Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rakesh Aggarwal (police officer)

2026-05-07T17:26:05Z

Portileostah: Created new details

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Aggarwal
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency|Director General]] of [[National Investigation Agency]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = [[Sadanand Date]]
| successor =
| term_start = 15 January 2026
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|08|05}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=7 May 2026|website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| alma_mater =
| education = [[Mechanical Engineering]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| embed = yes
| service_years = 1994 - present
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director general of police|Director General]]
| department =[[National Investigation Agency]]
}}
}}

'''Rakesh Aggarwal''' is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (1994 Batch) of the Himachal Pradesh cadre. He is currently serving as the [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency|Director General]] of [[National Investigation Agency]] since 15 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA leadership change: 1994-batch IPS officer Rakesh Aggarwal appointed as director general; tenure till August 2028|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nia-leadership-change-1994-batch-ips-officer-rakesh-aggarwal-appointed-as-director-general-tenure-till-august-2028/articleshow/126531639.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2026|access-date=7 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior cop Rakesh Aggarwal appointed Director General of NIA|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rakesh-aggarwal-1994-batch-ips-officer-appointed-director-general-of-national-investigation-agency-2852065-2026-01-14|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=14 January 2026|access-date=7 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Rakesh Aggarwal, IPS Officer and Counter-Terrorism Expert Appointed as New NIA Chief|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-is-rakesh-aggarwal-ips-officer-counter-terrorism-expert-appointed-as-new-national-investigation-agency-chief-article-153449024|publisher=Times Now|date=15 January 2026|access-date=7 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt appoints Rakesh Aggarwal as NIA chief, former Haryana DGP to head ITBP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-appoints-rakesh-aggarwal-as-nia-chief-former-haryana-dgp-to-head-itbp-10474237/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 January 2026|access-date=7 May 2026 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Rakesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Mohan Barodia

2026-05-03T13:12:40Z

Portileostah: adding details

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohan Barodia
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The famous Bijasan Mata Mandir at Kanad.
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.60|N|76.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,686
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Malvi language|Malwi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465226
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mohan Barodia''' is a Town and a [[Tehsil]] Headquarter in [[Shajapur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is also a [[Development Block]] in District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shajapur.nic.in/%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8/|title=ग्रामीण विकास | जिला शाजापुर, मध्य प्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mohan Badodiya is Located on {{coord|23.60|N|76.33|E|}}, At Agar - Sarangpur Road.<ref>https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/7098608251</ref>
465226 is Pin Code of Mohan Barodia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/shajapur/madana-pincode-465227.html|title=Madana Pin Code - 465227, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search shajapur Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As Census 2011 Mohan Barodia town population of 7,686 of which 3,904 are males while 3,782 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/472933-moman-badodiya-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Moman Badodiya Village Population - Moman Badodiya - Shajapur, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Transport==
Mohan Barodia is located on Agar Sarangpur road, it is 30 km away from Shajapur and connected with roads. Mohan Barodia is connected by private bus services to all nearest major cities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ujjain Division}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barodia, Mohan}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Shajapur district]]

Ganesh Kartikey

2026-05-01T12:43:28Z

Portileostah: new

{{Short description|Indian mythology television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Mythology]]
| creator = Anirudh Pathak
| screenplay = C L SAINI Santosh Brijmohan Pandey
| story = C L SAINI Brijmohan Pandey Dr. Venke
| based_on = SHIV PURAN AND GANESH PURAN
| director = Saranga Dutta Prarthana Goswami
| creative_director = Tushar J. Bhatia Dhiren Mishra
| starring = [[Shrenu Parikh]] [[Avinesh Rekhi]] [[Mohit Malik]]
| music = [[Javed Ali]] (Opening song) Anirudh Suswaram Chaitanya Devadhe
| composer = [[Nakul Abhyankar]] Sandeep Mukharjee (Theme music)
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 156
| producer = Alind Srivastava Nissar Parvej Hitesh Thakkar
| editor = Waseed Hussain Ankush Ambre
| cinematography = Sandeep Yadav
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = [[Peninsula Pictures]]
| network = [[Sony SAB]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2025|10|6}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2026|4|4}}
}}

'''''Gatha Shiv Parivaar Ki — Ganesh Kartikey''''' also known as '''Ganesh Kartikey''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[mythology]] series that aired on [[Sony SAB]] from 6 October 2025 to 4 April 2026 and is digitally available on [[SonyLIV]]. Produced by [[Peninsula Pictures]], it starred [[Shrenu Parikh]], [[Avinesh Rekhi]], [[Mohit Malik]], Subhan Khan and Nirnay Samadhiya.<ref name="AB">{{Cite news|date=27 September 2025|title=Mohit Malik and Shrenu Parikh to lead the new mythological series 'Gatha Shiv Parivaar Ki Ganesh Kartikey'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-malik-and-shrenu-parikh-to-lead-the-new-mythological-series-gatha-shiv-parivaar-ki-ganesh-kartikey/articleshow/124183531.cms|access-date=18 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The divine family of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], brothers [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]] struggle with rivalry, resentment, and longing. One is the thinker, the other becomes warrior bound by destiny. As Kartikeya battles abandonment and Ganesha seeks acceptance, their bond becomes a mirror of every family's contradictions.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Avinesh Rekhi]] as [[Lord Shiva]]; Veerabhadra (2025–2026)
** [[Mohit Malik]] as [[Lord Shiva]]; Veerabhadra (2025)
* [[Shrenu Parikh]] as [[Goddess Parvati]]; [[Durga]]; [[Maa Kali]]; Sati (2025–2026)
* Subhan Khan as [[Lord Kartikeya]]; Murugan (2025–2026)
* Nirnay Samadhiya as [[Lord Ganesh]] (2025–2026)
** Ekansh Kathrotiya as [[Lord Ganesh]] (2025)
** Ayudh Bhanushali as Dandpaani (2025)
* Radhakrishna Dutt as [[Lord Brahma]] (2025–2026)
** Sandeep Mohan as [[Lord Brahma]] (2025)
* Pooja Sahu as [[Saraswati|Devi Saraswati]] (2025–2026)
** Priyanka Nayan as [[Saraswati|Devi Saraswati]] (2025)
* Vikas Salgotra as [[Lord Vishnu]] (2025–2026)
* Sareeka Dhillon as [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]] (2025–2026)
**Benazir Shaikh as [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]] (2025)
**Ragini Rishi as [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]] (2025)
**Neetha Shetty as [[Lakshmi|Devi Lakshmi]] (2025)
* Narayani Varne as [[Consorts of Ganesha|Riddhi]] (2025–2026)
* Shreya Patel as [[Siddhi]] (2025–2026)
* Pari Kapoor as [[Devasena]] (2026)
* Sneha Kaur as [[Valli]] (2025)
* Sanchi Kaur as Young Valli (2025)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] (2025–2026)
* Aruhi Singh as Jaya (2025–2026)
* Upasana Rath as Vijaya (2025–2026)
* [[Meer Ali]] as [[Indra]] (2025–2026)
** [[Karan Suchak]] as [[Indra]] (2025)
* Sangeetha Odwani as [[Indrani]] (2026)
** [[Lavina Tandon]] as [[Indrani]] (2025)
* Daksh Sharma as [[Narada]] (2025–2026)
* Shridhar Watsar as Mushakraj; Mushikasura (2025–2026)
* Akash Kapoor as [[Vayu|Pawan Dev]] (2025)
* [[Achint Kaur]] as [[Diti]] (2025)
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Varangi: Surapadma and Tarakasura's mother (2025)
* [[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] as Sindhurasur (2025)
* [[Ankit Mohan]] as [[Surapadma]] (2025)
* [[Vinit Kakar]] as Simhamukhasur (2025)
* Prasoon Arya as Kalkeya (2025)
* [[Rohit Khurana]] as [[Gajasura]] (2025)
* Kumar Hegde as [[Virabahu]] (2025)
* Athar Siddiqui as Agnidev (2025)
* [[Talluri Rameswari]] as [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvai]] Bamma (2025)
* Rivaan Thakkar as Sravan: Valli's friend (2025)
* Divyangana Jain, Neha Badiswal, ''(and 4 others)'' as [[Krittika|6 Krittikas]], Kartikeya's foster mothers
* Aamir Dalvi as Tarakasura (2026)
* Rushiraj Pawar as Shani Dev (2026)
* Bhakti Chauhan as Shambhuki,Tarakasura's wife (2026)

=== Cameo ===
* Bijay Anand as [[Vyasa]]

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Mohit Malik]] plays the role of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 September 2025|title=Mohit Malik on embodying Lord Shiva in Ganesh Kartikey, says ‘Preparing for the tandav took me two months'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-malik-on-embodying-lord-shiva-in-ganesh-kartikey-says-preparing-for-the-tandav-took-me-two-months/articleshow/124195306.cms|access-date=12 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Shrenu Parikh]] was roped in to play the role of [[Goddess Parvati]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 September 2025|title=Shrenu Parikh on playing goddess Parvati in Ganesh Kartikey: 'I stayed away from visual references'
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shrenu-parikh-gears-up-as-goddess-parvati-in-ganesh-kartikey-23595797|access-date=12 October 2024|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> and this series marks Parikh's return to television after a 2-year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 September 2025|title=Shrenu Parikh is finding the balance as she returns to TV after two years with Ganesh Kartikey
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ganesh-kartikey-shrenu-parikh-reflects-on-playing-goddess-paravati-23595302|access-date=12 October 2024|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> Ekansh Kathrotiya and Subhan Khan play the roles of Lord Ganesh and Lord Kartikey respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mondal|first=Sukarna|date=15 October 2025|title=Child actor Subhan Khan on playing the role of Kartikey in Ganesh Kartikey
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-child-actor-subhan-khan-on-playing-the-role-of-kartikey-in-ganesh-kartikey-says-im-watching-animated-stories-and-reading-books-to-understand-his-leelas/articleshow/124560478.cms|access-date=18 October 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom

2026-04-29T20:56:05Z

Portileostah: adding biography!

{{Short description|1310–1311 Delhi Sultanate campaign in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandyan kingdom
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} [[Pandya dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Sundara {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Vira {{flagicon image|Twin_fish_flag_of_Pandyas.svg}} Vikrama Pandya
| commander2 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] [[Malik Kafur]] [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] Bahram Kara [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] Abachi{{Executed}} (defector) [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] Katla Nihang [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|25px]] Mahmud Sartiha
| commander3 =
| combatants_header =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| status =
| width =
| place = [[Southern India]]
| partof =
| image = <mapframe text="Possible locations of the places visited by Malik Kafur's army" width="300" height="300" zoom="6" longitude="78.5" latitude="11">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "triangle", "title": "[[Siege of Dwarasamudra|Dwarasamudra]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.9942162, 13.2129844] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Tarmali ([[Tharamangalam]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.9710098, 11.6940008] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Tabar ([[Thoppur]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.0580609, 11.9398568] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Birdhul ([[Virudhachalam]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.3251583, 11.5195875] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Kannanur ([[South Kannanur]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.7335875, 10.9084985] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Barmatpuri ([[Chidambaram]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.6953594, 11.3981936] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "-number", "title": "Mathura ([[Madurai]])" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.1197754, 9.9252007] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
| image_size = 100px
| alt =
| caption =
| date = {{start and end dates|1311|03|15|1311|04|25|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=15|year1=1311|month2=04|day2=25|year2=1311}})}}
| coordinates = 
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| campaignbox =
}}

During 1310–1311, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army led by his slave-general [[Malik Kafur]] to the southernmost kingdoms of India. After [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|subjugating]] the [[Hoysala]]s, Malik Kafur invaded the [[Pandya kingdom]] (called Ma'bar in Muslim chronicles) in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], taking advantage of a war of succession between the Pandya brothers Vira and Sundara. During March–April 1311, he raided several places in the Pandya territory, including their capital [[Madurai]]. He was unable to make the Pandya king a tributary to the Delhi Sultanate, but obtained huge quantities of plunder, including elephants, horses, gold and [[precious stone]]s.

== Background ==
By 1310, [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] had forced the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] and [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] rulers of [[Deccan]] region in southern India to become his [[tributary state|tributaries]]. During the [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|1310 Siege of Warangal]] against the Kakatiyas, [[Malik Kafur]] had learned that the region to the south of the Yadava and Kakatiya kingdoms was also very wealthy. After returning to [[Delhi]], Kafur told Alauddin about this, and obtained permission to lead an expedition to the southernmost regions of India.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=201}}

In early 1311, Malik Kafur reached the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] with a large army. In February, he [[Siege of Dwarasamudra|besieged]] the [[Hoysala]] capital [[Dwarasamudra]] with 10,000 soldiers, and forced the Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala]] to become a tributary of the Delhi Sultanate. He stayed at Dwarasamudra for 12 days, waiting for the rest of his army to arrive at Dwarasamudra.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}}

At this time, the [[Pandya]] kingdom, located to the south of the Hoysala territory, was in a state of political turmoil. After the death of the king [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulashekhara]], his sons Vira and Sundara Pandya were engaged in a war of succession.{{sfn|Modak|1995|p=3}} Some later chroniclers state that Sundara sought Malik Kafur's help, leading to the Delhi army's invasion of the Pandya territory. However, the writings of the contemporary writer [[Amir Khusrau]] cast doubt on this claim: Khusrau's account suggests that Malik Kafur raided the territories controlled by both of them.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}}

Khusrau describes Sundara Pandya as a [[Brahmin|Brahman]], who was a "pearl" among the [[Hindu king]]s. He states that Sundara, whose rule extended over land and sea, had a large army and several ships.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}}

== March to the Pandya country ==
Malik Kafur started his march towards the Pandya territory (called Ma'bar in Muslim chronicles) from Dwarasamudra on 10 March 1311, and reached the Pandya frontier five days later.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}} The Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] mentions that, during this march, the Delhi army covered a difficult terrain, where sharp stones tore [[horse hoof]]s, and the soldiers had to sleep on ground "more uneven than a camel's back" at night.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=207}}

According to the 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], the defeated [[Hoysala]] King [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala]] guided the Delhi army during the plunder of the Pandya territories.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=207}} However, historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] doubts this claim, as it does not appear in the contemporary writings of Khusrau.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}}

Isami states that the Delhi army relied on a [[reconnaissance]] unit to explore the Pandya territory. This unit included leading generals such as Bahram Kara, Katla Nihang, Mahmud Sartiha, and Abachi.. Every day, one of these generals would lead the reconnaissance party to visit an area of the Pandya territory, supported by a few people who knew the local language. One day, Abachi, who was a [[Mongol]] commander, decided to join the Pandya service, and even thought of killing Kafur. He got in touch with some people who promised to take him to the Pandya king.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=207}} While marching towards the Pandya king's residence, his contingent came into conflict with a body of Pandya troops.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=208}} Abachi asked his [[language interpretation|interpreter]] to communicate his intent to the Pandya troops, but the Pandya contingent suddenly attacked them and the interpreter was killed by an arrow.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=418}} Abachi had to retreat and rejoin Malik Kafur. When Kafur came to know about Abachi's activities, he had Abachi imprisoned.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=208}} Later, Alauddin had Abachi executed in Delhi, which prompted Mongol nobles to conspire against him, ultimately leading to the [[1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate|1311 massacre of Mongols]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=174}}

Khusrau states that the Pandya territory was protected by a high mountain, but there were two [[mountain passes|passes]] on either side of the mountain. He names these passes as Tarmali and Tabar, which can be identified with [[Tharamangalam]] and [[Thoppur]]. The Delhi army marched through these passes, and then encamped on the banks of a river (probably the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]]). Next, the invaders captured a fort, which Khusrau calls "Mardi". According to Banarsi Prasad Saksena, Khusrau uses "Mardi" as an antonym of "namardi" ([[Persian language|Persian]] for "impotence"), to characterize the fort's defenders.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}} The Delhi army massacred the inhabitants of Mardi.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=208}}

== Raids ==

=== Birdhul ===
Next, Malik Kafur marched to Vira Pandya's headquarters, called "Birdhul" by Amir Khusrau. This is the same as "Birdaval", which is named as the capital of the Ma'bar country (the Pandya territory) in ''Taqwīm al-buldān'' (1321), a book by the Kurdish writer [[Abu'l-Fida]]. British scholar [[Arthur Coke Burnell|A. Burnell]] identified Birdhul as [[Virudhachalam]].{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=208}} According to [[Mohammad Habib]] and [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]], who transliterate the name as "Bir-Dhol" (or "Vira-Chola"), the term may be a figure of speech invented by Khusrau to refer to the capital of Vira Pandya.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}} It can be derived from the words "Bir" (Vira) and "Dhol" (drum), thus equivalent to "the drum (capital) of Vira Pandya".{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=414}} While describing Malik Kafur's entry into the city, Khsurau states "the Bir (Vira) had fled, and the Dhol (Drum) was empty".{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}}

Owing to the war between the two brothers, the Pandya forces were not in a position to offer much resistance. Vira Pandya originally planned to flee to an island, but was unable to do so for some reason. Instead, he first marched to Kabam, a city whose identity is uncertain. He collected some soldiers and wealth from Kabam, and then escaped to Kandur{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}} (identified with [[South Kannanur|Kannanur]] on the banks of the [[Kollidam River]]).{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}}

At Birdhul, the Delhi army found a contingent of around 20,000 Muslim soldiers in the Pandya service. These soldiers deserted the Pandyas, and joined the Delhi army.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=208}} Instead of killing them for being [[apostate]]s, the Delhi generals decided to spare their lives.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}}

With help of the Muslim deserters, the Delhi army tried to pursue Vira Pandya, but had to retreat because of heavy rainfall.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=209}} According to Khusrau, the rural areas were so flooded that "it was impossible to distinguish a road from a well". A large part of the Delhi army encamped at Birdhul, while a small party went out in search of Vira Pandya despite the heavy rains. At midnight, the unit brought the news that Vira Pandya was at Kannanur.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=415}}

=== Kannanur ===
The Delhi army marched to [[South Kannanur|Kannanur]] in heavy rains, but by this time, Vira had escaped to a forest with some of his followers. When the rains stopped, the invaders captured 108 elephants loaded with pearls and precious stones.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}} They massacred the residents of Kannanur.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=209}}

The Delhi generals wanted to find Vira Pandya, so that they could force him into becoming a [[tributary state|tributary]] to the Delhi Sultanate. They suspected that Vira Pandya had fled to his ancestral fort of Jal-Kota ("water fort", identified with [[Tivukottai]]). They started marching towards Jal-Kota, but people coming from that place informed them that he was not there. Ultimately, the Delhi generals decided that finding Vira Pandya was a hopelessly difficult task, and decided to return to Kannanur.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}}

=== Barmatpuri ===
[[File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|thumb|[[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]]]]

According to Khusrau, the next morning, the Delhi army learned that the town of Barmatpuri had a golden temple, with several royal elephants roaming around it. [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] identified Barmatpuri as "Brahmapuri" ([[Chidambaram]]), whose [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]] had a golden ceiling.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}}

The Delhi army of Malik Kafur reached Barmatpuri at midnight, and captured 250 elephants the next morning. The invaders then plundered the golden temple, whose ceiling and walls were studded with rubies and diamonds.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}} They destroyed all the [[Shiva]] [[lingam]]s (called "Ling-i-Mahadeo" by Khusrau), and brought down an idol of [[Narayana]] (Vishnu).{{sfn|Davis|1999|p=113}} Khusrau mentions that the ground that once smelled of [[musk]] now emitted a stench of blood.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}}

=== Madurai ===
From Barmatpuri, the Delhi army marched back to its camp at Birdhul, where it arrived on 3 April 1311.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=416}} There, the invaders destroyed the temple of Vira Pandya. The Delhi forces then arrived Kanum (identified with Kadambavanam) on 7 April 1311. 5 days later, they reached [[Madurai]] (called "Mathura" by Khusrau), the capital of Sundara Pandya.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=417}}

By this time, Sundara Pandya had already fled the city with his queens. The Delhi army first visited the temple of "Jagnar", hoping to find elephants and treasures there. ([[Henry Miers Elliot|H. M. Elliot]] translated "Jagnar" as "[[Jagannatha]]", but historian [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] identifies "Jagnar" as "Chokkanatha", an aspect of Madurai's patron deity [[Shiva]].) Malik Kafur was disappointed to find that only 2-3 elephants were left at the temple. This made him so angry that he set fire to the temple.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=417}}{{sfn|Lal|1950|pp=209-212}}

=== Rameshwaram ===

According to the 16th-17th century chronicler [[Firishta]], Malik Kafur built a mosque called Masjid-i-Alai ("Alauddin's mosque"), which could still be seen during Firishta's time, at a place named "Sit Band Ramisar". This place has been identified as "[[Rama Setu|Setubandha]] [[Rameshwaram]]", leading to suggestions that Malik Kafur raided Rameshwaram. However, this identification is doubtful, as Firishta places this mosque in the "Carnatik" country at the port of "Dur Samandar" on the shore of the "Sea of Ummam", and states that it was built after Kafur subjugated the local ruler Bikal Dev. The "Sea of Ummam" (Sea of [[Oman]]) refers to the [[Arabian Sea]], and therefore, the mosque must have been located at a port on this sea, in the [[Hoysala]] kingdom, whose capital was [[Dwarasamudra]] ("Dur Samandar") in present-day [[Karnataka]]. Therefore, it is likely that "Sit Band Ramisar" does not refer to Rameshwaram.{{sfn|Habib|1981|p=416}}

The writings of Amir Khusrau or [[Ziauddin Barani]] do not contain any reference to Rameshwaram, and Firishta's account may be the result of confusion.{{sfn|Habib|1981|p=416}} Had Malik Kafur really constructed a mosque in Rameshwaram, Alauddin's courtier Khusrau would not have failed to mention such an achievement. If a mosque existed at Rameshwaram during Firishta's lifetime, it must have been built after the Khalji period.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=417}}

Although the identification of Firishta's "Sit Band Ramisar" with Rameshwaram is dubious, it is not unlikely that Malik Kafur's forces marched to Rameshwarm from Madurai, in search of the much-sought elephants and Pandya wealth. According to Amir Khusrau's ''Ashika'', during a campaign against a ruler called "Pandya Guru", the Khalji forces reached as far as "the shores of the sea of [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]]". The capital of this ruler was called "Fatan", and had a temple with an idol. "Fatan" may be a transcription of "[[Periyapattinam]]", the name of a place near Rameshwaram.{{sfn|Habib|1981|p=416}}

=== Other places ===

A [[hero stone]] inscription found at the Aviriyur Shiva temple near [[Rishivandiyam]] records the death of a Pandya soldier against Malik Kafur's army. It mentions that a warrior named Adaa Thella Raguthar died in a battle against the Thulukar ([[Turkic people]]), in 1311, during the reign of Vira Pandya. It states that his wife Mallana Devi committed suicide by [[sati (practice)|sati]]. Several other inscriptions at the [[Abirameswarar Temple|Thiruvamathur Shiva temple]] also mention the 'Thulukar War', a reference to Malik Kafur's invasion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/17/pandya-era-satikal-and-nadukal-found-in-tns-kallakurichi |title=Pandya-era ‘Satikal’ and ‘Nadukal’ found in TN's Kallakurichi |date=2024-06-17 |newspaper=The New Indian Express }}</ref>

== Return to Delhi ==
''[[Lilatilakam]]'', a 14th-century [[Sanskrit]] treatise written by an unknown author, states that a general named Vikrama Pandya defeated the Muslims. Based on this, some historians believe that Vikrama Pandya, an uncle of Vira and Sundara, defeated Malik Kafur's army. However, the identification of this Vikrama Pandya as the brother of [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulashekhara]] is not supported by historical evidence. The Vikrama Pandya mentioned in ''Lilatilakam'' appears to have defeated another Muslim army during 1365–70 as a prince; he ascended the Pandya throne much later, in 1401.{{sfn|Nair|1987|p=27}}

By late April 1311, the rains had obstructed the operations of the Delhi forces, and the generals received the news that the defenders had assembled a large army against them.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=207}} Kafur, who had already collected a huge amount of wealth from Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms, determined that it was futile to pursue the Pandya king. Therefore, he decided to return to Delhi.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=212}} According to Alauddin Khalji's courtier and chronicler Amir Khusrau, the Delhi army had captured 512 elephants, 5,000 horses and 500 ''[[Maund (unit)|mann]]s'' of gold and precious stones by the end of its southern campaign against the Hoysalas and the Pandyas.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=417}} According to the exaggerated account of the later writer [[Ziauddin Barani]] (a writer who wrote during the [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq]] era), the loot included 612 elephants; 20,000 horses; and 96,000 ''manns'' of gold. Barani describes this seizure of wealth as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=213}}

The army started its return journey on 25 April 1311. In Delhi, Alauddin held a public court (''[[durbar (court)|darbar]]'') at [[Siri Fort|Siri]] on 19 October 1311, to welcome Malik Kafur and other officers of the army.{{sfn|Saksena|1992|p=417}} He gave 0.5 to 4 ''manns'' of gold to his various nobles and [[Emir|Amirs]].{{sfn|Lal|1950|p=213}}

== Aftermath ==
After Kafur's departure, the Pandya brothers resumed their conflict. This conflict resulted in the defeat of Sundara Pandya, who decided to seek Alauddin's assistance. With the help of Alauddin's forces, he was able to re-establish his rule in the [[South Arcot]] region by 1314. Later, during the reign of Alauddin's son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah]], the Delhi general [[Khusro Khan]] raided the Pandya territories. The northern part of the Pandya kingdom was captured by the Muslims over the next two decades: it first came under the control of the [[Tughluq dynasty]], and later became part of the short-lived [[Madurai Sultanate]]. However, the southernmost part of the Pandya territory remained independent.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=207}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Modak |first=B. R. |title=Sayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rL1RtLr2KkC&pg=PA4 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-7201-940-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Saksena |first=Banarsi Prasad |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq |editor-link2=Kannami |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The [[Indian History Congress]] / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{cite book |last=Habib |first=Mohammad |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nair |first=K.K.R. |title=Venad: Its Early History |journal=Journal of Kerala Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgSSAAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=[[University of Kerala]] |issn=0377-0443 |pages=1–34}}
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=[[Allahabad]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |title=Lives of Indian Images |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OGFrDcLbogC&pg=PA113 |year=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-00520-6}}
{{refend}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Delhi Sultanate]]

Chandan Singh (air vice marshal)

2026-04-29T04:29:05Z

Portileostah: done

{{Short description|Indian military officer (1925–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| name = Chandan Singh Champawat
| birth_name =
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|08|18}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|03|29|1925|08|18}}
| birth_place = Bagawas, district pali
[[Jodhpur State]]
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| burial_place =
| image =
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|Jodhpur State}} (1941–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1980)
| branch = [[Jodhpur Lancers]] (1941–1947) {{air force|India}} (1947–1980)
| service_years =
| rank = [[File:India-AirForce-OF-7-collected.svg|30px]] [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
| commands = [[Jorhat Air Force Station]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Sino-Indian War]]
| awards = [[File:Maha_Vir_Chakra_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vir_Chakra_ribbon_bar.svg|20px]] [[Vir Chakra]]
| relations =
| spouse = Junu Kumari (m.1963)
| other_work =
| religion =
}}

[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] '''Chandan Singh Rathore''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] (18 August 1925 – 29 March 2020) was an [[Air Officer]] in the [[Indian Air Force]]. A highly decorated officer, Singh was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] during the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].

==Early life==
Singh was born in [[Jodhpur State]], [[Pali district]] in a [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] [[Rajput]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-pays-tribute-to-iafs-chandan-singh-remembering-the-legacy-of-the-gallant-maha-vir-chakra-holder/571288|title = PM pays tribute to IAF's Chandan Singh – Remembering the legacy of the gallant Maha vir Chakra holder}}</ref><ref>https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/features/brilliant-unconventional-fearless-group-captain-chandan-singh-seniormost-iaf-officer-to-be-awarded-mvc-250238 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> to [[Colonel]] Bahadur Singh, [[Order of British India|OBI]], who commanded the famous [[Jodhpur Lancers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM pays tribute to IAF's Chandan Singh – Remembering the legacy of the gallant Maha Vir Chakra holder |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-pays-tribute-to-iafs-chandan-singh-remembering-the-legacy-of-the-gallant-maha-vir-chakra-holder/571288 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Military career==
===Early career===
Singh joined the [[Jodhpur Lancers]] in 1941, following in his father's footsteps, as a [[Second Lieutenant]]. After the [[Independence of India]], the Jodhpur Lancers was amalgamated into the [[President's Bodyguard]] and the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]]. Singh, then a [[Captain]], joined the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PM pays tribute to IAF's Chandan Singh – Remembering the legacy of the gallant Maha Vir Chakra holder |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-pays-tribute-to-iafs-chandan-singh-remembering-the-legacy-of-the-gallant-maha-vir-chakra-holder/571288 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

Singh was serving in the [[No. 43 Squadron IAF]], when in 1961, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (then called Vishisht Seva Medal Class II). He was awarded the AVSM for "devising new procedures for training and selecting new safe routes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Chandan Singh 3460 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/3460 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=REPUBLIC DAY AWARDS |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1961-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1961-01-25_048.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=25 January 1961}}</ref>

===Vir Chakra===
At the outbreak of the [[Sino-Indian War]], Singh was a pilot in the [[No. 44 Squadron IAF]]. He saw action in the Chip Chap area in [[Ladakh]], where he was awarded the third-highest war-time gallantry award, the [[Vir Chakra]].

The citation for the [[Vir Chakra]] reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=SQUADRON LEADER CHANDAN SINGH {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/squadron-leader-chandan-singh |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vir Chakra (VrC), Awardee: AVM Chandan Singh, MVC, AVSM, VrC (retd) @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/3647 |website=twdi.in}}</ref>
{{Quotation|Gazette Notification: 18 Pres/63, 26-1-63
Operation: 1962 Leg Horn
Date of Award: 20 Oct 1962

{{center|'''CITATION''' '''SQUADRON LEADER CHANDAN SINGH''' '''(3460) GD(P)'''}}

On 20th October 1962, Squadron Leader Chandan Singh was detailed to carry out supply dropping in the Chipchap area in Ladakh. On reaching the dropping zone, he noticed that the outposts were under heavy fire from the Chinese forces. He successfully dropped vital supplies to our garrison, although his aircraft was hit 19 times by enemy ground fire. Squadron Leader Chandan Singh displayed courage and devotion to duty in carrying out the task in complete disregard of his personal safety.|sign=|source=}}

===Maha Vir Chakra===
Singh was promoted to the rank of [[Group Captain]] in late 1969 and took over command of the [[Jorhat Air Force Station]] in early 1970. He commanded the Air Force base through the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Singh planned and executed the [[Battle of Sylhet|Sylhet air-lift]], when two [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of troops of the [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] were air-lifted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defenceindia : Special Feature : Battle of Sylhet |url=http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/battle_sylhet.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810211600/http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/battle_sylhet.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2007 |date=10 August 2007}}</ref> For this operation, Singh was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]], the second-highest war-time gallantry award.

The citation for the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=GROUP CAPTAIN CHANDAN SINGH {{!}} Gallantry Awards |url=https://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/group-captain-chandan-singh |website=gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vir Chakra (VrC), Awardee: AVM Chandan Singh, MVC, AVSM, VrC (retd) @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/3647 |website=twdi.in}}</ref>
{{Quotation|Gazette Notification: 20 Pres/72,12-2-72
Operation: 1971 Cactus Lily
Date of Award: 07 Dec 1971

{{center|'''CITATION''' '''GROUP CAPTAIN CHANDAN SINGH, AVSM, VrC''' ''' (3460) F(P)'''}}

Group Captain Chandan Singh is the Officer Commanding of an Air Force Station in Assam. During the recent conflict with Pakistan, he was at the forefront of the air operations conducted for the liberation of Bangla Desh. He was responsible for the planning and execution of the special helicopter operations to airlift two companies of troops to the Sylhet area. When it became necessary to overcome the obstacles in the advance of the Army towards Dacca, he planned and executed the move of nearly 3000 troops and 40 tons of equipment and heavy guns with the extremely limited helicopter force at his disposal. This operation entailed landing the troops and equipment very near heavily defended areas by night. Prior to each mission, he personally carried out reconnaissance in the face of heavy enemy fire. On the night of 7th/8th December, he flew eight missions, deep into enemy territory, to supervise the progress of the helicopter airlift and to guide and inspire his pilots who were facing heavy opposition from ground fire. Later he undertook a further 18 missions in the same operation, always leading the landings at new places. On many occasions, his helicopter was hit by ground fire, but this did not deter him from further missions. The success of this major airborne operation contributed significantly to the fall of Dacca and the capitulation of the Pakistan armed forces in Bangla Desh.

Throughout, Group Captain Chandan Singh displayed conspicuous gallantry, organising ability, determination and professional skill.|sign=|source=}}

===Post-war career===
After the war, Singh attended the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AVM Chandan Singh, MVC, AVSM, VrC (retd) @ TWDI |url=http://twdi.in/node/1114 |website=twdi.in}}</ref> Singh was promoted to [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] in 1973 and to the rank of [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] in 1977. He then took over as the Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) of the [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] in [[Allahabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Chandan Singh 3460 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/3460 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

After a three-year stint as SASO, Singh retired in 1980.

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Maha_Vir_Chakra_ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vir_Chakra_ribbon_bar.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Wound_Medal-India.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India_General_Service_Medal_1947.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND_Samar_Seva_Star_Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Poorvi_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal BAR.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png|width=106}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|
| colspan="1"| [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
| colspan= "1"| [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|
|-
| colspan="1"| [[Vir Chakra]]
| colspan="1"| [[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
| colspan="1"| [[General Service Medal 1947|General Service Medal (Naga Hills)]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Samar Seva Star]]
|-
|[[Poorvi Star]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Raksha Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[1939–45 Star]]
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chandan}}
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian State Forces officers]]

Eswarasamy

2026-04-25T00:06:20Z

Portileostah: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Eswaraswamy
| image =
| birth_date = 20 April 1976
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency = [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
| predecessor = [[K. Shamugasundaram]]
| party = [[File:Flag DMK.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''K Eswarasamy''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]] constituency in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).<ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Eswaraswamy was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="it">{{cite web | title=Pollachi Election Result 2024 Live Updates: DMK's Eswarasamy K Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat | website=The Quint | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/pollachi-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news | access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Arshdeep kaur | title=Madhya Pradesh Election results 2024: Full list of winners in Lok Sabha election | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-election-11717486187348.html | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eswaraswamy, K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:09Z

Portileostah: made basic post v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vijayawada Central
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (80- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao|Bonda Uma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| constituency_no = 80
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,77,724
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[NTR district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/may/25/nine-lost-polls-by-narrow-margin-as--jana-sena-front-bjp-play-spoilsport-1981501.html|title=Nine lost polls by narrow margin as Jana Sena front, BJP play spoilsport|date=25 May 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 269,859 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==

The mandal and wards that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Vijayawada Urban mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation]] (Ward No. 14, 20 to 31, 33 to 35, 42 to 44, 49, 77 and 78)
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Malladi Vishnu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Malladi Vishnu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada Central}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
|votes= 1,30,034
|percentage= 63.52
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Vellampalli Srinivas|Vellampalli Srinivasa Rao]]
|votes = 61,148
|percentage = 29.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chigurupati Babu Rao
|votes= 4,887
|percentage=2.39
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=951
|percentage=0.46
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 68,886
|percentage=33.65
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 2,04,717
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada Central<ref name=2014results>{{cite web|title=Vijayawada East Assembly 2019 Election Results|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/vijayawada-east.html|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2019 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSRCP
|candidate = [[Malladi Vishnu]]
|votes = 70,721
|percentage = 39.73
|change = +7.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao ]]|votes=70,696|percentage=39.71|change=-8.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Chigurupati Babu Rao|votes=29,333|percentage=16.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sree Satya murthy vamaraju|votes=2567|percentage=1.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1016|percentage=0.57|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25|percentage=0.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,013|percentage=65.95|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,912|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada Central<ref name=eci_2014a>{{cite web|title=Vijayawada East Assembly 2014 Election Results|url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/vijayawada-east.html|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
|votes = 82,669
|percentage = 48.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=P. Gowtham Reddy|votes=55,508|percentage=32.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,161|percentage=15.93|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=170,463|percentage=65.81|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,001|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vijayawada Central<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Malladi Vishnu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=52,426|percentage=33.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Vangaveeti Radha Krishna |party= Praja Rajyam Party |votes=51,578 |percentage=32.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Babu Rao Chigurupati |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM |votes=38,273 |percentage=24.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=848 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=158,267|percentage=70.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,822|change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.496|80.665|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:NTR district]]
[[Category:Politics of Vijayawada]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Henry Davison (judge)

2026-04-19T11:30:10Z

Portileostah: Starting some pg added tags

{{short description|British lawyer and jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Henry Davison
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| order1 = [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1859
| term_end1 = 1860
| predecessor1 = [[Sir Christopher Rawlinson]]
| successor1 = Sir [[Colley Harman Scotland]]
| birth_date = 16 March 1805
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = 4 November 1860
| death_place = [[Ootacamund]], British India<ref>Accounts and Papers thirty-eight volumes 11: East India- Progress and Condition, Session 6 February – 7 August 1862, vol. 39, House of Commons, 1862, p. 211</ref>
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[lawyer]], [[judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Henry Davison''' (16 March 1805 – 4 November 1860)<ref name="auto">''Alumni Oxonienses'', 1715-1886, later series, A-D, ed. Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., 1888, p. 352</ref> was the Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court|Supreme Court of Madras]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] from 1859 to 1860.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.html|title=The former Chief Justices|website=hcmadras.tn.nic.in|access-date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

The fourth son of Thomas Davison, of [[St Bride's Church|St Bride's]], [[Fleet Street]],<ref>Modern English Biography, Frederick Boase, Netherton & Worth, 1892, pp. 831-2</ref> [[City of London]], Davison was educated at [[Trinity College, Oxford]] (B.A. 1829, M.A. 1834), and called to the Bar from the [[Middle Temple]] in 1834.<ref name="auto"/>

Having been a [[puisne judge]] at Madras (sworn in 16 March 1857),<ref>Journal of Indian History, vol. XVII, parts I-III, Department of History, University of Kerala, 1939, p. 284</ref> Davison was appointed Chief Justice in March 1859,<ref>The Madras University Calendar, 1859, printed by D. P. L. C. Connor, The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1858, p. 22</ref> but did not serve for long, dying at [[Ootacamund]] on 4 November 1860.<ref>East India- Statement regarding the moral and material progress and condition of India, during the year 1860-61, Part I, India Office, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 14 May 1862, 'Annual Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency, during the year 1860-61', p. 211</ref> [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] affectionately dedicated his historical novel ''The Virginians'' (published from 1857 to 1859) to Davison.<ref>''The Madras Presidency, with Mysore, Coorg, and the associated states'', E. Thurston, Cambridge, 1913, 'The Roll of Honour', p. 242</ref><ref>The Nilgiris, ''Madras District Gazetteer'', W. Francis, Logos Press, 1908 (reprint 1984), p. 360</ref>

Davison was married and had issue; his daughter, Emily Jane, married the organist [[Philip Armes]] in 1864.<ref>''The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review'', vol. 216, ed. Sylvanus Urban, 1864, p. 247</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duresme.org.uk/CATH/Armes.htm|title=Philip Armes|website=duresme.org.uk}}</ref><ref>''Dictionary of National Biography'' (1912 supplement), ed. Sidney Lee, vol. I, 1912, pp. 53-54</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davison, Sir Henry}}
[[Category:1805 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:Lawyers from London]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:19th-century English lawyers]]

Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:27Z

Portileostah: Created new stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Poonch Haveli
| mla = [[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag–Rajouri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag – Rajouri]]<ref name="J&K Delimitation">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-delimitation-commission-final-notification-assembly-seats-jammu-kashmir-7902846/|title=J&K Delimitation Commission issues final notification, reserves 43 Assembly seats for Jammu, 47 for Kashmir|work=The Indian Express|date=6 May 2022 |accessdate=8 May 2022}}</ref>
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 89
}}

'''Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Poonch Haveli is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Poonch Haveli Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/poonch-haveli.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 | [[Ghulam Mohammad Mir (politician)|Ghulam Mohammad Mir]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | Ghulam Mohammed Jan || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2007 By-election]] || [[Jahangir Hussain Mir]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Shah Mohammad Tantray]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=41,807 |percentage=42.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhary Abdul Ghani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,928 |percentage=21.39% |change={{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shah Mohammad Tantray]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=9,090 |percentage=9.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masood Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=9,017 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamim Ahmed |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,631 |percentage=8.82% |change={{decrease}}16.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udesh Paul Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=5,731 |percentage=5.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rydham Preet Singh Sudan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,010 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=847 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,879 |percentage=21.34% |change= {{increase}}16.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,855 |percentage=75.97% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,807 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}17.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shah Mohammad Tantray]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=19,488 |percentage=25.57% |change={{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,976 |percentage=20.96% |change={{decrease}}18.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Abdul Ghani |party=Independent politician |votes=15,110 |percentage=19.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,292 |percentage=14.82% |change={{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Bashir Ahmed Naaz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,289 |percentage=13.50% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Younis |party=Jammu & Kashmir Pir Panjal Awami Party |votes=1,351 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Kabir Qureshi |party=Independent politician |votes=682 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=661 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,512 |percentage=4.61% |change= {{decrease}}9.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,215 |percentage=76.25% |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,958 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=28,297 |percentage=39.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Bashir Ahmed Naaz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,364 |percentage=25.71% |change={{decrease}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiaz Ali Bandey |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,950 |percentage=16.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,980 |percentage=9.77% |change={{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Younis |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,448 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gursagar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=897 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashfaq Ahmed |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=694 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,933 |percentage=13.91% |change= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,415 |percentage=74.37% |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,028 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2007 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/07to08/ac/bye_87jk.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Bye - Election December, 2007 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jahangir Hussain Mir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,697 |percentage=31.14% |change={{decrease}}15.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=16,299 |percentage=24.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,227 |percentage=24.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shah Mohammad Tantray |party=Independent politician |votes=7,935 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,957 |percentage=2.94% |change={{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayed Nisar Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,927 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iftikhar Ahmed Bazoni |party=Independent politician |votes=912 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,398 |percentage=6.62% |change= {{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,468 |percentage=68.51% |change= {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,024 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}16.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Jan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=27,364 |percentage=47.41% |change={{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yeshpal Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,718 |percentage=46.30% |change={{increase}}38.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaman Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,176 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Mushtaq |party=Independent politician |votes=1,020 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Hussain Mushtaq |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=793 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mohammed Sharif Qasmi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=641 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=646 |percentage=1.12% |change= {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,712 |percentage=60.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,028 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}13.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Jan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,150 |percentage=33.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yeshpal Sharma |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,722 |percentage=22.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhery Bashir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=10,547 |percentage=22.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,959 |percentage=8.29% |change={{decrease}}54.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Ganai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,642 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sana-Ullah |party=Independent politician |votes=932 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,428 |percentage=11.36% |change= {{decrease}}33.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,763 |percentage=66.94% |change= {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,786 |ref = |change= {{increase}}96.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}29.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohammad Mir (politician)|Ghulam Mohammad Mir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,706 |percentage=63.28% |change={{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=3,117 |percentage=18.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,916 |percentage=11.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Hussain Mushtaq |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Rattan Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=247 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}20.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,589 |percentage=44.85% |change= {{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,919 |percentage=46.59% |change= {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,997 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohammad Mir (politician)|Ghulam Mohammad Mir]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,935 |percentage=74.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. R. Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=3,145 |percentage=21.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=512 |percentage=3.51% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,790 |percentage=53.39% |change= {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,592 |percentage=47.00% |change= {{decrease}}24.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,284 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Poonch Haveli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohammad Mir (politician)|Ghulam Mohammad Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,148 |percentage=71.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Bandey |party=Independent politician |votes=5,819 |percentage=27.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=325 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,329 |percentage=43.81% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,292 |percentage=71.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,561 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.767|74.099|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale

2026-04-13T20:51:50Z

Portileostah: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Gauravi Deshmukh<ref name="Bigwigs turned up in full strength to bless Atul Bhosle and Gauravi Deshmukh on their wedding held at Pune Marriott Hotel and Convention Centre">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Bigwigs turned up in full strength to bless Atul Bhosle and Gauravi Deshmukh on their wedding held at Pune Marriott Hotel and Convention Centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/bigwigs-turned-up-in-full-strength-to-bless-atul-bhosle-and-gauravi-deshmukh-on-their-wedding-held-at-pune-marriott-hotel-and-convention-centre/articleshow/7242077.cms |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204170652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/bigwigs-turned-up-in-full-strength-to-bless-atul-bhosle-and-gauravi-deshmukh-on-their-wedding-held-at-pune-marriott-hotel-and-convention-centre/articleshow/7242077.cms |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="विलासरावांचा जावई थेट महाराष्ट्राच्या माजी मुख्यमंत्र्यांना टक्कर देणार">{{cite news |last1=TV9 Marathi |first1= |title=विलासरावांचा जावई थेट महाराष्ट्राच्या माजी मुख्यमंत्र्यांना टक्कर देणार |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/dr-atul-bhosle-will-contest-assembly-election-against-prithviraj-chavhan-from-karad-south-15290.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204170742/https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/dr-atul-bhosle-will-contest-assembly-election-against-prithviraj-chavhan-from-karad-south-15290.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

'''Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale''' (born 28 March 1983) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He has served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Karad South Assembly constituency]] since 2024.

== Early life and education ==
Bhosale completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) from Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences. He later obtained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Finance from the University of Liverpool.

