1=Alexandra|last2=Spetalnick|first2=Matt|date=October 24, 2019|title=Pence backs Hong Kong protests in China speech, slams NBA and Nike|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-pence/pence-backs-hong-kong-protests-in-china-speech-slams-nba-and-nike-idUSKBN1X323V|access-date=}}</ref> He stated that the brand "promotes itself as a so called [[Social justice|social-justice]] champion, but when it comes to Hong Kong, it prefers checking its social conscience at the door."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mangan|first=Dan|date=October 24, 2019|title=Vice President Mike Pence says 'NBA is acting like a wholly owned subsidiary' of China's Communist Party, also blasts Nike|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/24/vice-president-mike-pence-says-nba-acting-like-subsidiary-of-china.html|access-date=February 15, 2021|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

=== Nike Vaporfly Shoe ===
{{Main|Nike Vaporfly and Tokyo 2020 Olympics Controversy}}
On January 31, 2020, the [[World Athletics]] issued new guidelines concerning shoes to be used in the upcoming [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo 2020 Olympics]].<ref name="World Athletics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/modified-rules-shoes|title=World Athletics modifies rules governing competition shoes for elite athletes |website=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> These updates came in response to criticisms concerning technology in the Nike Vaporfly running shoes, which had been submitted beginning around 2017–2018.<ref name="WSJ">{{Citation|title=The Race for Brands to Match Nike's Vaporfly|url=https://www.wsj.com/video/the-race-for-brands-to-match-nikes-vaporfly/2FBD7367-FE45-4879-851A-ABED237F7987.html|language=en-US|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> These criticisms stated that the shoes provided athletes with an unfair advantage over their opponents and some critics considered it to be a form of [[technology doping]].<ref name="Bachman-2020"/><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/23/808681604/nike-vaporfly-shoes-controversy|title=Nike Vaporfly Shoes Controversy|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref> According to Nike funded research, the shoes can improve efficiency by up to 4.2%<ref name="Bachman-2020" /> and runners who have tested the shoe are saying that it causes reduced soreness in the legs; sports technologist Bryce Dyer attributes this to the ZoomX and carbon fiber plate since it absorbs the energy and "spring[s] runners forward".<ref name="NPR" /> Some athletes, scientists, and fans have compared this to the 2008 [[LZR Racer|LAZR swimsuit controversy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/02/09/nikes-vaporfly-shoes-changed-running-track-field-world-is-still-sifting-through-fallout/|title=Nike's Vaporfly shoes changed running, and the track and field world is still sifting through the fallout |first=Adam |last=Kilgore |newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=March 26, 2020}}</ref>

Some of the major changes in the guidelines that have come about as a result of these criticisms include that the "sole must be no thicker than 40mm" and that "the shoe must not contain more than one rigid embedded plate or blade (of any material) that runs either the full length or only part of the length of the shoe. The plate may be in more than one part but those parts must be located sequentially in one plane (not stacked or in parallel) and must not overlap". The components of the shoes are not the only thing that had major changes; starting April 30, 2020, "any shoe must have been available for purchase by any athlete on the open retail market (online or in store) for a period of four months before it can be used in competition".<ref name="World Athletics" /> Prior to these new guidelines World Athletics reviewed the Vaporfly shoes and "concluded that there is independent research that indicates that the new technology incorporated in the soles of road and spiked shoes may provide a performance advantage" and that it recommends further research to "establish the true impact of [the Vaporfly] technology."<ref name="World Athletics" />

=== Lil Nas X Satan Shoes ===
On March 29, 2021, American rapper [[Lil Nas X]] partnered with New York–based art collective [[MSCHF]] to release a modified pair of [[Nike Air Max 97]]s called [[Satan Shoes]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oscar Holland, CNN Jacqui Palumbo|title=Lil Nas X's unofficial 'Satan' Nikes containing human blood sell out in under a minute|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lil-nas-x-mschf-satan-nike-shoes/index.html|access-date=April 3, 2021|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> The shoes are black and red with a bronze pentagram, featuring the Bible verse Luke 10:18 and are filled with "60cc and 1 drop of human blood." Only 666 pairs were created and were sold at a price of $1,018. Nike immediately iterated that they were uninvolved in the creation and promotion of the shoes and did not endorse the messages of Lil Nas X or MSCHF.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kiefer|first=Halle|date=April 1, 2021|title=Nike Clarifies It Doesn't Endorse Lil Nas X's Satan Shoes, Now With Human Blood|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/nike-dont-endorse-satan-shoes-lil-nas-x-posts-fake-apology.html|access-date=April 3, 2021|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> Nike filed a trademark lawsuit against MSCHF with the New York federal Court, in an effort to stop the distribution of the shoes. On April 1, a federal judge ordered a temporary restraining order blocking the sale and distribution of the shoes pending a preliminary injunction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 1, 2021|title=Judge Orders Lil Nas X Satan Shoes off the Market for Now|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/judge-lil-nas-x-satan-shoes|access-date=April 3, 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref>

=== Forced Uyghur labor allegations ===
{{See also|Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act}}
In December 2021, the [[European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights]] filed a criminal complaint in a Dutch court against Nike and other brands, alleging that they benefited from the use of forced [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] labor in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adegeest|first=Don-Alvin|date=2021-12-06|title=Nike, Patagonia named in European lawsuit as being complicit in 'forced labour' practices in Xinjiang, China|url=https://fashionunited.com/news/fashion/nike-patagonia-named-in-european-lawsuit-as-being-complicit-in-forced-labour-practices-in-xinjiang-china/2021120644306|access-date=2021-12-09|website=FashionUnited|language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, the [[Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise]] opened an investigation into Nike to probe allegations of forced Uyghur labor in its supply chain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shakil |first=Ismail |last2=Rajagopal |first2=Divya |last3=Rajagopal |first3=Divya |date=2023-07-11 |title=Canada probes Nike, Dynasty Gold over alleged use of forced labor in China |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-probes-nike-dynasty-gold-over-alleged-use-forced-labor-china-2023-07-11/ |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref>

==Environmental record==
{{Clothing and the environment}}
In 2007, [[New England]]–based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet ranked Nike among the top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zabarenko |first=Deborah |title=Canon tops list of climate-friendly companies |date=June 19, 2007 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSN1840883720070619?feedType=RSS |access-date=September 18, 2010}}</ref>

===Recycling===
Nike has also been praised for its [[Nike Grind]] program, which closes the [[Product lifecycle (marketing)|product lifecycle]], by groups such as [[Climate Counts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://climatecounts.org/scorecompany.php?co=43 |title=Nike |publisher=ClimateCounts |access-date=September 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212032423/http://climatecounts.org/scorecompany.php?co=43 |archive-date=February 12, 2011 }}</ref>

Since 1993, Nike has worked on its Reuse-A-Shoe program.<ref name="Wicked Local-2008">{{Cite web|date=April 29, 2008|title=Wicked Local|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/news/business/x883026486|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725190907/http://www.wickedlocal.com/lexington/news/business/x883026486|archive-date=July 25, 2008|access-date=May 4, 2008}}</ref> This program is Nike's longest-running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds.<ref name="Wicked Local-2008" /> Nike France made their Reuse-A-Shoe program available online so that they could make it easier for consumers to send in their old shoes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EcoBahn |date=2020-07-21 |title=Nike Reuse-A-Shoe: Digital Upcycling Shift |url=https://theecobahn.com/ideas/nike-reuse-a-shoe-digital-upcycling-shift/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=EcoBahn |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, it was estimated that 28,000,000 shoes were collected since its start in 1993. Nike limited the mail-in option of the program because they are aware that the emissions from shipping would offset the good, they are trying to do. They work with the National Recycling Coalition to help limit transportation of recycled shoes. During transportation most of the vehicles that are used are using diesel or fuel oil.<ref name=ac>{{Cite web |last1=Curtis |first1=Alexander |last2=Hansson |first2=Amanda |title=Examining the Viability of Corporate Recycling Initiatives and Their Overall Environmental Impact: The Case of Nike Grind and the Reuse-A-Shoe Program |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333512603 |access-date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> Diesel oil emits 22.44 pounds of Carbon Dioxide per gallon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smoot |first=Grace |title=What Is the Carbon Footprint of Diesel Fuel? A Life-Cycle Assessment |url=https://impactful.ninja/the-carbon-footprint-of-diesel-fuel/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Impactful Ninja |language=en-US}}</ref>

A campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star [[Steve Nash]] wearing Nike's Trash Talk Shoe, which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors. The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground-up rubber from a shoe recycling program. Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste, but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale.<ref>[http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003793129&imw=Y] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505070832/http://www.brandweek.com/bw/news/recent_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003793129|date=May 5, 2008}} </ref>

=== Sulfur hexafluoride ===
[[Sulfur hexafluoride]] is an extremely potent and persistent greenhouse gas that was used to fill the cushion bags in all "Air"-branded shoes from 1992 to 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/nike-goes-for-the-green |title= Nike Goes For The Green |author= Stanley Holmes |publisher= Bloomberg Business Week Magazine |date= September 24, 2006 |access-date= December 14, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603225645/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/nike-goes-for-the-green |archive-date= June 3, 2013 }}</ref> 277 tons was used during the peak in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oekorecherche.de/sites/default/files/publikationen/ecofys_oekorecherchestudy.pdf |title=Final report on the costs and the impact on emissions of potential regulatory framework for reducing emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride |author=J. Harnisch and W. Schwarz |date=2003-02-04 |publisher=Ecofys GmbH}}</ref>

=== Toxic chemicals ===
In 2008, a project through the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] found workers were exposed to toxic [[isocyanate]]s and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Todd |first1=L. A. |last2=Sitthichok |first2=T. P. |last3=Mottus |first3=K. |last4=Mihlan |first4=G. |last5=Wing |first5=S. |title=Health Survey of Workers Exposed to Mixed Solvent and Ergonomic Hazards in Footwear and Equipment Factory Workers in Thailand |journal=Annals of Occupational Hygiene |year=2008 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1093/annhyg/men003 |pmid=18344534 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Todd |first1=L. A. |last2=Mottus |first2=K. |last3=Mihlan |first3=G. J. |s2cid=13571160 |title=A Survey of Airborne and Skin Exposures to Chemicals in Footwear and Equipment Factories in Thailand |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=169–181 |year=2008 |doi=10.1080/15459620701853342 |pmid=18213531 }}</ref>

=== Water pollution ===
In July 2011, environmental group [[Greenpeace]] published a report regarding [[water pollution]] impacting the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] emitted from a major textile factory operated by Nike supplier [[Youngor Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=2011-07-13|title=Greenpeace report links western firms to Chinese river polluters|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/13/greenpeace-links-western-firms-to-chinese-polluters|access-date=2021-08-11|website=[[The Guardian]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611105658/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/13/greenpeace-links-western-firms-to-chinese-polluters|archive-date=2021-06-11}}</ref> Following the report, Nike, as well as [[Adidas]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], and a number of other brands included in the report announced an agreement to stop discharging hazardous chemicals by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brettman|first=Allan |date=2011-11-19|title=Nike, Adidas, Puma agree with Greenpeace to clean water in worldwide production by 2020|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/2011/11/nike_adidas_puma_agree_with_gr.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141412/https://www.oregonlive.com/playbooks-profits/2011/11/nike_adidas_puma_agree_with_gr.html|archive-date=2020-10-20|access-date=2021-08-11|website=[[The Oregonian]]|language=en}}</ref> However, in July 2016 Greenpeace released a follow-up report which found that Nike "does not take individual responsibility" for eliminating hazardous chemicals, stating that Nike had not made an explicit commitment to riding itself of [[perfluorinated compound]]s, and that "Nike does not ensure its suppliers report their hazardous chemical discharge data and has not made a commitment to do so".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|title=THE DETOX CATWALK 2016|website=[[Greenpeace]] |url=http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/|access-date=2021-08-10|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401155311/http://p3-raw.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/|archive-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>

Back in 2016 Nike started to use water free dyeing materials so that they can help reduce their water use in their Southeast Asian factories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike: A Poster Child for Climate Change? |url=https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/nike-a-poster-child-for-climate-change/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Technology and Operations Management |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Carbon footprint===
Nike reported Total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 30 June 2020 at 317 Kt (+12/+4% y-o-y)<ref name ="Nike Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q2">{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2020Q2 |url=https://purpose-cms-preprod01.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/26225049/FY20_NIKE_Inc_Impact_Report2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710051235/https://purpose-cms-preprod01.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/26225049/FY20_NIKE_Inc_Impact_Report2.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> and plans to reduce emissions 65% by 2030 from a 2015 base year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2021Q1 |url=https://purpose.nike.com/carbon-energy |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111134435/https://purpose.nike.com/carbon-energy|url-status=deviated}} [https://docs.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Climate%20Goal%5BClimate%20Goal,Total%20CO2e%20emissions%20%3CScope%201%20%2B%20Scope%202%3E%5D/2021Q1 Alternate URL]</ref> This [[Science Based Targets initiative|science-based target]] is aligned with [[Paris Agreement]] to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action|title=Companies taking action|website=Science Based Targets}}</ref> According to a study done in 2017, Nike contributed 3,002,529 metric tons of Carbon Dioxide in 2017 combined from different sectors in the company like retail, manufacturing, management, and more.<ref name=ac/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Nike's annual Total CO2e Emissions – Location-Based Scope 1 + Scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
|-
! Jun 2015 !! Jun 2016 !! Jun 2017 !! Jun 2018 !! Jun 2019 !! Jun 2020
|-
| 286<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2020 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2015Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> || 300<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2020 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2016Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> || 327<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2020 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2017Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> || 301<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2020 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2018Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> || 305<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's Sustainability Report for 2019Q2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025231506/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/purpose-cms-preprod01/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/10225416/FY19-Nike-Inc.-Impact-Report.pdf|archive-date=October 25, 2020 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Nike/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2019Q2/12 Alt URL]</ref> || 317<ref name="Nike Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q2"/>
|}
'''<big>Partnership with Newlight</big>'''

