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Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi

2026-04-23T07:43:57Z

PorterStowell75: put up a entry

{{short description|Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi
| office = Member of [[National Human Rights Commission of India]]
| term_start = 30 December 2024
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 1blankname = Chairperson
| 1namedata = [[V. Ramasubramanian]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|15th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2024
| term_end1 = 19 July 2024
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra]]
| successor1 = [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| nominator2 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start2 = 20 June 2013
| term_end2 = 4 July 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|7|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]]
| alma_mater = [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]] [[Madhusudan Law University|Madhusudan Law College]]
| spouse = Mrs. Nirupama Sarangi
| children = Dr. Debarchita Debasmita
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| image = Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi.jpg
}}

'''Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi''' (born 20 July 1962) is an Indian judge who is currently serving as a Member of [[National Human Rights Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio data of Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/biodata/bio-data-dr-justice-bidyut-ranjan-sarangi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518162702/https://nhrc.nic.in/biodata/bio-data-dr-justice-bidyut-ranjan-sarangi |archive-date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=nhrc.nic.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]] and a former [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi |url=https://cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=712&cid=84 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/judges-profile/hon-ble-dr-justice-bidyut-ranjan-sarangi/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Dr. The Chief Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi {{!}} CIVIL COURT, GODDA {{!}} India |url=https://godda.dcourts.gov.in/Judges/honble-dr-the-chief-justice-bidyut-ranjan-sarangi/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=With Less Than A Month To Retire, Justice BR Sarangi Appointed As Chief Justice Of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/justice-br-sarangi-jharkhand-high-court-cj-centre-delay-sc-collegium-recommendation-262136 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=Live Law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2024-07-04 |title=Dr. Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi appointed as 15th Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/04/dr-justice-br-sarangi-appointment-chief-justice-jharkhand-hc-legal-news/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi takes oath as new chief justice of Jharkhand HC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/bidyut-ranjan-sarangi-takes-oath-as-new-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc-3093707 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2024-07-05 |title=Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi Takes Oath As New Chief Justice Of Jharkhand HC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/bidyut-ranjan-sarangi-takes-oath-as-new-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-hc-1808684 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2024-07-03 |title=Justice Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi appointed Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/justice-bidyut-ranjan-sarangi-appointed-chief-justice-of-jharkhand-high-court/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Chota Nagpur Plateau

2026-04-22T04:10:27Z

PorterStowell75: basic rework references per standard format and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Plateau in eastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chota Nagpur Plateau
| other_name =
| etymology =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo = Chota Nagpur Plateau-IGI.jpg
| photo_caption = [[Orography|Orographical]] map of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.
| map = India Jharkhand#India
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the Chota Nagpur [[ecoregion]]
| label =
| label_position =
| country = [[India]]
| state = {{hlist|[[Chhattisgarh]]|[[Jharkhand]]|[[West Bengal]]|[[Odisha]]}}
| region =

| part_type =
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| highest= [[Parasnath]]
| elevation =
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| area_km2 =65000
| area_ref =<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= |first= |date=15 July 2025 |title=Chota Nagpur Plateau |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur-plateau|encyclopaedia= Britannica |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|23|21|N|85|20|E|display=inline,title}}
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The '''Chota Nagpur Plateau''' ({{ipa|hi|t͡ʃʰoːʈaː naːɡpʊɾ|ipa}}) is a [[plateau]] in eastern India, which covers much of [[Jharkhand]] state as well as adjacent parts of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]. The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the [[Mahanadi]] River lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately {{convert|65000|km2}}.<ref name=maps>{{cite web |url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html |title = Chhota Nagpur Plateau |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090917115436/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/geography/chhota-nagpur-plateau.html |archive-date = 17 September 2009 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Nagpur'' is probably taken from [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagavanshi]]s, who ruled in this part of the country. ''Chhota'' (''small'' in Hindi) is the misunderstood name of "Chutia" village in the outskirts of [[Ranchi]], which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.<ref name=houlton>[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334291170|title=CHOTA NAGPUR: A NOMENCLATURE IN CONTRADICTION|website=researchgate}}</ref>

==Geology==
[[File:Jonha falls, Jharkhand.jpg|alt=Jonha falls, Jharkhand|thumb|[[Jonha Falls]], Jharkhand]]

===Formation===
[[File:Damodar River in its upper reaches.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Damodar River]] flows through Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land.The plateau is composed of [[Precambrian]] rocks (i.e., rocks more than about 540 million years old). The plateau has been formed during the [[Cenozoic]] by continental uplift due to [[tectonic]] forces.<ref name=yashplasingh>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-JtQE2FmsIkC&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA107 |title = Geography By Yash Pal Singh |publisher = FK Publications |isbn = 978-81-89611-85-9 |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Gondwana]] substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the [[Deccan Plate]], which broke free from the southern continent during the [[Cretaceous]] to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was interrupted by the collision with the Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the [[Deccan Plateau]], where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.<ref name=ecoregion>{{cite web|url = http://www.eoearth.org/article/Chhota-Nagpur_dry_deciduous_forests | title = Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests |publisher = The Encyclopaedia of Earth |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}</ref> The history of metamorphism, granitic activities and igneous intrusions in the Chotanagpur area continued for a period from over 1000 Ma to 185 Ma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghose |first1=N. C. |last2=Shmakin |first2=B. M. |last3=Smirnov |first3=V. N. |title=Some geochronological observations on the Precambrians of Chotanagpur, Bihar, India |journal=Geological Magazine |date=September 1973 |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=477–482 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800036268 }}</ref>

===Fossil record===

The Chota Nagpur region has a notable fossil presence. The fossil-rich sedimentary units host fossilized remains across a range of biota, such as angiosperm leaves, fruits, flowers, wood, and fish. This stratigraphy has been associated with the Neogene, specifically the Pliocene epoch, despite a lack of conclusive evidence. Earlier studies identified vertebrate fossils in these sediments, with reported fish fossils with affinities to modern families, linking these deposits to recent ichthyofauna adaptations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=S. N |last2=Mishra |first2=V. P |title=On the find of Upper Tertiary plant, fish and bird fossils near Rajdanda, Palamau district, Bihar |journal=Records of the Geological Survey of India |date=1982 |volume=112 |pages=55–58 |url=https://www.gsi.gov.in/ |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazra |first1=Manoshi |last2=Hazra |first2=Taposhi |last3=Bera |first3=Subir |last4=Khan |first4=Mahasin Ali |title=Occurrence of a cyprinid fish (Leuciscinae) from latest Neogene (?Pliocene) sediments of Chotanagpur plateau, eastern India |journal=Current Science |date=2020 |volume=119 |issue=8 |pages=1367–1370 |doi=10.18520/cs/v119/i8/1367-1370 |jstor=27139024 |issn=0011-3891|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Divisions==
[[File:Physical Map of India.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Chhota Nagpur 1902.jpg|thumb|Map of Chhota Nagpur in 1906]]
The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where ''pats'' as a plateau is locally called, are {{convert|3000|to|3500|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level. The highest point is {{convert|3819|ft|m|order=flip}}. The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip}}. The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}}. It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section – [[Parasnath Hills]] rise to a height of {{convert|4480|ft|m|order=flip}} and [[Dalma Hills]] to {{convert|3407|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=houlton/> The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaus or sub-plateaus.

===Pat region===
The western plateau with an average elevation of {{convert|1000|m}} above mean sea level merges into the plateau of the [[Surguja district]] of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateau, locally known as ''pats'' are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pzuBxr3AFp4C&q=Pat+region+Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA212 | title = Perspectives in geomorphology By Hari Shanker Sharma |access-date = 2 May 2010 | last1 = Sharma | first1 = Hari Shanker | year = 1982 }}</ref> Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat and others. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of [[Deccan Traps|Deccan basalt]] lava.<ref name=overview>{{cite web |url =http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/State%20Of%20Jharkhand-Overview.pdf |title =Jharkhand Overview |access-date =2 May 2010 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090410035843/http://jharenvis.nic.in/files/State%20Of%20Jharkhand-Overview.pdf |archive-date =10 April 2009 }}</ref>

===Ranchi Plateau===
[[File:Dassam falls.jpg|thumb|270px|[[Dassam Falls]] in the plateau]]
The Ranchi Plateau is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau surface in this part is about {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier the Singhbhum district or what is now the [[Kolhan division]]).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Effects+of+Urbanisation+on+ground+water+in+Ranchi.-a0222519725 |title = Effects of Urbanisation on ground water in Ranchi. |access-date = 2 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The plateau is highly dissected. The [[Damodar River]] originates here and flows through a [[rift valley]].<ref name=yashplasingh/> To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/> To the west is a group of plateaus called ''pat''.<ref name=yashplasingh/>

There are many waterfalls at the edges of the Ranchi plateau where rivers coming from over the plateau surface form waterfalls when they descend through the precipitous escarpments of the plateau and enter the area of significantly lower elevation. The [[North Karo River]] has formed the {{convert|17|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} high Pheruaghaugh Falls at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. Such falls are called scarp falls. [[Hundru Falls]] (75 m) on the [[Subarnarekha River]] near Ranchi, [[Dassam Falls]] (39.62 m) on the Kanchi River, east of Ranchi, [[Sadni Falls]] (60 m) on the Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great heights forming hanging valleys. At [[Rajrappa]] (10 m), the Bhera River coming over from the Ranchi Plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter. The [[Jonha Falls]] (25.9 m) is another example of this category of falls. The Ganga River hangs over its master stream, the Raru River (to the east of Ranchi city) and forms the said falls.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1Y_Ytx9wp4C&q=Ranchi+plateau&pg=PA161 |title=Physical Geography: Hydrosphere By K. Bharadwaj |isbn=978-81-8356-167-9 |access-date=2 May 2010 |last1=Bharatdwaj |first1=K. |year=2006 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House }}</ref>

===Hazaribagh Plateau===
The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the ''higher plateau'' and the ''lower plateau''. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh town]] is built is about {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} east by west and {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} north by south with an average elevation of {{convert|2000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana.<ref name=lister>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ROvfeX34PAC&q=Hazaribagh+plateau&pg=PA44 |title=Hazaribagh By Edward Lister |isbn=978-1-115-79277-6 |access-date=2 May 2010 |last1=Lister |first1=Edward |date=October 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar }}</ref> It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough.<ref name=overview/>

The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] drainage on the south and the [[Lilajan River|Lilajan]] and [[Mohana River|Mohana]] rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south {{convert|600|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation {{convert|2465|ft|m|order=flip}}. At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at {{convert|3057|ft|m|order=flip}}. Mahabar Jarimo at {{convert|2185|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} and Barsot at {{convert|2180|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at {{convert|2210|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} and [[Mahuda]] at {{convert|2409|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to {{convert|2810|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}. On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of {{convert|2200|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} to the bed of [[Bokaro River]], below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills,<ref name=lister/> at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the [[Grand Trunk Road]] and [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2]] (new [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH19]]).

===Koderma Plateau===
The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau<ref name=lister/><ref>{{cite web |url = http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp |title = Natural Resources Data Management System |publisher = Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100925044956/http://nrdms.gov.in/acquifer_geometry.asp |archive-date = 25 September 2010 }}</ref> or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf |title = Forest Resources Survey, Hazaribagh 2004 |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141028111157/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf |archive-date = 28 October 2014 }}</ref>

The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, {{convert|800|ft|m|order=flip}} from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and those of the [[Barakar River]], which traverses the [[Koderma district|Koderma]] and [[Giridih district|Giridih]] districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the [[Lilajan River]].The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of [[Parasnath Hills]]. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the [[Jamunia River]] to the Damodar.<ref name=lister/>

===Damodar trough===
The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaus resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation by the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the southeastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chota Nagpur plateau.<ref name=lister/>

===Palamu===
The [[Palamu division]] generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The [[Son River]] touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about {{convert|45|mi|km|order=flip}}. The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the [[North Koel River]] passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side. [[Lodh Falls]] drops from a height of {{convert|150|m}} from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. [[Netarhat]] and Pakripat plateaus are physiographically part of the Pat region.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 159</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc|title = Gazetteer of Palamu District|access-date = 4 May 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172839/http://www.palamu.nic.in/gazette/general_gazette.doc|archive-date = 21 July 2011}}</ref>

===Manbhum-Singhbhum===
[[File:Joy chandi pahar.jpg|thumb|270px|Joychandi Pahar in [[Purulia district]] in [[West Bengal]]]]
In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present [[Purulia district]] in [[West Bengal]], and [[Dhanbad district]] and parts of [[Bokaro district]] in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers [[Kolhan division]] of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about {{convert|1000|ft|m|order=flip}} and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 170</ref> Adjacent [[Geography of Bankura district|Bankura district]] of West Bengal has been described as the "connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west."<ref>O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> The same could be said of the [[Birbhum district]] and the [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]] and [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]] subdivisions of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]].

The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to {{convert|3000|ft|m|order=flip}} in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, {{convert|400|to|800|ft|m|order=flip}} above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 165</ref> In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area. [[Saranda forest]] is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.<ref name=forest>{{cite web |url = http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |title = The West Singhbhum District |access-date = 20 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104524/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Chaibasa_Introduction.pdf |archive-date = 13 July 2011 }}
</ref>

==Climate==
The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is {{convert|73|F|C|order=flip}}. The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross {{convert|100|F|C|order=flip}} but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant.<ref>Sir John Houlton, p. 126</ref> The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around {{convert|1400|mm|in}}, which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the [[monsoon]] months between June and August.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm | title = Damodar Valley | access-date = 25 May 2008 | work = About the Region – Damodar Basin | publisher = Ministry of Environments and Forests | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182506/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/1.1.htm | archive-date = 27 September 2007 }}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Ecoregion IM0203.svg|thumb|Chotanagpur dry deciduous forest region]]
[[File:Palash Tree.jpg|thumb|A Palash tree in [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand]]
[[File:Sal (Shorea robusta)- new leaves with flower buds at Jayanti, Duars W Picture 120.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Sal tree]]s (''Shorea robusta'') are found in forests of Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
The ''Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests'', a [[tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] [[ecoregion]], encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of {{convert|122100|km2|mi2}}, covering most of the state of Jharkhand and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the [[Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]] that covers the [[Eastern Ghats]] and [[Satpura Range]] to the south, and the [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] in the lowlands to the east and north.

The plateau is covered with a variety of various habitats of which [[Shorea robusta|Sal]] forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of [[tiger]] and [[Asian elephant]]s.<ref name=ecoregion/>

=== Flora ===
The flora of the Chota Nagpur Plateau ranges from dry to wet forests, with trees reaching heights of up to {{convert|25|m|ft}}. Some areas are swampy, while others feature bamboo grasslands and shrubs like ''[[Holarrhena]]'' and ''[[Dodonaea]]''.
Key species include sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]''), which provides valuable timber and supports diverse wildlife, and mahua (''[[Madhuca longifolia]]''), known for its fragrant flowers used to make a traditional alcoholic beverage and as a food source for animals. Other significant plants include bamboo (''[[Bambusa]]''), teak (''[[Tectona grandis]]''), and wild mango (''[[Mangifera indica]]''), flame of the forest (''[[Butea monosperma]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Vijayluxmi |last2=Paul |first2=S. R. |title=Floristic elements and distribution pattern in the flora of Chotanagpur (Bihar) India |journal=Feddes Repertorium |date=January 1992 |volume=103 |issue=5–6 |pages=381–398 |doi=10.1002/fedr.19921030518 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.19921030518 |language=en |issn=0014-8962|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Fauna ===
[[File:RAJNI.jpg|thumb|A Female elephant at [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]]]]
[[File:Wild gaur.jpg|thumb|[[Gaur]] in [[Betla National Park]]]]
The region is home to diverse wildlife, including apex predators like the [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris'') and large herbivores such as the [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''). Ungulates such as the [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), and [[chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii'') are also common, alongside predators like the [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus'') and the [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''). Bird species include the threatened [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus''), various [[hornbills]] including the [[Indian grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros birostris''), and a variety of raptors and migratory birds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Bhola |title=On a collection of mammals from Chota Nagpur, Bihar |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India |date=1951 |volume=116 |pages=29–44 |doi=10.26515/rzsi/v116/i1/1951/162157 |url=https://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/download/162157/113274 |access-date=28 October 2024|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Conservation===
The Chota Nagpur Plateau was once extensively forested, but today over half of its natural forest cover has been removed, largely for grazing land and increasingly intense mining activities. These disruptions pose significant ecological threats. Mining for minerals like coal, iron ore, and bauxite has led to large-scale deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat fragmentation, which critically affects the survival and movement of native wildlife, particularly larger species such as elephants, tigers, and leopards that require extensive, undisturbed areas.

Some conservation efforts are underway, including the establishment of protected areas and wildlife corridors<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Lalit Kumar |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Tanoy |last3=Saren |first3=Phakir Chandra |last4=Chandra |first4=Kailash |title=Identifying suitable habitat and corridors for Indian Grey Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in Chotta Nagpur Plateau and Lower Gangetic Planes: A species with differential management needs |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 April 2019 |volume=14 |issue=4 |article-number=e0215019 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0215019 |doi-access=free |pmid=30969994 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=6457547 }}</ref> aimed at reconnecting fragmented habitats. However, challenges remain due to limited enforcement of conservation policies and the economic dependence of local communities on mining and agriculture, which places continual pressure on the plateau's ecological resources.

====Protected areas====
About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising {{convert|6720|km2|mi2}} in 1997. The largest are [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]] and [[Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve]].<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 321-322</ref>

* [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (630 km2)
* [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]], Bihar (110 km2)
* [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (450 km2)
* [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (180 km2)
* [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (410 km2)
* [[Palamau Tiger Reserve]], Jharkhand (1,330 km2)
*[[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (182.83 km2 )
* [[Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary]], Chhattisgarh (470 km2)
* [[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary]], Chhattisgarh (600 km2)
* [[Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary]], Jharkhand (40 km2)

==Culture==
{{see also
|Culture of Jharkhand
}}
The Chota Nagpur region is a culturally rich area with a diverse population comprising various indigenous ethinic group of [[Sadan people|Sadan]] and tribes.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The region is home to tribes like the [[Santal people|Santhal]], [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Kurukh people|Oraon]], and [[Ho people|Ho]], alongside non-tribal groups. These groups have distinct traditions, languages, and spiritual practices, often tied closely to nature and ancestral worship. Festivals like Sarhul, Holi and Karam are central to their culture, celebrating harvests and nature with traditional music, dance, and rituals. Craftsmanship is a strong aspect, with communities creating intricate beadwork, pottery, and metalwork.
[[File:CELEBRATING MOTHER NATURE.jpg|thumb|Kurmi women celebrating [[Karam festival]] in [[Purulia]]]]
[[File:Artistes performing Chhau dance.jpg|thumb|Artists performing [[Chhau dance]], Odisa]]

Human habitation in the region dates back to the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as evidenced by various ancient cave paintings.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi|title=India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods|date=2016|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2345-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14 14]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect">{{cite news|date=13 March 2008|title=Cave paintings lie in neglect|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|archive-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=220|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225190408/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}</ref> Stone tools from the Chota Nagpur Plateau indicate human activity dating back to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.<ref name="books.google.com" /> Additionally, ancient cave paintings at Isko in [[Hazaribagh district]] date to the Meso-Chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE). Large-scale extraction industries in coal and iron mining dominate the economy, alongside growing steel production, power generation, and related infrastructure developments. However, agriculture remains important, with rice, maize, and pulses as staple crops.

==Mineral resources==
[[File:Open pit mine in Jharia.jpg|thumb|Jharia coalfields]]
Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of mineral resources such as [[mica]], [[bauxite]], [[copper]], [[limestone]], [[iron ore]] and [[coal]].<ref name=yashplasingh/> The Damodar valley is rich in coal, and it is considered as the prime centre of [[Coke (fuel)|coking coal]] in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over {{convert|2883|km2|mi2}}. The important coalfields in the basin are [[Jharia]], [[Raniganj Coalfield|Raniganj]], [[West Bokaro Coalfield|West Bokaro]], [[East Bokaro Coalfield|East Bokaro]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield|Ramgarh]], [[South Karanpura Coalfield|South Karanpura]] and [[North Karanpura Coalfield|North Karanpura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |title=Mineral Resources and Coal Mining |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815182912/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cltech/Damodar/2.4.htm |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chota Nagpur Division]]
* [[Ecoregions of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Gupta, Satya Prakash. ''Tribes of Chotanagpur Plateau: An Ethno-Nutritional & Pharmacological Cross-Section''. Land and people of tribal Bihar series, no. 3. [Patna]: Govt. of Bihar, Welfare Dept, 1974.
* Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia. ''Die Munda und Oraon in Chota Nagpur - Geschichte, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen'' [[Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden]], Band 40; Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1983
* Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Chandra. ''Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin: The Chota Nagpur Plateau, Eastern India''. [Burdwan]: University of Burdwan, 1980.
* Sinha, Birendra K. Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Journey Towards Fulfilment in the Chotanagpur Plateau : a Study in Dynamics of Social-Economic-Cultural-Administrative-Political Growth. [S.l: s.n, 1991.
* Sinha, V. N. P. Chota Nagpur Plateau: A Study in Settlement Geography. New Delhi: K.B. Publications, 1976.
* Chakrabarti D.K. (1994c). Archaeology of the Chhotanagpur plateau and the Bengal basin. In: J.M. Kenoyer (ed.), From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales Jr, Wisconsin Archaeological Report, Volume 3, pp. 253–259. Madison: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin
* Goswami Prodipto (2020). Untold Story of Chota Nagpur: Its Journey with the Colonial Army 1767-1947. Chennai Notion: Press, 2020

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chota Nagpur |volume=6 |page=272 |short=1}}

{{Ecoregions of India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}
{{Damodar Valley}}
{{Plateaus of India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests|.]]
[[Category:Plateaus of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Landforms of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Landforms of Odisha]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton

2026-04-22T02:10:38Z

PorterStowell75: made new stub more to come

{{Short description|British politician and colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Lytton
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCSI|GCIE|GCStJ|PC|DL}}
| image = Lord Lytton 2nd.jpg
| caption = The Earl of Lytton, {{circa|1936}}
| office1 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status1 = Lord Temporal
| term_start1 = 24 November 1891
| predecessor1 = [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|The 1st Earl of Lytton]]
| term_end1 = 25 October 1947
| successor1 = [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton|The 3rd Earl of Lytton]]
| office2 = [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#1912–1935 – Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal|Governor of Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 1922
| predecessor2 = [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Earl of Ronaldshay]]
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister2 =
| term_end2 = 1927
| successor2 = [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Sir Stanley Jackson]]
| birth_date = 9 August 1876
| birth_place = [[Shimla|Simla]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|10|25|1876|8|9|df=y}}
| death_place =
| party =
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Pamela Frances Audrey Chichele-Plowden|3 April 1902}}
| children = 4
| parents = [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]] [[Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton|Edith Villiers]]
| relatives = [[David Lytton Cobbold, 2nd Baron Cobbold|The 2nd Baron Cobbold]] (grandson) [[Henry Crichton, 6th Earl Erne|The 6th Earl Erne]] (grandson) [[Christopher Woodhouse, 6th Baron Terrington|The 6th Baron Terrington]] (grandson) [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton|The 3rd Earl of Lytton]] (brother)
}}

'''Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton''' (9 August 1876 – 25 October 1947), styled '''Viscount Knebworth''' from 1880 to 1891, was a British politician and colonial administrator. He served as [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency#List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal]] between 1922 and 1927 and was briefly [[Governor-General of India|Acting Viceroy of India]] in 1926. He headed the Lytton Commission for the League of Nations in 1931–1932, producing the [[Lytton Report]] which condemned the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] and denounced [[Manchukuo]] as a [[Japanese puppet state]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Shimla|Simla]] in [[British India]] on 9 August 1876, during the time when his father was [[Viceroy of India]]. Lytton was the fourth, but eldest surviving, son of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|the 2nd Baron Lytton]] (later created, in 1880, the 1st [[Earl of Lytton]]) and [[Edith Bulwer-Lytton, Countess of Lytton|Edith Villiers]], daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers and granddaughter of [[George Villiers (1759–1827)|George Villiers]]. His six siblings were Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (who died young), [[Betty Balfour, Countess of Balfour|Elizabeth Edith Bulwer-Lytton]] (wife of [[Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour|the 2nd Earl of Balfour]], the brother of the future [[Prime Minister]] [[Arthur Balfour]]), [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton|Constance Bulwer-Lytton]] (a prominent suffragette), Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (who died young), [[Lady Emily Lutyens|Emily Bulwer-Lytton]] (who married architect [[Edwin Lutyens]]), and [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton]]. He was the grandson of the English novelist, writer, and politician [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]].

He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=BLWR895VA|name=Bulwer-Lytton, Victor Alexander George Robert, Earl of Lytton}}</ref> where he was secretary of the [[University Pitt Club]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Walter Morley |author-link1=Walter Morley Fletcher |title=The University Pitt Club: 1835-1935 |edition=First Paperback |year=2011 |orig-year=1935 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-60006-5 |page=92 }}</ref> In 1905 he was President of the Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club and gave the Toast to Sir Walter at the club's annual dinner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Earl of Lytton - The Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club|url=https://www.walterscottclub.com/1905-the-right-hon-the-earl-of-lytton |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:2nd Earl of Lytton Vanity Fair 19 September 1906.jpg|right|thumb|Lytton caricatured by "[[Leslie Ward|Spy]]" for ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', 1906]]
[[File:Shield of Arms of Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC, DL.png|thumb|right|Garter-encircled shield of arms of Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, KG, as displayed on his Order of the Garter stall plate in St. George's Chapel.]]
Lytton took his seat in the [[House of Lords]] as a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] in January 1902, where he was an advocate for female suffrage, being influenced by his sister, the suffragette, [[Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Tomes |first=Jason |date=2004 |title=Lytton, Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-, second earl of Lytton |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/32169 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32169 }}</ref> He chaired the all-party 'Conciliation Committee' that drafted the Parliamentary Franchise (Women) Bill, known as the [[Conciliation Bills|Conciliation Bill]], in 1910. The [[Asquith coalition ministry|wartime coalition]] gave Lytton the chance to hold government office, and he started his official career by filling various posts in the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] between 1916 and 1920, before being appointed [[Under-Secretary of State for India]], a post which he held between 1920 and 1922. He was made a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellor]] in 1919. On 16 February 1922 he was posted as [[Governor of Bengal]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32620 |date=24 February 1922 |page=1611 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13791 |date=28 February 1922 |page=383 |city=e }}</ref> remaining there until 3 March 1927.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33255 |date=8 March 1927 |page=1526 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=14320 |date=11 March 1927 |page=292 |city=e }}</ref>

For a short while, when there was a vacancy caused by change in incumbents in 1926, he functioned as Viceroy, his father's old post. After this he filled miscellaneous positions in various capacities when matters concerning India arose. He wrote two books, the first being a biography of his grandfather [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Lord Lytton]], while the other book dealt with his experiences in India and was called ''Pundits and Elephants'', published in 1942. He was made a [[Knight of the Garter|Knight Companion of the Garter]] in 1933.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33946 |date=2 June 1933 |page=3801 }}</ref>

He was chairman of [[London Associated Electricity Undertakings Limited]] from 1937 to 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 1948 |title=London Associated Electricity |page=7 |work=The Times}}</ref>

Lytton is best known for his chairmanship of the Lytton Commission, which was sent by the [[League of Nations]] on a fact-finding mission to determine who was to blame in the 1931 war between Japan and China. The commission's [[Lytton Report]], officially issued on 1 October 1932, blames Japanese aggression. In response Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.<ref>Arthur K. Kuhn, "The Lytton Report on the Manchurian Crisis." ''American Journal of International Law'' 27.1 (1933): 96-100. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2189786 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Personal life==
On 3 April 1902, Lord Lytton married Pamela Frances Audrey Chichele-Plowden (1874–1971) at [[St Margaret's, Westminster]]. Pamela was a daughter of Sir Trevor Chichele Plowden and Millicent Frances Foster (eldest daughter of Gen. Sir Charles John Foster). Her elder brother was [[Alfred Chichele Plowden]]. She had been an early flame of [[Winston Churchill]], but that relationship was amicably broken off when she decided to marry Lytton instead. Together, the couple were the parents of two sons, both of whom predeceased Lytton, and two daughters:

* [[Antony Bulwer-Lytton, Viscount Knebworth]] (1903–1933), an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Hitchin (UK Parliament constituency)|Hitchin]] who died aged 30 in an air crash while serving with the Auxiliary Air Force.
* [[Hermione Cobbold, Baroness Cobbold|Lady Margaret Hermione Millicent Bulwer-Lytton]] (1905–2004), who married [[Cameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold|Cameron Cobbold]], who became a [[Governor of the Bank of England]], [[Lord Chamberlain]] and [[Baron Cobbold]] in 1960.
* Lady Davidema Katharine Cynthia Mary Millicent Bulwer-Lytton (1909–1995), who married [[John Crichton, 5th Earl Erne]], in 1931. After his death, she married [[Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington]], in 1945.
* Alexander Edward John Bulwer-Lytton, Viscount Knebworth, [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (1910–1942), who was killed in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] during [[World War II]].

Lord Lytton died in October 1947, aged 71. As neither of his sons had left a son, Lytton's titles were inherited upon his death by his younger brother [[Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton|Neville Bulwer-Lytton]]. [[Knebworth House]] passed to his daughter [[Hermione Cobbold, Baroness Cobbold|Lady Hermione Cobbold]] (and so his son-in-law became later [[Baron Cobbold]] of Knebworth). She was interviewed about her father by the historian Brian Harrison, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled ''Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=London School of Economics and Political Science |title=The Suffrage Interviews |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/the-suffrage-interviews.aspx |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref> She talks about her father's childhood; his love of skating, mountaineering and skiing; the family's move to India; his interest in health and his experience with depression. His second daughter, Davina, was also interviewed as part of the project and outlines his support for the suffrage movement.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton}}
* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw163766/Pamela-Frances-Audrey-Bulwer-Lytton-ne-Chichele-Plowden-Countess-of-Lytton?LinkID=mp84786&role=sit&rNo=1 Portrait of Pamela Frances Audrey Bulwer-Lytton (née Chichele-Plowden), Countess of Lytton]

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{{s-gov}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lytton, Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl Of}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:20th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:20th-century Royal Navy personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century English biographers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Earls of Lytton|102]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal]]
[[Category:Manchuria]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Burials at Knebworth]]
[[Category:Lytton family|Victor]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Younger sons of earls]]

Jafar Ali Khan

2026-04-18T23:33:40Z

PorterStowell75: created

{{Short description|Nawab of Cambay from 1880 to 1915}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Jafar Ali Khan
| title =
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Cambay State|Cambay]]
| reign = April 1880{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|21 January 1915}}
| coronation = 11 June 1880
| predecessor = [[Husain Yawar Khan I]]
| successor = Husain Yawar Khan II
| birth_date = {{birth date|1848|08|26|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|01|21|1848|08|26|df=yes}}
| issue = Husain Yawar Khan II
| father = [[Husain Yawar Khan I]]
| spouse 2 = {{Marriage|Khurshid Jahan|1882}}
| spouse 1 = {{Marriage|Gauhar Khanum|1876}}
| dynasty = [[Najm-i-Sani dynasty|Najm-i-Sani]]
}}
'''Jafar Ali Khan''' (or '''Momin Khan VI'''; 26 August 1848{{Sndash}}21 January 1915) was [[Nawab]] of [[Cambay State|Cambay]] from April 1880 until his death in 1915.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 26 August 1848 to [[Husain Yawar Khan I]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=CAMBAY |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/c/cambay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807203027/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/c/cambay.html |archive-date=2016-08-07 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_Zamindars_of_In/PeeRRf0EhnIC |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=282–283 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated privately in [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296 |title=Indian Princes and the Crown: A brief historical record of the Indian Princes who attended the Imperial Durbar at Delhi in 1912; together with description of their territories and methods of administration," |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. |location=Bombay |publication-date=1912 |pages=168}}</ref> He married, firstly, in 1876, to Gauhar Khanum, daughter of a [[Maulvi]] of [[Masulipatam]], and, secondly, in 1882, to Khurshid Jahan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |author-link=Roper Lethbridge |url=http://archive.org/details/bookofindi00lethgoldenrich |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire Roper Lethbridge |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan and Co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=95}}</ref> Khurshid Jahan was a granddaughter of Mobee Khan, son of Kallel Khan, who was sent by [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]], the [[Shah of Iran]], as his ambassador to India in 1802.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khosla Bros |first= |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014 |title=The Imperial Coronation Durbar (Illustrated) |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co. |year=1911 |volume=I |location=Lahore |pages=306–307}}</ref> He had issue: a son, Husain Yawar Khan II, and daughters.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khosla |first=K.R. |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George V and the princes of India and the Indian Empire (Historical-Biographical) |last2=Chatterjee |first2=R.P. |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co. |year=1937 |location=Lahore |pages=102–103}}</ref>

== Reign ==
On the death of his father in April 1880, he immediately became the Nawab of Cambay, but it was not until 11 June 1880 that he formally ascended the throne.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Collection_of_Treaties_Engagements_and/Xz1eQIW2c9gC |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=60–61,78–82 |language=en}}</ref> In 1881, he signed an agreement with the [[British government of India|British government]] whereby he agreed to stop growing [[poppy]] and manufacturing [[opium]] in his state, to control all opium imports and sales according to British rules, and to report opium imports, sales, proceeds, and remaining stock to the British every six months.<ref name=":6" /> In return, the British government agreed to pay him a duty of 650 rupees per chest of opium consumed in his state.<ref name=":6" /> In the same year, he entered into another agreement with the British government.<ref name=":6" /> By this one, he permanently closed and flooded his salt works, stopped all salt manufacturing and natural salt collection, and banned the import or export of any salt except British duty-paid salt in his state.<ref name=":6" /> In return, the British promised to pay him 40,000 rupees yearly and to give him 500 maunds of free salt.<ref name=":6" /> However, if he were ever to reopen the salt works, these payments would stop and his original salt rights would return.<ref name=":6" /> In 1897, he signed another agreement with the British government and by it he gave up all poppy cultivation and local opium manufacture, agreed to import all opium only from British depots, sell only through licensed vendors at prices no lower than [[Kheda district|Kaira]], enforce British opium laws, and submit half-yearly accounts.<ref name=":6" /> In return, he got the full duty (650 rupees per chest) refunded on all opium legally imported into Cambay for consumption.<ref name=":6" /> From 1882 to 1890, Cambay saw serious disturbances because his subjects opposed the new administrative methods and because the ministers of the state were injudicious.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Mauji |first=Purushottama Viṣrama |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03015 |title=Imperial Durbar Album |date=1911 |publisher=Lakshmi Arts, Bombay |pages=170}}</ref> To combat this, he asked the British government to intervene and help him introduce order in his state.<ref name=":8" /> The British government then appointed a special political agent and lent him the services of three well-trained British officers to conduct the administration of the state: one as Diwan, and the other two as the heads of the revenue and police departments.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Three years later, this political agent was withdrawn, and the full ruling and administrative powers were given back to him.<ref name=":7" /> He took the keenest interest in the cause of education. The total number of educational institutions in Cambay at the time of his accession was two, and by 1912 their number had risen to 42, of which four were for girls.<ref name=":7" /> He set up scholarships for students wanting to study further abroad or take technical exams.<ref name=":7" /> Similarly, at the time of his accession, there were no institutions in Cambay to give proper medical relief to the sick, and little attention was paid to sanitation.<ref name=":7" /> He built hospitals for people and a veterinary dispensary for animals, and he improved the sanitary conditions in Cambay.<ref name=":7" /> Beside that, he built a market, a library called Lord Ray Library, Jafar Ali Khan Water Works, new roads, a garden called Neja, a zoo and a [[savings bank]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gujarat_State_Gazetteers_Kheda_District/ZCYbAAAAIAAJ? |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref>.

He attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Durbars]] of 1903 and 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.102210 |title=Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |year=1911 |location=Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Stephen |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207683 |title=History of the Delhi Coronation Durbar Held on the First of January 1903 to Celebrate the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII, Emperor of India |date=1904 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=1904 |location=London |pages=27,79,303}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 21 January 1915 and was succeeded by Husain Yawar Khan II to his title, rank and dignity.<ref name=":2" />

== Titles and styles ==
Following his accession, his complete title and style was: ''[[His Highness]] Najib-ud-Daula Mumtaz-ul-Mulk Sardar Nawab Mirza Jafar Ali Khan Momin Khan Sahib Bahadur Dilawar Jang Dawe Iqbalu, the Nawab of Cambay''.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
<references />
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Najm-i-Sani dynasty|Najm-i-Sani]]|26 August|1848|21 January|1915|}}
|-
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Husain Yawar Khan I]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Cambay State|Cambay]]
| years = April 1880 – 21 January 1915
}}
{{S-aft
| after = Husain Yawar Khan II
}}
{{S-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jafar Ali Khan}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Ashok Mohanty

2026-04-18T22:39:39Z

PorterStowell75: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Mohanty
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Mukesh Kumar Pal
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ashok Mohanty''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashok Mohanty Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=789 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pallahara Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Ashok Mohanty of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pallahara-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916901.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP wins seven of nine seats in undivided Dhenkanal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/05/bjp-wins-seven-of-nine-seats-in-undivided-dhenkanal |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)

2026-04-17T10:50:36Z

PorterStowell75: done - done

{{short description|Indian singing reality show}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indian Idol.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| creator = [[Simon Fuller]]
| based_on = [[Pop Idol]]
| developer =
| writer =
| director = {{ubl|Yule Kurup|Vandy|Monisha Jaising Vaid|Partha Thakur|Vishal Mull|[[Niret Alva]]| Nikhil J Alva|Nivedith T Alva|Bhavna Israni|Indrajit Ray| Satish Datt| Ujjwal Anand}}
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Mini Mathur]]| [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]|[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]| [[Meiyang Chang]]| [[Abhijeet Sawant]]| [[Asha Negi]]| [[Karan Wahi]]| [[Paritosh Tripathi]]| [[Manish Paul]] | [[Jay Bhanushali]]| [[Aditya Narayan]]| [[Udit Narayan]]|[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]}}
| starring =
| judges = {{ubl|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]|[[Anu Malik]]| [[Salim Merchant]]| [[Asha Bhosle]]|[[Farah Khan]]| [[Sonu Nigam]]| [[Alisha Chinai]]| [[Udit Narayan]]| [[Javed Akhtar]]| [[Sonali Bendre]]| [[Kailash Kher]]| [[Alka Yagnik]] | [[Shalmali Kholgade]]| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]|[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]|[[Vishal Dadlani]]| [[Neha Kakkar]]| [[Javed Ali]]|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]| [[Manoj Muntashir]]| [[Sonu Kakkar]]| [[Kumar Sanu]]|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Julian Gingell Barry Stone [[Cathy Dennis]] [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 16
| num_episodes = 317 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Anupama Mandloi (2010–present) [[Niret Alva]] (2005–2009) Nikhil J Alva (2005–2009)
| producer = Namit Sharma (2010–present) Ashok (2008–09)
| cinematography = Surindra Rao
| editor = Umashankar Mishra Kumar Priyadarshi (2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
| camera = Nitesh Choudhary
| runtime =
| company = ARSenic's Business Empire (2010–present) Fremantle Media India [[Miditech Pvt. Ltd.]] (2005–2009) Optimystix Entertainment (2004–2005)
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2004|10|30}}
| last_aired = present
| related = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Indian Idol Marathi]]''
* ''[[Telugu Indian Idol]]''
* ''[[Indian Idol Junior]]''
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
}}
'''''Indian Idol''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language singing [[reality competition]] on [[Sony TV]]. It is an Indian version of the British show ''[[Pop Idol]]'' and is part of the ''[[Indian Idol]]'' series. It has aired on Sony Entertainment Television since 2004.<ref name="season1">{{cite web |date=28 February 2005 |title=Making of an Idol |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/20050228-amit-sana-rahul-vaidya-and-abhijeet-sawant-finalist-of-the-first-indian-idol-788147-2005-02-28 |access-date=14 March 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Originally produced by Miditech Studios and its iconic producer-brothers, [[Niret Alva]], Nikhil J Alva and Nivedith Alva, the series was an instant success. The brothers produced the first 5 seasons of the series and were instrumental in laying the foundation for its future success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not content yet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20081208-not-content-yet-738371-2008-11-27 |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=India Today |date=27 November 2008 |language=en}}</ref>

Indian Idol's production and taping take place in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]. It broadcasts on Saturdays and Sundays and digitally airs on [[SonyLIV]] application.

== Judges and hosts ==
{{columns-list|{{legend|#FF87C3|Host}}
{{legend|#FFC6C6|Guest Host}}
{{legend|#90EE90|Judge}}
{{legend|#DAEBFF|Guest Judge}}
{{legend|#87CEEB|Contestant}}|colwidth=20em}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible mw-collapsible nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Cast member
! colspan="16" style="text-align:center" scope="col" |Season
|-
! width="15" |1 2004
! width="15" |2 2005
! width="15" |3 2007
! width="15" |4 2008
! width="15" |5 2010
! width="15" |6 2012
! width="15" |7 2013
! width="15" |8 2015
! width="15" |9 2016
! width="15" |10 2018
! width="15" |11 2019
! width="15" |12 2020
! width="15" |13 2022
! width="15" |14 2023
! width="15" |15 2024
!16 2025
|-
|[[Anu Malik]]
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Farah Khan]]
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="13" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Udit Narayan]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
|-
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Kailash Kher]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Salim Merchant]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" |●
|style="background:lightgrey" |
| colspan="7" style="background:#90EE90" |●
|-
|[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="9" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90" |●
|-
|[[Javed Ali]]
| colspan="9" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#87CEEB" |●
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Sonu Kakkar]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
| colspan="13" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#90EE90" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
| colspan="13" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| colspan="14" style="background:lightgrey" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" |●
|-
|[[Neeti Mohan]]
| colspan="14" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#DAEBFF" |●
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="14" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Mini Mathur]]
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Meiyang Chang]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#87CEEB" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="12" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Abhijeet Sawant]]
| style="background:#87CEEB" |●
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Karan Wahi]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Mandira Bedi]]
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="9" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Asha Negi]]
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="8" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|Paritosh Tripathi
| colspan="8" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Manish Paul]]
| colspan="9" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Aditya Narayan]]
| colspan="10" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
| style="background:#FF87C3" |●
|-
|[[Bharti Singh]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
|-
|[[Jay Bhanushali]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|[[Pawandeep Rajan]]
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#87CEEB" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|-
|Mohd. Danish
| colspan="11" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#87CEEB" |●
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey" |
| style="background:#FFC6C6" |●
| style="background:lightgrey" |
|}

== Series overview ==
<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:99%"
|+
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Season
! rowspan="2" |Episodes
! colspan="2" |Originally aired
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Judges
! rowspan="2" |No of contestants
! rowspan="2" |Prize Money
! rowspan="2" |Winner
! rowspan="2" |Runner-up
|-
!First aired
!Last aired
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 1|1]]
|27
|30 October 2004
|5 March 2005
| rowspan="6" |[[Anu Malik]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Farah Khan]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Sonu Nigam]]
|12
|₹50,00,000
|[[Abhijeet Sawant]]
|[[Amit Sana]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 2|2]]
|28
|21 November 2005
|22 April 2006
|12
| rowspan="3" |₹1,00,00,000
|[[Sandeep Acharya]]
|[[N. C. Karunya]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 3|3]]
|{{TBD}}
|4 May 2007
|23 September 2007
| rowspan="2" |[[Javed Akhtar]]
|[[Alisha Chinai]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|13
|[[Prashant Tamang]]
|[[Amit Paul]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 4|4]]
|{{TBD}}
|19 September 2008
|1 March 2009
|[[Sonali Bendre]]
|[[Kailash Kher]]
|14
|[[Sourabhee Debbarma]]
|Kapil Thapa
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 5|5]]
|42
|26 April 2010
|15 August 2010
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| colspan="2" |[[Salim Merchant]]
|13
| rowspan="2" |₹50,00,000
|[[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati]]
|[[Bhoomi Trivedi]] / Rakesh Maini
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 6|6]]
|30
|1 June 2012
|1 September 2012
|[[Salim Merchant]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|16
|[[Vipul Mehta (singer)|Vipul Mehta]]
|Amit Kumar / [[Devender Pal Singh]]
|-
![[Indian Idol Junior|7 (Junior)]]
|{{TBD}}
|1 June 2013
|1 September 2013
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal Dadlani]]
| colspan="2" |[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|11
|₹25,00,000
|Anjana Padmanabhan
|Debanjana Karmakar
|-
![[Indian Idol Junior|8 (Junior)]]
|{{TBD}}
|30 May 2015
|6 September 2015
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]]
----[[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| colspan="2" |[[Salim Merchant]]
|13
|₹10,00,000
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|[[Nahid Afrin]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 9|9]]
|{{TBD}}
|18 December 2016
|2 April 2017
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Farah Khan]]
| colspan="2" |[[Sonu Nigam]]
|14
| rowspan="7" |₹25,00,000
|[[L. V. Revanth]]
|Khuda Baksh
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 10|10]]
|50
|7 July 2018
|23 December 2018
|[[Anu Malik]]
----[[Javed Ali]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal Dadlani]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Neha Kakkar]]
|14
|[[Salman Ali]]
|Ankush Bhardwaj
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 11|11]]
|40
|12 October 2019
|23 February 2020
|[[Anu Malik]]
----[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|16
|[[Sunny Hindustani]]
|[[Rohit Raut]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 12|12]]
|75
|28 November 2020
|15 August 2021
| rowspan="2" |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
----[[Anu Malik]]
| colspan="2" |[[Neha Kakkar]]
----[[Sonu Kakkar]]
|15
|[[Pawandeep Rajan]]
|[[Arunita Kanjilal]]
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)#Season 13|13]]
|60
|10 September 2022
|2 April 2023
| rowspan="4" |[[Vishal Dadlani]]
| colspan="2" |[[Neha Kakkar]]
|15
|Rishi Singh
|Deboshmita Roy
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 14|14]]
|43
|7 October 2023
|3 March 2024
| rowspan="3" |[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Kumar Sanu]]
|15
|Vaibhav Gupta
|Subhadeep Das Choudhary
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 15|15]]
|48
|26 October 2024
|6 April 2025
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
|16
|Manasi Ghosh
|Subhajit Chakraborty
|-
![[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 16|16]]
|25
|18 October 2025
|2026
|16
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
|}
</div>

== Season synopses ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}

* '''Judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Farah Khan]]

[[Sonu Nigam]]

* '''Host'''

[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]

[[Mini Mathur]]

'''Top 12 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Age
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Abhijeet Sawant]]
|23
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[Amit Sana]]
|21
|[[Bhilai]]
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|[[Rahul Vaidya]]
|17
|[[Nagpur]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|[[Prajakta Shukre]]
|16
|[[Jabalpur]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Ravinder Ravi
|29
|[[Ludhiana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|[[Aditi Paul]]
|25
|[[Chennai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Mukesh Pancholi
|26
|[[Faridabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Harish Moyal
|26
|[[Itanagar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Rahul Saxena
|22
|[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|[[Amit Tandon]]
|25
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Vishal Kothari
|21
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Priyanka Venkateswar
|17
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{Quit|Quit}}
|12th
|}

=== Season 2 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}

* '''Judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Farah Khan]]

[[Sonu Nigam]]

* '''Host'''

[[Mini Mathur]]
[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]

'''Top 12 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Age
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Sandeep Acharya]]
|21
|[[Bikaner]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[N. C. Karunya]]
|19
|[[Hyderabad]]
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|[[Anuj Sharma (singer)|Anuj Sharma]]
|29
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|3rd
|-
|Ameya Date
|26
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|[[Antara Mitra]]
|18
|[[West Bengal]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|[[Meenal Jain]]
|20
|[[Indore]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|[[Ravi K. Tripathi]]
|29
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Panna Gill
|24
|[[Punjab]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|[[Monali Thakur]]
|20
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
|17
|[[Rishikesh]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|[[Yashashree Bhave]]
|24
|[[Satara (city)|Satara]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Sagar Sawarkar
|20
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|}

=== Season 3 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}

* '''Judges'''

[[Javed Akhtar]]

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Alisha Chinai]]

[[Udit Narayan]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

[[Mini Mathur]]

'''Top 13 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Age
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Prashant Tamang]]
|24
|[[Darjeeling]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[Amit Paul]]
|24
|[[Shillong]]
| {{Runner-up|Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Emon Chatterjee
|17
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|3rd
|-
|Ankita Mishra
|17
|[[Kanpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|[[Meiyang Chang]]
|24
|[[Dhanbad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Pooja Chatterjee
|18
|[[Dhanbad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Deepali Kishore
|18
|[[Patna]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Abhishek Kumar
|20
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Parleen Singh Gill
|19
|[[Ambala]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Charu Semwal
|19
|[[Dehradun]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Smita Adhikari
|24
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Jolly Das
|25
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Richa Aneja
|17
|[[Punjab]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|}

=== Season 4 ===
The [[Indian Idol 4|fourth season]] of ''Indian Idol'' was aired on Sony TV from 19 September 2008 to 1 March 2009. For the first time in ''Indian Idol'' history, there were two women among the top three finalists. [[Sourabhee Debbarma]] who hails from [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]] won the competition and became the first female contestant to do so. By doing so, she also won a contract of Rs. 1 crore with [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] and a TATA Winger. She released an album, ''Meherbaan'', as per a contract with Sony. Kapil Thapa was runner-up while Torsha Sarkar finished third.

One of the contestants, Bhavya Pandit, received an offer to sing the song "Aaja Lehraate" for the film ''[[What's Your Raashee]]'', alongside singer Gautam Mrinaal.<ref>{{cite news |title=What's Your Raashee |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=26 September 2009 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/movie-review-whats-your-raashee/articleshow/5060688.cms|last1=Ghosh |first1=Avijit }}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Javed Akhtar]]

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Sonali Bendre]]

[[Kailash Kher]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

[[Meiyang Chang]]

'''Top 14 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Sourabhee Debbarma]]
|[[Agartala]]
| {{Won|Idol}}
|1st<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2017 |title=Indian Idol Season 4 (Contestants Name + Winner + Judges) |url=https://auditionsdekho.com/indian-idol-season-4-contestants-name-winner-judges/ |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007183623/https://auditionsdekho.com/indian-idol-season-4-contestants-name-winner-judges/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Kapil Thapa
|[[Dehradun]]
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Torsha Sarkar
|[[Bhagalpur]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|[[Rajdeep Chatterjee]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|Remo Ghosh
|[[Dimapur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Bhavya Pandit
|[[Pune]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Prasenjit Kosambi
|[[Kolhapur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Bhanu Pratap Singh
|[[Jaipur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Mohit Lawani
|[[Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Kuldeep Singh Chauhan
|[[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Priyanka Negi
|[[Dehradun]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Gautam Mrinal
|[[Jamui]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|[[Tulika Ganguly]]
|[[Faridabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Ananya Mishra
|[[Lucknow]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|}

=== Season 5 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}

* '''Judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]

[[Salim Merchant]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

[[Abhijeet Sawant]]

'''Top 13 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Sreerama Chandra]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
|[[Gujarat]]
| {{Runner-up| Runner-up}}
| rowspan="2" |2nd
|-
|Rakesh Maini
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{Runner-up| Runner-up}}
|-
|[[Swaroop Khan]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|[[Shivam Pathak]]
|[[Gujarat]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Tia Kar
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Naushad Ali
|[[Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Shashi Suman
|[[Patna]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Arpita Khan
|[[West Bengal]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|[[Yashraj Kapil]]
|[[Faridabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Manisha Karmakar
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Meghna Kumar
|[[Jhansi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Vishwas Rai
|[[Allahabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|}
Note: Sreerama, Rakesh, and Bhoomi were the top 3. Sreeram was crowned the winner without announcing the 1st and 2nd runner-ups.

=== Season 6 ===
The sixth season aired on Sony TV from 1 June 2012 to 1 September 2012. The winner of the sixth season was [[Vipul Mehta (singer)|Vipul Mehta]].<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=2 September 2012 |title=Vipul Mehta wins Indian Idol 6 |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Vipul-Mehta-wins-Indian-Idol-6/articleshow/16157998.cms |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vipul Mehta wins 'Indian Idol 6' |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Vipul-Mehta-wins-Indian-Idol-6/SP-Article1-923161.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220612/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Vipul-Mehta-wins-Indian-Idol-6/SP-Article1-923161.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjabi boy Vipul Mehta wins Indian Idol 6 |date=September 2012 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vipul-mehta-wins-indian-idol-6-114970-2012-08-31 |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]

[[Salim Merchant]]

[[Asha Bhosle]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

[[Mini Mathur]]

On 23 June 2012, the judges selected the top 16 contestants to perform in the Gala Rounds.

'''Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Vipul Mehta (singer)|Vipul Mehta]]
|[[Amritsar]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|Amit Kumar
|[[Amritsar]]
| {{Runner-up| Runner-up}}
| rowspan="2" |2nd
|-
|[[Devender Pal Singh]]
|[[Ludhiana]]
| {{Runner-up| Runner-up}}
|-
|Poorvi Kautish
|Chandigarh
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|Sohini Mishra
|[[Cuttack]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Amitabh Narayan
|
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Deeksha Toor
|[[Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Deepak Maher
|
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Kaushik Deshpande
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Kritika Tanwar
|
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|[[Charith Dixit]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Ravi Kumar Mishra
|
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Ritika Raj
|Patna
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Saumya Mishra
|
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
|Simran Kaur
|[[Punjab]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
|[[Amrita Bharati]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|16th
|}

=== Indian Idol Junior Season 1 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}

* '''Judges'''

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

[[Shreya Ghoshal]]

[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Karan Wahi]]

[[Mandira Bedi]]

'''Top 11 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|Anjana Padmanabhan
|[[Bengaluru]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|Debanjana Karmakar
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Anmol Jaswal
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Nirvesh Dave
|[[Ahmedabad]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Sugandha Date
|[[Nagpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|[[Sonakshi Kar]]
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
||Priyam Borpatragohain
|[[Haryana|Assam]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Akash Sharma
|[[Assam|Haryana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Sankalp Yaduwanshi
|[[Assam|Moradabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Eman Chaudhary
|[[Moradabad|Assam]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Aryan Das
|[[Cuttack]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|}

=== Indian Idol Junior Season 2 ===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}Indian Idol Junior Season 2 started on 30 May 2015 and finished on 6 September 2015.

* '''Judges'''

[[Salim Merchant]]

[[Sonakshi Sinha]] replaced [[Shalmali Kholgade]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

[[Asha Negi]]

'''Top 13 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Ananya Nanda]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[Nahid Afrin]]
|[[Assam]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Nithyashree Venkataramanan
|[[Chennai]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|[[Vaishnav Girish]]
|[[Thrissur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|Moti Khan
|[[Agartala|Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Niharika Nath
|[[Rajasthan|Agartala]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Ranita Banerjee
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Sreelakshmi Belmannu
|[[Bangalore]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Ajay Brijwasi
|[[Mathura]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Yumna Ajin
|[[Malappuram district|Vengara]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Surendra Singh Panwar
|[[Rajasthan]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Vidhi Jaswal
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Shubhankar
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|}

=== Season 9 ===
* '''Judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Farah Khan]]

[[Sonu Nigam]]

* '''Host'''

[[Karan Wahi]]

Paritosh Tripathi

'''Top 14 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[L. V. Revanth]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-01 |title=LV Revanth is the winner of Indian Idol 9. See poll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/lv-revanth-is-the-winner-of-indian-idol-9-see-poll-4595256/ |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Khuda Baksh
|[[Punjab]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Idol Season 9: Finalist Khuda Baksh's journey on the show – Times of |url=https://rdskendra.co.in/jeli-kayi-tamin-wiki-biography/ |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[P V N S Rohit]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Maalavika Sunder
|[[Chennai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|4th
|-
|Mohit Chopra
|[[New Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|5th
|-
|Tajinder Singh
|[[Faridabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|R P Shravan
|[[Chennai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Manya Narang
|[[New Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Hardeep Singh
|[[Ludhiana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Jeli Kayi
|[[Itanagar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Idol Season 9: Jeli Kayi Tamin Wiki Biography – RDS Kendra |url=https://rdskendra.co.in/jeli-kayi-tamin-wiki-biography/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=RDS Kendra Technology |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|Bharti Gupta
|[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Mansi Bhardwaj
|[[Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Stuti Tiwari
|[[Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Saumya Mishra
|[[Renukut]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
|}

=== Season 10 ===
* '''Judges'''

[[Javed Ali]]

[[Neha Kakkar]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Former Judge'''

[[Anu Malik]]

* '''Host'''

[[Manish Paul]]

'''Top 14 Contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|[[Salman Ali]]
|[[Mewat district|Mewat]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Indian Idol 10 winner Salman Ali says he will fix his house's broken roof with Rs 25 lakh prize money |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/indian-idol-10-winner-salman-ali-says-he-will-fix-his-house-s-broken-roof-with-rs-25-lakh-prize-money/story-IkO2t5lU3HmNVt0hMFjTaM.html |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ankush Bhardwaj
|[[Kotgarh]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Neelanjana Ray
|[[Alipurduar]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Nitin Kumar
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Vibhor Parashar
|[[New Delhi]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
|Kunal Pandit
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Renu Nagar
|[[Alwar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Soumya Chakraborty
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Avanti Patel
|[[Mumbai]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Saurabh Valmiki
|[[Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|[[Biswajit Mohapatra]]
|[[Bhawanipatna]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Krishnakali Saha
|[[Tripura]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Indira Das
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Sonia Gazmer
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|}

=== Season 11 ===
The 11th season started to air on 12 October 2019 on Sony TV. It was being hosted by singer [[Aditya Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Aditya Narayan to host 'Indian Idol 11' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/aug/17/singer-aditya-narayan-to-host-indian-idol-11-2020254.html |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> [[Neha Kakkar]] has returned as one of the judges on popular demand along with [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Anu Malik]], who came back to the show as a judge after his suspension from the judging panel for [[Me Too movement (India)#Indian Idol|Me Too]] allegations. He was then replaced by [[Himesh Reshammiya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Idol: On popular demand, singer Neha Kakkar returns as a judge – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-idol-on-popular-demand-singer-neha-kakkar-returns-as-a-judge/articleshow/70754296.cms |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol Season 11: This season competition is very tough judges had a lot of difficulty in choosing the contestant this season. The winner of this season was Sunny. – Turbo Tv |url=https://www.turbot.in/Indian-idol-season-11-started-at-today-8-pm-Indian-idol-11-first-look/ |access-date=2019-10-12 |website=Turbo Tv |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Himesh Reshammiya]] replaced [[Anu Malik]] <ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Anu Malik confirms stepping down as 'Indian Idol' judge – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anu-malik-confirms-stepping-down-as-indian-idol-judge/articleshow/66302739.cms |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref>

[[Neha Kakkar]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

'''Top 16 contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Elimination
!Place
|-
|[[Sunny Hindustani]]
|[[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| {{won|Idol}}
|1st<ref name="Indian Idol 11">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Hindustani is the winner of Indian Idol 11 |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/indian-idol-11-grand-finale-sunny-hindustani-is-the-winner-rohit-raut-was-the-runner-up-of-sony-tv-show-45730 |access-date=2020-02-23 |website=Mumbai Live |date=23 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rohit Raut|Rohit Shyam Raut]]
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Ankona Mukherjee
|[[Bankura]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Ridham Kalyan
|[[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Adriz Ghosh
|[[Murshidabad]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
|Shahzaan Mujeeb
|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|6th
|-
|Rishabh Chaturvedi
|[[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Stuti Tiwari
|[[New Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Jannabi Das
|[[New Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Azmat Hussain
|[[Jaipur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Chetna Bharadwaj
|[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Kaivalya Kejkar
|[[Nagpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|Subhadeep Das Chowdhury
|[[Kolkata]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Pallav Singh
|[[Ballia]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
|Nidhi Kumari
|[[Jamshedpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
|Chelsi Behura
|[[Cuttack]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|16th
|}

=== Season 12 ===
The 12th season started on 28 November 2020 on Sony TV. The grand finale aired from 12 noon to 12 midnight on 15 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Indian Idol 12: 12-hour long grand finale on August 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indian-idol-12-heres-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-the-12-hour-long-grand-finale-on-august-15/articleshow/85231542.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Pawandeep Rajan was declared the winner of the season and Arunita Kanjilal became the 1st Runner-up.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2021 |title=Indian Idol 12: Here's what Arunita Kanjilal told Pawandeep Rajan after he won |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/indian-idol-12-here-s-what-arunita-kanjilal-told-pawandeep-rajan-after-he-won-101629105772376.html |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> This was the longest running season of Indian Idol.

* '''Judges'''

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

[[Neha Kakkar]]

[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<ref>{{URL|https://www.india.com/entertainment/tv-news-indian-idol-12-neha-kakkar-finally-returns-shoots-in-daman-covid-scare-neha-kakkar-news-indian-idol-news-4641278/|Indian Idol 12: Neha Kakkar Finally Shoots For The Show in Daman Amid COVID Scare, Read on}}</ref><ref>{{URL|https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/himesh-reshammiya-neha-kakkar-resume-shoot-indian-idol-12-shoot-two-episodes-daman/|Himesh Reshammiya and Neha Kakkar resume shoot of Indian Idol 12, shoot two episodes in Daman}}</ref>

* '''Guest judges'''

[[Anu Malik]]

[[Sonu Kakkar]]

Although Vishal Dadlani, Neha Kakkar and Himesh Reshammiya were the original judges, when the shoot shifted out of Mumbai, then Vishal Dadlani, and Neha Kakkar couldn't join and makers replaced them by Anu Malik and Sonu Kakkar.

* '''Host'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

* '''Guest Hosts'''

[[Bharti Singh]]

[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]

[[Rithvik Dhanjani]]

[[Jay Bhanushali]]

Aditya Narayan was the original host but Bharti & Harsh, Rithvik and Jay replaced him when he came out to be COVID +ve. Bharti and Harsh replaced him on February 28.

The judges have decided to do a power play for 9 weeks and let the audience decide who they want to see in the Top 8. Elimination will happen after the 9 weeks of power play. This season was extended because the contestants have given so much love and entertainment to the audience in the COVID pandemic. The 9 weeks of power play were completed and Anjali Gaikwad got eliminated.