== Political career ==
Bhosale has been associated with the Bharatiya Janata Party and has held organizational roles at the district level, including serving as district president of the party in Satara.

In the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected from the Karad South constituency, defeating Indian National Congress leader and former Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]].

== Professional and cooperative roles ==
Bhosale has been associated with cooperative institutions in Maharashtra, particularly in the banking sector, including involvement with Krishna Sahakari Bank.

== Personal life ==
Bhosale is married to Gauravi Deshmukh. He is related by marriage to the family of former Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]].

== See also ==
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karad South Assembly constituency]]

[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Atulbaba Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)

2026-04-12T03:24:51Z

Portileostah: Starting a article nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Indian National Congress (R)
| colorcode = {{Party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| country = India
| abbreviation = INC(R)
| symbol = [[File:Cow and Calf INC.svg|200px]]
| founder = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1969|11|12|df=y}}
| split = [[Indian National Congress]]
| successor = [[Indian National Congress]]
| ideology = {{Plainlist|
* [[Socialism]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |year=2021 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691206806 |page=2}}</ref>
* [[Economic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/exclusive/indira-gandhi-nationalised-14-indian-banks-on-this-day-why-she-did-do-that-and-what-was-the-outcome-article-92973348|title=Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 Indian banks on this day: Why she did do that and what was the outcome | website=Times Now | date=July 19, 2022}}</ref>
* Pro-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sentiment<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/1971-when-delhi-and-moscow-came-together-101628761894276-amp.html|title= 1971 When Delhi and Moscow came together|date= 12 August 2021|access-date= 21 July 2022|archive-date= 21 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220721052819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/1971-when-delhi-and-moscow-came-together-101628761894276-amp.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
* [[Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://edurev.in/question/1692426/Difference-between-old-congress-and-new-congress- | title=Difference between old congress and new congress? | EduRev Humanities/Arts Question | access-date=25 May 2022 | archive-date=5 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205110910/https://edurev.in/question/1692426/Difference-between-old-congress-and-new-congress- | url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1970s Indian Economy: A Period of Growing Strains and the Nation's Fight Against Poverty|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/indian-economy-1971-poverty-bank-nationalisation-indira-gandhi|first=Arun|last=Kumar|date=2021-03-10|access-date=2024-07-18|quote="The right-wing tried to control the party but Mrs Gandhi allied with the centre-left forces and fought back and the party split."|website=The Wire}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mahendra Prasad|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969|publisher=Abhinav publications|date=1981|pages=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&q=info:VyX2kS8zrmAJ:scholar.google.com/|isbn=9788170171409|access-date=2024-07-18|quote="...the split placed the faction of their preference-the Congress left wing- in firm control of the ruling party."}}</ref>
| dissolved = {{end date and age|1978|12|24|df=yes}}
| colours = {{colour box|Turquoise}} [[Turquoise (color)|Turquoise]]
}}
'''Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)''' was the leftist faction of the [[Indian National Congress]] led by [[Indira Gandhi]], formed after the party split due to her expulsion in 1969.

The letter 'R' stands for 'Requisition'.<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Sanghvi|first=Vijay|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandh|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7835-340-7|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22indira+gandhi%22+cow++calf+symbol&pg=PA77}}</ref> The other faction of Congress party then became the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]], or ''Congress (O)'', and was led by [[K. Kamaraj|Kamaraj]]. It was informally called the ''organisation Congress'' or ''Syndicate'' and retained the party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying a yoke. Gandhi's breakaway faction were given a new symbol of a cow with suckling calf by the Election Commission as the party election symbol.<ref name="book" />

The split occurred when, in 1969, a united opposition under the banner of [[Samyukt Vidhayak Dal]] won control over several states in the [[Hindi Belt|Hindi belt]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaudhary Charan Singh:Champion of farmers, first CM of non-Congress govt in northern India|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chaudhary-charan-singh-champion-of-farmers-first-cm-of-non-congress-govt-in-northern-india/articleshow/107561401.cms|date=2024-02-09|access-date=2024-07-18|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Indira Gandhi, prime minister and daughter of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was then challenged by the majority of the party leadership. Gandhi led the new faction to demonstrate her support amongst the people. In the [[1971 Indian general election|1971 general election]], Congress (R) had secured an overwhelming majority winning 352 out of 518 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=When Indira Gandhi broke 'One Nation One Election' cycle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/one-nation-one-election-simultaneous-poll-indira-gandhi-expelled-from-congress-broke-1971-nehru-bjp-ram-nath-kovind-2517913-2024-03-22|first=Sushim|last=Mukul|date=2024-03-22|access-date=2024-07-18|website=India Today|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160245/https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/one-nation-one-election-simultaneous-poll-indira-gandhi-expelled-from-congress-broke-1971-nehru-bjp-ram-nath-kovind-2517913-2024-03-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of seats held by the Congress (O) fell from 65 to 16. The Election Commission recognised Indira Gandhi's group as the real Congress with the right to call itself the Indian National Congress without the suffix (R), and restored the frozen Congress symbol of two bullocks to it. But Indira Gandhi's supporters preferred the 'calf and cow' symbol that it had adopted after the 1969 split.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ia803209.us.archive.org/31/items/journeyofnationi00anan/journeyofnationi00anan.pdf | title=Journey of a Nation | website=us.archive.org}}</ref> In the elections to five state assemblies too, the Congress (R) performed well.

==In government==
The [[Naxalbari uprising]] of 1967 made it imperative that the ruling class needed to address the concerns of small and middle peasantry against feudal interests. Indira Gandhi undertook structural reforms to boost middle-class among rural and urban areas as well to project her leftist credentials while simultaneously providing public sector financial aid to bourgeois industrialists.
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Sumanta|title=Congress (R), CPI and CPI (M)|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|date=1970-11-07|issue=45|pages=1804–1807|jstor=4360667|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4360667|access-date=2024-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718143000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4360667|url-status=live}}</ref>

The government had a major boost in support after winning the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]].

In 1972, [[General Insurance Corporation of India|general insurance]] and [[Coal in India|coal industry]] were nationalised even as a mixed economy was still followed.

Cheap foodgrains were distributed to the poor by government initiative while influence of businessmen in politics was curtailed by imposing ban on donations to parties through joint-stock companies.

On May 18, 1974, a significant breakthrough was achieved by the [[Smiling Buddha|detonation of a nuclear device]] at [[Pokhran]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nigam|first=Sk|title=THE INC (INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS) A PARTY OF IDEA AND CHANGES|publisher=Notion press|date=2024|isbn=979-8-89233-557-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1oGEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Indian+National+Congress%22+R+-wikipedia&pg=PT68|access-date=2024-07-18}}</ref>

==Decline and legacy==

Indira made the party into her own puppet organisation while economic malaise and unemployment started deepening. Suppression of railway strikes in 1974 led to fall in working-class support. Centralisation of power and increasing influence of business magnates (which led to more corruption) stoked protests in states like [[Gujarat]] and [[Bihar]].

Sycophantic party leaders who promoted Indira Gandhi's [[cult of personality]] further contributed to the rot in leadership. The regime reached its absolute nadir with the disqualification of Indira and the subsequent proclamation of [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakravartty|first=Nikhil|title=Congress split: Divide to rule|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780131-indira-gandhi-installed-as-president-of-break-away-faction-of-congress-party-818678-2015-04-21|date=1978-01-31|access-date=2024-07-18|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514160552/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780131-indira-gandhi-installed-as-president-of-break-away-faction-of-congress-party-818678-2015-04-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

Leaders like [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna|Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]] left the party as the Emergency became unpopular. Both went on to form [[Congress for Democracy]] on February 2, 1977, which eventually merged with [[Janata Party]]. In July 1977, Karnataka CM [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]] resigned and formed [[Indian National Congress (U)|Congress (U)]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Aaku|title=Sensex of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan Pvt. Limited|date=2022|isbn=978-93-5521-236-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Naga+People%27s+Front%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT231|access-date=2024-07-21}}</ref>

The party was voted out of from power after the emergency was lifted and elections were conducted in [[1977 Indian general election|1977]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Alok|title=Revisiting 1977 elections, when Opposition came together on 'Indira Hatao' slogan|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/decades-ago-when-opposition-huddled-on-indira-hatao-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls-2408296-2023-07-18|date=2023-07-18|access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>
=== Indian National Congress (Indira) ===
In 1978, following the resignation of several leaders such as [[Nandini Satpathy|Nandini Satapathy]], who criticised abuses during the Emergency, and amid internal contestation between Indira Gandhi’s nominee [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy|K. Brahmananda Reddy]] and [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] for the post of party president, Indira Gandhi broke away from Congress (R) to form Congress (Indira).<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|title=What are Congress (I) & Congress (A)? The 2 party camps in place since 1970s in Kerala|website=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/politics/what-are-congress-i-congress-a-the-2-party-camps-in-place-since-1970s-in-kerala/620786/|quote="Congress (I) where the ‘I’ stands for Indira Gandhi, was a camp that emerged in 1978..."|date=2021-03-13|access-date=2024-07-18|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718153842/https://theprint.in/politics/what-are-congress-i-congress-a-the-2-party-camps-in-place-since-1970s-in-kerala/620786/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 general election]], Congress (I) dropped the suffix “Indira” from its registered name. Meanwhile, Congress (O) had earlier merged with parties such as the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and others to form the [[Janata Party]], a broad anti-Congress nationalist political formation.

== See also ==
*[[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]

Sanjana Jatav

2026-04-12T02:35:20Z

Portileostah: made new details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjana Jatav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|05|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhusawar]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| image =
| native_name = संजना जाटव
| office1 = [[All India Congress Committee|Secretary, All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start1 = 11 November 2025
| term_end1 = 
| constituency1 = '''[[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee|Madhya Pradesh (In-charge)]]'''
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ranjeeta Koli]]
| successor2 =
| majority2 = '''52,983'''
| office3 = [[Alwar|Member Zila Parishad, Alwar]]
| term_start3 = 17 November 2021
| term_end3 = 15 June 2024
| president3 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|Kaptan Singh Jatav|2016}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Surajmal Brij University]] & Lords University
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] & [[Bachelor of Law|L.L.B]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Advocate]] & [[Politician]]
}}

'''Sanjana Jatav''' (born 1 May 1998; {{IPA|hi|sə̃d͡ʒən̪aː d͡ʒaːʈəʋ}}) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]. She is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the parliament in 2024 from the [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]. She is among the youngest MPs from Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result: भरतपुर लोकसभा सीट पर धाकड़ जीत के बाद झूमी संजना जाटव |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/video/rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-congress-candidate-sanjana-jatav-wins-bharatpur-seat/2279295 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=चुनाव जीतते ही जमकर नाचीं संजना जाटव, 'छोरी तेने करि‍यो भरतपुर जाम...' पर वायरल हुआ कांग्रेस कैंड‍िडेट का डांस |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/bharatpur-bharatpur-loksabha-election-congress-candidate-sanjana-jatav-celebrate-big-victory-with-dance-viral-video-8384331.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2024-06-06 |title=Dalit woman from Rajasthan's Bharatpur set to be one of the youngest MPs in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/dalit-woman-from-rajasthans-bharatpur-set-to-be-one-of-the-youngest-mps-in-lok-sabha/article68259543.ece |access-date=2024-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sanjana was born on 1 May 1998 to Harbhajan and Ramvati Devi. Her father is a ''thekedar'' (contractor) and has been an up-sarpanch. Her maiden home is in [[Bhusawar]], Bharatpur district. She completed her BA from Gandhi Jyoti College of [[Maharaja Surajmal Brij University]] and her LLB from Lords University, Alwar. She is a resident of Samunchi village in [[Kathumar]] tehsil, [[Alwar district]] and is married to Kaptan Singh, who is a constable with the [[Rajasthan Police]].<ref name="ndtv"/> They have two children.<ref name="express" />

== Political career ==
Sanjana's first electoral contest was in the Alwar Zila Parishad where she won from ward 29 by 4,991 votes.<ref name="express" /> In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan election]], she was placed as the Congress candidate from [[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar]] (SC) and lost by a slim margin of 409 votes.<ref name="nbt" /><ref name="mook"/> The candidacy had marked a change in tactics of the Congress party where they had pushed for a young female leader instead of relying on the traditional veteran former MLA of the constituency.<ref name="mook"/> She has the backing of senior Congress leaders [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]] and [[Vishvendra Singh]] and is also associated with [[Priyanka Gandhi]], leading the Congress's "Ladki Hoon Lad Sakti Hoon" campaign in eastern Rajasthan, to amplify messages of women's empowerment and gender equality among rural women.<ref name="mook" /><ref name="nbt">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/news/who-is-sanjana-jatav-from-alwar-kathumar-who-got-babulal-bairwa-ticket-cut-from-congress/articleshow/104899063.cms?story=4|title=कौन हैं 25 साल की संजना जाटव, जिसने चार बार के विधायक का कांग्रेस से कटवा दिया टिकट - who is sanjana jatav from alwar kathumar who got babulal bairwa ticket cut from congress - Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref name="express" />

She is seen as a young rising star in the Congress party who has been campaigning to tackle issues of rampant crime in [[Mewat]], inflation, unemployment, shortage of water, electricity, roads and farmers getting fair prices, fertilisers and seeds.<ref name="mook">{{Cite web|url=https://en.themooknayak.com/rajasthan/lok-sabha-elections-2024-will-the-congress-female-trio-wrest-power-from-their-male-bjp-opponents|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Will the Congress' Female Trio Wrest Power from their Male BJP Opponents?|first=Geetha Sunil|last=Pillai|date=March 28, 2024|website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-in-india-report-card-of-rajasthan-congress-candidate-from-bharatpur-sanjana-jatav-5365013|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: भरतपुर से कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी का रिपोर्ट कार्ड, जानिए संजना जाटव को जनता ने दिए कितने मार्क्स|website=rajasthan.ndtv.in}}</ref> Her candidature has gotten the backing of veteran leaders like [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]] and [[Vishvendra Singh]].<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web|url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/age-25-years-even-after-defeat-in-assembly-elections-congress-gave-ticket-from-bharatpur-lok-sabha-seat-know-who-is-sanjana-jatav-5226738|title=उम्र 25 साल, विधानसभा चुनाव में हार के बाद भी कांग्रेस ने दिया टिकट, जानिए कौन हैं संजना जाटव|website=rajasthan.ndtv.in}}</ref> [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|Rajasthan Congress]] president [[Govind Singh Dotasra]] has also campaigned in her support in the constituency.<ref name="express">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2024 |title=25, mother of two, and an almost giant-killer: Rajasthan Cong's LS surprise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/25-mother-of-two-and-an-almost-giant-killer-rajasthan-congs-ls-surprise-9217367/}}</ref> She is also leading Congress's "Ladki Hoon Lad Sakti Hoon" in eastern Rajasthan with the aim of spreading the message of the importance of [[women's empowerment]] in the region. Sanjana had previously contested as the Congress candidate from [[Kathumar Assembly constituency|Kathumar]] (SC) in [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan election]], losing by a razor thin margin of 409 votes.<ref name="express" />

Jatav was among the members who participated in protests in the Lok Sabha during the 2026 Budget Session, during which members entered the vale and displayed placards, surrounding the front benches, including the area of the Prime Minister’s seat, contributing to disruptions that led to adjournment of the House.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lok Sabha adjourned as Opposition members enter well during protest | website=The Indian Express | date=March 2026 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lok-sabha-adjourned-opposition-protest-well-XXXX/ | access-date=2026-04-03}}</ref>

== Posts held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Constituency
|-
| 1 || 17 November 2021 || 15 June 2024 || Member Zila Parishad, [[Alwar]] || [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|-
| 2 || 4 June 2024 || Incumbent || [[Member of Parliament]], [[18th Lok Sabha]] || [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
|-
| 3 || 26 September 2024 || Incumbent || Member, Committee on Water Resources ||
|-
| 4 || 11 November 2025 || Incumbent || '''[[Secretary]], [[All India Congress Committee]]''' || [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee|Madhya Pradesh (In-charge)]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Sanjana}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Chokher Bali (2003 film)

2026-04-10T05:10:12Z

Portileostah:

{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chokher Bali
| image = Chokher Bali (2003 film).jpg
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Chokher Bali (novel)|Chokher Bali]]''|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| starring = [[Aishwarya Rai]] [[Raima Sen]] [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] [[Lily Chakravarty]]
| caption =
| director = [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Arghyakamal Mitra]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|10|2|[[India]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| narrator =
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| budget = {{INR}}25 million<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/218111.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204162138/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/218111.cms |archive-date=4 December 2003 |title=Chokher Bali |last=Ghosh |first=Tanmoy |date=2003 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=12 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''''Chokher Bali''''' ({{IPA|bn|tʃokʰer bali}}; {{lit|'''''A grain of sand in the eyes'''''}}; {{Translation|'''''Eyesore'''''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period film|period]] [[romantic drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]]. Produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the film is based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Chokher Bali (novel)|1903 eponymous novel]]. It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] and [[Raima Sen]] in lead roles, while [[Lily Chakravarty]], [[Tina Datta|Tina Dutta]], [[Mousumi Saha]] play supporting roles, with [[Swastika Mukherjee]] in a special appearance. The film explores the extramarital affair between Binodini (Rai), a young widow, and Mahendra (Prosenjit), an old suitor of hers, the complicated friendship with Asha (Raima), Mahendra's wife, and her mutually conflicting feelings with Behari (Tota), Mahendra's childhood best friend. The film was later dubbed into Hindi and was released internationally in that language.

Upon release, ''Chokher Bali'' met with critical review and positive box office reception.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/13/stories/2003111300830200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128224733/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/13/stories/2003111300830200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 November 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Alluring Ash | date=13 November 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/2003-a-crucial-year-for-abhishek/ |title=| Bollywood News | Celebrity News |date=2 April 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/jan/10spec1.htm |title=Bengali films zoom in on profits |work=Rediff.com |date=10 January 2004 |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

''Chokher Bali'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]], [[National film award for best costume design]], and [[National film award for best art direction]]. It was nominated for the [[Golden Leopard]] (Best Film) award at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jahia.pardo.ch/index.jsp |title=International Film Festival Locarno |access-date=15 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227173258/http://jahia.pardo.ch/index.jsp |archive-date=27 February 2007 }}</ref> The film screened at the 34th [[International Film Festival of India]] on 19 October.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/20ash.htm |title= Why Ash loves Binodini |access-date=20 October 2003 |date= 20 October 2003 |work= Rediff }}</ref> It was the Official Selection at the [[Chicago International Film Festival]] in 2003 and was showcased in over 25 international festivals, including the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/photoessays/toronto_film2003/index.html |title=The Toronto Film Festival |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517074714/http://www.time.com/time/asia/photoessays/toronto_film2003/index.html |archive-date=17 May 2007 }}</ref>

==Plot==
In the early 20th century, Binodini is a young [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] girl who is left to her own devices when her sickly husband dies on the day after their wedding. She returns to her village and lives there for a couple of months until she sees one of her aunts, another Bengali Hindu widow named Rajalakshmi passing by. Binodini hails Rajalakshmi and she agrees that it would be best if Binodini came to live with her and her family at their [[North Kolkata]] residence. Rajalakshmi's son, Mahendra, an aspiring medical practitioner studying in the [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]], was one of the first suitors to see Binodini's photo when she was proposed as a prospective bride for him, yet he refused her on account of his being "unready for marriage."

When Binodini arrives with her aunt, Mahendra and his new bride Ashalata (whom Binodini befriends & call each other by the nickname{{Efn|In the olden days in Bengal, women and girls who were best friends would often set a common nickname for themselves and address each other by that name.}} of ''Chokher Bali'', literally meaning 'grain of sand in the eye', figuratively meaning 'eyesore' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) are constantly sneaking off to be alone together. Mahendra's infatuation with Ashalata makes him introduce cooking non-vegetarian food into the household, to which the conservative [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] Rajalakshmi protests by leaving the house & going away to [[Varanasi|Kashi]]{{Efn|Many old Hindus, following the ideal of [[vanaprastha]] would withdraw themselves away from their families to live out the last days of their life in a secluded manner, in a [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] performing religious activities. For Bengali Hindus, the most common destinations for this purpose were Varanasi & [[Vrindavana]].}} to live out the rest of her life. However, this infatuation does not last long, and the thoroughly [[Anglophile|Westernised]] Mahendra soon begins to see that the English-speaking, witty Binodini is more his type than his traditionalist, naive housewife Ashalata. Mahendra also feels insecure when Ashalata expresses appreciation for Mahendra's childhood best friend Behari's physical features & Behari, in turn, expresses appreciation for Binodini's beauty. To spite Behari, Mahendra starts an affair with Binodini, and this is soon revealed to Ashalata who, unaware of her pregnancy, leaves Mahendra out of grief to live with Rajalakshmi. On coming to know about the affair, Rajalakshmi expels Binodini from the house. That night, Binodini seeks out Behari and pleads him to [[Widow remarriage|marry]] her, but the traditionalist Behari, true to his values, rejects her advances (since at that time he harboured feelings for Ashalata, for whom he was initially chosen as a groom before Mahendra was infatuated with her photo). With no other option left, Binodini leaves Kolkata for her village. Mahendra comes there to mend their relationship which she refuses. Instead, she makes him promise to take her to Behari, who had gone to Kashi on being informed about Rajalakshmi's failing health. At Kashi, Mahendra gets to know about Rajalakshmi's death, he apologizes to Ashalata & takes her back to Kolkata. Binodini meets Behari who, after some incidents, agrees to marry her. However, on the day of their wedding, Binodini vanishes, leaving a letter for Behari & another for Ashalata, apologising for interrupting in her marital bliss.

==Soundtrack==
The film's background score is by [[Debojyoti Mishra]] and, notably, it contains no playback singing. [[Sreela Majumdar]] dubbed for Aishwarya Rai and [[Sudipta Chakraborty]] dubbed for Raima Sen.

==Cast==
*[[Aishwarya Rai]] as Binodini (Voice dubbed by [[Sreela Majumdar]])
*[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Mahendra
*[[Raima Sen]] as Ashalata (Voice dubbed by [[Sudipta Chakraborty]])
*[[Lily Chakravarty]] as Rajalakshmi, Mahendra's mother
*[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Behari
* Shuchita Roychowdhury as Annapurna, Ashalata's maternal aunt (Voice dubbed by [[Rituparno Ghosh]])
*[[Mousumi Saha]] as Swarna
*[[Tina Dutta]] as Manorama
*[[Ratna Ghoshal]] the woman accompanying the English missionary
*[[Swastika Mukherjee]] as a young courtesan
*[[Anindya Chatterjee]] and [[Upal Sengupta]] occur as the students
*[[Sudeshna Roy]] as Kamal

==Critical reception==
Aishwarya received critical acclaim for her performance as Binodini.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://sports.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/05ritu.htm |title= Ash will be remembered in Chokher Bali |access-date=5 May 2003 |date= 5 May 2003 |work= Rediff }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/07chokher.htm|title=Aishwarya's screen presence and passion play |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=7 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Chokher-Bali-will-widen-my-horizon/articleshow/61693.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405212256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-06/news-interviews/27178157_1_aishwarya-rai-rabindranath-tagore-tagore-novel | url-status=live | archive-date=5 April 2012 |title=Chokher Bali will widen my horizon|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/11/16/stories/2003111600410500.htm|title=A director's film|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130090005/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/11/16/stories/2003111600410500.htm|archive-date=30 November 2006|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
In ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', [[Chandril Bhattacharya]] praised the film for its direction, screenplay, background score, sound design, cinematography, production design as well as the dubbing by Sudipta Chakraborty. Margaret Pomeranz of [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]] gave it 3 out of 5 stars, saying that "the insight it gives into Indian culture and customs, is interesting and that tends to overcome the slight impatience with the overload of emotions." David Stratton, also of ABC, gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, commenting on how the film version was edited 40 minutes shorter but that it was beautifully acted and fascinating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s1392583.htm |title=At the Movies: Chokher Bali: A Passion Play |website=www.abc.net.au |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041857/http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s1392583.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film was declared a hit at the box office.{{clarify|reason=how is it a hit?|date=March 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1176647 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203224825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1176647 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2015 |title='Chokher Bali' is a hit | Chokher Bali (2003) | Latest Movie News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 October 2003 |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

==Other titles==
*Chokher Bali: A Passion Play (International: English title)
*Sand in the Eye (India: English title)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0366304|Chokher Bali}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160119195239/http://www.citwf.com/film62412.htm citwf.com page]

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}
{{Rituparno Ghosh}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2003 Bengali-language films]]
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Rolla, Sri Sathya Sai district

2026-04-06T01:22:23Z

Portileostah: Created a location...

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rolla
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.8331|N|77.1000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 726
| population_total = 54,969
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rolla''' is a village and mandal headquarter in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==Geography==
Rolla is located at {{Coord|13.8331|N|77.1000|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Rolla.html Fallingrain genomics - Rolla]</ref> It has an average elevation of 726 metres (2385 ft).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} [[Indian census]], the demographic details of Rolla mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=28513 Rolla at Our Village India.org]</ref>
* Total Population: 34,888 in 7,296 Households.
* Male Population: 17,535 and Female Population: 17,353
* Children Under 6-years of age: 4,626 (Boys - 2,283 and Girls - 2,343)
* Total Literates: 15,581

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sri Sathya Sai district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Sri Sathya Sai district]]

Bimalendra Kumar

2026-04-04T03:48:33Z

Portileostah: new

{{BLP sources|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Bimalendra Kumar
| image = Dr_Bimalendra_Kumar.jpg
| office = 1st ICCR Chair at [[Lumbini Buddhist University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lumbini Buddhist University - Nepal|url=https://lbu.edu.edu.np}}</ref>
| caption = विमलेन्द्र कुमार

|
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| spouse = Rekha Kumar
| children = 2
| education = Doctor of Philosophy ([[Buddhist Studies]]
| term_start = 5 September 2023
}}

Prof. '''Bimalendra Kumar (विमलेन्द्र कुमार)''', is an Indian researcher, writer, author of publications, and ICCR Chair of [[Lumbini Buddhist University]]. He is also a professor in the department of Buddhist Studies<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Buddhist Studies |first=BHU |title=Department of Buddhist |url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/Site/UnitHomeTemplate/1_106_634_Department-of-Pali-And-Buddhist-Studies-Home}}</ref> at [[Lumbini Buddhist University]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]].

== Education ==
Kumar did his M.A. in Buddhist Studies from [[Delhi University]] in 1985; he also got his M.Phil. from Delhi University in 1987. In 1990, Kumar completed his Ph.D. from [[Delhi University]], Delhi. Kumar completed his M.A. in Pali from [[Magadh University|Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Gaya]], in 1991.

== Career ==
He has been teaching since then for 30 years at various universities, such as [[Delhi University]], [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan]] (W.B.), [[Banaras Hindu University|Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi]] (U.P.). Currently, he is working as a professor and head of the Department of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Arts, [[Banaras Hindu University|Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi]] (U.P.). He has six years of research experience during his doctoral and post-doctoral education. His areas of interest are [[Pali]], [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], [[Buddhist philosophy|Buddhist Philosophy]] ([[Theravāda Abhidhamma|Abhidhamma Philosophy]]), and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. He has been deputed as the first [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|ICCR Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Chair]] of [[Buddhist studies|Buddhist Studies]] at [[Lumbini Buddhist University|Lumbini Buddhist University, Lumbini, Nepal]], for a year starting from September 1, 2023, under the [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] of ICCR and LBU, Lumbini, Nepal, signed in the presence of Hon. Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]] and Hon. Prime Minister of Nepal [[Sher Bahadur Deuba|Shri Sher Bahadur Deuba]] in May 2022. He has also served as a member of various expert committees constituted by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi]], the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), the [[Government of India]], [[New Delhi]], etc.

== Academic awards ==

* 'Visesa Puruskara by His Excellency Governor of Uttar Pradesh Award' by 'Uttar Pradesh Sanskrit Sansthan' in 2017.
* 'Vidvat Bhushan’ Samman for the contribution to Buddhist Philosophy Award' by 'Akhil Bharatiya Vidvat Parishad, Varanasi' in 2022.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Bimalendra}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University people]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]

Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati

2026-03-29T17:31:49Z

Portileostah:

{{Short description|Gaudīya Vaisnava Ācārya (1874–1937)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{POV|talk=Addressing WP:PUFFERY, WP:NPOV and WP:V|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}{{Peacock|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = (Prabhupada) Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Thakur
| honorific-suffix = Prabhupāda
| image = Bhaktisiddhanta3cr.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Sanātana Dharma]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1874|02|06}}
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| birth_name = Bimala Prasad Datta
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1937|01|1|1874|02|06}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| guru = [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji]]
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| philosophy = [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
| honors = Siddhanta Sarasvati Prabhupada ("the pinnacle of wisdom"); propagator of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]; founder of the [[Gaudiya Math]]; ''acharya-keshari'' (lion-guru)
| founder = [[Gaudiya Math]]
| disciples = {{unbulleted list|Bhakti Pradip Tirtha Goswami|Bhakti Prasad Puri Goswami Thakur|[[Bhakti Hridaya Bon]]|[[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]]|[[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar]]|
[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]|[[Sadananda|Svami Sadananda Dasa]]}}
| influenced =
| literary_works = ''[[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati bibliography]]''
| footnotes =
| signature = Bhaktisiddhanta signature.svg
| background = #ffca6e
}}

'''Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati''' ({{IAST3|Bhakti-siddhānta Sarasvatī Thakur}} (Prabhupada); {{langx|bn|ভক্তিসিদ্ধান্ত সরস্বতী}}; {{IPA|bn|bʱɔktisiddʱanto ʃɔrɔʃbɔti|lang|Bn-ভক্তিসিদ্ধান্ত সরস্বতী.oga|thumb|Bengali pronunciation of the name "Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati"}}; (February 6, 1874 – January 1, 1937), born '''Bimala Prasad Datt''' ({{IAST|Bimalā Prasāda Datta}}, {{IPA|bn|bimola prɔʃad dɔtto|lang}}), was a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudīya Vaisnava]] [[guru]] (spiritual master), [[Acharya|Ācārya]], and [[Revivalist (person)|revivalist]] in early twentieth-century [[India]]. Known to followers as: ''Srila [[Prabhupad (disambiguation)|Prabhupāda]]''.

Bimala Prasad was born in 1874 in [[Puri]] (then [[Bengal Presidency]], now [[Odisha]]) in a Bengali Hindu [[Kayastha]] family as a son of [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda Thakur]], a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] philosopher and teacher. Bimala Prasad received Western and traditional Indian education from the late 1880s up until he graduated from Sanskrit College in 1895. His studies gradually gained him recognition from the ''[[bhadralok]] ''(Western-educated Hindu Bengali residents of colonial [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]), earning the title Siddhānta Sarasvatī ("the pinnacle of wisdom").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati {{!}} Science of Identity Foundation |url=https://sif.yoga/about/srila-bhaktisiddhanta-sarasvati |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=sif.yoga}}</ref> In 1900, Bimala Prasad was initiated into [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] from the Vaishnava ascetic [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji|Gaurakishora Dāsa Bābājī]].

In 1918, following the death of his father in 1914 and the death of his guru [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji|Gaurakishora Dāsa Bābājī]] the following year, Bimala Prasad accepted the Hindu formal order of [[asceticism]] (''[[sannyasa]]'') from a photograph of his guru and took the name Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupada.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=90–91}} He started the first center of his institution in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], later known as the [[Gaudiya Math]]. It developed into a missionary and educational institution with branches in India and abroad, distributing books and hosting public programs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Bhaktisiddhanta opposed the [[Nondualism|non-dualistic]] interpretation of [[Hinduism]], or [[Advaita Vedanta|''Advaita'']], that had emerged as the prevalent strand of Hindu thought in India, seeking to promote [[bhakti|Krishna-bhakti]], which he regarded as its fulfillment and higher synthesis. He was critical of numerous [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] lineages, describing them as ''apasampradayas'' – deviations from the original [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] taught in the 16th century by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and his early successors. Additionally, he targeted what he alleged as casteism among [[Smarta tradition|"Smarta Brahmins"]]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The mission initiated by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] and developed by Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati was referred to as "the most powerful reformist movement"<ref>{{cite book |last=Sardella |first=Ferdinando |title=Modern Hindu Personalism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780199865901}}</ref> of [[Vaishnavism]] in Bengal of the 19th and early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardella |first=Ferdinando |title=Modern Hindu personalism: the history, life, and thought of Bhaktisiddhānta Sarasvatī |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-986590-1 |location=New York}}</ref> In 1966 its offshoot, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON), known for extensively popularizing [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] outside of India, was founded by Bhaktisiddhanta's disciple [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]] in [[New York City]].

==Early period (1874–1900): Student==
{{See also|Kedarnath Datta}}

===Birth and childhood===

Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupāda was born Bimala Prasad at {{nowrap|3:30 pm}} on 6 February 1874 in [[Puri]] – a town in the Indian state of [[Odisha|Orissa]] best known for its 12th-century [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=55}} He was born a few hundred meters away from the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] on Puri's Grand Road, the traditional venue for the Hindu [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|Ratha-yatra festival]].{{sfn|Swami|2009|p = 1}}

Bimala Prasad was the seventh of fourteen children of his father [[Kedarnath Datta]] and mother Bhagavati Devi, devout [[Vaishnava]]s of the [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali]] [[kayastha]] community.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=55}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}}{{efn|According to upper-class Hindu customs, in 1850 Kedarnath Datta, 11, was married with Sayamani, 5. In 1860 Sayamani gave birth to Kedarnath's first son, Annada Prasad, and died of illness shortly thereafter. Kedarnath soon married Bhagavati Devi and had thirteen children with her: (1) Saudamani, daughter (1864); (2) Kadambani, daughter (1867); (3) son died early, name unknown (1868); (4) Radhika Prasad, son (1870); (5) Kamala Prasad (1872); (6) '''Bimala Prasad''', son (1874); (7) Barada Prasad (1877); (8) Biraja, daughter, (1878); (9) Lalita Prasad, son (1880); (10) Krishna Vinodini, daughter (1884); (11) Shyam Sarojini, daughter (1886); (12) Hari Pramodini, daughter (1888); (13) Shailaja Prasad, son (1891).{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=55}}{{sfn|Dasa|1999|p=300}}{{sfn|Swami|2009|p=6}} This makes Bimala Prasad the seventh child of Kedarnath and the sixth of Bhagavati.}} At that time, Kedarnath Datta worked as a [[Resident magistrate#Deputy magistrate|deputy magistrate]] and [[District collector|deputy collector]]{{sfn|Dasa|1999|pp=77, 298}}, and spent most of his off-hours studying Vaishnava scripture under the guidance of local ''[[pandit]]s''. He translated scripture and wrote works on Vaishnava theology and practice in Bengali, Sanskrit, and English.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}}{{sfn|Dasa|1999|p=78}} He was also a prominent associate of the Ghosh brothers, who launched the pro-Vaishnava [[Amrita Bazar Patrika]] newpaper.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}}{{sfn|Dasa|1999|p=97}} His literary and spiritual achievements later earned him the honorific title Bhaktivinoda.{{sfn|Dasa|1999|p=95}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=56}}

[[File:Bhaktisiddhanta with Bhaktivinoda and family.jpg|400px|thumb|alt=A group photograph of a large Indian family|{{hidden
|[[Kedarnath Datta]]'s family ca.1900{{sfn|Dasa|1999|p=84}}
|{{center|From left to right:}}'''Back row:''' Bimala Prasad, Barada Prasad, Kedarnath Datta, Krishna Vinodini, Kadambini, and Bhagavati Devi (seated). '''Second row:''' Kamala Prasad, Shailaja Prasad, unknown grandchild, and Hari Pramodini. '''Front row:''' two unknown grandchildren.
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff
|style=text-align:center;
}}]]

In 1869, after being posted to Puri as a deputy magistrate,{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=62}} Kedarnatha felt he needed assistance in his attempts to promote the cause of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] in India and abroad. Shortly thereafter, he had a dream of Jagannath, in which the deity encouraged Kedarnatha to drop his pursuit of the law and attend to his role as a Vaishnava. After Kedarnatha expressed his difficulty in pursuing his cause alone, Jagannath requested Kedarnatha to pray for an assistant to the image of the Goddess Bimala Devi.{{sfn|Swami|2009|p = 5}} When his wife gave birth to a new child, Kedarnatha linked the event to the divinatory dream and named his son Bimala Prasad ('"the mercy of Bimala Devi").{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p = 81}} The same account mentions that at his birth, the child's [[umbilical cord]] was looped around his body like a [[upanayana|sacred brahmana thread (''upavita'')]], which left a permanent mark on the skin.{{sfn|Swami|2009|p = 1}}

=== Education ===
Young Bimala Prasad, often affectionately called Bimala, Bimu, or Binu,{{sfn|Swami|2009|p = 9}} started his formal education at an English school at [[Ranaghat]]. In 1881, he was transferred to the [[Oriental Seminary]] of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and in 1883, after Kedarnath was posted as [[Magistrate#India|senior deputy magistrate]] in [[Serampore]] of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], Bimala was enrolled in the local school there.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp = 64–65}} At the age of nine, he memorised the'' [[Bhagavad Gita]]'' in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p = 64}} He gained a reputation for remembering passages from a book on a single reading and soon learned enough to compose his own poetry in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp = 64–65}} His biographers stated that Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati could verbatim recall passages from books that he had read in his childhood, earning the epithet "living encyclopedia".{{sfn|Swami|2009|pp = 9–10}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p = 65}}

[[File:Bhaktisiddhanta child.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A young Bengali boy looking forward|Bimala Prasad (1881)]]In the early 1880s, Kedarnath Datta initiated him into ''[[japa|harinama-japa]]'', a traditional Gaudiya Vaishnava practice of meditation based on the soft recitation of the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] on [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulasi]] [[Hindu prayer beads|beads]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p = 64}}

In 1885, Kedarnath Datta established the Vishva Vaishnava Raj Sabha (Royal World Vaiṣṇava Association); the association, composed of leading Bengali Vaishnavas, inspired Bimala to undertake an in-depth study of Vaishnava texts, both classical and contemporary.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}} Bimala's interest in the Vaishnava philosophy was furthered by the Vaishnava Depository, a library and a printing press established by Kedarnath (by that time respectfully addressed as Bhaktivinoda Thakur).{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}} In 1886, Bhaktivinoda began publishing a monthly magazine in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''Sajjana-toshani'' ("The Source of Pleasure for Devotees"), where he published articles on the history and philosophy of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, along with book reviews, poetry, and novels.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 416}} Twelve-year-old Bimala assisted his father as a proofreader, thus closely acquainting himself with the art of printing and publishing as well as with the intellectual discourses of the ''bhadralok.''{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}}

In 1887, Bimala Prasad joined the [[Vidyasagar College|Calcutta Metropolitan Institution]] (from 1917 – Vidyasagar College), known for its association with the ''bhadralok'' youth; there he pursued extracurricular studies of Sanskrit, mathematics, and ''[[Hindu astrology|jyotisha]] ''(traditional Indian astronomy).{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=66}} His proficiency in the latter was soon recognized by his tutors with an honorary title "Siddhanta Sarasvati", which he adopted as his pen name from then on.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=66–67}} Sarasvati then attended [[Sanskrit College]], a prominent liberal arts university, where he studied Indian philosophy and ancient history{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=67}}

=== Teaching ===
[[File:Bimala Prasada.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of a sitting young Indian man wearing spectacles and looking to the right|Bimala Prasad as a student, early 1890s|350x350px]]In 1895, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati discontinued his studies at Sanskrit College due to a dispute about the astronomical calculations of the principal, [[Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya|Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=68-69}} An associate of his father, [[Kings of Tripura|the King]] of [[Tripura]] [[Bir Chandra Manikya]], offered him a position as secretary and historian at the royal court,{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=71}} which afforded him financial independence to pursue his studies independently.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}} With access to the royal library, he studied Indian and Western works of history, philosophy, and religion{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}} and also started astronomy school in Calcutta.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}}

After the king died in 1896, his heir, [[Radha Kishore Manikya]], requested Sarasvati to tutor the princes, a position Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati held till 1908.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=416}} Bhaktisiddhanta was eventually unsatisfied with the ''bhadralok'' lifestyle and searched for an ascetic spiritual teacher.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}} On [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda]]'s direction, he approached [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji|Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji]], a Gaudiya Vaishnava ascetic and close of associate of Bhaktivinoda.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}} In January 1901, according to his own testimony, he accepted Gaurakishora as his ''[[guru]].''{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p = 85}}{{efn|While it is still being debated what kind of ''[[diksha]]'' – ''pancaratrika'' (into a mantra) or ''bhagavata'' (into the name of Krishna) – did Bhaktisiddhanta receive from Gaurakishora Dasa Bababji, there are indications in his own writings that he received the [[Hare Krishna mantra]] along with an instruction to chant it a certain number of times a day.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=85}}}} Along with his initiation (''[[diksha]]''){{efn|The specific diksha – pancaratrika (into a mantra) or bhagavata (into the name of Krishna) that Bhaktisiddhanta received from Gaurakishora Dasa Bababji is debated. However, there are indications in his own writings that he received the Hare Krishna mantra along with an instruction to chant it a certain number of times a day.}} he received a new name, Shri Varshabhanavi-devi-dayita Dasa ({{IAST|Śrī Vārṣabhānavī-devī-dayita Dāsa}}, "servant of [[Krishna]], the beloved of [[Radha]]").{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}}

== Middle period (1901–1918): Ascetic ==

=== Religious practice ===
[[File:Gaurakisora dasa Babaji ca.1900.jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of a bearded Indian ascetic dressed in dhoti and sitting down cross-legged|[[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji]], the guru of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, ca.1900]]
The initiation from [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji|Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji]], an illiterate yet highly respected personality, had a transformational effect on Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Prabhupada.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=75}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=79}} Later, reflecting on his first meeting with the guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati recalled:

{{blockquote|It was by providential dispensation that I was able fully to understand the language and practical side of devotion after I had met the practicing master [Gaura Kishora Das Babaji] . . . Up to that time, my idea of religion was confined to books and to a strict ethical life, but that sort of life was found imperfect unless I came in touch with the practical side of things.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=75}}}}

[[File:Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati during his vrata in Mayapur.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=A young skinny Indian man sitting with chanting beads in hand|Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati during his vow to chant one billion names of [[Krishna]]. Mayapur, ca.1905]]After receiving the bhagarati initiation, Siddhanta Sarasvati went on a pilgrimage of India's holy places. He first stayed for a year in Jagannath Puri, and in 1904 travelled to South India, where he explored various branches of Hinduism, in particular the Vaishnava [[Shri Vaishnavas|Shri]] and [[Madhva sampradaya|Madhva]] [[Vaishnavism#Vaishnava sampradayas|''sampradayas'']]'','' collecting materials for a new Vaishnava encyclopaedia.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=79}} He finally settled in [[Mayapur]], {{Convert|130|km}} north of Calcutta, where Bhaktivinoda had acquired a plot of land at the place at which, according to Bhaktivinoda's research, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was born in 1486.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}} At that time, [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Bhaktivinoda]] added the prefix "bhakti" (meaning "devotion") to Siddhanta Sarasvati, acknowledging his proficiency in Vaishnava studies.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=417}}

Starting from 1905, Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Prabhupāda began to deliver public discourses on the philosophy and practice of Chaitanya Vaishnavism, gathering a following of educated young Bengalis, some of whom became his students.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=80}} While assisting Bhaktivinoda in his developing project in Mayapur, Bhaktisiddhanta vowed to recite one billion names of Radha (Hara) and Krishna – which took nearly ten years to complete – thus committing himself to the lifelong practice of meditation on the'' [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]'' following the tradition of [[Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji|Gaurakishora Babaji]] and [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=81}} The aural meditation on Krishna's names, done either individually (''japa'') or collectively (''[[kirtana]]'') became a pivotal theme in Bhaktisiddhanta's teachings and personal practice.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=81}}

=== Image and conflict ===
The birth of Bimala Prasad concurred with the rising influence of the ''[[bhadralok]]'' community, literally "gentle or respectable people",{{sfn|Sardella2013b|p=17}} an affluent class of [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], largely [[Hindus]], who served the [[British Raj|British administration]] in occupations requiring Western education, and proficiency in English and other languages.{{sfn|Sardella2013b|pp=17–18}} Their attempts to integrate Hinduism with Western philosophy eventually gave rise to a historical period called the [[Bengali Renaissance]], championed by reformists including [[Rammohan Roy]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=6}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=415}} This trend gradually led to a widespread popularization, both in India and in the West, of [[Advaita Vedanta]], a philosophy of an impersonal, non-dual ultimate reality, with philosopher Swami Vivekananda terming it "the mother of religions".{{sfn|Ward|1998|p=10}} Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and his peers viewed the growing popularity of Advaita Vendanta as a threat to the personal conception of god in [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]] philosophy, as taught by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitayna Mahaprabhu]], the founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sardella |first=Ferdinando |title=Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati: the context and significance of a modern Hindu personalist |date=2010 |publisher=Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg |isbn=978-91-88348-33-3 |location=Göteborg}}</ref>

Bhaktisiddhanta was critical of the depiction of Gaudiya Vaishnavism from his contemporaries in British Calcutta, [[Nabadwip]] [[brahmana]] communities and British viewpoints through the English Christian and [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] sensibilities.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=82-86}} In his essay “Real and Apparent,” he described the westernized depiction of [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] as "a creed which may be suspected of a partiality for sexuality, passivism, childish ceremonial and credulity and which declares all secular effort as utterly powerless".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarasvati |first=Bhaktisiddhānta |title=Shri Chaitanya’s Teachings |page=445}}</ref> Bhaktisiddhanta attributed what he saw as the growing public disapproval of Gaudiya Vaishnavism as aggravated by the prevalently lower social status of local Gaudiya Vaishnavas, as well as by erotic practices of ''[[Tantra|tantrics]]'' such as the ''[[sahajiyas]], ''who controversially claimed close affiliation with the mainstream Gaudiya school.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=415}}