In 2021, Nike announced they were working with Newlight Technologies to find more eco-friendly materials for their sneakers. They specifically mentioned Newlight’s AirCarbon product which is a bioplastic that can be used to make shoes. The bioplastic is used as a replacement to leather, plastic, and other materials that are like that.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexis® – Sign In {{!}} LexisNexis |url=https://advance.lexis.com/document?crid=828231b7-97e3-4e5b-906b-43ad2c3ff444&pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fnews%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A63G7-N861-DXFS-2227-00000-00&pdsourcegroupingtype=&pdcontentcomponentid=434944&pdmfid=1516831&pdisurlapi=true |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=signin.lexisnexis.com}}</ref> Newlight was reported saying that the goal is to reduce Nike’s carbon footprint.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=What the Tech? Microorganism-Harvested AirCarbon Will Make Your Next Pair of Nikes |url=https://hypebeast.com/2021/9/newlight-technologies-aircarbon-negative-nike-sustainable-shoes-what-the-tech |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=HYPEBEAST}}</ref>

=== Sustainability ===
Nike Inc. has been committed to fighting climate change by becoming a sustainable business. Even as they continue to grow, they have still achieved reducing their environmental impact. The company acknowledges both triumphs and problems in its FY12-13 Sustainable Business Performance Summary, while they are making progress in major impact areas such as climate and energy, labor, chemistry, water, waste, and community. The company's progress is evidenced by an absolute reduction in carbon emissions of close to 3% across the whole value chain from its FY11 baseline, though sales increased by 26% during the same year.<ref name="FDRA">{{Cite web |title=FDRA {{!}} Nike's Sustainability Report Shows Environmental Impact Reductions |date=8 May 2014 |url=https://fdra.org/latest-news/nikes-sustainability-report-shows-environmental-impact-reductions/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Production increased as the company met its strategic goal of sourcing from fewer, higher-performing contract factories, with a 14% decrease – from 910 to 785 plants during the last two years.<ref name="FDRA" />

Nike Inc. is investing in sustainable materials and production techniques in addition to lowering their carbon footprint to combat climate change. A variety of environmentally friendly items created with materials including recycled polyester, organic cotton, and water-based adhesives have been introduced by Nike. For fiscal year 2015, the company enhanced water efficiency by 15% per unit in clothing materials dyeing and finishing and footwear manufacturing, as well as achieved a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions and a 10% decrease in waste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike's revenue increases with sustainability – Document – Gale OneFile: Business |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITBC&u=mlin_m_bent&id=GALE%7CA373749143&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITBC&asid=c6da39a5 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=go.gale.com}}</ref> Additionally, they have used cutting-edge manufacturing techniques that lessen waste production and the overall environmental impact of their products.

In 2019, Nike began an innovative program called "Move to Zero," which is an effort to achieve zero waste and zero carbon in the organization's supply chain and product lifetime. The project comprises a variety of tactics, including boosting the use of sustainable materials, investing in renewable energy, and enhancing energy efficiency. The efficiency of designs calculated for the Move to Zero collection is 90% or higher, which means that almost all of the fabric used in production ends up in the garment rather than in the trash.<ref name="Hall-2020">{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Christopher |title=Nike's Move to Zero Collection Leaves Little Fabric Waste Behind |id={{ProQuest|2353833050}} |url=https://sourcingjournal.com/sustainability/sustainability-news/nike-grind-move-to-zero-pattern-efficiency-sustainable-recycled-cotton-194775/ |work=Sourcing Journal |date=12 February 2020 }}</ref> The men's and women's sections of the collection contain at least 60% organic and recycled materials, including sustainably sourced cotton.<ref name="Hall-2020" />

==Marketing strategy==
Nike promotes its products through [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsorship agreements]] with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams.

===Advertising===
In 1982, Nike aired its first three national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency [[Wieden+Kennedy]] (W+K), during the broadcast of the [[New York Marathon]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nudd|first1=Tim|title=W+K Finds Its First Ads Ever, for Nike, on Dusty Old Tapes|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/wieden-kennedy-finds-its-first-ads-ever-made-nike-dusty-old-tapes-156511/|website=Adweek|access-date=April 9, 2017}}</ref> The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive that honor twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/4121690-1.html |title=Nike's Knight Is Advertiser of the Year |publisher=AllBusiness.com |access-date=March 4, 2010}}</ref>

Nike also has earned the [[Emmy Award]] for best commercial in 2000 and 2002. The first was for "The Morning After," a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000, if every dire prediction about the [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K problem]] came to fruition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fass |first1=Allison |title=The Media Business: Advertising – Addenda; Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/31/business/the-media-business-advertising-addenda-nike-spot-wins-an-emmy-award.html |work=The New York Times |date=31 August 2000 }}</ref> The second was for a 2002 spot called "Move," which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |title=The Media Business: Advertising – Addenda; Nike Spot Wins An Emmy Award |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/20/business/the-media-business-advertising-addenda-nike-spot-wins-an-emmy-award.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 September 2002 }}</ref>

====Beatles song====
Nike was criticized for its use of the [[The Beatles|Beatles]] song "[[Revolution (Beatles song)|Revolution]]" in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of [[Apple Records]], the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to [[Capitol Records]] Inc., which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a year.<ref name="AP" />

That same year, Apple Records sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., [[EMI|EMI Records]] Inc. and Wieden+Kennedy for $15 million.<ref name="AP">According to a July 28, 1987, article written by the [[Associated Press]].</ref> Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless" because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of [[Yoko Ono]], a shareholder and director of Apple Records."

Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use [[John Lennon]]'s "Instant Karma" in another advertisement.

====New media marketing====
Nike was an early adopter of [[internet marketing]], [[email management]] technologies, and using [[broadcast]] and [[narrowcasting|narrowcast]] communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns.

====Minor Threat advertisement====
In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from [[Ian MacKaye]], owner of [[Dischord Records]], guitarist/vocalist for [[Fugazi]] and [[The Evens]], and front man of the defunct punk band [[Minor Threat]], for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat's [[First Two 7"s on a 12"|1981 self-titled album]]'s cover art in a flyer promoting [[Nike Skateboarding]]'s 2005 East Coast demo tour.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Robert |title=A Nike Poster Upsets Fans of the Punk Rock Band Minor Threat in a Major Way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/04/business/media/a-nike-poster-upsets-fans-of-the-punk-rock-band-minor-threat.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 July 2005 }}</ref> {{Clear}}
On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nike.com/nikeskateboarding/v2/letter/index.html |title=Skateboarding |publisher=Nike |access-date=September 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125082327/http://www.nike.com/nikeskateboarding/v2/letter/index.html |archive-date=November 25, 2010 }}</ref> The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat.

[[File:Niketown08.jpg|thumb|right|Niketown at [[Oxford Circus]], London]]

====Nike 6.0====
As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe" – sports lingo that is also a [[double entendre]] for [[Recreational drug use|drug use]]. Boston Mayor [[Thomas Menino]] expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display. "What we don't need is a major corporation like Nike, which tries to appeal to the younger generation, out there giving credence to the drug issue," Menino told ''[[The Boston Herald]]''. A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports, and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs.<ref>{{cite news | first = Allan | last = Brettman | title = Nike courts controversy, publicity with drug-themed skater shirts | newspaper=The Oregonian | date = June 22, 2011 | url = http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2011/06/nike_courts_controversy_public.html | access-date = June 24, 2011}}</ref> Nike was forced to replace the shirt line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stocksandshares.tv/nike-inc-nysenke-facing-slogan-backlash/3209121 |title=Nike Inc. (NYSE:NKE) Facing Slogan Backlash |publisher=stocksandshares.tv |date=June 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627184405/http://www.stocksandshares.tv/nike-inc-nysenke-facing-slogan-backlash/3209121 |archive-date=June 27, 2011 }}</ref>

===NBA uniform deal===
In June 2015, Nike signed an 8-year deal with the [[NBA]] to become the official uniform supplier for the league, beginning with the 2017–18 season.<ref name="BallerStatus-2015" /> The brand took over for [[Adidas]], who provided the uniforms for the league since 2006.<ref name="BallerStatus-2015" /> Unlike previous deals, Nike's logo appear on NBA jerseys – a first for the league.<ref name="BallerStatus-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/11/nike-signs-8-year-deal-with-nba/ |title=Nike Signs 8-Year Deal With NBA |publisher=BallerStatus.com |date=June 11, 2015 |access-date=June 11, 2015 |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424030911/https://www.ballerstatus.com/2015/06/11/nike-signs-8-year-deal-with-nba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, the [[Charlotte Hornets]], owned by longtime Nike endorser [[Michael Jordan]], were the only team not to sport the Nike swoosh, instead wearing the [[Jumpman (logo)|Jumpman]] logo associated with Jordan-related merchandise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2017/6/26/15872910/hornets-jumpman-jerseys-nba-nike-license |title=The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman |first=James |last=Dator |publisher=[[SB Nation]] |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> However, beginning with the 2020–21 season, the Jumpman replaced the swoosh on the NBA's alternate "Statement" uniforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/nba-statement-edition-uniforms-jordan-brand-jumpman|title=Jumpman logo will appear on NBA Statement Edition uniforms for 2020–21 season|website=NBA.com|date=July 21, 2020|accessdate=June 18, 2022}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
{{Main|List of Nike sponsorships}}
[[File:Jordan by Lipofsky 16577.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Michael Jordan]] (pictured in 1987) helped drive Nike sales.]]

Nike sponsors top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design. Nike's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player [[Ilie Năstase]].<ref name="thestreet.com"/> The first track endorser was distance runner [[Steve Prefontaine]]. Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company's co-founder, [[Bill Bowerman]], while he coached at the University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters. Nike has only made one statue of its sponsored athletes and it is of Steve Prefontaine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0WMzYGhCgw|title=Fire on the Track – The Steve Prefontaine Story – Part 1|website=YouTube|language=en-US|access-date=June 4, 2019}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Nike has also sponsored many other successful [[track and field]] athletes over the years, such as [[Sebastian Coe]], [[Carl Lewis]], [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]], [[Michael Johnson (sprinter)|Michael Johnson]] and [[Allyson Felix]]. The signing of basketball player [[Michael Jordan]] in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career, with [[Spike Lee]] as [[Mars Blackmon]], proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales.<ref>Skidmore, Sarah. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004116738_airjordan10.html "23 years later, Air Jordans maintain mystique"], ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', January 10, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2018.</ref>
[[File:Ronaldinho 11feb2007.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Ronaldinho]] (pictured with Barcelona in 2007) appeared in a 2005 Nike advertisement that went [[Viral video|viral]] on [[YouTube]], becoming the site's first video to reach one million views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2282815-the-10-most-bling-boots-in-football|title=The 10 Most 'Bling' Boots in Football|last=Bailey|first=Ryan|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vidyard.com/blog/short-ish-history-online-video/|title=A Shortish History of Online Video|website=Vidyard|language=en-US|access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref>]]

Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at [[Penn State University]] and named its first child care facility after [[Joe Paterno]] when it opened in 1990 at the company's headquarters. Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal. After the Freeh Report was released on July 12, 2012, Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center. A new name has yet to be announced.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paterno's name off child care center |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/president-of-nike-mark-parker-deicdes-to-change-name-of-joe-paterno-child-development-center-at-company-headquarters-071212 |work=FOX Sports |access-date=July 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024438/http://msn.foxsports.com/collegefootball/story/president-of-nike-mark-parker-deicdes-to-change-name-of-joe-paterno-child-development-center-at-company-headquarters-071212 |archive-date=July 15, 2012 |date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Joe Paterno's Name Removed From Child Development Center at Nike Headquarters|url=http://www.nesn.com/2012/07/joe-paternos-name-removed-from-child-development-center-at-nike-headquarters.html|publisher=NESN.com|access-date=July 12, 2012|date=July 12, 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Kylian Mbappe 2017.jpg|thumb|upright|170px|Nike Hypervenom 3 boots were commissioned for French prodigy [[Kylian Mbappé]].]]
In the early 1990s, Nike made a strong push into the association football business making endorsement deals with famous and charismatic players such as [[Romário]], [[Eric Cantona]] or [[Edgar Davids]]. They continued the growth in the sport by signing more top players including: [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], [[Ronaldinho]], [[Francesco Totti]], [[Thierry Henry]], [[Didier Drogba]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], [[Wayne Rooney]] and still have many of the sport's biggest stars under their name, with [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], [[Zlatan Ibrahimović]], [[Neymar]], [[Harry Kane]], [[Eden Hazard]] and [[Kylian Mbappé]] among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nikemedia.com.br/futebol/atletas/ |title=Jogadores de Futebol Patrocinados pela Nike |publisher=Nike Brasil |access-date=February 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419025657/http://nikemedia.com.br/futebol/atletas/ |archive-date=April 19, 2013 }}</ref> A Barcelona prodigy, [[Lionel Messi]] had been signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival's claim to his image rights in court.<ref>{{cite book |title=Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend |last=Caioli |first=Luca |date=2012 |publisher=Corinthian Books |page=94}}</ref>

Nike has been the official ball supplier for the [[Premier League]] since the 2000–01 season.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Northcroft |title=The Premier League's goal rush |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/article6860188.ece |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=October 4, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> In 2012, Nike carried a commercial partnership with the [[Asian Football Confederation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/nike_offers_further_backing_for_asian_soccer|title=Nike offers further backing for Asian soccer|access-date=December 4, 2017|language=en}}</ref>
In August 2014, Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Premier League: Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/9375980/premier-league-sportswear-giants-nike-to-end-manchester-united-sponsorship|access-date=August 7, 2014|newspaper=Sky Sports|date=August 7, 2014|location=London}}</ref> Since the start of the 2015–16 season, [[Adidas]] has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester United sign record 10-year kit deal with Adidas worth £750m|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jul/14/manchester-united-kit-deal-adidas|access-date=July 14, 2014|newspaper=Sky Sports|date=July 14, 2014|location=London}}</ref>

[[File:-2009-04-18 Camp Nou stadium, Barcalona, Spain (12).JPG|thumb|left|Nike logo in the [[Camp Nou]], the home stadium of Barcelona]]
Nike still has many of the top teams playing in their uniforms, including: [[FC Barcelona]], [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] (the latter from the 2020–21 season),<ref>{{cite news |title=LFC announces multi-year partnership with Nike as official kit supplier from 2020–21 |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/announcements/381644-liverpool-fc-announces-multi-year-partnership-with-nike-as-official-kit-supplier-from-2020-21 |access-date=January 7, 2020 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> and the national teams of Brazil, France, England, Portugal and the Netherlands among many others.