'''Top 15 contestants'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Standing
|-
|[[Pawandeep Rajan]]
|[[Uttarkhand]]
|{{Won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|[[Arunita Kanjilal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Sayli Kamble Patil
|[[Mumbai]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Mohd Danish
|[[Muzaffarnagar]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Nihal Tauro
|[[Mangalore]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
|[[Shanmukha Priya]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
| style="background:#E65ABD;" |5th Runner-up
|6th
|-
|Ashish Kulkarni
|[[Pune]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
|Sawai Bhatt
|[[Nagaur]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|[[Anjali Gaikwad]]
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
|Nachiket Lele
|[[Kalyan]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
|Sireesha Bhagavatula
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Anushka Banerjee
|[[Chandigarh]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
|[[Vaishnav Girish]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
|Samyak Prasana
|[[Delhi]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
|Sahil Solanki
|[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|}

=== Season 13 ===
The Ground Auditions started in July 2022. The show started on 10 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/the-kapil-sharma-show-s-return-to-indian-idol-13-s-premiere-what-to-watch-on-tv-this-weekend-1998410-2022-09-09 | title=The Kapil Sharma Show's return to Indian Idol 13's premiere: What to watch on TV this weekend | date=9 September 2022 }}</ref> The finale was held on April 2, 2023, with Rishi Singh being declared as the winner of the season along with Deboshmita Roy as the 1st runner up.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-13-promo-rishi-singh-chirag-kotwal-and-more-to-compete-in-grand-finale-episode-on-this-date-1214602?amp | title=Indian Idol 13 Promo: Rishi Singh, Chirag Kotwal and more to compete in grand finale episode on THIS date | date=29 March 2023 | access-date=31 March 2023 | archive-date=31 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331204021/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-13-promo-rishi-singh-chirag-kotwal-and-more-to-compete-in-grand-finale-episode-on-this-date-1214602?amp | url-status=dead }}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Himesh Reshammiya]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

* '''Former Judge'''

[[Neha Kakkar]]

* '''Guest Hosts'''

[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]]

[[Bharti Singh]]

'''Top 15 Contestants'''

The judges have decided to do a power play for 4 weeks and let the audience decide who they want to see in the Top 7. Elimination will happen after the 4 weeks of power play. The 4 weeks of power play were completed and Navdeep Wadali got eliminated on February 26, 2023. The last contestant who got eliminated from the show was Senjuti Das on March 25, 2023, leaving the top 6 finalists<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himanshu |date=2023-03-25 |title=Indian Idol 13: Fan Favorite Senjuti Das gets Eliminated – Meet the Top 6 Finalist |url=https://www.readersfusion.com/entertainment/indian-idol-13-fan-favorite-senjuti-das-gets-eliminated-meet-the-top-6-finalist/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ReadersFusion |language=en-us}}</ref> to compete for the Indian Idol trophy.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
|Rishi Singh
|[[Ayodhya]]
|{{Won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
|Deboshmita Roy
|[[Kolkata]]

|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
|Chirag Kotwal
|[[Bhaderwah]]

| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
|Bidipta Chakraborty
|[[Kolkata]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
|Shivam Singh
|[[Vadodara]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up||5th
|-
|[[Sonakshi Kar]]
|[[Kolkata]]

| style="background:#E65ABD;" |5th Runner-up
|6th
|-
|Senjuti Das
|[[Kolkata]]

|{{No|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-

|Navdeep Wadali
|[[Amritsar]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
|Kavya Limaye
|[[Vadodara]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th{{efn|name="double"|There was a double elimination for Vineet Singh and Kavya Limaye.<ref name="indian-idol-2023">{{cite web | url=https://www.readersfusion.com/entertainment/indian-idol-2023-double-elimination-today-vineet-kavya-eliminated-from-season-13-meet-the-top-8-contestants/ | title=Indian Idol Double Elimination Today (8 Jan 2023): Vineet and Kavya Eliminated from Season 13 – Meet the Top 8 Contestants | date=8 January 2023 }}</ref>}}

|-
|Vineet Singh
|[[Lucknow]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th{{efn|name="double"}}

|-
|Anushka Patra
|[[Kolkata]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
|Rupam Bharnarhia
|[[Amritsar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th

|-
|Sanchari Sengupta
|[[Kolkata]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th

|-
|Pritam Roy
|[[Kolkata]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th

|-
|Shagun Pathak
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
|}

=== Season 14 ===
{{main|Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 14}}
The fourteenth season premiered on 7 October 2023, with the theme ''Ek Awaz Lakhon Ehsaas'' (lit. ''One Voice, Million Emotion''). On 3 March 2024, the season concluded, with Vaibhav Gupta crowned as the winner, with Subhadeep Das Choudhary finishing as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruhela |first1=Kapil |date=4 March 2024 |title=Indian Idol Season 14 Winner: How Rich is Indian Idol Winner Vaibhav Gupta Now? - TereMereStatus.com |url=https://www.teremerestatus.com/indian-idol-season-14-winner-how-rich-is-indian-idol-winner-vaibhav-gupta-now/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=TereMereStatus}}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Kumar Sanu]]

[[Shreya Ghoshal]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]

* '''Guest Hosts'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

'''Top 15 Contestants'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
!Vaibhav Gupta
|[[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{Won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
!Subhadeep Das Chowdhury
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
!Piyush Panwar
|[[Rajasthan]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
!Ananya Pal
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
!Anjana Padmanabhan
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
!Adya Mishra
|[[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
| style="background:#E65ABD;" |5th Runner-up
|6th
|-
|-
!Obom Tangu
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{No|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
!Dipan Mitra
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
!Utkarsh Wankhede
|[[Nagpur]], Maharashtra
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
!Menuka Poudel
|[[Nepal]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
!Muskan Srivastava
|[[Ghaziabad]], Uttar Pradesh
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
!Mahima Bhattacharjee
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
!Surender Kumar
|Rajasthan
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
!Maithili Shome
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
!Gayathry Rajiv
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
|}

=== Season 15 ===
{{main|Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 15}}
The fifteenth season premiered in October 2024, with the theme ''Jo Gayega, Wo Nazar Aayega'' (lit. ''Good Singers will get noticed''). On 6 April 2025, the season concluded, with Manasi Ghosh crowned as the winner, with Subhajit Chakraborty finishing as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manasi Ghosh wins Indian Idol 15, says she has already recorded her first Bollywood song: ‘It's a duet song with Lalit Pandit and Shaan’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kolkatas-manasi-ghosh-wins-indian-idol-15-9928020/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

* '''Judges'''

[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]

[[Shreya Ghoshal]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

'''Top 16 Contestants'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Result
!Place
|-
!Manasi Ghosh
|{{Won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
!Subhajit Chakraborty
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
!Sneha Shankar
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
!Chaitanya Devadhe (Mauli)
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
!Priyangshu Dutta
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
!Anirudh Suswaram
| style="background:#E65ABD;" |5th Runner-up
|6th
|-
!Myscmme Bosu
|{{No|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
!Ragini Shinde
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
!Biswarup Banerjee
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
!Ritika Raj
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
!Mayuri Saha
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
!Ranjini Sen Gupta
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
!Srijan Porail
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
!Jyotiprakash Ojha
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
!Vastav Kumar
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
!Ipsit Pati
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|16th
|}

=== Season 16 ===
{{main|Indian Idol (Hindi TV series) season 16}}

The sixteenth season premiered on 18 October 2025, with the theme ''Yaadon Ki Playlist''.
* '''Judges'''

[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]

[[Shreya Ghoshal]]

[[Vishal Dadlani]]

* '''Host'''

[[Aditya Narayan]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Name
!Result
!Place
|-
!
|{{Won|Idol}}
|1st
|-
!
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|2nd
|-
!
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |2nd Runner-up
|3rd
|-
!
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd Runner-up
|4th
|-
!
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th Runner-up
|5th
|-
!
| style="background:#E65ABD;" |5th Runner-up
|6th
|-
!
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|7th
|-
!
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|8th
|-
!
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|9th
|-
!
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|10th
|-
! Amritha Rajan
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|11th
|-
! Shreenidhi Shastry
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|12th
|-
! Sugandha Date
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|13th
|-
!Shreya Verma
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|14th
|-
!Abhijeet Sharma
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|15th
|-
!Banashree Biswas
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|16th
|-
!Manav
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|17th
|-
!Arfin Rana
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|18th
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen

2026-04-17T07:08:24Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclones in 2021}}
{{Distinguish|Cyclone Gula}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Cyclonic Storm Gulab Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen
| image = Gulab-Shaheen 2021-10-03 0930Z.jpg
| caption = Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen nearing landfall in [[Oman]] on 3 October
| as = Cyclonic Storm Gulab
| formed = 24 September 2021
| dissipated = 28 September 2021
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 45
| pressure = 992
}}{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS
| winds = 40
| pressure = 991
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen
| formed = 30 September 2021
| dissipated = 4 October 2021
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 60
| pressure = 984
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 70
| pressure = 976
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 34 total
| damages = 791000000
| areas = [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Baluchistan]], [[Sindh]], [[Oman]], [[United Arab Emirates]], eastern [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]]
| ibtracs = 2021267N18094
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Cyclonic Storm Gulab'''{{efn|The name ''Gulab'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: گلاب, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[ɡʊlɑːb]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and means "rose" in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab, The Name Given by Pakistan, Brews in Bay of Bengal; Know What 'Gulab' Means 🔬 LatestLY|url=https://www.latestly.com/technology/science/cyclone-gulab-the-name-given-by-pakistan-brews-in-bay-of-bengal-know-what-gulab-means-2885192.html|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=www.latestly.com|publisher=Latestly|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085131/https://www.latestly.com/technology/science/cyclone-gulab-the-name-given-by-pakistan-brews-in-bay-of-bengal-know-what-gulab-means-2885192.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}} and '''Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen'''{{efn|The name ''Shaheen'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: شاهين, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[ʃaːhiːn]]]) was contributed by [[Qatar]] and refers to the [[peregrine falcon]] (''Falco peregrinus'') in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/107423-tropical-storm-shaheen-whos-behind-the-name|title=Tropical storm Shaheen: who's behind the name?|author=|work=Times of Oman|date=October 1, 2021|accessdate=October 1, 2021|archive-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001152228/https://timesofoman.com/article/107423-tropical-storm-shaheen-whos-behind-the-name|url-status=live}}</ref>}} were two [[tropical cyclones]] that caused considerable damage to [[South Asia|South]] and [[West Asia]] during the [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. Gulab impacted [[India]] and [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab to hit south Odisha, north Andhra Pradesh on Sunday evening|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-gulab-odisha-andhra-pradesh-telangana-chattisgarh-west-bengal-rains-weather-7533539/|author=Anjali Marar|work=The Indian Express|language=en|accessdate=September 25, 2021|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925061701/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-gulab-odisha-andhra-pradesh-telangana-chattisgarh-west-bengal-rains-weather-7533539/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/cyclonic-storm-high-alert-in-north-coastal-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/86507623.cms|title=Cyclonic storm: High alert in north coastal Andhra Pradesh|author=Nalla Babu|work=The Times of India|language=en|date=September 25, 2021|accessdate=September 25, 2021|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925114333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/cyclonic-storm-high-alert-in-north-coastal-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/86507623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while Shaheen impacted [[Iran]], [[Oman]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Gulab was the third [[Tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], as well as the fourth named storm of the season after its reformation in the Arabian Sea as Shaheen. The cyclone's origins can be traced back to a low-pressure area situated over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 24 September. The [[India Meteorological Department|Indian Meteorological Department]] (IMD) named this new [[cyclone]] ''Gulab''. On 26 September, Gulab made landfall in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Following landfall, Gulab weakened inland, degenerating into a remnant low on 28 September. The system continued moving westward, emerging over the [[Arabian Sea]] on 29 September, before regenerating into a depression early on 30 September. Early on 1 October, the system restrengthened into a Cyclonic Storm, which was named ''Shaheen''. The system gradually strengthened as it entered the [[Gulf of Oman]]. While slowly moving westward, the storm turned southwestward, subsequently making an extremely rare landfall in Oman on 3 October as a [[Saffir–Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1]]-equivalent cyclone. Shaheen then rapidly weakened, before dissipating the next day.

The system overall brought heavy rain and strong winds throughout India, [[Pakistan]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Death toll in Cyclone Shaheen now 13 as storm churns in Oman|url=https://egyptindependent.com/death-toll-in-cyclone-shaheen-now-13-as-storm-churns-in-oman/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006130439/https://egyptindependent.com/death-toll-in-cyclone-shaheen-now-13-as-storm-churns-in-oman/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=AP|title=Death toll in Cyclone Shaheen rises to 14 after body found|url=https://www.the-journal.com/articles/death-toll-in-cyclone-shaheen-rises-to-14-after-body-found/|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=The Journal|language=en-US|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007123827/https://www.the-journal.com/articles/death-toll-in-cyclone-shaheen-rises-to-14-after-body-found/}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Water-related damage was extensive, while communications were disrupted as winds downed many power lines. Hundreds of roads were closed in India. Heavy rainfall occurred in [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Shaheen delivered extreme rainfall to Oman, causing flooding across a wide area of the country's northeastern [[Governorates of Oman|governorates]]. [[Muscat]] saw particularly heavy flooding, which submerged cars and other low-lying objects.

== Meteorological history ==
{{storm path|Gulab-Shaheen 2021 track.png}}
[[File:Gulab 2021-09-26 0740Z.jpg|right|thumb|Cyclonic Storm Gulab in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 26 September]]

=== Gulab ===
On 24 September, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) noted a cyclone that was producing tropical storm-force winds located over the east-central Bay of Bengal, {{cvt|211|nmi}} south of [[Chittagong, Bangladesh]], designating the system as ''03B''.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=September 24, 2021|type=prog|category=TS|designation=03B|no=1|name=Three|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926104834/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2021-09-24-0900-io0321prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) noted the system as a [[low-pressure area]] at 03:00 UTC (08:30 IST); the system formed from a cyclonic circulation which persisted over the [[Gulf of Martaban]].<ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2021|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 06:00 UTC of 24.09.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 24.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d60f9a_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200300%20UTC%20of%2024.09.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924111823/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d60f9a_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200300%20UTC%20of%2024.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 23, 2021|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 06:00 UTC of 23.09.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 23.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_b885c2_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200300%20UTC%20of%2023.09.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924130339/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_b885c2_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%20%200300%20UTC%20of%2023.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021}}</ref> It was later upgraded to a well-marked low-pressure area at 11:00 UTC (16:30 IST), as it developed a cyclonic vortex at 06:00 UTC (11:30 IST).<ref>{{cite web|author=Sunitha S Devi|date=September 24, 2021|title=Well Marked Low Pressure Area over east-central Bay of Bengal & likely intensification into a Depression during next 12 hours|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_0b3cef_1.%20Special_Bulletin_20210924.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924112305/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_0b3cef_1.%20Special_Bulletin_20210924.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 24, 2021|title=Satellite Bulletin based on INSAT 3D Picture of 240600 UTC|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/22/22_054432_satbltn.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924112727/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/22/22_054432_satbltn.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}</ref> At 15:00 UTC (20:30 IST), the IMD upgraded it to a Depression, as the convection had further organized and the storm's [[convection]], or [[thunderstorm]]s, were moving in a curved manner. Favorable conditions, such as moderate to high [[Sea surface temperature|sea-surface temperatures]], the [[Madden–Julian oscillation]] being favorable for tropical cyclone development, and low vertical wind shear, allowed intensification.<ref>{{cite web|author=R.K Jenamani|date=September 24, 2021|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 15:30 UTC of 24.09.2021 based on 12:00 UTC of 24.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_69622f_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%20%201200%20UTC%20of%2024.09.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155127/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_69622f_Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%20%201200%20UTC%20of%2024.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> By 03:00 UTC the next day, the system was upgraded to a Deep Depression, as its convection further organized near the center. There was also the presence of warm moist air over the center of the system, which was conducive for strengthening.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ananda Kumar Das|date=September 25, 2021|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 03:00 UTC of 25.09.2021 based on 00:00 UTC of 25.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_bc233c_3.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2025.09.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925040409/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_bc233c_3.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2025.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 25, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sunitha S Devi|date=September 25, 2021|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 06:00 UTC of 25.09.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 25.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_da2d64_4.%20Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2025.09.2021.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925071842/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_da2d64_4.%20Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2025.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 25, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> At 15:00 UTC (20:30 IST), the IMD upgraded it to a Cyclonic Storm, as its convection had become better-organized, with a defined [[central dense overcast]],<ref name="TCA-1">{{cite web|author=Sunitha S Devi|date=September 25, 2021|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 1 for Cyclonic Storm Gulab issued at 15:00 UTC of 25.09.2021 based on 12:00 UTC of 25.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_bbd639_Tropical%20weather%20outlook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925153828/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_bbd639_Tropical%20weather%20outlook.pdf|archive-date=September 25, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> naming the system [[tropical cyclone naming|named]] ''Gulab''.<ref name="TCA-1" /><ref name="name 1">{{cite web|author=|date=|title=Naming of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903132359/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf|archive-date=September 3, 2021|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=India Meteorological Department|location=New, Delhi}}</ref> As it continued westward, the outer rainbands of Cyclone Gulab reached the coastal regions of [[Uttarandhra|northern Andhra Pradesh]] and southern [[Odisha]], which indicated that it had started making [[landfall]], at about 18:00 IST (12:30 UTC) on 26 September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d5aa82_14.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.9%20%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 5 for Cyclonic Storm Gulab issued at 14:00 UTC of 26.09.2021 based on 12:00 UTC of 26.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 26, 2021|access-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926144059/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d5aa82_14.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.9%20%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> By 17:00 UTC (10:30 IST), it had crossed {{cvt|20|km|round=5}} north of [[Kalingapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d4937b_15.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.10%20%20based%20on%201500%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 10 for Cyclonic Storm Gulab issued at 17:00 UTC of 26.09.2021 based on 15:00 UTC of 26.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=R K Jenamani|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 26, 2021|access-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926164553/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_d4937b_15.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.10%20%20based%20on%201500%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC (02:30 IST), the JTWC issued its final warning prior to landfall.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=September 26, 2021|access-date=September 27, 2021|type=warn|designation=03B|category=TC|name=Gulab|no=11|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-date=September 26, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2021-09-26-2110-io0321web.txt Alt URL]</ref> Three hours later, the IMD downgraded it to a deep depression, as it had lost its energy after travelling over rough Indian terrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_2d4e63_17.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.12%20%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|title=Final Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 12 for Cyclonic Storm Gulab issued at 23:00 UTC of 26.09.2021 based on 21:00 UTC of 26.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Ananda Kumar Das|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 26, 2021|access-date=September 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927024123/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_2d4e63_17.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory%20No.12%20%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2026.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref> It further weakened into a depression by 20:00 IST (14:30 UTC), as it entered the state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_50532e_21.%20National_Bulletin_20210927_1200UTC.pdf|title=National Bulletin No. 21 for Depression (remnants of Cyclonic Storm Gulab) over north Telangana and adjoining south Chhattisgarh and Vidarbha, issued at 20:00 IST of 27.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 27, 2021|access-date=September 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927145318/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_50532e_21.%20National_Bulletin_20210927_1200UTC.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref> It maintained its intensity as it travelled westward, until at 14:00 IST (08:30 UTC), when it weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area over west [[Vidarbha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_512562_25.%20National_Bulletin_20210928_0600UTC.pdf|title=National Bulletin No. 25 for Well-Marked Low Pressure Area (remnant of Cyclonic Storm Gulab) over western parts of Vidarbha, issued at 14:00 IST of 28.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 28, 2021|access-date=September 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928100447/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_512562_25.%20National_Bulletin_20210928_0600UTC.pdf|archive-date=September 28, 2021}}</ref>

=== Shaheen ===
As Cyclone Gulab weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area over western [[Vidarbha]] and its surrounding areas, the IMD noted that its remnants may cross the [[Arabian Sea]] and regenerate into a tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sunitha S Devi|date=September 28, 2021|title=National Bulletin No. 25 for Well-Marked Low Pressure Area (remnant of Cyclonic Storm Gulab) over western parts of Vidarbha, issued at 14:00 IST of 28.09.2021|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_512562_25.%20National_Bulletin_20210928_0600UTC.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928100447/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/1/1_512562_25.%20National_Bulletin_20210928_0600UTC.pdf|archive-date=September 28, 2021|access-date=September 28, 2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> On 29 September at 17:30 UTC (23:00 IST), the system crossed the [[Arabian Sea]], before the JTWC issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA) on the disturbance at 17:30 UTC (23:00 IST). At this time, the agency analyzed the system's environmental path as being conducive for [[tropical cyclogenesis]], with warm sea surface temperatures of {{cvt|30-31|C}}, enhanced [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from an upper-level [[anticyclone]] and low [[wind shear]].<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=September 29, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|type=tcfa|designation=Remnant of TC 03B|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-date=September 29, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2021-09-29-1740-io0321web.txt Alt URL]</ref> On the next day at 00:00 UTC (05:30 IST), while over the [[Gulf of Khambat]], the IMD upgraded the system to a depression, with the agency designating the system as ''ARB 02''. [[INSAT-3D|INSAT 3D]] satellite imagery at that time showed that the convection had increased near the storm's center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_a1ec18_1.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2030.09.2021.pdf|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 03:00 UTC of 30.09.2021 based on 00:00 UTC of 30.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Susmitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930062321/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_a1ec18_1.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2030.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_a1e345_2.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2030.09.2021.pdf|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 06:00 UTC of 30.09.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 30.09.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Susmitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072241/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_a1e345_2.%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2030.09.2021.pdf|archive-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref> Later that day, at 18:00 UTC (23:30 IST), the IMD further upgraded the storm to a deep depression, while it was moving away from Gujarat; however, the JTWC continued issuing advisories on the system, referring to it as ''Gulab'', with the agency reissuing advisories three hours later, with the system bearing maximum sustained winds of {{convert|40|kn|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/5.%20National_Bulletin_20210930_1800UTC%20final.pdf|title=National Bulletin 20210930-1800UTC final|website=mausam.imd.gov.in|author=Shibin Balakrishnan|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001033204/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/Forecast/marquee_data/5.%20National_Bulletin_20210930_1800UTC%20final.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite JTWC|date=September 30, 2021|type=warn|category=TC|name=Three|designation=03B|no=12|url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2021-09-30-2150-io0321web.txt}}</ref>

On 1 October at 21:00 UTC (03:00 IST), the IMD reported that the system had further strengthened to a Cyclonic Storm, with the agency giving it the name ''Shaheen''. The storm's spiral bands were seen wrapping along its obscured [[low-level circulation center]] (LLCC), while its Dvorak rating stood at T2.5 at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_604936_6.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-1%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2001.10.2021.pdf|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 03:00 UTC of 01.10.2021 based on 00:00 UTC of 01.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha S Devi|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001041158/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_604936_6.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-1%20%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2001.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> At 15:00 UTC (20:30 IST), the IMD further upgraded it to a severe cyclonic storm, as the clouds had become well-organized moving with a defined curved pattern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_09700c_10.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-5%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2001.10.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 5 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen issued at 15:00 UTC of 01.10.2021 based on 12:00 UTC of 01.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=R.K Jenamani|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001152753/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_09700c_10.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-5%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2001.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> At 03:00 UTC (08:30 IST) the next day, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 1 equivalent tropical cyclone, as it developed an eye; however, the system struggled to develop further, due to inadequate [[convection]].<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=October 2, 2021|type=prog|category=TC|designation=03B|name=Shaheen-Gulab|no=17|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-date=October 2, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2021-10-02-0300-io0321prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> By 06:00 UTC (11:30 IST), the cyclone developed a defined, but ragged eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_5d20a7_15.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-10%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2002.10.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 10 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen issued at 06:00 UTC of 02.10.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 02.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha Devi S|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002111109/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_5d20a7_15.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-10%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2002.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> At 09:00 UTC (14:30 IST), the JTWC downgraded the cyclone to a tropical storm,<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=October 2, 2021|type=prog|category=TC|designation=03B|name=Shaheen-Gulab|no=18|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-date=October 2, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2021-10-02-0850-io0321prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> but six hours later, the JTWC re-upgraded the system to a Category 1 tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 3, 2021|type=prog|category=TC|designation=03B|name=Shaheen-Gulab|no=19|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321prog.txt|archive-date=October 3, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2021-10-02-1450-io0321prog.txt Alt URL]</ref> Between 19:00 UTC and 20:00 UTC (00:30 IST and 01:30 IST) on 3 October, Shaheen made landfall over the northern Oman coast,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_c8aeac_29.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-24%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2003.10.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 24 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen issued at 22:30 UTC of 03.10.2021 based on 21:00 UTC of 03.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=D.R Pattanaik|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 3, 2021|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004024530/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_c8aeac_29.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-24%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2003.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> making it possibly the only cyclone to make landfall there since 1890.<ref>{{cite twitter|user=metofficestorms|number=1444647588729344000|title=Severe Cyclonic Storm #Shaheen is expected to make landfall west of #Muscat, the capital of #Oman in the coming few hours. This will be the first cyclone to make landfall on this part of the northern coast of Oman since a deadly cyclone in the year 1890.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 3, 2021|title=Oman braces for historic landfall from Tropical Cyclone Shaheen|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/10/03/tropical-cyclone-shaheen-oman-landfall/|access-date=October 4, 2021|author=James Samenow|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004025859/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/10/03/tropical-cyclone-shaheen-oman-landfall/|url-status=live}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC (02:30 IST), the JTWC issued its final warning for the storm, as it made landfall.<ref>{{cite JTWC|date=October 3, 2021|access-date=October 4, 2021|type=warn|category=TC|designation=03B|name=Shaheen-Gulab|no=24-FINAL|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003000000/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0321web.txt|archive-date=October 3, 2021}} [https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2021-10-03-2000-io0321web.txt Alt URL]</ref> After making landfall, Shaheen underwent rapid weakening, due to the dry landmass of the [[Arabian Desert]]. At 00:00 UTC (05:30 IST), Shaheen weakened to a cyclonic storm and three hours later it further weakened into a deep depression. Satellite imagery showed that the cloud mass had become disorganized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_830baf_30.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-25%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2004.10.2021.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory No. 25 for Cyclonic Storm Shaheen issued at 02:30 UTC of 04.10.2021 based on 00:00 UTC of 04.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=D.R Pattanaik|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 4, 2021|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004031751/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_830baf_30.%20Tropical%20Cyclone%20Advisory-25%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2004.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_cba278_31.%20Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2004.10.2021.pdf|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) issued at 06:00 UTC of 04.10.2021 based on 03:00 UTC of 04.10.2021|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|author=Sunitha Devi S|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=New Delhi, India|date=October 4, 2021|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004062427/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_cba278_31.%20Special%20Tropical%20Weather%20Outlook%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2004.10.2021.pdf|archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> Shaheen rapidly weakened after landfall as it moved further inland, weakening into a depression on 4 October before degenerating into a well-marked low later that day.

== Preparations ==
[[File:Gulab 2021-09-28 0813Z.jpg|thumb|Gulab over [[Western India]] on 28 September, as a well-marked low-pressure area.]]

=== Gulab ===

==== Odisha ====
Due to Gulab, the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) and [[State Disaster Response Force]] (SDRF) of [[Odisha]] were put on alert and the IMD put the state into high alert. As of 26 September, over 30,000 individuals evacuated into safety as a result of the cyclone; this number further increased to 46,075 people as the storm further moved inland.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=September 27, 2021|title=ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହେଲା 'ଗୁଲାବ'ର ତାଣ୍ଡବ: ଶ୍ରୀକାକୁଲମରେ ମତ୍ସଜୀବି ନିଖୋଜ - Dharitri|url=https://www.dharitri.com/cyclonic-storm-weakens-into-deep-depression/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002011513/https://www.dharitri.com/cyclonic-storm-weakens-into-deep-depression/|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|publisher=Dharitri Odia News|language=or}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=September 27, 2021|title=No major impact of cyclone Gulab in Odisha - Dinalipi|url=https://www.dinalipi.com/no-major-impact-of-cyclone-gulab-in-odisha/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002013635/https://www.dinalipi.com/no-major-impact-of-cyclone-gulab-in-odisha/|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|website=www.dinalipi.com|publisher=Dinalipi}}</ref> Trains running through the area and neighbor [[Andhra Pradesh]] were also canceled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 27, 2021|title=Few more trains running through Odisha cancelled, rescheduled {{!}} Sambad English|url=https://sambadenglish.com/few-more-trains-running-through-odisha-cancelled-rescheduled/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002012400/https://sambadenglish.com/few-more-trains-running-through-odisha-cancelled-rescheduled/|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref>

=== Shaheen ===

==== Pakistan ====
Due to the brewing storm, which would become Shaheen, the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] (PMD) issued a tropical cyclone warning for the country on 30 September, with the agency predicting heavy rains and strong winds in the Sindh-[[Makran]] coastal areas. The agency also noted that sea conditions were risky for fishermen, advising them to avoid fishing activities until further notice. The education department of [[Sindh]] also canceled classes and activities in private and government institutions until 1 October. Karachi Commissioner Naveed Ahmad Shaikh recommended that all deputy commissioners should remove all dangerous panels and hoards on buildings and roofings from their respective districts as a precaution. He also warned people of the city to avoid venturing outside and on beaches due to the storm. There is also a ban that the commissioner imposed about going on to beaches that will last until 5 October.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author1=Qazi Hassan|author2=Imtiaz Ali|date=September 30, 2021|title=All schools closed as Sindh braces for cyclonic storm, torrential rain|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1649320|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001022520/https://www.dawn.com/news/1649320/all-schools-closed-as-sindh-braces-for-cyclonic-storm-torrential-rain|archive-date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|website=DAWN.COM|publisher=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> Karachi also announced a holiday on 1 October, as a result of the brewing cyclone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 1, 2021|title=Tropical cyclone: Public holiday declared in Karachi|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/373363-tropical-cyclone-public-holiday-announced-in-karachi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001065306/https://www.geo.tv/latest/373363-tropical-cyclone-public-holiday-announced-in-karachi|archive-date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|website=www.geo.tv|publisher=[[Geo News]]}}</ref>

==== Oman ====
Flights and traffic were delayed and rescheduled to and from the capital city, [[Muscat]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-03|title=Cyclone Shaheen approaches Oman, flights delayed|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyclone-shaheen-approaches-oman-flights-delayed-2021-10-03/|access-date=2021-10-03|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003082445/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyclone-shaheen-approaches-oman-flights-delayed-2021-10-03/|url-status=live}}</ref> Traffic was also halted between North and South Batina governorates as a result of Shaheen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Traffic suspended on all major roads in Muscat, North & South Batinah|url=https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/03/traffic-suspended-on-all-major-roads-in-muscat-north-and-south-batinah/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004070004/https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/03/traffic-suspended-on-all-major-roads-in-muscat-north-and-south-batinah/|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Muscat Daily|language=en}}</ref> 55 emergency shelters in Muscat were also prepared for the evacuees and authorities declared 3–4 October to be a work holiday due to the storm. The National Committee for Emergency Management (NCEM) also warned individuals within Shaheen's track to evacuate immediately; as of 3 October, 2,734 persons were now in government and other safety shelters to ride out the storm. 40-60 knot-winds and 200 to 500mm rainfall were also forecasted to impact the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Oman braces for Shaheen|url=https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/02/oman-braces-for-shaheen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004070349/https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/02/oman-braces-for-shaheen/|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Muscat Daily|language=en}}</ref> Its medical response were also heightened as the storm approached.<ref>{{Cite web|last=الوطن|first=مقالات|title="الصحة" تفعل خطة الطوارئ لـ"الاستجابة الطبية" وإيقاف خدمة التحصين باستثناء الوسطى وظفار - جريدة الوطن|url=https://alwatan.com/details/440136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004070957/https://alwatan.com/details/440136|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=alwatan.com|date=2 October 2021 |language=ar}}</ref> A [[Cricket]] match between Oman and Scotland had to be abandoned due to Shaheen's potential impacts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Deadly cyclone Shaheen batters Oman and Iran|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58783992|access-date=2021-10-04|website=BBC News|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003233510/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58783992|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Oman faced losing cricket World Cup due to Cyclone Shaheen|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/10/6/oman-faced-losing-cricket-world-cup-due-to-deadly-storm|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009010909/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/10/6/oman-faced-losing-cricket-world-cup-due-to-deadly-storm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United Arab Emirates ====
The [[Dubai Municipality]] announced temporary closure of [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]] Parks and other community facilities, while schools in the area shifted to distance learning.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Web|title=UAE weather: Look out for rains, rough seas as Cyclone Shaheen approaches|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/uae-weather-look-out-for-rains-rough-seas-as-cyclone-shaheen-approaches|access-date=2021-10-03|publisher=[[Khaleej Times]]|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003023838/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/uae-weather-look-out-for-rains-rough-seas-as-cyclone-shaheen-approaches|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Centre of Meteorology issued a code red alert off the eastern coast with a warning of 10-foot waves off-shore and wind speeds of {{cvt|50|km/h|round=5}}.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sahim Salim|title=UAE: Cyclone Shaheen expected to weaken before hitting eastern coast|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-cyclone-shaheen-expected-to-weaken-before-hitting-eastern-coast|access-date=2021-10-03|publisher=[[Khaleej Times]]|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003160359/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-cyclone-shaheen-expected-to-weaken-before-hitting-eastern-coast|url-status=live}}</ref> A dust storm alert was also issued due to Shaheen on 4 October.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Tropical storm Shaheen: Rains in UAE; dust storm alert issued|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/tropical-storm-shaheen-rains-in-uae-dust-storm-alert-issued|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004072311/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/tropical-storm-shaheen-rains-in-uae-dust-storm-alert-issued|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref> Warning messages were broadcast in 19 languages, a strategy that involved more than 100 local and national entities. In [[Al Ain]], residents were warned that they may have to briefly work from home, and have schools switch to distance learning temporarily. A large social media effort attempted to reach warnings and information about Shaheen as possible.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=The Gulf has learnt lessons from Cyclone Shaheen|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/editorial/2021/10/06/the-gulf-has-learned-lessons-from-cyclone-shaheen/|url-status=live|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=The National|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035703/https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/editorial/2021/10/06/the-gulf-has-learned-lessons-from-cyclone-shaheen/}}</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
Saudi Arabia was expecting to see torrential rainfall and thunderstorms from Shaheen, after it made landfall on Oman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/cyclone-shaheen-saudi-arabia-to-experience-heavy-rain-and-thunderstorms-1.82723413|title=Cyclone Shaheen: Saudi Arabia to experience heavy rain and thunderstorms|author=Tawfiq Nasrallah|work=Gulf News|date=October 4, 2021|accessdate=October 12, 2021|archive-date=October 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012065153/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/cyclone-shaheen-saudi-arabia-to-experience-heavy-rain-and-thunderstorms-1.82723413|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impacts ==
===Gulab===
At least 20 total deaths have been attributed to Gulab,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Shaheen claims at least 13 lives in historic Oman landfall|url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/10/shaheen-claims-at-least-13-lives-in-historic-oman-landfall/|access-date=2021-10-05|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|author1=Bob Henson|author2=Jeff Masters|quote=At least 20 deaths in India were blamed on Gulab, which regrouped in the Arabian Sea on 30 September and was renamed Cyclone Shaheen by the India Meteorological Department.|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004202458/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/10/shaheen-claims-at-least-13-lives-in-historic-oman-landfall/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as [[Indian rupee|₹]]20 billion (US$271 million) in damages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab may have caused damages worth ₹2,000 crore|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-gulab-may-have-caused-damages-worth-rs-2-000-crore-101633114418467.html|access-date=October 3, 2021|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|website=www.hindustantimes.com|archive-date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003034159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-gulab-may-have-caused-damages-worth-rs-2-000-crore-101633114418467.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Odisha ====
Trees were uprooted and some houses were damaged. A landslide occurred on [[National Highway 26 (India)|National Highway 26]] near Ralegada, [[Koraput]], causing traffic and disruptions; however, the district's administration quickly restored the road.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 27, 2021|title=Watch Video: Landslide due to Cyclone Gulab blocks NH-26 in Odisha's Koraput {{!}} Sambad English|url=https://sambadenglish.com/watch-video-landslide-due-to-cyclone-gulab-blocks-nh-26-in-odishas-koraput/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002013205/https://sambadenglish.com/watch-video-landslide-due-to-cyclone-gulab-blocks-nh-26-in-odishas-koraput/|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|website=sambadenglish.com|publisher=Sambad English}}</ref> An overnight downpour flooded a portion of National Highway 26 near a government hospital, but a team from the Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF) rescued the people inside. On 27 September, rainfall of {{cvt|148|mm}} was recorded at [[Pottangi]], {{cvt|89.4|mm}} at Mahendragarh and {{cvt|77.2|mm}} at Mohana, Gajapati. No fatalities were reported.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2021|title='No casualties or loss of property due to Cyclone Gulab'|url=https://sambadenglish.com/no-casualties-or-loss-of-property-in-odisha-so-far-due-to-cyclone-gulab/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002014827/https://sambadenglish.com/no-casualties-or-loss-of-property-in-odisha-so-far-due-to-cyclone-gulab/|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|website=sambadenglish.com|publisher=Sambad English}}</ref>