On 8 September 1911, Bhaktisiddhanta Prabhupāda was invited to a conference in Balighai, [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]], that gathered Vaishnavas to debate the eligibility of the Brahmanas and that of the non-Brahmin Vaishnavas. The debate was centred on two issues: whether those born as non-''Brahmanas'' but initiated into Vaishnavism were eligible to worship a [[Shaligram|''shalagram shila'']] (a sacred stone representing Vishnu, Krishna or other deities), and whether they could give initiation in the sacred mantras of the Vaisnava tradition.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=83}}

Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Prabhupāda accepted the invitation and presented a paper, ''Brāhmaṇa o Vaiṣṇava'' (Brahmana and Vaishnava), the first publication concerning Bhaktisiddhanta's perspectives on the [[Brahmin|Bramana]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] – perspectives which later lead to criticism, and may have been a factor in violence towards Bhaktisiddhanta and his disciples.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=83}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=82–86}} Bhaktisiddhnanta, while holding ''Brahmanas'' as repositories of spiritual and ritual knowledge, asserted that devoted Vaishnavas are spiritually higher than a ritualistic Brahmin without devotion.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=82–86}} He described the ''[[Varnashrama dharma|varnashrama]]'' and its concomitant rituals of purity (''[[Saṃskāra|samskara]]'') as beneficial for the individual but also as currently plagued by misguided practices.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=82–86}}

Bhaktisiddhanta endorsed [[Mayapur]] as the birthplace of Chaityana Mahaprabhu, instead of the mainstream and historically-supported site, [[Nabadwip]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=415-416}} To this end, he created an institution based in Nabadwip, the ''Navadvipadhama Pracarini Sabha''. Bhaktisiddhanta's viewpoints lead to poor relations among members of the local orthodox brāhmana community in Nabadwip.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=82-86}}

This, among other factors led to the decline in attendance of Nabadwip.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=82-86}} On January 29, 1925, Bhaktisiddhānta and a large gathering of his devotees were attacked by an upper-caste mob during a pilgrimage in Nabadwip, although the specific accounts of the perpetrators and their motives are incomplete or missing.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|pp=415–416}}{{efn|There have been a few documented attempts on Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's life.{{sfn|Goswami|Schweig|2012|pp=109–110}} On one such incident in 1925, when the attackers ambushed Bhaktisiddhanta's party, his disciple Vinoda Vihari volunteered to exchange clothes with him, allowing Bhaktisiddhanta a safe escape.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=99}}{{sfn|Murphy|Goff|1997|p=32}}}}

=== Publishing ===
[[File:Bhaktivinoda Thakur ca.1910.jpg|thumb|alt=A portrait of a grey-haired elderly Indian man|One of the last photographs of Bhaktivinoda Thakur (ca.1910)]]
According to several accounts, Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji on multiple occasions dissuaded Bhaktisiddhanta from visiting Calcutta, referring to the large imperial city as "the universe of [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]" ({{Transliteration|bn|kalira brahmanda}}) – a standard understanding among Vaishnava ascetics.{{sfn|Bryant|Ekstrand|2004|p=88}} However, in 1913 Bhaktisiddhanta established a printing press in Calcutta and named it ''bhagavat-yantra'' ("God's machine"){{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=86}}, beginning to publish medieval Vaishnava texts in Bengali, such as the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' by [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]], supplemented with his own commentary. This marked Bhaktisiddhanta's new focus on printing and distributing religious literature.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=418}} Bhaktisiddhanta's publications stemmed from an instruction that he received in 1910 from Bhaktivinoda in a personal letter:

{{blockquote|Sarasvati! ... The real service to Sri Mayapur can be done by acquiring printing presses, distributing devotional books, and sankirtan–preaching ... I had a special desire to preach the significance of such books as Srimad Bhagavatam, Sat Sandarbha, and Vedanta Darshan. You have to accept that responsibility. Sri Mayapur will prosper if you establish an educational institution there. {{sfn|Murphy|Goff|1997|p=18}}{{efn|The original letter was never recovered; however, Bhaktisiddhanta quoted these instructions by Bhaktivinoda, apparently considering them as seminal for his mission, in a 1926 letter thus:{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=87}}
#Persons who claim worldly prestige and futile glory fail to attain the true position of nobleness, because they argue that Vaishnavas are born in a low position as a result of [previous] sinful actions, which means that they commit offences (''aparadha''). You should know that, as a remedy, the practice of ''varnashrama'', which you have recently taken up, is a genuine Vaishnava service (''seva'').
#It is because of lack of promulgation of the pure conclusions of bhakti (''shuddha bhaktisiddhanta'') that . . . among men and women of the ''sahajiya'' groups, ''ativadis'', and other lines (''sampradaya'') devious practices are welcomed as ''bhakti''. You should always critique those views, which are opposed to the conclusions of the sacred texts, by missionary work and sincere practice of the conclusions of bhakti.
#Arrange to begin a pilgrimage (''parikrama'') in and around [[Nabadwip]] as soon as possible. Through this activity alone, anyone in the world may attain Krishna bhakti. Take adequate care so that service in Mayapur continues, and grows brighter day by day. Real ''seva'' in Mayapur will be possible by setting up a printing press, distributing bhakti literature (''bhakti-grantha''), and ''nama-hatta'' (devotional centres for the recitation of the sacred names of God), not by solitary practice (''bhajana''). You should not hamper ''seva'' in Mayapur and the mission (''pracara'') by indulging in solitary ''bhajana''.
#When I shall not be here any more...[remember that] seva in Mayapur is a highly revered service. Take special care of it; this is my special instruction to you.
#I had a sincere desire to draw attention to the significance of pure (''shuddha'') bhakti through books such as [[Bhagavata Purana|Shrimad Bhagavatam]], [[Sat-sandarbhas|Sat-sandarbha]], [[Vedanta Sutra|Vedanta-darshana]], etc. You should go on and take charge of that task. Mayapur will develop if a center of devotional learning (''vidyapitha'') is created there.
#Never bother to acquire knowledge or funds for your personal consumption; collect them only for the purpose of serving the divine; avoid bad company for the sake of money or self-interest.}}
}}

After the death of his father, Bhaktivinoda, on 23 June 1914, Srimad Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupad relocated his Calcutta press to Mayapur and then to nearby [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] in the [[Nadia district]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=418}} From there he continued publishing Bhaktivinoda's ''Sajjana-toshani'', and completed the publication of ''Chaitanya Charitamrita''.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=418}} Soon after, his guru Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji also died. Without these two key sources of inspiration, and with the majority of Bhaktivinoda's followers being married and thus unable to pursue a strong missionary commitment, Bhaktisiddhanta found himself nearly alone with a mission that seemed far beyond his means.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 418}} When a disciple suggested that Bhaktisiddhanta relocate to Calcutta to establish a centre there, he was inspired by the suggestion and began preparing for its implementation.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 418}}

== Later period (1918–1937): Missionary ==
{{Main|Gaudiya Math}}After the deaths of Bhaktivinoda Thakur and Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji, Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati assumed the responsibility for their mission of revitalizing the Chaitanya tradition.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=90–91}} Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati engaged with the ''[[Smarta tradition|smarta-brahmanas]]'' with their claims of exclusive hereditary eligibility as priests and gurus; the {{Transliteration|bn|advaitins}} dismissing the form and personhood of God as material and external to the essence of the divine; professional ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavatam]]'' reciters using the text sacred to Gaudiya Vaishnavas as a family business; the ''sahajiyas'' and other Gaudiya spin-offs with their imitations of ''bhakti''.{{sfn|Goswami|Schweig|2012|p=109}} His critiques of contemporary religious practices, which he characterized as a "society of cheaters and the cheated," defined his missionary approach and earned him the title "acharya-keshari" ("lion guru").{{sfn|Goswami|Schweig|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Swami|2009|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|Goswami|Schweig|2012|p=109}}

=== Sannyasa and Gaudiya Math ===
[[File:Bhaktisiddhanta sannyasa.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of a standing Hindu monk in spectacles, with a shaved head and holding a staff|Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Goswami two days after taking ''[[sannyasa]]''.{{sfn|Swami|2009|pp=62–63}} 29 March 1918]]
Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati visited the Ramanuja ashrams in [[South India]] to study their ''tridanda sannyasa'' order. Well-established lineages such as Shankara's and the Vaishnavas of South India had sannyasa orders. The Chaitanya tradition had none.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=90–91}} On 27 March 1918, before leaving for Calcutta, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati resolved to become the first ''[[sannyasi]]'' of Gaudiya Vaishnavism post Chaitanya Mahaprabhu period, starting a new Gaudiya Vaishnava monastic order. Since there was no other Gaudiya Vaishnava ''sannyasi'' to initiate him, he sat down before a picture of Gaurakishora Dasa Babaji and conferred the sannyasa upon himself.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=90–91}} From that day on, he adopted the dress and life of a Vaishnava renunciant under the name Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Goswami.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=90–91}}

In December 1918, Bhaktisiddhanta inaugurated his first center, the "Calcutta Bhaktivinoda Asana," at [[Ultadanga|1, Ultadinghee Junction Road]] in North Calcutta, which was renamed "Shri Gaudiya Math" in 1920.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=92–93}} Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati later established sixty-four Gaudiya Math centers in India and three abroad, in [[London]] ([[England]]), [[Berlin]] ([[Germany]]), and [[Rangoon]] ([[Burma]]) during his lifetime.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=92, 98}} Registered on 5 February 1919, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's missionary movement was initially called ''Vishva Vaishnava Raj Sabha'', in the name of the society founded by Bhaktivinoda. It soon became known as the [[Gaudiya Math]] after the Calcutta branch and his weekly Bengali magazine ''[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya]]''.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=92–93, 98}}

=== Caste and untouchability ===
[[File:Sankirtana at Sri Bhaktivinoda Asana, Calcutta.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A group of India people with drums and flags in a semicircle|Bhaktisiddhanta with his disciples performing public ''[[kirtana]]'' outside Shri Bhaktivinoda Asana, Calcutta, ca. 1930]]Bhaktisiddhanta noted his views in an essay titled "Gandhiji's Ten Questions" published in ''The Harmonist ''in January 1933.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}} In the essay he responded to questions posed by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who in December 1932 challenged orthodox Hindu organisations regarding the practice of [[untouchability]].{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}} In his reply, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati defined untouchables as those inimical to the concept of serving God, rather than those hailing from the lowest social or hereditary background.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}} He stated that [[Vishnu]] temples should be open to all, particularly to those who were open to the devotional practice and were willing to undergo a process of spiritual training.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}} He also stated that untouchability had cultural and historical origins rather than a religious one, and as such, Gandhi's questions referred to a secular issue, not a religious one. As an alternative to the secular concept of "Hindu" and its social implications, Bhaktisiddhanta suggested an ethic of "unconditional reverence for all entities by the realization and exclusive practice of the whole-time service of the Absolute".{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}} He described this as consistent with the practice of [[Bhakti|''bhakti'']] (devotion), and with service to God as the supreme person, implying moral responsibility toward other beings, which the Chaitanya school describes as eternal metaphysical entities – minute in relation to God but qualitatively equal to one another.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=121–123}}

=== True love and renunciation ===

While emphasising the innate spirituality of all beings, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati strongly objected to representations of the sacred love between Radha and Krishna, described in the ''Bhagavatam ''and other Vaishnava texts, as erotic, which permeated the popular culture of Bengal in art, theatre, and folk songs.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=419}} He argued that certain public representations of Gaudiya Vaishnava concepts lacked philosophical accuracy. He repeatedly critiqued these communities in Bengal as the ''[[sahajiyas]], ''who presented sexual practices as a path of Krishna ''bhakti, ''denouncing them as pseudo-Vaishnavas.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=419}} Bhaktisiddhanta argued instead that spiritual growth was not through what he described as sensual gratification, but through the practice of chastity, humility, and service.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=419}}

At the same time, Bhaktisiddhanta's approach to the material world was not escapist. Rather than shunning all connections with it, he adopted the principle of ''yukta-vairagya ''– a term coined by Chaitanya's associate [[Rupa Gosvami]] meaning "renunciation by engagement". This implied using any object in the service of the divine by renouncing the propensity to enjoy it.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=203–208}}{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=420}} On the basis of this principle, Bhaktisiddhanta used the latest advancements in technology, institutional building, communication, printing, and transportation, while striving to carefully keep intact the theological core of his personalist tradition.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=105}} This hermeneutical dynamism and adaptation employed by Bhaktisiddhanta became an important element in the growth of the Gaudiya Math and facilitated its future global expansion.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=420}}

=== The Gaudiya Math in Europe ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
| image1 = Bhaktisiddhanta and Governor of Bengal John Anderson.jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 = A group of Western-clad Indians in turbans escort a Western dignitary holding a flower bouquet in hand
| caption1 = [[List of Governors of Bengal|Governor of Bengal]] [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|John Anderson]] with Bhaktisiddhanta at the Gaudiya Math headquarters in [[Mayapur]]. 15 January 1935
| image2 = Reception for Bon Maharaja, ca. 1936.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 = A group of people seated with garlands around the necks of some.
| caption2 = Reception for [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon Swami|Swami Bon]] and two German converts. Seated far right is [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|Bhaktivedanta]]. Calcutta, 18 September 1935
}}Bhaktisiddhanta inherited the vision of spreading the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the West from his father Bhaktivinoda and from the last will of his mother, Bhagavati Devi, prior to her death in 1920{{sfn|Swami|2009b|pp=392–393}} and began planning his mission to Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} In 1927, he launched a periodical in English and requested British officers to support his movement, which they gradually did, culminating in an official visit by the [[List of Governors of Bengal|Governor of Bengal]] [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|John Anderson]] to Bhaktisiddhanta's headquarters in Mayapur on 15 January 1935.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=156–157}}

On 20 July 1933, three of Bhaktisiddhanta's senior disciples including [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon Swami|Swami Bhakti Hridaya Bon]] arrived in London.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 420}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p = 27}} On 24 April 1934, [[Lord Zetland]], the [[Secretary of State for India|British secretary of state for India]], inaugurated the Gaudiya Mission Society in London and became its president. This was followed a few months later by a centre established by Swami Bon in Berlin, Germany, where he lectured and met the German academic and political elite.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 420}}{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p = 27}} On 18 September 1935, the Gaudiya Math and Calcutta dignitaries offered a reception to two German converts, [[Sadananda|Ernst Georg Schulze]] and [[Baron H.E. von Queth]], who arrived along with Swami Bon.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p = 420}}

[[File:Bhaktisiddhanta Last will.jpg|thumb|alt=An old-looking hadwritten document|Bhaktisiddhanta's last will, 1936]]
Bhaktisiddhanta maintained that, if explained properly, the philosophy and practice of Vaishnavism would gradually attract interested people.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=136}} Despite investments and efforts, the success of the Gaudiya Mission in the West remained limited to just a few people interested to seriously practice Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Dwyer|Cole|2007|p=27}}

In 1936, the importance of the Western venture prompted Bhaktisiddhanta to make it the main theme of his final address at a gathering of thousands of his disciples and followers at Champahati, Bengal.{{sfn|Swami|2009b|pp=392–393}} Bhaktisiddhanta prioritized the Western mission and expressed his expectation that a future disciple would successfully spread the teachings globally.{{sfn|Swami|2009b|pp=392–393}}

The deep international tensions globally in the late 1930s led Bhaktisiddhanta to stress that solutions to global problems were primarily in the realm of religion and spirituality, and not solely in the fields of science, economy, and politics.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=142-143}} On 3 December 1936, Bhaktisiddhanta answered a letter from his disciple [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Bhaktivedanta]], who had asked how he could best serve his guru's mission:

{{blockquote|I am fully confident that you can explain in English our thoughts and arguments to the people who are not conversant with the languages of other members. This will do much good to yourself as well as your audience. I have every hope that you can turn yourself [into] a very good English preacher if you serve the mission to inculcate the novel impression to the people in general and philosophers of [sic] modern age and religiosity.{{sfn|Goswami|Schweig|2012|p=112}}}}

Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati died on 1 January 1937 at the age of 63.{{sfn|Sardella|2013a|p=420}}

== Literary works ==
{{For|a complete list of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's literary works|Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati bibliography}}

== Crises of succession ==
The Gaudiya Math mission is described by scholars as a significant reformist movement in Bengal during the 19th and early 20th centuries.{{sfn|Sardella|Sain|2013|p=214}}{{sfn|Sardella|Sain|2013|p=214}} In mission and scope it parallelled the efforts of Swami Vivekananda and the Ramakrishna Mission, and challenged modern A''dvaita'' Vedanta spirituality that had come to dominate the religious sensibilities of the Hindu middle class in India and the way Hinduism was understood in the West.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|p=239-242}} Rather than appointing a successor, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati instead instructed his leading disciples to jointly run the mission in his absence, and expected that qualified leaders would emerge naturally "on the strength of their personal merit".{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=129–132}} However, weeks after his departure a crisis of succession broke out, resulting in factions and legal infighting.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=129–132}} The united mission was first split into two separate institutions and later on was fragmented into several smaller groups that began functioning and furthering the movement independently.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=129–132}}

The Gaudiya Math movement, however, slowly regained its strength. In 1966 Abhay Caranararavinda De, now A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, founded in New York City the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON).{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=246–249}} Modeled after the original Gaudiya Math and emulating its emphasis on dynamic mission and spiritual practice, ISKCON soon popularised Chaitanya Vaishnavism on a global scale, becoming the world's leading proponent of Hindu ''bhakti'' personalism.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp=246–249}}{{sfn|Ward|1998|p=36}}

Today Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's Gaudiya Math movement includes more than forty independent institutions, hundreds of centres and more than 500,000 practitioners globally, with scholars acknowledging its public profile as far exceeding the size of its constituency.{{sfn|Sardella|2013b|pp = 246–249, 259–260}}

== Recognition ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati 2024 stamp of India.jpg
| total_width = 480
| caption1 = Commemorative stamp - 150th birth anniversary of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, February 2024.
| image2 = Entrance of Exhibition at the ISKCON TOVP Temple in Mayapur.jpg
| caption2 = Entrance to the exhibition at the ISKCON TOVP Temple in Mayapur.
| image3 = Exhibition at the ISKCON TOVP Temple in Mayapur.jpg
| caption3 = Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati's sesquicentennial celebration at the ISKCON TOVP Temple in Mayapur.
}}

In November 2023, [[UNESCO]] included the 150th birth anniversary of "Srimad Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupada, philosopher, social reformer and eminent spiritual leader (1874-1937)" in its list of celebration of anniversaries with which UNESCO could be associated in 2024-2025.{{sfn|UNESCO|2023|p = 2}} The inclusion was proposed by India with the support of [[Cuba]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russian Federation]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]].{{sfn|UNESCO|2023|p = 2}}

On February 8, 2024, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] released a commemorative stamp and coin in his honor at a commemorative event for the 150th birth anniversary of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati at the [[Bharat Mandapam]].{{sfn|Modi|2024}}{{sfn|India TV|2024}}

On March 29, 2024, the Bhaktivedanta Research Center organized an exhibition at the ISKCON TOVP Temple in [[Mayapur]] in honor of Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Thakur Prabhupada's sesquicentennial celebration. This exhibition commemorates his life, spanning from his birth to his death, and emphasizes his role as a prominent figure in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and preaching globally. It presents his significant contributions to modern Gaudiya Vaishnavism, his extensive travels, the installation of Mahaprabhu's footprints, spiritual exhibitions across India, and his prolific writing and publishing endeavours. The exhibition includes original publications, rare photos, newspaper articles, handwritten manuscripts, and other historical documents.<ref name="g141">{{cite web | author=The white Bangla | title=ISKCON largest exhibitions Mayapur:শ্রীল প্রভুপাদের দুষ্প্রাপ্য ছবি, পাণ্ডুলিপি নিয়ে বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম প্রদর্শনী মায়াপুর ইস্কনে। বৃহস্পতিবার থেকে উন্মুক্ত করে দেওয়া হলো সর্বসাধারণের জন্য। | website=THE WHITE BANGLA | date=February 29, 2024 | url=https://www.thewhitebangla.com/iskcon-largest-exhibitions-mayapur%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7/ | access-date=June 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="m551">{{cite web | title=मायापुर इस्कॉन में श्रील प्रभुपाद की दुर्लभ तस्वीरों, पांडुलिपियों की दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी प्रदर्शनी | website=kolkatahindinews.com | date=February 29, 2024 | url=https://kolkatahindinews.com/worlds-largest-exhibition-of-rare-photographs-manuscripts-of-srila-prabhupada-at-mayapur-iskcon/ | access-date=June 6, 2024}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
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*{{citation
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*{{citation
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|title = PM Modi attends 150th birth anniversary of Srila Prabhupada: Facts about the spiritual guru
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|access-date = 15 February 2024
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|last1 = Goswami |first1 = Tamal Krishna
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P269ZwEACAAJ
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*{{citation
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|author-link = Narendra Modi
|title = PM addresses program marking 150th anniversary of Srila Prabhupada Ji
|date = 8 February 2024
|url = https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-programme-on-150th-anniversary-of-srila-prabhupada-ji-at-bharat-mandapam-579097
|access-date = 15 February 2024
}}
*{{citation
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|editor2-last = Goff|editor2-first = Raoul
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|year = 1997
|publisher = Mandala Publishing
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|isbn = 978-0945475101
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VWTfAAAACAAJ
|edition = 1st limited
|access-date = 6 February 2014
}}
*{{citation
|editor1-last = Sardella
|editor1-first = Ferdinando
|editor1-link = Ferdinando Sardella
|editor2-last = Sain
|editor2-first = Ruby
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|year = 2013
|publisher = Abhijeet Publications
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|url = http://abhijeetpublications.com/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=850&_su=SOCIOLOGY&_bt=The%20Sociology%20of%20Religion%20in%20India:%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future
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|archive-date = 6 March 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083440/http://abhijeetpublications.com/viewdetails.aspx?_bt=the%20sociology%20of%20religion%20in%20india:%20past,%20present%20and%20future&_su=sociology&id=850
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{citation
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|title = Modern Hindu Personalism: The History, Life, and Thought of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
|edition = reprint
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*{{citation
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|year = 2009
|volume = 1
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*{{citation
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|year = 2009b
|volume = 2
|publisher = Bhakti Vikas Trust
|edition = in three volumes
|place = Surat, IN
|isbn = 978-81-908292-0-5
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jRgiygAACAAJ
|access-date = 15 January 2014
}}
*{{citation
|last = UNESCO
|title = Proposal by member states for the celebration of anniversaries in 2024-2025 with which UNESCO could be associated
|year = 2023
|publisher = General conference
|place = Paris, FR
|url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387337?posInSet=3&queryId=b7b584d0-0399-4d15-9885-4d3dfc2d5016
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8ay8kb63yLAC
|edition = Reprinted
|access-date=2 February 2014
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2018/01/13/sri-gaudiya-math-baghbazar-kolkata/ Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura- His life, vision and Mission- The Gaudiya Treasures of Bengal]
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://gaudiyahistory.iskcondesiretree.com/bhaktisiddhanta-sarasvati-thakura-2/ Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura – Biography]
* [https://gosai.com/writings/srila-bhaktisiddhanta-sarasvati-thakura Writings by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]
* [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati/ Quotes by Srila Bhaktisiddhata Sarasvati Thakur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817185022/https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati |date=17 August 2022 }}
* [https://bhaktinotes.org/harmonist/ The Harmonist – digital archive (1927–1936)]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarasvati, Bhaktisiddhanta Prabhupada}}
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Ronald Ross

2026-03-25T22:29:03Z

Portileostah: typo fix

{{Short description|British Indian medical doctor and Nobel laureate (1857–1932)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Ronald Ross
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|KCB|KCMG|FRS|FRCS}}
| image = Ronald Ross.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1857|5|13}}
| birth_place = [[Almora]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1932|09|16|1857|5|13}}
| death_place = London, UK
| resting_place = [[Putney Vale Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.438408|-0.239821|type:landmark|display=}}
| field = Medicine
| work_institutions = [[Presidency General Hospital]], [[Calcutta]] [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]] [[King's College Hospital]] [[British War Office]] [[Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance]] Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases
| alma_mater = [[St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Discovering that the [[malaria]] parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
*[[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]] (1901)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1901)<ref name=frs/>
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1902)
* [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] {{small|(1923)}}
* [[Manson Medal]] {{small|(1929)}}}}
| author_abbrev_zoo = Ross
| spouse = {{marriage|Rosa Bessie Bloxam|1889}}
}}

'''Sir Ronald Ross''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCMG|FRS|FRCS}}<ref name=frs>{{cite journal|last=N.|first=G. H. F.|title=Sir Ronald Ross. 1857–1932|journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=1|issue=2|pages=108–115|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006|year=1933|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=rajkumar>{{cite journal |last1=Rajakumar |first1=Kumaravel |last2=Weisse |first2=Martin |title=Centennial Year of Ronald Ross' Epic Discovery of Malaria Transmission |journal=Southern Medical Journal |date=June 1999 |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=567–571 |doi=10.1097/00007611-199906000-00004 |pmid=10372849 |s2cid=10757525 }}</ref> (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was a British [[medical doctor]]. He received the 1902 [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] "for his work on [[malaria]], by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<ref name="nobel-1902">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=28 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822134807/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html|archive-date=22 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> His [[History of malaria|discovery of the malarial parasite]] in the [[digestion|gastrointestinal tract]] of a [[mosquito]] in 1897 proved that [[malaria]] was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of [[vector control|combating the disease]].

Ross was a [[polymath]], writing a number of poems, publishing several novels, and composing songs. He was also an amateur artist and mathematician. He worked in the [[Indian Medical Service]] for 25 years. It was during his service that he made the groundbreaking medical discovery. After resigning from his service in India, he joined the faculty of [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], and continued as Professor and Chairman of [[Tropical Medicine]] of the institute for 10 years. In 1926, he became Director-in-Chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, which was established in honour of his works. He remained there until his death.<ref name="cdc">{{cite web|title=Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=31 January 2014|date=8 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="kakk">{{cite web|title=Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932)|url=http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/ross.htm|publisher=Dr. B.S. Kakkilaya's Malaria Web Site|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319081450/http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/ross.htm|archive-date=19 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Ross was born in [[Almora]], then in the [[North-Western Provinces]] of [[Company rule in India|Company-ruled India]], north west of Nepal.<ref name="frs" /> He was the eldest of ten children of Sir [[Campbell Claye Grant Ross]], a general in the [[British Indian Army]], and Matilda Charlotte Elderton. At age eight, he was sent to England to live with his aunt and uncle on the [[Isle of Wight]]. He attended Primary schools at [[Ryde]], and for secondary education he was sent to a boarding school at Springhill, near [[Southampton]], in 1869. From his early childhood, he developed a passion for poetry, music, literature and [[mathematics]]. At fourteen years of age he won a prize for mathematics, a book titled ''Orbs of Heaven'' which sparked his interest in mathematics. In 1873, at sixteen, he secured first position in the [[Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations|Oxford and Cambridge local examination]] in drawing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Sir Ronald|url=https://archive.org/details/b29825738|title=Memoirs with a full account of The Great Malaria Problem and its Solution|publisher=John Murray|year=1923|location=Albemarle Street, W. London|page=[https://archive.org/details/b29825738/page/24 24]}}</ref>

Although Ross wanted to become a writer, his father arranged enrollment at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College]] in London, in 1874. Not fully committed, he spent most of his time composing music, and writing poems and plays. He left in 1880. In 1879 he had passed the examinations for the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]], and he worked as a ship's surgeon on a transatlantic steamship while studying for the [[licenciate]] of the [[Society of Apothecaries]].<ref name="london">{{cite web|title=Biography of Sir Ronald Ross|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111525/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/ross/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|publisher=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref> He qualified on second attempt in 1881, and after a four-month training at [[Army Medical School]], was appointed a surgeon in the [[Indian Medical Service]] on 5 April 1881, assigned to the Madras Presidency.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25010 |supp=|page=4453|date=30 August 1881}}</ref><ref name="kakk" /> Between June 1888 and May 1889 he took study leave to obtain the Diploma in Public Health from the [[Royal College of Physicians]] and [[Royal College of Surgeons]], and took a course in [[bacteriology]] under Professor [[Emanuel Edward Klein|E. E. Klein]].<ref name="cdc" />

== Career ==
=== India ===
Ross embarked for India on 22 September 1881 on the troopship ''Jumma''. Between 1881 and 1894 he was variously posted in [[Madras]], [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]] (in Burma/[[Myanmar]]), [[Baluchistan]], [[Andaman Islands]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Secunderabad]]. In 1883, he was posted as the Acting Garrison Surgeon at Bangalore during which he noticed the possibility of controlling mosquitoes by limiting their access to water. In March 1894 he had his home leave and went to London with his family. On 10 April 1894 he met Sir [[Patrick Manson]] for the first time. Manson who became Ross's mentor, introduced him to the real problems in malaria research. Manson always had a firm belief that India was the best place for the study. Ross returned to India on [[P&O (company)|P&O]] ship ''Ballaarat'' on 20 March 1895 and landed in Secunderabad on 24 April.<ref name=lavery>{{cite web|author=Lavery, Marck Bryan|title=Malaria Wars Episode MDCCCXCVIII: Ronald Ross and the Great Malaria Problem|url=http://www.evolve360.co.uk/Data/10/Docs/20/Lavery.pdf|publisher=evolve360|access-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235135/http://www.evolve360.co.uk/Data/10/Docs/20/Lavery.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Even before his luggage was cleared in the custom office, he went straight for Bombay Civil Hospital, looking for malarial patients and started making blood films.

==== Discovery of malaria-causing mosquito ====
[[File:Ross, 20.Aug.1897.jpg|thumb|right| The page in Ross' notebook where he recorded the "pigmented bodies" in mosquitoes that he later identified as malaria parasites]]
Ross made his first important step in May 1895 when he observed the early stages of malarial parasite inside a mosquito stomach. However, his enthusiasm was interrupted as he was deployed to Bangalore to investigate an outbreak of [[cholera]]. Bangalore had no regular cases of malaria. He confided to Manson stating, "I am thrown out of employment and have 'no work to do'." But in April he had a chance to visit Sigur Ghat near the hill station of [[Ooty]], where he noticed a mosquito on the wall in a peculiar posture, and for this he called it "dappled-winged" mosquito, not knowing the species. In May 1896, he was given a short leave that enabled him to visit a malaria-endemic region around Ooty. In spite of his daily quinine prophylaxis, he was down with severe malaria three days after his arrival. In June he was transferred to [[Secunderabad]].<ref name="rajkumar" /><ref name=":0" />

After two years of research failure, in July 1897, Ross managed to culture 20 adult "brown" mosquitoes from collected larvae. He successfully infected the mosquitoes from a patient named Husein Khan for a price of 8 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] (one anna per blood-fed mosquito). After blood-feeding, he dissected the mosquitoes. On 20 August he confirmed the presence of the malarial parasite inside the gut of mosquito, which he originally identified as "dappled-wings" (which turned out to be a species of the genus ''Anopheles''). The next day, on 21 August, he confirmed the growth of the parasite in the mosquito. This discovery was published on 27 August 1897<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Ronald |title=Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two Mosquitoes Fed on Malarial Blood |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=September 1897 |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=357–358 |pmc=5148549 |pmid=29002928 }}</ref> in the Indian Medical Gazette and subsequently in the December 1897 issue of ''[[British Medical Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=R. |title=On some Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two Mosquitos Fed on Malarial Blood |journal=BMJ |date=18 December 1897 |volume=2 |issue=1929 |pages=1786–1788 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1929.1786 |pmid=20757493 |pmc=2408186 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinden |first1=Robert E |title=Malaria, mosquitoes and the legacy of Ronald Ross. |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=November 2007 |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=894–6 |doi=10.2471/blt.04.020735 |doi-broken-date=12 August 2025 |pmid=18038083 |pmc=2636258 |hdl=10665/269872 }}</ref> In the evening he composed the following poem for his discovery (originally unfinished, sent to his wife on 22 August, and completed a few days later):<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=M. P. |title=Developmental genomics of the most dangerous animal |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 July 2007 |volume=104 |issue=29 |pages=11865–11866 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0704795104 |pmid=17620616 |pmc=1924572 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10411865S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=Alan L.|title=A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations|year=2001|publisher=IOP Publishing Ltd|location=Bristol|isbn=9780750301060|pages=209–210|edition=2, Reprinted|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwESE88CGa8C|orig-year=1977}}</ref>

[[File:Plaque (1) of Ronald Ross Memorial, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Plaque from the Ronald Ross Memorial, [[Kolkata]]]]

<blockquote>
This day relenting God 
Hath placed within my hand 
A wondrous thing; and God 
Be praised. At His command, 
Seeking His secret deeds 
With tears and toiling breath, 
I find thy cunning seeds, 
O million-murdering Death. 
I know this little thing 
A myriad men will save. 
O Death, where is thy sting? 
Thy victory, O Grave? 
</blockquote>

==== Discovery of malaria transmission in birds ====
[[File:Sir R. Ross on steps of laboratory in Calcutta, 1898 Wellcome L0011943.jpg|thumb|right| Ross, Mrs Ross, Mahomed Bux, and two other assistants at [[David Douglas Cunningham|Cunningham's]] laboratory of Presidency Hospital in Calcutta]]

In September 1897, Ross was transferred to Bombay, from where he was subsequently sent to malaria-free [[Kherwara]] in [[Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan]]). Frustrated by lack of work, he threatened to resign from the service as he felt that it was a death blow to his research. It was only on the representation of Patrick Manson that the government arranged for his continued service in Calcutta on "special duty".<ref name=cdc/> On 17 February 1898, he arrived in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), to work in the [[Presidency General Hospital]] (now [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital]]).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Dutta|first=A.|title=Where Ronald Ross (1857–1932) worked: the discovery of malarial transmission and the Plasmodium life cycle|journal=Journal of Medical Biography|year=2009|volume=17|issue=2|pages=120–122|doi=10.1258/jmb.2009.009004|pmid=19401518|s2cid=207200295}}</ref>

Ross immediately carried out research in malaria and [[Visceral leishmaniasis]] (also known as kala azar), for which he was assigned. He was given the use of Surgeon-Lieutenant-General Cunningham's laboratory for his research. He had no success with malarial patients because they were always immediately given medication. He built a bungalow with a laboratory at Mahanad village, where he would stay from time to time to collect mosquitoes in and around the village. He employed Mahomed (or Muhammed) Bux and Purboona (who deserted him after the first payday). As Calcutta was not a malarious place, Manson persuaded him to use birds, as being used by other scientists such as [[Vasily Danilewsky]] in Russia and [[William George MacCallum]] in America. Ross complied but with a complaint that he "did not need to be in India to study bird malaria". By March he began to see results on bird parasites, very closely related to the [[Plasmodium vivax|human malarial parasites]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Ronald|title=Report on the cultivation of protesoma, Labbé, in grey mosquitoes|year=1898|publisher=Superintendent of Govt. Printing|location=Calcutta|pages=1–2|url=http://digital.nls.uk/74580818}}</ref>

Using more convenient model of birds (infected sparrows), by July 1898 Ross established the importance of culex mosquitoes as intermediate hosts in [[avian malaria]]. On 4 July he discovered that the [[salivary gland]] was the storage sites of malarial parasites in the mosquito. By 8 July he was convinced that the parasites are released from the salivary gland during biting. He later demonstrated the transmission of malarial parasite from mosquitoes (in this case ''[[Culex]]'' species) to healthy sparrows from an infected one, thus, establishing the complete life cycle of malarial parasite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Frank F |title=On the Centenary of Sir Ronald Ross's Discovery of the Role of the Mosquito in the Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=22 June 2016 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1177/096777209700500403 |pmid=11619711 |s2cid=32233983 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bynum |first1=WF |title=Ronald Ross and the malaria-mosquito cycle. |journal=Parassitologia |date=September 1999 |volume=41 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–52 |pmid=10697833 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Agneish |title=Where Ronald Ross (1857-1932) worked: the discovery of malarial transmission and the Plasmodium life cycle |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=28 April 2009 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=120–122 |doi=10.1258/jmb.2009.009004 |pmid=19401518 |s2cid=207200295 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=G.C. |title=Ronald Ross (1857–1932): 100 years since the demonstration of mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp.—on 20 August 1897 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=July 1997 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90295-9 |pmid=9373663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Capanna |first1=E |title=Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria? |journal=International Microbiology |date=March 2006 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=69–74 |pmid=16636993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6 |pmid=18940418 |isbn=9780123743398 |chapter=Chapter 1 Introduction |title=Reflections on a Century of Malaria Biochemistry |series=Advances in Parasitology |year=2008 |last1=Sherman |first1=Irwin W. |volume=67 |pages=1–402 }}</ref>

In September 1898 he went to southern [[Assam]] in ([[northeast India]]) to study an epidemic of Visceral leishmaniasis. He was invited to work there by Graham Col Ville Ramsay, the second Medical Officer of the Labac Tea Estate Hospital. (His microscope and medicals tools are still preserved, and his sketches of mosquitoes are still on display at the hospital.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|title=Laboc Hospital – A Noble Prize Winner's Workplace|publisher=easternpanorama.in|access-date=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105175214/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10|archive-date=5 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=doctorsoumya|number=916517954501537792|title=Ronald Ross worked here in Silchar- his chair and microscope intact, as well as drawings of mosquitoes! Should be a museum, not working lab!|date=7 October 2017|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> However, he utterly failed as he believed that the kala-azar parasite (''[[Leishmania donovani]]'', the very scientific name he later gave in 1903) was transmitted by a mosquito, which he refers to as ''Anopheles rossi'' (scientific name given by G.M. Giles).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Ronald |date=1902-12-12 |title=Researches on malaria (Nobel Lecture) |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ross-lecture.pdf |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Nobel Prize}}</ref> (It is now known that [[kala azar]] is transmitted by [[sandfly|sandflies]].)

=== England ===
[[File:Ronald Ross 18 Cavendish Square blue plaque.jpg|thumb|Blue plaque, 18 Cavendish Square, London]]

In 1899, Ross resigned from the Indian Medical Service and went to England to join the faculty of the [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]] as a lecturer. He continued to work on prevention of malaria in different parts of the world, including [[West Africa]], the [[Suez Canal]] zone,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/ammp/resources/ross443|title=My experiences in Panama / Sir Ronald Ross 1916|publisher=National Library of Medicine}}</ref> [[Greece]], [[Mauritius]], [[Cyprus]], and in the areas affected by the [[First World War]]. He also established organisations for fighting malaria in India and Sri Lanka. In 1902, Ross was awarded the [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]]. He was appointed as Professor and Chair of Tropical Medicine of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in 1902, which he held up to 1912. In 1912 he was appointed Physician for Tropical Diseases at [[King's College Hospital]] in London, and simultaneously hold the Chair of Tropical Sanitation in Liverpool. He remained in these posts until 1917 when he became (honorary) Consultant in [[Malariology]] in [[British War Office]]. He travelled to [[Thessaloniki]] and Italy in November to advise and on the way, "in a landlocked bay close to the Leucadian Rock (where Sappho is supposed to have drowned herself)", his ship escaped a torpedo attack.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sir Ronald Ross, 1857 - 1933 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=January 1997 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=108–115 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006 |jstor=768746 |author1=G. H. F. N |doi-access=free }}</ref> Between 1918 and 1926 he worked as Consultant in Malaria in the [[Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance]].

Ross developed mathematical models for the study of malaria [[epidemiology]], which he initiated in his report on Mauritius in 1908. He elaborated the concept in his book ''The Prevention of Malaria'' in 1910<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Ronald|title=The Prevention of Malaria|date=1910|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001587831|publisher=Dutton}}</ref> (2nd edition in 1911) and further elaborated in a more generalised form in scientific papers published by the [[Royal Society]] in 1915 and 1916; some of his epidemiology work was developed with mathematician [[Hilda Phoebe Hudson|Hilda Hudson]]. These papers represented a profound mathematical interest which was not confined to epidemiology, but led him to make material contributions to both pure and applied mathematics.

Ross was one of the supporters of [[Sir William Osler]] in the founding of the [[History of Medicine Society]] in 1912, and in 1913 was the history of medicine section's vice-president.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of The Royal Society of Medicine|last=Hunting|first=Penelope|publisher=Royal Society of Medicine Press|year=2002|isbn=1853154970|pages=330–333}}</ref> Between 1913 and 1917, he received some financial support from [[Edwin Durning-Lawrence|Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence]], and led experiments at the Marcus Beck laboratory in the [[Royal Society of Medicine]] building at 1 Wimpole Street, London.<ref name=Nye1997>{{cite book |last1=Nye |first1=E. |last2=Gibson |first2=M. |title=Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath: A Biography |date=1997 |publisher=Springer |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-230-37754-7 |pages=261–276 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDNaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |language=en |chapter=16. Ross and the Royal Society of Medicine}}</ref>

==== Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases ====

The Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases was founded in 1926 and established at Bath House, a grand house with keeper's lodge and large grounds adjacent to Tibbet's Corner at [[Putney Heath#Putney Heath|Putney Heath]]. The hospital was opened by the then [[Prince of Wales]], the future King Edward VIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html |title=1920 History Timeline | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | LSHTM |publisher=Timeline.lshtm.ac.uk |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Ross assumed the post of Director-in-Chief until his death.<ref name=london/> The institute was later incorporated into the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] in Keppel Street. Bath House was later demolished and mansion flats built on the property. In memory of its history and owner the block was named Ross Court. Within the grounds an older dwelling, Ross Cottage, remains.