[[File:The Nike International Tennis Exhibition - John McEnroe-Carl Uwe Steeb - Rudi Sedlmayer Halle München, 1989.jpg|thumb|Ticket for the Nike International Tennis Exhibition, [[John McEnroe]] vs. [[Carl-Uwe Steeb]], Munich (1989)]]
Nike has been the sponsor for many top ranked tennis players. Brand's commercial success in the sport went hand in hand with the endorsement deals signed with the biggest and the world's most charismatic stars and number one ranked players of the subsequent eras, including [[John McEnroe]] in the 1980s, [[Andre Agassi]] and [[Pete Sampras]] in the 1990s and [[Roger Federer]], [[Rafael Nadal]], [[Serena Williams]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] with the start of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.nike.com/news/the-history-of-nike-tennis |title=The History of Nike Tennis |publisher=Nike |date=August 20, 2015 |access-date=August 19, 2021 }}</ref>

[[File:Tiger Woods June 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tiger Woods]] ]]
Nike has sponsored [[Tiger Woods]] for much of his career, and remained on his side amid the controversies that shaped the golfer's career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/06/nike-welcomes-tiger-woods-back-to-the-masters-with-ad-featuring-his-greatest-hits.html|title=Nike welcomes Tiger Woods back to the Masters with ad featuring his greatest hits|last=Handley|first=Lucy|date=April 6, 2018|website=www.cnbc.com|access-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> In January 2013, Nike signed [[Rory McIlroy]], the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10-year sponsorship deal worth $250 million.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|author=Tom Fordyce |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/21018786 |title=Rory McIlroy, Nike and the $250m, 10-year sponsorship deal |publisher=BBC |date=January 14, 2013 |access-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref> Nike has also gone on to sign top players in golf including [[Scottie Scheffler]], [[Nelly Korda]], [[Tommy Fleetwood]], [[Tony Finau]], [[Jason Day]] and [[Francesco Molinari]].

Nike was the official kit sponsor for the [[Indian cricket team]] from 2005 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/30804/team-india-gets-new-nike-odi-kit/ |title=Team India's new NIKE ODI kit |publisher=Cricbuzz.com |access-date=October 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketliveguide.com/2010/09/29/new-nike-odi-team-kit-for-indian-cricket-team/ |title=Indian Cricket team's NIKE ODI kit |publisher=Cricketliveguide.com |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021719/http://www.cricketliveguide.com/2010/09/29/new-nike-odi-team-kit-for-indian-cricket-team/ |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 21, 2013, Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African limbless athlete [[Oscar Pistorius]], due to him being charged with [[premeditated murder]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Oscar Pistorius dropped by Nike|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/02/21/oscar-pistorius-nike-suspends-contract/1935109/|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=February 21, 2013|first1=Roxanna|last1=Scott|date=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

Nike consolidated its position in basketball in 2015 when it was announced that the company would sign an 8-year deal with the NBA, taking over from the league's previous uniform sponsor, Adidas. The deal required all franchise team members to wear jerseys and shorts with the Swoosh logo, beginning with the 2017/18 season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/13053413|title=Sources: NBA, Nike have near-$1B apparel deal|date=June 10, 2015|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref> After the success of partnership with Jordan, which resulted in the creation of the unique [[Air Jordan]] brand, Nike has continued to build partnership with the biggest names in basketball. LeBron James was given the Slogan "We are All Witnesses" when he signed with Nike. Similar to "Air Jordan", LeBron's brand became massively popular. The slogan was an extremely accurate way to describe the situation LeBron was heading into in the NBA as he was expected to be the new king of the NBA.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fleetwood|first=Nicole R.|title=On Racial Icons: Blackness and the Public Imagination|date=2015|publisher=Rutgers University Press|jstor=j.ctt15sk7t3|isbn=978-0-8135-6515-6|edition=DGO - Digital original}}</ref> Some have had signature shoes designed for them, including [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Jason Kidd]], [[Vince Carter]] and more recently [[LeBron James]], [[Kevin Durant]], [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] and [[Paul George]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lakersnation.com/nike-zoom-kobe-4-protro-white-del-sol-pop-returns-may-24-on-snkrs/2019/05/23/|title=Nike Zoom Kobe 4 Protro 'White/Del Sol' POP Returns May 24 On SNKRS|date=May 23, 2019|website=Lakers Nation|language=en-US|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sneakernews.com/2019/03/07/vince-carter-nike-shox-bb4-raptors-pe/|title=Vince Carter Nike Shox BB4 Raptors PE {{!}} SneakerNews.com|date=March 7, 2019|website=Sneaker News|language=en-US|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/nike-lebron-james-16-hot-lava-release|title=Nike Unleashes "Hot Lava" LeBron 16s|website=HYPEBEAST|date=May 20, 2019|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/2019/03/15/kevin-durant-nike-kd12-signature-sneaker-first-look|title=Kevin Durant unveils Nike KD 12|website=SI.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sbnation.com/2017/11/7/16618964/giannis-antetokounmpo-nike-sneaker-deal-nba/ | title=Giannis Antetokounmpo re-signs with Nike for a 'long-term partnership' | date=November 7, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/2018/11/15/paul-george-nike-basketball-signature-thunder-pacers|title=The story behind Paul George's signature sneaker|website=SI.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>

A news report originating from CNN reported that Nike spent $11.5 billion, nearly a third of its sales, on marketing and endorsement contracts in the year 2018. Nike and its Jordan brand sponsored 85 men's and women's basketball teams in the NCAA tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nike stocks fall after basketball prodigy touted as the 'next LeBron James' blows out his sneaker |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/2019/02/22/05/44/zion-williams-injury-nike-stocks-fall-after-basketball-prodigys-sneaker-explodes |website=nine.come. au |access-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref>

==Ties with the University of Oregon==
{{See also|Nike and the University of Oregon}}
Nike maintains strong ties, both directly and through partnerships with [[Phil Knight]], with the [[University of Oregon]].<ref name="Alger" /> Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=August 10, 2020|title=The Big Ten and Pac-12 postponed the college football season. Here's how we got here.|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/8/10/21355857/college-football-coronavirus-explained|access-date=August 31, 2020|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> New unique combinations are issued before every game day.<ref name="Alger">{{cite news|last1=Alger|first1=Tyson|title=Oregon Ducks add orange to their Nike uniform repertoire for Colorado game|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/ducks/index.ssf/2016/09/oregon_ducks_add_orange_to_the.html|access-date=June 7, 2017|newspaper=The Oregonian}}</ref> [[Tinker Hatfield]], who also redesigned the university's logo, leads this effort.<ref name="Knight, and Tinker Hatfield">{{cite news|last1=Peter|first1=Josh|title=Behind Oregon's (Phil) Knight in shining armor|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/pac12/2014/12/29/oregon-nike-phil-knight-college-football-playoff/21013009/|access-date=June 7, 2017|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref>

More recently, the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of [[Hayward Field]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Germano|first1=Sara|title=Nike Pledges $13.5 Million to Help Renovate University of Oregon Track Facilities|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nike-pledges-13-5-million-to-help-renovate-university-of-oregon-track-facilities-1452022519|access-date=June 7, 2017|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university's athletic apparatus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bishop |first1=Greg |title=Oregon Embraces 'University of Nike' Image |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/03/sports/ncaafootball/oregon-football-complex-is-glittering-monument-to-ducks-ambitions.html |work=The New York Times |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref> His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives, such as [[Tinker Hatfield]].<ref name="Knight, and Tinker Hatfield" />

==Causes==
In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the [[Product Red|(PRODUCT)RED]] campaign together with other brands such as [[Girl Distribution Company|Girl]], [[American Express]], and [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]]. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of [[HIV and pregnancy|HIV from mother to child]]. The campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation". The company's goal is to raise and send funds, for education and medical assistance to those who live in [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|areas heavily affected by AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.nike.com/news/nike-and-red%E2%84%A2-unite|title=(RED) Partners|year=2012|work=(RED)|publisher=(RED), a division of The ONE Campaign|access-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> In 2023, Nike became the presenting sponsor of [[Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities]], which encourages youth in underserved communities to participate in baseball and softball.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mlb.com/news/nike-becomes-presenting-sponsor-of-rbi-program | title=Nike becomes presenting sponsor of RBI Program | website=[[MLB.com]] }}</ref>

== Program ==
The Nike Community Ambassador Program, allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community. Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communityimpact.nike.com/nca|title=Nike Community Ambassadors {{!}} Nike Global Community Impact|website=Nike Global Community Impact|access-date=September 27, 2017}}</ref>

== Research ==
In 2016, a study done by [[RTG Consulting Group]] reflected that Nike was the 3rd most relevant brand for [[Generation Z|Gen-Z]] in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 brands most relevant to China's Gen-Z[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016top10/2016-09/07/content_26720784.htm |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Casey |date=2016-08-19 |title=Apple, Nike and Adidas Win Over China’s Generation Y and Z |url=https://wwd.com/feature/apple-nike-and-adidas-win-over-chinas-generation-y-and-z-10510775/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Roth MKM]]'s 2023 [[Millennials|Millennial]] survey reported in March that millennials with health and wellness concerns in the aftermath of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] ranked brands like Nike, [[Adidas]] and [[Lululemon Athletica|Lululemon]]<ref name="sgbonline.com">{{Cite web |title=Report: Nike, Adidas And Lululemon Top Millennials’ Favorite Athletic Brands {{!}} SGB Media Online |url=https://sgbonline.com/report-nike-adidas-and-lululemon-top-millennials-favorite-athletic-brands/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=sgbonline.com}}</ref> as their preferred brands for purchases.<ref name="sgbonline.com"/>

In January 2023, a study by [[Rakuten]] concluded that Nike was the [[Search engine|most popular]] [[sportswear]] brand in the US, followed by Lululumon and Adidas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lockwood |first=Lisa |date=2023-01-09 |title=Nike Most Popular Sportswear Brand in the U.S., Followed by Lululemon and Adidas, Per Rakuten Study |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/nike-popular-sports-brand-us-rakuten-1235463268/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kevin |first=Brown |date=2023-07-28 |title=Shark Week’s top advertisers—and more from iSpot, Kantar, Amazon, Nike: Datacenter Weekly |url=https://adage.com/article/datacenter/shark-weeks-top-advertisers-and-more-ispot-kantar-amazon-nike-datacenter-weekly/2507236 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Ad Age |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2023, a study by [[Kantar Group|Kantar]] found that Americans consider Nike as the [[Most Inclusive Brands]] (alongside other top brands like [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantar launches the Brand Inclusion Index and finds Americans consider Nike, Amazon, and Disney as the Most Inclusive Brands |url=https://www.kantar.com/north-america/company-news/kantar-launches-the-brand-inclusion-index |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.kantar.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bruce Brenn]]
* [[Dick Donahue]]
* [[Nike timeline]]
* [[Breaking2]] – A project by Nike to break the 2 hour marathon barrier.
* [[List of companies based in Oregon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Timothy |title=The Swoon of the Swoosh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/magazine/the-swoon-of-the-swoosh.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 September 1998 }}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]: [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/06/17/iran-nike-cleats-world-cup/708410002/ Nike says Iran World Cup saga is 'misleading']
{{Finance links
| name = Nike, Inc.
| symbol = NKE
| sec_cik = NKE
| yahoo = NKE
| google = NKE
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005758/http://www.nyse.com/listed/nke.html Company summary], from the [[New York Stock Exchange]] website

{{Nike}}
{{Sports equipment brands}}
{{Running Shoe Brands}}
{{Competitive swimwear}}
{{Dow Jones Industrial Average companies}}
{{ORCompanies}}
{{Coord|45.5093|-122.8299|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Nike, Inc.| ]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Oregon]]
[[Category:1970s fashion]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:2000s fashion]]
[[Category:2010s fashion]]
[[Category:2020s fashion]]
[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Companies based in Beaverton, Oregon]]
[[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]
[[Category:Nike brands|*]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Shoe brands]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Swimwear manufacturers]]
[[Category:Watch manufacturing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:1980s initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]]

Raj Singh (wrestler)

2023-09-23T00:29:19Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Created page with 'Raj Singh is an Indian professional wrestler currently signed to Impact Wrestling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://impactwrestling.com/raj-singh/|title=Ra...'

{{short description|Canadian professional wrestler}}
{{For|his cousin who was used the same ring name|Jinder Mahal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Sports|date=January 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2020}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Raj Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Munraj Sahota
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada
| parents = [[Gama Singh]] (father)
| relatives = [[Jinder Mahal]] (cousin)
| ring_names = '''Champagne Singh'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://impactwrestling.com/raj-singh/|title=Champagne Singh - IMPACT Wrestling|publisher=Impact Wrestling|author=IMPACT Wrestling Staff|access-date=March 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317175249/https://impactwrestling.com/raj-singh/|archive-date=March 17, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Gama Singh Jr.<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/> Raj Singh<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/>
| height = 5 ft 11 in<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/>
| weight = 213 lb<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/>
| billed =
| trainer = [[Bad News Brown]]<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/> [[Gama Singh]]<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/>
| debut = December 27, 2004<ref name="KreikenbohmBio"/>
}}
'''Munraj Sahota''' is a Canadian [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]], better known by the [[ring name]] '''Raj Singh'''. He is currently signed to [[Impact Wrestling]], where he performs under the ring name '''Champagne Singh'''.

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== Early career (2004–2016) ===
Sahota received training from his father [[Gama Singh]] and debuted as early as 2003. From 2004 to 2016, as Gama Singh Jr., he wrestled solely in the Canadian promotions including Stampede Wrestling, All-Star Wrestling, Prairie Wrestling Alliance, Great North Wrestling and Power Zone Wrestling. During those years, Singh won Tag Team Championships in All-Star Wrestling and Stampede Wrestling.

=== Impact Wrestling (2018–present) ===
Sahota debuted in [[Impact Wrestling]] on the November 1, 2018 episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact!]]'', under the ring name '''Raj Singh'''. He debuted with his tag team partner [[Rohit Raju]] under the tag team name Desi Hit Squad. They were introduced by their manager and Singh's father [[Gama Singh]]. In their debut match, the Desi Hit Squad defeated the team of The Beach Bums (Freddie IV and TJ Crawford). The Desi Hit Squad finished the year with a match during the December 6, episode of ''Impact!'', defeating the team of Damien Hyde and Manny Lemons.