==== Andhra Pradesh ====
Gulab also caused severe damages in the districts of [[Srikakulam]] and [[Vizianagaram]] in Andhra Pradesh. It caused disruption of communication and electricity due to traffic jams and trees downed. Vizianagaram was flooded with waterlogging due to a bad subterranean drainage system, with hundreds of trees and signs falling elsewhere. Heavy precipitation in [[Vizag]] led to regional floods and rainwater winds that led to various trees and saplings being uprooted. The [[Visakhapatnam Airport]] was also flooded by heavy rainfall. The downpour in the city became the second-wettest in modern records which stood to {{cvt|282|mm}}, only took place behind [[Cyclone Pyarr]] of 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 27, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab: Visakhapatnam airport faces severe waterlogging as heavy rainfall hits Andhra. Watch video|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gulab-caused-heavy-damage-in-srikakulam-and-vizianagaram-districts/article36689353.ece|access-date=September 30, 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930105556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gulab-caused-heavy-damage-in-srikakulam-and-vizianagaram-districts/article36689353.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=September 27, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab: Visakhapatnam airport faces severe waterlogging as heavy rainfall hits Andhra. Watch video|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-gulab-visakhapatnam-airport-faces-severe-waterlogging-as-heavy-rainfall-hits-andhra-watch-video-11632747776916.html|access-date=September 29, 2021|website=www.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|archive-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929114808/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-gulab-visakhapatnam-airport-faces-severe-waterlogging-as-heavy-rainfall-hits-andhra-watch-video-11632747776916.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Anjali Marar|date=September 27, 2021|title=16 years after Cyclone Pyarr, Gulab triggers record September rain in Visakhapatnam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/visakhapatnam-rain-cyclone-gulab-7536718/|access-date=September 29, 2021|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929114808/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/visakhapatnam-rain-cyclone-gulab-7536718/|url-status=live}}</ref> 2 fishermen in the state were killed while one was reported missing.<ref name="gulab">{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2021|title=Cyclone Gulab Live Updates: 2 fishermen in Andhra Pradesh killed in Gulab storm, one missing|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-gulab-live-updates-7534420/|access-date=September 26, 2021|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926073325/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-gulab-live-updates-7534420/|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|102000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of crop was destroyed by Gulab, resulting in ₹1 billion (US$13.6 million) of damage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2021|title=AP incurs crop loss of Rs 100 crore due to Gulab cyclone|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041021/ap-incurs-crop-loss-of-rs-100-crore-due-to-gulab-cyclone.html|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005212419/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041021/ap-incurs-crop-loss-of-rs-100-crore-due-to-gulab-cyclone.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Telangana ====
Due to Gulab, the [[Godavari River]]'s water level increased to the first mark on 30 September at {{cvt|43.90|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 30, 2021|title=Godavari water crosses first warning level at Bhadrachalam|url=https://telanganatoday.com/godavari-water-crosses-first-warning-level-at-bhadrachalam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002033355/https://telanganatoday.com/godavari-water-crosses-first-warning-level-at-bhadrachalam|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|publisher=Telangana Today|website=telanganatoday.com}}</ref> An individual with a bullock cart drowned in [[Munneru River|Munneru stream]] on [[Kothagudem]] on 29 September, following heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 29, 2021|title=Man with bullock cart drowns in stream in Kothagudem|url=https://telanganatoday.com/man-with-bullock-cart-drowns-in-stream-in-kothagudem|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002033423/https://telanganatoday.com/man-with-bullock-cart-drowns-in-stream-in-kothagudem|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|publisher=[[Telangana Today]]|website=telanganatoday.com}}</ref>

===Shaheen===
At least 14 deaths have been attributed to Shaheen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 7, 2021|title=Death toll in Cyclone Shaheen rises to 14 after body found|url=https://apnews.com/article/oman-middle-east-storms-typhoons-floods-1b4e8152dfe20a7dbbc413b00d0ee353|access-date=October 8, 2021|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|website=apnews.com|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007230110/https://apnews.com/article/oman-middle-east-storms-typhoons-floods-1b4e8152dfe20a7dbbc413b00d0ee353|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Gujarat ====
[[File:Gulab-Shaheen 2021-10-01 0625Z.jpg|right|thumb|Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen strengthening in the [[Arabian Sea]] on 1 October]]
As the system moved over the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] as the remnants of Gulab, heavy rains fell over the area, with [[Valsad]] and Kaprada both recording {{cvt|6|inch}} of downpour and [[Umarpada]] at {{cvt|8.72|inch}} on 29 September, with the former being flooded. Underpasses and roadways were also inundated in the area. As a result, 20 teams of [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF's) were deployed in the whole state for possible continuous rains. 194 [[tehsil]]s also reported torrential rainfall, with Palsana in [[Surat]] collecting {{cvt|7|inch}} of downpour. Over 100 water reservoirs were put under alert as a result.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=September 30, 2021|title=ચક્રવાતનું સંકટ: આગામી 24 કલાકમાં ગુજરાતમાં શાહીન વાવાઝોડાનો ખતરો, કચ્છના અખાતથી પાકિસ્તાન સુધી અસર થશે, ભારે પવન સાથે અતિભારે વરસાદની આગાહી|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/gujarat-hurricane-will-turn-into-shaheen-reach-pakistan-from-gulf-of-kutch-strong-winds-will-blow-in-coastal-areas-128976789.html|access-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|language=gu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071314/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/gujarat-hurricane-will-turn-into-shaheen-reach-pakistan-from-gulf-of-kutch-strong-winds-will-blow-in-coastal-areas-128976789.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=મેઘાનું રૌદ્ર સ્વરૂપ: વલસાડ અને કપરાડામાં 6 કલાકમાં 6 ઈંચ વરસાદ, જાણો ક્યા કેટલો પડ્યો?|url=http://sandesh.com/valsad-rains-begin-in-gujarat-heavy-rains-in-many-districts-from-late-night/|date=September 29, 2021|access-date=September 29, 2021|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929060402/https://sandesh.com/valsad-rains-begin-in-gujarat-heavy-rains-in-many-districts-from-late-night/|archive-date=September 29, 2021|url-status=live|website=sandesh.com|publisher=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 29, 2021|title=મેઘાનું રૌદ્ર રૂપ:ઉમરપાડામાં 9 ઇંચ વરસાદ, ઉકાઈમાંથી 2 લાખ ક્યૂસેક પાણી છોડાતાં તાપી બે કાંઠે, સુરતમાં ખાડીપૂરનું જોખમ|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/surat/news/9-inches-of-rain-in-umarpada-2-lakh-cusecs-of-water-released-from-ukai-on-tapi-bay-bank-risk-of-creek-flood-in-surat-128974042.html|access-date=September 29, 2021|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929061826/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/surat/news/9-inches-of-rain-in-umarpada-2-lakh-cusecs-of-water-released-from-ukai-on-tapi-bay-bank-risk-of-creek-flood-in-surat-128974042.html|archive-date=September 29, 2021|url-status=live|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Street flooding and rivers increasing their capacities due to dams releasing water. Yellow alerts were placed in 20 districts while 6 places were under orange alert as of 29 September.<ref>{{Cite web|title=દક્ષિણ ગુજરાતમાં ભારે વરસાદની આગાહી: 20 જિલ્લામાં 'યલો', 6 જિલ્લામાં 'ઓરેન્જ' એલર્ટ અપાયું|url=http://sandesh.com/heavy-rains-forecast-in-south-gujarat-yellow-alert-issued-in-20-districts-orange-alert-issued-in-6-districts/|date=September 29, 2021|access-date=September 29, 2021|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929060741/https://sandesh.com/heavy-rains-forecast-in-south-gujarat-yellow-alert-issued-in-20-districts-orange-alert-issued-in-6-districts/|archive-date=September 29, 2021|url-status=live|website=sandesh.com|publisher=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]}}</ref> The [[Indian Coast Guard]] also warned fishermen not to venture in the seas affected by the storm in at least three days. [[Visavadar]] recorded a 24-hour period rainfall of {{cvt|10|inch}} from 29 to 30 September, and the [[Gir Forest]] received {{cvt|12|inch}} of rain during the same period, which flooded the Sonarakh River in [[Junagadh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='ગુલાબ' 2 દિવસ ગુજરાત ધમરોળશે:સૌરાષ્ટ્ર, દક્ષિણ અને મધ્ય ગુજરાતમાં અતિભારે વરસાદ; 'ગુલાબ' વાવાઝોડું 24 કલાકમાં 'શાહીન' બને તેવી આગાહી|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/heavy-rainfall-in-saurashtra-south-and-central-gujarat-rainfall-in-196-talukas-200-roads-closed-10-in-visavadar-hansot-reduced-by-8-inches-128975770.html|date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930093541/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/ahmedabad/news/heavy-rainfall-in-saurashtra-south-and-central-gujarat-rainfall-in-196-talukas-200-roads-closed-10-in-visavadar-hansot-reduced-by-8-inches-128975770.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|url-status=live|website=www.divyabhaskar.co.in|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Continued rains in the state forced the closure of 140 state roads, 207 roads in 20 districts and 14 state highways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=સંભાળીને નીકળજો! ભારે વરસાદથી ગુજરાતમાં 140 રસ્તા બંધ|url=http://sandesh.com/140-roads-closed-in-gujarat-due-to-heavy-rains/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072920/https://sandesh.com/140-roads-closed-in-gujarat-due-to-heavy-rains/|date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|website=sandesh.com}}</ref> [[Tithal Beach]] in [[Valsad]] were also closed.<ref>{{Cite web|title="શાહીન" વાવાઝોડાના લીધે વલસાડનો જાણીતો બીચ બે દિવસ બંધ|url=http://sandesh.com/valsad-to-keep-tithal-beach-closed-for-two-days/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930073652/https://sandesh.com/valsad-to-keep-tithal-beach-closed-for-two-days/|date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=[[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|Sandesh]]|website=sandesh.com}}</ref> Nine more small irrigation dams overflowed in [[Kutch district]] as a result of three-day rains in the area while boats in the [[Arabian Sea]] were asked to return to ports for safety; 363 of them obeyed it while 474 remained in sea and were expected to return to ports by 4 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=નાની સિંચાઈના વધુ નવ ડેમ છલકાયા : મધ્યમ કક્ષાનો એક ઓવરફલો|url=https://www.kutchmitradaily.com/news/352589|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930075141/https://www.kutchmitradaily.com/news/352589|date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=Kutchmitra Daily|website=www.kutchmitradaily.com|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=363 બોટ જખૌ બંદરે પરત ફરી : 474 હજુ દરિયામાં|url=https://www.kutchmitradaily.com/news/352655|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930075334/https://www.kutchmitradaily.com/news/352655|date=September 30, 2021|archive-date=September 30, 2021|access-date=September 30, 2021|publisher=Kutchmitra Daily|website=www.kutchmitradaily.com}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
The cyclone caused light downpours and gusty winds in parts of [[Karachi]] on 30 September. The city's Millennium Mall on Rashid Minhas Road also saw heavy traffic due to three electric poles falling on the area. The traffic police removed them immediately as a result. Another pole impacted a car in the parking lot of [[Frere Hall]]. A maximum wind speed of {{convert|69|km/h|mph|order=out|abbr=on}} were recorded in the city. On the fishing village in [[Ibrahim Hyderi]], five fishermen were rescued as their fishing boat capsized in the manner of high seas as a result of the system.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Faiza Ilyas|author2=Imran Ayub|date=October 1, 2021|title=Looming cyclone threat upends life in Sindh's coastal belt|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1649363|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001030641/https://www.dawn.com/news/1649363/looming-cyclone-threat-upends-life-in-sindhs-coastal-belt|archive-date=October 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2021|publisher=[[Dawn News]]|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> [[Gulshan-e-Hadeed]] recorded the highest rainfall from the system at {{cvt|39|mm}} while the first fatality from the system were recorded when an individual was electrocuted, as reported by the rescue officials in [[Orangi Subdivision]]. Several roadways were also inundated with floodwaters in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live Karachi weather updates: Cyclone Shaheen to recurve to Oman after tomorrow evening|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/373365-live-karachi-weather-updates-pmd-says|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002025300/https://www.geo.tv/latest/373365-live-karachi-weather-updates-pmd-says|date=October 1, 2021|archive-date=October 2, 2021|access-date=October 2, 2021|publisher=[[Geo News]]|website=www.geo.tv}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
Cyclone Shaheen brought heavy rainfall to [[Iran]], six people were also killed in the [[Chabahar Port]]. There was also damage to electrical facilities and roads.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Several killed, flights suspended as Cyclone Shaheen strikes Oman|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/3/cyclone-shaheen-approaches-oman-flights-delayed|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004082207/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/3/cyclone-shaheen-approaches-oman-flights-delayed|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/weather/2021/10/01/tropical-cyclone-gulab-heavy-rainfall-pakistan-iran-oman.cnn|title=Tropical Cyclone Gulab brings heavy rainfall to Pakistan and Iran|work=[[Cable News Network]]|date=October 1, 2021|accessdate=October 1, 2021|archive-date=October 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001090242/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/weather/2021/10/01/tropical-cyclone-gulab-heavy-rainfall-pakistan-iran-oman.cnn|url-status=live}}</ref> Five fishermen were missing after two fishing vessels sank off the coast of [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], local medias in the country reported. 13 injuries were also injured due to several wind damages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oman – Cyclone Shaheen Triggers Deadly Floods and Landslides – FloodList|url=https://floodlist.com/asia/oman-iran-cyclone-shaheen-october-2021|access-date=2021-10-04|website=floodlist.com|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004082843/https://floodlist.com/asia/oman-iran-cyclone-shaheen-october-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], over 122 people were hospitalized due to a dust storm brought by the cyclone. Eye, heart, and lung problems were among those in the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Death toll in Cyclone Shaheen now 13 as storm churns in Oman|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-dubai-united-arab-emirates-storms-40267d410d7cb3a10d1f023dbc77b11c|access-date=2021-10-05|website=AP NEWS|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005140452/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-dubai-united-arab-emirates-storms-40267d410d7cb3a10d1f023dbc77b11c|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Oman ====
Maximum wind speed reached {{cvt|93|mph}}, and the tallest waves stretched {{cvt|32|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Shaheen causes flooding, kills at least 13 in Oman, Iran|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/10/04/oman-cyclone-shaheen-kills-thirteen-many-missing/1411633356422/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=UPI|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004165146/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/10/04/oman-cyclone-shaheen-kills-thirteen-many-missing/1411633356422/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{quote box
| quote = "There are no words to express the situation. Shaheen has wreaked havoc with wadis overflowing and most of the houses, roads, shops and cars flooded"
| source = Hammam al Badi, a resident from Saham while clearing the path to his house on October 4.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-04|title=Cyclone Shaheen wreak havoc in Oman; many areas isolated|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1107627/oman/weather/cyclone-shaheen-wreak-havoc-in-oman-many-areas-isolated|access-date=2021-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004081455/https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1107627/oman/weather/cyclone-shaheen-wreak-havoc-in-oman-many-areas-isolated|archive-date=2021-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #ACE1AF
}}
A child who had gone missing during the flooding was found dead in [[Wilayah]] of [[Al Amarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Web|title=Cyclone Shaheen: Missing child found dead in Oman|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/cyclone-shaheen-missing-child-found-dead-in-oman|access-date=2021-10-03|publisher=Khaleej Times|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003085329/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/cyclone-shaheen-missing-child-found-dead-in-oman|url-status=live}}</ref> Another person, also in Muscat, is reported missing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Shaheen disrupting flights in Oman, one child dead {{!}} DW News|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cyclone-shaheen-disrupting-flights-in-oman-one-child-dead/a-59390343|access-date=3 October 2021|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=3 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131444/https://www.dw.com/en/cyclone-shaheen-disrupting-flights-in-oman-one-child-dead/a-59390343|url-status=live}}</ref> Two foreign workers were killed when a hill collapsed on their house, while more than 5,000 people were put up in emergency shelters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Shaheen: Three killed, flights delayed|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/cyclone-shaheen-three-killed-flights-delayed|access-date=2021-10-03|publisher=[[Khaleej Times]]|archive-date=2021-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003133758/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/weather/cyclone-shaheen-three-killed-flights-delayed|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Cyclone Shaheen live updates: Heavy rains forecast across Oman|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/107536-cyclone-shaheen-live-updates-heavy-rains-forecast-across-oman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004073947/https://timesofoman.com/article/107536-cyclone-shaheen-live-updates-heavy-rains-forecast-across-oman|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Times of Oman|language=en}}</ref> {{cvt|290.8|mm}} of downpour were recorded in Suwaiq, a [[wilayat]] and [[Al-Khaboura]] at {{cvt|167.9|mm}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Tropical depression Shaheen to hit these governorates before exiting Oman I Times of Oman|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/107545-tropical-depression-shaheen-to-hit-these-governorates-before-exiting-oman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004065034/https://timesofoman.com/article/107545-tropical-depression-shaheen-to-hit-these-governorates-before-exiting-oman|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Times of Oman|language=en}}</ref> A building also collapsed in Suwaiq on October 4, with unknown workers inside; no fatalities were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Cyclone Shaheen: Building collapses in Suwaiq|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/107538-cyclone-shaheen-building-collapses-in-suwaiq|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004065715/https://timesofoman.com/article/107538-cyclone-shaheen-building-collapses-in-suwaiq|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Times of Oman|language=en}}</ref> Many houses were inundated with floods, forcing people to climb on their roofs for safety. Several wadis and reefs in the country also overflowed due to heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=مســقط 12 ساعة تحت المطر والأودية الجارفة|url=https://www.omandaily.om/عمان-اليوم/na/مسقط-12-ساعة-تحت-المطر-والأودية-الجارفة|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004071459/https://www.omandaily.om/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85/na/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7-12-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=جريدة عمان|language=ar}}</ref>

Coastal areas were also affected by storm surges from Shaheen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-10-03|title=عين الإعصـار تصطـدم بســاحل الباطنـة|url=https://www.omandaily.om/عمان-اليوم/na/عين-الإعصار-تصطدم-بساحل-الباطنة|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004071751/https://www.omandaily.om/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85/na/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=جريدة عمان|language=ar}}</ref> {{cvt|369|mm}} of downpour were reported in the wilayat of Al-Khaboura, the highest in association with the storm, as of October 4. The [[Royal Oman Police]] rescued two people stranded in a wadi in Suwaiq on October 4 while the Al-Khoud dam was reported to be overflowed due to heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Cyclone Shaheen Strikes Oman, 13 Dead - October 5, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/05/cyclone-shaheen-strikes-oman-13-dead/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Daily News Brief|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005091303/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/05/cyclone-shaheen-strikes-oman-13-dead/|url-status=live}}</ref> Authorities of the Civil Defence and Ambulance (CDAA) also saved several people who were stuck inside their vehicles.<ref name=":4" /> {{convert|52|mph|km/h|order=out|abbr=on}} winds were recorded on Suwaiq on October 3 and {{convert|36|mph|km/h|order=out|abbr=on}} sustained winds and gusts up to {{convert|51|mph|km/h|order=out|abbr=on}} were reported on [[Muscat International Airport]] at that day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Shaheen pushes onshore as first tropical cyclone on record in far north Oman » Yale Climate Connections|url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/10/shaheen-pushes-onshore-as-first-tropical-cyclone-on-record-in-far-north-oman/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004075504/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/10/shaheen-pushes-onshore-as-first-tropical-cyclone-on-record-in-far-north-oman/|archive-date=2021-10-04|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Yale Climate Connections|language=en-US}}</ref>

In total, at least 14<ref name=":12" /> people died in Oman. Many towns and cities saw their average annual rainfall or more in just one day or less. Dams overflowed, and there were multiple reports of landslides across the affected regions. Roads were blocked due to flooding and other debris.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deadly, historic Tropical Cyclone Shaheen departs Oman after devastating flooding|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/10/04/tropical-cyclone-shaheeen-oman-deaths/|access-date=2021-10-05|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=2021-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224021212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/10/04/tropical-cyclone-shaheeen-oman-deaths/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mud also collected in flooded areas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-05|title=Seven more killed in Oman following tropical storm Shaheen|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/825604/seven-more-killed-in-oman-following-tropical-storm-shaheen/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005131934/https://dailytimes.com.pk/825604/seven-more-killed-in-oman-following-tropical-storm-shaheen/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muscat]] had seen flooding in several areas, along with felled trees and other structural damage. However, the city mostly returned to normal the next day.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=October 5, 2021|title=11 dead, widespread flooding as cyclone hits Oman|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/11-dead-widespread-flooding-cyclone-hits-oman|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2021|work=The New Arab|language=en|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005215334/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/11-dead-widespread-flooding-cyclone-hits-oman}}</ref>

It was estimated that more than 1,000 houses were damaged, with a preliminary estimated damage of about [[Omani rial|OMR]]30–50 million (US$78–130 million).<ref name=":9" /> The [[Ministry of Finance (Oman)|Ministry of Finance]] finalized the damage at OMR200 million (US$520 million).<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 12, 2021|title=Cyclone Shaheen damage in Oman pegged at OMR200 million|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/110471-cyclone-shaheen-damage-in-oman-pegged-at-omr200-million|access-date=December 15, 2021|website=Times of Oman|language=en}}</ref>

==== United Arab Emirates ====
Only light rainfall was recorded in parts of [[Al Ain]], [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]], and [[Ajman]], due to the storm.<ref name=":3" /> There were also some reports of slightly increased winds, with overall damage being minor.<ref name=":11" />

==== Yemen ====
The remnant of Cyclone Shaheen caused heavy rainfall in Yemen, damaging historical sites. It was reported that 20 vehicles were washed away by [[flash flood]]ing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 7, 2021|title=Cyclone Shaheen damages cultural heritage buildings in Yemen: Source|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/middle-east/cyclone-shaheen-damages-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-yemen-source20211007231207/|access-date=October 11, 2021|publisher=[[Asian News International]]|website=www.aninews.in|archive-date=October 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115723/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/middle-east/cyclone-shaheen-damages-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-yemen-source20211007231207/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Shaheen ===

==== Oman ====
Sohar Port's marine operations, ports, and crude loading operations re-opened on October 4. Contingency plans that were put in place before ''Shaheen'' helped lessen impacts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2021|title=Port operations, oil loadings back to normal after Cyclone Shaheen|url=https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/04/port-operations-oil-loadings-back-to-normal-after-cyclone-shaheen/|url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2021|website=Muscat Daily|language=en|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004164129/https://www.muscatdaily.com/2021/10/04/port-operations-oil-loadings-back-to-normal-after-cyclone-shaheen/}}</ref> The [[Central Bank of Oman]] announced on October 5 that it would allocate [[Omani rial|OMR]]7 million (US$18.2 million) to people who were affected by ''Shaheen'', also calling on all banks to help mitigate the effects of the cyclone. The bank confirmed that it would coordinate with government agencies to transfer the funds needed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Shaheen: Central Bank of Oman announces recovery grants for those affected|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/107630-cyclone-shaheen-central-bank-of-oman-announces-recovery-grants-for-those-affected|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=Times of Oman|language=en|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005215344/https://timesofoman.com/article/107630-cyclone-shaheen-central-bank-of-oman-announces-recovery-grants-for-those-affected}}</ref> His Majesty [[Abdullah II of Jordan]] expressed condolences over the victims of ''Shaheen'' the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=King condoles Oman sultan over cyclone victims|url=https://en.ammonnews.net/article/53267|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2021|website=Ammon News|date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005215344/https://en.ammonnews.net/article/53267}}</ref> Helicopters patrolled inundated areas and rescued those affected, including one prisoner from a rooftop in Suwayq.<ref name=":7" /> Oman's armed forces helped with several rescues.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilbert|first=Mary|date=October 6, 2021|title=Severe flooding overwhelms Oman following historic landfall by Cyclone Shaheen|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/hurricane/oman-tropical-cyclone-shaheen-landfall-flooding/1027547|url-status=live|website=[[AccuWeather]]|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007045206/https://www.accuweather.com/en/hurricane/oman-tropical-cyclone-shaheen-landfall-flooding/1027547}}</ref>

Due to a widespread lack of home insurance in Oman, many feared that money raised from private funds would not be enough to cover repairs. At least 5,000 people were put into 80 temporary shelters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 4, 2021|title=Shaheen: Tropical cyclone batters Oman and Iran, killing 13|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58783992|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005213551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58783992|url-status=live}}</ref> Relief workers said that the clean-up operation in Batinah region could take months.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Oman assesses Cyclone Shaheen damage|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2021/10/05/cyclone-shaheen-clean-up-may-cost-oman-up-to-125-million/|url-status=live|author=Saleh Al Shaibany|date=October 4, 2021|access-date=October 6, 2021|website=The National|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007060822/https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2021/10/05/cyclone-shaheen-clean-up-may-cost-oman-up-to-125-million/}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Iran|India|Pakistan|Oman}}
*[[Weather of 2021]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2021]]
* [[List of Gujarat tropical cyclones]]
*[[Cyclone Gonu]]{{snd}}Strongest cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea which was the last cyclone to enter the [[Gulf of Oman]], prior to Shaheen
*[[Cyclone Yemyin]]{{snd}}Took a similar track, made landfall in India and Pakistan respectively
*[[Cyclone Vardah]]{{snd}}A cyclone that also crossed the [[Indian subcontinent]] and regenerated in the Arabian Sea
*[[Tropical Depression Wilma (2013)]]{{snd}}A long-lived system that cross over from the West Pacific into the Bay of Bengal and then the Arabian sea
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen}}
* Preliminary Report of [https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_0d0e4f_Preliminary%20Report%20GULAAB.pdf Cyclonic Storm Gulab] and [https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_c88fdf_Brief%20Report%20Cyclone%20Shaheen_updated.pdf Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen] IMD
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211002084707/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc2021/IO/IO032021/txt/trackfile.txt JTWC Best Track Data] of Tropical Cyclone 03B (Shaheen-Gulab)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211002084453/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc2021/IO/IO032021/ 03B.SHAHEEN-GULAB] from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

{{2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulab and Shaheen}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2021|Gulab-Shaheen]]
[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Iran]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Oman]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Yemen]]
[[Category:September 2021 in India]]
[[Category:September 2021 in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2021 in India]]
[[Category:October 2021 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 2021 in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:October 2021 in Iran]]

Parbatta Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T13:50:32Z

PorterStowell75: adding a data!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parbatta
| type = SLA
| map_image = 151-Parbatta constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Babulal Shorya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Sanjeev Kumar (politician, born 1979)|Dr. Sanjeev Kumar]], {{small| {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|151]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 317,609
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Parbatta Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Khagaria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 151 Parbatta Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Parbatta [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Ratan, Gogri, Jamalpur North, Jamalpur South, Rampur, Muskipur, Pasraha, Basudeopur, Itahari, Sherchakla, Paikant, Deotha, Gauchhari, Madarpur [[gram panchayat]]s and Gogri Jamalpur notofoed area of Gogri CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Parbatta Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

==Members of Legislative assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |title=Parbatta Assembly Election Results 2015 |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/parbatta.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Triveni Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Lakshmi Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|1964^
|S. C. Mishra
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Satish Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Jagdamb Prasad Mandal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Shivkant Mishra
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nayeem Akhtar
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Chandra Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Vidya Sagar Nishad
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|2004^
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|2014^
|rowspan=2|[[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Sanjeev Kumar (politician born 1979)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Babulal Shorya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Parbatta<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Parbatta">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04151.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Parbatta|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=15 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218045554/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04151.htm|archive-date=18 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Babulal Shorya]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|votes = {{formatnum:118677}}
|percentage = 55.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjeev Kumar (politician, born 1979)|Dr. Sanjeev Kumar]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:84638}}
|percentage = 39.36
|change = -1.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinay K Varun
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3196}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Naresh Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2224}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4543}}
|percentage = 2.11
|change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34039}}
|percentage = 15.82
|change = +15.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215055}}
|percentage = 67.71
|change = +7.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = JD(U)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Parbatta<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:77226}}
|percentage = 41.61
|change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Digambar Prasad Tiwary
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:76275}}
|percentage = 41.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aditya Kumar Shyour
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11576}}
|percentage = 6.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Priyadarshee Dinkar
|votes = {{formatnum:3596}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Babulal Shrma
|votes = {{formatnum:3393}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Navin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3298}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change = -11.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Angad Kumar Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2761}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1923}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = -2.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:951}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -16.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185576}}
|percentage = 60.24
|change = +1.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Partatta<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:76248}}
|percentage = 45.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramanuj Chaudhary
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:47324}}
|percentage = 27.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Suheli Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:23137}}
|percentage = 13.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Hareram Choudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:3439}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satish Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2572}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar Roushan
|votes = {{formatnum:2002}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aap Aur Hum Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1592}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5951}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28924}}
|percentage = 17.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169225}}
|percentage = 59.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014(by- election) <ref name="bypoll2014">{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2748-bye-election-result-2014-bihar-3-narkatiaganj-37-rajnagar-87-jale-118-chapra-123-hajipur-137-mohiuddinnagar-151-parbatta-156-bhagalpur-161-banka-204-mohania/
|website=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-election/bihar/parbatta/previous-result/
|website=Lokmat Times
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref> ===
{{Election box begin|
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:94374}}
|percentage = 63.54
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Suheli
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:37384}}
|percentage = 25.17
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hare Ram
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:4735}}
|percentage = 3.19
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1671}}
|percentage = 1.12
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:3095}}
|percentage = 2.08
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:56990}}
|percentage = 38.37
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148543}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party
}}

{{Election box end}}
=== 2010 ===
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: Parbatta<ref>{{cite web
|title=Statistical Report on Bihar Assembly Election 2010
|url=https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/biharelection/statistical%20report/statistical_report_2010/statistical_report.pdf
|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar
|page=348
|access-date=2026-04-16
}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:60428}}
|percentage = 42.81
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:59620}}
|percentage = 42.24
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naresh Prasad Badal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:10385}}
|percentage = 7.36
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satish Prasad Singh
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2796}}
|percentage = 1.98
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhash Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2210}}
|percentage = 1.57
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2108}}
|percentage = 1.49
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Mishra
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:1327}}
|percentage = 0.94
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhurub Kumar Sharma
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:1125}}
|percentage = 0.80
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Singh
|party = PSS
|votes = {{formatnum:635}}
|percentage = 0.45
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandan Kumar
|party = RPP
|votes = {{formatnum:528}}
|percentage = 0.37
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:808}}
|percentage = 0.57
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140949}}
|percentage = 59.06
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2005([[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October]]) ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2005 (October)]]: Parbatta<ref>{{cite web
|title=Statistical Report on Bihar Assembly Election 2005
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2026-04-16
|page=446
}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramanand Prasad Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:45684}}
|percentage=44.16%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:41539}}
|percentage=40.16%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Paramanand Choudhary
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4004}}
|percentage=3.87%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Choudhary
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2623}}
|percentage=2.53%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Mishra
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2540}}
|percentage=2.45%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prabhat Kumar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2354}}
|percentage=2.27%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Janardan Pandit
|party = ABJS
|votes = {{formatnum:1562}}
|percentage=1.51%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prem Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1055}}
|percentage=1.02%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:947}}
|percentage=0.92%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tej Bahadur Singh
|party = PTSS
|votes = {{formatnum:601}}
|percentage=0.58%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dhruv Kumar Sharma
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:527}}
|percentage=0.51%
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4145}}
|percentage = 4%
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:103436}}
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2005([[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Febraury]]) ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2005]]: Parbatta<ref>{{cite web
|title=Statistical Report on Bihar Assembly Election 2005
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2026-04-16
|page=487
}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramanand Prasad Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:47932}}
|percentage = 44.60%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:46,014}}
|percentage = 42.82%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sushil Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:3385}}
|percentage = 3.15%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prem Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2368}}
|percentage = 2.20%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Mishra
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:2071}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bullet Kumar Roy
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:1414}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Singh
|party = Rashtriya Samata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:1203}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Choudhary
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:836}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Yadav
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:701}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naresh Kumar Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:637}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishnadas Choudhary
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:483}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhi Nandan Kumar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = {{formatnum:407}}
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1918}}
|percentage = 1.78
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:107541}}
|percentage =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 By-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 elections in India|Bihar Assembly election, 2004]]: Parbatta<ref>{{Cite web |last=Election Commission of India |first= |title=BYE - ELECTION- April, 2004 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril2004/bye-ele-163%20Parbattal2004.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:54229}}
|percentage = 44.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rakesh Kumar]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:43095}}
|percentage = 35.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2000 ===
<ref>https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/</ref>{{Election box begin | title=[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election 2000]]: Parbatta}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate =Rakesh Kumar ([[Samrat Choudhary]])
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 48202
|percentage = 34.69
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Prasad Singh]]
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 35425
|percentage = 25.49
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Faizan Alam
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 21446
|percentage = 15.43
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagdeo Prasad Tiwary
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 14053
|percentage = 10.11
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parmanand Choudhary
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 8871
|percentage = 6.38
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sayadeo Mishra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 7168
|percentage = 5.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12,777}}
|percentage = 9.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1,38,962}}
|percentage = 75.79%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Muhamed Haneef

2026-04-15T03:41:23Z

PorterStowell75: starting a post

{{short description|Indian born doctor (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
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| honorific_prefix = Dr
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|09|29|df=y}}
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| known_for = Accused of terrorism, and subsequent detention
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| criminal_charges = [[Terrorism]], later acquitted.
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Muhamed Haneef''' (born 29 September 1979{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}) is an Indian-born doctor who was falsely<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/terror-accused-mohamed-haneef-returns-and-he-would-love-to-stay/news-story/3832f1517776a1b5fec98696c11551fe|title=Haneef returns and he would love to stay|date=21 November 2010|website=The Australian|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/mohamed-haneef-eager-to-return-after-substantial-payout/news-story/a5c9dba4a37a9689ac24d570ce27319e|title=Haneef eager to return after big payout|date=21 December 2010|website=The Australian|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/haneef-may-re-apply-for-gold-coast-job-20101222-194uz.html|title=Haneef may re-apply for Gold Coast job|last=Trenwith|first=Courtney|date=21 December 2010|website=Brisbane Times|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyadvertiser.com.au/story/909191/haneef-happy-to-be-back-in-australia/|title=Haneef happy to be back in Australia|last=Trenwith|first=Courtney|date=17 December 2010|website=The Daily Advertiser|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-22/haneef-heading-back-to-australia-for-talks/2345604|title=Haneef heading back to Australia for talks|last=Lyell|first=Kim|date=22 November 2010|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/please-explain-haneef-mystery-thickens-20080731-gdsocd.html|title=Please explain: Haneef mystery thickens|last=Narushima|first=Yuko|date=30 July 2008|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> accused of aiding [[terrorists]], and left Australia upon cancellation of his [[Visa (document)|visa]] amid great political controversy. His visa was later reinstated and he was given some compensation.