== Nobel Prize ==
{{Main|Nobel Prize controversies}}
[[File:Ronald Ross 4.jpg|thumb|Ronald Ross]]
Ronald Ross was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the [[Plasmodium|life cycle of the malarial parasite]] in birds. He did not build his concept of malarial transmission in humans, but in birds.<ref name=rajkumar/> Ross was the first to show that malarial parasite was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, in his case the avian ''[[Plasmodium relictum]]''. In 1897, an Italian physician and zoologist [[Giovanni Battista Grassi]], along with his colleagues, had established the [[Life cycle of a malarial parasite|developmental stages of malaria parasites in anopheline mosquitoes]]; and they described the complete life cycles of ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]'', ''P. vivax'' and ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]'' the following year.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Baccetti B|year=2008 |title=History of the early dipteran systematics in Italy: from Lyncei to Battista Grassi| journal=Parassitologia |volume=50| issue=3–4|pages=167–172 |pmid= 20055226}}</ref><ref name="Cox 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Francis E.G. |year=2010 |title=History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors|journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/1756-3305-3-5 |pmid=20205846 |pmc=2825508 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

When the 1902 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was considered, the [[Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Committee]] initially intended the prize to be shared between Ross and Grassi, however Ross accused Grassi of deliberate fraud. The weight of favour ultimately fell on Ross, largely due to the influences of [[Robert Koch]], the appointed neutral arbitrator in the committee; as reported, "Koch threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not deserve the honor".<ref>{{cite book| author= Esch GW|title=Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise|year= 2007| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=88RH-7br9OAC|pages= 137–138| publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-1394-6-4109}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Ronald Ross was noted to be eccentric and egocentric, described as an "impulsive man"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bynum |first=W. F. |date=1998 |title=Review of Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath—A Biography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44445103 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=562–564 |jstor=44445103 |issn=0007-5140}}</ref> or an "impulsive genius."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Rakin |date=2020-02-05 |title=An Impulsive Genius: Sir Ronald Ross |url=https://www.blcircadian.com/articles/an-impulsive-genius-sir-ronald-ross |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Circadian |language=en-GB}}</ref> His professional life appeared to be in constant feud with his students, colleagues, and fellow scientists.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCallum |first=Jack E. |title=Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century |url=https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205 |url-access=limited|publisher=Abc-Clio |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1-8510-9693-0 |pages=273–274, [https://archive.org/details/militarymedicine00mcca_205/page/n295 295] |edition=1st|year=2007}}</ref> His personal vendetta with G. B. Grassi became a legendary tale in science. He was openly envious of his mentor Patrick Manson's affluence from private practices. His ''Memories of Sir Patrick Manson'' (1930) was a direct attempt to belittle Manson's influences on his works on malaria.<ref name=lavery/> He hardly had good ties with the administration of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, complaining of being underpaid. He resigned twice, and was eventually discharged without any pension.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bynum |first1=William F. |title=Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath: A Biography |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1998 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=562–564 |doi=10.1353/bhm.1998.0144 |s2cid=73351882 }}</ref>

[[File:Ronald Ross grave Putney Vale 2014.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A horizontal gravestone, badly dilapidated and with grass growing among the cracks|Ross's grave at [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], London in 2014]]
Ross was frequently embittered by lack of government support (what he called "administrative barbarism")<ref name=kakk/> for scientists in medical research. In 1928 he advertised his papers for sale in the journal ''Science Progress in the Twentieth Century'' (1919–1933), with a statement that the money was for financial support of his wife and family. Lady Houston bought them for £2000, and offered them to the [[British Museum]], which turned her down for various reasons. The papers are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name=cdc/><ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/library-archives-service/archives|title=LSHTM Archives Service Homepage|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-10-04}}</ref> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name=rcpsg>{{cite web |url=https://heritage.rcpsg.ac.uk/tld-rcpsg009 |title=RCPSG/9 - Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932), surgeon |access-date=13 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1889 Ross married Rosa Bessie Bloxam (d.1931). They had two daughters, Dorothy (1891–1947) and Sylvia (1893–1925), and two sons, Ronald Campbell (1895–1914) and Charles Claye (1901–1966). His wife died in 1931. Ronald and Sylvia pre-deceased him too: Ronald was killed at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]] on 26 August 1914.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/98140820@N03/9342544138/in/photolist-feyYTd Sherborne School Book of Remembrance on Flickr]</ref> Ross died at the hospital of his namesake after a long illness and [[asthma]] attack. He was buried at the nearby [[Putney Vale Cemetery]], next to his wife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/339/000094057/|work=NNDB|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RONALD ROSS (1857–1932)|url=http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/ronaldross.html|work=zephyrus|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=GC|title=The grave of Sir Ronald Ross FRS (1857–1932)|journal=The Lancet|year=1999|volume=354|issue=9184|pages=1128|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76928-2|pmid=10509539|s2cid=5106342|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Ronald Ross Memorial.jpg|thumb|right| Ronald Ross Memorial, [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital]], [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Ronald Ross 5a.jpg|thumb|Ronald Ross Plaque at PG Hospital]]
[[File:Ronald Ross 1.jpg|thumb|Plaque of the discovery of transmission of [[Malaria]] at [[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]]]]

A small memorial on the walls of [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital, Calcutta]] commemorates Ross's discovery. The memorial was unveiled by Ross himself, in the presence of Lord Lytton, on 7 January 1927.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Our Bureau|title=Malaria Poser Sting in Court|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140704/jsp/calcutta/story_18580152.jsp#.VPHjYixGQr0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153459/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140704/jsp/calcutta/story_18580152.jsp#.VPHjYixGQr0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 February 2015|issue=My Kolkata|publisher=The Telegraph|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> The laboratory where Ross worked has been transferred into a malaria clinic named after him. There is also a plaque on the outer wall.<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=How Ronald Ross linked the mosquito bite to malaria parasites |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/how-ronald-ross-linked-the-mosquito-bite-to-malaria-parasites/cid/1960055 |access-date=21 August 2023 |issue=My Kolkata|publisher=The Telegraph|date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Sir Ronald Ross .jpg|alt=Sir Ronald Ross's name on LSHTM|thumb|Sir Ronald Ross's name on LSHTM]]
Sir Ronald Ross is one of 23 names to feature on the frieze of [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], pioneers chosen for their contributions to public health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/introducing/history/frieze/sir-ronald-ross|title=Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) {{!}} LSHTM|website=LSHTM|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref>

A novel, ''[[The Calcutta Chromosome]]'' by [[Amitav Ghosh]], published in 1995 is based on the life of Ross in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyal |first=Kritika |date=2013 |title=The Calcutta Chromosome |journal=Annals of Neurosciences |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=36 |doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200112 |pmc=4117097}}</ref>

[[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]] is the building in [[Begumpet]] where Ross made the discovery that malaria was transmitted by the female [[anopheles mosquito]] on 20 August. 20 August later came to known as the [[World Mosquito Day]]. The lab has been transformed into a small museum exhibiting photos of Ross and his family. Various charts and diagrams explain Ross' work on malaria and its transmission.<ref name="Datta"/>

== Books ==

*''Report on Cholera, General Sanitation, and the Sanitary Department and Regulations, in the C. & M. Station of Bangalore'' (1896)
*''Report on the Cultivation of Proteosoma Labbé, in Grey Mosquitoes'' (1898). Digitised version available from [[National Library of Scotland]].
*''Report on the Nature of Kala-azar'' (1899). Digitised version available from National Library of Scotland.
*''Malarial Fever: Its Cause, Prevention and Treatment; Containing Full Details for the Use of Travellers, Sportsmen, Soldiers, and Residents in Malarious Places'' (1902)
*''First Progress Report of the Campaign Against Mosquitoes in Sierra Leone'' (with Charles Wilberforce Daniels) (1902)
*''Notes on the Parasites of Mosquitoes Found in India Between 1895 and 1899''
*''Hygiene for Indian Scholars''
*''Note on the Bodies Recently Described by Leishman and Donovan'' (1903)
*''Further Notes on Leishman's Bodies'' (1903)
*''Report on Malaria at Ismailia and Suez'' (1903)
*''Leishmania Donovani Found in Kala-azar'' (1904)
*''Researches on Malaria'' (1905)
*''Note on a Flagellate Parasite Found in Culex Fatigans'' (1906)
*''Malaria in Greece'' (1909)
*''Missionaries and the Campaign Against Malaria'' (1910)
*''A Case of Sleeping Sickness Studied by Precise Enumerative Methods: Regular Periodical Increase of the Parasites Disclosed'' (with David Thomson) (1910)
*''Discussion on the Treatment of Malaria'' (1918)
*''Mosquitoes and Malaria in Britain'' (1918)
*''Suggestions for the Care of Malaria Patients'' (1919)
*''Observations on malaria'' (1919)
*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009023853 ''Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and Its Solution''] (1923)
*''Malaria-control in Ceylon Plantations'' (1926)
*''Solid Space-algebra: The Systems of Hamilton and Grassmann Combined'' (1929)
*''A Summary of Facts Regarding Malaria Suitable for Public Instruction'' (with [[Malcolm Watson]]) (1930)
*''Memories of Sir Patrick Manson'' (1930)
*''The solution of equations by iteration'' (with William Stott) (1930)
*''A Priori Pathometry'' (with [[Hilda Phoebe Hudson]]) (1931)
*''Mosquito Brigades and How to Organise Them'' {{ISBN|978-1-2905-5311-7}}

== Literary works ==

Ross was a prolific writer. He habitually wrote poems on most of the important events in his life. His poetic works gained him wide acclaim and they reflect his medical service, [[travel literature|travelogue]], philosophical and scientific thoughts. Many of his poems are collected in his ''Selected Poems'' (1928) and ''In Exile'' (1931). Some of his notable books are ''The Child of Ocean'' (1899 and 1932), ''The Revels of Orsera'', ''The Spirit of Storm'', ''Fables and Satires'' (1930), ''Lyra Modulatu'' (1931), and five mathematical works (1929–1931). He also compiled an extensive account ''The Prevention of Malaria'' in 1910 and another ''Studies on Malaria'' in 1928. He published his autobiography ''Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and its Solution'' (547 pages long) in 1923. He carefully saved virtually everything about himself: correspondence, telegrams, newspaper cuttings, drafts of published and unpublished material, and all manner of ephemera.<ref name=kakk/>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Ronald Ross plaque, Johnston Building, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|Plaque at Liverpool University – on the Johnston Building, formerly the Johnston Laboratories, near Ashton Street, [[Liverpool]]]]
[[File:Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.JPG|thumb|Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]

Ronald Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronald Ross – Facts|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-facts.html|publisher=Nobel Media AB|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

20 August is celebrated by [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]] as ''[[World Mosquito Day]]'' to commemorate Ross's discovery in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Mosquito Day|url=http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|publisher=Malaria No More UK|access-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095757/http://malarianomore.org.uk/world-mosquito-day|archive-date=2 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, Ross's name, along with 22 other pioneers of public health and tropical medicine, appears on the School's Frieze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|title=Behind the Frieze {{!}} London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine {{!}} LSHTM.|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-03-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001531/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/history/frieze/|archive-date=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The papers of Sir Ronald Ross are now preserved by the [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]<ref name="cdc" /><ref name="O" /> and the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref name="rcpsg" />

He was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1901|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1901]] and of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] in the same year. He was appointed vice-president of the [[Royal Society]] from 1911 to 1913. In 1902 he was appointed a Companion of the Most Honourable [[Order of the Bath]] by King Edward VII. In 1911 he was promoted to the rank of [[Knight Commander of the Bath|Knight Commander of the same Order]]. He was also decorated with the title Officer of the [[Order of Leopold II]] of Belgium.<ref name="cdc" />

Ross received honorary membership of learned societies of most countries in Europe, and elsewhere. He got an honorary M.D. degree in [[Stockholm]] in 1910 at the centenary celebration of the [[Caroline Institute]] and his 1923 autobiography ''Memoirs ''was awarded that year's [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]]. While his vivacity and single-minded search for truth caused friction with some people, he enjoyed a vast circle of friends in Europe, Asia and the United States who respected him for his personality as well as for his genius.<ref name="cdc" />

In India, Ross is remembered with great respect as a result of his work on malaria, the deadly epidemic which used to claim thousands of lives every year. There are roads named after him in many Indian towns and cities. In [[Calcutta]] the road linking [[Presidency General Hospital]] with [[Kidderpore]] Road has been renamed after him as Sir Ronald Ross Sarani. Earlier this road was known as Hospital Road. In his memory, the regional infectious disease hospital at [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] was named [[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases]]. The building where he worked and actually discovered the malarial parasite, located in Secunderabad near the [[Begumpet Airport]], is a declared a heritage site and the road leading up to the building is named Sir Ronald Ross Road.

In [[Ludhiana]], [[Christian Medical College Ludhiana|Christian Medical College]] has named its hostel as "Ross Hostel". The young medics often refer to themselves as "Rossians".

The [[University of Surrey]], UK, has named a road after him in its Manor Park Residences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manor Park Residences|publisher=University of Surrey|url=http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ACCOM/UG/ARRIVAL/MANOR_PARK_WIDE.PDF|access-date=31 August 2009|archive-date=19 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219205531/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ACCOM/UG/ARRIVAL/MANOR_PARK_WIDE.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ronald Ross Primary School near [[Wimbledon Common]] is named after him. The school's crest includes a mosquito in one quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ronaldross.org.uk/ |title=Ronald Ross Primary School – Home |publisher=Ronaldross.org.uk |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

[[Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology]] was established in memory of Ronald Ross in Hyderabad, under [[Osmania University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/ |title=Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitoloy |publisher=Osmania.ac.in |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2010 the [[University of Liverpool]] named its new biological science building "The Ronald Ross Building" in his honour. His grandson David Ross inaugurated it. The building is home to the university's facility for the Institute of Infection and Global Health.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opening of The Ronald Ross Building|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/infection-and-global-health/news/articles/gallery-opening-of-the-ronald-ross-building/|access-date=31 January 2014|date=10 October 2010|publisher=Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal bar|Poetry|Biography}}

*[[Mosquito-malaria theory]]
* [[Albert Freeman Africanus King]]
* [[Paul de Kruif]]
* ''[[Plasmodium]]''
* [[History of malaria]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

*{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Ronald|title=Memoirs, with a full account of the great malaria problem and its solution|orig-year=1923|publisher=Nabu Press (originally John Murray, London)|location=South Carolina|isbn=978-1179199481|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oJvRAAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last1=de Kruif|first1=Paul|title=Microbe Hunters|year=1996|publisher=A Harvest Book|location=San Diego|isbn=978-0-15-602777-9|pages=256–285|orig-year=1926|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH24vLpivRgC}}
*Malcolm Watson (1930). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ77MgEACAAJ&dq Ronald Ross, 1857–1932]''. Reprinted from ''Science Progress.''
*James Oram Dobson (1934). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXwXAQAAMAAJ&q Ronald Ross, dragon slayer: a short account of a great discovery and of the man who made it]''. Student Christian Movement Press, p. 112
*{{cite book|last=Nye|first=Edwin R.|title=Ronald Ross : Malariologist and Polymath : a Biography|year=1997|publisher=St. Martin's Press, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-312-16296-0|author2=Gibson, Mary E.}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bynum|first1=William F.|last2=Overy|first2=Caroline|title=The Beast in the Mosquito: the Correspondence of Ronald Ross and Patrick Manson|year=1998|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-9-0420-0731-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VJUrOwWO7UC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=G.C.|title=Tropical Medicine an Illustrated History of the Pioneers|year=2007|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-08-055939-1|pages=68–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iB_ibIXxhOMC}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ronald Ross}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=44647}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Ross, Ronald|name=Ronald Ross|author=yes}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064138/Sir-Ronald-Ross Biography] in The Britannica Encyclopedia
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110324212653/http://www.liv.ac.uk/precinct/jan2002/9.html Unveiling of a 'Blue Plaque' memorial to Ross at the University of Liverpool's Johnston Laboratories where he had worked]
* [http://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?countryid=580&chapterid=181&picid=8&picturesize=medium Commemorative inscription]
* [http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/ronaldross.html Anecdotes from Ronald Ross' life]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614023439/http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_6-5.htm Ross and the Birds] in Steven Lehrer's website (archive)
* [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1901/10'&dsqDb=Catalog Royal Society citation (1901)]
* {{Nobelprize}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/ross.htm Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites]
* Ross's three part paper on the theory of epidemics is available on the web
** {{Cite journal | last1 = Ross | first1 = R. | title = An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a priori Pathometry. Part I | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1916.0007 | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 638 | pages = 204–226 | year = 1916 |bibcode = 1916RSPSA..92..204R | doi-access = free }}
** {{Cite journal | last1 = Ross | first1 = R. | last2 = Hudson | first2 = H. P. | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1917.0014 | title = An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a priori Pathometry. Part II | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences | volume = 93 | issue = 650 | pages = 212–225 | year = 1917 |bibcode = 1917RSPSA..93..212R | doi-access = free }}
** {{Cite journal | last1 = Ross | first1 = R. | last2 = Hudson | first2 = H. P. | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1917.0008 | title = An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a Priori Pathometry.--Part III | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 89 | issue = 621 | pages = 507 | year = 1917 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1432021 | bibcode = 1917RSPSB..89R.507R | doi-access = free }}
* {{Librivox author}}
* {{PM20}}

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{1902 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross, Ronald}}
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Engeyum Kadhal

2026-03-24T07:34:04Z

Portileostah: new

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Engeyum Kadhal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prabhu Deva]]
| story = A. C. Mugil Ravi Chakravarthy Jayakannan [[Premsai]]
| producer = Kalpathi S. Aghoram Kalpathi S. Ganesh Kalpathi S. Suresh
| starring = [[Ravi Mohan]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2011|5|6|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Engeyum Kadhal''''' ({{Translation|Love is Everywhere}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Prabhu Deva]] from a story written by A. C. Mugil, Ravi Chakravarthy, Jayakannan and [[Premsai]]. Produced by [[AGS Entertainment]], the film stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi) and [[Hansika Motwani]] in lead roles. In the film, an Indian girl living in France falls in love with a wealthy Indian man.

The film was announced in October 2009 and was known under the title ''Ich'', before being changed to the current title. Filming began in April 2010 and completed that November, where it was predominantly shot in [[Paris]], and two songs were shot in [[Santorini]] and [[New Zealand]]. The film features music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], cinematography handled by [[Nirav Shah]] and editing done by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].

The film, distributed by [[Sun Pictures]], was released on 6 May 2011. It was nominated for two [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] and [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] each, three [[Vijay Awards]] and won an [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award]].

== Plot ==
The film is set in France and Italy. Kamal, a young billionaire, doesn't believe in love. He works hard for 11 months and takes a month's break from all the work related commitments. Celloist Kayalvizhi (Kayal for short or Lolita for Kamal) believes in true love and is highly fascinated with Indian culture. Then she sees Kamal one day and it is [[love at first sight]] for her, but before she can follow him he gets into his car and goes away. Her father Rajasekhar runs a small detective agency in France and Kayal often reads her father's case files for interesting stories. One day, Rajasekhar gets a new client who wants to know about his girlfriend's mystery man. After a brief investigation, Rajasekhar finds that his client's girl friend is dating Kamal.

Sonu{{clarify|date=February 2026}} gets angry and decides to kill Kamal. Kayal overhears the conversation and deciding to save them, rushes to their hotel. Sonu has sent some men to kill Kamal and he is on his way there. When Kayal reaches Kamal's room she finds the door locked from inside. Without knowing what to do Kayal tries to get inside through the balcony. When she was about to enter she hears a gunshot and faints in the balcony. By this time Sonu's girlfriend has escaped from there. Just when Kamal is about to win the fight Sonu enters the room and threatens Kamal with a gun. Then he searches for his girlfriend he cannot find her, instead he find Kayal in the balcony. Then he thinks that Rajasekar has made a mistake and apologises to Kamal. Understanding that Kayal has saved him, he tries to get to know her better during their incidental meetings and, even though Kayal tries to resist, she cannot. Kamal leaves Paris for some board meetings and Kayal is heart broken.

When he returns he does not remember her immediately even though she has been waiting for him. Kayal tries to make Kamal love her by pretending to have many boyfriends. Kamal does get a bit jealous and he decides to get a detective to know everything about her and her possible boyfriends. Initially the detective he chooses is Rajasekar Kayal's dad. Kamal does not know Kayal's name, but he says about all her fake boyfriends. Rajasekar realises that the girl's boyfriends' names are same as the names of the people in his case files realises that Kamal is actually inquiring about his daughter, Kayal, as only she has seen them. He tells Kamal about it and asks him to leave his daughter as he always does when someone falls in love with him. Kamal agrees and tells Kayal that he will be leaving for Germany and that he does not know when he will return. Kayal is heartbroken. Kamal tries to forget her but find that he cannot as he realises that he too loves her. So he returns to Paris and finds her. But Kayal is angry with him and walks away. Kamal runs after her saying that he is in love with her and will never leave her and they will be together thereafter.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=50%}}
;Opening credits<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Engeyum Kadhal |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[AGS Entertainment]] |year=2011 |via=[[Sun NXT]]}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as R. Kamal
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Kayalvizhi (Lolita)
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Raju Sundaram]] as Raju
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Rajasekhar's client
* Kotapadi J. Rajesh as Rajesh
{{col-break|width=20%}}
;Uncredited<ref name="movie" />
* Marion Arnaud as Raju's girlfriend
* [[Prakash Raj]] as himself
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as the narrator
{{col-break|width=25%}}
;Special appearances in the song "Dhimu Dhimu"
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Kamal's mother
* [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] as Kamal's MD
* [[J. Rajiv Choudhry]] as Kamal's father
{{col-end}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In 2008, [[AGS Entertainment]] agreed to finance a film starring [[Ravi Mohan]], and directed by [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 July 2015 |title=Cracking the bro code |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/director-raja-on-his-family-and-thani-oruvan/article7464506.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104232514/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/director-raja-on-his-family-and-thani-oruvan/article7464506.ece |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In October 2009, it was reported that Ravi, who was already signed on to ''Kannabiran'', directed by [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]], opted to prioritise Prabhu Deva's film due to the other film's perceived delay in start.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2009 |title=Prabhudeva to direct 'Jeyam' Ravi |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/Prabhudeva-to-direct-Jeyam-Ravi/20091624041642.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403122247/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/Prabhudeva-to-direct-Jeyam-Ravi/20091624041642.col |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Prabhu described the film as a love story revolving around a man who raised in a foreign country and a girl born abroad but fascinated with Indian culture, and how the two people meet and fall in love with each other. Prabhu stated that, "Usually, the boy falls for the girl, but in this film it is the other way round. So the hero has to look irresistible".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=19 March 2011 |title=Love, everywhere |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Love-everywhere/article14953653.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111034230/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Love-everywhere/article14953653.ece |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's technical crew consisted of musician [[Harris Jayaraj]], cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]], editor Anthony and art director Nagu. Former actor [[Premsai]] co-wrote the script with A. C. Mugil, Ravi Chakravarthy and Jayakannan, and also served as the co-director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 May 2011 |title=Itsy-Bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy/article2018686.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125011739/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsybitsy/article2018686.ece |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film was initially developed under the title ''Ich'', but was renamed ''Engeyum Kadhal''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2010 |title=Prabhu's next is itching for change? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/prabhus-next-is-itching-for-change/articleshow/6506527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830040713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/prabhus-next-is-itching-for-change/articleshow/6506527.cms |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2010 |title=Prabhu Deva's 'ICH' becomes 'Engeyum Kadhal' |url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/09/14/prabhu-deva's-'ich'-becomes-'engeyum-kadhal' |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220155231/http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/09/14/prabhu-deva%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98ich%E2%80%99-becomes-%E2%80%98engeyum-kadhal%E2%80%99 |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |website=Cinefundas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2010 |title=Ich becomes Engeyum Kaadhal |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/moreheadlines.php?ctid=2&cid=2363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915085918/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/moreheadlines.php?ctid=2&cid=2363 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Ravi plays the role of Kamal, a young billionaire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2011 |title=Gangsta or lover-boy? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Apr/13/gangsta-or-lover-boy-244269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220142111/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Apr/13/gangsta-or-lover-boy-244269.html |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Since Ravi had lost nearly 12 kilograms (26 lb) for ''[[Peraanmai]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |last2=J. Rao |first2=Subha |date=3 January 2015 |title=The Six Pack Diaries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-six-pack-diaries/article6751499.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725110206/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-six-pack-diaries/article6751499.ece |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Deva felt the look was ideal for the role and was further advised to remove his moustache to make him look younger.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2010 |title=In pursuit of facial hair |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Dec/14/in-pursuit-of-facial-hair-210964.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220144112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Dec/14/in-pursuit-of-facial-hair-210964.html |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> For the lead actress, 158 women were auditioned for the role before [[Hansika Motwani]] was selected.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=21 May 2011 |title=Language no bar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/language-no-bar/article2037959.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516133046/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/language-no-bar/article2037959.ece |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This was her sophomore Tamil film after [[Mappillai (2011 film)|''Mappillai'']] (2019) and she plays the role of Kayalvizhi, a modern girl.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=2 April 2011 |title=Starting out big |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Starting-out-big/article14668229.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220144713/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Starting-out-big/article14668229.ece |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> As she was unfamiliar with Tamil, Motwani had to learn the language during the breaks of the filming schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Hansika learns Tamil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/May/26/hansika-learns-tamil-156283.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220144802/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/May/26/hansika-learns-tamil-156283.html |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]] dubbed for Motwani.<ref name="R" /> The film did not feature any primary antagonists. Prabhu's brother [[Raju Sundaram]] was selected to play Ravi's friend, and was the sole comedic actor in the film as Prabhu denied casting any comedic actors in the film.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=4 May 2011 |title=Love is universal: Prabhu Deva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-is-universal-prabhu-deva/articleshow/8151621.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220101607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-is-universal-prabhu-deva/articleshow/8151621.cms |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prabhu appeared in a cameo in the song "Engeyum Kadhal" though he was not credited.<ref name=":1" /> [[Prakash Raj]] also appeared in a small cameo.<ref name="movie" />

=== Filming ===
{{Blockquote|text="In France, you see lovers everywhere — holding hands on the roads, at the restaurants and in the malls. After deciding on the story, we felt France was the best place to shoot the film."|author=Prabhu Deva|source=on the location scouting for ''Engeyum Kadhal''<ref name=":0" />}}
After Prabhu and Jayaraj completed the music sessions in [[Sydney]], [[principal photography]] began in April 2010. Prabhu planned to shoot major portions of the film in Paris, with the first schedule beginning in [[French Riviera]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=14 February 2010 |title=Hansika is ‘Ich’ing to start |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hansika-is-iching-to-start/articleshow/5569286.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220131410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hansika-is-iching-to-start/articleshow/5569286.cms |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the filming schedule, Prabhu praised Motwani's commitment for filming a sequence which was delayed by two days to heavy rains there and on the third day, she had shot for 15 hours to not ensure any further delays.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2010 |title=Showbitz |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Showbitz/article16260684.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220152822/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Showbitz/article16260684.ece |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2010 |title=Hansika is an upcoming star: Prabhu Deva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hansika-is-an-upcoming-star-prabhu-deva/articleshow/6901287.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220145025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/hansika-is-an-upcoming-star-prabhu-deva/articleshow/6901287.cms |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The entire Paris portions were shot within 46–53 days.{{Efn|Motwani claimed that while the Paris portions were shot within 46 days, whereas Prabhu claimed it took them 53 days to shoot those sequences.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2010 |title=Dhanush's shy and soft spoken: Hansika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-shy-and-soft-spoken-hansika/articleshow/6432664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823010658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-shy-and-soft-spoken-hansika/articleshow/6432664.cms |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}} The song "Nenjil Nenjil" was shot at [[Santorini]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engeyum Kadhal (2011 Tamil film) |url=https://elinepa.org/engeyum-kadhal-2011-tamil-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128130120/https://elinepa.org/engeyum-kadhal-2011-tamil-film/ |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=elinepa.org}}</ref> and "Thee Illai" was shot in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2010 |title=Fingers crossed for Hansika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fingers-crossed-for-hansika/articleshow/6803572.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330161616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fingers-crossed-for-hansika/articleshow/6803572.cms |archive-date=30 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming was completed in November 2010 after the song shoot was wrapped.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=9 November 2010 |title=Jayam Ravi & Hansika off to New Zealand |url=http://sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-hansika-off-to-new-zealand-news-tamil-kljkaFagbcc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112060328/http://sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-hansika-off-to-new-zealand-news-tamil-kljkaFagbcc.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

During the filming, there were rumours surrounding an affair between Prabhu and Motwani. The latter denied such claims saying that Prabhu was like an elder brother and a "mentor" to her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2010 |title=Actress denies affair with Prabhu Deva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Nov/29/actress-denies-affair-with-prabhu-deva-206761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923173952/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/nov/29/actress-denies-affair-with-prabhu-deva-206761.html |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2010 |title=Prabhu sir is my mentor: Hansika |url=http://sify.com/movies/prabhu-sir-is-my-mentor-hansika-news-tamil-kl3kuvfeafb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202032029/http://sify.com/movies/prabhu-sir-is-my-mentor-hansika-news-tamil-kl3kuvfeafb.html |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Priyanka Sundar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted that the film was inspired by [[Love in the Afternoon (1957 film)|''Love in the Afternoon'']] (1957) which described a relationship between a middle-aged American playboy [[business magnate]] and the young daughter of a private detective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=10 September 2017 |title=Happy Birthday Jayam Ravi: Here's a look at five unforgettable roles of the star |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/happy-birthday-jayam-ravi-heres-a-look-at-five-unforgettable-roles-of-the-star-4836885/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910094943/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/happy-birthday-jayam-ravi-heres-a-look-at-five-unforgettable-roles-of-the-star-4836885/ |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Engeyum Kadhal (soundtrack)}}
The music is scored by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The audio rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]]. The audio launch was held on 8 November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engeyum Kadhal audio launched |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/iengeyum-kadhali-audio-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-kljpawehhhfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516110908/https://www.sify.com/movies/iengeyum-kadhali-audio-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-kljpawehhhfsi.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Engeyum Kadhal'' was earlier scheduled to be released on 5 November 2010 coinciding with [[Diwali]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2010 |title=‘Manmadan Ambu’ skips Diwali line-up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/21/manmadan-ambu-skips-diwali-line-up-188877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220145052/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/21/manmadan-ambu-skips-diwali-line-up-188877.html |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but was delayed as one song had to be shot.<ref name=":3" /> Though Motwani hoped that the film would be released durinf the [[Valentine's Day]] weekend in February 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Romantic flicks to welcome Valentine's Day |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jan/27/romantic-flicks-to-welcome-valentines-day-222521.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220145103/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jan/27/romantic-flicks-to-welcome-valentines-day-222521.html |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> it was again delayed due to the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2011 |title=Kollywood- Summer of 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-summer-of-2011-news-tamil-lctl1pccgbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151053/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-summer-of-2011-news-tamil-lctl1pccgbg.html |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[Sun Pictures]] and was eventually released on 6 May.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Friday Fury - May 6 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-6-news-tamil-lfgk6Dghdfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508020730/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-6-news-tamil-lfgk6Dghdfe.html |archive-date=8 May 2011 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was dubbed in Telugu as ''Ninnu Choosthe Love Vasthundi''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Ninnu Chusthe Love Vasthundi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ninnu-chusthe-love-vasthundi/movie-review/12660742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127005017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ninnu-chusthe-love-vasthundi/movie-review/12660742.cms |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stating that "''Engeyum Kadhal'' is one of those movies that promises a lot, but delivers little. Watch the film only if you're in the mood for arm-chair travel to Paris and foot-tapping music".<ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=6 May 2011 |title=Review: Engeyum Kaadhal delivers little |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-engeyum-kaadhal/20110506.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814052232/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-engeyum-kaadhal/20110506.htm |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated that the film "tries too hard to maintain a tempo, but save for the crackling chemistry and some charming moments involving Ravi and Hansika, the film is just average".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engeyum Kaadhal |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14969223&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822044907/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14969223&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=22 August 2011 |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The director has exploited well the locales of exotic Paris and the result is the film has a colourful glossy look. But the style scores over content. What is dampening is the predictability of the sequence of events".<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2011 |title=Engeyum Kadhal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/May/09/engeyum-kadhal-251651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318124638/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/May/09/engeyum-kadhal-251651.html |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Nanditha Hariharan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Engeyum Kadhal'' has a lot of pink, hearts, red, mush, chocolates and all the Valentine's Day crap but absolutely no love."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hariharan |first=Nanditha |date=11 May 2011 |title=Syrupy love story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/syrupy-love-story/article2008776.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123135636/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nxg/syrupy-love-story/article2008776.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu version ''Ninnu Choosthe Love Vasthundi'', ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The music is the best part of the movie, however the extreme predictability of the narrative is what weighs it down".<ref name=":5" />

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|5 January 2012
|Best Choreographer
|[[Raju Sundaram]] – ("Nangaai")
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikatan Awards 2011 |url=http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302053835/http://indianmalaysian.com/2012/Star%202012/vikatan_awards.html |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=16 May 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |publisher=India Malaysia Online |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[The Times of India|The Chennai Times Film Awards]]
|22 June 2012
|Best Youth Film
|''Engeyum Kadhal'' – [[AGS Entertainment]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=The Chennai Times Film Awards 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/The-Chennai-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14318349.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/news-interviews/32353367_1_mankatha-video-ajith |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[59th Filmfare Awards South|7 July 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Thamarai]] – ("Engeyum Kadhal")
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=59th Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[Sun TV Network]] |date=7 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2012 |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards South (Winners list) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811102950/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-809.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811103446/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2011South/articleshow/14742576.cms |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|Richard – ("Nangaai")
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[92.7 Big FM|Big Tamil Melody Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |5 February 2012
|Best Music Director
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=30 June 2012 |title=Big Tamil Melody Awards: Big stars great melodies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jun/30/big-tamil-melody-awards-big-stars-great-melodies--382230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250331150308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jun/30/big-tamil-melody-awards-big-stars-great-melodies--382230.html |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Album of the Year
|''Engeyum Kadhal'' – [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|21{{ndash}}22 June 2012]]
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=28 June 2012 |title=The South Shines |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811115724/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-south-shines/article3581006.ece |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards: 2011 Winners |url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811120512/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2012&action=winners |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedian
|[[Raju Sundaram]]
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[6th Vijay Awards|16 June 2012]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2012 |title=6th Annual Vijay Awards: Complete list of winners |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811113839/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/6th-annual-vijay-awards-complete-list-of-winners-483185.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=6th Vijay Awards |series=Vijay Awards |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=30 June 2012 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] – ("Dhimu Dhimu")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
|[[Hansika Motwani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"Nangaai"
|{{nom}}
|}

== In other media ==
In a comedy sequence in ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' (2013), Kanthasamy ([[Aadukalam Naren]]) tells his daughter Chitra Devi Priya ([[Kajal Aggarwal]]) that she cannot sing well and laments on his reaction to her singing "Nangaai".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiNGnjU6xsk |title=Azhagu Raja - Back to Back Comedy Scenes 😂 {{!}} Part 2 {{!}} Karthi {{!}} Santhanam {{!}} Adithya TV |date=15 July 2025 |publisher=[[Adithya TV]] |time=24:00 to 26:40 |time-caption=From |access-date=20 February 2026 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 November 2013 |title=All in All Azhagu Raja: What a drag! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114004805/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/all-in-all-azhagu-raja-what-a-drag/article5316798.ece |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=20 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Prabhu Deva}}
{{AGS Entertainment}}
{{Ariane, jeune fille russe}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Deva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greece]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Paris]]
[[Category:Films based on French novels]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Remakes of German films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

KTV (India)

2026-03-23T22:57:17Z

Portileostah: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language television channel}}
{{Distinguish|K-T.V.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = KTV
| logo = KTV India logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2001
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2001|10|22|df=y}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| network = [[Sun TV Network]]
| owner = [[Sun Group]]
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| area = India, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| former_names =
| replaced =
| sister_channels = [[Sun TV Network]] (Channels)
| timeshift_service =
| website = [https://www.sunnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=3&channelname=KTV&LanguageID=1 K TV]
| online_serv_1 = [[Sun NXT]] [[India]]
| online_chan_1 = {{URL|https://www.sunnxt.com|K TV}}
}}
'''K TV''' is an Indian [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Sun TV Network]] its broadcasting [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language films. It was launched on 22 October 2001.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pande|first=Shamni|title=Sun Network flexes muscles; to launch KTV channel on October 22|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/3368_sun-network-flexes-muscles-to-launch-ktv-channel-on-october-22|work=afaqs.com|publisher=agencyfaqs!|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/vijay-tv-claims-to-have-inched-past-ktv-020918|title=Vijay TV claims to have inched past KTV|date=18 September 2023|website=indiantelevision.com|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
The letter K in KTV stands for ''Kondattam'' which means celebration. It was launched on 22 October 2001 by [[Kalanidhi Maran]], the Chairman of [[Sun TV Network]]. At the time of launch, Sun TV Network's library had over 5,000 movies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sun Network will feed the movie hungry KTV|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k1/oct/oct49.htm|work=indiantelevision.com|access-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192656/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k1/oct/oct49.htm|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Its HD counterpart was launched on 11 December 2011. At Every Friday and Saturday, KTV Channel premiered more new and blockbuster movies which was telecast by Sun TV till now.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Sun TV to launch 4 HD Channels on December 11, 2011|url=http://www.bseindia.com/corporates/anndet_new.aspx?newsid=af1b67fd-3e02-4933-8806-54fc2be189ea|work=bseindia.com|access-date=4 April 2014}}</ref>

== List of films broadcast ==
KTV broadcast several films including:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Date Aired
!Time Aired
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003)
|25 July 2014
|7:30 p.m.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijays-thirumalai-on-ktv-tomorrow/articleshow/38975480.cms|title=Vijay's Thirumalai on KTV tomorrow!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2014|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' (1993)
| 31 July 2014
|10:00 a.m.
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/after-a-long-time-pudhiya-mugam-on-ktv/articleshow/39294390.cms|title=After a long time, Pudhiya Mugam on KTV|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 July 2014|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007)
|11 September 2014
|4:30 p.m.
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/maddy-special-on-k-tv/articleshow/42266370.cms|title=Maddy special on K TV|date=11 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neram]]'' (2013)
|13 September 2014
|7:00 p.m.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/neram-special-on-k-tv/articleshow/42394964.cms|title=Neram special on K TV|date=13 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' (1986)
|11 May 2021
|7:00 p.m.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/ktv-post-on-rerelease-movies-went-viral/articleshow/108069827.cms|title=ReRelease: டிக்கெட்லாம் வாங்க வேண்டாம்..என்ஜாய் பண்ணுங்க..ரீரிலீஸ் படங்கள்..பங்கமாய் கலாய்த்த KTV ..!|work=[[The Times of India|The Times of India Samayam]]|lang=ta|trans-title=ReRelease: Don't Buy Tickets..Enjoy..Rerelease Films..Partly KTV ..!|first=S.|last=வினோத்குமார்|date=28 February 2024|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== List of television specials broadcast ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Date Aired
!Time Aired
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|7 November 2014
|{{n/a}}
|60th birthday for [[Kamal Haasan]] special
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kamal-60th-birthday-celebrations-on-k-tv/articleshow/45033613.cms|title=Kamal 60th birthday celebrations on K TV|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2014|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Ulagam Engum Rajini''
|12 December 2014
|7:00 p.m.
|Worldwide fans wish [[Rajinikanth]] on his birthday
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ulagam-engum-rajini-on-ktv-on-december-12/articleshow/45432797.cms|title='Ulagam Engum Rajini' on KTV on December 12|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 December 2014|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Celebrity Cricket League]]''
|24 December 2017
|2:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m.
|match between Chennai Rhinos and Bengal Tigers
|<Ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/celebrity-cricket-league-to-be-aired-live-at-2-pm-on-k-tv/articleshow/62229609.cms|title=Celebrity Cricket League to be aired live at 2 pm on K TV|date=24 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sunnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=3&channelname=KTV Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.suntv.in/ Sun TV Network]
* [http://www.sun.in/ Sun Group]

{{Sun TV Network}}
{{Tamil-language media}}

[[Category:Tamil-language television channels]]
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2001]]
[[Category:Television stations in Chennai]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Faraaz Khan

2026-03-18T09:09:11Z

Portileostah: corrected citations after review

{{Short description|Indian actor (1970–2020)}}
{{for|the American squash player|Faraz Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faraaz Khan
| image = FaraazKhan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Faraaz Khan
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1970|05|27}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|11|04|1970|05|27}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1996–2008
| known_for = ''[[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]'', ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]'', ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]''
| father = [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]]
| relatives = [[Fahmaan Khan]] (brother)
}}

'''Faraaz Abousher''' (27 May 1970 – 4 November 2020) was an Indian actor of Egyptian descent who worked in [[Hindi films]]. He was seen in some of the [[Bollywood]] movies and television serials in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His notable films include ''[[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]'' and ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/fareb-actor-faraaz-khan-passes-away-at-46/articleshow/79036730.cms|title='Fareb' actor Faraaz Khan passes away at 50|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> He has also appeared in television serials such as ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]'' and ''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]''. He was the son of actor [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/10-khans-who-couldnt-make-it-in-bollywood/5719/54379|title=Faraaz Khan in Mid-Day|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan was almost signed for his debut lead role in the 1989 musical-romance ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'', but he fell seriously ill before shooting began, and so was replaced by [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/maine-pyar-kiya-25-years-later-10-things-you-didnt-know-719438|title=Maine Pyar Kiya, 25 Years Later: 10 Things You Didn't Know|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=2014-12-29|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref> He made his acting debut in [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s 1996 film ''[[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]'' opposite [[Suman Ranganathan]] and [[Milind Gunaji]]. He played the villain opposite [[Sunil Shetty]] in ''[[Prithvi (1997 film)|Prithvi]]'' (1997) and appeared opposite [[Rani Mukerji]] in ''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]'' (1998). In total he appeared in 7 films and made his last film appearance in the 2005 film ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]''. Since the early 2000s, he shifted to television appearing in series like ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]'', ''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]'' and several episodes of the horror anthology series ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''. His last acting role was in the 2008 series ''[[Neeli Aankhen]]''. Since 2008, he was inactive from the film and television industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Faraaz Khan diagnosed with brain infection; battles for life in ICU|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2020/10/14/actor-faraaz-khan-diagnosed-with-brain-infection-battles-for-life-in-icu.html|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> He died at the age of 50 from neurological disorder on 4 November 2020 in [[Bangalore]], after a year of chest infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/faraaz-khan-demise-here-are-5-roles-played-by-the-actor/ar-BB1aFSlZ?;pfr=1|title=Faraaz Khan Demise|publisher=MSN|date=4 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bollywood Actor Faraaz Khan Dies of Brain Infection at 46|url=https://guardian.ng/life/bollywood-actor-faraaz-khan-dies-of-brain-infection-at-46/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2020-11-05|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Bollywood Actor; "Faraaz khan dies in a hospital", Causes of chest infection at 46.|url=https://tcglobalnews.com/faraaz-khan-death-in-a-hospital/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=TCGLOBALNEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506150728/https://tcglobalnews.com/faraaz-khan-death-in-a-hospital/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=4 Nov|first=Sagarika Choudhary|title=Faraaz Khan passes away after a year-long battle with chest infection|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/faraaz-khan-passes-away-after-a-year-long-battle-with-chest-infection/articleshow/79037517.cms|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Faraaz Khan Dies After A Month in Hospital; "The Void Will Be Impossible To Fill," Tweets Pooja Bhatt|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actor-faraaz-khan-dies-after-a-month-in-hospital-the-void-will-be-impossible-to-fill-tweets-pooja-bhatt-2320422|access-date=2020-11-05|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Fareb (1996 film)|Fareb]]'' (1996) – Dr. Rohit Verma
*''[[Prithvi (1997 film)|Prithvi]]'' (1997) – Vinod Kumar
*''[[Mehndi (1998 film)|Mehndi]]'' (1998) – Niranjan Chaudhary
*''[[Dulhan Banoo Main Teri]]'' (1999) – Deepak Rai
*''[[Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya (2001 film)|Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya]]'' (2001) – Sanjeev Verma
*''[[Bazaar: Market of Love, Lust and Desire]]'' (2004)
*''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'' (2005) – Adarsh

===Television===
* 1997 ''[[One Plus One (TV series)|One Plus One]]''
* 2002 ''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]'' as Abhay Ahuja
* 2002 – 2003 ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]'' as Ajay
* 2004 Aakrosh as Ranjeet Saxena
* 2004 ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' as Singar
* 2004–2005 ''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' as Various characters
* 2005 ''[[Kareena Kareena]]''
* 2006 ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' as Dr. Shantanu Sengupta
* 2008 ''[[Neeli Aankhen]]'' as Inspector Vivek Kapoor

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0998953}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faraaz}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar

2026-03-16T16:46:48Z

Portileostah:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
119{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. [[Bihar]] state elects 16 members since the 2002 biennial elections. Before, Bihar State has elected 21 seats since April 1952 and 22 seats since 1956, and 16 members after the Bihar Reorganisation Act 2000 and the creation of the new [[Jharkhand]] state on 15 November 2000. They are elected indirectly by the State Legislators of Bihar State. Members are elected for six years and 1/3 of members are retired after every two years. The number of seats allocated to the party is determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using a [[Single transferable vote]] with [[proportional representation]].<ref name=RSat-work>{{cite web|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha At Work|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=28 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Members from Bihar are listed in the [[list of current members of the Rajya Sabha#Bihar|list of current members of the Rajya Sabha]].