The Desi Hit Squad returned for the January 3, 2019 episode of ''Impact!'' in a tag match against the team of [[Fallah Bahh]] and [[Kevin Matthews (wrestler)|KM]], a match which was observed by [[Scarlett Bordeaux]], in hopes of winning her favor. The Desi Hit Squad, however, was unsuccessful in winning the match. During the month of January, Singh wrestled his first singles match, losing to [[Trey Miguel]]. He later in the month wrestled and lost his second singles match against Fallah Bahh. During the month of February the Desi Hit Squad wrestled against teams including [[The Rascalz]] ([[Dezmond Xavier]] and [[Zachary Wentz]]) and [[Eddie Edwards (wrestler)|Eddie Edwards]] and [[Eli Drake]].

== Personal life ==
Sahota is the son of former professional wrestler [[Gama Singh]]. He is also the cousin of wrestler Yuvraj Singh Dhesi, known professionally in the [[WWE]] as [[Jinder Mahal]].

== Championships and accomplishments ==
*'''All-Star Wrestling (Canada)'''
**ASW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Jinder Mahal|Tiger Raj Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2357|title=ASW Tag Team Championship|publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''Border City Wrestling'''
**BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with [[Rohit Raju]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=90|title=BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship|publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''Prairie Wrestling Alliance'''
** PWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2642|title=PWA Heavyweight Championship|publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
**PWA Canadian Tag Team Championships (1 time) - with Gama Singh Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2644|title=PWA Canadian Tag Team Championships|publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** Ranked No. 255 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2019.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated 2019|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''Stampede Wrestling'''
**[[Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship]] (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=172|title=Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship|publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
**[[Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship]] (2 times) – with Tiger Raj Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=175|title=Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship |publisher=CageMatch|accessdate=September 6, 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="KreikenbohmBio">{{cite web |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=4004 | title=Raj Singh | accessdate=September 10, 2020 |first=Philip |last=Kreikenbohm |website=Cagematch.net }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|cagematch=4004|wrestlingdata=5366|iwd=gama-singh-jr-14550}}
* {{IMDb name|10901494|Munraj Sahota}}

{{Impact Wrestling employees}}
{{Stampede Wrestling British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship}}
{{Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from Calgary]]
[[Category:21st-century professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Stampede Wrestling British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Champions]]
[[Category:Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]

{{prowrestling-bio-stub}}

Kona Expressway, NH12

2023-09-11T10:48:50Z

Prabhanjaytiwari:

{{short description|Road in Greater Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{infobox road
| name = Kona Expressway
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 12
| image =
| image_notes = Grade Separation in Kona Expressway
| length_km = 14.17
| length_ref =
| width =
| location = [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]] ([[Howrah district]]), India
| client =
| maint = [[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|PWD]], [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|HMC]]
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = [[Vidyasagar Setu|Vidyasagar Setu Toll]]
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = {{jct|country=IND|NH|16}}, Nibra
| ahn = [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH12]]
| length_round =
| destinations = [[Vidyasagar Setu|Vidyasagar Setu Toll]], [[Belepole]], [[Santragachi]], Kona, Nibra
| established = 2001
| junction =

}}

'''Kona Expressway''' (''part of NH12, not to be confused with Kona Highroad or [[National Highway 117 (India)|NH117]]'') is a 4 lane (with 2 service lanes) {{convert|14.17|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[Grade separation|grade-separated]], [[toll road|tolled]] [[Expressways of India|expressway]] in the [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata|suburban fringes]] of [[Kolkata]], West Bengal.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-ride-down-kona-expressway/cid/1502748|title=A ride down Kona Expressway|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It is one of the most important entries to [[Kolkata]]. As of November 2022, the road carries more 70,000 vehicles per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/daily-passengers-missed-trains-due-to-work-at-santragachi-bridge/cid/1385602|title=Daily passengers missed trains due to work at Santragachi bridge|website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref> The road links [[National Highway 16 (India)]] (NH 16) near Kona, [[Nibra]] to [[Vidyasagar Setu]], which leads to Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/dpr-on-widening-of-kona-expressway-to-be-submitted-soon-289330|title=DPR on widening of Kona Expressway to be submitted soon|first=Team|last=MP|date=13 March 2018|website=Millennium Post}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The expressway is part of [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]].{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==Route==
Kona Expressway entirely lies in the [[Howrah district]] and comes under the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]. The route was opened in 2001. Kona Expressway is significant since it is one of the three and major route to enter in [[Kolkata]]. The route goes through major areas like Carry road, which is the connector to Andul road,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/santragachhi-rob-repair-snarls-choke-kona-expressway-on-day-1/articleshow/95636159.cms|title=Santragachhi ROB repair: Snarls choke Kona Expressway on day 1 | Kolkata News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> an important route of Howrah parallel to Kona Expressway. At Belepole, the Drainage Canal road connects with Kona Expressway, which is a major route to [[Howrah|Howrah Maidan]] and Howrah-Amta road. Also the route acts as major connector to the areas like [[Santragachi]], [[Jagacha]], Gorpha, [[Belepole]] etc. Though the route is six lanes (four major lanes and two service roads) but it becomes two lanes on Santragachi over-bridge which crosses over Santragachi jheel and rail lines.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

The route passes along two major inter-city railway junctions namely, [[Santragachi Junction railway station]] in [[Santragachi]] and [[Shalimar railway station]] near [[Vidyasagar Setu]] toll centre. Santragachi junction railway station is the third largest station in Kolkata Metropolitan area. Santragachi bus terminus is also along the route, which is used as inter-city bus terminus for Kolkata and long distance buses. Kona Expressway serves as the route of buses like [[Barasat]]-[[New Town, Kolkata|Newtown]]-Santragachi, Barasat-[[Ultadanga]]-Santragachi, KB15 (Santragachi-[[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]]), EB1A (to [[Belgharia]]), VS12 (to [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]), K11 ([[Domjur]] - [[Rabindra Sadan]]), 26 (Mini) (Unsani - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]), C11 ([[Domjur]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]/[[Belgachia]]), E6 ([[Amta]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]), E7 ([[Bagnan]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]) etc.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

The route was previously a part of [[National Highway 117 (India)(old numbering)|NH 117]] and a connector to NH 6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/amp/highways-in-howrah|title=Highways in Howrah, National Highways Howrah, NH 2, NH 6, NH 117|website=www.howrahonline.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Expressways in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]

Shiv Ganga Degree College

2023-07-20T09:37:39Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Published a comprehensive guide.

'''Shiv Ganga Degree College''' is located in Ramnagar Ghansiyari Mauaima Prayagraj, on the border between [[Prayagraj district]] and [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=A rural college of Prayagraj gets affiliation of PRSU state university |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/a-rural-college-of-prayagraj-gets-affiliation-of-prsu-state-university/articleshow/101643926.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The college was founded by Prof. Sheo Sagar Ojha.<ref name=":0"/>

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Ganga Degree College Archives |url=https://whataftercollege.com/news/tag/shiv-ganga-degree-college/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=What After College News |language=en-US}}</ref>Shiv Ganga Degree College<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रयागराज में हुआ शिवगंगा डिग्री कॉलेज का उद्घाटन, उत्तराखंड के चार धाम के छात्रों को मिलेगी वरीयता |url=https://www.coverageindia.com/2023/07/blog-post_9.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Coverage India |language=hi}}</ref> was established by Samaj Evam Paryavaran Vikas Sansthan.<ref name=":0" /> On Gurupurnima 3rd July 2023 Shiv Ganga Degree College<ref name=":0"/> has been inaugurated and dedicated by Smt Sita Ojha<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रयागराज में उत्तराखंड के चार धाम के छात्रों को मिलेगी वरीयता शिवगंगा डिग्री कॉलेज का विधिवत शुभारंभ - Janganman |url=https://janganman.live/education-and-employment/students-of-char-dham-of-uttarakhand-will-get-preference-sivaganga-degree-college-duly-inaugurated-in-prayagraj/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> President of <ref>{{Cite web |title=A rural college of Prayagraj gets affiliation of PRSU state university |url=https://eduvoice.in/news/a-rural-college-of-prayagraj-gets-affiliation-of-prsu-state-university/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Eduvoice {{!}} The Voice of Education Industry |language=en-US}}</ref>Samaj Evam Paryavaran Vikas Sansthan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Kamal |title=प्रयागराज में उत्तराखंड के चार धाम के छात्रों को मिलेगी वरीयता |url=https://srimanexpress.digital/?p=21253 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=श्रीमान एक्सप्रेस |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Logo Of Shiv Ganga Degree College.jpg|thumb|Logo is from first Shloka of Rigveda. It states welcome ideas and knowledge from all directions]]

The college is affiliated to [[Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) University]] under a self-finance scheme. <ref>{{Cite web |title=शिव गंगा डिग्री कॉलेज – Saralnama News |url=https://saralnama.in/tag/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>Shiv Ganga Degree College offers undergraduate courses in Humanities, B.A in Geography, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, History, Hindi literature & English literature <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Janaagaj |title=प्रयागराज के इस विश्वविद्यालय में उत्तराखंड चार धाम के छात्र छात्राओं को मिलेगी वरीयता पढ़िए पूरी खबर |url=https://janaagaj.in/students-of-uttarakhand-char-dham-will-get-preference-in-this-university-of-prayagraj-read-full-news/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Janaagaj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Science B Sc in Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany and Commerce B.Com in Buisness Studies, Economics & Accountancy .<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रयागराज में उत्तराखंड के चार धाम के छात्रों को मिलेगी वरीयता, शिवगंगा डिग्री कॉलेज का विधिवत शुभारंभ - liveskgnews |url=https://liveskgnews.com/uttarpradesh/students-of-char-dham-of-uttarakhand-will-get-preference-sivaganga-degree-college-duly-inaugurated-in-prayagraj/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Shiv Ganga Degree College<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=शिव गंगा डिग्री कॉलेज में नेपाल , उत्तराखंड व कश्मीर के पंडितों को प्रवेश में मिलेगी वरीयता {{!}} khabar-india |url=https://www.khabar-india.com/2023/07/11/shivganga_degreecollege_pryagraj/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> offers seats to students from [[Uttarakhand]] , [[Nepal]] and [[Kashmiri Pandits]].<ref name=":0"/>
[[Category:Colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Wanchoo

2023-07-14T18:04:18Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Fresh page format.

{{Short description|Kashmiri Pandit surname}}
{{Use Indian English}}

'''Wanchoo''' or '''Wanchu''' is a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] clan and surname native to the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/'''Wanchu''', Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=[[Bansi Pandit|Pandit, Bansi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |page=101 |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]] (1903–1998), Indian judge, tenth [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[N. N. Wanchoo|Niranjan Nath Wanchoo]] (1910–1982), Indian civil servant, former governor of [[Kerala]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Bharat Vir Wanchoo]] (born 1951), Indian politician, former governor of [[Goa]]
*[[Hriday Nath Wanchoo]] (died 1992), [[Separatist movements of India#Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri-nationalist]] politician

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kashmiri families}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Wanchoo}}

[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

2023 Premier Handball League (India)

2023-07-12T15:22:22Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Generated a new page structure.

{{Infobox sports season
| title = 2023 PHL season
| color =
| color_text =
| league = [[Premier Handball League (India)|Premier Handball League]]
| sport = [[Handball]]
| logo =
| pixels =
| caption =
| duration = 8 – 25 June 2023
| no_of_games =
| no_of_matches =
| no_of_teams = 6
| attendance =
| TV = [[JioCinema]], [[Sports18]] & FanCode
| season = Regular season
| season_champs = [[Maharashtra Ironmen]]
| MVP = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhveer Sing Brar]] ([[Golden Eagles UP]])
| top_scorer = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhveer Sing Brar]] (102 Goals) ([[Golden Eagles UP]])<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=PHLIndia |number=1676427341612851206 |title=Century Goals!! |access-date=12 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712122927/https://twitter.com/PHLIndia/status/1676427341612851206 |archive-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
| finals = Final
| finals_link = #Final
| finals_champ = [[Maharashtra Ironmen]]
| finals_runner-up = [[Golden Eagles UP]]
| finals_MVP = {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Igor Chiseliov]] ([[Maharashtra Ironmen]])<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=PHLIndia |number=1674309087574781953 |title=Captain Chiseliov. The man, the myth, the legend. |access-date=12 July 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712123426/https://twitter.com/PHLIndia/status/1674309087574781953 |archive-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
| nextseason_link = 2024 Premier Handball League (India)
| nextseason_year = 2024
}}
The '''2023 [[Premier Handball League]]''' (PHL) was the first season of the PHL in [[India]]. All games were played at the [[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]] in [[Jaipur]].