Haneef was arrested on 2 July 2007 at [[Brisbane Airport]], [[Brisbane]], Australia on suspicion of terror-related activities. He is the second cousin once removed of [[Kafeel Ahmed]] and [[Sabeel Ahmed]], the operatives in the 2007 [[Glasgow Airport attack]]. Haneef's ensuing detention became the longest without charge in recent Australian history, which caused great controversy in Australia and India.

Haneef was released when the [[Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia)|Director of Public Prosecutions]] withdrew its charge on 27 July 2007,<ref name="Haneef related to UK terror suspects"/><ref>{{cite news|title = Haneef lawyers appeal detention |work = BBC News |date = 18 July 2007|url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6904040.stm}}</ref> whereby his passport was returned and he departed Australia voluntarily on 29 July 2007. Haneef's visa cancellation was overturned by the [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] on 21 August 2007, with the decision being reiterated by the full bench of the court on 21 December 2007, resulting in Haneef having his Australian visa returned.<ref name="AGE_Wins">{{cite news |title=Haneef wins visa back |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/haneef-wins-visa-back/2007/12/21/1198175297229.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=21 December 2007 |accessdate=2007-12-21 | location=Melbourne |first=Christine |last=Kellett}}</ref><ref name=Visa_returned_to_Mohamed_Haneef>{{cite news|first=Nicole|last=Butler|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2007/s2125844.htm|work=PM|publisher=ABC Radio|title=Visa returned to Mohamed Haneef|date=21 December 2007}}</ref>

In December 2010, Haneef returned to Australia to seek damages for loss of income, interruption of his professional work, and emotional distress. He was awarded compensation from the Australian government. The amount of compensation awarded was not disclosed, but was described by sources as "substantial".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haneef-to-get-1m-payout-from-Oz-govt-for-false-terror-tag/articleshow/7141905.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065129/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/india/28222172_1_mohammed-haneef-work-visa-peter-russo|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Haneef to get $1m payout from Oz govt for false terror tag|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>

== Life in India ==
Raised a Muslim, Haneef is from [[Mudigere]], in the coffee-rich [[Chikkamagaluru district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]] in India, where his late father, Shami Khaleel, was a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-07-21/haneef-predicament-every-muslims-fear/2509020|title=Haneef predicament 'every Muslim's fear'|date=21 July 2007|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> Haneef's father died in a road accident when he was 18.<ref name="Haneef related to UK terror suspects">{{cite news|title=Haneef related to UK terror suspects |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=7 July 2007 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/06/1971334.htm?section=justin |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206151722/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/06/1971334.htm?section=justin |archivedate=6 December 2007 }}</ref> Shortly after this Haneef moved with his family to Bangalore, and completed his pre-university certification course at [[SDM College, Ujire|SDM College]] in [[Ujire]] in the neighbouring district of [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref name="'Haneef was quiet but academically brilliant'
">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haneef-was-quiet-but-academically-brilliant/articleshow/2170406.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022235532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-03/india/27973686_1_mohammed-haneef-indian-connection-urdu-school|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Haneef was quiet but academically brilliant|date=3 July 2007}}</ref> He subsequently studied medicine at the [[Tripura Medical College & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital]] from 1997 to 2002, achieving a first-class degree.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

== Life in Australia ==
Haneef worked at [[Warrington & Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust|Halton Hospital]] in [[Runcorn]] [[Cheshire]], before applying for a job in Australia under that country's temporary skilled worker scheme, after reading an advertisement in the March 2006 issue of the ''[[British Medical Journal]]''. In Australia, he worked as a [[Specialty registrar|registrar]] at the [[Gold Coast Hospital]] from September 2006, and lived in an apartment several blocks from the hospital.<ref name="Who are the car bomb suspects?">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6264230.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Who are the car bomb suspects?|date=4 July 2007}}</ref>

=== Arrest ===
{{further|2007 UK terrorist incidents|Glasgow Airport attack}}
Haneef was arrested on 2 July 2007 at Brisbane Airport, Brisbane, Australia for suspected terror-related activities, specifically in connection to the attack at [[Glasgow Airport]] in the UK, a few days earlier.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} He was about to board an international flight. He was the first person arrested and detained under the [[Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005|2005 Australian Anti-Terrorism Act]] and the first to have his detention extended under the Act, being detained for twelve days without being charged with a crime.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[Mick Keelty]], the [[Australian Federal Police]] Commissioner, acknowledged that Haneef "may have done nothing wrong and may at the end of the day be free to go."<ref name="Al-Qaeda 'hinted at alleged doctor attacks'">{{cite news|url=http://optuszoo.news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=276635&rss=yes&_cobr=optus |publisher=NineMSN |title=Al-Qaeda 'hinted at alleged doctor attacks' |date=4 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207101234/http://optuszoo.news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=276635&rss=yes&_cobr=optus |archivedate=7 December 2008}}</ref>

=== Investigation, allegations, and responses ===

==== The one-way ticket ====
At the time of his arrest, Haneef was attempting to make a one-way trip to India. This led authorities to believe Haneef's attempted exit from Australia on 2 July was directly linked to the arrest of his cousin Kafeel Ahmed, who suffered 90% burns after the [[Glasgow Airport attack]] on 30 June.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} They discounted the possibility that Haneef was returning to see his six-day-old daughter, who had [[neonatal jaundice]], and wife who had given birth to her first child by emergency [[caesarean section]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Following his arrest, Haneef's family claimed that any link between him and the terrorists is only tenuous, and a case of guilt by association, that he was not involved in the plot, and that he was returning to India to see his wife and daughter.<ref name="Doctor's family explains plane ticket, SIM card">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/doctors-family-explains-movements/2007/07/04/1183351299659.html?page=fullpage |newspaper=The Age|title=Doctor's family explains plane ticket, SIM card|date=5 July 2007 | location=Melbourne|first=Amrit|last=Dhillon}}</ref> Haneef's father-in-law said the doctor wanted to take his wife and daughter back to Australia after getting the infant a passport, and so travelled without a return ticket.<ref name="SIM card to blame for Haneef arrest: family">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/04/1970151.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231061117/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/04/1970151.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2012|publisher=ABC News|title=SIM card to blame for Haneef arrest: family|date=4 July 2007}}</ref>

The AFP claimed in a court [[affidavit]] that Haneef, "had no explanation as to why he did not have a return ticket" from India to Australia. While the police affidavit stated Haneef "had no explanation" about his one-way ticket, the record of interview shows that he gave a detailed explanation to police while answering questions. Haneef told police that, as he did not have funds in his Australian bank account, his father-in-law had booked and paid for the one-way ticket with an understanding that "when I go there we can arrange for the coming back ticket. Because I just got 7 days' leave approved".<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22101959-2,00.html |title=Dossier 'inconsistent' with police interview |work=News.com.au |author=Hedley Thomas |date=20 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27 |archive-date=23 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923164033/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22101959-2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== The SIM card ====
Australian authorities alleged that as Haneef left Britain he recklessly provided assistance to a terrorist organisation by leaving his relative, Sabeel Ahmed, a [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] card and the balance of a two-year mobile phone contract to use and pay off when he left Britain in July 2006.<ref name="Haneef charged">{{cite news|url=http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138420&region=7|publisher=[[World News Australia]]|title=Haneef charged|date=14 July 2007|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231153850/http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138420&region=7|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Haneef charged for offering SIM card">{{cite news|url=http://www.thewest.com.au/aapstory.aspx?StoryName=399987|publisher=TheWest.com.au|title=Haneef charged for offering SIM card|date=14 July 2007|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013156/http://www.thewest.com.au/aapstory.aspx?StoryName=399987|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Relatives said that he left the SIM card behind to save money by not surrendering the remaining value of the contract to the telephone company.<ref name="Haneef charged for offering SIM card" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/07/04/1183351299659.html|publisher=[[World News Australia]]|title=Haneef charged|date=14 July 2007 | location=Melbourne|first=Amrit|last=Dhillon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/07/04/1183351299659.html |title=Doctor's family explains plane ticket, SIM card | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | date=5 July 2007 | first=Amrit | last=Dhillon}}</ref> The prosecutor claimed the SIM card was found inside the vehicle used in the Glasgow attack. This allegation, central to the case, proved to be false and investigating British police officers concluded that the case was driven by politics rather than policing.<ref name="Haneef case descends into farce">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneef-case-descends-into-farce/2007/07/20/1184560040251.html|author=Craig Skehan, Julia May and Amrit Dhillon|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Haneef case descends into farce|date=21 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Haneef court information incorrect, source says">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2007/s1983454.htm
|author=Raphael Epstein|work=AM (ABC Radio)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|title=Haneef court information incorrect, source says|date=20 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Doubt cast on case against Haneef">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/20/1983448.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002059/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/20/1983448.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2007|work=ABC Online News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|title=Doubt cast on case against Haneef|date=20 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Haneef SIM not in jeep: report">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22104032-601,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913050352/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22104032-601,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2007 |work=The Australian |title=Haneef SIM not in jeep: report |date=20 July 2007 }}</ref><ref name="SMH Haneef's SIM not in Jeep: report">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneefs-sim-not-in-jeep-report/2007/07/20/1184559994520.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Haneef's SIM not in Jeep: report|date=20 July 2007}}</ref>
Mick Keelty revealed that [[Scotland Yard]] had initially told Australian Federal Police investigators that the SIM card was found in the jeep confirming that the conduit for the SIM card error was the Australian Federal Police, contrary to Keelty's previous denials.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,22185126-28737,00.html?from=public_rss |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215214618/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,22185126-28737,00.html?from=public_rss |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2012 |title=Police chief on the back foot |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=4 August 2007 |access-date=2008-10-27 |first=Sally |last=Neighbour }}</ref> A review by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), [[Damian Bugg]], revealed the allegations connected to the SIM card use were an "error of fact".<ref name="Age Haneef investigation flawed">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/haneef-investigation-flawed/2007/10/12/1191696163122.html|work=The Age|title=Haneef investigation 'flawed'|date=12 October 2007 | location=Melbourne}}</ref>

==== The shared flat ====
The AFP claimed in a court affidavit that Haneef told police in his first interview that he lived in Britain with the two terrorism suspects, his cousins: "On 2 July and 3 July 2007 Dr Haneef participated in a taped record of interview with the AFP and stated the following: Whilst in the UK he resided with suspects 1 and 2 (alleged suicide bomber Kafeel Ahmed and his brother Sabeel Ahmed), at 13 Bentley Road, Liverpool."{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

In subsequent Immigration Department documents used to advise Australian Immigration Minister [[Kevin Andrews (Australian politician)|Kevin Andrews]], senior public servant Peter White asserted: "Dr Haneef advised the AFP that he resided with Dr Sabeel Ahmed at a boarding house located at 13 Bentley Road, Liverpool, UK."<ref name=autogenerated2 /> This error was not corrected by the [[Australian Federal Police|AFP]], and revealed by [[Hedley Thomas]] on 20 July in ''[[The Australian]]''.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==== The diary ====

There was confusion with the handling of evidence, with Australian police presenting their own notes to Haneef under the impression that they were diary entries written by Haneef.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mohamed Haneef and Adam Simms|title=Taped Record of Interview Between Detective Sergeant Adam Simms and Mohamed Haneef: Q1363-1365 page 118;Q1375-1378 page 119;Q1395-1403 page 121|date=3 July 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/nic/0058/haneef.pdf|accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> This led to inaccurate claims that the police had written in the diary itself<ref name="Police wrote in Haneef diary">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22117157-601,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809111708/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22117157-601,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2007 |work=The Australian |title=Police wrote in Haneef diary |author=Hedley Thomas and Andrew Fraser |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=22 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Haneef diary under the microscope">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22118165-601,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831185517/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22118165-601,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2007 |work=The Australian |title=Haneef diary under the microscope |agency=Australian Associated Press |date=23 July 2007 |access-date=23 July 2007}}</ref> but it was confirmed that the police notes were not written in Haneef's diary.<ref name="Diary notes are mine, not by cops: Haneef">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Diary_notes_are_mine_not_by_cops_Haneef/articleshow/2228432.cms|work=The Times of India|publisher=Times Internet Limited|title=Diary notes are mine, not by cops: Haneef|author=N D Shiva Kumar & Prashanth G N|date=24 July 2007}}</ref>

==== Other allegations ====

Unsubstantiated media reports claim that Muhamed Haneef was in frequent and extensive contact with two men at the centre of Britain's car-bomb plot on the eve of their failed terror attacks. The online communication between Haneef and the bomb plotters was (supposedly) prolific and that authorities had (supposedly) gathered significantly more evidence against him than that has been disclosed publicly.

There are claims that computer records obtained by authorities reveal that Haneef remained in close contact with both Kafeel and his brother Sabeel until the failed bombings on 29 June.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22085312-5006786,00.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121215172026/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22085312-5006786,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 December 2012 |title= New online link to plotters |accessdate= 26 December 2008 |last= Stewart |first= Cameron |date= 17 July 2007 |work= [[The Australian]] }}</ref> Haneef's colleagues at Gold Coast Hospital said Haneef "had made no mention of his planned personal trip to India, and had commented often about how well it worked to have his family living in India while he was working in [[Queensland]]"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/haneef-was-in-frequent-contact-with-uk-terror-suspects/articleshow/2209175.cms |title=Haneef was in frequent contact with UK terror suspects |newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref>

Australian police alleged a link between Haneef and [[Bilal Abdullah]], the owner and occupant of the Jeep used in the attack, by claiming Haneef admitted knowing a person named "Bilal" but refused to provide further information on him. In fact Haneef had actually stated he knew a "Bilab" and freely gave information about this person.<ref name="Aust Police Charge Indian Doctor">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6778686,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian|title=Haneef Aust Police Charge Indian Doctor |date=14 July 2007 |location=London }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120918215959/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,23887711-2702,00.html?from=public_rss Police 'withheld facts' on Mohamed Haneef] [[The Australian]] 19 June 2008</ref>

Australian intelligence authorities were reportedly probing a report in the Indian newspaper ''[[The Asian Age]]'' that alleged Haneef supposedly belonged to the now banned [[Student Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI) when he was at medical school. Haneef's lawyer [[Peter Russo (politician)|Peter Russo]] said he asked his client about the claim: "His response to it was it's simply not true", Mr Russo told ABC Radio.<ref>[http://www.gcbulletin.com.au/article/2007/07/06/6165_news.html Internet Archive Wayback Machine]{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul182007/national2007071813567.asp?section=updatenews |title=Deccan Herald - Haneef denies reports he was connected with SIMI |work=Deccan Herald|accessdate=2008-10-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131012/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul182007/national2007071813567.asp?section=updatenews |archivedate = 29 September 2007}}</ref>

Australia reportedly sought details from India of personal information such as banking transactions related to Haneef. The request came after Indian authorities declined to comply with a request for "friendly sharing of information" made by a representative of the Australian Federal Police during a visit there in late September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14494466&vsv=SHGTslot2 |title=Australia seeks details about Haneef |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=2008-10-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930215908/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14494466&vsv=SHGTslot2 |archivedate=30 September 2007 }}</ref>

On Sunday, 22 July, some News Limited papers<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22112617-5006301,00.html |title=AdelaideNow... Gold Coast terror plot |work=News.com.au |author=Paula Doneman |date=22 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822160020/http://www.news.com.au:80/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,22112617-5006301,00.html |archivedate=22 August 2007}}</ref> reported unsubstantiated claims from unnamed law enforcement sources that the AFP was investigating Haneef's alleged involvement in a plot to blow up a Gold Coast skyscraper. The reports also alleged that Haneef may have been one of a number of people who had expressed interest in the operations of planes at premises in Queensland. The Australian Federal Police commissioner [[Mick Keelty]] was forced to take the extraordinary step of publicly denying any substance to these claims.

=== Detention conditions ===
On 22 July, the Queensland government revealed that Haneef would be treated "as a terrorist" while detained in jail and subject to special conditions, including solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Queensland Police and Corrective Services Minister [[Judy Spence]] said the conditions of his detention included no contact with other inmates, meaning Haneef would be alone in a cell for all but one hour a day, when he would be allowed to exercise.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

"Anyone who is charged under terrorist legislation is obviously seen as a greater threat to the good order of our society than other types of prisoners," she said.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=145&ContentID=34797 |title=I would fail character test: Haneef judge : thewest.com.au |publisher=Thewest.com.au |date=18 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014621/http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=145&ContentID=34797 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Haneef was believed to have been moved from the Brisbane watchhouse to a nearby remand centre on the morning of 18 July. Just after 9:30 a.m. an armoured [[police van]] left the Brisbane City Watchhouse with a prisoner inside. The man was hunched over, hiding his face between his knees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22094004-5005961,00.html |title=Haneef moved from watchhouse to jail | Herald Sun |work=News.com.au |date=18 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

Haneef's wife Firdous Arshiya spoke of her relief at finally being able to speak to him by phone eleven days after he was arrested.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120326013900/http://www.gcbulletin.com.au/article/2007/07/13/6295_news.html Internet Archive Wayback Machine]</ref> Australia also revoked the visa of Firdous Arshiya; they did not provide a reason for the cancellation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Haneef_wifes_visa_cancelled_says_family/articleshow/2213483.cms |title=Haneef wife's visa cancelled, says family- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date= 18 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>

=== Charge ===
Australian authorities charged Haneef under Section 102.7(2) of the Criminal Code Act 1995. An offence under this section of the Act carries a maximum penalty of 15 years in prison. The basis of the charge was the allegation that he had intentionally provided support to an organisation, deemed to be a terrorist organisation under the terms of the act, whilst being reckless as to whether it was a terrorist organisation. The allegation centered on the gift of his own [[Subscriber Identity Module|SIM]] card to his cousin, [[Sabeel Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/07/04/1183351299659.html |title=Doctor's family explains plane ticket, SIM card - National |work=The Age |date= 5 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27 | location=Melbourne |first=Amrit |last=Dhillon}}</ref>

Haneef's links with his cousins were cited by police as a key factor in their case, and a Commonwealth prosecutor told magistrate Jacqui Payne:<ref name=autogenerated2 />

<blockquote><poem>
Dr Haneef lived with these people.
He may have worked with these people.
He associated with these people.
He is their second cousin.
</poem></blockquote>

=== Granting of bail ===
Haneef was ordered to be freed on a relatively modest, $10,000 surety on 16 July 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22081609-5001028,00.html |title=Doctor on terror charges granted bail | The Daily Telegraph |work=News.com.au |date=16 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> after the public prosecutor failed to convince the magistrate that the doctor should be remanded in custody. His barrister, [[Stephen Keim]], SC, argued for the Indian national to be released on bail and said the case against Haneef was "extremely weak".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22081609-29277,00.html |title=Doctor on terror charges granted bail|work=News.com.au |agency=Australian Associated Press |date=16 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The matter was due to be heard again on 31 August 2007. After the decision by Immigration Minister [[Kevin Andrews (Australian politician)|Kevin Andrews]] to cancel his work visa, Haneef chose not to post bail, opting instead to remain in police custody until his appeal against the visa cancellation decision could be heard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22088258-1702,00.html |title=Haneef's lawyers delay posting bail |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=17 July 2007 |access-date=2008-10-27 }}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Cancellation of visa by government ===
Immigration Minister Kevin Andrews announced that Haneef's visa had been cancelled immediately on "character grounds" and, if released on bail, he would be taken into immigration detention. Mr Andrews said that the Australian Federal Police would issue a "criminal justice certificate", the effect of would be that Haneef will remain in immigration detention while legal proceedings are afoot. Mr Andrews said he had revoked Haneef's [[457 visa|457 temporary skills visa]] on character grounds, because he "reasonably suspected" that Haneef had an association with people involved in terrorism. He further said "I'm satisfied the cancellation is in the national interest. I have a responsibility and a duty as minister under the Act to turn my mind to the question of whether Haneef passes the character test.",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22086630-29277,00.html |title=Andrews defends Haneef visa decision | National Breaking News |work=News.com.au |agency=Australian Associated Press |date=17 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://canberra.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?class=news&subclass=general&story_id=1022579&category=general |title=The Canberra Times - Canberra news, classifieds and community |publisher=Canberra.yourguide.com.au |accessdate=2008-10-27 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Haneef detention a great injustice">{{cite news|url=http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/news/audio/pm/200707/20070716-pm02-haneefcourt.mp3 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |title=Haneef detention 'a great injustice' |date=16 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911063234/http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/news/audio/pm/200707/20070716-pm02-haneefcourt.mp3 |archivedate=11 September 2008 }}</ref> This decision was criticised by the head of the [[Australian Bar Association]], [[Stephen Estcourt]] who said "He can't do that"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneef-free-on-10000-bail/2007/07/16/1184438190629.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Haneef detained after bail win | date=16 July 2007}}</ref>

The decision to revoke Haneef's visa was given in principle support by the Shadow Minister of Immigration, [[Tony Burke]]<ref name="burke-support">{{cite news|url=https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/Making-new-friends-and-keeping-the-old-in-View-from-the-Arch|work=businessnews.com.au|title=Making new friends and keeping the old in View from the Arch|date=20 July 2007|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

On 31 July, Mr Andrews claimed to have canceled Haneef's visa based in part on an online chat that Haneef had with his brother prior to attempting to leave Australia.<ref name="andrews-reveals">{{cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/andrews-reveals-haneef-details/2007/07/31/1185647893695.html
|work=The Age

|title=Andrews reveals Haneef details
|date=31 July 2007
| location=Melbourne
|first=Kylie
|last=Northover}}</ref>

=== Appeal to Federal Court against visa cancellation ===
Haneef's legal team lodged an appeal against this decision with the Federal Court. In the preliminary hearing, Justice Spender described as "absolutely astounding" the government's argument that mere association with a suspected criminal means a non-citizen fails the character test for the purposes of his visa,<ref name="The bumpy road to justice of a non-citizen doctor">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/the-bumpy-road-to-justice-of-a-noncitizen-doctor/2007/07/18/1184559867200.html?page=fullpage|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=The bumpy road to justice of a non-citizen doctor|date=19 July 2007}}</ref> stating that even he could not pass the character test as he had represented murderers in the past: "Unfortunately, I would fail the character test on your statement because I have been associated with persons suspected of criminal conduct," adding
"Suppose he had a cup of coffee with them 12 months ago, is that all association means?"
the counsel representing the government, agreed, that would be enough for Justice Spender to fail the test, if he were a foreign citizen working in Australia on a visa.<ref name=autogenerated4 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s1981965.htm |title=The 7.30 Report - ABC |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |author=Reporter: Matt Peacock |date=18 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>

Justice Spender was also sceptical of the timing of the minister's decision, just hours after Magistrate Jacqui Payne granted Haneef bail.
He said it was "curious" the minister had not decided to cancel the visa earlier, adding "There is room for the view that this was an act of circumventing the inconvenience of having him on bail".<ref name=autogenerated4 />

=== Leakage of interview transcript ===
On 18 July 2007, Haneef's barrister [[Stephen Keim]] confirmed that he had leaked a transcript of Haneef's initial interview with the AFP to the media in order to counter what he described as a campaign of damaging leaks by law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/national/pm-condemns-leak/2007/07/18/1184559843421.html |title=Lawyer admits leak - National |work=Brisbane Times |date=18 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> The transcript, now [[mirror website|mirrored]] on the Internet,<ref name="Transcript of Australian Police interrogation of Dr. Mohammed Haneef">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/nic/0058/haneef.htm|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group Publications|title=Transcript of Australian Police interrogation of Dr. Mohammed Haneef|date=18 July 2007|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> was published on the website of ''[[The Australian]]'' newspaper then removed.<ref name="Haneef interview: full transcript">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22093906-601,00.html |work=The Australian |title=Haneef interview: full transcript |date=18 July 2007 }}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Transcript Shows Doctor Cooperated With Australian Investigators">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/19/world/asia/19australia.html|work=The New York Times|author=Raymond Bonner|title=Transcript Shows Doctor Cooperated With Australian Investigators|date=19 July 2007}}</ref> Australia's Attorney-General, [[Philip Ruddock]], claimed that to ensure a fair trial Haneef might have been forced to spend more time in detention as a result of the leaked transcript,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s1981965.htm|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group Publications|title=Transcript of Australian Police interrogation of Dr. Mohammed Haneef|date=18 July 2007}}</ref> Haneef's lawyers subsequently released the transcript from his second interview to the media.<ref name="Haneef tape released">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneef-tape-released/2007/08/22/1187462317276.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Haneef tape released|date=22 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mohamed Haneef, Adam Simms and Neil Thompson|title=Transcript of Electronic Interview|date=13 July 2007|url=http://www.smh.com.au/pdf/haneef2_transcript.pdf|accessdate=2007-08-22}}</ref>

=== Reaction of Government of India ===
Meanwhile, in India, the [[List of Australian High Commissioners to India|Australian High Commissioner]], [[John McCarthy (ambassador born 1942)|John McCarthy]] was summoned to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], and told of India's concern over the way Haneef was being treated. This came after Haneef's wife complained to the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The Ministry of External Affairs spokesman [[Navtej Sarna]] said, "The ministry expressed its concern to the [[Australian government]] that Dr Mohammed Haneef should be treated fairly and justly under [[Australian law]]".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043712/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=18632a6f-d9b2-4538-a6f8-47f66d33c89aindiandocsinukterrorplot_Special&&Headline=Dr+Haneef+gets+bail+but+loses+visa Haneef gets bail, loses visa]</ref><ref name="samachar.com">[http://www.samachar.com/showurl.php?rurl=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/haneef-in-extensive-contact-with-uk-suspects/45064-2.html?xml&news=`Haneef%20in%20extensive%20contact%20with%20UK%20suspects`&pubDate=Tue%2C+17+Jul+2007+10%3A02%3A28++0100&keyword=ibn_home]{{Dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The Indian high commission in [[Canberra]] helped Haneef's family arrange legal assistance.
India twice sought consular access to Dr Haneef.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/news/article_1332540.php/India_presses_Australia_for_consular_access_to_detained_doctor |title=India presses Australia for consular access to detained doctor |access-date=20 July 2007 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914020628/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/news/article_1332540.php/India_presses_Australia_for_consular_access_to_detained_doctor |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A minister of the Indian Government, [[E. Ahamed]], met Haneef's family in Bangalore. Haneef's wife told him "India should put more pressure on Australia"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/20/stories/2007072060241600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918140810/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/20/stories/2007072060241600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2007 |title=India should put more pressure on Australia |date=20 July 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-27 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The prime minister of India was quoted as saying that he could not sleep the whole night owing to Haneef's arrest.

=== Criticism of prosecution case and government actions ===
Commonwealth prosecutor Clive Porritt had claimed that the SIM card was lent by Haneef to Sabeel Ahmed and was then passed to Khalid Ahmed before it was found in the wreckage of the Jeep Cherokee used in the Glasgow attack. It was subsequently reported by ''The Australian'' newspaper and ABC's AM program that the veracity of these claims are questionable, and that the SIM card was found in Liverpool at Sabeel Ahmed's residence.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/just-an-ordinary-life/2007/07/20/1184560040326.html
|author=David Marr
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald

|title=Just an ordinary life
|date=21 July 2007}}</ref>
The handling of the case by the [[Australian Federal Police]] (AFP) and the [[Department of Public Prosecutions]] (DPP) has been criticised by Victorian Supreme Court Judge (then criminal lawyer) [[Lex Lasry]], and former chairman of the National Crime Commission, [[Peter Faris]]. These claims were disputed by Federal Police Commissioner, [[Mick Keelty]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22105242-5005961,00.html
|title=Keelty defends handling of Haneef case
|date=21 July 2007}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

The Federal Labor party resisted offering criticism of the Government's handling of the issue and on several occasions offered the Government in principle support for [[Kevin Andrews (Australian politician)|Kevin Andrews]]' decision to cancel Haneef's visa. This contrasted with statements issued by The Greens which were strongly critical of the Government's actions. Federal Labor's failure to criticise the Government was widely seen as an attempt by its leadership to avoid a political wedge issue in the lead up to the [[2007 Australian federal election|late-2007 federal election]].

Queensland Premier [[Peter Beattie]] criticised the Federal government over the handling of the case and called for an explanation. He was reported in ''The Australian'' newspaper<ref name="Call for Ruddock to explain case">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22108416-601,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831192732/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au:80/story/0,25197,22108416-601,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 August 2007 |author=Hedley Thomas and Mark Dodd |work=The Australian |title=Call for Ruddock to explain case |date=21 July 2007 }}</ref> to have said:

<blockquote>"I'm deeply concerned about where we are," Mr Beattie said. "If they have stuffed this up, they should come clean. There are now too many questions and it's just looking sloppy."
</blockquote>

[[Bill Hayden]], former [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]], also criticised the government's handling of the case, which he described as "frightening and appalling", and especially the cancellation of Haneef's visa by immigration minister Kevin Andrews, which Hayden described as "arbitrary".<ref name="Frightening and appalling: Hayden">{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/frightening-and-appalling-hayden/2007/07/20/1184560040290.html
|author=Leonie Wood
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald

|title=Frightening and appalling: Hayden
|date=21 July 2007}}</ref>

=== Freedom ===

==== Dropping of charge by Director of Public Prosecutions ====
On 27 July, all charges against Haneef were dropped before Magistrate Wendy Cull in the Brisbane Magistrates Court. Prosecutor A.J. McSporran said that there would be "no reasonable prospect of a conviction of Haneef being secured." He told the court that prosecutors had made two mistakes at a bail hearing on 14 July.

One was their claim that Haneef's SIM card had been found in a burning jeep at Glasgow Airport when, in fact, it had been found in the possession of the brother of a terrorism suspect in Liverpool. The second error was their accusation that Haneef had once lived with some of the UK bombing suspects, when in fact he had not.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/general/haneef-to-get-visa-back/2007/07/27/1185339230498.html |title=Haneef released as charges dropped - National - smh.com.au |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date= 27 July 2007|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> The [[Australian Labor Party]] called for an external review of the handling of the Haneef case by the Office of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions.

==== Commonwealth Solicitor General's review of visa cancellation ====
On 27 July 2007 following the abandonment of the case by the Director of Public Prosecutions, the Minister held a press conference to announce that he had requested that the [[Solicitor-General of Australia|Commonwealth Solicitor General]] provide him with advice about whether his decision to cancel Haneef's visa should be reviewed, given the collapse of the prosecution's case. Pending the receipt of that advice, Minister [[Kevin Andrews (Australian politician)|Kevin Andrews]] made a Residence Determination under s197AB of the [[Migration Act 1958]] to allow Haneef to be detained in the community, although with some restrictions on his movements and a requirement to report to authorities daily.<ref name="haneef-to-get-visa-back">{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/general/haneef-to-get-visa-back/2007/07/27/1185339230498.html
|title=Haneef released as charges dropped
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald

| date=27 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Terrorism charge dropped">{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/general/terrorism-charge-dropped/2007/07/27/1185339230498.html
|author= Cosima Marriner
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald

|title=Terrorism charge dropped
|date=27 July 2007}}</ref>

On 28 July, the Minister announced that the Solicitor-General had completed his review of the Minister's decision and formed the conclusion that Haneef's appeal will fail. As a result, the Minister has declined to reverse his decision and reaffirmed the intention of the Commonwealth to resist the appeal in the Federal Court.<ref name="Haneef to leave tonight">{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneef-to-leave-tonight/2007/07/28/1185339299138.html?page=fullpage

|title=Haneef to leave tonight
|date=28 July 2007}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070829040158/http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2007/ka07064.htm Statement - Dr Haneef]</ref>

On 31 July 2007, Kevin Andrews released further details of the review by the solicitor general which, he claimed, affirmed the minister's decision to revoke Haneef's visa.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/pdf/haneefpdf.pdf |title=Dr. Haneef - Advice from Solicitor General |publisher=Hon Kevin Andrews MP |accessdate=2008-12-03 |archive-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422224912/http://www.smh.com.au/pdf/haneefpdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Partial response by Haneef to Minister's claims ====
Haneef was quoted, in a British media report, as stating that the remark "nothing has been found about you" was in relation to a BBC report about the Glasgow and London incidents.<ref name="haneef-responds">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070021069 |title=NDTV.com: Haneef contests Aus govt's claim |publisher=Ndtv.com |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>

==== Calls for a formal apology ====
The then [[Premier of Queensland]], [[Peter Beattie]], on 30 July, said that Haneef had been treated "appallingly". "Kevin Andrews should be the subject of an inquiry, and the handling of the whole issue should be subject to a total reassessment," Mr Beattie said.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Mr Beattie said if any inquiry went ahead and found there was nothing to hold against Haneef, he should be given a formal apology.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

<blockquote>You do not put someone in detention for this period of time then not pursue the matter against him in the courts without some sort of ... acknowledgement that a mistake was made, That's the least that we could do.<ref name="Andrews suspicious">{{Cite news |url=http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138778&region=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830113241/http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138778&region=7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-30 |title=SBS - WORLD NEWS AUSTRALIA |date=2007-08-30 |access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Clearing of name ====

On 30 August 2008, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported that the Australian Federal Police had finally confirmed they have cleared Haneef as a suspect in the Glasgow attack.