Current members Rajya Sabha Bihar (2025)

{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|7}}
{{Party legend|Janata Dal (United)|4}}
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Lok Morcha|1}}
{{Party legend|Rashtriya Janata Dal|3}}
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!style="width:200px" |Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|1
|[[Dharamshila Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|2
|[[Bhim Singh (Bihar politician)|Bhim Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|3
|[[Manan Kumar Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|27-Aug-2024
|07-Jul-2028
|-
|4
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|-
|5
|[[Shambhu Sharan Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|-
|6
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|-
|7
|[[Shivesh Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|-
|8
|[[Sanjay Kumar Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|9
|[[Khiru Mahto]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|-
|10
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|-
|11
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|-
|12
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|-
|13
|[[Manoj Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|14
|[[Sanjay Yadav (Bihar politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|15
|[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|-
|16
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|}

==Chronological list of all members from Bihar==
This is the term wise list of former Rajya Sabha members from Bihar, arranged chronologically by Last date of election of the member. Source: Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha)<ref>[http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx Alphabetical list of former members of Rajya Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |date=2010-01-09 }}</ref>

{{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents members who won bye-election
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
!Term
!Notes
|-
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|[[Shivesh Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|3
|
|-
|
|
|
|10-Apr-2026
|09-Apr-2032
|
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Manan Kumar Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|28-Aug-2024
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Misa Bharti]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]]
|28-Aug-2024
|09-Apr-2026
|2
|bye - resignation of [[Vivek Thakur]]
|-
|[[Dharamshila Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhim Singh (Bihar politician)|Bhim Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Kumar Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Manoj Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|2
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Yadav (Bihar politician)|Sanjay Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|2
|*
|-
|[[Misa Bharti]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2024
|2
|Resigned
|-
|[[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|*
|-
|[[Khiru Mahto]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|*
|-
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|2
|*
|-
|[[Shambhu Sharan Patel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2022
|07-Jul-2028
|1
|*
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anil Hegde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|30-May-2022
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|bye - death of [[Mahendra Prasad]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|07-Dec-2020
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|bye - death of [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
|-
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|5
|*
|-
|[[Amarendra Dhari Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|1
|*
|-
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|2
|*
|-
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2020
|09-Apr-2026
|2
|*
|-
|[[Vivek Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|1
|elected to [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada Lok Sabha]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|09-Oct-2019
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|bye - death of [[Ram Jethmalani]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|29-Jun-2019
|08-Oct-2020
|2
|expired
bye - resignation of [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
|-
|[[Ashfaque Karim]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Manoj Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2018
|27-Dec-2021
|7
|expired
|-
|[[Bashistha Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|3
|
|-
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2018
|23-May-2019
|4
|elected to [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Misa Bharti]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2016
|08-Sep-2019
|6
|expired<ref>{{cite news |date=8 September 2019 |title=Veteran lawyer and former Union minister Ram Jethmalani passes away at 95 |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/eminent-lawyer-ram-jethmalani-passes-away-at-95-1596802-2019-09-08 |accessdate=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Sharad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2016
|04-Dec-2017
|4
|disqualified<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Sharad Yadav, Ali Anwar disqualified as Rajya Sabha members |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sharad-yadav-ali-anwar-disqualified-as-rajya-sabha-members/story-BJpKZot1AOZ56P1jww2jWN.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2016
|07-Jul-2022
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Pavan Kumar Varma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|23-Jun-2014
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Gulam Rasool Balyawi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|23-Jun-2014
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sharad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|13-Jun-2014
|07-Jul-2016
|3
|bye - resignation of [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|-
|[[Kahkashan Perween]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Nath Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[C. P. Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|2
|
|-
|[[Ravindra Kishore Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2014
|09-Apr-2020
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[K. C. Tyagi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|07-Feb-2013
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|-
|[[Bashistha Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Ali Anwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2012
|04-Dec-2017
|2
|disqualified<ref name=":02" />
|-
|[[Anil Kumar Sahani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|6
|
|-
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Sabir Ali (politician)|Sabir Ali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|16-Dec-2011
|09-Apr-2014
|2
|defected from [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-16 |title=Sabir Ali retains RS seat unopposed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sabir-ali-retains-rs-seat-unopposed/articleshow/11126133.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2010
|07-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2010
|04-Jan-2013
|1
|resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-04 |title=JD(U) MP Upendra Kushwaha resigns, attacks Nitish Kumar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jdu-mp-upendra-kushwaha-resigns-attacks-nitish-kumar/articleshow/17885118.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2010
|16-May-2014
|2
|elected to [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]] [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2010
|16-May-2014
|1
|elected to [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]] [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|08-Jul-2010
|16-May-2014
|1
|elected to [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur Lok Sabha]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anil Kumar Sahani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|04-Jan-2010
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|bye - death of [[Mahendra Sahni]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-01 |title=JD-U candidate elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/jd-u-candidate-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/story-InjkikmA8gChHBriUj5HPK.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[George Fernandes]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|04-Aug-2009
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Sharad Yadav]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|04-Jul-2008
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|bye - disqualification of [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
|-
|[[Shivanand Tiwari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[N. K. Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[C. P. Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|3
|
|-
|[[Sabir Ali (politician)|Sabir Ali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|10-Apr-2008
|09-Apr-2014
|1
|defected to [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former LJP member Sabir Ali joins JD(U) |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/on-field-heart-attacks-teammates-can-save-lives-with-cpr_741620.html/amp |access-date= |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ejaz Ali]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|20-Mar-2008
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|bye - death of [[Motiur Rahman (Indian politician)|Motiur Rehman]]
|-
|[[Ali Anwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|5
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Sahani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|03-Apr-2006
|06-Nov-2009
|1
|expired<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-19 |title=Rajya Sabha adjourns after obituary reference |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Rajya-Sabha-adjourns-after-obituary-reference/article16892932.ece |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Rajniti Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Jabir Husain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Mangani Lal Mandal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|23-Jun-2004
|09-Apr-2008
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Vidya Sagar Nishad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|23-Jun-2004
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Lalan Singh]]
|-
|[[Subhash Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Motiur Rahman (Indian politician)|Motiur Rahman]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-2004
|18-Dec-2007
|1
|expired<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-18 |title=RJD MP Motiur Rehman passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-mp-motiur-rehman-passes-away/articleshow/2631104.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sharad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
|08-Jul-2004
|16-May-2009
|2
|elected to [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-2004
|26-Mar-2008
|1
|disqualified<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-04-15 |title=BJP MP Jai Narain Nishad disqualified from Rajya Sabha |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mp-jai-narain-nishad-disqualified-from-rajya-sabha/articleshow/2953032.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[R. K. Dhawan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|08-Jul-2004
|07-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2002
|13-May-2004
|1
|elected to [[Chapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Ram Deo Bhandary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|3
|
|-
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|2
|
|-
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|2
|
|-
|[[Bashistha Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party|SAP]]
|10-Apr-2002
|09-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|Kum Kum Rai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Faguni Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|3
|
|-
|[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Lalan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party|SAP]]
|03-Apr-2000
|13-May-2004
|1
|elected to [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|4
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Ven'ble Dhammaviriyo
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|29-Mar-2000
|09-Apr-2002
|1
|bye - death of Jagdambi Mandal
[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|RS member from Jharkhand]] 15-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|[[Ramendra Kumar Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|2
|
|-
|Anil Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|2
|
|-
|[[Saroj Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Kapil Sibal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|08-Jul-1998
|13-May-2004
|1
|elected to [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Gaya Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|2
|
|-
|[[Shibu Soren]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|1
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|RS member from Jharkhand]] 15-Nov-2000 onwards
|-
|[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-1998
|07-Jul-2004
|2
|[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|RS member from Jharkhand]] 15-Nov-2000 onwards
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ram Deo Bhandary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|11-Jun-1998
|09-Apr-2002
|2
|bye - death of [[Gyan Ranjan]]
|-
|[[Ranjan Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|2
|
|-
|Jagdambi Mandal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1996
|13-Jan-2000
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Gyan Ranjan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1996
|22-Apr-1998
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Nagendra Nath Ojha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-1996
|09-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|Naresh Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Mohammad Aas]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Nagmani Kushwaha|Nagmani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1994
|07-Oct-1999
|1
|elected to [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Kamala Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|2
|
|-
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|2
|
|-
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|5
|
|-
|[[Jalaludin Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Janardan Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Brahmadev Anand Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|01-Jun-1993
|02-Apr-1994
|1
|bye - death of [[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|-
|[[Ramendra Kumar Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Deo Bhandary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|Anil Kumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|08-Jul-1992
|02-Mar-1998
|3
|elected to [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|2
|
|-
|[[Gaya Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|08-Jul-1992
|07-Jul-1998
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Kamala Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|19-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1994
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Jagannath Mishra]]
|-
|[[Ranjan Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Shankar Dayal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1990
|26-Nov-1995
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajni Ranjan Sahu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|[[Rameshwar Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|[[Chaturanan Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-1990
|09-Apr-1996
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Shamim Hashmi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25-Sep-1989
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|defected from [[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|16-Apr-1990
|1
|resigned
|-
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|20-Jan-1993
|1
|expired on 20-Jan-1993
|-
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|4
|
|-
|[[Rafique Alam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Faguni Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Dayanand Sahay]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Pratibha Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|06-Jul-1992
|4`
|bye - death of [[Lakshmi Kant Jha]]
|-
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1988
|14-Nov-1993
|1
|resigned
|-
|[[Shamim Hashmi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1988
|27-Mar-1989
|1
|defected to [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|2
|
|-
|[[Manorama Pandey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|2
|
|-
|[[Lakshmi Kant Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1986
|16-Jan-1988
|1
|expired
|-
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|Chandesh P Thakur
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|[[Ashwani Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|2
|
|-
|[[Ram Awadhesh Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal|LKD]]
|07-Jul-1986
|06-Jul-1992
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Faguni Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|11-Feb-1985
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|bye - resignation of Mahabir Prasad
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31-Jan-1985
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|bye -
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22-Aug-1984
|02-Apr-1988
|3
|bye - resignation of [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
|-
|Durga Prasad Jamuda
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Bandhu Mahto]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|Thakur Kamakhya Prasad Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Rameshwar Thakur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajni Ranjan Sahu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Chaturanan Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Kailashpati Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10-Apr-1984
|09-Apr-1990
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Chandan Bagchi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|12-Apr-1983
|09-Apr-1984
|1
|bye -resignation of [[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
|-
|[[Rafique Alam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Mohan Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|2
|
|-
|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|15-Apr-1984
|2
|appointed as [[Governor of Assam]]
|-
|Pratibha Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|3
|
|-
|[[Ramanand Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|2
|
|-
|[[Suraj Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|2
|
|-
|Mahabir Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|03-Apr-1982
|19-Jan-1985
|1
|resigned
|-
|[[Jagdambi Prasad Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|2
|
|-
|[[Ramchandra Bharadwaj]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Manorama Pandey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|3
|
|-
|[[Ram Bhagat Paswan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Indradeep Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|2
|
|-
|[[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Ashwani Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|07-Jul-1980
|06-Jul-1986
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Syed Shahabuddin]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|25-Jul-1979
|09-Apr-1984
|1
|bye - death of [[Pranab Chatterjee]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Brahmdeo Ram Shastri
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|25-Jul-1979
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Pranab Chatterjee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|10-Apr-1978
|02-Jun-1979
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Shiva Chandra Jha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|10-Apr-1978
|09-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[Dayanand Sahay]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|10-Apr-1978
|09-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Lakhan Prasad Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|10-Apr-1978
|09-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1978
|10-Mar-1983
|2
|appointed as [[Governor of West Bengal]]
|-
|J. K. P. N. Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1978
|09-Apr-1984
|2
|
|-
|[[Yogendra Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|10-Apr-1978
|09-Apr-1984
|2
|
|-
|[[Mahendra Mohan Mishra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|[[Dharamchand Jain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|Pratibha Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|[[Ramanand Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|[[Aziza Imam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|[[Bhola Prasad (politician)|Bhola Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Hussain Zawar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|20-Dec-1975
|09-Apr-1978
|1
|bye - death of [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]]
|-
|[[Kamalnath Jha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|09-Jan-1980
|2
|elected to [[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa Lok Sabha]]
|-
|Kameshwar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|2
|
|-
|Chandramanilal Chowdhary
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|08-Feb-1979
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Rajendra Kumar Poddar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|2
|
|-
|[[Indradeep Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Kripal Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Aziza Imam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|20-Mar-1973
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|bye -death of Mohammad Chaudhary A
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Kamalnath Jha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|20-Mar-1973
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|bye - death of [[Balkrishna Gupta]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31-May-1972
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Abdul Qaiyum Ansari]]
|-
|D. P. Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|2
|
|-
|[[Gunanand Thakur]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[Jahanara Jaipal Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|3
|
|-
|Shyamlal Gupta
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|Bhaiya Ram Munda
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|10-Apr-1972
|21-Jul-1975
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Yogendra Sharma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|10-Apr-1972
|09-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sitaram Kesri]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|02-Jul-1971
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Bindeshwari Prasad Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17-Jun-1971
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|bye - death of [[Rudra Narain Jha]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|D. P. Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17-Jun-1971
|02-Apr-1972
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Pratibha Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31-Dec-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|bye - death of Shrikant Mishra
|-
|[[Awadeshwar Prasad Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|4
|
|-
|[[Dharamchand Jain]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|[[Abdul Qaiyum Ansari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|19-Mar-1972
|1
|resigned
|-
|Mohammad Chaudhary A
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (O)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (O)|INC(O)]]
|03-Apr-1970
|07-Feb-1973
|3
|expired
|-
|[[Shishir Kumar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|2
|
|-
|[[Sitaram Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhola Prasad (politician)|Bhola Prasad]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|Shrikant Mishra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|03-Apr-1970
|01-Oct-1970
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Anant Prasad Sharma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|11-Mar-1971
|1
|elected to [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Mahabir Dass]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|04-Apr-1974
|2
|
|-
|[[Rudra Narain Jha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|03-Apr-1968
|10-May-1971
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Balkrishna Gupta]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|03-Apr-1968
|10-Sep-1972
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Rajendra Kumar Poddar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1968
|04-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|[[Suraj Prasad]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1968
|04-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|[[Jagdambi Prasad Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
|03-Apr-1968
|04-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rewati Kant Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|07-Apr-1967
|02-Apr-1970
|1
|bye -
|-
|[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|[[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|11-Mar-1972
|2
|elected to [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Pratul Chandra Mitra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Pratap Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|4
|
|-
|Raghunath Prasad Khaitan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|18-Feb-1964
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]
|-
|[[Awadeshwar Prasad Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|3
|
|-
|[[Rama Bahadur Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|3
|
|-
|[[Braja Kishore Prasad Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|3
|
|-
|[[Jahanara Jaipal Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[Anand Chand]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[Sheel Bhadra Yajee]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|3
|
|-
|Mohammad Chaudhary A
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[Shishir Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|1
|
|-
|[[Mahabir Dass]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|Dhirendra Chandra Mallik
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|J. K. P. N. Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[Syed Mahmud]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|Bipin Bihari Varma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[Ganga Sharan Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|2
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Mohammad Chaudhary A
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|22-Sep-1961
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|bye - death of [[Kazi Ahmad Hussain]]
|-
|[[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|26-Jan-1964
|3
|resigned
|-
|[[Pratul Chandra Mitra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|
|-
|[[Mahesh Saran]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|29-Nov-1965
|2
|expired
|-
|[[Lakshmi N. Menon]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|3
|
|-
|[[Rajeshwar Prasad Narain Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|3
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Pratap Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|3
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1960
|01-Oct-1962
|2
|expired
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rajeshwar Prasad Narain Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|12-Oct-1959
|02-Apr-1960
|2
|bye - death of [[Purna Chandra Mitra]]
|-
|[[Jahanara Jaipal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|
|-
|[[Anand Chand]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|
|-
|[[Awadeshwar Prasad Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|2
|
|-
|[[Braja Kishore Prasad Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|2
|
|-
|[[Rama Bahadur Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|2
|
|-
|[[Sheel Bhadra Yajee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|2
|
|-
|[[Kazi Ahmad Hussain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1958
|14-Aug-1961
|2
|expired<ref>{{Cite book |page=34 |title=Rajya Sabhas Members Biographical Sketches 1952-2019 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |date=October 2019 |publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref>
|-
|Devendra Prasad Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|
|-
|[[Kamta Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sheel Bhadra Yajee]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27-Apr-1957
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|bye - resignation of [[Vijaya Raje]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Awadeshwar Prasad Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Dec-1956
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|bye - resignation of Sri Narayan Mahtha
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|Krishna Mohan Pyare Sinha
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Dec-1956
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|bye -
|-
|[[Ganga Sharan Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|1
|
|-
|[[Shah Mohamad Umair]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|1
|
|-
|[[Michael John (trade unionist)|Michael John]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|1
|
|-
|[[Syed Mazhar Imam|Mazhar Imam Syed]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|2
|
|-
|[[Kishori Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|2
|
|-
|[[Tajamul Husain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|2
|
|-
|[[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|02-Apr-1960
|2
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Pratap Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|02-Apr-1960
|2
|
|-
|[[Puran Chanda Mitra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|23-Aug-1959
|2
|expired
|-
|[[Mahesh Saran]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|02-Apr-1960
|1
|
|-
|Kailash Bihari Lall
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|19-Mar-1960
|2
|expired
|-
|[[Lakshmi N. Menon]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1954
|02-Apr-1960
|2
|
|-
|[[Theodore Bodra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Party|JHP]]
|03-Apr-1954
|02-Apr-1960
|1
|
|-
|[[Angelina Tiga]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Party}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Party|JHP]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Voladi Ganapathi Gopal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Jafar Imam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Khawaja Inaitullah]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Kailash Bihari Lall]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Kazi Ahmad Hussain|Ahmad Hussain Kazi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|[[Sri Narayan Mahtha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|06-Oct-1956
|1
|expired
|-
|[[Syed Mazhar Imam|Mazhar Imam Syed]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Lakshmi N. Menon]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|Dr. [[Puran Chanda Mitra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Kishori Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Kameshwar Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|[[Braja Kishore Prasad Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|[[Maheshwar Prasad Narain Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajendra Pratap Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1954
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajeshwar Prasad Narain Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|[[Rama Bahadur Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|[[Tajamul Husain]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijaya Raje|Kunwarani Vijaya Raje]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|20-Mar-1957
|1
|elected to [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Ram Gopal Agarwala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1952
|02-Apr-1956
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Gopal Agarwala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1956
|02-Apr-1962
|2
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155536/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/faq/freaq.htm Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419110344/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/hindiwhoswho.htm Who's who list]
*[http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx State wise list]

{{Rajya Sabha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar}}
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists]]

Illti

2026-03-08T03:04:36Z

Portileostah: Starting basic entry w/ infobox...

{{short description|2025 Indian Punjabi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Illti
| native_name =
| image = Illti movie poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Varinder Ramgarhia
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[KV Dhillon]]
* [[Jagjeet Sandhu]]
}}
| writer =
Gurpreet Bhullar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Jagjeet Sandhu]] [[Tania (actress)|Tania]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|2|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Illti''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language comedy film directed by Varinder Ramgarhia and written by Gurpreet Bhullar.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |title='Paatal Lok' fame Jagjeet Sandhu's 'Illti' to bring a tale of love and nature on Valentine 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/paatal-lok-fame-jagjeet-sandhus-illti-to-bring-a-tale-of-love-and-nature-on-valentine-2025/articleshow/115845863.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401105202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/paatal-lok-fame-jagjeet-sandhus-illti-to-bring-a-tale-of-love-and-nature-on-valentine-2025/articleshow/115845863.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2024-12-06 |title=Actor Jagjeet Sandhu's 'Illti' brings a mesmerising tale of love and nature |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Dec/13/actor-jagjeet-sandhus-illti-brings-a-mesmerising-tale-of-love-and-nature |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127165826/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Dec/13/actor-jagjeet-sandhus-illti-brings-a-mesmerising-tale-of-love-and-nature |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-06 |title=ਨਾ ਸਰੀਰ 'ਤੇ 'ਕੱਪੜੇ', ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਡਾਇਲਾਗ, ਕਾਫ਼ੀ ਮਜ਼ੇਦਾਰ ਹੈ ਫਿਲਮ 'ਇੱਲਤੀ' ਦਾ ਟੀਜ਼ਰ, ਦੇਖੋ ਜ਼ਰਾ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/punjabi-actor-jagjeet-sandhu-upcoming-film-illti-teaser-released-punjab-news-pbs24120602965 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=pa |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214033713/https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/punjabi-actor-jagjeet-sandhu-upcoming-film-illti-teaser-released-punjab-news-pbs24120602965 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Illti - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/punjabi/illti-official-teaser/videoshow/116046061.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214033152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/punjabi/illti-official-teaser/videoshow/116046061.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is produced by [[KV Dhillon|Kv Dhillon]] and [[Jagjeet Sandhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Vidushi |title=Illti: New Punjabi Movie Starrer Jagjeet Sandhu Announced; Release Date Revealed |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/illti-new-punjabi-movie-starrer-jagjeet-sandhu-announced-release-date-revealed/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214051454/https://punjabimania.com/post/illti-new-punjabi-movie-starrer-jagjeet-sandhu-announced-release-date-revealed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars [[Jagjeet Sandhu]] and [[Tania (actress)|Tania]] in lead roles and Raghveer Boli, [[Anita Devgan]], Surendra Sharma, and Daljinder Basran in supporting roles.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabra |first=Bhavya |title=Punjabi Mania Exclusive: Tania Joins The Cast Of Illti As Lead Opposite Jagjeet Sandhu |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/punjabi-mania-exclusive-tania-join-hands-with-jagjeet-sandhu-for-illti?src=movie-page |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231426/https://punjabimania.com/post/punjabi-mania-exclusive-tania-join-hands-with-jagjeet-sandhu-for-illti?src=movie-page |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in theaters on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=ਜਗਜੀਤ ਸੰਧੂ ਨੇ ਨਵੀਂ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ ''ਇੱਲਤੀ'' ਦੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਅਨਾਊਂਸਮੈਂਟ, ਸਾਹਮਣੇ ਆਈ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਝਲਕ |url=https://m.jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/jagjeet-sandhu-punjabi-movie-illti-1480441?amp |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Jagbani |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214233626/https://m.jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/jagjeet-sandhu-punjabi-movie-illti-1480441?amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Connect FM - Illti he is! |url=https://edmonton.connectfm.ca/entertainment/post/illti-he-is |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=connectfm.ca |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213183733/https://edmonton.connectfm.ca/entertainment/post/illti-he-is |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jagjeet Sandhu]] as Illti
* [[Tania (actress)|Tania]] as Harbhajan
* [[Yograj Singh]]
* Raghveer Boli as Sandy Grewal
* [[Anita Devgan]]
* Surendra Sharma
* Daljinder Basran

== Filming ==
The movie was filmed over two months, from 15 August to 1 October, in several scenic locations across [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], including [[Rupnagar|Ropar]], [[Mohali]], and [[Fatehgarh Sahib]].<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ ''ਇੱਲਤੀ'' ਦੀ ਸ਼ੂਟਿੰਗ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ, ਮੁੱਖ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ''ਚ ਨਜ਼ਰ ਆਉਣਗੇ ਜਗਜੀਤ ਸੰਧੂ'' |url=https://m.jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/jagjeet-sandhu-punjabi-upcoming-movie-illti-shooting-started-1501307?amp |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Jagbani |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231155/https://m.jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/jagjeet-sandhu-punjabi-upcoming-movie-illti-shooting-started-1501307?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title| tt33044997|Illti}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Punjabi-language films]]

Casa da Índia

2026-03-06T11:02:52Z

Portileostah: small changes

{{Short description|1500–1833 Portuguese colonial commercial organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Casa da Índia
| image = Flag of the Casa da Guiné.svg
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Flag originally used by the Casa da Guiné and subsequently the Casa da Índia.
| predecessor = ''[[Company of Guinea|Casa da Guiné e Mina]]'' {{small|(Founded 1443)}} ''[[Casa de Ceuta]]'' {{small|(Founded 1434)}}
| foundation = 1500
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1833|9|17}}
| location = [[Ribeira Palace]], [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| area_served = [[Portuguese Empire]]
| key_people = '''Founder of the Casa da Índia:''' [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I of Portugal]] '''Founder of the Casa da Guiné:''' [[Prince Henry the Navigator]]
| industry = [[International trade]]
}}

The '''Casa da Índia''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkazɐ ðɐ ˈĩdiɐ}}; [[English language|English]]: '''''India House''''' or '''''House of India''''') was a Portuguese [[state-run enterprise|state-run]] commercial organization during the [[Age of Discovery]]. It regulated [[international trade]] and the [[Portuguese Empire]]'s territories, colonies, and [[factory (trading post)|factories (trading posts)]] across Asia and Africa. Central to the Casa da Índia's objectives was the establishment and protection of a Portuguese ''[[mare clausum]]'' ("closed sea" – total control of the seas) in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Indian Ocean]], [[Arabian Sea]], and the [[East Indies|Indies]].

The House of India was founded by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] in 1500 to direct Portugal's monopoly of the [[spice trade]] and to manage royal policy for [[Portuguese India]]. Following 1503, it absorbed the ''[[Company of Guinea|Casa da Guiné e Mina]]'', an organization founded by [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] in 1443, which operated under a similar mandate for Portuguese Africa, thus making the Casa da Índia responsible for the regulation of all Portuguese imperial trade, the administration of Portuguese trading posts and military bases in Asia and Africa, and protection of the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese Crown]]'s commercial interests.

Founded with the intent of protecting Portugal's [[monopoly]] of the spice trade, the Casa da Índia in 1497 began financing and organizing the [[Portuguese India Armadas]], annual armadas of [[galleon]]s, [[carrack]]s, and [[caravel]]s transporting commodities such as gold, ivory, and spices to [[Lisbon]] from Portuguese trading posts and colonies across Africa and Asia. The Casa da Índia sponsored numerous famous Portuguese navigators, including [[Vasco da Gama]] (who [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|discovered the sea route to India]]), [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] (who discovered [[Brazil]]), and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (who established Portuguese hegemony in the [[Indian Ocean]]).

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, the Casa da Índia rapidly grew into an economically powerful institution that played a crucial role in the financing of [[Portuguese discoveries]] and expeditions throughout [[West Africa]], [[East Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[India]], and the [[East Indies]]. The Casa da Índia also played an important role in the development of modern [[cartography]], patronizing the ''[[Padrão Real]]'', one of the first [[early world maps]].

Between the origins of the Casa da Índia in the 1400s and its dissolution in 1833, its principal aims evolved, as did its relations with the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Crown of Portugal]] and the imperial administration. After 1642 it lost all its trade monopolies on gold, silver, ivory, and spices and became solely a trade regulator and [[customs]] agency. Following the destruction of its [[Ribeira Palace]] headquarters and facilities in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755]], the Casa da Índia grew increasingly obsolete in relation to Portugal's evolving trade and colonial policies, and most of its functions were slowly absorbed into ministries and agencies of the [[Portuguese government]], until the final dissolution of the Casa da Índia in 1833.

==History==
[[File:Lisbon in 1572 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Ribeira Palace]] (on the right), where the Casa da Índia was headquartered, and its naval yards (on the left), in 1575.]]

===Origins===
{{main|Casa da Guiné}}
[[File:Elmina slave castle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elmina Castle]], built in 1482 on the [[Portuguese Gold Coast]], is the oldest European building in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. The [[Casa da Guiné|Casa da Guiné e Mina]] was charged with managing and taxing Elmina along with the other Portuguese [[factory (trading post)|factories]] on the [[Gulf of Guinea]].]]
The forerunners of ''Casa da Índia'' arose with the [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese exploration]] of the African coast, to manage new trade opportunities.

====Casa de Ceuta====

As early as 1434 the ''Casa de Ceuta'' was founded in Lisbon, but it was not very successful because the Muslim merchants diverted the trade routes from [[Ceuta]] to other places.

====Casa de Arguim and Casa da Guiné====

Around 1443 in [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]], Algarve, the ''Casa de Arguim'' and ''[[Company of Guinea|Casa da Guiné]]'', were established to administer Prince [[Henry the Navigator]]'s monopoly on African trade - essentially a set of sheds, warehouses and customs offices, dedicated to outfitting ships, hiring captains and crews, handing out trading licenses, receiving and selling goods and collecting dues.

After the death of [[Henry the Navigator]] in 1460, both houses were moved by King [[Afonso V of Portugal]] from [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] to [[Lisbon]].

The ascension of King [[John II of Portugal]] in 1481 revived the royal interest in African trade. In 1482, upon erecting the fortress of [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]] to access the [[Akan people|Akan]] goldfields and markets,<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=Wilks, Ivor. Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|editor1-last=Bakewell|editor1-first=Peter|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|date=1997|publisher=Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited|location=Aldershot|pages=1–39}}</ref> John II overhauled the old houses and organized the system into two new institutions in Lisbon - the royal trading house, the ''Casa da Mina e Tratos de Guiné'', focused on commercial aspects of African trade (goods, licenses, dues), and the separate royal naval arsenal, the ''Armazém da Guiné'', to handle nautical matters (ship construction, nautical supplies, hiring of crews, etc.)

In 1486, after the opening of contact with [[Benin Empire|Benin]], John II established the ''Casa de Escravos'', as a distinct [[slave]]-trading department of the ''Casa da Mina''.

===Golden age===
[[File:Cabral armada of 1500 (Livro das Armadas) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Portuguese India Armada]], commanded by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], discovered [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]] on its way to [[Portuguese India|India]].]]
{{see also|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|Portuguese India Armadas}}
With the discovery of a sea route to [[India]] by [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1497-99, the [[spice trade]] became a new and important activity of the royal trading house, and the old ''Casa'' was reorganized into the ''Casa da Índia e da Guiné'' (the first written reference to a ''Casa da Índia'' was in a royal letter dated 1501).
[[File:Fernandes Holy Trinity (detail).jpg|thumb|right|upright|King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] created the Casa da Índia and oversaw a successful expansionist period of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.]]
From 1511, offices of the ''Casa da Índia'' were located on the ground floor of the royal [[Ribeira Palace]] on [[Terreiro do Paço]] in [[Lisbon]], with the Armazém just next to it.<ref name="ṬāliqānīCouto2006">{{cite book|author1=Maḥmūd Ṭāliqānī|author2=Dejanirah Couto|author3=Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont|title=كارتوگرافى تاريخى خليج فارس: actes du colloque organisé les 21 et 22 avril 2004 à Téhéran par l'EPHE, l'université de Téhéran et le Centre de documentation et de recherche d'Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h37IOxTO5cC&pg=PA66|year=2006|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-2-909961-40-8|page=66}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese India Armadas]] (''Armadas da Índia'') were the fleets of ships, organized by the Casa da Índia in name of the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese Crown]], and dispatched on an annual basis from Portugal to India, principally [[Goa]]. These armadas undertook the ''Carreira da Índia'' ("India Run"), following the sea route around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] first opened up by Vasco da Gama in 1497–1499.

For about thirty years, from 1503 to 1535, the Portuguese cut into the Venetian spice trade in the Mediterranean. By 1510, the Portuguese throne was pocketing a million [[Portuguese real|cruzados]] yearly from the spice trade alone, and it was this which led [[Francis I of France]] to dub King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] "le roi épicier",{{cite quote|date=November 2022}} that is, "the grocer king."

Income started to decline mid-century because of costs of maintaining a presence in Morocco and domestic waste. Also, Portugal did not develop a substantial domestic infrastructure to support this activity, but relied on foreigners for many services supporting their trading enterprises, and therefore a lot of the income was consumed in this way.

In 1549 the Portuguese trade center in Antwerp went bankrupt and was closed. As the crown became more overextended in the 1550s, it relied more and more on external financing. By about 1560 the income of the Casa da Índia was not able to cover its expenses. The Portuguese monarchy had become, in [[Garrett Mattingly]]'s phrase, the owner of "a [[National bankruptcy|bankrupt]] wholesale grocery business."{{cite quote|date=November 2022}}

===Decline===
[[File:Projeto da recontrucao do edificio da Casa da India (cropped).jpg|thumb|450px|center|Reconstruction proposal for the headquarters of the Casa da Índia after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755]]]]
In 1709 at the Casa da Índia, the [[Jesuit]] priest Father [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] demonstrated the principles of hot air ballooning. He managed to levitate a ball indoors at the Casa da Índia in Lisbon. He later fled from Portugal to Spain, for fear of being accused of performing magic by the [[Inquisition]]

The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Great Earthquake of 1755]] destroyed much of [[Lisbon]], including [[Ribeira Palace]], where the headquarters and naval yards of the Casa da Índia were located.

The final era of the Casa da Índia began in 1822, during the reign of King [[John VI of Portugal]], when a large number of its responsibilities were transferred to different ministries of the [[Portuguese Government]]. In 1833, the Casa da Índia was finally dissolved, by King [[Miguel I of Portugal]], and its functions were absorbed by the ''Alfândega de Lisboa'' (Customs Agency of Lisbon).

== Organization ==
[[File:João de Barros (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[João de Barros]], a poet, author, and historian of the [[Portuguese Renaissance]], was ''[[Factor (agent)|Feitor]]'' of the Casa da Índia from 1532 to 1568.]]
[[File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Vasco da Gama]]'s flagship, the ''[[Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai|Santa Catarina do Sinai]]''.]]
Although initially (c.1500) consolidated in one unit, the ''Casa da Índia e da Guiné'', it was separated again (c. 1506) into two distinct units, ''Casa da Índia'' and the ''Casa da Mina e da Guiné'' again. However, both houses were overseen by the same officers at the higher levels, so it was common to use the joint term, or simply just ''Casa da Índia'', to refer to both.

The Casas were overseen by the same director and the same three treasurers (''tesoreiros'') - one for receiving goods, one for the sale of goods, and a third to handle everything else. There were five secretaries in charge of the administration - three for India, two for Mina and Guinea - and one chief factor (''feitor'') in charge of schedules and correspondence with all the Portuguese ''[[Factory (trading post)|feitorias]]'' around the world. One of the most famous people to hold this position was the chronicler [[João de Barros]], who was appointed ''feitor'' in 1532.

The Casa was in charge of monitoring the royal monopoly on the Asian and African trade, i.e. receiving goods, collecting [[duties]] on incoming goods, organizing the fleets (notably the yearly [[Portuguese India Armadas]]) and shipping schedules, ratifying contracts with private merchants, etc.

The ''Casa'' had various ''mesas'' (departments) focused on specific areas - the spice trade, finances, ship scheduling, maintenance, training, documentation and legal matters.

===Shipyards===
[[File:Armanzens e Ribeira das Naus da Casa da India (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The ''Armazém da Guiné e Índias'', the shipyards of the Casa da Índia.]]
Separately from the ''Casa'' was the ''Armazém da Guiné e Índias'', the new name for the naval arsenal. It was assigned all nautical responsibilities, such as the running of the Lisbon dockyards, the construction of ships, the hiring and training of crews and supplying the fleets with equipment - sails, ropes, guns, nautical instruments and maps.

The ''Piloto-Mor'' of the ''Armazém'', a position held between 1503 and 1526 by Pero Anes, Gonçalo Álvares and João de Lisboa, was probably responsible for the training of [[Maritime pilot|pilot]]-[[navigator]]s and the drafting of navigational charts.<ref>e.g. Teixeira da Mota (1969) "Os Regimentos do cosmógrafo-mor de 1559 e 1592 e as origens do ensino náutico em Portugal",''Memórias da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa'', vol. 13, pp.227-91. J.I. Brito-Rebello (1903) ''Livro de Marinharia'' (Lisbon: Libânio da Silva) replicates the documents for the nominations of Pero Annes ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR74 18 February 1503]), João de Lisboa replacing Gonçalo Álvares as "patrão" ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR76 11 December 1522]) and "piloto-mor" ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR77 12 January 1525]), and Fernando Affonso as "patrão" ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR78 15 November 1526])</ref>

In 1547, the position of ''Cosmógrafo-mor'' (High-Cosmographer) was created for the famed mathematician [[Pedro Nunes]] and the cartographic duties passed over to him.

The ''Provedor dos Armazéns'' was in charge of screening and hiring of crews. The ''Almoxarife'' or ''Recebedor dos Armazéns'', was the customs-collector, a highly-profitable job that was once held by [[Bartolomeu Dias]] in the mid-1490s.

Although theoretically separate, the ''Casa'' and the ''Armazém'' kept in contact and coordinated matters with each other, the expenses from one charged to the treasurer of the other, and officers moved seamlessly between them. As a result, it was common to use ''Casa da Índia'' to refer to the whole complex.

== Operations ==
{{Colonial India}}
In 1504 all trading activities in Africa and, especially, in Asia were merged in the Casa da Índia, becoming subject to state control under the Portuguese kings. Under the supervision of the ''Vedor da Fazenda'' (chief royal treasurer) all products had to be handed over to the Casa, taxed and sold at an agreed price with the proceeds paid to the owners.

===Cartography===
[[File:Cantino_planisphere_(1502).jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Cantino planisphere]] is the only surviving copy of the ''[[Padrão Real]]'', the secretive master-map of the world produced by the Casa da Índia's cartographers.]]
The Casa da Índia produced a secret map called the ''[[Padrão Real]]'', one of the first [[early world maps]]. The [[Cantino planisphere]] is the only existing copy of the ''Padrão Real''.

The [[Teixeira planisphere]] was made by Domingos Teixeira in 1573.

===Customs===
The ''Casa da Índia'' worked as [[customs]], central accounting office for funds and products in various overseas offices, [[archive]], [[warehouse]] management, personnel authority of sailors, soldiers and traders, as well as one of the world's first [[postal service]]s.

It fixed the prices and checked purchases, sales and payments. And also fitted the fleets, gathered the necessary military convoys, managed incoming and outgoing vessels and set out the various certificates and licenses. Through the Casa da Índia the royal officials were appointed overseas, and royal decrees and regulations were spread.

Between 1506 and 1570, Casa da Índia enforced the royal monopoly on all imports and sales of [[spices]] - pepper, cloves, and cinnamon - silk and [[shellac]], as well as on the export of gold, silver, copper and [[coral]], and levied a 30 percent tax on the profits of other articles.

===Royal monopolies===
[[File:Lisbon, Portugal (43216359132) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Ribeira Palace]], headquarters of the Casa da Índia, and the [[Praça do Comércio|Terreiro do Paço]] (Palace Square) in [[Lisbon]] in the 18th century.]]
The royal monopoly on [[copper]] exports especially made great gains, as copper was in high demand in India and West Africa, to where it was exported in the form of armlets called ''[[manillas]]'', which served as a form of [[money]].<ref>[[Copper]] was the "red gold" of Africa, exported as ''[[manillas]]'', the ring-like armlets which served as a form of [[money]] or [[barter]] coinage amongst certain [[West African]] peoples in Guinea Coast, [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], see Chamberlain, C. C.(1963). The Teach Yourself ''Guide to Numismatics''. English Universities Press. P. 92. From contemporary records, we know the earliest Portuguese were made in Antwerp; between 1504 and 1507 Portugal exported 287,813 ''manillas'' into [[Guinea]] via San Jorge da Mina. vide Einzig, Paul (1949). ''Primitive Money in its ethnological, historical and economic aspects.'' Eyre & Spottiswoode. London. P. 155.</ref> From 1495 to 1521 the Portuguese Crown bought in [[Antwerp]], then the center of international trade, approximately 5,200 tonnes copper mainly from the [[Fugger]] of Hungary ([[Thurzo]]-Fugger company), which was shipped mostly to India.

In 1506, about 65% of the state income was produced on overseas activity. The monopoly of trade remained profitable until 1570, and strengthened the equity and credit capacity of Portugal. The share of the Crown's total trade with Asia in 1506 amounted to about 25% and increased steadily to 50% or more, but never entirely displaced the private traders: the trade monopoly was accompanied always by free trade in other products such as textiles, weapons, paper and salted fish, such as Bacalhau.

Royal monopolies were also leased out sometimes by Casa da Índia to private traders for a certain period. After 1570, the monopolies were abolished, except for the purchase of spices and the trade in copper and silver.

==See also==
*[[Casa de Contratación]], the Spanish counterpart of the Casa da Índia
*[[Company of Guinea]]
*[[Age of Discovery]]
*[[Portuguese Discoveries]]
*[[Portuguese Renaissance]]
*[[Economic history of Portugal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
* ''Note on the Castiglioni Planisphere'', Armando Cortesao, Imago Mundi, Vol. 11, 1954 (1954), pp. 53–55
* House of India, Encyclopædia Britannica.
* ''The Dating of the Oldest Portuguese Charts'', Alfredo Pinheiro Marques, Imago Mundi, Vol. 41, 1989 (1989), pp. 87–97
* ''Brazil depicted in early maps'', Arthur Dürst, Cartographica Helvetica 6 (1992) 8–16.
* [http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne12.htm ''Sixteenth-Century Portugal, Chapter Twelve of A History of Spain and Portugal'', Stanley G. Payne, THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE, Volume 1.]

{{Chartered companies}}
{{History of Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Casa da India}}
[[Category:Chartered companies]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of Portugal]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:Economic history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Trading companies of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:1434 establishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:1833 disestablishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 1430s]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Monarchy and money]]

Flora Fountain

2026-03-04T18:44:08Z

Portileostah: done

{{short description|Heritage monument in Mumbai, India}}
{{Original research|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Flora Fountain
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 72 Flora Fountain.jpg
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra#India Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9325|72.8317|region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| location_town = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| architect = [[Richard Norman Shaw]]
| client = [[Maharashtra]]
| engineer = James Forsythe
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 1864
| demolished_date =
| cost = Rs 47000 (9000 pounds sterling)
| structural_system = Sculpted in imported [[Portland stone]]
| architectural_style = Neo Classical and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] Revival
| size =
}}

'''Flora Fountain''' is a Fountain located at the [[Hutatma Chowk]] is an ornamentally sculpted architectural heritage monument located at the southern end of the historic [[Dadabhai Naoroji Road]], at the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] business district in the heart of [[South Mumbai]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Flora Fountain, built in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess [[Flora (goddess)|Flora]]. It was built at a total cost of Rs. 47,000, or 9,000 pounds sterling, a large sum in those days.<ref name=fount>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/flora-fountain.html|title= Mumbai: Flora Fountain|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Fort (Mumbai precinct)}}
[[File:Flora Fountain 1904.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of Flora Fountain taken prior to 1904]]
The fountain originally intended for the Victoria Gardens, is now surmounted by the figure of Plenty ("Courtesy of Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries."). History of the Flora Fountain is traced to the time when the Old Mumbai Fort was demolished in 1860 as part of the then Governor, Sir [[Bartle Frere|Bartle Frère]]'s efforts to improve civic sanitation (municipal improvements) and the urban space requirements of the growing city. Prior to this demolition, the Fort had been built between 1686 and 1743 by the British East India Company with three gates (the Apollo Gate, the [[Churchgate|Church Gate]] and the Bazaar Gate), a [[moat]], [[esplanade]], level open spaces on its western fringe (to control fires) and residences. A small road called the Hornby Road, named after the then Governor of Bombay (Mumbai) between 1771 AD and 1784 AD, also existed at the old Fort area.<ref name=abha>{{cite web|url= http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/542/542%20abha%20narain%20lambah.htm|title=Heritage streetscape|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Maharashtra/Mumbai/Mumbai-Fort-40131.htm|title=Mumbai Fort|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> Consequent to the demolitions, the Hornby road was widened into a broad avenue and on its western side commercial plots were developed to build new commercial buildings in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival designs. The Dadabhai Naoroji Road (D. N. Road), developed into a veritable sight of colonial splendor with [[Crawford Market]] linked to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] anchoring the northern end and the Flora Fountain, forming the southern end of the Mile Long Road.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/our-projects/empowerment-of-the-culture-profession/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2008/2004/award-winners/dadabhai-naoroji-road-heritage-streetscape-project-india/|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Road Heritage Streetscape Project, India|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202171134/http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/our-projects/empowerment-of-the-culture-profession/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2008/2004/award-winners/dadabhai-naoroji-road-heritage-streetscape-project-india/|archive-date=2 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Flora Fountain was erected at the exact place where the Church gate (named after [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai]] ) stood before its demolition along with the Mumbai Fort. It was constructed by the Agri–Horticultural Society of Western India, out of a donation of Rs 20,000 by Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh. Designed by [[Richard Norman Shaw]], it was sculpted in imported [[Portland stone]] by James Forsythe. A white coat of [[oil paint]] has to some extent marred the antiquity of the structure.<ref name=fount/>
The fountain was originally to be named after Sir [[Bartle Frere|Bartle Frère]], the [[Governor of Bombay]] at the time, whose progressive policy had resulted in many of the great public buildings of Mumbai.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207163226/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2008|title=Public fountains|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetter|year=1910|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref> However, the name was changed before the fountain was unveiled as Flora Fountain, named after [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]], a Roman Goddess of flowers and the season of spring; her majestic and pretty [[Portland stone]] statue adorns the top of the fountain. The four corners of the fountain have four life-sized female mythological figures carrying foliage to represent the four seasons.<ref name=hutatma>{{cite web|url=http://mumbai.clickindia.com/travel/florafountain.html|title=Flora Fountain|access-date=11 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222134/http://mumbai.clickindia.com/travel/florafountain.html|archive-date=8 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Flora_Fountain_-_History/id/1397046|title=Flora Fountain: Encyclopedia II – Flora Fountain – History|access-date=11 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503112438/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Flora_Fountain_-_History/id/1397046|archive-date=3 May 2009}}</ref><ref name=travel>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/mumbai/sightseeing-in-mumbai/flora-fountain-mumbai-fountain-area.html |title=Flora Fountain Mumbai Fountain area |access-date=11 March 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012140834/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/india/mumbai/sightseeing-in-mumbai/flora-fountain-mumbai-fountain-area.html |archive-date=12 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name=pica>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaionline.in/TouristPlaces/other_places/|title= Other Places, Flora Fountain|publisher=Mumbai Online.in|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=fourseasons>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-flora-fountain-makeover-almost-complete-take-a-look/story-qdDWfiMeSMhYCRhtYQfd8L.html|title= Mumbai's Flora Fountain gets a makeover|work=The Hindustan Times|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

The fountain was originally intended to be built at the [[Jijamata Udyaan]] at [[Byculla]] but, in 1908, the grass plot and the [[Palm tree|palm]] trees that had camouflaged the fountain were cleared for creating space for pedestrians and horse–traffic between the [[tram]] lines and the [[Curb (road)|kerb]] of the fountain.<ref name=gazette/>

==Hutatma chowk==
{{Further|Hutatma Chowk}}
[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Hutatma memorial with the Flora Fountain, in the background]]
From the time the Flora Fountain was built in 1864 and until 1960, the chowk ([[Town square|square]]) where five streets meet (hence, also known as the [[Piccadilly Circus]] of Mumbai<ref name=pica/>) and the fountain stands now, was named as the Flora Fountain area. But in 1960, to commemorate the people who laid their lives in the turbulent birth of [[Maharashtra]] State at the square, it was renamed as the [[Hutatma Chowk]] with a stone statue bearing a pair of torch-holding patriots. The Flora Fountain, surrounded by the [[British people|British]] [[Victorian era]] heritage buildings, is very much part of the chowk and has been declared a heritage structure and it continues to charm visitors with its beauty and with its spray of water. It sits well alongside the Hutatma statue which adorns the chowk. (Picture depicts the two structures).<ref name=hutatma/> It was the decision of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] that recommended to the Government "to take necessary steps to erect as early as possible a memorial at Flora Fountain in Bombay in commemoration of the sacrifices of the persons who died on the police firing at Flora Fountain in Bombay in the month of November 1955."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2S2AAAAIAAJ&q=Maharashtra+Gazette+-+Flora+Fountain|title= Selections from the Departmental Decisions of the Speaker|author= Maharashtra (India), Legislative Assembly|year= 1963|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref>

==Nostalgia==
[[File:Flora-Fountain.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Flora Fountain]]
Nostalgic writing by a [[cricketer]], an unnamed resident of Mumbai who played street cricket in front of the fountain in his youth, reads that the fountain at the centre of the Mumbai city evokes feelings:<ref name=mihir>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8HQiMvK-bYC&q=Flora+Fountain&pg=PA118|title=The Magic of Indian Cricket, pages 284; The gully, the maidan and the mali, page 118|author=Mihir Bose|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9780415356916|year=2006|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref>
<blockquote>
''The Centres of the world are well etched in the mind: the [[New York City]]'s [[Time Square]] and the [[Paris]]'s [[Champs-Élysées]], [[London]]'s [[Piccadilly Circus]]. Even now I feel a curious magic about Mumbai's Flora Fountain. We called it the heart of the city and so it was.''
</blockquote>

==Poetic expression==
A [[poem]] in [[Marathi language]] by Niranajan Bhagat translated to [[English language|English]] extols the beauty of the Flora Fountain thus:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JObSbMwe3aUC&q=Flora+Fountain&pg=PA16|title= Modern Gujarati Poetry A selection| page=16|author= Niranajan Bhagat|others=Translated by Suguna Ramanathan and Rita Kothari|year= 1998|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn= 9788126002948|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref>
<blockquote>
A Glass and concrete jungle; 
In its midst always 
Quiet, comely, 
With hope filled face, 
she stands 
Flora 
A dream of spring in her matchless eyes, 
holding in both hands stone flowers. 
About her, in all corners, 
Iron butterflies fly round and round 
And lifeless insects play</blockquote>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Flora Fountain, Fort, Mumbai.jpg|Flora Fountain in Hutatma Chowk
File:The Floral Fountain as it used to be, and Esplanade Road.jpg|The Flora Fountain, c. 1905
File:Flora fountain Bombay.jpg|Flora Fountain area, pre World War I
File:Rush Hour flora.jpg|Traffic stream at Flora Fountain at night
File:Mumbai Flora Fountain.jpg|Fountain in action at night
File:Flora Fountain, Mumbai, India (2006).jpg|Flora Fountain at Hutatma Chowk
File:Flora Fountain - Mumbai.jpg|Goddess Flora in Flora Fountain
File:Flora Fountain Pano.jpg|Panoramic view of Flora Fountain
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Flora Fountain}}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/views/view/106069055152830469003/photo/2Ji62jY9O6MAAAAGOre67g 360° Panorama]

[[Category:Fountains in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Richard Norman Shaw buildings]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1864]]
[[Category:Flora (mythology)]]
[[Category:Sculptures of Roman goddesses]]

Mahabharat (1965 film)

2026-03-04T03:55:17Z

Portileostah: fixed layout for consistency

{{About|the 1965 [[Hindi]] film|the Indian epic|Mahabharata|other films of the same title|Mahabharata (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Sources exist|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahabharat
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Babubhai Mistri]]
| producer = A. A. Nadiadwala
| writer = [[Veda Vyasa]] Pandit Madhur C.K. Mast Vishwanath Pande
| starring = {{ubl
| [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| [[Dara Singh]]
}}
| music = [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]]
| cinematography = Narendra Mistry Peter Parreira
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1965}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Mahabharat''''' is a [[1965 in film|1965]] Hindi [[adventure film|adventure]] [[fantasy film]] based on the [[Indian epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', starring [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Dara Singh]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], Manhar Desai, Tiwari, and directed by [[Babubhai Mistri]]. The score was composed by [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] and the title song was sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]].