==Regular season==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://twitter.com/PHLIndia/status/1671931899189641240 PHL]
|winpoints=2

|team1=MI |team2=TT |team3=RP |team4=GE |team5=DP |team6=GG

|win_MI=7 |draw_MI=1 |loss_MI=2 |gf_MI=0 |ga_MI=0
|win_TT=7 |draw_TT=1 |loss_TT=2 |gf_TT=0 |ga_TT=0
|win_RP=7 |draw_RP=0 |loss_RP=3 |gf_RP=0 |ga_RP=0
|win_GE=3 |draw_GE=1 |loss_GE=6 |gf_GE=0 |ga_GE=0
|win_DP=3 |draw_DP=0 |loss_DP=7 |gf_DP=0 |ga_DP=0
|win_GG=1 |draw_GG=1 |loss_GG=8 |gf_GG=0 |ga_GG=0

|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=SF |result4=SF

|name_MI=[[Maharashtra Ironmen]]
|name_TT=[[Telugu Talons]]
|name_RP=[[Rajasthan Patriots]]
|name_GE=[[Golden Eagles UP]]
|name_DP=[[Delhi Panzers]]
|name_GG=[[Garvit Gujarat]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=Qualification for [[#Semi finals|Semi finals]]
}}

==Semi finals==
{{handballbox
|id=SemiFinal1
|date=24 June 2023
|time=19:00
|team1=[[Rajasthan Patriots]]
|score=28–38
|team2=[[Maharashtra Ironmen]]
|report=<ref name="KN_2023-06-24">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2023 |title=Premier Handball League 2023: Maharashtra Ironmen book final date with Golden Eagles Uttar Pradesh |url=https://khelnow.com/handball/2023-06-premier-handball-league-2023-maharashtra-ironmen-rajasthan-patriots-telugu-talons-golden-eagles-up-semifinals-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140927/https://khelnow.com/handball/2023-06-premier-handball-league-2023-maharashtra-ironmen-rajasthan-patriots-telugu-talons-golden-eagles-up-semifinals-report |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Khel Now]]}}</ref>
|goals1=[[Amrinder Singh (handballer)|Singh]] 7
|goals2=[[Igor Chiseliov|Chiseliov]] 10
|HT=14–17
|twomin1=
|yellow1=
|red1=
|blue1=
|twomin2=
|yellow2=
|red2=
|blue2=
|stadium=[[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|refnat=
}}
{{handballbox
|id=SemiFinal2
|date=24 June 2023
|time=20:30
|team1=[[Goldean Eagles UP]]
|score=44–43
|team2=[[Telugu Talons]]
|report=<ref name="KN_2023-06-24" />
|goals1=[[Jyotiram Bhushan Shinde|Shinde]] 15
|goals2=[[Kailash Patel|Patel]] 15
|HT=11–16
|FT=35–35
|OT1=5–5
|OT2=
|PEN=4–3
|twomin1=
|yellow1=
|red1=
|blue1=
|twomin2=
|yellow2=
|red2=
|blue2=
|stadium=[[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|refnat=
}}

==Final==
{{handballbox
|id=Final
|date=25 June 2023
|time=19:00
|team1=[[Maharashtra Ironmen]]
|score=38–24
|team2=[[Goldean Eagles UP]]
|report=<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=Premier Handball League: Maharashtra Ironmen wins the inaugural title |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/premier-handball-league-maharashtra-ironmen-win-title-42711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712135538/https://thebridge.in/handball/premier-handball-league-maharashtra-ironmen-win-title-42711 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=The Bridge}}</ref>
|goals1=[[Igor Chiseliov|Chiseliov]] & [[Jalal Kiani|Kiani]] 11
|goals2=[[Sukhveer Sing Brar|Brar]] 10
|HT=16–12
|twomin1=
|yellow1=
|red1=
|blue1=
|twomin2=
|yellow2=
|red2=
|blue2=
|stadium=[[Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|refnat=
}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

[[Category:2023 in Indian sport|Handball]]
[[Category:2023 in handball|India]]

Sardar Gulab Singh Rathore

2022-12-25T11:45:31Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Redirect page Sardar Gulab Singh Rathore to Sardar Gulab Singh: More appropriate with the sources

#REDIRECT [[Sardar Gulab Singh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Janamsakhi

2022-12-11T14:27:52Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Fresh page content.

#REDIRECT [[Janamsakhis]]

United Nations Security Council

2022-05-11T18:12:25Z

Prabhanjaytiwari: Shared an interesting publication.

{{short description|One of the six principal organs of the UN, charged with the maintenance of international security}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Security Council|UNSC}}
{{Use Oxford spelling}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox United Nations
| image = {{box|[[File:Emblem of the United Nations.svg|120px]]|type= transparent}}
| name = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
| title = {{resize|1.25em|United Nations Security Council}}
| {{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = [[Arabic]]: | data1 = {{lang|ar|مجلس الأمن للأمم المتحدة|rtl=yes}}
| rowclass2 = mergedrow| label2 = [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]: | data2 = {{lang|zh|联合国安全理事会}}
| rowclass3 = mergedrow| label3 = [[French language|French]]: | data3 = {{lang|fr|Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies|italic=unset}}
| rowclass4 = mergedrow| label4 = [[Russian language|Russian]]: | data4 = {{lang|ru|Совет Безопасности Организации Объединённых Наций}}
| rowclass5 = mergedrow| label5 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: | data5 = {{lang|es|Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas|italic=unset}}}}}}
| map = File:UN-Sicherheitsrat - UN Security Council - New York City - 2014 01 06.jpg
| map_caption = UN Security Council Chamber in [[New York City]]
| type = [[United Nations System#Six principal organs|Principal organ]]
| abbreviation = UNSC
| membership = 15 countries
<div style="line-height: 0.50em">{{zwj}}</div>
{{unbulleted list
|[[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|Permanent members]]:
|{{flaglist|China}}
|{{flaglist|France}}
|{{flaglist|Russia}}{{efn|Russia succeeded the seat of the [[Soviet Union]], see [[Russia and the United Nations]]. The [[Charter of the United Nations]] still lists the Soviet Union as the member.}}
|{{flaglist|United Kingdom}}
|{{flaglist|United States}}
}}
<div style="line-height: 0.50em">{{zwj}}</div>
{{unbulleted list
|[[List of members of the United Nations Security Council#Non-permanent (1966–present)|Non-permanent members]]:
|{{flaglist|Albania}}
|{{flaglist|Brazil}}
|{{flaglist|Ecuador}}
|{{flaglist|Gabon}}
|{{flaglist|Ghana}}
|{{flaglist|Japan}}
|{{flaglist|Malta}}
|{{flaglist|Mozambique}}
|{{flaglist|Switzerland}}
|{{flaglist|United Arab Emirates}}
}}
| leader_title = Presidency
| leader_name = United Arab Emirates<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security Council Presidency {{!}} United Nations Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.un.org |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322133448/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency |url-status=live}}</ref>
| status = Active
| formation = 24 October 1945
| website = {{URL|https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/}}
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| footnotes = [[File:United Nations Security Council regional groups.svg|250px]]
{{leftlegend|#0000ff|African States (3)}}
{{leftlegend|#339900|Asia-Pacific States (3)}}
{{leftlegend|#cc0000|Eastern European States (2)}}
{{leftlegend|#cc3399|Latin American and Caribbean States (2)}}
{{leftlegend|#cc9900|Western European and Other States (5)}}
}}

The '''United Nations Security Council''' ('''UNSC''') is one of the [[Organs of the United Nations|six principal organs]] of the [[United Nations]] (UN)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is charged with ensuring [[international security|international peace and security]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> recommending the admission of new [[UN members]] to the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> and approving any changes to the [[UN Charter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its powers include establishing [[peacekeeping]] operations, enacting [[international sanctions]], and authorizing [[military action]]. The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding [[United Nations Security Council resolution|resolutions]] on member states.

Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created after [[World War II]] to address the failings of the [[League of Nations]] in maintaining [[world peace]]. It held its first session on 17 January 1946 but was largely paralyzed in the following decades by the [[Cold War]] between the United States and the Soviet Union (and their allies). Nevertheless, it authorized military interventions in the [[Korean War]] and the [[Congo Crisis]] and peacekeeping missions in [[Cyprus]], [[West New Guinea]], and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. With the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], [[UN peacekeeping]] efforts increased dramatically in scale, with the Security Council authorizing major military and peacekeeping missions in [[Gulf War|Kuwait]], [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group|Namibia]], [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[United Nations Protection Force|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|Somalia]], [[War in Darfur|Sudan]], and the [[Kivu conflict|Democratic Republic of the Congo]].

The Security Council consists of [[List of members of the United Nations Security Council|fifteen members]], of which [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|five are permanent]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|title=Article 23 (1) of the Charter of the United Nations|website=www.un.org|publisher=[[United Nations]]|language=en|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[China]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. These were the [[great power]]s that were the [[Allies of World War II|victors of World War II]] (or their successor states). Permanent members can [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto]] (block) any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states to the United Nations or nominees for the office of [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]. This veto right does not carry over into any General Assembly or [[Emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly|emergency special sessions of the General Assembly]]{{citation needed}} matters or votes. The other ten members are elected on a regional basis for a term of two years. The body's [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|presidency]] rotates monthly among its members.

[[United Nations resolution|Resolutions]] of the Security Council are typically enforced by [[UN peacekeepers]], which consist of military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. {{As of|2021|November}}, there have been 12 peacekeeping missions with over 87,000 personnel from 121 countries, with a total budget of approximately $6.3 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data for November 2021|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_missions_factsheet_246_nov2021_en.pdf|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|language=en|access-date=2022-06-19|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711144842/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_missions_factsheet_246_nov2021_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background and creation ===
{{Further|History of the United Nations}}
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] and the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=5}} Following the catastrophic loss of life in [[World War I]], the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] established the [[League of Nations]] to maintain harmony between the nations.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=8}} This organization successfully resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=10}} However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, the [[USSR]], Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the 1931 [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]], the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] in 1935, the 1937 [[Japanese occupation of China]], and Nazi expansions under [[Adolf Hitler]] that escalated into [[World War II]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=13–24}}

[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] met at the [[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]] in 1943 during [[World War II]].]]
[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and Soviet general secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] at the [[Yalta Conference]], February 1945]]

On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]], [[Maxim Litvinov]], of the USSR, and [[T. V. Soong]], of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], signed a short document, based on the [[Atlantic Charter]] and the [[Declaration of St James's Palace|London Declaration]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=United Nations|first=Dept of Public Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|title=Everyone's United Nations|publisher=UN|isbn=978-92-1-100273-7|pages=5|language=en|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115074545/https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tandon|first1=Mahesh Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22(1)+London+Declaration%22|title=Public International Law|last2=Tandon|first2=Rajesh|publisher=Allahabad Law Agency|language=en}}</ref> which later came to be known as the [[United Nations Declaration]]. The next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/declaration.shtml |title=Declaration by United Nations |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703023233/http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/declaration.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.{{sfn|Osmańczyk|2004|p=2445}} "[[Four Policemen|Four Powers]]" was coined to refer to the four major Allied countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China.<ref name="sheriff">{{cite book |last=Urquhart |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Urquhart |title=Looking for the Sheriff |publisher=New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/ |access-date=2019-06-07 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309235120/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and became the foundation of an executive branch of the United Nations, the Security Council.{{sfn|Gaddis|2000}}

Following the 1943 [[Moscow Conference (1943)|Moscow Conference]] and [[Tehran Conference]], in mid-1944, the delegations from the Allied "[[Four Policemen|Big Four]]", the [[Soviet Union]], the UK, the US and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], met for the [[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]] in Washington, D.C. to negotiate the UN's structure,<ref>{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944) |url= https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024 |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> and the composition of the UN Security Council quickly became the dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and US were selected as permanent members of the Security Council; the US attempted to add [[Brazil]] as a sixth member but was opposed by the heads of the Soviet and British delegations.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=9}} The most contentious issue at Dumbarton and in successive talks proved to be the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, while the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At the [[Yalta Conference]] of February 1945, the American, British and Russian delegations agreed that each of the "Big Five" could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions, meaning that the permanent members could not prevent debate on a resolution.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=10–13}}

On 25 April 1945, the [[UN Conference on International Organization]] began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the [[United Nations Charter]].<ref name=unmilestones>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/milestones.htm |title=Milestones in United Nations History |publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111074909/https://www.un.org/aboutun/milestones.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the conference, [[H. V. Evatt]] of the Australian delegation pushed to further restrict the veto power of Security Council permanent members.{{sfn|Schlesinger|2003|p=196}} Due to the fear that rejecting the strong veto would cause the conference's failure, his proposal was defeated twenty votes to ten.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=18–19}}

The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.<ref name=unmilestones/> On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at [[Church House, Westminster]], in London, United Kingdom.<ref name=about>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council |title=What is the Security Council? |publisher=United Nations |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050345/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, during the 1946–1951 period it conducted sessions at the United Nation's interim headquarters in [[Lake Success, New York]], which were televised live on [[CBS]] by the journalist [[Edmund Chester]] in 1949.<ref name="nyt-1951-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Rosenthal |first=A. M. |title=U.N. Vacates Site at Lake Success; Peace Building Back to War Output |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html |access-date=July 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726230531/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://untappedcities.com/2021/05/19/united-nations-lake-success/ "The United Nations Headquarters in Long Island's Lake Success" First Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 at Lake Success on untappedcitites.com]</ref><ref>[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/television-broadcast-of-a-new-series-reporting-the-sessions-news-photo/647173796?adppopup=true ''United Nations in Action'': Photograph of Edmund Chester, Larry LaSueur, Lyman Bryson at the interim headquarters of the UN General Assembly Lake Success, NY, March 8,1949 ongettyimages.com]</ref>

=== Cold War ===
[[File:Church House Westminister London 2016 (02).JPG|thumb|[[Church House, Westminster|Church House]] in London where the first Security Council Meeting took place on 17 January 1946]]

The Security Council was largely paralyzed in its early decades by the [[Cold War]] between the US and USSR and their allies and the Council generally was only able to intervene in unrelated conflicts.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=35}} (A notable exception was the 1950 Security Council resolution authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the [[Korean War|North Korean invasion of South Korea]], passed in the [[Soviet Union boycott of the United Nations|absence of the USSR]].)<ref name=unmilestones/>{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=58–59}} In 1956, the [[United Nations Emergency Force|first UN peacekeeping force]] was established to end the [[Suez Crisis]];<ref name=unmilestones/> however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|that country's revolution]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=114}} Cold War divisions also paralysed the Security Council's [[Military Staff Committee]], which had been formed by Articles 45–47 of the UN Charter to oversee UN forces and create UN military bases. The committee continued to exist on paper but largely abandoned its work in the mid-1950s.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=38, 55–56}}<ref name=Chapter7>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505055751/https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter7.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1960, the UN deployed the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]] (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to restore order to the breakaway [[State of Katanga]], restoring it to the control of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] by 1964.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=115–134}} However, the Security Council found itself bypassed in favour of direct negotiations between the superpowers in some of the decade's larger conflicts, such as the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] or the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=61–62}} Focusing instead on smaller conflicts without an immediate Cold War connection, the Security Council deployed the [[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority]] in [[West New Guinea]] in 1962 and the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]] in 1964, the latter of which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=156–157}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=59}}

On 25 October 1971, over US opposition, but with the support of many [[Third World]] nations, along with the [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania]], the mainland, communist [[People's Republic of China]] was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the [[Republic of China]]; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the [[Six-Day War|Middle East]], [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Kashmir]], the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its budget for peacekeeping.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=167–168, 224–225}}

=== Post-Cold War ===
[[File:Powell-anthrax-vial.jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] holds a model vial of [[anthrax]] while giving a presentation to the Security Council in February 2003.]]