<blockquote>In a short statement released to the media yesterday afternoon, the AFP confirmed it had informed Haneef's solicitor, Rod Hodgson, the federal Attorney-General, [[Robert McClelland (Australian politician)|Robert McClelland]], and the Home Affairs Minister, [[Bob Debus]], that Haneef was "no longer a person of interest".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Haneef cleared at last back|date=30 August 2008}}</ref></blockquote>

Rod Hodgson from [[Maurice Blackburn (law firm)|Maurice Blackburn]] Lawyers, Haneef's lawyer said that Haneef was "extremely happy" but made no indication if Haneef would return to Australia.

== Return to India ==
Haneef's passport was returned to him, but his work visa was not returned. Within hours Haneef boarded a flight home to India. Immigration authorities prevented him holding a press conference prior to his departure.<ref name="Haneef to fly home tonight">{{cite news
|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/28/1990912.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231052215/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/28/1990912.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=31 December 2012
|work=ABC Online News
|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
|title=Haneef to fly home tonight
|date=28 July 2007}}</ref> The ''[[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]'' program broadcast an interview with him conducted before he left the country, on 29 July.<ref name="200000-tell-all">{{cite news
|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/200000-to-tell-all-just-for-starters/2007/07/28/1185339327056.html
|title=$200,000 to tell all, just for starters
|work=The Sydney Morning Herald

|date=29 July 2007
}}</ref>

Peter Russo explained Haneef's decision to return home immediately as being motivated by a desire to see his family, in particular, his sick mother.<ref name="sick-mother">{{cite news
|url=http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/28/1990871.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124054852/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/28/1990871.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 November 2007
|title=Haneef wants to leave Australia
|work=ABC Online News
|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
|date=28 July 2007}}</ref>

On 28 July, the Immigration Minister stated:<ref name="haneef-leaves-Australia">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,22150053-5005361,00.html |title=Haneef leaves Australia |work=Perth Now |date=28 July 2007 }}</ref>

<blockquote>After taking advice, including from the Australian Federal Police, I have indicated that the Commonwealth has no objection to Haneef leaving Australia. Indeed the effect of the visa cancellation is that he should remove himself, he should depart Australia in any event,</blockquote>

A day later, Minister Kevin Andrews used the fact that Haneef had acted in accordance with his own advice as evidence that "heightens, rather than lessens" his suspicions about the correctness of his own as yet unpublished assessment of Haneef's alleged bad character.<ref name="andrews-suspicions-heigtened">{{cite news
|url=http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/29/1991063.htm?section=australia
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206121932/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/29/1991063.htm?section=australia
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=6 December 2007
|title=Haneef pressure mounts on Andrews
|work=ABC Online News
|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation
|date=29 July 2007}}</ref>

=== Job kept open ===
There were mounting calls in Australia for the doctor to be allowed back to work, and the Gold Coast Hospital where he was working has said Haneef's job is waiting for him if he regains the visa.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138765&region=2 |title=SBS - Special Broadcasting Service |publisher=Worldnewsaustralia.com.au |accessdate=2008-10-27 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231021147/http://www.worldnewsaustralia.com.au/region.php?id=138765&region=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haneef has not returned to this job, choosing to pursue a career in Dubai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haneef-takes-up-career-in-Dubai/articleshow/3423958.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022235538/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-30/india/27919144_1_haneef-australian-court-uk-police|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Haneef takes up career in Dubai | date=30 August 2008}}</ref>

=== Family reactions ===
Haneef's family celebrated his release. "We've always known that he was innocent and now everyone else knows it too," Haneef's sister, Sumayya said. "It's been a year since we've last seen him and this last month has been so traumatic for us. We're all waiting to finally meet him. My brother has suffered so much this past month."<ref name=autogenerated3 />

== Court case and return of visa ==

While in India, Haneef applied to have his visa reinstated through judicial review. The matter was held before Justice Spender, who on 20 August 2007 quashed Andrews' decision to cancel the visa. Spender ruled that the term "association" should not include mere social, family or professional relationships.

The government unsuccessfully appealed against the decision.<ref>{{cite news|first=Christine|last=Kellett|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/haneef-gets-visa-back/2007/12/21/1198175297213.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Haneef gets visa back|date=21 December 2007}}</ref> After the verdict Haneef's visa was returned to him and the Gold Coast Medical Association and the Queensland Premier announced he is eligible to re-register with the medical board to practise in Queensland.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

== Evidence of John Howard's involvement ==
During the 2008 inquiry into the Haneef affair, documents revealed that former Prime Minister [[John Howard]] became involved in the case within 48 hours of Haneef's arrest. Lawyers in the case have suggested that the early involvement of the Prime Minister meant that John Howard colluded with Immigration Minister Kevin Andrews to politicise the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/papers-link-howards-department-to-haneef-20080617-2s97.html |title=Papers link Howard's department to Haneef |work=The Age |date= 18 June 2008|accessdate=2008-10-27 | location=Melbourne | first=Chris | last=Hammer}}</ref> John Howard has maintained that he had no involvement with the handling of the Haneef case.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

== The Clarke Inquiry and Report ==

On 13 March 2008, the Commonwealth Attorney-General Robert McClelland announced former New South Wales Supreme Court Justice, the Hon. [[John Clarke (judge)|John Clarke]] SC would chair an inquiry into the 'arrest, detention, charging, prosecution and release' of Dr Haneef (the [[Clarke Inquiry]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/www/ministers/robertmc.nsf/Page/Transcripts_2008_13March2008-ClarkeInquiryintotheHaneefCase |title=13 March 2008 - Clarke Inquiry into the Haneef Case |publisher=Attorneygeneral.gov.au |accessdate=2008-10-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720052039/http://www.attorneygeneral.gov.au/www/ministers/robertmc.nsf/Page/Transcripts_2008_13March2008-ClarkeInquiryintotheHaneefCase |archivedate = 20 July 2008}}</ref>

The attorney-general labelled the Clarke inquiry a "judicial inquiry" [see Press Release 13 March 2008]. Dr Haneef's Lawyer, Stephen Keim called it a "virtual inquiry". The president of the [[Australian Council for Civil Liberties]], Terry O'Gorman, called it a "Mickey Mouse inquiry".

The report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haneefcaseinquiry.gov.au/www/inquiry/haneefcaseinquiry.nsf/Page/Report |title=The Report of the Clarke Inquiry into the case of Dr Mohamed Haneef |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227152059/http://www.haneefcaseinquiry.gov.au/www/inquiry/haneefcaseinquiry.nsf/Page/Report |archivedate=27 December 2008 }}</ref> was presented to the government on 21 November 2008, and to the public about 23 December 2008. (The government said it had delayed the release due to concerns it could impact trials in the United Kingdom.) The government responded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/AllDocs/B1C9288CD6E88535CA25752400132606?OpenDocument |title=Government responses to the Clarke Inquiry |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312081621/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/AllDocs/B1C9288CD6E88535CA25752400132606?OpenDocument |archivedate=12 March 2011 }}</ref>

The report concludes:
* The evidence against Mohamed Haneef was "completely deficient".
* ASIO reported to the government two days after Haneef's arrest that there was no information that he was guilty of anything;
* Commander Ramzi Jabbour, manager, counter-terrorism (domestic), had lost objectivity and was "unable to see that the evidence he regarded as highly incriminating in fact amounted to very little"; and
* Police officers Neil Thompson and Adam Simms, who interrogated Haneef, refused to charge him, so Jabbour did so himself.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://twocircles.net/2010dec23/australia_apologises_dr_haneef_will_india_dr_junaid.html Australia apologises to Dr Haneef; Will India to Dr Junaid?] - TCN News
{{wikinews|Australian police charge Indian doctor over failed UK bombings}}
*[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/governance/07july21Pio.htm Do Not Prejudge Haneef - K P S Gill]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107160643/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content Australian Federal Court upholds Haneef visa decision]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/pdf/haneef_documents.pdf Department of Immigration and Citizenship documents on the cancellation of Haneef's Australian visa] (''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'')
*[http://www.hindu.com/nic/0058/haneef.htm Transcript of first Australian Police Interview]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080819140836/http://gp.mercuryconnect.com.au/rb/transcript.pdf Transcript of second Australian Police Interview]
*[http://www.twocircles.net/campaign_dr_mohamed_haneef.html campaign for Dr. Haneef]
*[http://mhfriends.wordpress.com/ Friends of Dr Haneef. Site for supporters of Dr Haneef]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213559/http://hearmymessage.com/ Friends and supporters of Dr Haneef - mailing list]
*[http://www.andrewsmustresign.com/ Campaign for the resignation of Kevin Andrews, MP]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/special_eds/20071001/haneef/default.htm Four Corners - The Trials of Dr. Haneef (ABC Television)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2HPP-KfiGs An interview with Stephen Keim SC - The Clarke Inquiry Pt 1]
*[ The Clarke Inquiry website] This includes a full copy of the report.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110312081621/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/AllDocs/B1C9288CD6E88535CA25752400132606?OpenDocument Government responses to the Clarke Inquiry] And other matters.

{{Portal bar|Queensland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haneef, Mohamed}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:June 2007 UK terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:History of immigration to Australia]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in Australia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Political controversies in Australia]]

Amelia Baker

2026-04-12T06:33:18Z

PorterStowell75: put up a article

{{Short description|Educational missionary (1802–1888)}}

[[File:Mrs. Amelia Dorothea Baker.jpg|thumb]]
'''Amelia Dorothea Baker, Sr''' (1802–1888) was a religious educational missionary working in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India in the 19th century. She grew up in a missionary family and married fellow religious missionary Henry Baker. With the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]], Baker worked to for the education of women and girls of the community, founding of the first CMS girls' school in [[Travancore]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Gladston |first=Hepsi |date=January 31, 2006 |title=History of Education of Women in Kerala 1819–1947 |url=https://samyuktajournal.in/history-of-education-of-women-in-kerala-1819-1947/ |journal=Samyutka: A Journal of Gender and Culture |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref> [[Baker Memorial Girls High School|Baker Memorial Girl's High School]] was the first school to implement uniforms to promote equality amongst students and in 1952 became the home of India's first [[Girl Guide and Girl Scout|Girl Guide]] troops.

==Early life==
Born in 1802 in [[Thanjavur|Thanjavur (Tanjore)]], India, Amelia Dorothea Baker belonged to a missionary family. Staying in South India her whole life, Baker grew up doing missionary work alongside her uncle J.C. Kohlhoffin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Church Missionary Society Periodicals |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/ |website=churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Typical Missionary, The Church Missionary Gleaner, Jan 1897, © Church Mission Society |date= |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/ |work=Who's Who |publisher=Church Missionary Society Periodicals, Adam Matthew Explorer}}</ref> She married Henry Baker in 1818. {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
== Career==
With her husband away for long stretches of time with CMS, Baker focused her missionary work locally. Locally referred to as ''Walia Madama'' (Great Lady), Baker worked closely with community members who came to her for advice on matters including medical, domestic, and personal. One local said "he [wished] all women were Christians, if they were to be like Mrs. Baker."<ref name=":1" />

===Girls' school===
Alongside a fellow missionary wife, Mrs. Fenn, Baker established a small girls' school out of her bungalow.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} The year that Baker first started the school is given as 1819<ref name=":2" /> or 1820.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

Considered the first girls' school in the state it started small with about 12 girls, growing to 18 the following year. Baker ran the school under the motto "Love Never Faileth" with the goal of "educating a future nation" by empowering girls with "the strength of education".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ADDRESS AT THE BICENTENARY CELEBBRATIONS OF BAKER MEMORIAL GIRLS' HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL AT KOTTAYAM – – AT 1130 HRS ON 29-01-2019 |url=https://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php/speeches1/517-address-at-the-bicentenary-celebbrations-of-baker-memorial-girls-higher-secondary-school-at-kottayam-at-1130-hrs-on-29-01-2019 |website=www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Abraham |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT289 |title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life… |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64899-659-7 |language=en}}</ref> The school began as a day school but became boarding when Baker took in 6 of her students. Students lived as far as 100 miles from the school grounds which were located near the CMS built church. By its tenth year Baker's school boarded 42 young women. Government funding was used to subsidize the cost.<ref name=":3" />

As was common in the pursuits of "[[Female education]]" of the time, Baker's school aimed to educate girls in both academic and lively pursuits. Girls were taught to read, speak English, sew, knit, spin, and mend clothes with the hope of providing them with the tools to successfully [[Women in India|financially support themselves]] and their future families. The school also sought to make its students eligible wives for missionaries, their dowries often covered by the CMS.<ref name=":3" />

Though the school was, and is, religiously affiliated it accepted students of all classes and creeds. Students were not required to distance themselves from any part of their culture and were often seen on campus wearing traditional [[Mekhela chador|Mekha motiram]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

==Personal life==
Together they had 11 children.{{cn|date=January 2024}} Their son [[Henry Baker Jr]] served the CMS across India for 36 years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wace |first=Henry |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.167385 |title=Christianity and agnosticism : a controversy consisting of papers by Henry Wace ... [et al.] |date=1889 |publisher=Humboldt Pub. Co. |location=New York|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.167385 }}</ref> Their daughter Amelia Johnson (Baker) also stayed in Kottayam to run [[Baker Memorial Girls High School|Baker Memorial Girl's High School]]. In 1840, she married the first missionary ordained in Kottayam, John Johnson.<ref name=":0" />

==Death and legacy==
Baker stayed in Kottayam till her death in 1888. She is buried there alongside her husband.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Baker's legacy continued in the Baker Memorial Girl's High School. In 1893 Amelia Johnson alongside her daughters took over the running of the girls' school. In honor of Baker's memory and work, the CMS created the Amelia Baker Memorial Fund whose profits went to the foundation of multiple girls schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Missionary Society - The Church Missionary Intelliger 1893 |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/ |access-date= |website=Church Missionary Society Periodicals, Adam Matthew Explorer}}</ref> The first was opened in 1893 between [[Kottayam|Kottoyam]] and [[Palam, Delhi|Pallam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Missionary Society - Church Missionary Gleaner 1893 |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/ |website=Church Missionary Society Periodicals, Adam Matthew Explorer}}</ref> The [[Kerala]] state board of education designated it an upper secondary school in 1894 the same year it was renamed 'Miss Bakers School' in memory of the past Miss Bakers. In 1904 it was upgraded into a high school and became officially state affiliated in 1952.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWuh1UZzfAsC |title=Journal of Educational Planning and Administration |date=1990 |publisher=National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration |language=en}}</ref>

Baker's school was one of the first girls schools in India to implement uniform, with the goal of creating equity amongst its students. Additionally, the School was the first school in India to found a [[Girl Guides]] troop.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://bakergirlshss.in/baker-memorial-girls-higher-secondary-school-kottayam-7/ |access-date= |website=Baker Memorial Girls' Higher Secondary School |language=en-US}}</ref>

The school is currently designated a [[Secondary school|Higher Secondary School]] (as of 1998) and enrolls over 1400 young women.<ref name=":2" /> In 2014, a final branch of the school was designated in the Baker College for Women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baker College for Women |url=https://bakerwomenscollege.ac.in/Web/fetchHistory |website=bakerwomenscollege.ac.in}}</ref> The school celebrated its bicentennial anniversary in 2019 and is still regarded as "one of the best English schools in [[Travancore]]."<ref name=":4" />കോട്ടയത്തെ ബേക്കർ jn അറിയപ്പെടുന്നത് അവരുടെ പേരിൽ ആണ് henry baker and amelia baker

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Amelia}}
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicans]]
[[Category:Indian evangelicals]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]

Atchutapuram pharmaceutical factory explosion

2026-04-11T01:14:34Z

PorterStowell75: put up a stub!

{{Short description|2024 industrial disaster in Southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox disaster
| date = {{start date|2024|08|21}}
| time = 2:15 p.m.
| timezone = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| Location = Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation campus, [[Anakapalli]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| cause = Reported electrical fire
| reported deaths = 18+
| reported injuries = 41+
}}
An explosion at an Escientia Advanced Sciences [[Pharmaceutical manufacturing|pharmaceutical manufacturing facility]] in the [[Atchutapuram]] [[Special economic zone|Special Economic Zone]] in the [[Anakapalli district]] near [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 21 August 2024 killed at least 18 people. Fifty more were injured.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web |title=17 Dead, Several Injured In Explosion At Andhra Pradesh Pharma Company |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/18-injured-in-explosion-at-andhra-pradesh-pharma-company-6385152 |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last=Sadam |first=Rishika |date=21 August 2024 |title=Blast at Indian pharma factory kills 15 and injures 40, official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/blast-indian-pharmaceuticals-plant-kills-7-injures-30-official-says-2024-08-21/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=22 August 2024 |title=17 dead in Andhra Pradesh factory blast; toll likely to rise as more workers feared trapped in debris |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/17-workers-die-in-reactor-blast-at-anakapalli-pharma-unit/articleshow/112694436.cms |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==About the Factory==
Essential is an Indian pharmaceutical manufacturing company that constructs [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]] as well as [[Intermediate good|intermediary products]]. The 40-acre facility unit was constructed on the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation campus with a [[Indian rupee|₹]]200 [[crore]] budget and began production in April 2019.<ref name="ndtv"/>

Around 400 workers made up of two shifts were working in the factory at the time of the explosion.<ref name="ndtv"/><ref name="indiatimes"/>

==Explosion==
At around 2:15 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 21 August 2024, an explosion believed to be caused by an electrical fire occurred at the facility. Due to the explosion occurring at lunchtime, a much higher casualty number was averted.<ref name="ndtv"/><ref name="reuters"/> At least 18 people were killed<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosion and fire at a pharmaceutical plant in India kill at least 18 workers |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-factory-explosion-fire-casualties-0fbda5eaf8276d476ed4f189cf64f987 |date=22 August 2024 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> in the explosion and resulting fire, while 41 more suffered injuries, of which several were described as "severe chemical burns".<ref name="ndtv"/><ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=‘Their skin was peeling off from the chemical burns’: Andhra reactor blast that killed 15 leaves trail of broken homes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/skin-peeling-off-chemical-burns-andhra-reactor-blast-killed-14-broken-homes-9526074/ |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Several [[fire engine]]s were dispatched to put out the resulting fires, and 13 people trapped inside the facility were rescued.<ref name="ndtv"/> Thick smoke surrounding the facility impeded rescue and fire extinguishing operations.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

==See also==
* [[List of explosions]]
* [[2024 Rajkot gaming zone fire]]
* [[2024 Thane explosion]]
* [[2024 Virudhunagar explosions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2024}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2024]]
[[Category:Explosions in India]]
[[Category:Factory fires]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:Anakapalli district]]

Khatav Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:22:57Z

PorterStowell75: done - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khatav
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 191,961
| mla = Dilip Muralidhar Yelgaonkar
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Khatav Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Jadhav Tatya Anandrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Patil Keshav Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shivajirao Dadasaheb Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. G. Patil
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Keshavarao S. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Patil Keshavrao Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="4" | Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dilip Muralidhar Yelgaonkar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Muralidhar Yelgaonkar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,435 |percentage = 55.72% |change = {{increase}}16.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gharge Prabhakar Devaba |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,744 |percentage = 22.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jitendra Natha Pawar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 24,648 |percentage = 17.97% |change = {{decrease}}22.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajirao Vaman Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,479 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baile Kantabai Ashok |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,466 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Torane Prakash Mahadev |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,186 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,691 |percentage = 33.31% |change = {{increase}}31.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,298 |percentage = 71.52% |change = {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,176}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,961 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 42,813 |percentage = 40.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yelgaonkar Dilip Murlidhar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,249 |percentage = 38.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Suersh Sarjerao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,753 |percentage = 20.43% |change = {{decrease}}21.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,564 |percentage = 1.47% |change = {{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,201 |percentage = 70.77% |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,485}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 52,514 |percentage = 42.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagal Aarunrao Shivram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,919 |percentage = 42.07% |change = {{decrease}}10.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Korade Bhanudas Ekanath |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 14,704 |percentage = 11.91% |change = {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatavkar Vishnupant Krishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,383 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thombare Tanaji Namdeo |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,138 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 595 |percentage = 0.48% |change = {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,848 |percentage = 79.37% |change = {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,424}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,552 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,481 |percentage = 52.65% |change = {{increase}}16.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagal Arunrao Shivaram |party = Janata Dal |votes = 41,150 |percentage = 39.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Shivajirao Nanaso |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 7,500 |percentage = 7.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,331 |percentage = 13.60% |change = {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,316 |percentage = 69.99% |change = {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,387}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,322 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gudage Mohanrao Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,267 |percentage = 44.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Keshavrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,620 |percentage = 35.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Laxmanrao Nagesh |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 14,245 |percentage = 16.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Nathu Mane |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,493 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,647 |percentage = 8.69% |change = {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,530 |percentage = 74.75% |change = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,034}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,777 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Keshavrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,101 |percentage = 56.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Hanamantrao Jijaba |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 29,301 |percentage = 41.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Baburao Anandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,476 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,800 |percentage = 15.24% |change = {{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,617 |percentage = 67.52% |change = {{decrease}}10.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,878}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Keshavrao Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,404 |percentage = 56.29% |change = {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Chnandrahar Alias Ramchandra Ganpatrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,742 |percentage = 35.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baile Ashok Maruti |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,159 |percentage = 2.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Bapurao Anandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,809 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bapu Bhau Kachare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,137 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Maruti Jagtap |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,025 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,662 |percentage = 20.79% |change = {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,467 |percentage = 77.79% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,336}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,590 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavarao S. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,342 |percentage = 56.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrahar Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,543 |percentage = 42.39% |change = {{decrease}}39.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karkhani S. R. Bando |party = Independent politician |votes = 448 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,799 |percentage = 14.55% |change = {{decrease}}54.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,287 |percentage = 76.85% |change = {{increase}}10.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,333}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,160 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,529 |percentage = 81.45% |change = {{increase}}24.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Jadhav |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,357 |percentage = 12.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. N. Shete |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,875 |percentage = 5.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,172 |percentage = 68.67% |change = {{increase}}49.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,234 |percentage = 66.63% |change = {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,761}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,896 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}24.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajirao Dadasaheb Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,477 |percentage = 56.58% |change = {{increase}}27.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Shankar Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,205 |percentage = 37.46% |change = {{decrease}}33.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nivrittirao Marutirao Deshmukh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,579 |percentage = 5.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,272 |percentage = 19.12% |change = {{decrease}}22.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,824 |percentage = 61.42% |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,261}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,610 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Keshav Shankar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 25,964 |percentage = 71.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gharge Hirabai Parashram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,593 |percentage = 28.98% |change = {{decrease}}22.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,371 |percentage = 42.05% |change = {{increase}}24.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,557 |percentage = 57.33% |change = {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,557}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,761 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}20.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khatav <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Tatya Anandrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,532 |percentage = 51.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosle Babasaheb Anandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,812 |percentage = 33.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anand Krishnarao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,979 |percentage = 9.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambike Shankar Raghunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,082 |percentage = 6.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,720 |percentage = 17.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,405 |percentage = 55.03% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,884 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Malkajgiri Junction railway station

2026-04-07T07:33:33Z

PorterStowell75: starting article

{{Short description|Railway station in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Malkajgiri Junction
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Hyderabad MMTS]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Freight Tanker at Malkajgiri 01.JPG
| image_caption = Malkajgiri Junction railway station
| address = [[Malkajgiri]], [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.366|78.476|type:railwaystation_region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{cvt|534|ft}}
| line = *[[Secunderabad–Bolarum route]] (SB Line)
*[[Malkajgiri]]–[[Moula Ali]]–[[Kazipet]]
* Kacheguda–Sitaphalmandi–Malkajgiri–Moula Ali
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MJF
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Hyderabad}}}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana##Location in India
}}
[[File:NZB-Kacheguda Passenger with WDG-3A loco 02.jpg|thumb|285px|NZB–Kacheguda Passenger with WDG-3A loco at Malkajgiri railway station]]
[[File:KCG-Miryalguda DEMU Passenger train 02.JPG|thumb|285px|KCG–Miryalguda DEMU Passenger train at Malkajgiri railway station]]
'''Malkajgiri Junction railway station''' (station code: MJF) is a fifth grade non-suburban (NSG–5) category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Hyderabad railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref name="railway_station">{{cite web |title=List of Zone/Category wise Railway station opened for Passenger services in Indian Railway (As on 01.12.2022) |url=https://indianrailwaysresult.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf |website=Indian Railways Result |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=15 April 2025 |page=94}}</ref> It is located in Hyderabad of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name="railway_station" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/malkajgiri-station-to-be-new-transit-hub|title=Malkajgiri station to be new transit hub|last=Baski|first=AuthorSunny|website=Telangana Today|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> It was selected as one of the 21 stations to be developed under ''Amrit Bharat Stations'' scheme.<ref>{{cite news |title=21 railway stations in Telangana to be developed with Rs 894 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/02/21-railway-stations-in-telanganato-be-developed-with-rs-894-crore-2601015.html |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 August 2023 |location=Hyderabad |language=en}}</ref>

==Services==
Malkajgiri railway station is well served with some passenger trains that operate on [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]]. Even a couple of [[Express trains in India|Express]] trains halt here. They are:
* [[Kacheguda–Narker Express]]
* [[Krishna Express]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Krishna Express to halt at Malkajgiri from July 1 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/30/stories/2009063059820300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703231717/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/30/stories/2009063059820300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2009 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2009 |accessdate= 6 May 2010}}</ref> There is also a proposal to halt four more express trains in this station due to increasing demands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway users meeting held |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/24/stories/2008062458800300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628232533/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/24/stories/2008062458800300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2008 |work=The Hindu |date=24 June 2008 |accessdate= 6 May 2010}}</ref> The Seetaphalmandi–Malkajgiri chord line which was proposed was commenced its services from 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Good news for city train commuters |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050616510100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524012342/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050616510100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2007 |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2007 |accessdate= 6 May 2010}}</ref>

==Lines==
*[[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]]
*[[Secunderabad–Bolarum route]] (SB Line)

==Future==
Due to a rapid rise in rail transport in Hyderabad, the [[Railway Board (India)]] had decided of a fourth railway terminal in addition to the existing ones at [[Secunderabad railway station]], [[Kacheguda railway station]] and [[Hyderabad railway station]]. The board would decide after the proposals of {{rwd|Secunderabad}} and {{rwd|Hyderabad}} divisions. The Hyderabad division proposed the Malkajgiri railway station as the fourth rail terminal in Hyderabad. Even if the Railway Board does not consider the proposal of the Hyderabad division's bid for Malkajgiri as the fourth [[terminus station|terminal]], passengers of the division can benefit since the existing station at Malkajgiri willsoon be transformed into a passenger terminal at an estimated cost of Rs. 1 crore.<ref name=NT>{{cite news |title=Proposal for the Fourth rail Terminal for Hyderabad |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/21/stories/2006062121130300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506042208/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/21/stories/2006062121130300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=6 May 2011
|newspaper=The Hindu
|date=21 June 2006
|accessdate=25 September 2009}}</ref> Besides proposing the Malkajgiri station for the fourth terminal, the board is determined to transform the station into a passenger terminal at an estimated cost of Rs. 1 crore.<ref name=NT/> Once the station transforms into a terminus, trains bound to Delhi from Bangalore and Mumbai could pass through the station without touching Secunderabad.

==See also==
*[[Secunderabad railway station]]
*[[South Central Railway]]
*[[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Malkajgiri Junction railway station}}
*{{IndiaRailInfo|2326}}

{{South Central Railway|state=expanded}}
{{SB Route (MMTS)}}
{{MMTS Stations}}
{{FB Route (MEMU)}}

[[Category:MMTS stations in Medchal-Malkajgiri district]]
[[Category:Hyderabad railway division]]

Health in India

2026-03-27T09:48:49Z

PorterStowell75: further improve structure as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|none}}
[[File:Life-expectancy, 1881 to 2023, IND.svg|thumb|right|Historical development of life expectancy, 1881 to 2019]]
[[File:Child-mortality rate in india.png|thumb|Development of child mortality rate in India since 1960]]
India's population in 2024 as per [[World Bank]] is 1.45 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - India {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2024&locations=IN&start=2024&view=bar|access-date=2026-01-13|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=13 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113025701/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2024&locations=IN&start=2024&view=bar|url-status=live}}</ref> Being the world's most populous country and one of its fastest-growing economies, India experiences both challenges and opportunities in context of public health. India is a hub for [[pharmaceutical]] and [[biotechnology]] industries; world-class scientists, clinical trials and hospitals yet country faces daunting public health challenges like child undernutrition, neonatal and maternal mortality, rising non‑communicable diseases, and road traffic accident cases.

The [[Human Rights Measurement Initiative]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries |url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=humanrightsmeasurement.org |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329085456/https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> finds that India is fulfilling 80.5% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.<ref name="India - HRMI Rights Tracker">{{Cite web |title=India - HRMI Rights Tracker |url=https://rightstracker.org/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=rightstracker.org |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329085646/https://rightstracker.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When looking at the right to health with respect to children, India achieves 92.1% of what is expected based on its current income.<ref name="India - HRMI Rights Tracker"/> In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 85.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.<ref name="India - HRMI Rights Tracker"/> India falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 63.7% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.<ref name="India - HRMI Rights Tracker"/>

== History ==

=== Traditional Indian systems of medicine ===

India's traditional medicine systems have evolved over thousands of years, rooted in holistic principles and closely linked to the country's cultural and spiritual heritage. The most prominent among these are '''[[Ayurveda]]''', '''[[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]''', '''[[Unani medicine|Unani]]''', '''[[Yoga]]''', and various [[Folk medicine|folk traditions]].

'''Ayurveda''' originated during the [[Vedic period]] and emphasizes balance between three [[dosha]]s—[[Vata dosha|Vata]], [[Pitta dosha|Pitta]], and [[Kapha dosha|Kapha]]. Foundational texts like the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' detail diagnostic methods, therapies, and surgical techniques. '''[[Sushruta]]''', often regarded as the "Father of Surgery", described procedures like [[Rhinoplasty|nasal reconstruction]] and [[cataract surgery]].

'''[[Siddha medicine]]''', practiced mainly in [[Tamil Nadu]], uses herbs, minerals, and alchemical methods, and traces its origins to sages like [[Agastya]]. '''[[Unani medicine]]''', introduced during medieval Islamic rule, is based on the [[Humorism|four-humor theory]] and was expanded in India by physicians like [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]. '''[[Naturopathy]]''' integrates traditional Indian practices such as [[fasting]], [[mud therapy]], and [[hydrotherapy]].

Traditional healers—'''[[vaidya]]s''' and '''[[Hakim (title)|hakims]]'''—served as community healthcare providers, passing down knowledge through oral traditions and [[Palm-leaf manuscript|manuscripts]].

During the [[British Raj]], these systems were marginalized in favor of [[Allopathic medicine|Western medicine]], but they persisted at the grassroots level. In recent decades, revival efforts have led to formal recognition under '''[[AYUSH]]''' (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy), with the '''[[Ministry of AYUSH]]''' established in 2014. Today, these systems are being increasingly integrated into [[Public health in India|national health programs]] and the [[Global wellness industry]].

=== Modern medicine in India ===

Modern Western medicine was introduced to India during the [[British Raj|British colonial period]] in the 18th and 19th centuries. It gradually became institutionalized through the establishment of hospitals, [[Medical education in India|medical colleges]], and public health departments.