The film was dubbed into Tamil with the title ''Panchali Sabatham'' and was released in 1966.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200710153330/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1966.asp|archivedate=10 July 2020|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> K. Devanarayanan wrote the dialogues. [[Kannadasan]] and [[Panchu Arunachalam]] penned the lyrics. Music to the Tamil version was composed by D. Srinivas. The Tamil-language film was produced by N. M. Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/actresspadmini/photos/a.792814430805327/2674657085954376/|title=Panchali Sabatham|website=[[Facebook]] |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200710154142/https://www.facebook.com/actresspadmini/photos/a.792814430805327/2674657085954376/|archivedate=10 July 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts with Kunti disposing her son Karna in Ganga river which is then taken by Adiratha and Radha. Pandu and Dhirtrashtra are two brothers who rule Hastinapur. Pandu marries Kunti, who conceives five sons and names them Yudhister, Bhimsen, Arjun, Nakul and Sahdev, while Dhirtrashtra, who is blind, marries Gandhari, and gives birth to a 100 sons, including Duryodhan and Dushasan. Gandhari's brother, Shakuni, also resides with them. Karna is now grown up but is rejected to by Drona and then learns by Parshurama. After Pandu passes away, Dhirtrashtra decides to bequeath the empire to Yudhister much to the chagrin of Duryodhan, who plots with Shakuni to kill them in a palace made of wax, but the brothers and Kunti manage to escape and live incognito in a forest where Bhimsem meets with, Hidimba, slays her demon brother, Hidimb, marries her and sires a son, an illusionist, Ghatotkach. The brothers do reveal their identity when Arjun wins a competition at Panchal to wed Draupadi defeating Duryodhan, Dushashan, Jarasandh and others. Kunti unwittingly asks the brothers to share Draupadi, as she had in a previous birth as Devi Maa Parvati, prayed to Lord [[Shiva]] five times for a husband. Dhirtrashtra acknowledges the enmity between the cousins and asks five brothers to re-locate to Khandavprasth, which is subsequently transformed by Devraj Indra's aide, Vishwakarma, and renamed Indraprasht. Duryodhan is then humiliated by Draupadi, who mocks him and tells him that sons of a blind man are also blind, when he stumbles in the Maya Mahal, and he takes a vow to humiliate her. Shakuni then invites the five brothers to gamble at Hastinapur where Yudhister ends up losing Indraprasht, his brothers, his wealth as well as Draupadi herself. [[Lord Krishna]] comes to her aid when Dushashan publicly disrobes her as no one comes to her defense. The Pandavas are then sentenced to 13 years in exile, which will be extended by 12 years more if they are discovered during the 13th year. When the [[Pandavas]] return to claim Indraprastha, the Kauravas oppose and challenge them to a war in the Kurkshetra. Duryodhan chooses Lord Krishna's armies, while Arjun chooses [[Krishna]] himself, who decides to only be the charioteer for Arjun. And it is here that Lord Krishna who shows his true self to Arjun when he hesitates to kill his relatives, cousins, and gurus. It is here that Gandhari will bless Duryodhan with a body of steel,

Kunti will go to plead with Karan to show mercy to her five sons, and Pawanputra [[Hanuman]], the elder brother of [[Bhima]], decides to make an ''incognito'' appearance, in this epic battle between Good and Evil.

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as [[Draupadi]]
*[[Dara Singh]] as [[Bhima]]
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as [[Krishna]]
*Tiwari as [[Duryodhana]]
*[[Manher Desai]] as [[Karna]]
*[[Arvind Pandya]]
*Raj Prakash
*Raj Kumar
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as [[Shakuni]]
*Maruti
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as [[Kunti]]
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]
*[[Tiger Joginder Singh|Tiger Joginder]] as [[Hidimb]]
*[[Ambika Sukumaran]] as [[Hidimbi]]
*Madhumati
*Jeevan Kala
*Sujata
*Mridula
*Sobhana
*Salim
*Kanak
*Paul Sharma
*Shekhar Purohit
*P. Kailash
*Champak Lala
*Aruna
*Vishwas Kunte
*Pt. Badri Prasad
*Johny Whisky
*Ajit Sony
}}

==Soundtrack==
#"Bahut Din Beete Puraani Baat Hai" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Chakravyuh Ka Chakra Gira Hai" - Mohammed Rafi
#"Champakali Chhup Chhup Jaaye Re" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Hari Hari Dharti Hai" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"He Rakhi Bandhnewale Kahan Chhupe Ho" - Mohammed Rafi
#"Meri Chhun Chhun Chhun PaayalSun Tujhko Pukaare" - Kamal Barot & [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
#"O Chanda Aaj Ki Raat Na Dhalana" - Lata Mangeshkar & [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
#"Sakhi Ri Baaje Man Ki Baansuriya" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Sukh Jaata Hai Dukh Aata Hai" - Mohammed Rafi
#"Tan N Dir Dir Dim Dimat Dere Na" - [[Usha Mangeshkar]]

==Remake==
It was remade in Gujarati as a D-grade movie Sampoorna Mahabharat in 1983 and dubbed to Hindi, starring [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Arvind kumar.

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504142432/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Mahabharat.html ''Mahabharat'' overview] University of Iowa.

{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahabharat (1965 Film)}}
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chitragupta]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Babubhai Mistry]]

Jodi (2001 film)

2026-03-03T21:42:51Z

Portileostah: refine information per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jodi
| image = Jodi (2001 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kishore Sarja]]
| writer = M. S. Ramesh (dialogue)
| screenplay = Kishore Sarja
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (Malayalam) by [[Rajasenan]]}}
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
*[[Jaggesh]]
*Poonam Singar
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Shyam
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Rockline Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|12|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jodi''''' ({{translation|Couple}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Kishore Sarja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2009 |title=Kishore Sarja: A talent wasted |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/29/kishore-sarja-a-talent-wasted.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162126/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jun/29/kishore-sarja-a-talent-wasted.htm |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Jaggesh]] and Poonam Singar with [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]], [[Doddanna]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]] portraying supporting roles. The film's soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. It was released on 7 December 2001. The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (2000) and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali of Yogeshwar |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_friendship.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903223914/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_friendship.asp |archive-date=2022-09-03 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Viggy}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Vinod
*[[Jaggesh]] as Sunil
*Poonam Singar as Pushpa
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Lokanath]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*Kalyani
*Shailaja Joshi
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*Shankar Ashwath
*Killer Venkatesh
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
}}
==Production==
When [[Rockline Venkatesh]] decided to remake Malayalam film ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' in Kannada, he originally chose [[Dinesh Babu]] to direct the film. Babu who initially agreed to direct later pulled out from the venture after he got an offer from [[Usha Kiran Movies]]. This led Venkatesh to file a complaint against Babu at Kannada Producers Association which initially banned him but was later revoked after Babu agreed to pay penalty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YET ANOTHER BLOW FOR DINESH BABOO |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010802233146/http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-date=2001-08-02 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Kishore Sarja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2009 |title=Director Kishore Sarja passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/jun/28/director-kishore-sarja-passes-away-62793.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101024831/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2009/jun/28/director-kishore-sarja-passes-away-62793.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2001 |title=Jodi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/672962815 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101024936/https://music.apple.com/in/album/jodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/672962815 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = O Preetiye
| length1 = 5:14
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Minche Ninnava
| length2 = 4:50
| lyrics2 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title3 = Darling
| length3 = 4:39
| lyrics3 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Devan Ekambaram]]
| title4 = Gentleman
| length4 = 5:09
| lyrics4 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Devan
| title5 = Neeligiriya Mele
| length5 = 4:51
| lyrics5 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra5 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Archana Udupa]]
| title6 = Suriya Nodayya
| length6 = 4:53
| lyrics6 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra6 = Anuradha Sriram, [[Suresh Peters]]
| total_length = 29:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' described ''Jodi'' as an "amazing love triangle".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MODI MADO ‘JODI’: A Neat Family Package |url=http://chitraloka.com/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011208184614/http://chitraloka.com/index.html |archive-date=2001-12-08 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Director Kishore Sarja keeps us guessing till the end, as to who gets the girl! He can be applauded for crafting the film well [..] On the whole the film is an entertainer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=8880066&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Jodi (2001) Movie review|work=Sify|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225145335/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=8880066&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14728422}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

College Kumar (2017 film)

2026-03-03T21:22:23Z

Portileostah: done

{{short description|2017 film by Santhu}}
{{No plot|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = College Kumar
| native_name =
| image = College Kumar 2017 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Hari Santhosh]]
| producer = L. Padmanabha
| writer = Santhu Maasthi Upparahalli
| screenplay = [[Hari Santhosh]]
| story = [[Hari Santhosh]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vicky Varun]] [[Samyuktha Hegde]] [[P. Ravishankar]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Thamizh Azhagan
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = M. R. Pictures
| distributor = Mysore Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|10|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''College Kumar''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]- language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Hari Santhosh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='College Kumar' is ready to entertain |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/college-kumar-is-ready-to-entertain/articleshow/61349515.cms? |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> It stars [[Vikky Varun]] and [[Samyuktha Hegde]], with [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]] in supporting roles. The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film are by [[Arjun Janya]] and the cinematography is by A. Azhagan.

The film was released on 10 November 2017. The film got positive response all over. Performances of Ravishankar and Shruti were praised by critics and audience alike. The film was remade by the director in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 2020 with [[College Kumar (2020 film)|the same title]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='College Kumar' to be remade in Telugu and Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/college-kumar-to-be-remade-in-telugu-and-tamil/articleshow/68534121.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425121659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/college-kumar-to-be-remade-in-telugu-and-tamil/articleshow/68534121.cms |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=The Times of India|date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Vikky Varun]] as Kumar
* [[Samyuktha Hegde]] as Keerti
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Shivakumar, Kumar's father
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] as Girija, Kumar's mother
* [[Achyuth Kumar]], Keerthi's father
* K S Suchitra as Keerthi's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Nani, Shivakumar and Kumar's friend
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Shivakumar's Boss in Audit Office
* Rockline Sudhakar as Sudhakar, Employee in Audit Office
* [[Sundar Raj]] as College Principal
* [[Bhargavi Narayan]]
* Ashwin Rao Pallakki
*[[Prashanth Siddi]]
*Vijay Koundinya
*Mandya Jayaram
*M. N. Suresh
*Ramesh Pandith as College Lecturer
*Sunethra Pandith as College Lecturer
*Ganesh Rao Kesarkar
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]]
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = College Kumar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer = Arjun Janya
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2017 |title=College Kumar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |website=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1zMCEfMuLDbOPDnJmTouY9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004559/https://open.spotify.com/album/1zMCEfMuLDbOPDnJmTouY9 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by Jhankar Music.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Naavu Last Bench
| lyrics1 = Hari Santhosh
| extra1 = [[Alok R. Babu]], Vasuki Vaibhav, Vyasaraj
| length1 = 03:14
| title2 =Hasi Bisi
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 =[[Swetha Mohan]]
| length2 =04:22
| title3 =Marali Marali
| lyrics3 =Hari Santhosh
| extra3 =[[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length3 =04:05
| title4 =Nanna Kuse
| lyrics4 =[[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra4 =Nithin Rajaram Shastry
| length4 =05:32
|all_writing=
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "This is a film that parents and children could watch together — it sort of paints a picture of what is the norm in many families".<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Kumar Review {2.5/5}: This is a film that parents and children could watch together - it sort of paints a picture of what is the norm in many families. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/college-kumar/movie-review/61591902.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "The director has reinvented himself with College Kumar, which is a safe bet for the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Kumar movie review: Better version of 'Krazy Loka' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/college-kumar-movie-review-better-version-of-krazy-loka/articleshow/61597913.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115032555/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/college-kumar-movie-review-better-version-of-krazy-loka/articleshow/61597913.cms |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "without an iota of doubt it is certainly a bearable movie which has some true emotional moments to watch out for.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.M |first=SHASHIPRASAD |date=11 November 2017 |title=College Kumar movie review: Secures minimum pass marks |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111117/college-kumar-movie-review-secures-minimum-pass-marks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229023920/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111117/college-kumar-movie-review-secures-minimum-pass-marks.html |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari Santhosh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Thiri

2026-03-03T03:14:14Z

Portileostah: made some post basic info!

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by S. Ashok Amritraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thiri
| image = Thiri.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Ashok Amritharaj
| producer = S. Anton Ranjith M. Vetrik Kumaran
| writer =
| starring = [[Ashwin Kakumanu|Ashwin]] [[Swathi Reddy]] [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
| music = [[Ajesh]]
| cinematography = K. G. Venkatesh
| editing = S. P. Raja Sethupathi
| studio = Oxygen Cinemas Sea Shore Gold Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|14|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Thiri''''' ({{translation}} ''Rove'') is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by S. Ashok Amritraj, starring [[Ashwin Kakumanu|Ashwin]] and [[Swathi Reddy]] in the leading roles. Featuring [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[A. L. Azhagappan]] and [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] in supporting roles, the film had a theatrical release on 14 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashok Amritraj is all set to ace his debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/ashok-amritraj-is-all-set-to-ace-his-debut-1619371.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827212404/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/ashok-amritraj-is-all-set-to-ace-his-debut-1619371.html |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-27 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashwin and Swathi Reddy in "Thiri" |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ashwin-and-swathi-reddy-in-thiri-imagegallery-kollywood-qilluligjfhbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812155331/http://www.sify.com/movies/ashwin-and-swathi-reddy-in-thiri-imagegallery-kollywood-qilluligjfhbe.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Ashwin Kakumanu|Ashwin]] as Jeeva
*[[Swathi Reddy]] as Swathi
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Jeeva's father
*[[Anupama Kumar]] as Jeeva's mother
*[[A. L. Azhagappan]] as Anganan
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Jeeva's friend
*[[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Jeeva's friend
*[[Arjai]] as Kishore
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[Sendrayan]]
*Cheranraj
*Prabhu Helen
*Vaishali
*Agnes
*Sonam
{{colend}}

==Production==
The project was officially announced to the media in April 2015, where it was revealed that the film would be a tale on the father-son relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The film Thiri starring Ashwin Kakumanu, Swathi Reddy, Jayaprakash, Karunakaran and AL Azhagappan in the lead roles is on the floors |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/the-film-thiri-starring-ashwin-kakamanu-swathi-reddy-jayaprakash-karunakaran-and-al-azhagappan-in-the-lead-roles-is-set-to-hit-the-floors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622194953/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/the-film-thiri-starring-ashwin-kakamanu-swathi-reddy-jayaprakash-karunakaran-and-al-azhagappan-in-the-lead-roles-is-set-to-hit-the-floors.html |archive-date=22 June 2015 |access-date=2017-08-27 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-20 |title=Thiri brings Ashwin Kakumanu and Swati together for the second time {{!}} KOLLY TALK |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/thiri-brings-ashwin-kakumanu-swati-together-second-time-250986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701021808/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/thiri-brings-ashwin-kakumanu-swati-together-second-time-250986.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=2017-08-27 |work=KOLLY TALK |language=en-US}}</ref> The film's debutant director Ashok Amritraj revealed that he had not previously apprenticed under any director and credited his knowledge of film making to purely watching films. While analysing how Tamil films work, Amritraj stated he understood that audiences "love emotional stories" and opted to write a story based on emotions for ''Thiri''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2017 |title=I learnt direction by watching films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-learnt-direction-by-watching-films/articleshow/58260190.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-learnt-direction-by-watching-films/articleshow/58260190.cms |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He narrated the script to several young actors in the Tamil film industry, but the script was turned down by many citing the heavy nature of the film's theme until it was accepted by [[Ashwin Kakumanu|Ashwin]]. The film was shot throughout late 2015 and 2016 and was prepared for a delayed release in July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Amritraj is all set to ace his debut |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/ashok-amritraj-is-all-set-to-ace-his-debut-1619371.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912223833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/ashok-amritraj-is-all-set-to-ace-his-debut-1619371.html |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=8 August 2015 |title=Slow and steady |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-ashwin-kakumanu-about-his-career-in-films/article7516305.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828061423/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-ashwin-kakumanu-about-his-career-in-films/article7516305.ece |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=2 September 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thiri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ajesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded = 17 April 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = Trend Music
| prev_title = [[Paambhu Sattai]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Sarbath]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Ajesh]] and the album released on 17 April 2017 by Trend Music, featuring seven songs. One song in the film, "Dhillirukku Tholodu" was composed by [[S. Thaman]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/fwwZdAzAGUU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170419135310/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwwZdAzAGUU&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwwZdAzAGUU |title=Thiri - Audio Jukebox {{!}} Ashwin, Swathi Reddy, Karunakaran {{!}} SS Thaman, Ajesh {{!}} Trend Music |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 = Akka Maga Indhu
| lyrics1 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra1 = Gana Vinoth
| length1 = 3:14
| title2 = Uravey Uravey
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[D. Sathyaprakash|Sathyaprakash]], Ajesh
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Yaavum Needhaaney
| lyrics3 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra3 = Ajesh
| length3 = 3:30
| title4 = Dhillirukku Tholodu
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu]
| extra4 = Sai Sharan, Nivas, Deepak
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Vaetta Pen Vaetta
| lyrics5 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra5 = Kavitha Gopal, Narayanan
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Uravey Uravey (Reprise)
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| extra6 = Thilak Anand, Ajesh
| length6 = 3:50
| title7 = Kannu Rekha
| lyrics7 = Mani Amuthavan
| extra7 = S. P. Raja Sethupathi
| length7 = 3:33
}}

==Release==
The film had a theatrical release on 14 July 2017 and received predominantly negative reviews. Sify.com called the film "a monotonous film" and a "tedious watch", adding "the film is an amateurish masala entertainer highlighting the flaws in the educational system".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiri review:Tedious watch |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thiri-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-rhomjRfieebed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714155036/http://www.sify.com/movies/thiri-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-rhomjRfieebed.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from The Times of India wrote "The reason ''Thiri'' is underwhelming is not because of the predictable script but because it fails to inject fun into it" and that "there are attempts at injecting comedy, alright, but they hardly bring a smile and the film isn't successful in nailing its tone".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thiri Review {2/5}: The reason Thiri is underwhelming is not because of the predictable script but because it fails to inject fun into it |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thiri/movie-review/59571721.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Likewise, Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companian called the film "a dull, talky, been-there-done-that action-drama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Thiri Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/thiri-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231030257/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/thiri-movie-review |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=7019802}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

India at the Youth Olympics

2026-03-02T13:45:10Z

Portileostah: started first info & citations

{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Youth Olympics
| year =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|https://olympic.ind.in/}}
| location =
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer =
| rank = 51
| gold = 3
| silver = 16
| bronze = 4
| officials =
| appearances =
| app_begin_year =
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=India|competition=Summer Youth Olympics|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=India|competition=Winter Youth Olympics|begin_year=|end_year= }}
}}
[[India]] has sent athletes to every edition of the [[Youth Olympic Games]] except the [[2020 Winter Youth Olympics|2020 winter games]]. The [[Indian Olympic Association]] is the [[National Olympic Committee]] for India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkatraman |first1=Gayathri |title=Indian Olympic Association (IOA) - Complete List of all Presidents in history |url=https://thebridge.in/olympics/indian-olympic-association-ioa-list-of-presidents-38013 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=thebridge.in |date=15 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian athletes have won a total of 23 medals (3 of them gold) at the [[Summer Youth Olympic Games]]. India had its best performance in the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 summer games]], winning thirteen medals including three gold.<ref>{{cite news |title=13 medals in eight sports: India's young guns break barriers at 2018 Youth Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/13-medals-in-eight-sports-indias-young-guns-break-barriers-at-2018-youth-olympics/articleshow/66282771.cms |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2018}}</ref> The country has not yet won a medal at the [[Winter Youth Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal’s skier lone Indian in Winter Youth Olympic Games in Korea |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/himachals-skier-lone-indian-in-winter-youth-olympic-games-in-korea/ |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

== Medal tables ==
{{See also|All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

=== Summer Games ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Games
!Athletes
|style="background:gold; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Gold
|style="background:silver; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Silver
|style="background:#cc9966; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze
!style="width:3em; font-weight:bold;"|Total
!style="width:3em; font-weight:bold;"|Rank
|-
|align=left| [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010 Singapore]] || 32 || 0 || 6 || 2 || 8 || [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics medal table|58]]
|-
|align=left| [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014 Nanjing]] || 32 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics medal table|64]]
|-
|align=left| [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]] || 46 || 3 || 9 || 1 || 13 || [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics medal table|17]]
|-
|align=left| [[2026 Summer Youth Olympics|2026 Dakar]] || colspan="6"| ''Future event''
|-
! colspan=1| Total<ref name="Olympedia">{{cite web |title=India (IND) |url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND |website=Olympedia |access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>!! 110 !! 3 !! 16 !! 4 !! 23 !! [[All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table|51]]
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

=== Winter Games ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
!Games
!Athletes
|style="background:gold; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Gold
|style="background:silver; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Silver
|style="background:#cc9966; width:3.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze
!style="width:3em; font-weight:bold;"|Total
!style="width:3em; font-weight:bold;"|Rank
|-
|align=left|[[2012 Winter Youth Olympics|2012 Innsbruck]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics medal table|-]]
|-
|align=left|[[2016 Winter Youth Olympics|2016 Lillehammer]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2016 Winter Youth Olympics medal table|-]]
|-
|align=left|[[2020 Winter Youth Olympics|2020 Lausanne]]|| colspan=6| ''Did not participate''
|-
|align=left|[[2024 Winter Youth Olympics|2024 Gangwon]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || [[2024 Winter Youth Olympics medal table|-]]
|-
!Total<ref name="Olympedia" /> !! 3 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! 0 !! [[All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table|-]]
|}

{{col-end}}

== Medals by sport ==
{{Medals table
| caption = Summer sports<ref name="Olympedia" />
| team = Sport
| hide_rank = yes
| leading =
| gold_1 = 2 | silver_1 = 2 | bronze_1 = 0 | name_1 = {{GamesSport|Shooting|Format=d}}
| gold_2 = 1 | silver_2 = 1 | bronze_2 = 0 | name_2 = {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Format=d}}
| gold_3 = 0 | silver_3 = 3 | bronze_3 = 1 | name_3 = {{GamesSport|Athletics|Format=d}}
| gold_9 = 0 | silver_9 = 2 | bronze_9 = 1 | name_9 = {{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
| gold_4 = 0 | silver_4 = 2 | bronze_4 = 0 | name_4 = {{GamesSport|Badminton|Format=d}}
| gold_5 = 0 | silver_5 = 2 | bronze_5 = 0 | name_5 = {{GamesSport|Field hockey|Format=d}}
| gold_6 = 0 | silver_6 = 1 | bronze_6 = 1 | name_6 = {{GamesSport|Archery|Format=d}}
| gold_7 = 0 | silver_7 = 1 | bronze_7 = 1 | name_7 = {{GamesSport|Boxing|Format=d}}
| gold_8 = 0 | silver_8 = 1 | bronze_8 = 0 | name_8 = {{GamesSport|Judo|Format=d}}
| gold_10 = 0 | silver_10 = 1 | bronze_10 = 0 | name_10 = {{GamesSport|Tennis|Format=d}}
}}

== Medalists ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|+ Indian Youth Olympic medalist<ref>{{cite news |title=India finishes with 8 medals at Youth Olympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/Aug/27/india-finishes-with-8-medals-at-youth-olympics-181691.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Olympic Games: Where are India’s previous medallists today? |url=https://scroll.in/field/896957/youth-olympic-games-where-are-indias-previous-medallists-today |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=Scroll.in |date=4 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Olympic Games: India's medal tally and all Indian medal winners at YOG 2018 in Buenos Aires |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/photo-gallery-youth-olympic-games-india-s-medal-tally-and-all-indian-medal-winners-at-yog-2018-in-buenos-aires-2673332/sports/photo-gallery-youth-olympic-games-india-s-medal-tally-and-all-indian-medal-winners-at-yog-2018-in-buenos-aires-2673332/manu-bhaker-gold-2674489 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=DNA |date=October 9, 2018}}</ref>
|-
!style="width:6em"| Medal
!style="width:20em"| Name/Team
!style="width:10em"| Games
!style="width:10em"| Sport
!style="width:15em"| Event
!style="width:10em"| Date
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Pooja Dhanda]]
|rowspan="9" |[[2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010 Singapore]] || [[Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' freestyle 60 kg|Girls' Freestyle 60kg]] || {{dts|16 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Prannoy Kumar]]|| [[Badminton at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Badminton]] || [[Badminton at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|Boys' Singles]] || {{dts|19 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Yuki Bhambri]]|| [[Tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Tennis]] || [[Tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|Boys' Singles]] || {{dts|21 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Arjun Arjun]] || [[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' discus throw|Boys' Discus throw]] || {{dts|21 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Kumar Durgesh]]|| [[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 400 metre hurdles|Boys' 400m hurdles]] || {{dts|23 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Shiva Thapa]] || [[Boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Boxing]] || [[Boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 54 kg|Men's Bantam 54kg]] || {{dts|25 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Satywart Kadian]] || [[Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' freestyle 100 kg|Boys' Freestyle 100kg]] || {{dts|17 Aug 2010}}
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Vikas Krishan Yadav]] || [[Boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Boxing]] || [[Boxing at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 60 kg|Men's Light 60kg]] || {{dts|24 Aug 2010}}
|-
| ''{{Bronze medal}}'' || ''[[Neha Thakur]]'' || ''[[Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Judo]]'' || ''[[Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed team|Mixed team]]'' || ''{{dts|25 Aug 2010}}''
|-
| {{Silver medal}}
| [[Venkat Rahul Ragala]]
| rowspan="2" | [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014 Nanjing]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics|Weightlifting]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 77 kg|Boys' 77 kg]]
| {{dts|21 August 2014}}
|-
| {{Bronze medal}}
| [[Atul Verma]]
| [[Archery at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics|Archery]]
| [[Archery at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' individual|Boys' Individual]]
| {{dts|26 August 2014}}
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Jeremy Lalrinnunga]]
| rowspan="15" | [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 62 kg|Boys' 62 kg]] || {{dts|8 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Manu Bhaker]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 10 metre air pistol|Girls' 10 metre air pistol]] || {{dts|9 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Saurabh Chaudhary]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 10 metre air pistol|Boys' 10 metre air pistol]] || {{dts|10 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Lakshya Sen]] || [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Badminton]] || [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed teams|Mixed team]] || {{dts|12 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Tushar Mane]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 10 metre air rifle|Boys' 10 metre air rifle]] || {{dts|7 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Tababi Devi]] || [[Judo at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Judo]] || [[Judo at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 44 kg|Girls' 44 kg]] || {{dts|7 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Mehuli Ghosh]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 10 metre air rifle|Girls' 10 metre air rifle]] || {{dts|8 October 2018}}
|-
| ''{{Silver medal}}'' || ''[[Tababi Devi]]'' || ''[[Judo at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Judo]]'' || ''[[Judo at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed team|Mixed team]]'' || ''{{dts|10 October 2018}}''
|-
| ''{{Silver medal}}'' || ''[[Manu Bhaker]]'' || ''[[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Shooting]]'' || ''[[Shooting at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed 10 metre air pistol|Mixed 10 metre air pistol]]'' || ''{{dts|12 October 2018}}''
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Simran Kaur (wrestler)|Simran Kaur]] || [[Wrestling at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Wrestling]] || [[Wrestling at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' freestyle 43 kg|Girls' freestyle 43 kg]] || {{dts|13 October 2018}}
|-
|{{Silver medal}}
|{{Collapsible list
|title=[[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|Boy's Field Hockey Team]]
|titlestyle=font-weight: normal
|{{nowrap|[[Prashant Chauhan]]{{spaces|4|type}}}}|[[Shivam Anand]]|[[Rahul Rajbhar]]|[[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder Singh]]|[[Rabichandra Moirangathem]]|[[Sudeep Chirmako]]|[[Pawan Malik]]|[[Sanjay Kumar (field hockey)|Sanjay Kumar]]|[[Vivek Prasad]]}}
|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Field hockey]]
|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' Tournament|Boys' tournament]]
|{{dts|14 October 2018}}
|-
|{{Silver medal}}
|{{Collapsible list
|title=[[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|Girls' Field Hockey Team]]
|titlestyle=font-weight: normal
|{{nowrap|[[Bichu Devi Kharibam]]{{spaces|10|type}}}}|[[Ishika Chaudhary]]|[[Khushboo Khan]]|[[Salima Tete]]|[[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz Khan]]|[[Baljeet Kaur]]|[[Chetna Rathi]]|[[Reet (field hockey)|Reet]]|[[Lalremsiami]]}}
|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Field hockey]]
|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' Tournament|Girls' tournament]]
|{{dts|14 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Suraj Panwar]] || [[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 5000 metre walk|Boys' 5 km walk]] || {{dts|15 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Akash Malik]] || [[Archery at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Archery]] || [[Archery at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|Boys' individual]] || {{dts|15 October 2018}}
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Praveen Chithravel]] || [[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Athletics]] || [[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' triple jump|Boys' triple jump]] || {{dts|16 October 2018}}
|}
'''Note:''' Medals awarded to participants of [[Mixed-NOCs at the Youth Olympics|Mixed-NOC]] teams are represented in (''italics''). These medals are not counted towards the Individual NOC Medal tally.

==See also==
*[[India at the Olympics]]
*[[India at the Deaflympics]]
*[[India at the Paralympics]]
*[[India at the Asian Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Para Games]]
*[[India at the Asian Youth Games]]
*[[India at the Commonwealth Games]]
*[[India at the Lusofonia Games]]
*[[India at the South Asian Games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of India}}
{{Nations at the Youth Olympics}}

[[Category:India at the Youth Olympics|India at the Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Nations at the Youth Olympic Games]]
[[Category:India at multi-sport events|Youth Olympics]]

Tarlupadu

2026-02-26T17:00:52Z

Portileostah:

{{moresources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tarlupadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname = tlu
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Veerabrahmendra swamy temple,Tarlupadu.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Veerabrahmendra swamy temple, Tarlupadu
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.657|N|79.224|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523332
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Tarlupadu''' is a village in [[Markapuram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of Tarlupadu mandal in [[Markapur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=19 June 2015|pages=136, 174|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Markapuram district]]
[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

Marathi Buddhists

2026-02-22T08:01:42Z

Portileostah: correct content after review and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|Buddhists of Marathi ethnic and linguistic identity}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group= Marathi Buddhists
|image=Deekshabhoomi - panoramio.jpg
|caption=[[Deekshabhoomi]] monument, located in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], where [[B. R. Ambedkar]] converted to Buddhism in 1956, is the largest [[stupa]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhagwat|first=Ramu|title=Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ambedkar-memorial-set-up-at-Deekshabhoomi/articleshow/189472379.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-12-19/mumbai/27228796_1_dr-ambedkar-narayanan-smarak-samiti|url-status=live|archive-date=16 October 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2001}}</ref>
|population = {{flag|India}} 6,531,200 (2011)
|popplace = [[Maharashtra]]
|langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|rels= [[Navayana|Navayana Buddhism]]
|related= [[Marathi people]]
}}

'''Marathi Buddhists''' ({{lang|mr-Latn|Marāṭhī Bauddha}}) are [[Buddhist]]s of [[Marathi people|Marathi ethnic]] and [[Marathi language|linguistic]] [[Identity (social science)|identity]]. The religious community resides in the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. They speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as their [[mother-tongue]] (first language). The Marathi Buddhist community is the largest Buddhist community in India. According to the 2011 Indian census, Marathi Buddhists constitute 5.81% of the population in Maharashtra, which is 77% of the total Buddhist population in India.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dr. Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar delivering speech during conversion, Nagpur, 14 October 1956]]

Almost all Marathi Buddhists belong to the [[Navayana]] tradition, a 20th-century [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Buddhist revival movement]] in India that received its most substantial impetus from [[B. R. Ambedkar]] who called for the conversion to Buddhism by rejecting the [[Caste system in India|caste]]-based society of Hinduism. This was through a socio-religious movement and the term "Navayana" was used to "simplify the present cultural complexities" in other sects of Buddhism. Overall this was not a completely new sect culturally and ritually as it borrows most of its traditions from Theravada sect of Sri Lanka.
B. R. Ambedkar publicly converted on 14 October 1956, at [[Deekshabhoomi]], [[Nagpur]], over 20 years after he declared his intent to convert. He converted approximately 600,000 people to Buddhism.<ref name="Buswell2013p34">{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013| publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn =978-1-4008-4805-8|page=34}}</ref> The conversion ceremony was attended by Medharathi, his main disciple Bhoj Dev Mudit, and Mahastvir Bodhanand's Sri Lankan successor, Bhante Pragyanand.<ref name="maren_roots"/> Ambedkar asked the oppressed classes not to get entangled in the existing branches of Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana), and called his version [[Navayana]] or 'Neo-Buddhism'. Ambedkar would die less than two months later, just after finishing his definitive work on Buddhism. Many Buddhists employ the term "Ambedkarite Buddhism" to designate the Buddhist movement, which started with Ambedkar's conversion.<ref name="maren_roots">{{Cite book|last=Bellwinkel-Schempp|first=Maren|chapter=Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur|editor-last=Jondhale|editor-first=Surendra|editor2-last=Beltz|editor2-first=Johannes|title=Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|pages=221–244|chapter-url=http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801180947/http://www.maren-bellwinkel.de/artikel/ambedkarbuddhism.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Converted people call themselves "Bauddha" i.e. Buddhists.

==Population==
[[File:District wise Buddhist population percentage, India census 2011.png|thumb|District wise Buddhist population percentage, India census 2011. India's West-centre area, [[Maharashtra]] shows Marathi Buddhist population.]]

Almost all Marathi Buddhists are converts from [[Hinduism]]. Most Buddhist Marathi people belong to the former [[Mahar]] community who adopted Buddhism with Ambedkar in 1956.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|year=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan Publisher|isbn=8178241560|pages=119–131|chapter=The ‘Solution’ of Conversion}}</ref><ref name="zelliot">{{cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bardwell L. |title=Religion and the Legitimation of Power in South Asia |year=1978 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9004056742 |pages=88–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Jzn_LuLasC&pg=PA88 |first=Eleanor |last=Zelliot |author-link=Eleanor Zelliot |chapter=Religion and Legitimation in the Mahar Movement}}</ref>

In the 1951 census of India, In Maharashtra, 2,487 (0.01%) respondents said they were Buddhist. The 1961 census, taken after B. R. Ambedkar adopted Navayana Buddhism with his millions of followers in 1956, showed an increase to 2,789,501 (7.05%).<ref>Kantowsky, Detlef (1997). [https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/buddhismus-in-geschichte-und-gegenwart/bd2-k06kantowsky.pdf Buddhisten in Indien heute], Indica et Tibetica 30, 111</ref>

Marathi Buddhists account for 77.36% of all [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhists in India]].<ref name="census2011"/> According to the [[2011 Census of India]] there are 6.5 million Buddhists in Maharashtra but Buddhist leaders claim there are about 10 to 12 million Buddhists in Maharashtra. Among cities [[Mumbai]] has largest Buddhist population accounting for 4.85% of total Mumbai population. Almost 90 per cent of [[Navayana]] Buddhists live in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.asianews.it/index.php?art=3482&l=en|title=INDIA Indian Buddhists reject religious census|website=m.asianews.it}}</ref> 5,204,284 (79.68%) Marathi Buddhists belong to the [[Scheduled Caste]] category.<ref>{{cite news|title=बौद्ध बढ़े, चुनावी चर्चे में चढ़े|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/huge-increase-in-the-population-of-dalit-budhist-in-india-1-872858.html|access-date=30 January 2018|work=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable Marathi Buddhists==

[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|right|thumb|[[B. R. Ambedkar]], Marathi scholar and the revivalist of [[Buddhism in India]]]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956), jurist, barrister, and first Law and Justice Minister of India
* [[R. D. Bhandare]] (born 1916), governor of Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
* [[Bhushan Gavai]] (born 1960), the current and 52nd [[Chief Justice of India]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=petWCgAAQBAJ&q=r+s+gavai+religion&pg=PT170|title=Living with Religious Diversity|last1=Sikka|first1=Sonia|last2=Puri|first2=Bindu|last3=Beaman|first3=Lori G.|author3-link=Lori G. Beaman|date=2015-08-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317370987|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Baliram Gaikwad]] Member of Parliament 16th loksabha, author, advocate
* [[B. C. Kamble]] (born 1919), jurist and lawyer
* [[Sanjay Bansode]], state minister of Maharashtra<ref name="divyamarathi.bhaskar.com">{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/23-ministers-belong-to-the-maratha-community-in-thackeray-government-126408482.html|title=उद्धव ठाकरे सरकारच्या ४३ सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडळात २३ मंत्री मराठा समाजाचे|date=December 31, 2019|website=Divya Marathi}}</ref>
* [[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare]], Governor of Odisha
* [[B. D. Khobragade]], Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
* [[Mukul Wasnik]], Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment
* [[Nashikrao Tirpude]], first Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra
* [[Raja Dhale]] (1940–2019), social activist and writer
* [[Namdeo Dhasal]] (1949–2014), Padma Shri social activist and writer

==Culture==
[[File:Gate of Vipassana Buddha Vihar and Aurangabad caves, and Ambedkar statue.jpg|thumb|Marathi Buddhists are celebrating 62nd Dhammachakra Pravartan Din at [[Aurangabad Caves]] area in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]] on 18 October 2018.]]

===Festivals===
* [[Buddha Purnima]], public holiday in Maharashtra
* [[Ambedkar Jayanti|Babasaheb Ambedkar Jayanti]], public holiday in Maharashtra
* [[Dhammachakra Pravartan Day]], public holiday in Maharashtra
* [[Asalha Puja|Ashadha Puja]]
* [[Magha Puja]]

==See also==
* [[Buddhist Society of India]]
* [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]
* [[Lord Buddha TV]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Religion in Maharashtra]]
* [[Buddhism in Mizoram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074717/http://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/01/religion-data-of-census-2011-xi_19.html?m=1 Indian Buddhist Data from the 1951 census to the 2011 census]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]
[[Category:Demographics of India]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists|*]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]

Shiv Hare

2026-02-11T07:25:32Z

Portileostah: made a entry nd citations

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiv Hare
| image = S SHIV - Portrait.png
| birth_name = S Shiv
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director, Writer, Producer and Lyricist
| years_active = 1999 – present
| notable_works = [[Atkan Chatkan]] (2020)
| website = {{URL|https://iamshivhare.com/}}
}}

'''S Shiv''' (also known as '''Shiv Hare''') is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer and lyricist. He made his directorial debut in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=It has taken me 20 years to get a break: 'Atkan Chatkan' director Shiv Hare on his struggle|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/it-has-taken-me-20-years-to-get-a-break-atkan-chatkan-director-shiv-hare-on-his-struggle-891902.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> with Hindi movie ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''<ref>{{Citation|last=Hare|first=Shiv|title=Atkan Chatkan|date=2020-09-05|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12969078/|type=Drama, Musical|publisher=Lokaa Entertainment|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> for which he got the 'Best Director' awards at the South London Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home - THE SOUTH LONDON FILM FESTIVAL - Official Website 2022|url=https://www.southlondonfilmfest.co.uk/|access-date=2022-01-17|language=en-US}}</ref> & [[Jaipur International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards announced for 13th Jaipur International Film Festival|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/awards-announced-for-13th-jaipur-international-film-festival/709135|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], he did his studies from [[Jhansi]], [[Gwalior]], [[Delhi]] & [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. His passion for theatre and performing arts had cradled his love and interest in music and direction at a very early stage. He completed his formal training in [[Drama|Dramatic Arts]] from the Himachal Culture Research Forum And Theater Repertory (attached to the [[National School of Drama]], [[Delhi]]). During his stint at the drama school, he performed extensively with the likes of [[B. V. Karanth|Late Shri BV Karant]]<nowiki/>h and [[Habib Tanvir|Shri Habib Tanvir]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Career ==
After exploring various projects post his diploma in 2001 from the drama school and started his own theater company called ''The Soul Art Theater Academy'' in [[Jhansi]], his theater endeavors met successful collaborations with eminent theater personalities like [[Alok Chatterjee|Alok Chatterji]], Devendra Raj Ankur and Suresh Sharma on various projects. After running his company for three years, but yearning for more, he moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2002<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title='It's my destiny to be where I am today'|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/---it---s-my-destiny-to--be-where-i-am-today---.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> and nosedived straight into the television industry. He shuffled through various job profiles ranging from that of an [[Assistant director|Assistant Director]] (in ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'', [[Vikraal aur Gabraal|''Vikraal Aur Gabraal'']] and ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' for [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], ''[[Aati Rahengi Baharein]]'' for [[Zee TV]], ''[[Saaksshi]]'' for [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]), to an [[Executive producer|Executive Producer]] (on shows like ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

His first feature film project was as an [[Assistant director|Assistant Director]] in ''[[Sssshhh...]]'' (by Mr. Pavan S Kaul) in 2003. Eventually he joined Advertisement Film-making with Code Red Productions in 2004 and remained there till 2006. He was an associate in the direction department and did many prominent ad films there; such as ''We the People'' (National Anthem), [[Parle Products|Parle Monaco]], [[McDonald's]], [[Cadbury|Cadbury's]], [[Titan Company|Titan]], [[LG Corporation|LG]], [[Savlon]], ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Mentos]], [[Videocon Group|Videocon]], [[Tide (brand)|Tide]], [[Pepsi]], [[Idea Cellular|Idea]], [[Heinz]] and many more.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Since 2006, he has been working as an [[independent filmmaker]] and [[Casting Director|casting director]], and has cast for over 100 production houses/ad agencies and thousands of TV commercials. Some of the prominent and regular ad film production houses and ad agencies he has worked with being: Nirvana Films, Black Magic Films, Ramesh Deo Productions, [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Sanjay Leela Bhansali Productions]], [[Yash Raj Films]], Satyaloka Films, Rajiv Menon Films, Ravi Jadhav Films, White Light Films, Highlight Films, Opticus Films, Chrome pictures, Purple Vishnu Films, Redmint, O&M, Rediffusion, [[J. Walter Thompson|J Walter Thompson]], [[Saatchi & Saatchi]], [[Lowe Lintas]], [[McCann Worldgroup]], [[Leo Burnett]], etc.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Other than these, he has produced an untitled Hindi feature which is currently under post-production and directed another one which is to release soon. Recently, he wrote and directed ''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiv Hare: Atkan-Chatkan is world's first percussion based children musical film presented by Grammy winner AR Rahman Sir|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200828-shiv-hare-atkan-chatkan-worlds-first|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref> which was presented by [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=Lydian Nadhaswaram: From Musician to Actor - and Back|url=https://serenademagazine.com/interviews/lydian-nadhaswaram-from-musician-to-actor-and-back/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Serenade|language=en-GB}}</ref> and the legendary [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2020-09-02|title=Amitabh Bachchan lends his voice for soulful track 'Daata Shakti De' in ZEE5's upcoming film Atkan Chatkan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-lends-his-voice-for-soulful-track-daata-shakti-de-in-zee5s-upcoming-film-atkan-chatkan/|access-date=2022-01-24|language=en}}</ref> has also given playback in it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music of Atkan-Chatkan gets a thumbs up from legendary Lata Mangeshkar and tabla maestro Zakir Hussein|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200918-music-atkan-chatkan-gets-thumbs-legendary|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref> The film has been widely appreciated by platforms such as [[WION]],<ref>{{Cite web|title='Chintu Ka Birthday', 'Atkan Chatkan': Five Zee5 films of 2020 that are a must watch|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/chintu-ka-birthday-atkan-chatkan-five-zee5-films-of-2020-that-are-a-must-watch-349624|access-date=2022-01-17|website=WION|language=en}}</ref> [[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21|title=7 best ZEE5 Original movies and shows to binge-watch on the platform this weekend|url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/best-zee5-original-movies-and-shows-to-binge-watch-on-the-platform-this-weekend/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=GQ India|language=en-IN}}</ref> [[News 18]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baiju Bawra to Gully Boy: 5 Most Memorable Musical Films|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baiju-bawra-to-gully-boy-5-most-memorable-musical-films-3613163.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=News18|date=7 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akanksha -|date=2020-08-27|title=Shiv Hare: Atkan-Chatkan is a slice of a cheerfully, bright and hopeful world's first percussion based music film children's film|url=https://www.bollywoodcouch.com/shiv-hare-atkan-chatkan-is-a-slice-of-a-cheerfully-bright-and-hopeful-worlds-first-percussion-based-music-film-childrens-film/|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Bollywood Couch|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Role
|-
|2020
|''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|Director & writer (as S Shiv)
|-
|2025
|''[[Pintu Ki Pappi]]''
|Director, Writer, Lyricist & Actor
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Channel
!Role
|-
|2018
|''[[Naamkarann]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|Series Director (as S Shiv)
|}

=== Special appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Format
!Role
|-
|2007
|[[McDonald's]]
|TV Commercial
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|-
|2009
|''Maruti Mera Dosst''
|Feature Film
|-
|2021
|Aghor
|Music Video
|Singer
|-
|2021
|Black Bud
|Feature Film
|Guest
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|South London Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |Best Director
| rowspan="2" |''[[Atkan Chatkan]]''
|Won
|-
|[[Jaipur International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=13th Jaipur International Film Festival - JIFF - 15 to 19 January 2021 Jaipur|url=http://jiffindia.org/jiff2021.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=jiffindia.org}}</ref>
|Won
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian film directors|List of Indian Film Directors]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://iamshivhare.com/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hare, Shiv}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Navroze Godrej

2026-02-08T18:05:12Z

Portileostah: improved page as per guidelines and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Navroze Godrej
| image = Navroze pic.jpg
| alma_mater = IIT; Institute of Design, Chicago
| occupation = Executive Director of Godrej & Boyce
}}

'''Navroze Godrej,''' son of Indian industrialist [[Jamshyd Godrej]], is the Executive Director of [[Godrej Group|Godrej & Boyce]] and leads Strategy and Innovation for the group.