After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years than it had in its previous four decades.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=286}} Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.<ref>{{harvnb|Fasulo|2004|p=43}}; {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|p=334}}.</ref> The UN negotiated an end to the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], launched a successful [[United Nations Transition Assistance Group|peacekeeping mission in Namibia]], and oversaw democratic elections in post-[[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]] South Africa and post-[[Khmer Rouge]] Cambodia.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=252–256}} In 1991, the Security Council demonstrated its renewed vigor by condemning the Iraqi [[invasion of Kuwait]] on the same day of the attack and later authorizing a [[Gulf War|US-led coalition]] that successfully repulsed the Iraqis.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=264–277}} Undersecretary-General [[Brian Urquhart]] later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.{{sfn|Meisler|1995|p=334}}

Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s, the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Haiti, Mozambique and the former Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=66–67}} The [[United Nations Protection Force|UN mission to Bosnia]] faced "worldwide ridicule" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.<ref>For quotation "worldwide ridicule", see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|p=293}}; for description of UN missions in Bosnia, see {{harvnb|Meisler|1995|pp=312–329}}.</ref> In 1994, the [[United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda]] failed to intervene in the [[Rwandan genocide]] in the face of Security Council indecision.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=104}}

In the late 1990s, UN-authorized international interventions took a wider variety of forms. The [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone|UN mission]] in the 1991–2002 [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] was supplemented by British [[Royal Marines]] and the UN-authorized [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]] was overseen by [[NATO]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=110–111}} In 2003, the US [[Iraq War|invaded Iraq]] despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=111}} In the same decade, the Security Council intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the [[War in Darfur]] in Sudan and the [[Kivu conflict]] in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2013, [[Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka|an internal review]] of UN actions in [[Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War|the final battles]] of the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/un-failed-during-final-days-of-lankan-ethnic-war-ban-ki-moon-1133061.html |title=UN failed during final days of Lankan ethnic war: Ban Ki-moon |agency=Press Trust of India |work=FirstPost |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030080724/http://www.firstpost.com/world/un-failed-during-final-days-of-lankan-ethnic-war-ban-ki-moon-1133061.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
In November/December 2014, [[Egypt]] presented a motion proposing an expansion of the NPT ([[non-Proliferation Treaty]]), to include [[Israel]] and [[Iran]]; this proposal was due to increasing hostilities and destruction in the Middle-East connected to the Syrian Conflict as well as others. All members of the Security Council are signatory to the NPT, and all permanent members are [[nuclear weapons states]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml|title=UNODA – Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)|publisher=United Nations|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502153934/http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Role ==
{{UNSCR}}
The UN's role in international [[collective security]] is defined by the UN Charter, which authorizes the Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. The Security Council also recommends the new Secretary-General to the General Assembly and recommends new states for admission as [[member states of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter II: Membership |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208031716/https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter2.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter V: The Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001102526/http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> The Security Council has traditionally interpreted its mandate as covering only military security, though US Ambassador [[Richard Holbrooke]] controversially persuaded the body to pass a resolution on [[HIV/AIDS in Africa]] in 2000.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=46}}

Under [[Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VI]] of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes", the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter6.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208032239/https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter6.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> These recommendations are generally considered to not be binding, as they lack an enforcement mechanism.<ref>See {{harvnb|Fomerand|2009|p=287}}; {{harvnb|Hillier|1998|p=568}}; {{harvnb|Köchler|2001|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Matthews|1993|p=130}}; {{harvnb|Neuhold|2001|p=66}}. For lack of enforcement mechanism, see {{harvnb|Magliveras|1999|p=113}}.</ref> A minority of scholars, such as [[Stephen Zunes]], have argued that resolutions made under Chapter VI are "still directives by the Security Council and differ only in that they do not have the same stringent enforcement options, such as the use of military force".{{sfn|Zunes|2004|p=291}}

Under [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Chapter VII]], the council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression."<ref name=Chapter7/> In such situations, the council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security."<ref name=Chapter7/> This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=56–57}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |title=Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' Over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary Measures' to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abasentions |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319093321/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as [[economic sanctions]], are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the only UN body with authority to issue binding resolutions.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=287}}{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=39}}

The [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]] recognizes that the Security Council has authority to refer cases to the Court in which the Court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction.<ref>[http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Article 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm }} of the Rome Statute. United Nations. Retrieved 26 November 2013.</ref> The Council exercised this power for the first time in March 2005, when it referred to the Court "the situation prevailing in [[Darfur]] since 1 July 2002"; since Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, the Court could not otherwise have exercised jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=United Nations Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm |title=Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan, To Prosecutor of International Criminal Court |access-date=14 March 2007 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011221020/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Bush-relents-to-allow-UN-vote-on-Sudan-war-crimes/2005/04/01/1112302241979.html |title=Bush relents to allow UN vote on Sudan war crimes |author=Wadhams, Nick |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119052456/http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Bush-relents-to-allow-UN-vote-on-Sudan-war-crimes/2005/04/01/1112302241979.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Security Council made its second such referral in February 2011 when it asked the ICC to investigate the Libyan government's violent response to the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-libya-icc-idUSTRE71Q1DB20110227 |title=Q+A: How will the world's war crimes court act on Libya? |author=Gray-Block, Aaron and Greg Roumeliotis |work=Reuters |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226220819/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-libya-icc-idUSTRE71Q1DB20110227 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674|Security Council Resolution 1674]], adopted on 28 April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 [[World Summit Outcome Document]] regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4459bed60 |title=Resolution 1674 (2006) |publisher=UN Security Council via Refworld |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231721/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4459bed60 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Security Council reaffirmed this [[responsibility to protect]] in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706|Resolution 1706]] on 31 August of that year.{{sfn|Mikulaschek|2010|p=20}} These resolutions commit the Security Council to protect civilians in an armed conflict, including taking action against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.{{sfn|Mikulaschek|2010|p=49}}

== Members ==

=== Permanent members ===
{{Main|Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council}}
{{See also|China and the United Nations|France and the United Nations|Russia and the United Nations|Soviet Union and the United Nations|United Kingdom and the United Nations|United States and the United Nations}}

The Security Council's five permanent members, below, have the power to [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto]] any substantive resolution; this allows a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, but not to prevent or end debate.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- "
! width=14% | Country
! width=18% | Regional group
! width=34% | Current state representation
! width=34% | Former state representation
|-
|style="background:#EAECF0"| {{flag|China}}
|[[Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States|Asia-Pacific]]
|{{flagicon|China}} [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[China and the United Nations#Republic of China in the United Nations (1945–1971)|Republic of China]]{{efn|On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, the mainland communist [[China|People's Republic of China]] was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]].}} ([[Republic of China (1912-1949)|1945–1949]], [[Taiwan|1949–1971]])
|-
|style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|France}}
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic|French Republic]]
|{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|Provisional Govt.]] (1945–1946) [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958)
|-
|style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|Russia}}
|[[Eastern European Group|Eastern Europe]]
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia|Russian Federation]]
|{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (1945–1991)
|-
|style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]}}
|N/A
|-
|style="background:#EAECF0"|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Western European and Others Group|Western Europe and Others]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States|United States of America]]
|N/A
|}

At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]], the [[Soviet Union]], the United Kingdom and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. [[China and the United Nations|China's seat]] was originally held by [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Nationalist Government]], the Republic of China. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] in 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] assumed control of [[mainland China]], thenceforth known as the People's Republic of China. In 1971, [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|General Assembly Resolution 2758]] recognized the People's Republic as the [[One-China policy|rightful representative of China]] in the UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether with [[Taiwan and the United Nations|no opportunity for membership as a separate nation]].{{sfn|Meisler|1995|pp=195–197}} After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the [[succession of states|legal successor state]] of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council.{{sfn|Blum|1992}} Additionally, France eventually reformed its government into the [[French Fifth Republic]] in 1958, under the leadership of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its [[French Community|overseas possessions]] eventually became independent.<ref>[[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]</ref>

The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=70}} and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually topped the [[List of countries by military expenditures|list of countries with the highest military expenditures]].<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web |url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex |title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524130032/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 55% of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 35%).<ref name=SIPRI/> They are also among the world's [[Arms industry#World's largest arms exporters|largest arms exporters]]<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arms-treaty-idUSBRE86Q1MW20120727 | title= United Nations fails to agree landmark arms-trade treaty | first= Michelle | last= Nichols | date= 27 July 2012 | work= Reuters | access-date= 26 November 2013 | archive-date= 16 March 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160316212137/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-arms-treaty-idUSBRE86Q1MW20120727 | url-status= live}}</ref> and are the only nations officially recognized as "[[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon states]]" under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.{{cn}}

The block of Western democratic and generally aligned permanent members (France, the UK and the US) is styled as the "P3".

==== Veto power ====
{{Main|United Nations Security Council veto power}}
{{See also|List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions}}

Under [[United Nations Security Council veto power#UN Charter|Article 27]] of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of three-fifths (i.e. nine) of the members. A negative vote or a "veto" by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} Abstention is not regarded as a veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must vote for adopting any amendment of the UN Charter or any recommendation of the admission of a new UN member state.{{sfn|Fomerand|2009|p=287}} Procedural matters cannot be vetoed, so the veto right cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|pp=40–41}} Most vetoes have been used for blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state, not in critical international security situations.<ref name=Veto/>

In the negotiations leading up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was opposed by many small countries and was in fact forced on them by the veto nations—the United States, the United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union—by threatening that the UN would otherwise not be founded. Here is a description of the situation by Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to the US delegation to the 1945 conference:

{{blockquote|At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the U.S. delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same act if they opposed the unanimity principle. "You may, if you wish," he said, "go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: 'Where is the Charter?{{'"}}{{sfn|Wilcox|1945}}}}

{{As of|2012}}, 269 vetoes had been cast since the Security Council's inception.{{efn|This figure and the figures that follow exclude vetoes cast to block candidates for Secretary-General, as these occur in closed session; 43 such vetoes have occurred.<ref name=Veto/>}} In this period, China used the veto 9 times, France 18, the Soviet Union or Russia 128, the United Kingdom 32, and the United States 89. Roughly two-thirds of Soviet and Russian combined vetoes were in the first ten years of the Security Council's existence. Between 1996 and 2012,
the United States vetoed 13 resolutions, Russia 7, and China 5, while France and the United Kingdom did not use the veto.<ref name=Veto>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Changing_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf |title=Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council |publisher=Global Policy Forum |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114211630/https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Changing_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

An early veto by Soviet Commissar [[Andrei Vishinsky]] blocked a resolution on the withdrawal of French forces from the then-colonies of Syria and Lebanon in February 1946; this veto established the precedent that permanent members could use the veto on matters outside of immediate concerns of war and peace. The Soviet Union went on to veto matters including the admission of Austria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Libya, Nepal,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=A. M. Rosenthalspecial To the New York |title=RUSSIA'S 31ST VETO IN U. N. BARS NEPAL; Nine Nations in the Security Council Vote for Admitting Country to Membership |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/09/08/archives/russias-31st-veto-in-u-n-bars-nepal-nine-nations-in-the-security.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Portugal, South Vietnam and Transjordan as UN member states, delaying their joining by several years. The United Kingdom and France used the veto to avoid Security Council condemnation of their actions in the 1956 Suez Crisis. The first veto by the United States came in 1970, blocking General Assembly action in [[Southern Rhodesia]]. From 1985 to 1990, the US vetoed 27 resolutions, primarily to block resolutions perceived as anti-Israel but also to protect its interests in Panama and Korea. The Soviet Union, the United States and China have all vetoed candidates for Secretary-General, with the US using the veto to block the re-election of [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]] in 1996.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=52–54}}

=== Non-permanent members ===
{{See also|List of members of the United Nations Security Council|United Nations Security Council elections|2020 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2020|2021 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2021|2022 United Nations Security Council election{{!}}2022}}

Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings.<ref>{{YouTube|id=FgthI1fdRYA|title=U.N. Security Council Briefing on the U.S. Air Strike in Syria}} [[Time (magazine)|Time]]</ref> In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UN Security Council |url= http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |publisher= United Nations Foundation |access-date=15 May 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

These ten non-permanent members are [[United Nations Security Council elections|elected]] by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year.<ref name="Current">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/members/ |title=Current Members |publisher=United Nations |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219111509/http://www.un.org/en/sc/members/ |url-status=live}}</ref> To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two-thirds of all votes cast for that seat, which can result in deadlock if there are two roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and Colombia only ended after three months and a record 154 rounds of voting; both eventually withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate.<ref name="SCR">{{cite web |title=Special Research Report No. 4Security Council Elections 201121 September 2011 |publisher=Security Council Report |access-date=8 June 2012 |url= http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.7741609/k.778/Special_Research_Report_No_4brSecurity_Council_Elections_2011br21_September_2011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120608042121/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.7741609/k.778/Special_Research_Report_No_4brSecurity_Council_Elections_2011br21_September_2011.htm |archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |title=Charter of the United Nations: Chapter V: The Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001102526/http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

The African Group is represented by three members; the [[Latin America and the Caribbean]], Asia-Pacific, and [[Western European and Others Group|Western European and Others]] groups by two apiece; and the [[Eastern European Group]] by one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the [[Arab world]], alternating between the groups.<ref>{{cite news |last=Malone |first=David |title=Reforming the Security Council: Where Are the Arabs? |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |location=Beirut |url=http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1694.cfm |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611142412/https://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1694.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; the traditional "Arab seat" is elected for this term. Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name="SCR"/>

During the [[2016 United Nations Security Council election]], neither Italy nor the Netherlands met the required two-thirds majority for election. They subsequently agreed to split the term of the Western European and Others Group. It was the first time in over five decades that two members agreed to do so.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Assembly Elects 4 New Non-permanent Members to Security Council, as Western and Others Group Fails to Fill Final Vacancy |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11796.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805225007/http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11796.doc.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Usually, intractable deadlocks are resolved by the candidate countries withdrawing in favour of a third member state.