==== Role of Christian missionaries in modern medicine ====

[[Christian missionaries]] played a foundational role in the early development of Western healthcare services in India, especially in rural and underserved regions. Their contributions included:

* '''Introduction of Western medical practices''': Missionaries were often the first to introduce [[allopathic medicine]] to remote regions, offering services regardless of caste, gender, or religion.<ref>Hardiman, David. ''Healing Bodies, Saving Souls: Medical Missions in Asia and Africa''. Rodopi, 2006.</ref>
* '''Leprosy care''': Christian missionaries played a significant role in organizing care for people with leprosy in colonial and pre-independence India. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, leprosy patients in India were heavily stigmatized and often faced severe social exclusion. In some regions, traditional beliefs led to practices where individuals afflicted with leprosy were either buried or burned alive, based on the notion that a violent death would purify the body for reincarnation into a healthier form.<ref>David, Amita Esther. ''Leprosy and the Response of Christian Missionaries in India''. International Journal of Applied Research, 2018; 4(6): 406–408.</ref><ref>Allen, Scott. "William Carey: A Missionary Who Transformed a Nation." Mission Frontiers, 2011. [https://www.missionfrontiers.org/issue/article/william-carey]</ref> In 1874, Irish missionary '''Wellesley Bailey''' founded what became the [[Leprosy Mission]] in Ambala, establishing structured care for leprosy patients, including housing and basic medical attention.<ref>[https://www.leprosymission.org/ The Leprosy Mission International]</ref> One of the earliest leprosy hospitals in India was founded in '''Almora''' in 1835 and later managed by the London Missionary Society with support from The Mission to Lepers.<ref>Kakar, Sanjeev. "Leprosy in British India 1860–1940: Colonial Politics and Missionary Medicine." ''Medical History'', 1996; 40: 218.</ref> These institutions operated largely in rural and underserved regions, offering segregated facilities for men and women, and separate housing for uninfected children born to affected parents.<ref>David, Amita Esther. ''Socio-Cultural Advancement, Nationalism and The Christian Missionaries in the 20th Century'', PhD Thesis, 2005.</ref> By the early 20th century, over 200 leprosy homes and asylums were operating in India, with a large number managed or supported by Christian missions.<ref>The Hindu. "India Accounts for 60% of Global Leprosy Cases," 2016.</ref> These facilities functioned before any effective treatment was available and largely provided custodial care. Later, significant medical advances were introduced at institutions such as the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore]], where Dr. [[Paul Brand (physician)|Paul Brand]] pioneered reconstructive surgery to restore hand and foot function in patients with nerve damage from leprosy.<ref>[[Paul Brand (physician)|Paul Brand (Wikipedia)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2025}} In the late 20th century, missionaries like '''Graham Staines''' continued this work; in 1982, he founded the '''Mayurbhanj Leprosy Home''' in Odisha, where he and his wife Gladys provided care, education, and vocational support to patients until his death in 1999.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121228090937/http://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/12/graham-stuart-staines.html Graham Staines – Missionaries of the World]}}</ref> These missionary efforts laid the groundwork for broader public health responses to leprosy in India prior to the introduction of [[multidrug therapy]] (MDT) by the [[World Health Organization]] in 1981.<ref>[https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy WHO – Leprosy MDT Introduction]</ref>
* '''Institutional legacy''': Several prominent medical institutions were established by missionaries:
Christian missionaries played a foundational role in establishing modern hospitals and medical colleges across India, especially in underserved regions. Notable institutions include:
''[[Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore]]'' (1900),<ref>[https://www.cmch-vellore.edu/ Official website – CMC Vellore]</ref> ''[[Christian Medical College, Ludhiana]]'' (1894),<ref>[https://www.cmcludhiana.in/ Official website – CMC Ludhiana]</ref> ''[[Clara Swain Hospital]]'', Bareilly (1874),<ref>[https://umcmission.org/archive/clara-swain-hospital/ UMC Mission Archive – Clara Swain Hospital]</ref> ''[[Scudder Memorial Hospital]]'', Ranipet,<ref>[https://scudderhospital.org/history/ Scudder Hospital History]</ref> ''[[Holdsworth Memorial Hospital]]'', Mysore (1906),<ref>[https://www.holdsworthhospital.org/ Holdsworth Hospital Official Site]</ref> ''[[Thiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital]]'', Kerala,<ref>[https://www.tmmhospital.org/ Thiruvalla Medical Mission Hospital]</ref> ''Lady Willingdon Hospital'', Manali,<ref>Presbyterian Church of India records, archival data</ref> ''[[Bangalore Baptist Hospital]]'',<ref>[https://www.bbhl.in/ Bangalore Baptist Hospital]</ref> ''Miraj Medical Centre'', Maharashtra,<ref>[https://mirajmedicalcentre.in/ Official Site – Miraj Medical Centre]</ref> ''Baptist Christian Hospital'', Tezpur,<ref>[https://www.ebc.org.in/baptist-christian-hospital/ Baptist Christian Hospital – Emmanuel Hospital Association]</ref> ''Emmanuel Hospital'', Kota,<ref>[https://www.eha-health.org/ Emmanuel Hospital Association]</ref> ''Bishop's Hospital'', Nagercoil,<ref>Mission archives, Church of South India</ref> ''Madhubani Medical Mission'', Bihar,<ref>Diocese of Patna Archives</ref> and ''Kothara Hospital'', Nagpur.<ref>Christian Medical institutions listing, Maharashtra</ref>
- '''[[Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore]]''' (founded by [[Ida S. Scudder|Dr. Ida Scudder]] in 1900), now one of Asia's leading teaching hospitals.<ref>[https://www.cmch-vellore.edu/ Christian Medical College Vellore – Official site]</ref>
- '''[[Christian Medical College Ludhiana]]''' (founded by [[Edith Mary Brown|Dr. Edith Mary Brown]] in 1894), the first medical school for women in Asia.<ref>Jeyaseelan, Sathianathan. ''A Century of Caring: The Christian Medical College Ludhiana''. CMC Publications, 1994.</ref>
- '''[[Clara Swain Hospital]]''', established in [[Bareilly]] in 1874 by [[Clara Swain|Dr. Clara Swain]], the first hospital in Asia for women.<ref>Robert, Dana L. ''American Women in Mission''. Mercer University Press, 1996.</ref>

* '''Public health and epidemic response''': Missionaries were on the frontlines during [[cholera]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and [[smallpox]] outbreaks. [[Mary Rajanayagam|Dr. Mary Rajanayagam]] and others served selflessly during epidemics, sometimes risking their lives.<ref>International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, Vol 6 Issue 2, 2019.</ref>
* '''Women's health and education''': Missionary hospitals and schools provided [[Medical education in India|education and training]] for Indian women in [[nursing]] and [[medicine]]—an unprecedented step in a conservative social environment.
* '''Community outreach''': [[Mobile clinic]]s, [[Vaccination in India|vaccination drives]], maternal care programs, and [[sanitation in India|sanitation education]] initiated by missions laid early foundations for modern [[Primary Health Centre|primary healthcare]] models in India.

Missionary healthcare efforts significantly influenced the development of India's medical infrastructure and continue to shape institutions that remain operational and reputable today.

== Major health indicators ==

The [[life expectancy]] at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 67.9 years in 2010–2014. For the same period, the life expectancy for females is 69.6 year and 66.4 years for males. In 2018, the life expectancy at birth is said to be 69.1 years.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles|title=Gapminder|last=Rosling|access-date=5 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904041729/https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rate]] has declined from 74 per 1,000 live births in 1994 to 37 per 1,000 live births in 2015. However, the differentials of rural (41) and urban (25) as of 2015 are still high. In 2016, the infant mortality rate was estimated to be 34.6 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The under-five mortality rate for the country was 113 per 1,000 live births in 1994 whereas in 2018 it reduced to 41.1 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The [[maternal mortality ratio]] has declined from 212 per 100 000 live births in 2007–2009 to 167 per 100 000 live births in 2011–2013. However, the differentials for state Kerala (61) and Assam (300) as of 2011–2013 are still high. In 2013, the maternal mortality ratio was estimated to be 190 per 100 000 live births.<ref name=":5" />

The [[total fertility rate]] for the country was 2.3 in rural areas whereas it has been 1.8 in urban areas during 2015.

The most common cause of disability adjusted life years lost for Indian citizens as of 2016 for all ages and sexes was ischemic heart disease (accounting for 8.66% of total DALYs ), 2nd chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (accounting for 4.81% of total DALYs), 3rd diarrhea (accounting for 4.64% of total DALYs) and 4th lower respiratory infections (accounting for 4.35% of total DALYs).<ref name=":6" />

As per the figures about the child [[mortality rate]] which is quite a big hurdle for the government, the 2nd most common cause of DALYs lost for children under 5 years of age was diseases like diarrhea, lower respiratory tract infections and other communicable diseases (accounting for 22,598.71 DALYs per 100 000 population) as of 2016 which can be preventable.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare|title=GBD Compare|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926021552/https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A demographic study found that, compared to 2019, life expectancy at birth was 2.6 years lower and mortality was 17% higher in 2020, implying 1.19 million excess deaths in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Aashish |last2=Hathi |first2=Payal |last3=Banaji |first3=Murad |last4=Gupta |first4=Prankur |last5=Kashyap |first5=Ridhi |last6=Paikra |first6=Vipul |last7=Sharma |first7=Kanika |last8=Somanchi |first8=Anmol |last9=Sudharsanan |first9=Nikkil |last10=Vyas |first10=Sangita |date=2024-07-19 |title=Large and unequal life expectancy declines during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=10 |issue=29 |article-number=eadk2070 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adk2070 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=11259167 |pmid=39028821 |bibcode=2024SciA...10K2070G }}</ref> The study also found, in contrast to global patterns, females in India experienced a life expectancy decline that was 1 year larger than losses for males. In addition, the researchers found that in 2020, the life expectancy of an upper-caste Hindu dropped 1.3 years, compared to 2.7 years for those of a 'scheduled caste' and 5.4 years for Indian Muslims. The study results were contested by the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=India's hidden COVID deaths: Was the toll in 2020 eight times higher? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/20/did-covids-first-wave-kill-eight-times-more-indians-than-announced |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Health issues ==
===Oral health in India===

[[Oral health]] refers to optimum functioning of mouth (smile, swallow, chew, taste, etc.), proper [[dentition]] and ability to perform various movements of [[facial muscles]], jaws and other orofacial structures without pain and discomfort.

Status of oral health both affects and gets affected by specific systemic health conditions. Many systemic diseases, such as; [[diabetes]], can be suspected by examining oral signs and symptoms. Poor oral health is also a [[risk factor]] of [[cardio-vascular diseases]], [[stroke]], digestive issues, pre-term birth, low birth weight, [[preeclampsia]] etc.<ref name="doi.org">Batra, P., Saini, P., & Yadav, V. (2020). Oral health concerns in India. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research, 10(2), 171–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.04.011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706233735/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212426820300452?via%3Dihub |date=6 July 2024 }}</ref>

According to [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484 Global Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030] (WHO report), Globally, oral diseases affect 3.5 billion people and every three out of four people lives in middle-income countries. In India, there has been a steady increase in the burden of oral diseases since last two decades.<ref name="Ramanarayanan">Ramanarayanan, V., Janakiram, C., Joseph, J., & Krishnakumar, K. (2020). Oral health care system analysis: A case study from India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 9(4), 1950–1957. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1191_19 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706233735/https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/Fulltext/2020/09040/Oral_health_care_system_analysis__A_case_study.31.aspx |date=6 July 2024 }}</ref> High [[prevalence]] of [[dental caries]] is notable among children and adults, due to high sugar consumption. It subsequently leads to high prevalence of periodontal diseases and [[edentulism]].

[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] is the most common form of [[oral cancer]] in India and primarily affects middle age population (31–50 years). Epidemiologically, Kerala has the lowest and West Bengal has the highest incidence of oral cancer. For India, self-examination is the most effective method for early diagnosis of oral cancer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484 | title=Global oral health status report: Towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030 | access-date=19 September 2023 | archive-date=23 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923110128/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Risk factors for all kind of dental diseases include; high dietary sugar, areca nut, alcohol and [[tobacco]] (gutkha, khaini, mawa, etc.) consumption, [[smoking]], etc.<ref name="Ramanarayanan" />
[[File:Desolater Gebisszustand, 2020-2.jpg|thumb|Dental caries with partial edentulism]]
[[File:Lower lip cancer.jpg|thumb|Lower Lip Cancer]]

According to the WHO 'oral health country profile' below is the prevalence of main oral health issues:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/oral-health/oral-health-ind-2022-country-profile.pdf?sfvrsn=ece86a88_8&download=true |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227115932/https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/oral-health/oral-health-ind-2022-country-profile.pdf?sfvrsn=ece86a88_8&download=true |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral Disease Burden in India (2019)
|-
! Oral Health Issue !! Prevalence (%)
|-
| Untreated caries of deciduous teeth in children (1–9 years) || 43.3
|-
| Untreated caries of permanent teeth in people (5+ years) || 28.8
|-
| Severe periodontal disease in people (15+ years) || 21.8
|-
| Edentulism in people (20+ years) || 4
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Oral and lip cancer (2020)
|-
! Header text !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| Number of new cases || 104,661 || 31,268 || 135,929
|-
| Incidence rate (%) || 14.8 || 4.6 || 9.8
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Prevalence of Risk Factors (WHO, 2019)
|-
! Risk Factor !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| Per capita availability of sugar (g/day) || .... || .... || 53.8
|-
| Prevalence of current tobacco use, 15+ years (%) || 42.4 || 13.7 || 28.1
|-
| Per capita alcohol consumption, 15+ years (litres of pure alcohol/year) || 9.1 || 1.9 || 5.6
|}

'''Root Issues'''

However, the number of dentists in 2011 was 117,825 and approximate number for 2020 is 309,700, but still, majority people are devoid of proper dental treatment. Reasons for this gap, 1) unequal distribution of dentists in urban (70%) and rural (30%) areas, 2) 90% services provided by private practitioners and only 10% through the government settings, and 3) Negligeable % of insurance coverage for dental treatments. As a result, oral diseases cause high economic burden.<ref>Vundavalli S. (2014). Dental manpower planning in India: current scenario and future projections for the year 2020. International dental journal, 64(2), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12063 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706233741/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020653920324217?via%3Dihub |date=6 July 2024 }}</ref>

'''Possible solutions'''<ref name="doi.org"/>
* Limit sugar, tobacco, alcohol and araca nut consumption through awareness programs
* Promotion of the use of fluoride containing toothpaste
* Oral health promotion programs
* Public-Private partnership
* Well-structured oral health surveys
* Integration of oral health with medical health

=== Malnutrition ===
{{main|Malnutrition in India}}

[[Malnutrition]] refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions. One is [[undernutrition]] – which includes [[Stunted growth|stunting]] (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals). The other is [[overweight]] – overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/malnutrition/en/|title=WHO – Malnutrition|website=[[WHO]]|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018001708/https://www.who.int/features/qa/malnutrition/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to a 2005 report, 60% of India's children below the age of three were malnourished, which was greater than the statistics of sub-Saharan African of 28%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/magazine/11FOB-Rieff-t.html|title=India's Malnutrition Dilemma|access-date=2011-09-20|work=Source: The New York Times 2009|first=David|last=Rieff|date=11 October 2009|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829124816/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/magazine/11FOB-Rieff-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref> World Bank data indicates that India has one of the world's highest demographics of children suffering from malnutrition – said to be double that of sub-Saharan Africa with dire consequences. India's [[Global Hunger Index]] India ranking of 67, the 80 nations with the worst hunger situation places it even below [[North Korea]] or [[Sudan]]. 44% of children under the age of 5 are underweight, while 72% of infants have anemia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.savethechildren.in/articles/malnutrition-in-india-statistics-state-wise|title=Malnutrition in India Statistics State Wise|website=[[Save the Children]]|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706102802/https://www.savethechildren.in/articles/malnutrition-in-india-statistics-state-wise}}</ref> It is considered that one in three malnourished children live in India.

States where malnutrition is prominent:<ref name=":2" />

# [[Uttar Pradesh]]: Most children here, in India's densest state by population, under the age of 5 are stunted due to malnutrition.
# [[Tamil Nadu]]: The state, despite high education, has a prominent child malnutrition problem. A National Family Health Survey reveals that 23% of children here are underweight, while 25% of [[Chennai]] children show moderately stunted growth.
# [[Madhya Pradesh]]: 2015 data reveals that Madhya Pradesh has India's highest number of malnourished children – 74.1% of them under 6 suffer from anemia, and 60% have to deal with malnutrition.
# [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]]: At 56.5%, Jharkhand has India's second highest number of malnourished children. This is followed by Bihar, at 55.9%.

==== Forms ====

*[[Protein–energy malnutrition]] (PEM): also known as protein-calorie malnutrition
*[[Iron-deficiency anemia|Iron-deficiency]]: nutritional anemia which can lead to lessened productivity, sometimes becoming terminal
*[[Vitamin A deficiency]]: which can lead to blindness or a weakened immune system
*[[Iodine deficiency]]: which can lead to serious mental or physical complaints
*[[Vitamin b complex|Vitamin B complex]] deficiency: can lead to insufficient birth weight or congenital anomalies such as [[spina bifida]].<ref name="antenna.ch">{{cite web|url=http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/malnutrition/child-malnutrition|title=Child malnutrition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907235626/http://www.antenna.ch/en/research/malnutrition/child-malnutrition|archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

====In children====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Infants and preschool children<ref name=":3">http://ninindia.org/DietaryGuidelinesforNINwebsite.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127002955/http://ninindia.org/DietaryGuidelinesforNINwebsite.pdf |date=27 November 2019 }} Dietary Guidelines for NIN</ref>
|-
! Condition !! Prevalence %
|-
| Low birth weight || 22
|-
| Kwashiorkor/Marasmus#|| <1
|-
| Bitot's spots#|| 0.8–1.0
|-
| Iron deficiency anaemia (6–59 months) || 70.0
|-
| Underweight (weight for age)* (<5 years)#|| 42.6
|-
| Stunting (height for age)* (<5 years)#|| 48.0
|-
| Wasting (weight for height)*#|| 20.0
|-
| Childhood overweight/obesity || 6–30
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> : <Median -2SD of WHO Child Growth Standards

# : NNMB Rural Survey – 2005–06

A well-nourished child is one whose weight and height measurements compare very well within the standard normal distribution of heights and weights of healthy children of same age and sex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajfand.net/Volume6/No1/Mahgoub1420.pdf|title=Factors affecting prevalence of malnutrition among children under three year of age in Botswana|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118021107/http://ajfand.net/Volume6/No1/Mahgoub1420.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A child without sufficient nutrients in its daily intake is not only exposed to physical and motor growth delays, but also to heightened risk of mortality, reduced immune defenses and decreased cognitive and learning capacities. Malnutrition can negatively impact long-term health and socio-economic outcomes. As with serious malnutrition, growth delays also hinder a child's intellectual development. Sick children with chronic malnutrition, especially when accompanied by anemia, often have a lower learning capacity during the crucial first years of attending school.<ref name="antenna.ch" />

====In adults====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Adults (prevalence)<ref name=":3"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Condition !! rowspan="2" | Unit !! colspan="3" | Males !! colspan="3" | Females
|-
! Urban !! Rural#!! Tribal^!! Urban !! Rural#!! Tribal^
|- align="center"
|Chronic energy deficiency (BMI <18.5) || % || || 33.2 || 40.0 || || 36.0 || 49.0
|- align="center"
|Anaemia in women (including pregnant women) || % || colspan="3" | || colspan="3" | 75
|- align="center"
|Iodine deficiency - Goitre || millions|| colspan="6" | 54
|- align="center"
|Iodine deficiency – Cretinism || millions|| colspan="6" | 2.2
|- align="center"
|Iodine deficiency – Still births (includes neo-natal deaths) || || colspan="6" | 90,000
|- align="center"
|Obesity related chronic diseases (BMI >25) || % || 36.0 || 7.8 || 2.4 ||40.0 || 10.9 ||3.2
|- align="center"
|Hypertension|| % || 35.0 || 25.0 || 25.0 || 35.0 || 24.0 || 23.0
|- align="center"
|Diabetes mellitus (year 2006) || % || 16.0 || 5.0 || || 16 || 5.0 ||
|- align="center"
|Coronary heart disease || %|| 7–9 || 3–5 || || 7–9 || 3–5 ||
|- align="center"
| Cancer incidence rate || per million || colspan="3" | 113 || colspan="3" | 123
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> : <Median -2SD of WHO Child Growth Standards

# : NNMB Rural Survey – 2005–06

^ : NNMB Tribal Survey – 2008–09

Due to their lower social status, girls are far more at risk of malnutrition than boys of their age. Partly as a result of this cultural bias, up to one third of all adult women in India are underweight. Inadequate care of these women already underdeveloped, especially during pregnancy, leads them in turn to deliver underweight babies who are vulnerable to further malnutrition and disease.<ref name="unicef.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/india/children_4259.htm |title=UNICEF India - the children - MPS stage a Candlelight Vigil to highlight Child Malnutrition in India |access-date=4 September 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060726/http://www.unicef.org/india/children_4259.htm }}</ref>

=== Obesity ===
[[Obesity in India]] has grown to epidemic levels in India in the 21st century, with morbid obesity affecting 5% of the population.

One factor that may impact the rise of obesity in India is the growing establishment of fast-food and mithai shops within India. Fast-food is among one of India's largest growing markets, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic where it saw tremendous growth due to the speed of service and no-contact model. Moreover, the rise of food-delivery apps such as [[Zomato]] and [[Swiggy]] in India has allowed access to fast-foods on an unparalleled level in India. By increasing the ease of access to such unhealthy foods, Indians are more likely than ever before to choose such options rather than cooking at home. In 2021, the most ordered-foods on Swiggy were biryani and paneer butter masala, both of which are highly fattening when ordered from restaurants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-18 |title=Swiggy releases annual list of what Indians ordered most, Bengaluru man orders groceries worth Rs 16 Lakh |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/swiggy-releases-annual-list-of-what-indians-ordered-most-bengaluru-man-orders-groceries-worth-rs-16-lakh/articleshow/96317741.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706233736/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/swiggy-releases-annual-list-of-what-indians-ordered-most-bengaluru-man-orders-groceries-worth-rs-16-lakh/articleshow/96317741.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Such delivery apps also use what some may consider predatory business tactics to hook customers on to their services. First time customers are offered a month's worth of free delivery and discounts to build their reliance on delivery apps, so even after the trial ends the customers continue paying and ordering food. Even prior to COVID and online food ordering services, fast food has been readily available around the streets of Indian cities, just minutes away from most residential areas. Ever since McDonalds entered India in 1996, numerous fast food chains have followed suit including Dominos, Pizza Hut, Burger King, and KFC.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

=== Communicable diseases ===

Diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia continue to plague India due to increased resistance to drugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/|title=Dengue|work=Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US|access-date=2011-09-20|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174050/http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Morbidity Communicable Diseases - 2016.jpg|thumb|This diagram shows the percentage distribution of morbidity reported in communicable diseases in 2016 in India according to the National Health Profile 2017|alt=|440x440px]]
[[File:Mortality Communicable Diseases - 2016.jpg|thumb|This diagram shows the percentage distribution of mortality reported in communicable diseases in 2016 in India according to the National Health Profile 2017|alt=|440x440px]] In 2011, India reported a '[[Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|totally drug-resistant]]' form of [[tuberculosis]] .<ref>Goldwert, Lindsay. [http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/totally-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-reported-india-12-patients-responded-tb-medication-article-1.1007024?localLinksEnabled=false "'Totally drug-resistant' tuberculosis reported in India; 12 patients have not responded to TB medication."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517080812/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/totally-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-reported-india-12-patients-responded-tb-medication-article-1.1007024?localLinksEnabled=false |date=17 May 2013 }} ''New York Daily News'' 16 January 2012.</ref> India is the highest TB burden country in the world in terms of absolute number of incident cases that occur each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Report_country_profiles_15October2019.pdf?ua=1|title=Country profiles FOR 30 HIGH TB BURDEN COUNTRIES|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104012/https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/tb19_Report_country_profiles_15October2019.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live}}</ref> TB primarily affects people in their most productive years of life. While two-thirds of the cases are male, TB takes disproportionately larger toll among young females, with more than 60 per cent of female cases occurring by the age of 34 years. In 2018, the TrueNat test, an indigenously developed technology under the "Make in India" initiative, was deployed in about 350 PHCs. This led to marked increase in access to highly sensitive molecular tests with augmented capacity for resistance testing at the peripheral level.<ref>{{cite web |title=India TB report 2019 |url=https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf |date=June 2019 |access-date=30 September 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909165106/https://tbcindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/India%20TB%20Report%202019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[HIV/AIDS in India]] is ranked third highest among countries with HIV-infected patients. National AIDS Control Organisation, a government apex body is making efforts for managing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/hiv_aids_156.htm|title=HIV/AIDS|work=Source: UNICEF India|access-date=2011-09-20|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210311/http://www.unicef.org/india/hiv_aids_156.htm}}</ref> [[Diarrheal diseases]] are the primary causes of early childhood mortality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prajnopaya.org/index.php/resources/68-article-life-expectancy-and-mortality-in-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706235023/http://www.prajnopaya.org/index.php/resources/68-article-life-expectancy-and-mortality-in-india|archive-date=2010-07-06|title=Life Expectancy and Mortality in India|work=Source: The Prajnopaya Foundation|access-date=2011-09-20}}</ref> These diseases can be attributed to poor sanitation and inadequate safe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/35.htm|title=Health Conditions|work=Source: US Library of Congress|access-date=2011-09-20|archive-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919115940/http://countrystudies.us/india/35.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> India has the world's highest incidence of [[rabies]]. [[Malaria]] has been a seasonal health problem in India from a very long time. The maximum number of malaria cases and deaths have been reported mostly form the rural parts of Orissa. The overall prevalence of the disease has diminished in 2012 and 2013 however there is a slight increase in 2014 and again started decreasing from 2015. WHO (World Health Organization) adopted a strategy in May-2015, that provides a technical guidance to countries emphasizing the importance of scaling up malaria responses and moving towards elimination of malaria. This is known as [[The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria]] (2016-2030)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030|url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628011208/http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/|archive-date=28 June 2015|journal=World Health Organization}}</ref>'''.''' A major scale-up of malaria responses will not only help countries reach the health-related targets for 2030, but will contribute to poverty reduction and other development goals.

[[Kala azar in India|Kala-azar]] is the second largest parasitic killer in the world. Most of the cases (76%) were found in Bihar in 2016. Dengue and chikungunya transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is another problem of concern in India. Dengue outbreaks have continued since the 1950s but severity of disease has increased in the last two decades. In 2016, India reported a total of 58,264 cases of chikungunya. Chicken pox is a highly contagious and a viral infection which breaks out in many parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chickenpox {{!}} National Health Portal Of India |url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/disease/skin/chickenpox |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.nhp.gov.in}}</ref> Cases were reported to be 61,118 & deaths to be 60 in 2016.

In 2012, India was polio-free for the first time in its history.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/01/201211371212764515.html "India marks one year since last polio case."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608180727/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/01/201211371212764515.html |date=8 June 2020 }} ''Al Jazeera'', 13 January 2012.</ref> This was achieved because of the [[Pulse Polio]] programme started in 1995–96 by the government.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=90 | title=National Portal of India | access-date=6 July 2024 | archive-date=10 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510172717/http://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=90 | url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:IHME NCD India Incidence.jpg|thumb|440x440px|NCD incidence rates from 1990 to 2019 in India according to IHME (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation)]]

=== Non-communicable diseases ===
India has witnessed huge progress in the health status of its population since independence. The transition has been seen in economic development, nutritional status, fertility and mortality rates and consequently, the disease profile has changed considerably. Although great efforts have been done to control the communicable diseases, but they still contribute significantly to disease burden of the country. Decline in disability and death from communicable diseases has been accompanied by a gradual shift to, and accelerated rise in the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancers, mental health disorders and injuries. Indians are at particularly high risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. This may be attributed to a genetic predisposition to metabolic syndrome and adverse changes in coronary artery vasodilation.[[File:IHME NCD India Mortality.jpg|thumb|440x440px|NCD mortality numbers from 1990 to 2019 in India]]
The burden of the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) in India with a population of the over 1.3 billion is huge. NCDs in India contributed to 6.8 million deaths in 2019, which is about 67.6% percent of overall deaths. In the same year Ischemic heart disease accounted for highest mortality followed by COPD, Stroke and Diabetes among all NCD related deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GBD Compare {{!}} IHME Viz Hub|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare|access-date=2021-09-15|website=vizhub.healthdata.org|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926021552/https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting in early 1990s, there have been wide disparities in terms of NCD burden on Indian diaspora. While life expectancy has increased it is the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death (DALY) rate that is almost doubled. It was 29.17% in 1990 and reached 57.92% in 2019 according to IHME. Also NCDs are accounting for more than 90% of total prevalent cases in India at any given point of time. Between ages 15–49 NCDs mortality share was 35.56% in 1990 while the share is increased to 48.95% in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=GBD Compare {{!}} IHME Viz Hub|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare|access-date=2021-09-16|website=vizhub.healthdata.org|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926021552/https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== A 2021 report on NCD status in India ====

Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tari.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NCD-Report-finalfile-1-1.pdf|title=Non-Communicable diseases in India|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915201438/https://tari.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NCD-Report-finalfile-1-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Through Arbitrage Research Institute (TARI) a private not for profit market research firm has developed a report for [[ASSOCHAM]] regarding NCD status in India. This study highlighted the burden of NCDs among Indians and has highlighted that the prevalence of having any NCDs among the Indian population is 116 per 1000 population.

===== Key findings =====

* High blood pressure, intestinal disorders related to digestion, diabetes, respiratory disorders, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal disorders, and cancers are top NCDs among Indians
* Major risk factors for NCDs include air pollution (76%), low physical activity (67%), imbalanced diet (55%), stress (44%) and obesity (24%)
* Among states Odisha has the highest prevalence of NCDs, with every 272 per 1,000 population with any NCD and Gujarat has the lowest prevalence — 60 per 1,000.
* More than two-thirds of people with non-communicable disease (NCDs) in India are in the 26-59 age group
* Prevalence of NCD has shown to be increasing after 18 years and makes a quantum leap when an individual crosses the age of 35
* Diabetes and hypertension showed higher prevalence in those who are 50 years and above while brain/neurological disorders showed higher prevalence in the age group 35 years and below

In 2018 [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] was the leading cause of death after heart disease. The 10 most polluted cities in the world are all in northern India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the [[WHO]] safe limit. In 2017, pollution levels forced schools to close for several days and air pollution killed 1.24 million Indians.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 December 2018|title=Dirty air: how India became the most polluted country on earth|newspaper=Financial Times|url=https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930130506/https://ig.ft.com/india-pollution/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A statewide STEPS survey done in Madhya Pradesh estimated 22.3 percent had hypertension and 6.8 percent had diabetes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kokane|first1=Arun M.|last2=Joshi|first2=Rajnish|last3=Kotnis|first3=Ashwin|last4=Chatterjee|first4=Anirban|last5=Yadav|first5=Kriti|last6=Revadi|first6=G.|last7=Joshi|first7=Ankur|last8=Pakhare|first8=Abhijit P.|date=2020|title=Descriptive profile of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases using WHO STEP wise approach in Madhya Pradesh|journal=PeerJ|volume=8|pages=–9568|article-number=e9568 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9568|issn=2167-8359|pmc=7415222|pmid=32844055 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== High infant mortality rate ===
Despite health improvements over the last thirty years, lives continue to be lost to early childhood diseases, inadequate newborn care and childbirth-related causes. More than two million children die every year from preventable infections.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2355.htm|title=FAQs – UNICEF|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219054925/http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2355.htm}}</ref>

Approximately 1.72 million children die each year before turning one.<ref name="iegindia.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iegindia.org/workpap/wp292.pdf|title=Childhood Mortality and Health in India|work=Source: Institute of Economic Growth University of Delhi Enclave North Campus India by Suresh Sharma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095847/http://www.iegindia.org/workpap/wp292.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2012|access-date=2011-09-20}}</ref> The under five mortality and infant mortality rates have been declining, from 202 and 190 deaths per thousand live births respectively in 1970 to 64 and 50 deaths per thousand live births respectively in 2009 and to 41.1 (in 2018) and 34.6 (in 2016) deaths per thousand live births respectively.<ref name="iegindia.org" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_release_070711.pdf|title=Maternal & Child Mortality and Total Fertility Rates|access-date=2012-02-13|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319131535/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_release_070711.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> However, this decline is slowing. Reduced funding for immunization leaves only 43.5% of the young fully immunized.<ref name="India's Medical Emergency">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519142629/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html|archive-date=19 May 2008|title=India's Medical Emergency|last=Robinson|first=Simon|date=1 May 2008|work=Source: Time US|access-date=2011-09-20}}</ref> A study conducted by the Future Health Systems Consortium in Murshidabad, West Bengal indicates that barriers to immunization coverage are adverse geographic location, absent or inadequately trained health workers and low perceived need for immunization.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kanjilal|first=Barun|author2=Debjani Barman|author3=Swadhin Mondal|author4=Sneha Singh|author5=Moumita Mukherjee|author6=Arnab Mandal|author7=Nilanjan Bhor|date=September 2008|title=Barriers to access immunisation services: a study in Murshidabad, West Bengal|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/fhs-india-research-brief-3-barriers-to-access-immunization-s.html|journal=FHS Research Brief|issue=3|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=30 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430012317/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/fhs-india-research-brief-3-barriers-to-access-immunization-s.html}}</ref> Infrastructure like hospitals, roads, water and sanitation are lacking in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drabhinandan.blogspot.com/2008/05/medical-and-healthcare-facility-plagued.html|title=Medical and Healthcare Facility Plagued|work=Source: Abhinandan S, Dr Ramadoss|access-date=2011-09-20|date=22 May 2008|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417032523/http://drabhinandan.blogspot.com/2008/05/medical-and-healthcare-facility-plagued.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortages of healthcare providers, poor intrapartum and newborn care, diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections also contribute to the high infant mortality rate.<ref name="iegindia.org" />

===Sanitation===
{{see also|Water supply and sanitation in India}}
In 2008 there were more than 122 million households that had no toilets, and 33% lacked access to toilets, over 50% of the population (638 million) [[Open defecation|defecated in the open]].<ref name=wes>{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/india/wes_209.htm | title=Water, Environment and Sanitation | access-date=2011-09-20 | work=Source: UNICEF India | archive-date=16 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173429/http://www.unicef.org/india/wes_209.htm }}</ref> This was relatively higher than Bangladesh and Brazil (7%) and China (4%).<ref name=wes/> 211 million people gained access to [[improved sanitation]] from 1990 to 2008.<ref name=wes/> A huge portion of Indian Population lacked access to toilets prior to the 2014, and open defecation on roads and railway tracks were very common.<ref name=wes/> However, due to the success of "[[Swacch Bharat Mission]]" initiative of the government of India, launched in 2014, India constructed 110 million toilets in the country on the cost of $28 billion. As of 2018 about 95.76% of Indian households have toilet access and in 2019 the Government of India declared the country "Open Defecation Free" (ODF).<ref name="blog.sangamindia.org">{{cite web | url=http://blog.sangamindia.org/2009/07/initiatives-hygiene-and-sanitation | title=Initiatives: Hygiene and Sanitation | access-date=2011-09-20 | work=Source: Sangam Unity in Action | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221014014/http://blog.sangamindia.org/2009/07/initiatives-hygiene-and-sanitation | archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref>

Several million more have multiple episodes of diarrhea and still others fall ill on account of Hepatitis A, enteric fever, intestinal worms and eye and skin infections caused by poor hygiene and unsafe drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2357.htm|title=What We Do – UNICEF|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-date=2 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302102324/http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2357.htm}}</ref>

Access to protected sources of [[drinking water]] improved from 68% of the population in 1990 to 88% in 2008.<ref name=wes/> However, only 26% of the slum population has access to safe drinking water,<ref name="blog.sangamindia.org"/> and 25% of the total population has drinking water on their premises.<ref name=wes/> This problem is exacerbated by falling levels of groundwater caused mainly by increasing extraction for irrigation.<ref name=wes/> Insufficient maintenance of the environment around water sources, [[groundwater pollution]], excessive arsenic and fluoride in drinking water pose a major threat to India's health.<ref name=wes/>

=== Female health issues ===
{{main|Women's health in India}}

A major issue for women in India is that few have access to skilled birth attendants and fewer still to quality emergency obstetric care. In addition, only 15 per cent of mothers receive complete antenatal care and only 58 per cent receive iron or folate tablets or syrup.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Women's health in India involves numerous issues. Some of them include the following:
* [[Malnutrition]] : The main cause of female malnutrition in India is the tradition requiring women to eat last, even during pregnancy and when they are lactating.<ref name="female">{{cite web|title=Chronic hunger and the status of women in India |url=http://www.thp.org/reports/indiawom.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910220125/http://www.thp.org/reports/indiawom.htm |archive-date=10 September 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Breast cancer]] : One of the most severe and increasing problems among women in India, resulting in higher mortality rates.
* [[Maternal mortality]] : Indian maternal mortality rates in rural areas are one of the highest in the world.<ref name="female"/>

=== Rural health ===
Rural India contains over 68% of India's total population,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf|title=RURAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061406/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and half of all residents of rural areas live below the [[poverty line]], struggling for better and easy access to health care and services.<ref>[http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/ Urban Rural Population of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223625/http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/ |date=15 March 2012 }}. Indiafacts.in. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.</ref> Health issues confronted by rural people are many and diverse – from severe malaria to uncontrolled diabetes, from a badly infected wound to cancer.<ref>[http://jssbilaspur.org/issues/ JSS – The Bitter Truth About Rural Health] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051431/http://jssbilaspur.org/issues/ |date=25 April 2012 }}. Jssbilaspur.org. Retrieved on 2012-07-17.</ref> Postpartum maternal illness is a serious problem in resource-poor settings and contributes to maternal mortality, particularly in rural India.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sutherland|first=T|author2=DM Bishai|title=Cost-Effectiveness Of Misoprostol And Prenatal Iron Supplementation As Maternal Mortality Interventions In Home Births In Rural India|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|year=2008|volume=104|issue=3|pages=189–93|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.10.011|pmid=19081564|s2cid=38055632|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/cost-effectiveness-of-misoprostol-and-prenatal-iron-suppleme.html|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830170753/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/cost-effectiveness-of-misoprostol-and-prenatal-iron-suppleme.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A study conducted in 2009 found that 43.9% of mothers reported they experienced postpartum illnesses six weeks after delivery.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tuddenham|first=S A|title=Care seeking for postpartum morbidities in Murshidabad, rural India|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|date=February 2010|volume=109|issue=3|pages=245–246|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/care-seeking-for-postpartum-morbidities-in-murshidabad-rural.html|access-date=26 May 2012|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.01.016|pmid=20207357|s2cid=32417177|display-authors=etal|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110062911/http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/care-seeking-for-postpartum-morbidities-in-murshidabad-rural.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Furthermore, because of limited government resources, much of the health care provided comes from non profits such as [[The MINDS Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What We Do: Our Purpose|url=http://www.mindsfoundation.org/our-purpose/|website=The MINDS Foundation|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910111009/http://mindsfoundation.org/our-purpose/}}</ref>

===Urban health===
{{See also|Urbanisation in India}}

==== Rapid urbanization and disparities in urban India ====
India's urban population has increased from 285 million in 2001 to 377 million (31%) in 2011. It is expected to increase to 535 million (38%) by 2026 (4). The United Nations estimates that 875 million people will live in Indian cities and towns by 2050. If urban India were a separate country, it would be the world's fourth largest country after China, India and the United States of America. According to data from Census 2011, close to 50% of urban dwellers in India live in towns and cities with a population of less than 0.5 million. The four largest urban agglomerations Greater [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]] are home to 15% of India's urban population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agarwal|first=Siddharth|date=2014-10-31|title=Making the Invisible Visible|ssrn=2769027}}</ref>
[[File:Changing lives Ante and post natal care for mums and babies in Orissa (6835364123).jpg|thumb|332x332px|A woman and her baby boy are healthy and safe post delivery, after receiving access to healthcare services through an assistance program in Orissa, India.]]