He is the only member of the fourth generation of the Godrejs so far to be inducted on the company's board.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/4th-gen-Godrej-ushers-in-new-culture-at-GB/articleshow/48026794.cms|title=4th-gen Godrej ushers in new culture at G&B - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He has a Master of Design degree from the [[IIT Institute of Design]], Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150803-india-incs-inheritors-entrepreneurial-firms-820146-2015-07-23|title=If the family-run set-up typifies Indian business, its future is in good hands. The next generation is infusing new entrepreneurial energy to take their firms to greater heights.|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.id.iit.edu/strategy-conference/special-guests/|title=Special guests {{!}} IIT Institute of Design Strategy Conference and World Tour|website=www.id.iit.edu|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref> He has been involved in the development of new businesses like Chotukool and U&Us Design Studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/godrej-boyce-is-getting-sexier-in-a-hurry/articleshow/49241727.cms|title=Godrej & Boyce is getting sexier, in a hurry - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/godrej-eyes-1000cr-customised-furniture-business-in-three-years/article7777595.ece|title=Godrej eyes ₹1,000-cr customised furniture business in three years|last=Kshirsagar|first=Alka|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uandusdesignstudio.com/#about|title=U & Us Design Studio|website=uandusdesignstudio.com|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== Career ==
He joined the Godrej group in 2005. Currently he is the Non-Executive Director of Godrej & Boyce. As a leader of Strategy and Innovation for the group, Navroze created Hubble, which is a space to innovate and to re-imagine the corporate environment and workspace relationships.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/godrej-a-118yearold-group-reinvents-itself-with-timely-initiatives-such-as-the-godrej-india-culture-lab-design-lab-and-innovation-centre/article7664681.ece|title=Think design, culture|date=2015-09-18|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== Beyond Godrej ==
He is the Co-chairman of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)]] National Committee on Design and is also a Board Member of the Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cii.in/VideoDetail.aspx?enc=vibtX7ue2YJFp+e6vZFe7o+5aMhuuwam2ADNaBKhdZQ=|title=CII|website=cii.in|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gita.org.in/board_dir.aspx|title=Global Innovation and Technology Alliance :: Board of Directors|website=gita.org.in|access-date=2016-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512152246/http://gita.org.in/board_dir.aspx|archive-date=2016-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chotukool.com/inTheNews.aspx|title=In The News - chotuKool|website=www.chotukool.com|access-date=2016-04-25}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Godrej family]]

Sundersi

2026-02-08T07:58:48Z

Portileostah: made basic article more to come

{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sundersi
| native_name = SUNDARGARH
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sundarsi
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|23.26|N|76.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shajapur]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date = 1032 B.C.
| governing_body =
| area_total_km2 = 40.1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 11,112
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 465113
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 07364
| registration_plate = MP-42
| website =
| nickname = Mini ujjain
| founder = King Sudarshan
| named_for = Queen Sundarabai
| population_demonym = Sundersian
}}

'''Sundersi''' is a town in the [[Shajapur District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] known for its<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahakal Temple: मध्‍य प्रदेश के सुंदरसी में सम्राट विक्रमादित्य ने बनवाई थी महाकाल मंदिर की प्रतिकृति - Mahakal Temple A replica of the Mahakal temple was built by Emperor Vikramaditya in Sundarsi . Sundarsi was a Rathore semi-autonomous estate and also special status in Gwalior state. It was initially a tributary of Gwalior State |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/shajapur-mahakal-temple-a-replica-of-the-mahakal-temple-was-built-by-emperor-vikramaditya-in-sundarsi-madhya-pradesh-7879963 |website=Nai Dunia |access-date=12 October 2022 |language=hi |date=12 October 2022}}</ref> Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga temple which mirrors the one in Ujjain.The town is situated at the banks of Kalisindh river. Sundarsi was estate of Rathore Rajputs with special status under Gwalior state .The sundarsi was initially a tributary of Gwalior state

==Demographics==
===Population===
<ref>{{cite web |title=Sundarsi Population 2023, Village in Gulana Tehsil |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Madhya_Pradesh/Shajapur/Gulana/Sundarsi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626103049/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Madhya_Pradesh/Shajapur/Gulana/Sundarsi |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 June 2023 |website=www.indiagrowing.com |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>
As of 2011 India census,[4] Sundersi had a population of 11,112. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

The current population of town is 15,125.Sundarsi's population is expected to reach 8,62,670 by 2050, according to analysts.

===Literacy===
Sundersi has an average literacy rate of 58.4%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 24.3%. In Sundersi, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==
===Parmara Dynasty (Parmara Era)===
Sundersi, which is in Madhya Pradesh's [[Malwa]] region, has a long history that began when King Sudarshan founded the town in 1032 B.C. It flourished as a metropolis during its heyday. Notably,<ref>{{cite web |title=अग्रिबाण एक्सक्लूसिव... राजा विक्रमादित्य ने एक महाकाल मंदिर का निर्माण सुंदरसी में भी कराया था |url=https://www.agniban.com/agriban-exclusive-king-vikramaditya-also-built-a-mahakal-temple-in-sundarsi/ |website=Agniban |access-date=5 June 2023 |date=5 June 2023}}</ref> Sundarabai, the sister of Ujjain's King [[Vikramaditya]], got married with Bhagwat singh ji in Sundersi,<ref>{{cite web |title=विक्रमादित्य ने बहन सुंदरा के लिए बनवाई थी महाकाल मंदिर की प्रतिकृति, नाम पड़ा सुंदरसी महाकाल |url=http://voiceofrights.in/news.php?id=vikramaditya-built-a-replica-of-the-mahakal-temple-for-his-sister-sundara-named-sundarasi-mahakal-422136 |website=voiceofrights.in |publisher=voiceofrights |access-date=15 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> which inspired King Vikramaditya to build the <ref>{{cite web |last1=भानुप्रिय |first1=दीक्षा |title=Sundarsi Mahakal: मध्य प्रदेश के इस जिले में है बाबा महाकाल की सुंदर प्रतिकृति, 13वीं शताब्दी से जुड़ा है इतिहास - MP Breaking News |url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/madhya-pradesh/sundarsi-mahakal-of-mp-mbd |website=mpbreakingnews |access-date=15 April 2023 |language=hi |date=15 April 2023}}</ref>[[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] temple and several other temples in her honor.

===Mughal Empire (Mughal Era)===
Historical recognition came to the town when [[Abul Fazal]], one of Akbar's nine jewels, wrote about Sundersi in his book "Ain-e-Akbari." This acknowledgement highlights the importance of the town during the [[Mughal Empire]].

===British Raj (British Era)===
Sundersi contributed to the independence movement in a more modern setting. [[Tatya Tope]], the famous independence warrior, came to Sundersi to organize a rebellion against the [[British Raj]] and the [[East India Company]] in [[Malwa]].

==Geography==
===Location===
Sundersi is located on [[Malwa]] Plateau at {{Coord|23.26|N|76.44|E}}. It has an average elevation of 450 [[metre]]s.
The town is 88 km from the Devi Ahillyabai Holkar Airport and is reached by very good road. Town is situated at the bank of Kalisindh river. It is situated between [[Shajapur]] & [[Shujalpur]] on the SH-17 and is 24 km. from [[Shajapur]], 30 Kilometers from [[Shujalpur]] and 82 Kilometers from [[Indore]]. The town is 600 km from the capital [[New Delhi]].

===Resources===
The town of Sundersi also known as [[Mini Ujjain]] is situated along the Kalisindh River's banks. Black soil is the defining feature of the northern and western parts of Sundersi, whereas infertile and arid conditions are found in the southern area (Baldi) and a large portion of the eastern section (Lalbazar). Garhmundla is a stream located in the southwest, close to the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga]] shrine.

==Tourist attractions==
'''Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga:'''Sundersi's largest temple, located in the south, is devoted to Lord Shiva.

'''Harsiddhi Mata Temple:''' This temple is dedicated to Harsiddhi Mata and is located near Mahakal Ashram and Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple.

'''Gora Bhairav Temple:'''One of the main temples dedicated to Lord Gora Bhairav, located in Bhairupura village to the west of Sundersi.

'''Gopal Mandir:'''This temple is devoted to Lord Krishna and is located in Sundersi's market area.

'''Kshipreshwar Mahadev Temple:'''This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is located on the banks of the Kalisindh River.

'''Jageshwar Mahadev Temple:'''This temple is devoted to Lord Shiva and is located in the central northeastern section of Sundersi.

'''Other Tourist attractions:'''
Mahishasur Mardini, Garh Kalika, Kaal Bhairav, Chausath Yogini, Yogi Kund, Kaliadeh, Thop ka Chabutara, Ugnu Dhara, Garh mundla, Bhagwat Garh, Resham Tila, Suneri Darwaza, Maharaja Darwaza, Nagar Khal, Ghudsaal, Gaj Stambh, Saas Bahu ki Talai etc.

==See also==
* [[Gulana, Madhya Pradesh|Gulana]]
* [[Bolai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shajapur district]]

Churchgate railway station

2026-02-08T03:18:55Z

Portileostah: expanded content

{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Churchgate [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|16px]]
| native_name = चर्चगेट
| system = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
| image = Churchgate railway station building.jpg
| image_caption = Churchgate railway station in 2024
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| address = [[Churchgate]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|56|5.59|N|72|49|37.79|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western|croute}}
| bus_operators = [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]]
| other = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)]] {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Churchgate}}
}}
| structure = At-grade
| platform = 4 (1-2 for '''slow line''' & 3-4 for '''fast line''')
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| train_operators = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1870|01|10|df=yes}}
| rebuilt = 1876, 1931, 1956
| status = Active
| electrified = {{Ubl|{{Start date|1928|01|05|df=yes}} ([[1500 V DC]])|{{Start date|2012|02|05|df=yes}} ([[25 kV 50 Hz AC]])}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = C
| zone = Western Railway zone
| division = {{rwd|Mumbai WR}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|right=Marine Lines|header2=Out-of-system interchange|system3=Mumbai Metro|transfer3=Churchgate|line3=Line 3|left3=Vidhan Bhavan|right3=Hutatma Chowk}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Churchgate
| route_map = {{MSR Western line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Churchgate''' (station code: '''CCG''') is the southern terminus on the Western Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]. It is located in [[Churchgate]], in [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Old Churchgate.jpg|thumb|left|Churchgate in the 1930s]]

The Fort area was initially an actual fort enclosure, the fort named the [[English Fort of Bombay]]. It had three main gates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://memumbai.com/old-churchgate/|title=Old Churchgate|website=memumbai.com|date=9 February 2019 }}</ref> One of these gates led straight to [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|Saint Thomas Cathedral Church]], hence, it was named "Church Gate". The fortress was eventually demolished in order to create new spaces for the expansion of the city, in 1860s. The Churchgate railway station was built in 1870, in close proximity to the position of the demolished gate, and hence, got its name.<ref name="Wikimedia Commons 2018">{{cite web|title=File:Churchgate Station Banner.jpg|website=Wikimedia.org|date=14 July 2018|url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Churchgate_Station_Banner.jpg|language=en|access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

Churchgate station is a [[Terminal station|terminus]] of the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai suburban railway]]. It is the southernmost station of the city, though up to the 1931, Colaba was the southernmost station. However, the rail line was removed beyond Churchgate in the early years of the 1930s (for a reclamation scheme), making Churchgate the southernmost station.<ref name="rail">{{cite book| title=Railway gazette international, Volume 101| year=1954| publisher=Reed Business Pub.}}Page 12</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite book| title=A handbook for travellers in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon| author=John Murray (Firm)| year=1965| publisher=John Murray| pages=632}}Page 6</ref>

The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (present [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]]) was inaugurated in 1855, with the construction of a rail line (BG) between Ankleshwar and Uttaran (a distance of 29 miles).
In 1859, this line was further extended along the west coast up to Bombay. By 1867, a track along the foreshore, further than Grant Road station, was constructed, up to the station named as "[[Bombay Backbay railway station|Bombay Backbay]]" (near Marine Lines) by 1866.
On 12 April 1867, the first suburban train was started, with one train each way from [[Virar railway station|Virar]] to Bombay Back Bay.
The stations were then named: "[[Virar|Viraur]], [[Nallasopara railway station|Neela]], [[Vasai Road railway station|Bassein Road]], Panjo, [[Borivali railway station|Berewla]], Pahadee, [[Andheri railway station|Andaru]], [[Santacruz railway station|Santa Cruz]], [[Bandra railway station|Bandora]], [[Mahim Junction railway station|Mahim]], [[Dadar railway station|Dadur]], [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Road]], and [[Bombay Backbay railway station|Bombay Backbay]]".
[[File:Churchgate station.jpg|thumb|left|Churchgate station (circa 1910), Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
On 18 January 1870, around 5 years after BB&CIR commenced operations from Grant Rd. and Ahmedabad, Churchgate was opened. It began with five trains running each day.
The line was further extended towards Colaba in 1873, and a goods shed was built there. Churchgate station was situated in the heart of the city, and it is quite certain that the old station was not able to cope with the growing demand. The station was hence rebuilt in 1876 with two platforms. Its structure resembled an English inn and was compared by the ''Bombay Guardian'' to a [[Swiss chalet style|Swiss chalet]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=36 |language=English}}</ref> The station then had just two platforms. The Up platform catered to passengers arriving from Marine Lines, while the Down platform catered to those travelling towards Marine Lines or further northward. The station also had a level crossing situated to its south. It was used by passengers willing to use the Down Platform, and to prevent pedestrians from crossing the tracks. Around two decades later, the grand BB&CIR headquarters were built just opposite the station, completed by 1899.

In 1920, the Government of Bombay issued order to the BB&CI railway to hand over the section of rail line between Churchgate and Colaba, to allow unrestricted access for the planned Backbay reclamation. In fact, the line extension to Colaba was permitted only on the condition that the extension would be relinquished, should there be further reclamation projects in the vicinity. Amidst this, were the plans for railway electrification. The plans were sanctioned in 1923, and the scheme covered the section between Churchgate and Borivali. For this, the station had to be remodeled extensively. The station was completely renovated in December 1926. A foot-over bridge was provided, and the level crossing practically closed for vehicles and pedestrians. Besides, the covered portion of the station was extended, with an extension of 200 ft south of the bridge, and 100ft in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=106 |language=English}}</ref> In August 1928, the section from Churchgate to Grant Rd was track circuited on Alternating Current.

In view of the upcoming reclamation, [[Mumbai Central railway station|Bombay Central]] (Mumbai Central), a new station, was constructed near Bellasis Bridge and was opened on 18 December 1930.<ref>''A Century of Suburban Service'' ,1961 Westrail News- https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817958306-article2.pdf</ref> From the midnight of 31 December, Colaba station ceased to be a terminus, and the line then terminated at Churchgate from the New Year's Day of 1931.<ref name="Wikimedia Commons 2018" /> The station had to be again remodeled, and changes included the demolishing of the old level crossing, and the footbridge.

By 1936, the entire portion of the line between Churchgate and Bandra was equipped with 169 colour light signals, 89 operated shunt signals, and 112 power-worked points.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=112 |language=English}}</ref>

On 28 April 1952, modern rakes were introduced with the new chocolate and cream livery between Churchgate and Borivali. In July 1955, the first pedestrian subway in India was opened, near the Churchgate station.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=124,127 |language=English}}</ref> The station underwent its final reconstruction in the mid 1950s, converting the humble station to a seven storied building, offering better amenities like booking offices, sanitation facilities, and above all, bringing all the scattered offices of the railway to a single building. The new (the current) building was finally inaugurated on 3 June 1957.

===Current history===

Presently, this station is home to the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] headquarters. The older Western Railway headquarters is across the road. Today, the station is one of the busiest stations in the city. Trains arrive and depart every minute with clockwork precision. Millions of city dwellers residing in the suburbs alight at this station to get to their offices in the business districts of South Mumbai. The total cost of the reconstruction of Churchgate station was approximately INR 12.8 million, which includes the remodelling of the yard, the construction of platforms, station premises, and offices.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1626/1/lsd_02_02_29-07-1957.pdf page 11</ref>

The station is the terminus for local trains on [[Western Railways]]. The earliest train departs at 4:15 for [[Virar]], and the last train departs at 1:00 towards [[Borivali]].

Till 2010, the station had platforms which could accommodate 9 and 12 coach trains. But with the introduction of 15-coach trains there was a need to extend the length of the platform. Hence, in Dec 2010 work began on extension of the platforms to accommodate the 15-coach trains,<ref>{{cite news|title=Churchgate platform extension|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_extension-of-platforms-at-churchgate-for-15-car-trains_1480455|access-date=29 August 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

On 28 June 2015, a train derailed after crashing into the end of the platform after not stopping in time. Five people were injured.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-local-train-crashes-into-platform-at-churchgate-four-injured/|title = Train rams into buffer, 5 injured|date = 29 June 2015}}</ref>

In February 2023, at the first national executive meeting the [[Shiv Sena]] party, a resolution was passed to rename the station to "Chintamanrao Deshmukh station", after former [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] governor and Union Finance Minister [[C. D. Deshmukh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-24 |title=Mumbai's Churchgate railway station to be renamed after India's first RBI Governor |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/mumbais-churchgate-railway-station-to-be-renamed-after-indias-first-rbi-governor-a475/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Snigdha |title=Mumbai’s Iconic Churchgate Railway Station To Be Renamed: Who Is CD Deshmukh And How Names Are Changed? |url=https://www.india.com/maharashtra/mumbai-churchgate-railway-station-renamed-chintamanrao-deshmukh-who-is-cd-deshmukh-how-names-are-changed-5919762/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Anushka |date=2023-02-22 |title=Mumbai's Churchgate railway station to be renamed after first Indian RBI governor CD Deshmukh |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/mumbais-churchgate-railway-station-to-be-renamed-after-first-rbi-governor-16006081.htm |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Churchgate station - External view.jpg|Platforms extend beyond the canopy
File:A Local Train entering into Churchgate Station.jpg|View of a Local Train entering Churchgate Pf.1
File:Churchgate Station Platform.jpg|Churchgate station platform 2/3
File:Damaged bumper of Churchgate station 2015.jpg|Damaged buffer, post the accident on 28 June 2015.
File:Gandhi Mural on Churchgate Station Building-2.jpg|Churchgate station with Mural of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by Brazilian artist [[Eduardo Kobra]]
File:Churchgate railway station sign.jpg|Churchgate Railway Station sign
File:Churchgate Station Banner.jpg|Churchgate station Banner
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Churchgate railway station}}
* [http://www.vimeo.com/258300 Video Tour of Churchgate Station Terminus]

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Western}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1855]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

Viji Subramaniam

2026-02-04T21:36:15Z

Portileostah: made new pg basic info!

{{Short description|Indian singer (1952–1995)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}


{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Viji Subramaniam
| image =
| caption = Shankar
| alias = Viji Shankar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1952|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India
| origin =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|2|10|1952|8|15|df=y}}<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V3LN-BM2 Social Security Death Index: Vijayashre Subramaniam]</ref>
| death_place = Los Angeles, United States
| genre = [[World music|World]], [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]], [[film score]]
| occupation = Singer, composer
| instrument = Vocals, [[Tanpura|tambura]]
| associated_acts = [[Lakshmi Shankar]], [[L. Subramaniam]]
| Record Labels =
}}

'''Viji Subramaniam''', also known as '''Viji Shankar''', (15 August 1952 – 10 February 1995) was an Indian singer. She was the daughter of singer [[Lakshmi Shankar]] ([[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] vocalist born into a [[South Indian people|South Indian]] family)<ref name="Das/BeyondBolly">Kavita Das, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192535/http://smithsonianapa.org/beyondbollywood/2013/11/06/lakshmi-shankar-a-life-journey-that-echoes-indian-musics-journey-to-the-west/ "Lakshmi Shankar: A Life Journey That Echoes Indian Music’s Journey to the West"], [[Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center|smithsonianapa.org]], 6 November 2013 (retrieved 7 June 2014).</ref> and Rajendra Shankar (elder brother of sitarist [[Ravi Shankar]], a [[Bengali people|Bengali]]). Like her mother and uncle, Viji was a musician and trained in both the [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] systems.

Born Vijayashree Shankar in [[Madras]] into a south Indian Brahmin family, Viji grew up in [[Bombay]].<ref name="Hansen/LATimes" /> A singer from an early age, she regularly accompanied her mother in concert,<ref name="Das/BeyondBolly" /> often playing [[Tanpura|tambura]] also.<ref name="Collaborations p 50">''Collaborations'', p. 50.</ref> Among the prizes she received for her performances as a singer on radio and television, Subramaniam won the [[All India Radio]] "President of India" medal in 1972.<ref name="Collaborations p 50" /> In his 1997 autobiography, ''Raga Mala'', Shankar described her voice as "sweet and lovely".<ref name="Raga Mala p 224" />

In addition to performing internationally with Lakshmi,<ref name="Collaborations p 50" /> she played tambura at some of Shankar's sitar recitals with [[tabla|tablist]] [[Alla Rakha]] during the early 1970s.<ref name="Raga Mala p 265">Shankar, p. 265.</ref> In 1974, together with her aunt [[Kamala Chakravarty]] and Lakshmi, Viji joined Shankar's [[Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India|Music Festival from India]],<ref>''Collaborations'', pp. 20–24.</ref> a revue sponsored by [[George Harrison]].<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 442" /> She also sang on the studio album ''[[Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India]]'' (1976),<ref>Shankar, pp. 223–24.</ref> produced by Harrison and recorded at his English estate, [[Friar Park]].<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 195.</ref> Following the Music Festival's European concerts in September–October 1974,<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 442">Madinger & Easter, p. 442.</ref> Viji was among the musicians and singers on Shankar's North American tour with Harrison at the end of that year.<ref>Harrison, pp. 298–99.</ref>

Subramaniam received a master's degree in music from the [[California Institute of the Arts]]. She met her husband, Indian classical violinist [[L. Subramaniam]], in London in 1974 while they were both participating in the Music Festival from India.<ref name="Hansen/LATimes" /> The couple married in 1976, at a three-day ceremony held in Bombay.<ref name="Hansen/LATimes" />

With Subramaniam, Viji developed the idea of Global Music, which aims to reduce the dominance of Western music and bring out the importance of other music systems of the world – including Irish, Swedish, Danish, Chinese, African, Japanese and Iranian. It is written for a 100-piece orchestra.

Viji composed and sang on the soundtracks for two films by Indian director [[Mira Nair]]: ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988; winner of both the [[Cannes Film Festival]] Audience Award and the [[Academy Award]] for Best Foreign Language Film) and ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (1991), starring [[Sarita Choudhary]] and [[Denzel Washington]].<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/viji-subramaniam-mn0000208728/credits "AllMusic"].</ref><ref>Subramaniam, Viji [http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/artist/Viji+Subramaniam/a/albums.htm "Partial Discography"].</ref>

In 1992 Vijayashree and Subramaniam launched the [[World music#Festivals|Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival]] (LGMF) in memory of her father-in-law. Now an annual feature and held in various cities around the world, this festival brings together eminent Indian and international artists on the same stage.<ref name="About LGMF">[http://www.lgmf.org/about/ "About Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival"], lgmf.org (retrieved 6 June 2014).</ref><ref name="LGMF/Hindu">Feroze Ahmed, [http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2002122302560200.htm&date=2002/12/23/&prd=thlf& "Global Fusion at the Carnatic Citadel"]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 23 December 2002 (retrieved 12 June 2014).</ref> Among those who have performed at LGMF are [[Yehudi Menuhin]], [[Bismillah Khan]], [[A. R. Rahman|Allah Rakha]], [[Kishan Maharaj]], [[Arve Tellefsen]], Malavika Sarukkai and [[Christian Eggen]],<ref name="LGMF/Hindu" /> in addition to other musicians from countries including India, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, the United States, China, Japan, Cuba, Senegal, Iran and Baluchistan.

She moved to Los Angeles after giving up her career to be a mother and wife.<ref name="Hansen/LATimes">Barbara Hansen, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-13-fo-261-story.html "A Vegetarian Meal Spiced With Tastes of India"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 13 September 1990, p. H49 (retrieved 7 June 2014).</ref> She died in February 1995<ref name="Raga Mala p 224">Shankar, p. 224.</ref> after long suffering from cancer. Part of one of her vocal performances appears in ''Violin from the Heart'',<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pASGNsq-oUE "Viji Subramaniam"], [[Bindu Subramaniam]] at YouTube (retrieved 6 June 2014).</ref> a 2006 documentary film on L. Subramaniam by French director Jean Henri Meunier.<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2006/09/11/dr-l-subramaniam-launches-violin-from-the-heart-1157989440.html "Dr L Subramaniam launches 'Violin from the Heart'"], [[Oneindia.in]], 11 September 2006 (retrieved 6 June 2014).</ref> She is survived by her four children: [[Gingger Shankar]], [[Bindu Subramaniam]], Dr.Narayana Subramaniam and [[Ambi Subramaniam]]. A Los Angeles-based violinist and composer of film soundtracks,<ref>Scott Macaulay, [http://filmmakermagazine.com/people/gingger-shankar/#.U5pEABagHJw "25 New Faces of 2011: Gingger Shankar"], ''[[Filmmaker (magazine)|Filmmaker]]'', Summer 2011 (retrieved 12 June 2014).</ref> Gingger has credited Viji's influence in providing her with a diverse musical background, saying: "We'd go to classical concerts and listen to rock music on the way back home. She was a very open-minded person and because of that I was able to soak up so much."<ref>Ramya Sarma, [http://www.timescrest.com/society/i-am-a-hybrid-gingger-shankar-5165 "I Am a Hybrid: Gingger Shankar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411080805/http://www.timescrest.com/society/i-am-a-hybrid-gingger-shankar-5165 |date=11 April 2011 }}, [[The Times of India|timescrest.com]], 9 April 2011 (retrieved 12 June 2014).</ref> Also musicians, Bindu and Ambi were among the featured performers at the 22nd staging of LGMF, held as a six-city Indian tour over December 2013 and January 2014.<ref>[http://glamgold.com/?p=47142 "22nd edition of Lakshminarayana Global Music Festival held"], glamgold.com, 13 January 2014 (retrieved 12 June 2014).</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* ''Collaborations'', book accompanying ''Ravi Shankar–George Harrison Collaborations'' box set ([[Dark Horse Records]], 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer & Olivia Harrison).
* Olivia Harrison, ''George Harrison: Living in the Material World'', Abrams (New York, NY, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1-4197-0220-4}}).
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).
* Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, ''Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium'', 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; {{ISBN|0-615-11724-4}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).
{{refend}}



{{Shankar family}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, Viji}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shankar family]]

Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:42:42Z

Portileostah: Data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bangalore Rural
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Bangalore Rural.map}}
| map_caption = Bengaluru Rural - Kanakapura - Ramanagara Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[C. N. Manjunath]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024
]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| electors = 2,190,397<ref name=turnout/>
| assembly_cons = [[Kunigal Assembly constituency|Kunigal]] [[Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency|Rajarajeshwarinagar]] [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]] [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]] [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]] [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]] [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
| reservation = None
}}
[[File:Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Bangalore Rural Assembly constituency''' (sometimes called '''Ramanagara''') is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituencies in the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. This constituency was created in 2008 following the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies.

It comprises eight assembly segments of which seven are derived from the former [[Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency]] (abolished in 2008).<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party. Kumaraswamy resigned his seat in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kumaraswamy-cheluvarayaswamy-to-resign-from-lok-sabha/article4704681.ece|title=Kumaraswamy, Cheluvarayaswamy to resign from Lok Sabha|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|date=11 May 2013|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> The by election that followed was won by [[D. K. Suresh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). As of the latest election in 2024, Dr. C. N. Manjunath of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] represents this constituency.

==History==
'''Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. It included eight Assembly constituencies, namely [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]], [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]], [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]], [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]], [[Sathanur Assembly constituency|Sathanur]], [[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]], [[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]] and [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]]. Out of them, [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]], [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagaram]], [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]], [[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]] and [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]] assembly segments were retained in the Bangalore Rural constituency created in 2008 as part of delimitation in Karnataka. [[Sathanur Assembly constituency|Sathanur]] was merged between [[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]], [[Ramanagaram]] and [[Channapatna]] constituencies. [[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]] became a part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya constituency]] and [[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]] was reformed and [[Uttarahalli]] Circle was merged with new [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]] Assembly Constituency.

The new Assembly Constituencies [[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]], [[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]], and [[Raja Rajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwarinagar]] became a part of Bangalore Rural along with [[Kunigal (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kunigal]] Assembly Constituency from [[Tumkur district]]

==Assembly segments==
Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|131
|[[Kunigal Assembly constituency|Kunigal]]
|[[Tumakuru district|Tumkur]]
|[[H. D. Ranganath]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|154
|[[Rajarajeshwarinagar Assembly constituency|Rajarajeshwarinagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
|[[Munirathna]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|176
|[[Bangalore South Assembly constituency|Bangalore South]]
|[[M. Krishnappa (politician, born 1962)|M. Krishnappa]]
|-
|177
|[[Anekal Assembly constituency|Anekal]] (SC)
|[[B. Shivanna]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|182
|[[Magadi Assembly constituency|Magadi]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
|[[H. C. Balakrishna]]
|-
|183
|[[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]]
|[[H. A. Iqbal Hussain]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|184
|[[Kanakapura Assembly constituency|Kanakapura]]
|[[D. K. Shivakumar]]
|-
|185
|[[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
|[[C. P. Yogeshwara]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan=4| {{center|''Before 2008: See [[Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency|Kanakapura]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Haradanahalli Devegowda Kumaraswamy|H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|2013^
| rowspan="3" |[[Doddaalahalli Kempegowda Suresh|D. K. Suresh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[C. N. Manjunath]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|dab=yes}}
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==

=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore Rural]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore Rural">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bangalore Rural |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1023.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730041311/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1023.htm |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[C. N. Manjunath|Dr. C. N. Manjunath]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,79,002
|percentage=56.21|change={{increase}}14.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[D. K. Suresh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,09,355|percentage=42.16|change={{decrease}}11.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]|votes=10,649|percentage=0.55|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,69,647|percentage=14.05|change={{increase}}1.30}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=19,20,679|percentage=68.52|change={{increase}}3.54}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore Rural]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[D. K. Suresh]]
|votes = 8,78,258
|percentage = 54.15
|change = +9.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashwath Narayan Gowda
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 671,388
|percentage = 41.40
|change = +12.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Chinappa Y. Chikkahagade
|votes = 19,972
|percentage = 1.23
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,454
|percentage = 0.77
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,06,870
|percentage = 12.75
|change = -3.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 16,22,824
|percentage = 64.98
|change = -1.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +9.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore Rural]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1023.htm?ac=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135229/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1023.htm?ac=23|archive-date=17 May 2014|date=17 May 2014|access-date=17 May 2014|title=Bangalore Rural|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[D. K. Suresh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,52,723
|percentage = 44.85
|change = -10.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[P Muniraju Gowda|Muniraju Gowda P.]]
|votes = 4,21,243
|percentage = 28.95
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = R. Prabhakara Reddy
|votes = 3,17,870
|percentage = 21.84
|change = -20.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ravi Krishna Reddy
|votes = 17,195
|percentage = 1.18
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = C. Thopaiah
|votes = 11,594
|percentage = 0.80
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,871
|percentage = 0.68
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,31,480
|percentage = 15.90
|change = +2.90
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,55,610
|percentage = 66.45
|change = +14.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By election 2013===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2013: Bangalore Rural <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/Pdfs_NewWebsite/23-Bangalore%20Rural.pdf|title=Bangalore Rural|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer Karnataka|date=24 August 2013|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[D. K. Suresh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,78,608
|percentage = 54.92
|change = +37.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
|votes = 4,41,601
|percentage = 41.92
|change = -2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Kunigal Shivanna
|votes = 9,399
|percentage = 0.89
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = S. Siddaramaiah (Heggade)
|votes = 6,057
|percentage = 0.58
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = J. T. Prakash
|votes = 3,245
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -0.15
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,37,007
|percentage = 13.00
|change = +1.19
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,53,745
|percentage = 52.04
|change = -5.88
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Bangalore Rural]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_mairchiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=61–62|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 4,93,302
|percentage = 44.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[C. P. Yogeshwar|C. P. Yogeeshwara]]
|votes = 3,63,027
|percentage = 32.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tejashwini Gowda]]
|votes = 1,92,822
|percentage = 17.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohamed Hafeez Ullah
|votes = 12,909
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = T. M. Manchegowda
|votes = 10,739
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,30,275
|percentage = 11.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,02,833
|percentage = 57.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ramanagaram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/bangalore_rural/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bangalore Rural lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.3|77.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha Constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]

Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur

2026-01-28T11:28:35Z

Portileostah:

{{short description|Loco shed in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur
| image = Knp7wap.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption = CNB based WAP-7 at [[Jalandhar Cantonment Junction railway station|Jalandhar Cantt.]]
| location = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.455402|80.328925|display=it}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| depotcode = CNB
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|1965|||df=y}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads = 6
| rollingstock = [[WAP-7]] [[WAG-9]]
| former_rolling_stock = [[WAP-4]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] [[WAM-4]]
| routes = 
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size =
| embed =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Kanpur]] of the [[North Central Railway zone]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==Operation==
Being one of the electric engine sheds in North Central Railway, various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried out here. It has the sanctioned capacity of 150 engine units. Beyond the operating capacity, this shed houses a total of 321 engine units, [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]], 93 and 228 [[WAG-9]]. Like all locomotive sheds, CNB does regular maintenance, overhaul and repair including painting and washing of locomotives. CNB locomotives used to be predominantly the regular links for trains traveling to north and east as well.

Environment & Sustainability:-
Solar Daylight Tech: Solar Day Pipe Lights (SDPL) illuminate approximately 6,870 m² of the shed, cutting artificial lighting needs during the day, slashing CO₂ emissions, and saving energy with near-zero maintenance.

Clean Energy Recognition:-
With 1,200 kW of solar installations at the loco shed and related facilities, the initiative saved significant electricity cost and earned the shed a “Zero Plus” certificate from the Bureau of Energy Efficiency in early 2025.

Modern Safety Features:-
The shed recently rolled out a WAG‑9 electric locomotive equipped with advanced safety systems—Kavach anti-collision technology, LIDAR-based obstacle detection, and an automatic fire suppression system—signalling a leap in operational safety.

Accolades:_
In a National -level Loco Cab Design competition, Kanpur’s shed secured the second prize, recognizing its efforts in enhancing driver convenience and maintenance innovations.

==Locomotive==
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|103
|-
|2.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6120
|228
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of January 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>
|331
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Economy of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Rail infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Kanpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Kanpur]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao

2026-01-21T08:30:18Z

Portileostah: Created biography...

{{Short description|Composer of the Indian National Pledge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao
| birth_place = Anneparthy, India
| birth_date = 10 June 1916
| death_date = 13 August 1988
| genre = Writer
| notableworks = Kalabhairavudu, Author of [[National Pledge (India)|National Pledge of India]]
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = India
}}
'''Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao''' (10 June 1916 – 1988) was an Indian [[Telugu literature|Telugu]] author who is best remembered as the composer of the [[Indian National Pledge|National Pledge of India]].

== Writer and polyglot ==
Subba Rao was a native of Anneparthy village in the [[Nalgonda District]] of [[Telangana]]. He was a [[polyglot]], having mastered [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. He was also a [[naturopathy]] doctor and a bureaucrat who wrote several books in Telugu, the most famous of which is the novel ''Kalabhairavudu''.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Visakhapatnam remembers 'pledge' composer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Visakhapatnam-remembers-pledge-composer/articleshow/16390278.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203092628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/hyderabad/33843239_1_original-pledge-visakhapatnam-due-recognition|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2012}}</ref>

== Composer of the National Pledge ==
Subba Rao composed the [[National Pledge (India)|National Pledge]] in Telugu in 1962 while he was serving as the District Treasury Officer of [[Vishakhapatnam District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was a close associate of the nationalist leader [[Tenneti Viswanadham]], who forwarded the pledge to the then Education Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|P.V.G. Raju]] who was also known as the Raja Garu of Vizianagaram.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes" /> Raju directed all the schools in the district to have the students take the pledge and it was subsequently taken up at the national level. The Advisory Committee of the Department of Education, Government of India at its meeting in Bangalore in 1964 decided to introduce the pledge in all schools nationally from 26 January 1965. The Government of India had it translated into seven languages and directed that it be taken in schools every day.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=The 'Pledge', now 50, is the pride of Telugus!|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/the-pledge-now-50-is-the-pride-of-telugus/article3896153.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 September 2012|accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref>
Curiously, Subba Rao himself remained unaware of the status of this pledge as the National Pledge. It was only when, after his retirement, he happened to hear his granddaughter read the pledge from a textbook that he and his family realised this. The records with the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resources Development Ministry]] also record him as the author of the Pledge although his family's letters to the central and state governments remained unanswered until his death in 1988.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|title=Vizag gears up for golden jubilee fete of The Pledge|url=http://www.thehansindia.info/News/Article.asp?category=1&subCategory=2&ContentId=86703|publisher=The Hans India}} {{dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref>

== Golden Jubilee Celebrations ==
2012 marks the [[golden jubilee|golden jubilee year]] of the National Pledge and there are plans afoot to commemorate it and the author as part of the celebrations.<ref name="bare_url" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Pydimarri Venkata Subba}}
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:1916 births]]

GIPCL Vadodara Gas based Power Station

2026-01-15T14:30:50Z

Portileostah: quick corrected information for accuracy and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Power plant in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = GIPCL Vadodara Gas based Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|22|32.1|N|73|06|08.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| location_map_caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = February, 1992
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[Gujarat Industries Power Company Ltd.]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Fuel gas]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 310 [[MegaWatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| coordinates_ref =
| location_map_size =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| extra =
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Gujarat Industries Power Company Ltd.
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| type = Public Limited company
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|517300}}|{{NSE|GIPCL}}}}
| industry = [[Electricity]]
| foundation =
| founder =
| location_city = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products =
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|1378|c}} (2020)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Guj Ind Power Share Price, Guj Ind Power Stock Price, Gujarat Industries Power Co. Ltd. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, Gujarat Industries Power Co. Ltd. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell Gujarat Industries Power Co. Ltd. news & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/power-generationdistribution/gujaratindustriespowerco/GIP|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|247|c}} (2020)<ref name=":0" />
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3929|c}} (2020)<ref name=":0" />
| equity ={{up}}{{INRConvert|1247.82|c}}<ref name=":0" />
| owner = Government of Gujarat (GoG)
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|www.gipcl.com}}
}}
'''GIPCL Vadodara Gas based Power Station''' is [[Gas turbine]] based [[combined cycle power plant]]. It is located at Dhanora village in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]. The power plant is run by state-owned Gujarat Industrial Power Corporation Limited (GIPCL).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Station-I {{!}} Gas Based Power Plants {{!}} Power Generation {{!}} Gujarat Industries Power Company Ltd.|url=http://www.gipcl.com/vadodara-station-i.htm|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.gipcl.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vadodara Station-II {{!}} Gas Based Power Plants {{!}} Power Generation {{!}} Gujarat Industries Power Company Ltd.|url=http://www.gipcl.com/vadodara-station-ii.htm|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.gipcl.com}}</ref> The primary electricity generation is through the Gas turbines. [[Waste heat]] from the gas turbine is recovered by a [[heat recovery steam generator]] (HRSG) to power a conventional steam turbine. The HRSG recovers heat from a hot gas stream and produces [[steam]], the steam utilized to power the [[steam turbine]]s.