The current elected members, with the regions they were elected to represent, are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Members |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322232811/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Assembly Elects Estonia, Niger, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Tunisia, Viet Nam as Non-Permanent Members of Security Council for 2020–2021 |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12152.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625072237/https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ga12152.doc.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya wins final contested seat on Security Council |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066632 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=news.un.org |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621054759/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066632 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kenya defeats Djibouti to win a seat at the UN Security Council |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/kenya-defeats-djibouti-win-seat-security-council-200618194420819.html |access-date=19 June 2020 |work=Aljazeera |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618222028/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/kenya-defeats-djibouti-win-seat-security-council-200618194420819.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamill|first=James|title=South Africa returns to UN Security Council: here's the role it should play|url=http://theconversation.com/south-africa-returns-to-un-security-council-heres-the-role-it-should-play-111371|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Conversation|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024111635/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-returns-to-un-security-council-heres-the-role-it-should-play-111371|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Term
! colspan="3"| Africa
! colspan="2"| Asia-Pacific
!Eastern Europe
! colspan="2"| Latin America and Caribbean
! colspan="2"| Western Europe and Other
|-
!2022
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Gabon}} [[Gabon]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]}}
!
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]}}
!
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Albania}} [[Albania]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]}}
!
!
!
|-
!2023
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Mozambique}} [[Mozambique]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Japan]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Malta}} [[Malta]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|{{flagdeco|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]}}
|-
!2024
!
!
!
!
!
|}

=== President ===
{{Main|President of the United Nations Security Council}}

The role of [[President of the United Nations Security Council|president of the Security Council]] involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both [[Presidential Statement]]s (subject to consensus among Council members) and notes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/notes/PresidentialNotesEng.htm |title=Notes by the president of the Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330212749/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/notes/PresidentialNotesEng.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements08.htm |title=UN Security Council: Presidential Statements 2008 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=11 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811210203/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements08.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue.<ref name="un.org"/> The presidency of the council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical order of the member states' names.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/sc/presidency.asp |title=Security Council Presidency in 2011 – United Nations Security Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=9 June 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603183638/http://www.un.org/sc/presidency.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>

The list of nations that will hold the Presidency in 2023 is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Security Council Presidency|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency|website=United Nations Security Council|publisher=United Nations|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322133448/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/presidency|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Presidency in 2023
|- style="background:#ccc"
! Month
! Country
|-
| January
| {{flag|Japan}}
|-
| February
| {{flag|Malta}}
|-
| March
| {{flag|Mozambique}}
|-
| April
| {{flag|Russia}}
|-
| May
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
|-
| June
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|-
| July
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| August
| {{flag|United States}}
|-
| September
| {{flag|Albania}}
|-
| October
| {{flag|Brazil}}
|-
| November
| {{flag|China}}
|-
| December
| {{flag|Ecuador}}
|}

== Meeting locations ==
[[File:Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting.jpg|thumb|US President [[Barack Obama]] chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting.]]
[[File:UN security council 2005.jpg|thumb|The meeting room exhibits the [[United Nations Security Council mural]] by [[Per Krohg]] (1952).]]
Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council is not bound to [[Meeting (parliamentary procedure)#Session|sessions]]. Each Security Council member must have a representative available at UN Headquarters at all times in case an emergency meeting becomes necessary.<ref name=Whatis/>

The Security Council generally meets in a designated chamber in the [[United Nations Headquarters|United Nations Conference Building]] in New York City. The chamber was designed by the Norwegian architect [[Arnstein Arneberg]] and was a gift from Norway. The [[United Nations Security Council mural]] by Norwegian artist [[Per Krohg]] (1952) depicts a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] rising from its ashes, symbolic of the world's rebirth after World War II.<ref>[https://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/untour/subsec.htm "The Security Council"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926063024/http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/untour/subsec.htm }}. ''United Nations Cyberschoolbus''. United Nations. Retrieved 14 September 2012.</ref>

The Security Council has also held meetings in cities including [[Nairobi]], Kenya; [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia; [[Panama City]], Panama; and [[Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref name=Whatis>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ |title=What is the Security Council? |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117065348/http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2010, the Security Council moved into a temporary facility in the [[United Nations General Assembly Building|General Assembly Building]] as its chamber underwent renovations as part of the UN Capital Master Plan.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Capital Master Plan Timeline|url=https://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/cmp/home/about/pid/22303|publisher=United Nations|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=4 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904102130/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/cmp/home/about/pid/22303|url-status=live}}</ref> The renovations were funded by Norway, the chamber's original donor, for a total cost of {{usd}}5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=An unrecognizable Security Council Chamber|url=http://www.norway-un.org/NorwayandUN/UNBodies/The-Security-Council/An-unrecognizable-Security-Council-Chamber/|publisher=Norway Mission to the UN|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054954/http://www.norway-un.org/NorwayandUN/UNBodies/The-Security-Council/An-unrecognizable-Security-Council-Chamber/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The chamber reopened on 16 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretary-General, at inauguration of renovated Security Council Chamber, says room speaks 'language of dignity and seriousness'|publisher=United Nations|access-date=26 November 2013|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm14951.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419111003/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm14951.doc.htm |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> The representatives of the member states are seated on a horseshoe-shaped table, with the president in the very middle flanked by the Secretary on the right and the Undersecretary on the left. The other representatives are placed in clockwise order alphabetically from the president leaving two seats at the ends of the table for guest speakers. The seating order of the members is then rotated each month as the presidency changes.

Because of the public nature of meetings in the Security Council Chamber delegations use the chamber to voice their positions in different ways, such as for example with [[walkout]]s.<ref name="haidar2015">{{cite news|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|title=India's walkout from UNSC was a turning point: Natwar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar/article7601027.ece|work=The Hindu|quote=According to Mr. Singh, posted at India's permanent mission at the U.N. then, 1965 was a "turning point" for the U.N. on Kashmir, and a well-planned "walkout" from the U.N. Security Council by the Indian delegation as a protest against Pakistani Foreign Minister (and later PM) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's speech ensured Kashmir was dropped from the UNSC agenda for all practical purposes.|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929214950/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar/article7601027.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Consultation room ===
Due to the public scrutiny of the Security Council Chamber,<ref name="hovell2016">{{cite book|last1=Hovell|first1=Devika|title=The Power of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-making|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-871767-6|page=145}}</ref> much of the work of the Security Council is conducted behind closed doors in "informal consultations".<ref name="dewet2003">{{cite book|editor-last1=De Wet|editor-first1=Erika|editor-last2=Nollkaemper|editor-first2=André|editor-last3=Dijkstra|editor-first3=Petra|title=Review of the Security Council by member states|publisher=Intersentia|location=Antwerp|isbn=978-90-5095-307-8|pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name="bosco2009">{{cite book|last1=Bosco|first1=David L.|title=Five to Rule Them All: the UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-532876-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138 138–139]|url=https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138}}</ref>

In 1978, West Germany funded the construction of a conference room next to the Security Council Chamber. The room was used for "informal consultations", which soon became the primary meeting format for the Security Council. In 1994, the French ambassador complained to the Secretary-General that "informal consultations have become the Council's characteristic working method, while public meetings, originally the norm, are increasingly rare and increasingly devoid of content: everyone knows that when the Council goes into public meeting everything has been decided in advance".<ref name="elgebeily2017">{{cite book|last1=Elgebeily|first1=Sherif|title=The Rule of Law in the United Nations Security Council Decision-Making Process: Turning the Focus Inwards|isbn=978-1-315-41344-0|pages=54–55}}</ref> When Russia funded the renovation of the consultation room in 2013, the Russian ambassador called it "quite simply, the most fascinating place in the entire diplomatic universe".<ref name="sievers2014">{{cite book|last1=Sievers|first1=Loraine|last2=Daws|first2=Sam|title=The Procedure of the UN Security Council|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-150843-1|edition=4}}</ref>

Only members of the Security Council are permitted in the conference room for consultations. The press is not admitted, and other members of the United Nations cannot be invited into the consultations.<ref name="unsc_glossary">{{cite web|title=Security Council Handbook Glossary|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/methods/glossary.shtml|website=United Nations Security Council|quote="Consultations of the whole" are consultations held in private with all 15 Council members present. Such consultations are held in the Consultations Room, are announced in the UN Journal, have an agreed agenda and interpretation, and may involve one or more briefers. The consultations are closed to non-Council Member States. "Informal consultations" mostly refer to "consultations of the whole", but in different contexts may also refer to consultations among the 15 Council members or only some of them held without a Journal announcement and interpretation.|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612005148/http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/methods/glossary.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> No formal record is kept of the informal consultations.<ref name="unsc_meetings">{{cite web|title=United Nations Security Council Meeting records|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/|access-date=10 February 2017|quote=The preparatory work for formal meetings is conducted in informal consultations for which no public record exists.|archive-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194210/http://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="unsc_faq">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/faq.shtml|website=United Nations Security Council|quote=Both open and closed meetings are formal meetings of the Security Council. Closed meetings are not open to the public and no verbatim record of statements is kept, instead the Security Council issues a Communiqué in line with Rule 55 of its Provisional Rules of Procedure. Consultations are informal meetings of the Security Council members and are not covered in the Repertoire.|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905205244/http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/faq.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the delegations can negotiate with each other in secret, striking deals and compromises without having their every word transcribed into the permanent record. The privacy of the conference room also makes it possible for the delegates to deal with each other in a friendly manner. In one early consultation, a new delegate from a Communist nation began a propaganda attack on the United States, only to be told by the Soviet delegate, "We don't talk that way in here."<ref name="bosco2009"/>

A permanent member can cast a "pocket veto" during the informal consultation by declaring its opposition to a measure. Since a veto would prevent the resolution from being passed, the sponsor will usually refrain from putting the resolution to a vote. Resolutions are vetoed only if the sponsor feels so strongly about a measure that it wishes to force the permanent member to cast a formal veto.<ref name="dewet2003"/><ref name="scr2015">{{cite journal|title=The Veto|journal=Security Council Report|volume=2015|issue=3|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/research_report_3_the_veto_2015.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003908/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/research_report_3_the_veto_2015.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> By the time a resolution reaches the Security Council Chamber, it has already been discussed, debated and amended in the consultations. The open meeting of the Security Council is merely a public ratification of a decision that has already been reached in private.<ref name="reid1999">{{cite web|last1=Reid|first1=Natalie|title=Informal Consultations|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/32941-informal-consultations-natalie-reid-january-1999.html|website=Global Policy Forum|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428084917/https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/32941-informal-consultations-natalie-reid-january-1999.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dewet2003"/> For example, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373|Resolution 1373]] was adopted without public debate in a meeting that lasted just five minutes.<ref name="dewet2003"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting record, Security Council, 4385th meeting|url=https://undocs.org/S/PV.4385|id=S/PV.4385|website=United Nations Repository|publisher=United Nations|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145738/https://undocs.org/S/PV.4385|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Security Council holds far more consultations than public meetings. In 2012, the Security Council held 160 consultations, 16 private meetings and 9 public meetings. In times of crisis, the Security Council still meets primarily in consultations, but it also holds more public meetings. After the outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2014, the Security Council returned to the patterns of the Cold War, as Russia and the Western countries engaged in verbal duels in front of the television cameras. In 2016, the Security Council held 150 consultations, 19 private meetings and 68 public meetings.<ref name="unite2016">{{cite web|title=Highlights of Security Council Practice 2016|url=https://unite.un.org/sites/unite.un.org/files/app-schighlights/index.html|website=Unite|publisher=United Nations|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080514/https://unite.un.org/sites/unite.un.org/files/app-schighlights/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Subsidiary organs/bodies ==
Article 29 of the Charter provides that the Security Council can establish subsidiary bodies in order to perform its functions. This authority is also reflected in Rule 28 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure. The subsidiary bodies established by the Security Council are extremely heterogenous. On the one hand, they include bodies such as the Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members. On the other hand, both the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] and the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] were also created as subsidiary bodies of the Security Council. The by now numerous Sanctions Committees established in order to oversee implementation of the various sanctions regimes are also subsidiary bodies of the council.

== United Nations peacekeepers ==
{{Main|United Nations peacekeeping|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear.{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=52}}{{sfn|Coulon|1998|p=ix}} The peacekeeping force as a whole received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/|author=Nobel Prize|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1988|access-date=3 April 2011|archive-date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402191526/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1988/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Female combat troops of South African Contingent in MONUSCO on robust foot and moblile patrols 62.jpg|thumb|South African soldiers patrolling as part of [[MONUSCO]] in 2018]]

As of 28 February 2023, the UN had 86,903 uniformed and civilian personnel serving in 12 peacekeeping missions, with 121 countries contributing military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DATA |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}</ref> The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ([[MONUSCO]]), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ([[UNMOGIP]]), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Peacekeepers with the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.<ref name="UNPO">{{cite web |title=United Nations Peacekeeping Operations |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323162900/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=9 November 2013 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

UN peacekeepers have also drawn criticism in several postings. Peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, or sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html|title=U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Colum|last=Lynch|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062103/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3145-2004Dec15.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Haiti,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm|title=UN troops face child abuse claims|work=BBC News|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209171221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Liberia,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/world/africa/08iht-abuse.html|title=Aid workers in Liberia accused of sex abuse|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003214726/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/world/africa/08iht-abuse.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sudan and what is now South Sudan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan|work=The Telegraph| first=Kate | last=Holt |access-date=21 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Burundi and Ivory Coast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm|title=Peacekeepers 'abusing children'|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-date=9 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209173237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7420798.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the [[2010–2013 Haiti cholera outbreak]], which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/ |title=U.N. sued for 'bringing cholera to Haiti', causing outbreak that killed thousands |author=Watson, Ivan and Joe Vaccarello |publisher=CNN |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002147/http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The budget for peacekeeping is assessed separately from the main UN organisational budget; in the fiscal year 1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022 peacekeeping expenditures amounts for $6.38 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How we are funded |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=United Nations Peacekeeping |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Fasulo|2004|p=115}} UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries.

This amount finances 10 of the 12 ongoing [[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|UN peacekeeping missions]], along the liquidation of the UN African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur ([[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|UNAMID]]) and logistics support for the African Union Mission in Somalia ([[African Union Mission to Somalia|AMISOM]]), providing the technology, logistics and general support to all peace operations through global service centres in [[Brindisi]] ([[Italy]]) and a regional service centre in [[Entebbe]] ([[Uganda]]). The UN Truce Supervision Organisation ([[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UNTSO]]) and the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ([[UNMOGIP]]) are excluded from the Peacekeeping Operations budged and are financed through the regular UN budget.<ref name=":0" />

For the 2020-2021 budget, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the US (27.89%), China (15.21%), Japan (8.56%), Germany (6.09%), the United Kingdom (5.79%), France (5.61%), Italy (3.30%), Russian Federation (3.04%), Canada (2.73%) and South Korea (2.26%).<ref name=":0" />

== Criticism and evaluations ==
{{Main|Criticism of the United Nations}}
In examining the first sixty years of the Security Council's existence, British historian [[Paul Kennedy]] concludes that "glaring failures had not only accompanied the UN's many achievements, they overshadowed them," identifying the lack of will to prevent ethnic massacres in Bosnia and Rwanda as particular failures.{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|pp=101–103, 110}} Kennedy attributes the failures to the UN's lack of reliable military resources, writing that "above all, one can conclude that the practice of announcing (through a Security Council resolution) a new peacekeeping mission without ensuring that sufficient armed forces will be available has usually proven to be a recipe for humiliation and disaster."{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=110}}

Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and lead to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lundgren |first1= Magnus|last2= Klamberg |first2= Mark|title=Selective Attention: The United Security Council and Armed Conflict |journal= British Journal of Political Science |doi= 10.1017/S0007123422000461 |doi-access= free}}</ref>

A 2005 RAND Corporation study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that 88% of UN cases lead to lasting peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf|author=RAND Corporation|title=The UN's Role in Nation Building: From the Congo to Iraq|access-date=30 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220232620/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.sum.pdf|archive-date=20 February 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2005, the [[Human Security Report 2005|Human Security Report]] documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humansecurityreport.info/|author=Human Security Centre|title=The Human Security Report 2005|access-date=8 February 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090728163300/http%3A//www.humansecurityreport.info/|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref>

Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive [[nuclear club]] that predominantly addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members—for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource-poor Rwandans in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rajan |first=Sudhir Chella |title=Global Politics and Institutions |url=http://www.gtinitiative.org/documents/PDFFINALS/3Politics.pdf |journal=GTI Paper Series: Frontiers of a Great Transition |volume=3 |publisher=Tellus Institute |year=2006 |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028135640/http://www.gtinitiative.org/documents/PDFFINALS/3Politics.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since three of the five permanent members are European, and four are predominantly white developed nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of [[global apartheid]] by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association.{{sfn|Alexander|1996|pp=158–160}}

The Security Council's effectiveness and relevance is questioned by some because, in most high-profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the [[Darfur crisis]], [[Janjaweed]] militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the [[Srebrenica massacre]], Serbian troops committed genocide against [[Bosniaks]], although [[Srebrenica]] had been declared a UN [[safe area (Bosnian War)|safe area]], protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers.{{sfn|Deni|2007|p=71|ps=: "As Serbian forces attacked Srebrenica in July 1995, the [400] Dutch soldiers escorted women and children out of the city, leaving behind roughly 7,500 Muslim men who were subsequently massacred by the attacking Serbs."}}

In his 2009 speech, [[Muammar Gaddafi]] criticized the Security Council's veto powers and the wars permanent members of the Security Council engaged in.

The [[UN Charter]] gives all three powers of the [[legislative]], executive and [[judiciary]] branches to the Security Council.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Creery |first=Janet |title=Read the fine print first |year=2004 |url=http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v10n1p20.htm |journal=[[Peace Magazine]] |issue=Jan–Feb 1994 |page=20 |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207044853/http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v10n1p20.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his inaugural speech at the [[16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in August 2012, [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]] criticized the United Nations Security Council as having an "illogical, unjust and completely undemocratic structure and mechanism" and called for a complete reform of the body.<ref name="test">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120831155453/http://www.namna.ir/en/homeen/28-english-latest-news/1128-supreme-leader-s-inaugural-speech-at-16th-nam-summit.html "Supreme Leader's Inaugural Speech at 16th NAM Summit"]. Non-Aligned Movement News Agency. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</ref>

The Security Council has been criticized for failure in resolving many conflicts, including [[Cyprus problem|Cyprus]], [[Sri Lankan Civil War|Sri Lanka]], [[Syrian civil war|Syria]], [[Kosovo War|Kosovo]], and the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], reflecting the wider short-comings of the UN.
For example; at the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, New Zealand Prime Minister [[John Key]] heavily criticized the UN's inaction on [[Syria]], more than two years after the Syrian civil war began.<ref>[http://www.3news.co.nz/Key-compromises-on-UN-Syria-deal/tabid/1607/articleID/315021/Default.aspx Key compromises on UN Syria deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930183756/http://www.3news.co.nz/Key-compromises-on-UN-Syria-deal/tabid/1607/articleID/315021/Default.aspx }}. ''3 News NZ''. 28 September 2013.</ref>

There is evidence of [[bribery]] on the UNSC. Countries that are elected to the Security Council see a large increase in foreign aid from the US, averaging 59%. They also see an 8% increase in aid from the United Nations, mainly from [[UNICEF]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuziemko|first=Ilyana|title=How Much Is a Seat on the Security Council Worth? Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations|journal=Journal of Political Economy|language=en|volume=114|issue=5|pages=905–930|doi=10.1086/507155| doi-access=free|issn=0022-3808}}</ref> The increase most strongly correlates to years in which the Security Council addresses issues relevant to the US. There is also evidence of increased foreign aid to elected countries from Japan and Germany. One study found membership on the UNSC correlates with reduced economic growth for a given country over the course of its two-year term: 3.5% growth during membership compared to 8.7% over four years of non-membership, although the effect is mainly driven by African authoritarian countries. Elected members also experience a reduction in democracy and [[freedom of the press]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vreeland|first=James Raymond|title=Corrupting International Organizations|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=205–222|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071031| doi-access=free|issn=1094-2939}}</ref>

== Membership reform ==
{{Main|Reform of the United Nations Security Council}}
[[File:G4 Nations.svg|thumb|The [[G4 nations]]: [[Brazil]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Japan]]]]
[[File:Uniting for Consensus core.png|thumb|left|200px|The [[Uniting for Consensus]]: [[Italy]], [[Pakistan]], [[Spain]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Argentina]], [[Turkey]], [[South Korea]] and others]]

Proposals to reform the Security Council began with the conference that wrote the UN Charter and have continued to the present day. As British historian Paul Kennedy writes, "Everyone agrees that the present structure is flawed. But consensus on how to fix it remains out of reach."{{sfn|Kennedy|2006|p=76}}

There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members. The countries which have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India and Japan. Japan and Germany, the main defeated powers in WWII, had been the UN's second- and third-largest funders, respectively, before China took over as the second largest funder in recent years, while Brazil and India are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace-keeping missions.

Italy, another main defeated power in WWII and now the UN's sixth-largest funder, leads a movement known as the [[Uniting for Consensus]] in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats. Core members of the group include Canada, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina and Colombia. Their proposal is to create a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (semi-permanent seats). As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters.

Former UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] asked a team of advisers to come up with recommendations for reforming the United Nations by the end of 2004. One proposed measure is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Brazil, Germany, India and Japan (known as the [[G4 nations]]), one seat from Africa (most likely between Egypt, Nigeria or South Africa), and/or one seat from the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-11-01-voa46.html |title=UN Security Council Reform May Shadow Annan's Legacy |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=11 December 2011 |archive-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203032517/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-11-01-voa46.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 September 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent status, together with two African countries. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two-thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes).

The permanent members, each holding the right of veto, announced their positions on Security Council reform reluctantly. The United States has unequivocally supported the permanent membership of Japan and lent its support to India and a small number of additional non-permanent members. The United Kingdom and France essentially supported the G4 position, with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence by African countries on the council. China has supported the stronger representation of developing countries and firmly opposed Japan's membership.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/204917 |title=US embassy cables: China reiterates 'red lines' |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 December 2011 |quote=[I]t would be difficult for the Chinese public to accept Japan as a permanent member of the UNSC. |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204034559/http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/204917 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing temporarily to forgo [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] if granted [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent UNSC seats]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Offers To Temporarily Forgo Veto Power If Granted Permanent UNSC Seat|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308181726/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, [[US Representatives]] [[Ami Bera]] and [[Frank Pallone]] introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the [[US House of Representatives]] ([[115th United States Congress]]), seeking support for [[India]] for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council and India should be a permanent member which will represent 1.4 billion people at the United Nations.<ref name="US Congress India UNSC">{{cite web|title=US congressmen move resolution in support of India's UN security council claim|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim/story-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001002149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim/story-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Reform of the United Nations]]
* [[Small Five Group]], a group formed to improve the working methods of the Security Council
* [[United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs]], provides secretarial support to the Security Council
* [[United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee]], a standing committee of the Security Council

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

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|isbn=978-3-902021-67-0
|access-date=8 February 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213172615/http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/favorita_paper_2010.pdf
|archive-date=13 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Mires
|first1=Charlene
|year=2013
|title=Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations
|publisher=New York University Press
|isbn=978-0-8147-0794-4
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Neuhold
|first1=Hanspeter
|year=2001
|chapter=The United Nations System for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes
|editor1-last=Cede
|editor1-first=Frank
|editor2-last=Sucharipa-Behrmann
|editor2-first=Lilly
|title=The United Nations: Law and Practice
|location=The Hague
|publisher=Kluwer Law International
|isbn=978-90-411-1563-8
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
|last=Osmańczyk
|first=Edmund Jan
|author-link=Edmund Osmańczyk
|editor-last=Mango
|editor-first=Anthony
|year=2004
|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
|volume=4
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|isbn=978-0-415-93924-9
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Schlesinger
|first1=Stephen C.
|author-link1=Stephen Schlesinger
|year=2003
|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World
|location=Boulder, Colorado
|publisher=Westview Press
|isbn=978-0-8133-3324-3
|url=https://archive.org/details/actofcreationfou00schl_0
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Wilcox
|first=Francis O.
|author-link=Francis O. Wilcox
|year=1945
|title=The Yalta Voting Formula
|journal=American Political Science Review
|volume=39
|issue=5
|pages=943–956
|doi=10.2307/1950035
|issn=0003-0554
|jstor=1950035
|s2cid=143510142
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Zunes
|first=Stephen
|author-link=Stephen Zunes
|year=2004
|title=International Law, the UN and Middle Eastern Conflicts
|journal=Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice
|volume=16
|issue=3
|pages=285–292
|doi=10.1080/1040265042000278513
|s2cid=143010895
|issn=1040-2659
}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Bailey
|first1=Sydney D.
|last2=Daws
|first2=Sam
|year=1998
|title=The Procedure of the UN Security Council
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-828073-6
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bosco
|first=David L.
|author-link=David Bosco
|year=2009
|title=Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World
|location=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-532876-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Cockayne
|first1=James
|last2=Mikulaschek
|first2=Christoph
|last3=Perry
|first3=Chris
|year=2010
|title=The United Nations Security Council and Civil War: First Insights from a New Dataset
|url=http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html
|location=New York
|publisher=International Peace Institute
|access-date=8 February 2016
|archive-date=18 April 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418051722/http://ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Grieger
|first=Gisela
|title=Reform of the UN Security Council
|year=2013
|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf
|publisher=Library of the European Parliament
|access-date=8 February 2016
|archive-date=15 June 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615203132/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf
|url-status=live
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Hannay
|first=David
|author-link=David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick
|year=2008
|title=New World Disorder: The UN after the Cold War – An Insider's View
|location=London
|publisher=I.B. Tauris
|isbn=978-1-84511-719-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Hurd
|first=Ian
|year=2007
|title=After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council
|location=Princeton, New Jersey
|publisher=Princeton University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-12866-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Köchler
|first1=Hans
|author-link1=Hans Köchler
|year=1991
|title=The Voting Procedure in the United Nations Security Council: Examining a Normative Contradiction in the UN Charter and its Consequences on International Relations
|url=http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf
|series=Studies in International Relations
|volume=17
|location=Vienna
|publisher=International Progress Organization
|isbn=978-3-900704-10-0
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906014909/http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf
|archive-date=6 September 2006
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
|year=2008
|editor-last1=Lowe
|editor-first1=Vaughan
|editor-link1=Vaughan Lowe
|editor-last2=Roberts
|editor-first2=Adam
|editor-link2=Adam Roberts (scholar)
|editor-last3=Welsh
|editor-first3=Jennifer
|editor-link3=Jennifer Welsh
|editor-last4=Zaum
|editor-first4=Dominik
|title=The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-953343-5
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Malone
|first=David
|author-link=David M. Malone
|year=1998
|title=Decision-Making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Clarendon Press
|isbn=978-0-19-829483-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/decisionmakingin0000malo
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Matheson
|first=Michael J.
|year=2006
|title=Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues after the Cold War
|location=Washington
|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press
|isbn=978-1-929223-78-7
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1=Roberts
|first1=Adam
|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)
|last2=Zaum
|first2=Dominik
|year=2008
|title=Selective Security: War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945
|journal=Strategic Survey: The Annual Review of World Affairs
|series=Adelphi Paper
|volume=395
|location=Abingdon, England
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-47472-6
|issn=0567-932X
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1= Vreeland
|first1=James
|author-link=James Vreeland
|last2=Dreher
|first2=Axel
|author-link2=Axel Dreher
|year=2014
|title= The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council: Money and Influence
|location=Cambridge, England
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-51841-3
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://research.un.org/en/docs/sc UN Security Council Research Guide]
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/index.htm Global Policy Forum – UN Security Council]
* [http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ Security Council Report] – information and analysis on the council's activities
** [https://www.whatsinblue.org/ What's In Blue] – a series of insights on evolving Security Council actions
* [http://www.centerforunreform.org/ Center for UN Reform Education – information on current reform issues at the United Nations]
* [http://www.undemocracy.com/ UN Democracy: hyperlinked transcripts of the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council]

{{UN Security Council}}
{{United Nations}}
{{United Nations Security Council elections}}
{{UN Charter}}
{{Portalbar|Politics|Law}}

[[Category:United Nations Security Council| ]]
[[Category:United Nations organs]]
[[Category:International security]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1946]]