== About GIPCL ==
Gujarat Industrial Power Corporation Limited (GIPCL) is a Public Limited company incorporated in 1985. The company has been promoted by Gujarat's [[State-owned enterprise|Public Sector Undertakings]] (PSUs), namely [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals|GSFC]], [[Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited|GACL]], Petrofils Co-operative Ltd., and [[Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam|GUVNL]]. In 1992, GIPCL commissioned its first power plant at Vadodara. It is a gas bases combined cycle power plant with 145 MW capacity. The concept of this power plant is a group [[captive power plant]], which supplies power to promoter companies; the power distribution to the promoters is in proportion to their original equity holding.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2020-12-09|title=GIPCL jumps on securing land in Gujarat|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/gipcl-jumps-on-securing-land-in-gujarat-120120900215_1.html|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302063945/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/gipcl-jumps-on-securing-land-in-gujarat-120120900215_1.html|archive-date=2021-03-02}}</ref>

== Capacity ==
The installed capacity of the power plant is 310 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guj. Inds. Power: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Guj. Inds. Power - NDTVProfit.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508084346/https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/gujarat-industries-power-company-ltd_gipcl/reports|archive-date=2020-05-08|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Phase
!Unit Number
!Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]])
!Type
!Date of Commissioning
!Status
|-
| rowspan="4" |1
|1
|32
| rowspan="3" |[[Gas turbine|GT]]
| rowspan="4" |February, 1992
|Running
|-
|2
|32
|Running
|-
|3
|32
|Running
|-
|4
|49
|[[Steam turbine|STG]]
|Running
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
|5
|111
|[[Gas turbine|GT]]
| rowspan="2" |November, 1997
|Running
|-
|6
|54
|[[Steam turbine|STG]]
|Running
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Energy
}}

* [[Surat Thermal Power Station|GIPCL Surat Thermal Power Station]]
*[[NTPC Kawas]] Gas based power plant

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1992]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Akhileshwaranand Giri

2026-01-06T11:31:50Z

Portileostah:

{{short description|Indian ascetic and environmentalist}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahamandeleshwar Swami Akhileshwarnand Giri
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]], [[Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| term_start = June 2018
| term_end = Incumbent
| office1 = [[Minister of State]], [[Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| term_start1 = April 2018
| term_end1 = Incumbent
| constituency =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| profession = Spiritual Leader, preacher
| website =
}}

'''Mahamandaleshwar Swami Akhileshwaranand Giri''' is an Indian [[Clergy|spiritual leader]] and preacher. He currently serves as the [[Chair (officer)|Vice-Chairman]] of the Madhya Pradesh Gopalan and Livestock Promotion Board and Chairman of the Executive Council of the Madhya Pradesh Cow Husbandry and Livestock Promotion Board, appointed by the [[Madhya Pradesh Government|Madhya Pradesh government]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khodani |first1=Pooja |title=स्वामी अखिलेश्वरानंद गिरी को मप्र सरकार ने सौंपी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी |url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/headlines/madhya-pradesh-government-entrusted-a-big-responsibility-to-swami-akhileshwaranand-giri-mpk/ |publisher=MP Breaking News |date=28 July 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He is also a Cabinet Minister in [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]'s cabinet<ref>{{cite news |title=राज्यमंत्री दर्जा प्राप्त महामंडलेश्वर स्वामी अखिलेश्वरानंद महाराज ने की शिरकत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/sehore/ashta/news/minister-of-state-mahamandaleshwar-swami-akhileshwaranand-maharaj-attended-130737888.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> and holds the status of Minister of State (MoS) in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh government]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Swami Akhileshwaranand gets Cabinet rank in Shivraj Singh Chouhan's Madhya Pradesh government |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/swami-akhileshwaranand-gets-cabinet-rank-in-shivraj-singh-chouhans-madhya-pradesh-government/1204349/ |newspaper=The Financial Express |date=13 June 2018}}</ref> Additionally, he serves as the Chairman of the Madhya Pradesh State Gau Samvardhan Board (Cow Protection Board).<ref>{{cite news |title=Newly appointed cabinet minister Swami Akhileshwaranand Giri urges state govt to form 'Cow Ministry' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-madhya-pradesh-newly-appointed-cabinet-minister-swami-akhileshwaranand-giri-urges-state-govt-to-form-cow-ministry-448446 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swami Given Cabinet Rank Wants Cow Ministry For "Golden" Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/swami-akhileshwaranand-giri-given-cabinet-rank-wants-cow-ministry-for-golden-madhya-pradesh-1870369 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

In 2018, Akhileshwaranand was appointed to a Narmada conservation panel set up by the state government for conservation of the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Babas as Ministers in Madhya Pradesh: Sant Rise! |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/commercial-news/controversy-news/babas-as-ministers-in-madhya-pradesh-sant-rise/ |publisher=India Legal Live |date=15 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sadhus in office |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-patiala/20180617/282110637322114 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 June 2018}}</ref> He is a former [[pracharak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Dhirendra |title=From 'Pappu' and 'Mama', the Rise of Shivraj Singh Chouhan in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://thewire.in/politics/madhya-pradesh-shivraj-singh-chouhan |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=22 October 2018}}</ref> and had participated in the [[Ram Janmabhoomi movement]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=Hinduism let down by clergy |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/hinduism-let-down-by-clergy-23202783 |publisher=Mid Day |date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

He works for cow protection and demanded the creation of a dedicated cow ministry in the state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newly appointed Madhya Pradesh cabinet minister Swami Akhileshwaranand appeals for state cow ministry |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/20/newly-appointed-madhya-pradesh-cabinet-minister-swami-akhileshwaranand-appeals-for-state-cow-ministr-1830923.html |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] |date=20 June 2018}}</ref> Later a cow ministry was established in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cow Cabinet: Shivraj Singh Chouhan-Led Madhya Pradesh Government Forms New Cabinet For the Protection of Cows, Check Details |url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/cow-cabinet-shivraj-singh-chouhan-032858100.html?src=rss |publisher=Yahoo News |date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Swami Akhileshwaranand was given the title of [[Mahamandaleshwar]] in March 2010 by the [[Niranjani Akhara]].<ref>{{cite news |title=तीसरा विश्व युद्ध गाय के लिए होगा: स्वामी अखिलेश्वरानंद गिरी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/third-world-war-will-start-over-a-cow-says-swami-akhileshwaranand-giri/articleshow/53593127.cms |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=8 August 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Giri also served as the head of the state-level committee constituted by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) to raise funds for the construction of the [[Ram Mandir]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghatwai |first1=Milind |title='Will visit every Hindu home, avoid confrontation' — VHP's Ram Mandir fundraising chief in MP |url=https://theprint.in/india/will-visit-every-hindu-home-avoid-confrontation-vhps-ram-mandir-fundraising-chief-in-mp/577689/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Akhileshwaranand Giri made a controversial statement regarding actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s alleged sympathy for Pakistan amidst ongoing protests against the song ''Besharam Rang'' featured in the film ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''. Swami said, "if Shah Rukh Khan has sympathy for the enemy country, then he should immediately leave India and settle in Pakistan."<ref>{{cite news |title=Besharam Rang Row: 'Shah Rukh Khan should leave India & settle in Pakistan', says VP of MP's Gau Samvardhan Board |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/besharam-rang-row-shah-rukh-khan-should-leave-india-settle-in-pakistan-says-vp-of-mps-gau-samvardhan-board |newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=December 18, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2022, Akhileshwaranand Giri called for an immediate ban on the use of loudspeakers for [[Adhan|Azaan]] or [[Namaz]], stating his full support for the ban. Giri made these comments while speaking to the media in [[Jabalpur]] that using loudspeakers for Azaan or Namaz is not a part of traditional practice.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Ajay |title=Loudspeaker Controversy: Akhileshwaranand Giri's entry in the ongoing controversy over loudspeaker, know what he said? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-akhileshwaranand-giri-says-no-tradition-in-islamic-countries-for-azaan-and-namaz-on-loudspeaker-ann-2110844 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=April 26, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhileshwaranand, Swami}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi

2025-12-26T09:07:15Z

Portileostah: correct article to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Geet Hui Sabse Parayi Maan Geet.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 25 minutes approx
| creator =
| director = Nissar Parvez
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[STAR One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|04|5|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2011|12|14|df=yes}}
| num_episodes = 470
}}

'''''Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi''''' is an Indian soap opera which premiered on 5 April 2010 on [[STAR One]]. It is the first series produced by [[4 Lions Films]]. The show ended on 14 December 2011 when [[STAR One]] was replaced by [[Life OK]].

==Plot==
Geet is an innocent village girl of the Handa household. Her family decides to get her married to Dev Khurana, a rich NRI, much to her dismay. Dev is actually married and lives away from his family due to some quarrels with his brother. In order to get money, he marries Geet and abandons her at the airport next day. Hurt, geet returns to her village, finds out about her pregnancy and Dev's truth. She meets Maan Singh Khurana, Dev's brother and they start bickering all the time. When her family asks her to abort the kid, she refuses. They try to kill her but is saved by Maan. She cuts all ties with her family, moves to Delhi for a job and accidentally takes up Maan's secretary's post. Geet who is unaware of the fact of Mann being Dev's brother and Mann who is unaware of Dev's marriage with Geet, fall in love with each other. Dev and his wife Nayantara, return and starts living with Mann. Though Geet also ends up being there often, they miss each other. Mann was furious to know about Geet's pregnancy but later accepts Geet's baby and they decide to get engaged. Dev and Nayantara find out that Maan's secretary is Geet and try to avoid her. Later they split-up and a guilty Dev goes to Geet and opens up her relationship with Mann. Disheartened Geet breaks the engagement and walks away. Maan learns the truth and gets Dev jailed but later with the help of Geet, bails him out. Geet thinking that Maan used her for bailing Dev, moves away from him but they later reconcile. Nayanthara tries to kill Geet, but falls from the terrace and slips into coma. Her brother Arjun decides to take revenge and fakes love with Anwesha, Maan's sister and consummates. He later learns Nayantara's evil motives and unites with Anwesha. Geet's brother tries to kill her but she is saved by Maan. They marry but Maan distances from her as she is expecting. Geet falls down and the child is aborted. Later Maan suspects Geet and Dev's closeness which irks Geet and she leaves. They later unite. Geet is abducted by her childhood lover but is saved by Maan. Maan is attacked by Parminder, his step mother after which he loses his memory about Geet. He later remembers her and they unite. The show ends with them becoming parents.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Drashti Dhami]] as Geet Maan Singh Khurana<ref name="toi-geetmisses">{{cite news |last=Kaur |first=Ravneet |date=3 June 2010 |title=Geet misses Dev! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-03/tv/28299388_1_geet-hui-sabse-parayi-real-life-reel-life |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103175728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-03/tv/28299388_1_geet-hui-sabse-parayi-real-life-reel-life |archive-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gurmeet Chaudhary]] as Maan Singh Khurana<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-miss-Debina-in-Geet-Gurmeet/articleshow/6135446.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103175552/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/tv/28277013_1_debina-reality-show-small-screen | url-status=live | archive-date=3 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=I miss Debina in Geet: Gurmeet | date=6 July 2010}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Suhasini Mulay]]/[[Anju Mahendru]] as Savitri Khuranna
* [[Abhinav Shukla]]/[[Samir Sharma]] as Dev Singh Khurana
* [[Nikunj Malik]] as Anwesha Singh Khurana
* Melanie Pais as Nandini Handa
* [[Tanushree Kaushal]]/Usma Bachani as Parminder Singh Khurana
* [[Karishma Randhawa]]/ [[Sonali Nikam]] as Naintara Singh Rathore
* Behzaad Khan as Brij Handa
* Talat Rekhi as Daarji Handa
* [[Praneet Bhat]] as Aditya "Adi"
* Aditi Chopra as Pinky
* [[Kanika Maheshwari]] as Sasha
* Aakanksha Nimonkar as Tasha
* [[Perneet Chauhan]] as Meera
* [[Jaanvi Sangwan]] as Beeji
* [[Prashant Chawla]] as Teji
* [[Ahwaan Kumar]] as Lucky
* [[Divya Bhatnagar|Divya Bhatnaga]]/[[Khushbu Thakkar]] as Preeto Lucky
* [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as Rano Handa
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Rupinder Handa
* [[Vicky Ahuja]] as Mohinderlaal Handa
* [[Manish Naggdev]] as Gurvinder
* [[Jay Bhanushali]] as Yash Malhotra<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=15 October 2010 |title=Jay is back with Geet...Hui Sabse Parayi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jay-is-back-with-geet-hui-sabse-parayi-597218 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Neha Jhulka]] as Pari
* [[Piyush Sahdev]] as Arjun Singh Rathore
* [[Rumi khan]]
* [[Vishal Thakkar]] as Manav
* [[Iira Soni]] as Nitya
* Arjun Pundir as Sangram Gujjar
* [[Vikas Sethi]] as Vikram

==Reception==
In,October 2011, Kshama Rao of [[Hindustan Times]] wrote that the trp of the show is "abysmal" but the "show has now found a loyal audience online."<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Kshama |date=12 October 2011 |title=The internet sings a new tune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/the-internet-sings-a-new-tune/story-awBHi7DAGcuJLeyZyhx59I.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1876868}}

{{STAR One}}
{{4 Lions Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geet (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]
[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

Niladri Kumar

2025-12-19T13:33:50Z

Portileostah: revise

{{Short description|Indian sitar player and composer (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Niladri Kumar
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 1973
| death_date =
| origin = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| instrument = [[Sitar]]
| genre =
| occupation = [[Sitar]] Maestro and Composer
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|http://www.niladrikumar.com/}}
| image = Niladri Kumar.jpg
| image_size =
}}

'''Niladri Kumar''' is an Indian sitar player and music composer. The invention of the [[Electric sitar|zitar]] was done by him. He is known to be one of the most popular musicians of his generation, as stated by fellow [[sitar]] maestro [[Purbayan Chatterjee]]. Kamar has collaborated with many top musicians, such as [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Arijit Singh|Arjit Singh]], and [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]].

==Early life==
He was born to sitar player [[Kartick Kumar]], a disciple of [[Ravi Shankar]]. He began learning the sitar under his father's guidance at the age of four. Kumar gave his first public performance at the age of six at Sri Aurobindo Ashram in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="screen1">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/zitar-power/367847/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119073753/http://www.screenindia.com/news/zitar-power/367847/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2008|title=Zitar Power|last=Vijaykar|first=Rajiv|date=3 October 2008|work=Screen India|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
He was a part of the Masters of the Percussion tour alongside [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2006/05/24/indian_drummers_find_fascinating_rhythms/|title=Indian drummers find fascinating rhythms|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=24 May 2006|work=The Boston Globe|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> Kumar has also worked with [[Jonas Hellborg]] and [[V. Selvaganesh]] on their album ''Kali's Son''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/02jonas.htm|title=More Indian food than music in the West|date=2 March 2005|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> and with [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] on album ''Floating Point''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/15video4.htm|title=Niladri Kumar takes the sitar to space age|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> Kumar has also worked with various music directors in [[Hindi cinema]], including [[A.R. Rahman]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and [[Pritam]].<ref name="screen1" /> Niladri was conferred the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]'s Ustad [[Bismillah Khan]] Yuva Puraskar, awarded to young musicians, in March 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703232073.htm|title=32 artistes get 'Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar'|date=23 March 2007|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> Niladri has also won [[MTV Immies]] award for the Best Classical/Fusion Instrumental for his album ''If''.<ref name="screen1" />
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=161723|title=Mesmerising|date=17 December 2005|work=Pune Newsline|publisher=Indian Express Newspapers Ltd|accessdate=3 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The concept initiated from a travelling sitar, which was modified by Kumar to create rock guitar sound out of it. Kumar reduced the number of [[String instrument|strings]] on the instrument from 20 to five. He also added an [[Pick up (music technology)|electric pick-up]] inside the instrument so that it would sound more like a guitar.<ref name="screen1" /> His first full album composed using the instrument, titled ''Zitar'', was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Saregama-offers-history---and-Priority-too-/353566/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914165723/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Saregama-offers-history---and-Priority-too-/353566/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|title=Saregama offers history – and Priority too!|date=29 August 2008|work=Screen India|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref> Kumar wrote the first track for the album ''Priority'' in 2003. Over the next five years he improved the track and subsequent track by gauging audience reaction during live performances. He improvised the tracks adding components from various genres such as [[rock music|rock]], [[electronic music|electronic]] and [[lounge music|lounge]].<ref name="screen1" /> He also won the MN Mathur Award in the 51st Maharana Kumbha Sangeet Samaroh for his contribution to Indian classical music in March 2013. He is currently the Dean of Maya Somaiya College of Performing Arts at [[Somaiya Vidyavihar University]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maya Somaiya School of Music & Performing Arts |url=https://mssmpa.somaiya.edu/en/message-from-dean/ |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Maya Somaiya School of Music & Performing Arts}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Albums===
*2001: ''Together''
*2002: ''Revelation''
*2003: ''Dharohar''
*2003: ''Saanjh Sur''
*2003: ''If: Magical Sounds of Sitar''
*2005: ''Sitar Gaze''
*2005: ''Yoga Lounge'' (With Chinmaya Dunster)
*2006: ''Forever''
*2006: ''De-Stress Revive'' (With [[Rupak Kulkarni]])
*2007: ''Chillout Forever''
*2007: ''Faith''
*2008: ''Zitar''
*2009: ''Priority''
*2011: ''Together'' (With [[Talvin Singh]])
*2013: ''Plucked''
*2014: ''Sur Yajna''

===Films===
*[[Bunty Aur Babli]] - Chup Chup Ke ([[Sitar]])
*[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]] - Na Jaane Koi (Zitar)
*[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]] - Naina thag lenge ([[Sitar]])
*[[Life in a... Metro]] - Alvida (Zitar)
*[[Life in a... Metro]] - In DIno (Zitar)
*[[Dhoom 2]] - Crazy Kiya Re (Zitar)
*[[Dabangg 2]] - Tore naina bade dagabaaz re ([[Sitar]])
*[[Maazii]] - Mora Jiya (Zitar)
*[[Desi Boyz]] - Make Some Noise (Zitar)
*[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]] - Dheere Jalna ([[Sitar]])
*[[7 Khoon Maaf]] - Aawara ([[Sitar]])
*[[My Name Is Khan]] - Tere Naina ([[Sitar]])
*[[Kalank]]- [[Ghar More Pardesiya]] (Sitar)
*[[Baahubali: The Beginning]] - [[Manohari (song)|Manohari]] (Sitar)
*Aashiqui 2 – [[Sunn Raha Hai]] (Sitar)
*Laila Majnu
*Kalank - Ghar more pardesiya
*Dr. Arora - Mehram (Song Composer)
*Dr. Arora - Khaalipan (Song Composer)

== Music direction ==
*''[[Shorgul]] (Tere Bina)'' - Hindi Movie (2016)
*''[[Niruttara]]'' - (All songs) Kannada Movie (2016)
*''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' - (Ahista Ahista, Tum, Hafiz Hafiz, Sarfiri, Tum Version 2) Hindi Movie (2018)

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" "textcolor:#000;"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
!Ref
|-
| 2018
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| ''Aahista''-''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soundboxindia.com/winners-mirchi-music-awards-2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330090023/https://soundboxindia.com/winners-mirchi-music-awards-2019|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 March 2019|title=Winners at the Mirchi Music Awards 2019!|date=20 February 2019|website=soundboxindia.com|language=en|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[64th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent|Rd Burman Award For Upcoming Talent In Film Music]]
|''[[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004.html|title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2019|website=filmfare.com|access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://niladrikumar.com/|title=Niladri Kumar|publisher=Official Website}}
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p531572|label=Niladri Kumar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Niladri}}
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Banajiga

2025-12-14T03:23:35Z

Portileostah: Entry

{{Short description|Community in the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Expert needed|1=India|reason=Expert input needed on merge proposal|talk=Proposed merge of Banajiga into Balija|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group= Banajiga
|population = 15 Lakhs
|popplace = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]],
|langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rels = [[Image:Om symbol.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
|related = [[Balija]]
}}

'''Banajigas''' are a [[Kannada]]-speaking mercantile community primarily living in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] they are known as [[Balija]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/AddTamil-23.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjducPOqq6KAxWyxzgGHWnED1gQFnoECBgQBg&usg=AOvVaw051aX4dMUeNSfIzqFFvS8_|title=Tamil Nadu Bench - National Commission for Backward Classes|website=ncbc.nic.in}}{{dead link|date=December 2024}}</ref> Banajiga (vanik, tradesman) are Canarese traders, Banajigas now identified as a Lingayats. But Historical records indicate that Banajigas were originally [[Jains]] engaged in trade and historically recorded as ''"Jain Merchants"'' only later around 16-17th century community gradually converted to [[Lingayat]] through the influence of Lingayat priests.<ref>Burjor Avari, ''India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200'', Routledge, 2016, pp. 276–278.</ref><ref>R. Blake Michael, ''Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya'', Routledge, 2018, pp. 92–93.</ref> Today, Banajigas are regarded as one of the wealthiest sub-caste of Lingayatism, noted for their contributions to temples, monasteries, and religious institutions.<ref>R. Blake Michael, ''Foundation of the Vīraśaiva Sect'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1992, pp. 147–149.</ref><ref>Susan Bayly, ''Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 85–86.</ref>

==Etymology==

Variations of the name in use in the medieval era were Balanja, Bananja, Bananju, Banajiga and Banijiga, with probable cognates Balijiga, Valanjiyar, Balanji, Bananji and derivatives such as Baliga, all of which are said to be derived from the Sanskrit term Vanik or Vanij, for trader.<ref>
{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Epigraphia Indica
|volume=4 |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1896|page=296|quote=In the Telugu word balija or balijiga has the same meaning . It is therefore probable that the words vaļañjiyam , vaļañjiyar , balañji , baṇañji , baṇañjiga and balija are cognate and derived from the Sanskrit vanij | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Quarterly Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society
|volume=11 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |year=1938|page=54|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pn65KlYEJmsC }}
</ref>

==Occupation==
Banajigas are traders and business people. Some are also professionals such as teachers, doctors, and engineers.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Sub groups==
{{Verification|section|date=January 2025}}

*Adi Banajiga
*Balajiga / Banajiga / Gowda Banajiga
*Balegara
*Dasa Banajiga
*Dudi Banajiga
*Ele Banajiga or Thota Banajiga. Ele Banajigas are betel gardeners
*Gandudi Banajiga
*Gazula Banajiga
*Goni Banajiga / Croni Banajiga
*Gopala Banajiga
*Gopati Banajiga
*Janappan
*Jidipalli Banajiga
*Joti Banajiga
*Linga Balija / Linga Banajiga
*Musu Kamma
*Nayudu / Naidu Banajiga
*Panchama Banajiga
*Punavalu Banajiga
*Puvulu Banajiga
*Rajamahendram or Musu Kamma
*Raut / Ravut / Rahutar Banajiga
*Sadu Banajiga
*Setty Balija / Setty Banajiga / Banajiga Setty
*Shilvant / Sheelavant Banajiga
*Sukamanchi Banajiga
*Telaga Balija / Telaga Banajiga
*Uppar Banajiga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Mandya1967Chapter3Pdf.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjZ-djw7a6KAxX6xjgGHayyCzgQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1dHueVxSVAOoFt7Umry_Nt|title=Population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ&q=raut+banajiga|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|date=1988 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC&dq=ravut+banajiga&pg=RA1-PA104|title=Banajiga |last1=Iyengar |first1=Venkatesa |date=1932 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo8BAAAAMAAJ&q=gopala+banajiga|title=Gopala Banajiga|date=1990 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India,_Volume_2.djvu/468&ved=2ahUKEwjVwPix4e2KAxXcUWcHHXpbG4kQFnoECB8QAQ|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViALAQAAIAAJ&q=Banajiga+sub+groups|title=Banajiga subgroups|date=1990 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsbacademy.ac.in/dvv/criteria-2/2-1-2/Copy-of-communication-issued-by-state-govt.pdf|title=Copy-of-communication issued by state govt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/Banagara635300614401004259.pdf|title=Write read data Banagara}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Sub+groups+of+banajiga&pg=PA1100|title=Sub groups of banajiga|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfGAAAAAQBAJ&dq=Adi+banajiga&pg=PA18|title=Adi banajiga|isbn=978-1-136-23736-2 |last1=Ishwaran |first1=K. |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BJGAQAAMAAJ&dq=Linga+banajiga&pg=PA419|title=Linga Banajiga|date=1909 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2pBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Banajiga+occupation&pg=PA246|title=Banajiga Occupation |last1=Rice |first1=Benjamin Lewis |date=1897 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Uppara+banajiga&pg=PA1837|title=Uppara Banajiga}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw5FAQAAMAAJ&q=Gopati+banajiga|title=Gopati Banajiga}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVVuAAAAMAAJ&q=sadu+banajiga|title=Karnataka State Gazetteers: Kodagu District - Page 147}}</ref>

*'''Adi Banajiga'''

Adi Banajiga are engaged in the priestly functions. Adi Banajiga have been found to do the priestly services in the Goddess temple at saundatti Belgaum District.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMGAAAAAMAAJ&q=adi+banajiga|title=Man in India}}</ref>

*'''Balegara'''

*'''Dasa Banajigas'''

The Dasa Banajigas of Mysore style themselves Jaina Kshatriya Ramanujas
Dasa Banajigas are as they call themselves Jaina Kshatriya Ramanuja-Dasa Vaniyas say they were formerly Jain Kshatriyas, and were converted into Vaishnavism by Ramanujachsrya. They are very clean in their habits, pure vegetarians, and follow the doctrines of Ramanujacharya. They are found in large numbers in Chennapatna (Bangalore District). They do not eat food cooked even by Brahmans, who are not Sri Vaishnavas.

*'''Dudi Banajiga'''

Dudi Banajigas are traders in cotton. They are also strict vegetarians, and abstain from eating in the houses of persons other than Brahmans. They have some (eponymous) exogamous clans, e.g., Govila and Babhruvahana, and are found in small numbers in the Kolar District. They have a Purana known as Lakshminarayana Puranam, written for them by their guru Lakshminārayana Sastri.

*'''Ele Banajigas'''

Ele Banajigas, as their name implies are betel growers. Some of them are vegetarians.

*'''Gandudi Banajiga'''

*'''Gazulu Banajiga'''

The Gazula Balija are also known as Gauriputra, Banajiga, Kavarai and Balija Naidu. The Gazula Balija is a subgroup of Balija. Naidu and Nayudu are their titles. The Gazulu are the glass bangles section is also known as Setti Banajiga. This is considered a very respectable division, and it is not unusual for persons of other sections to claim it as their own. They are the dealers in glass bangles, and are at the head of the 18 phanas. Setti is the title applied to persons of this section.

*'''Goni Banajiga'''

*'''Gopala Banajiga'''

*'''Gopati Banajiga'''

*'''Gowda Banajiga'''

Gowda means village chiefs. The Banajigas, who were village chiefs, called themselves Gowda Banajigas.

*'''Linga Banajiga'''

The Linga Banajigas are a trading section of Lingayats, who are a religious sect, abounding in the Canarese country, whose distinctive characteristic is the wearing of a linga the symbol of the god Siva made of steatite, or soapstone, and enclosed in a metal casket, often of silver, and sometimes encrusted with precious stones, or, among the poorer classes, enclosed in a cloth of a particular colour. The linga should always be worn, both by males and females, and is buried with the corpse. A Lingayat shopkeeper, who was not wearing it, explained that he removed it during working hours, as it was necessary to tell a little lie when doing business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BJGAQAAMAAJ&dq=Linga+banajiga&pg=PA419|title=Linga Banajiga}}</ref>

*'''Musu Kamma'''

Musu Kamma Named after a special ear ornament worn by women.

*'''Nayudu Banajiga'''

The Nayadu division is said to be the same as Kota division above referred to. On behalf of these, it is claimed that they are Kshatriyas of the Lunar Race, and that the term which is a corrupted form of the Sanskrit 'Nayak,' came to be applied to them when, at the zenith of Vijayanagar rule, the king divided his whole realm into nine districts or provinces and placed at the head of each a man of this caste with the title of Nayak. This division has become much mixed up, the title Nayadu being appropriated by many persons of doubtful origin, such as the children of dancing girls.

*'''Puvulu Banajiga'''

Puvvalu Banajigas are flower sellers, are also said to belong to the Gazulu division.

*'''Rajamahendram Banajiga'''

The Jidipalli and Rajamahendram originated from the places inhabited by them, but they subse-quently came to denote caste sub-divisions. The members of the latter division are the immigrants from the districts of Nellore, Cuddapah, Anantapur, North Arcot and Chinglepet.

*'''Raut / Ravut / Rahutar Banajiga'''

Rāvut or Raut has been recorded as a sub-caste of Balija, and a title of Kannadiyan. The Ravut are a small section living specially in the town of Mysore. They are also known as Oppana Banajigas, because they are said to have been sent into the Mysore country from Vijayanagar to collect the tribute due to that king, oppana meaning appointment. They were all soldiers, and were hence known as Ravuts.

*'''Sadu Banajiga'''

The Sadu Banajiga, were once Jainas and later at the time of Vishnuvardhana Hoysala, became Vaishnavas. Therefore, these people are also known as Ramanuja Dasa-Vanijakshatriyas, and were Jaina Kshatriyas once. There are many lineages and gothras among Banajiga people. Some of them like Dasa Banijiga cremate the dead, but most of Banajiga groups bury the dead. They worship Vaishnava gods. Banajigas of Virajpet, however, identify themselves as Sadu Settys. They are small business peoples, mostly betel leaf vendors. They are involved in other kinds of business also.

*'''Setty Banajiga'''

Setty Balija or Setty Banajiga are also known as Balija, Kapu, Balija Settlu, Chetty Balija or Banajiga in the different areas of their habitation. Rao, Naidu, Nayudu and Setti are the synonyms of the community . Rao , Naidu , Nayudu and Setty are their titles. They have jati puranam namely " Balija vamsapuranam " which mainly deals with the origin of the community.

==Dynasty==

*Later [[Keladi Nayakas]]<ref name=“mythic”>{{cite book |date=1921|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Vol.XI|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277202/page/n55/mode/2up |location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|page=47-48}}:”Venkatappa. ruled from 1504 to 1551.
His son Bhadrappa died before him. During his reign the Moghals under
Ranadullakhan seized Ikkeri and set up a, viceroy there. Then Virabhadrappa
Nayaka ascended the Gadi and -retiring to Bidarur ruled over his country
more peacefully than before.* His rule lasted for 15 years from 1551 to 1566.
During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas”</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiOBi3DNj5kC&q=keladi+nayaka+lingayat&pg=PA10 | title=Keladi Nayakas - The Rebellious Rani of Belavadi and Other Stories | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist | author=Basavaraj S. Naika | year=2001 | isbn=9788126901272 | access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rulers of Keladi">{{cite web | url=http://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Keladi-Rulers | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808012707/http://www.udupitourism.com/Udupi-Keladi-Rulers | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 August 2014 | title=Rulers of Keladi | publisher=Udupi Tourism | access-date=7 August 2015 }}</ref>
*Chennapatna Nayakas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bmrda.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Traffic%2520Management%2520Plan%2520-%2520Report.pdf|title=Chennapatna Nayakas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://planning.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/DHDR/Ramanagar%2520English_compressed%2520(1).pdf|title=Chennapatna Rayas}}</ref>

==Rulers==

*[[Shivappa Nayaka]] (1645–1660)<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>
*Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka (1660–1662)
*Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662–1664)<ref>{{cite book |date=1921|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society Vol.XI|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277202/page/n55/mode/2up |location=Bangalore|publisher=The Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall|page=47-48}}:”Venkatappa. ruled from 1504 to 1551.
His son Bhadrappa died before him. During his reign the Moghals under
Ranadullakhan seized Ikkeri and set up a, viceroy there. Then Virabhadrappa
Nayaka ascended the Gadi and -retiring to Bidarur ruled over his country
more peacefully than before.* His rule lasted for 15 years from 1551 to 1566.
During his reign the rule of Vokkaligas came to an end and was replaced by the rule of Banajigas”</ref>
*Somashekara Nayaka I (1664–1672)
*[[Keladi Chennamma]] (1672–1697)
*Basavappa Nayaka (1697–1714)<ref>A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar Vol 111 – 1807 – Francis Buchanan -from page 254
"[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC&dq=marcupa+chitty&pg=PA128]"</ref>
*Somashekara Nayaka II (1714–1739)
*Kiriya Basavappa Nayaka (1739–1754)
*Chenna Basappa Nayaka (1754–1757)
*Queen Virammaji (1757–1763).<ref name="ReferenceA">Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 by Jaswant Lal Mehta p.458</ref>
*[[Belawadi Mallamma]] (1624–1678)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaonkar |first=Raj N. |title=Nadavara Exile in Malenadu |url=https://www.academia.edu/13003135 |journal=Academia}}</ref>
*Rana Peda Jagadeva Raya
*[[Immadi Jagadevaraya|Rana Immadi Jagadeva Raya]]
*Rana Ankusa Raya
*Rana Kumara Jagadeva Raya
*Immadi Ankusa Raya

== Status ==
Banajigas are high in social status.
The Banajiga caste is included in the Central List of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) for the state of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution|title=Centre list of OBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0Gngp3wPtMC&dq=Jangam+banajiga&pg=PA17|title=Female Education: A Study of Rural India - Page 17|isbn=978-81-7755-207-2 |last1=Korishetty |first1=Vijaya B. |date=2003 |publisher=Cosmo Publications }}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[B. S. Yediyurappa]] Chief Minister of Karnataka<ref>{{cite news |title=1 year in office earns CM a snub|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/1-year-in-office-earns-cm-a-snub-49142-2009-06-02|accessdate= 23 August 2019 |work= indiatoday |date=2005 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[S. Nijalingappa]] Chief Minister of Karnataka<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Nels Anderson| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pM3AAAAIAAJ&dq=Nijalingappa%2C+who+belongs+to+the+Banajiga&pg=PA134|title=Studies in Multilingualism I of VII|location= |publisher= |year=1969|page=134}}</ref>
*[[J. H. Patel]] Chief Minister of Karnataka<ref>{{cite news |title=J H Patel stoops, yet may not conquer|url=https://rediff.com/election/1999/sep/04patel.htm|accessdate= 29 August 2019 |work= rediff |date=2004 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*[[S. R. Kanthi]] Chief Minister of Karnataka <ref name=stat4>{{cite news|title= Mysorian Becomes CM after 33 Years |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/mysore/mysorian-becomes-cm-after-33-years|newspaper=NewsKarnataka|access-date=2019-08-27|archivedate=2019-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826134729/https://www.newskarnataka.com/mysore/mysorian-becomes-cm-after-33-years|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Veerendra Patil]] Chief Minister of Karnataka<ref name=" ">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Blom Hansen |author2=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The BJP and the compulsions of politics in India |year=2001|page=176 |quote=The Lingayat votes had been important to the Janata Dal since 1978. Without Veerendra Patil (a member of the Banajiga jati), the long-standing difficulties of the national party president S. R. Bommai in appealing to voters beyond his Sadar jati (which has represent of other jatis gaining disproportionate share of spoils) became especially serious}}</ref>
*[[Jagadish Shettar]] Chief Minister of Karnataka <ref>{{cite web|author1=Bansy Kalappa |author2=Naushad Bijapur| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/aug/23/stormy-season-ahead-for-bjp-over-rebel-karnataka-mla-umesh-kattis-exclusion-2023061.html|title=Stormy season ahead for BJP over rebel Karnataka MLA Umesh Katti's exclusion|location= |website= New Indian Express|year=2019|page=
}}</ref>
*[[B. D. Jatti]] Chief Minister of Karnataka<ref name="B.D. Jatti">{{cite book |title=Parliament mourns death of B.D. Jatti, adjourns |volume= |year=2002|page= |quote=Sri Basappa Danappa Jatti Born in a Kannadiga Lingayat Banajiga family at Savalgi in Jamkhandi Taluk of Bijapur district, Jatti entered politics as a Municipality member at Jamakhandi in 1940 and later became its President. He was eventually elected to the Jamakhandi State Legislature }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]

Mahindra KUV100

2025-11-25T07:54:41Z

Portileostah: adding a stub!

{{Infobox automobile
| name = Mahindra KUV100
| image = Mahindra KUV100 1.2 K4 Plus 2019.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| aka =
| production = 2016–2023
| assembly = [[Chakan, Maharashtra]] (299, Union Place, Colombo 02)
| designer = [[Mahindra Research Valley]], [[Chennai]]
| class = [[Crossover city car]]
| body_style = 5-door [[hatchback]]
| layout = [[Front-engine]], [[front-wheel-drive|FWD]]
| platform =
| related =
| engine = 1.2L ''mFalcon'' [[Inline-three engine|I3]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]] 1.2L ''mHawk'' [[Inline-three engine|I3]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]]
| transmission = 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2385|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|3675|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1705|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1635|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| sp = uk
| caption = 2019 Mahindra KUV100 (Chile)
}}'''Mahindra KUV100''' also known as '''KUV100 NXT''' was a [[crossover city car]] automobile designed and manufactured by the Indian company [[Mahindra & Mahindra]].

== Variants ==
KUV100 has 14 versions available in India. It is offered in 7 petrol and 7 diesel models, K2, K4, K6 and K8. It comes in 7 colours, namely, Flamboyant Red, Aquamarine, Fiery Orange, Pearl White, Dazzling Silver, Designer Grey and Midnight Black.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecardlr.com/car-colours/mahindra-and-mahindra-kuv-1oo-colours.aspx|title=EcarDlr|publisher=}}</ref>

An all-electric version of KUV100 named e-KUV100 was revealed in [[Auto Expo|Auto Expo 2018]]. The e-KUV100 is built on the carmaker's new light EV platform called MESMA 48. The Mahindra e-KUV100 has a single [[electric motor]] that generates 54.35 PS of power and 120 Nm of torque. Powered by a 15.9 kWh battery, the e-KUV100 can offer a range of 147 km in a single charge and it will be priced around ₹8.25 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi). It is expected to go on sale by January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 9, 2018|first=Naveen|last=Soni|title=Mahindra: Auto Expo 2018: Mahindra unveils electric KUV100 with new EV concepts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/auto-expo-2018-mahindra-unveils-electric-kuv100-with-new-ev-concepts/articleshow/62847948.cms|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-29|title=Mahindra e-KUV100 will be available in the next three months|url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/cars/mahindra-ekuv100-will-be-available-in-the-next-three-months-pawan-goenka-41603970105059.html|access-date=2020-11-16|website=auto.hindustantimes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confirmed: Mahindra eKUV100 to become available for retail this quarter|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/article/confirmed-mahindra-ekuv100-to-become-available-for-retail-this-quarter/633447|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=7 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><gallery widths="200">
File:Mahindra KUV100 launch (3).JPG|Pre-facelift (front)
File:Mahindra KUV100 launch (4a).JPG|Pre-facelift (rear)
File:2020 Mahindra KUV100 Nxt K6.jpg|Facelift (front)
File:Mahindra KUV100 Nxt G80 K4+ 2021.jpg|Facelift (rear)
</gallery>

==Engine==
KUV100 uses Mahindra’s first-ever indigenously developed 1.2-litre 3-cylinder mFalcon G80, multi-point [[fuel injection]] (MPFI) with Dual Variable Valve Timing petrol engine with output of 61 kW (82 bhp) @ 5500 rpm of maximum power and 115 Nm @ 3500–3600 rpm of peak torque. It also promises to deliver a fuel consumption of 18.15 km/L.<ref name="intoday.in">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/mahindra-launches-kuv-100-for-rs-4-42-lakh/1/571156.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116135009/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/mahindra-launches-kuv-100-for-rs-4-42-lakh/1/571156.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2016|title=Mahindra launches KUV 100 for Rs 4.42 lakh : Latest Auto News, News - India Today|publisher=}}</ref>

Its diesel variant uses a 1.2-litre 3-cylinder mFalcon D75, turbocharger with intercooler, [[common rail]] Direct Injection technology engine. It is capable of delivering 57.4 kW (77 bhp) @ 3750 rpm of power and 190 Nm @ 1750–2250 rpm of torque with the help of a 5-speed manual gearbox. It is capable of delivering a fuel consumption of 25.32 km/L. Dimension-wise, it is identical to the petrol version and apart from the diesel motor no additional features are added.<ref name="intoday.in"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindrakuv100.com/mahindra-kuv100-models.aspx?id=specification|title=Mahindra KUV100 Specifications - KUV 100 Specifications|publisher=}}</ref>

==Safety==
KUV standard features include dual front [[Airbag|airbags]] for the safety of driver and co-driver, [[Anti-lock braking system|anti-lock braking system (ABS)]] with [[Electronic brakeforce distribution|electronic brake-force distribution (EBD)]] and front [[Seat belt|seat belt]] pretensioners which ensure the safety of all its occupants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/mahindra-kuv-100-specs-feature-comparison-with-its-likely-rivals/50450349|title=Mahindra KUV 100: Specs & feature comparison with its likely rivals.|first=|last=|publisher=www.ETAuto.com}}</ref> The other safety features are collapsible steering column, [[Child safety lock|child safety locks]] on rear doors, speed sensing automatic door locks, automatic hazard warning lamps on panic braking or bonnet opening, automatic hazard warning lamps on crash, anti-theft security alarm, anti-slip clips for driver side floor mat, [[ISOFIX]] child seat mounts on rear seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindrakuv100.com/mahindra-kuv100-models.aspx?id=compare-model|title=Compare Mahindra KUV100 Models - Compare KUV 100 K2, K4, K6, K8 Models|publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.mahindrakuv100.com/ Official website of KUV100]

{{Portal bar|India|Cars}}
{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}

[[Category:Mahindra vehicles]]
[[Category:Compact sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2023]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]

ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited

2025-10-28T20:22:39Z

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{{moresources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Limited''' (OMPL) was a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]], a part of [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] which is under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mrpl-raises-stake-in-ompl-to-46-per-cent/article6875235.ece MRPL raises stake in OMPL to 46 percent]</ref> OMPL was incorporated on 19 December 2006.

The OMPL complex spans 442 acres of land in [[Mangalore]] [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ). The project cost was estimated at ₹ 5750 crores. The complex is connected with [[Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited|MRPL Refinery]] from where the feed to the complex is supplied. It is 14 km away from the [[New Mangalore Port]] and about 15  km from [[Mangalore International Airport]].

On October 19, 2020 the board meeting of MRPL had approved acquisition OMPL, from ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) Ltd.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mrpl-increases-stake-in-ongc-mangalore-petrochemicals-ltd-to-9999-per-cent/article33481944.ece MRPL increases stake in ONGC Mangalore Petrochemicals Ltd to 99.99 per cent]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ompl.co.in}}
* [https://govtjobstudio.com/ Recruitment Updates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222081627/https://govtjobstudio.com/ |date=22 December 2019 }}
[[Category: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
[[Category: Companies based in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]

Paij Lagnachi

2025-10-16T17:50:24Z

Portileostah:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paij Lagnachi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Yashwant Bhalkar
| writer = J. K. Patil
| screenplay = Pratap Gangavane
| producer = J. K. Patil
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
*[[Prateeksha Lonkar]]
*Avinash Narkar
}}
| cinematography = Prakash Shinde
| editing = Ranjit Shankaran
| music = Achyut Thakur
| studio = J.K. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|12|29}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross =
}}
'''''Paij Lagnachi''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Yashwant Bhalkar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veteran film director Yashwant Bhalkar passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/veteran-film-director-bhalkar-passes-away/amp_articleshow/67167191.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17604718868603&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/veteran-film-director-bhalkar-passes-away/articleshow/67167191.cms |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It stars [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], Avinash Narkar, and [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.shemaroome.com/movies/paij-lagnachi |title=Paij Lagnachi Marathi Movie Watch Online on ShemarooMe |date=1998-01-01 |language=en |access-date=2025-10-14 |via=www.shemaroome.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2016-04-20 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/profile/varsha-usgaonkar.php |access-date=2025-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows Pooja ([[Varsha Usgaonkar]]), a wealthy and spirited college student with a compulsive habit of betting. Despite repeated warnings from her close friend Vaishali ([[Prateeksha Lonkar]]) about the consequences of her reckless behavior, Pooja refuses to change. In an attempt to teach her a lesson, Vaishali challenges Pooja to help Shambhu (Avinash Narkar), an intellectually disabled man, recover and lead a normal life within a month. The terms of the bet state that if Pooja fails, she must marry Shambhu. Confident in her abilities, Pooja accepts the challenge. However, as the month unfolds, her experiences with Shambhu profoundly transform her perspective on life, compassion, and love changing her forever, regardless of the bet’s outcome.

== Cast ==

* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Pooja
* Avinash Narkar as Shambhu
* [[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Vaishali
* [[Nilu Phule]] as Aaba Saheb
* [[Vijay Chavan]] as Professor Mahamuni
* Smita Oak as Damlebai
* [[Madhu Kambikar]] as Pooja's Mother
* [[Bal Dhuri]] as Pooja's Father
* [[Kishore Nandlaskar]] as Sanskrit's Professor
* Jagannath Nivangune as College Student
* Seema Chandekar as Akka Saheb

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paij Lagnachi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Achyut Thakur
| released = {{Film date|1997}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = Zingaat Music
| misc =
}}

The music is composed by Achyut Thakur and lyrics penned by [[Jagdish Khebudkar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Sudhir |title=Shilpakar CharitraKosh Khand 7: Chitrapat Ani Sangeet |publisher=Hindustan Prakashan Sanstha |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |publication-date=15 March 2014 |language=Marathi}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Dhol Ghumla Hey
| length1 = 6:03
| extra1 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| title2 = Jivan Ha Sagar
| length2 = 5:02
| extra2 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| title3 = Laaj Dolyat
| length3 = 5:49
| extra3 = Uttara Kelkar
| title4 = Moharle Mi Sajna
| length4 = 5:05
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| total_length =
}}
== Awards ==

* [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatancha Samagrah Itihas |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |publication-date=2014 |language=Marathi}}</ref>
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Singer Female]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Singer Male]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
**[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Publicity Design|Best Publicity Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12216796}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]

Arjun Singh Bamniya

2025-10-11T08:58:53Z

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Singh Bamniya
| image =
| office = [[State Minister]] of Tribal Area Development (IC), PHED, Ground Water, [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = November 2021
| term_end = December 2023
| predecessor = 
| successor = [[Babulal Kharadi]]
| office1 = [[State Minister]] of [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start1 = December 2018
| term_end1 = November 2021
| predecessor1 = 
| office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Banswara Assembly constituency]]
| term_start2 = December 2018
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2013
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|09|05}}
| birth_place = Malvasa, Banswara
| spouse = Surta Devi
| father = Punjaji Bamaniya
| mother = Chaturi Devi
| party = Indian National Congress
}}

'''Arjun Singh Bamniya''' (born 5 September 1963) is an Indian politician and former [[State Minister]] in the [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Banswara Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://banswara.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/assembly-constituency/24 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=banswara.rajasthan.gov.in}}{{failed verification|date=May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/banswara-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470779-2023-12-03|title=Banswara Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Arjun Singh Bamaniya wins Banswara with 93017 votes|date=3 December 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> Bamniya is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

India–Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement

2025-09-11T07:34:56Z

Portileostah: Starting initial data basic info...

{{short description|Free trade agreement between Malaysia and India}}
{{other uses|Comprehensive economic partnership agreement (disambiguation)}}
{{hatnote|For similar agreements, see [[Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and South Korea]] and [[India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]].}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}

The '''Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)''' is a free trade agreement between [[Malaysia]] and [[India]] to strengthen bilateral trade. The agreement is in line with the recommendations given by the Joint Study Group which contained members from both the parties. This was signed by [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] and [[Najib Razak|Mr. Najib Razak]], the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] on 27 October 2010 at [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pupphavesa|first=Wisarn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68gVAQAAMAAJ&q=Comprehensive+Economic+Cooperation|title=BIMSTEC-Japan Comprehensive Economic Cooperation: A Step in the Future|date=2008|publisher=Bookwell|isbn=978-81-89640-53-8|language=en}}</ref>

== Aims ==
The aims of the agreement is to enhance economic and social benefits, improve [[Standard of living|living standards]] and ensure high and steady growth in real incomes in their respective territories by expansion of trade and investment flows, to promote economics development and to promote investment between Malaysia and India.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:India–Malaysia relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of Malaysia]]

Gangarampur Stadium

2025-09-02T07:19:04Z

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{{Short description|Stadium in Gangarampur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Gangarampur Stadium
| image = Gangarampur Stadium.JPG
| caption = Gangarampur Stadium
| location = [[Gangarampur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4046|N|88.5378|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:IN}}
| establishment = 2001
| seating_capacity = 10,000
| owner = [[Gangarampur]] Municipality
| operator =
| tenants =
| end1 =
| end2 =
| international =
| firsttestdate =
| firsttestyear =
| firsttesthome =
| firsttestaway =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttesthome =
| lasttestaway =
}}

'''Gangarampur Stadium''' is a Stadium located beside the [[State Highway 10 (West Bengal)|State Highway 10]] near [[Kaldighi]] in [[Gangarampur]], [[West Bengal]]. The stadium was built in early twenty first century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://heysports.in/01627281/Gangarampur_Stadium|publisher=Hey Sports|title=Sports on Gangarampur Stadium}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gangarampur]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2001]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}