==== Child health and survival disparities in urban India ====
Analysis of National Family Health Survey Data for 2005–06 (the most recent available dataset for analysis) shows that within India's urban population – the under-five mortality rate for the poorest quartile eight states, the highest under-five mortality rate in the poorest quartile occurred in UttarPradesh (110 per 1,000 live births), India's most populous state, which had 44.4 million urban dwellers in the 2011 census<ref>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (2011). Population Census of India 2011 Accessed 9-10-016 http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430133506/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html |date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> followed by Rajasthan (102), Madhya Pradesh (98), Jharkhand (90) and Bihar (85), Delhi (74), and Maharashtra (50). The sample for West Bengal was too small for analysis of under-five mortality rate. In Uttar Pradesh was four times that of the rest of the urban populations in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, the under-five mortality rate among its poorest quartile was more than three times that of the rest of its urban population.<ref name="The state of urban health, 13-28">{{Cite journal|last=Agarwal|first=Siddharth|date=2011-04-01|title=The state of urban health in India; comparing the poorest quartile to the rest of the urban population in selected states and cities|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=23|issue=1|pages=13–28|doi=10.1177/0956247811398589|bibcode=2011EnUrb..23...13A |s2cid=154216003 |issn=0956-2478|doi-access=}}</ref>

==== Maternal healthcare disparities in urban India ====
Among India's urban population there is a much lower proportion of mothers receiving maternity care among the poorest quartile; only 54 per cent of pregnant women had at least three ante-natal care visits compared to 83 per cent for the rest of the urban population. Less than a quarter of mothers within the poorest quartile received adequate maternity care in Bihar (12 percent), and Uttar Pradesh (20 percent), and less than half in Madhya Pradesh (38 percent), Delhi (41 percent), Rajasthan (42 percent), and Jharkhand (48 percent). Availing three or more ante-natal check-ups during pregnancy among the poorest quartile was better in West Bengal (71 percent), Maharashtra (73 percent).<ref name="The state of urban health, 13-28"/>

==== High levels of undernutrition among the urban poor ====
For India's urban population in 2005–06, 54 percent of children were [[Stunted growth|stunted]], and 47 percent underweight in the poorest urban quartile, compared to 33 percent and 26 percent, respectively, for the rest of the urban population. Stunted growth in children under five years of age was particularly high among the poorest quartile of the urban populations in Uttar Pradesh (64 percent), Maharashtra (63 percent), Bihar (58 percent), Delhi(58 percent), Madhya Pradesh (55 percent), Rajasthan (53 percent), and slightly better in Jharkhand (49 percent). Even in the better-performing states close to half of the children under-five were stunted among the poorest quartile, being 48 percent in West Bengal respectively.<ref name="The state of urban health, 13-28"/>

High levels of stunted growth and underweight issues among the urban poor in India points to repeated infections, depleting the child's nutritional reserves, owing to sub-optimal physical environment. It is also indicative of high levels of food insecurity among this segment of the population. A study carried out in the slums of Delhi showed that 51% of slum families were food insecure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agarwal|first1=Siddharth|last2=Sethi|first2=Vani|last3=Gupta|first3=Palak|last4=Jha|first4=Meenakshi|last5=Agnihotri|first5=Ayushi|last6=Nord|first6=Mark|date=2009-08-04|title=Experiential household food insecurity in an urban underserved slum of North India|journal=Food Security|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=239–250|doi=10.1007/s12571-009-0034-y|s2cid=17151198|issn=1876-4517}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==

=== Health education programs ===
The Indian government has implemented several initiatives over the past few decades to boost healthcare opportunities and access in both rural areas and urban slums. International researchers and organizations have cited the need to implement more long-term solutions to permanently improve slum health; they argue that government-funded programs like the [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NRHM) or the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) have a short-lived impact.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nolan|first=Laura B.|date=March 2015|title=Slum Definitions in Urban India: Implications for the Measurement of Health Inequalities|journal=Population and Development Review|language=en|volume=41|issue=1|pages=59–84|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00026.x|pmc=4746497|pmid=26877568}}</ref> The National Immunization Programme, a notable example, prioritized providing vaccinations to slum-dwellers to reduce spread of infectious disease, but research suggests that the efficacy of this program was limited because slum residents remain unaware of the significance of being immunized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Sanjeev|last2=Sahu|first2=Damodar|last3=Agrawal|first3=Ashish|last4=Vashi|first4=Meeta Dhaval|date=July 2018|title=Ensuring childhood vaccination among slums dwellers under the National Immunization Program in India – Challenges and opportunities|journal=Preventive Medicine|language=en|volume=112|pages=54–60|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.002|pmid=29626558|s2cid=4879865}}</ref> This finding demonstrated the need to implement health education programs to work towards long-term solutions to the slum health crisis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lilford|first1=Richard J|last2=Oyebode|first2=Oyinlola|last3=Satterthwaite|first3=David|last4=Melendez-Torres|first4=G J|last5=Chen|first5=Yen-Fu|last6=Mberu|first6=Blessing|last7=Watson|first7=Samuel I|last8=Sartori|first8=Jo|last9=Ndugwa|first9=Robert|date=February 2017|title=Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=389|issue=10068|pages=559–570|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31848-7|pmid=27760702|s2cid=3511402|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83214/1/WRAP_Slum%20Health%20Paper%202-%20RESUBMISSION_FINALCOPY_CLEAN.pdf|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719041445/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83214/1/WRAP_Slum%20Health%20Paper%202-%20RESUBMISSION_FINALCOPY_CLEAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Non-profit organizations have approached this problem in a multitude of different ways.

While some organizations continue to provide service through opening medical facilities in inner city areas or advocating for infrastructural change (e.g. improving water sanitation), other newer organizations are increasingly focusing on educating the population on health care resources through community-based health education programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lilford|first1=Richard J|last2=Oyebode|first2=Oyinlola|last3=Satterthwaite|first3=David|last4=Melendez-Torres|first4=G J|last5=Chen|first5=Yen-Fu|last6=Mberu|first6=Blessing|last7=Watson|first7=Samuel I|last8=Sartori|first8=Jo|last9=Ndugwa|first9=Robert|date=February 2017|title=Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums|journal=The Lancet|volume=389|issue=10068|pages=559–570|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31848-7|pmid=27760702|s2cid=3511402|issn=0140-6736|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83214/1/WRAP_Slum%20Health%20Paper%202-%20RESUBMISSION_FINALCOPY_CLEAN.pdf|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719041445/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/83214/1/WRAP_Slum%20Health%20Paper%202-%20RESUBMISSION_FINALCOPY_CLEAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Factors like fear of consequence, gender, individual agency, and overall socioeconomic environment have an effect on the ability and willingness of patients to seek healthcare resources.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Das|first1=Moumita|last2=Angeli|first2=Federica|last3=Krumeich|first3=Anja J. S. M.|last4=van Schayck|first4=Onno C. P.|date=December 2018|title=Patterns of illness disclosure among Indian slum dwellers: a qualitative study|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|page=3|doi=10.1186/s12914-018-0142-x|issn=1472-698X|pmc=5771001|pmid=29338708 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Implementing health awareness programs and focusing on improving the population's knowledge of healthcare resources has a significant effect on their ability to access affordable care, prevent illness, and prevent job loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Li|last2=Zhao|first2=Qiuli|last3=Zhu|first3=Xuemei|last4=Shen|first4=Xiaoying|last5=Zhu|first5=Yulan|last6=Yang|first6=Liu|last7=Gao|first7=Wei|last8=Li|first8=Minghui|date=August 2017|title=Effect of a comprehensive health education program on pre-hospital delay intentions in high-risk stroke population and caregivers|journal=Quality of Life Research|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=2153–2160|doi=10.1007/s11136-017-1550-4|pmid=28401417|s2cid=4587634|issn=0962-9343}}</ref> For example, in parts of India, public facilities offer free treatment for tuberculosis, yet many slum residents choose to visit expensive private healthcare facilities due to lack of awareness of this program. After an initiative involving conversations between health experts and slum households, a significant number of residents turned to public facilities rather than private hospitals to receive effective treatment at no cost.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Samal|first=Janmejaya|date=2017|title=Impact of a Structured Tuberculosis Awareness Strategy on the Knowledge and Behaviour of the Families in a Slum Area in Chhattisgarh, India|journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research|volume=11|issue=3|pages=LC11–LC15|doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/24107.9489|pmc=5427341|pmid=28511415}}</ref>

Organizations have implemented a similar method of health education within urban schools to combat nutritional deficiency and malnutrition among children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pörtner|first1=Claus C.|last2=Su|first2=Yu-hsuan|date=February 2018|title=Differences in Child Health Across Rural, Urban, and Slum Areas: Evidence From India|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=223–247|doi=10.1007/s13524-017-0634-7|pmid=29192387|s2cid=3708575|issn=0070-3370|doi-access=free}}</ref> Through use of informational videos and posters and curriculum changes, all implemented within a school setting, adolescents had an increased awareness of their nutritional needs and the resources they could utilize.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=D. Raghunatha|last2=Vijayapushpam|first2=T.|last3=Rao|first3=N. Amulya|last4=Dube|first4=Anilkumar|last5=Venkaiah|first5=K.|date=2016-12-01|title=Assessment of an Integrated Nutrition Communication Approach to Educate the School Going Adolescent Girls Living In Urban Slums of Hyderabad, Telangana State, India|journal=Asian Journal of Education and Training|volume=2|issue=2|pages=70–77|doi=10.20448/journal.522/2016.2.2/522.2.70.77|s2cid=53395280|doi-access=free}}</ref> Overall, health education programs have proven to be an effective strategy in addressing the root causes of health disparities and promoting long-term change in underserved communities.

'''Preventive and Promotive Healthcare'''

* [[Mission Indradhanush]]

'''Programmes for Communicable Diseases'''

* National Viral Hepatitis Control Program
* Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
* National TB Elimination Programme (formerly Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme)
* National Leprosy Eradication Programme
* National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme
* National AIDS Control Programme
* Pulse Polio Programme

'''Programmes Non-communicable Diseases'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMMES LAUNCHED BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH<ref>{{Cite web|title=Non Communicable Disease Control Programmes :: National Health Mission|url=https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=1041&lid=614|access-date=2021-09-15|website=nhm.gov.in|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921231347/https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=1041&lid=614|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Program
!Launch Year
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT (NPCBVI)
|1976
|-
|NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM (NMHP)
|1982
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DEAFNESS (NPPCD)
|2007
|-
|NATIONAL TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM (NTCP)
|2007
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR HEALTHCARE OF ELDERLY (NPHCE)
|2010
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR PREVENTION & CONTROL OF CANCER, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES & STROKE (NPCDCS)
|2010
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF BURN INJURIES (NPPMBI)
|2010 (Initial pilot program)
|-
|NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PALLIATIVE CARE (NPPC)
|2012
|-
|NATIONAL ORAL HEALTH PROGRAM (NOHP)
|2014
|}

'''National Nutritional Programmes'''

* Integrated Child Development Services
* National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme
* Mid-Day Meal Programme

'''Programmes Related to System Strengthening / Welfare'''

* Ayushman Bharat Yojana
* National Program of Health Care for the Elderly
* Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health
* [[National Rural Health Mission]]
* National Urban Health Mission

'''Miscellaneous'''

* Voluntary Blood Donation Programme
* Universal Immunization Programme
* Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana
* [[Janani Suraksha Yojana|Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojana]]
* Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram

== Other issues ==
According to [[Huffington Post]], doctors spoke about the problems with "corporate hospitals" and senior surgeons being told to sell surgeries to their patients even if they weren't needed. In one instance, a doctor was told he would be sacked if he didn't have enough patients to operate on.<ref name="Huffington2016">{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Prabha |date=July 15, 2016 |title=Exclusive: Doctors And Hospitals Are Playing With Lives For Profit, Say Authors Of Medical Exposé |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/exclusive-doctors-and-hospitals-are-playing-with-lives-for-prof_b_9792552 |work=[[Huffington Post]] |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123352/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/exclusive-doctors-and-hospitals-are-playing-with-lives-for-prof_b_9792552 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority of India's [[Private hospital|private]], [[for-profit hospital]]s charge exorbitant costs for medical services and supplies, which has put a strain on the country's public finances.<ref name="Huffington2016" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prabhakar |first1=BinoyY |date=September 24, 2022 |title=Max, Fortis, Apollo and other big hospital chains have been overcharging patients: CCI investigation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indias-largest-hospital-chains-abused-dominance-through-excessive-pricing-finds-cci-investigation-9219251.html |work=[[Moneycontrol.com]] |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123352/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indias-largest-hospital-chains-abused-dominance-through-excessive-pricing-finds-cci-investigation-9219251.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnan |first1=Murali |date=November 22, 2017 |title=The problem of expensive hospitals in India |url=https://www.dw.com/en/private-hospitals-exorbitant-bill-spotlights-poor-public-healthcare-in-india/a-41487085 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123353/https://www.dw.com/en/private-hospitals-exorbitant-bill-spotlights-poor-public-healthcare-in-india/a-41487085 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Kavaljit |date=11 June 2021 |title=COVID-19 Killed My Wife. Then Came a 19 Lakh Bill From a Hospital That Didn't Have a CT Scanner. |url=https://thewire.in/health/covid-19-crisis-delhi-oxygen-dhli-hospital |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123353/https://thewire.in/health/covid-19-crisis-delhi-oxygen-dhli-hospital |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Environment of India]]
* [[HIV/AIDS in India]]
* [[Indian states ranking by institutional delivery]]
* [[National Centre for Disease Control]]
* [[Poverty in India]]
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[Timeline of healthcare in India]]
* [[Tobacco politics|Tobacco control law in India]]
* [[Mental health in India]]
* [[National Commission for Indian System of Medicine]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{Country study}}

==External links==
* The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_India_SoWMy_Profile.pdf India Country Profile]
* [http://www.thelancet.com/series/india-towards-universal-health-coverage Lancet -India: Towards Universal Health Coverage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228080432/http://www.dinodiacapital.com/pdfs/Indian%20Healthcare%20Industry,%20November%202012.pdf Indian Healthcare Industry, November 2012 – Dinodia Capital Advisors]

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Health in India}}
{{Asia topic|Health in}}
{{India topics}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}

[[Category:Health in India| ]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]

Moringa oleifera

2026-03-25T15:15:12Z

PorterStowell75: small improved intro per standard format also and added references after review

{{short description|Species of flowering tree}}
{{Hatnote|"Drumstick tree" and variants thereof redirect here. This name is also used for ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', the golden rain tree.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = DrumstickFlower.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Roland, C. |year=2020 |title=''Moringa oleifera'' |article-number=e.T61890232A61890241 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61890232A61890241.en |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Moringa
| species = oleifera
| authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |title=''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. |id=584736-1 |access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list |hidden=yes
| Guilandina moringa | L.
| Anoma moringa | (L.) Lour.
| Hyperanthera moringa | (L.) Vahl
| Hyperanthera decandra | Willd.
| Moringa amara | Durin
| Moringa domestica | Buch.-Ham.
| Moringa edulis | Medik.
| Moringa erecta | Salisb.
| Moringa nux-eben | Desf.
| Moringa octogona | Stokes
| Moringa polygona | DC.
| Moringa robusta | Bojer
| Moringa sylvestris | Buch.-Ham.
| Moringa zeylanica | Pers.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}

[[File:Moringa oleifera pods NP.JPG|thumb|Pods]]
'''''Moringa oleifera''''' is a short-lived,<ref group=Note name=Note01/> fast-growing, [[drought-resistant]] tree of the family [[Moringaceae]], native to northern India and used extensively in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=''Moringa oleifera'' (horseradish tree) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34868 |access-date=17 May 2020 |publisher=Climate Action Business Incubator (CABI)}}</ref> Common names include '''moringa''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref> '''drumstick tree'''<ref name=GRIN/> (from the long, slender, triangular seed-pods), '''horseradish tree'''<ref name=GRIN/> (from the taste of the roots, which resembles [[horseradish]]), or '''malunggay''' (as known in maritime or archipelagic areas in Asia).<ref name="Sera">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 | last1=Serafico | first1=M.E. | last2=Perlas | first2=L.A. | last3=Magsadia | first3=C.R. | last4=Desnacido | first4=J.A. | last5=Viajar | first5=R.V. | last6=Rongavilla | first6=E.O. | last7=Azana | first7=G.P. | last8=Trinidad | first8=T.P. | title=Efficacy ofMalunggay(Moringa oleifera) leaves in improving the iron and vitamins A and B status of Filipino schoolchildren | journal=Acta Horticulturae | issue=1158 | year=2017 | issn=0567-7572 | doi=10.17660/actahortic.2017.1158.33 | pages=293–302}}</ref>

It is widely cultivated for its young [[seed pods]] and leaves, used as [[vegetables]] and for [[Traditional medicine|traditional]] [[herbal medicine]]. It is also used for [[water purification]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kalibbala|first1=H. M.|last2=Wahlberg|first2=O.|last3=Hawumba|first3=T. J.|date=1 December 2009|title=The impact of ''Moringa oleifera'' as a coagulant aid on the removal of trihalomethane (THM) precursors and iron from drinking water|journal=Water Science and Technology: Water Supply|volume=9|issue=6|pages=707–714|doi=10.2166/ws.2009.671 |bibcode=2009WatSu...9..707K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Removal of natural organic matter and control of trihalomethanes formation in water treatment|last=Kalibbala |first=Herbert Mpagi |year=2012|publisher=Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology|isbn=978-91-7501-323-7|location=Stockholm|oclc=939795543}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Moringa flowers]]
[[File:Pollens of Moringa oleifera.jpg|thumb|Moringa pollen]]
[[Image:The tree and seedpods of Moringa oleifera.JPG|thumb|Tree and seed pods of ''Moringa oleifera'']]
[[Image:The seeds of Moringa oleifera.JPG|thumb|Moringa seeds]]
[[File:Kalamunggay (Moringa oleifera), Philippines.jpg|thumb|Foliage of ''Moringa oleifera'']]

''M. oleifera'' is a fast-growing, deciduous tree<ref>{{ cite encyclopedia
| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172119/horseradish-tree
| title=Horseradish tree
| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica
| access-date=2015-04-25
}}</ref> that can reach a height of {{convert|10–12|m|abbr=on}} and trunk diameter of {{convert|46|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=parotta>{{cite web|author=Parotta, John A.|year=1993|title=''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. Reseda, horseradish tree. Moringaceae. Horseradish tree family|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf061%20%20(6).pdf|publisher=USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry|access-date=2013-11-20}}</ref> The bark has a whitish-gray color and is surrounded by thick cork. Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white, hairy bark. The tree has an open crown of drooping, fragile branches, and the [[leaves]] build up a feathery foliage of [[tripinnate]] leaves.

The flowers are fragrant and hermaphroditic, surrounded by five unequal, thinly veined, yellowish-white petals. The flowers are about {{convert|1–1.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} long and {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad. They grow on slender, hairy stalks in spreading or drooping flower clusters, which have a length of {{convert|10–25|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}}.<ref name=parotta/>

Flowering begins within the first six months of planting. In seasonally cool regions, flowering only occurs once a year in late spring and early summer (Northern Hemisphere between April and June, Southern Hemisphere between October and December). In more constant seasonal temperatures and with constant rainfall, flowering can happen twice or even all year-round.<ref name=parotta/>

The fruit is a hanging, three-sided, brown, {{convert|20–45|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} capsule, which holds dark brown, globular seeds with a diameter around 1 cm. The seeds have three whitish, papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water.<ref name=parotta/>

In cultivation, it is often [[pollarding|cut back]] annually to {{convert|1|–|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} and allowed to regrow so the [[Glossary of plant morphology terms#Fruit types|pod]]s and leaves remain within arm's reach.<ref name=parotta/>

== Taxonomy ==
French botanist [[François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault]] described the species as ''Balanus myrepsica'', but his names are not accepted as valid, as he did not always give his descriptions binomial names.<ref name=FoA>{{Flora of Australia Online|id=54931}}</ref>

French naturalist [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] described the species in 1785.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lamarck |first1=Jean-Baptiste |title=Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique |date=1785 |volume=1 |publisher=Panckoucke; Plomteux |location=Paris |page=398 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/716990}}</ref> A combined analysis of morphology and DNA shows that ''M. oleifera'' is most closely related to ''M. concanensis'', and the common ancestor of these two diverged from the lineage of ''[[Moringa peregrina|M. peregrina]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Mark E. |title=Combining Data from DNA Sequences and Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales) |journal=Systematic Botany |date=2002 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=55–73 |url=http://www.formad-environnement.org/3-Moringa_Olson2002_phylogeny.pdf}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The genus name ''Moringa'' derives from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word, ''murungai'', meaning "twisted pod", alluding to the young fruit.<ref>{{cite book |author=Olson, Mark E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KRof-0pX4C&pg=PA168 |title=Moringaceae Martinov; Drumstick Tree Family; In: Flora of North America, North of Mexico, Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Dilleniidae, Part 2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-531822-7 |page=168}}</ref> The [[species|specific]] name ''oleifera'' is derived from the [[Latin]] words {{Lang|la|oleum}} "oil" and {{Lang|la|ferre}} "to bear".<ref name="FoA" />

The plant has numerous common names across regions where it is cultivated, with drumstick tree, horseradish tree, or simply moringa used in English.<ref name="cabi" /><ref name="GRIN" />

== Ecology ==
The moringa tree is not affected by any serious diseases in its native or introduced ranges. In India, several insect pests are seen, including various caterpillars such as the [[bark-eating caterpillar]], the hairy caterpillar, or the green leaf caterpillar. Budworms from the [[Noctuidae]] are known to cause serious defoliation. Damaging agents can also be [[aphid]]s, stem borers, and fruit flies. In some regions, termites can also cause minor damage. If termites are numerous in soils, insect-management costs are not bearable.<ref name="parotta" />

The moringa tree is a host to ''[[Leveillula taurica]]'', a powdery [[mildew]], which causes damage in papaya crops in south India. Furthermore, the [[caterpillar]]s of the [[Pyraloidea|snout moth]] ''[[Noorda blitealis]]'' feed primarily on the leaves and can cause complete leaf loss.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

=== As an invasive species ===
Although listed as an [[invasive species]] in several countries, one source reports that ''M. oleifera'' has "not been observed invading intact habitats or displacing native flora", so "should be regarded at present as a widely cultivated species with low invasive potential."<ref name="cabi" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2024}}

== Cultivation ==
The moringa tree is grown mainly in [[semiarid]], [[tropical]], and [[subtropical]] areas, corresponding in the United States to [[USDA hardiness zone]]s 9 and 10. It tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, but prefers a neutral to slightly acidic ([[pH]] 6.3 to 7.0), well-drained, sandy or loamy soil.<ref name=ted/> In waterlogged soil, the roots have a tendency to rot.<ref name=ted/> Moringa is a sun- and heat-loving plant, and does not tolerate [[freezing]] or [[frost]].{{original research inline|date=February 2025}} Moringa is particularly suitable for dry regions, as it can be grown using rainwater without expensive irrigation techniques.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter!! Requirement/range<ref name=ted/>
|-
|Climate || Grows best in tropical or subtropical
|-
|Altitude || 0 – {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
|Rainfall || {{convert|250|–|3000|mm|in|abbr=on}}
Irrigation needed for leaf production if rainfall < {{convert|800|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|-
|Soil Type|| Loamy, sandy, or sandy loam
|-
|Soil pH || pH 5–9
|}

===Production area===
India is the largest producer of moringa, with an annual production of 1.2 million tonnes of fruit from an area of {{cvt|380|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=ted/>

Moringa is grown in home gardens and as living fences in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia, where it is commonly sold in local markets. In the Philippines and Indonesia, it is commonly grown for its leaves, which are used as food. Moringa is also actively cultivated by the [[World Vegetable Center]] in [[Taiwan]], a center for vegetable research.

More generally, moringa grows in the wild or is cultivated in Central America and the [[Caribbean]], northern countries of South America, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and various countries of [[Oceania]].

As of 2010, cultivation in Hawaii was in the early stages for commercial distribution in the United States.<ref name="ted">{{cite journal
| title=Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa (revised February 2011)
| author=Radovich, Ted
| year=2011
| journal=In: Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry
| editor=C.R. Elevitch
| url=http://agroforestry.net/scps/Moringa_specialty_crop.pdf
}}</ref>

===Cultivation practice===
====Soil preparations====
In tropical cultivation, [[soil erosion]] is a major problem, requiring soil treatment to be as shallow as possible.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} Plowing is required only for high planting densities. In low planting densities, digging pits and refilling them with soil is preferable to ensure good root system penetration without causing too much land erosion. Optimal pits are {{convert|30|-|50|cm|abbr=on}} deep and {{convert|20|-|40|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} wide.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

====Propagation====
Moringa can be [[plant propagation|propagated]] from seed or [[cutting (plant)|cuttings]].
Direct seeding is possible because the [[germination rate]] of ''M. oleifera'' is high. Moringa seeds can be germinated year-round in well-draining soil. Cuttings of {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} length and at least {{convert|4|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} diameter can be used for [[vegetative propagation]].


=== Breeding ===
In India, from where moringa most likely originated,<ref name="cabi" /> the diversity of wild types gives a good basis for breeding programs. In countries where moringa has been introduced, the diversity is usually much smaller among the cultivar types. Locally well-adapted wild types, though, can be found in most regions.

Because moringa is cultivated and used in different ways, breeding aims for an annual or a perennial plant are obviously different. The yield stability of fruits is an important breeding aim for the commercial cultivation in India, where moringa is cultivated as an annual. On less favorable locations, perennial cultivation has big advantages, such as less erosion. In Pakistan, varieties have been tested for the nutritional composition of their leaves on different locations.<ref name=Rees3>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001 |title=Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of ''Moringa oleifera'' leaves grown in Pakistan |year=2006 |last1=Iqbal |first1=Shahid |last2=Bhanger |first2=M.I. |journal=Journal of Food Composition and Analysis |volume=19 |issue=6–7 |pages=544–551 |bibcode=2006JFCA...19..544I }}</ref> India selects for a higher number of pods and dwarf or semidwarf varieties. Breeders in Tanzania, though, are selecting for higher oil content.

=== Yield and harvest ===
''M. oleifera'' can be cultivated for its leaves, pods, and/or its kernels for oil extraction and water purification. The yields vary widely, depending on season, variety, fertilization, and irrigation regimen. Moringa yields best under warm, dry conditions with some supplemental fertilizer and irrigation.<ref name=ted/> Harvest is done manually with knives, sickles, and stabs with hooks attached.<ref name=ted/> [[Pollarding]], [[coppicing]], and lopping or [[pruning]] are recommended to promote branching, increase production, and facilitate harvesting.<ref name="pollarding">{{cite book |last1=Grubben |first1=G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=pollarding%20moringa&pg=PA394 |title=Vegetables |volume=2 |edition=Plant resources of tropical Africa |editor-last=Grubben |editor-first= G. J. H. |page=394 |isbn=978-90-5782-147-9 |access-date=2015-02-02 |year=2004 |publisher=PROTA }}</ref>

=== Fruits ===
When the plant is grown from cuttings, the first harvest can take place 6–8 months after planting. Often, the fruits are not produced in the first year, and the yield is generally low during the first few years. By year two, it produces around 300 pods, by year three around 400–500. A good tree can yield 1,000 or more pods.<ref>Booth, F.E.M.; Wickens, G.E., 1988: Non-timber Uses of Selected Arid Zone Trees and Shrubs in Africa, p.98, FAO, Rome "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t0044e/T0044e16.htm]".Retrieved 20-11-2013.</ref> In India, a hectare can produce 31 tons of pods per year.<ref name=ted/> Under North Indian conditions, the fruits ripen during the summer. Sometimes, particularly in South India, flowers and fruit appear twice a year, so two harvests occur, in July to September and March to April.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02858648 |title=Drumstick (''Moringa oleifera''): A multipurpose Indian vegetable |year=1980 |last1=Ramachandran |first1=C. |last2=Peter |first2=K. V. |last3=Gopalakrishnan |first3=P. K. |s2cid=40029228 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=276–283|bibcode=1980EcBot..34..276R }}</ref>

=== Leaves ===
Average yields of 6 tons/ha/year (2 tons per acre) in fresh matter can be achieved. The harvest differs strongly between the rainy and dry seasons, with 1120 kilogram/ha (1000 lb per acre) per harvest and 690 kg/ha (620 lb per acre) per harvest, respectively. The leaves and stems can be harvested from the young plants 60 days after seeding and then another seven times in the year. At every harvest, the plants are cut back to within 60 cm (2') of the ground.<ref>{{cite web|title= Moringa Leaf Farming Systems: Conditions for Profitability and Sustainability|author=Sogbo, K. A. |year=2006 |url=http://www.moringanews.org/doc/GB/PowerPoint/Kokou_Sogbo_GB.pdf |access-date=2013-11-19}}</ref> In some production systems, the leaves are harvested every 2 weeks.

The cultivation of ''M. oleifera'' can also be done intensively with irrigation and fertilization with suitable varieties.<ref name="amaglo">{{cite web|title= How to Produce Moringa Leaves Efficiently?|author= Amaglo, N.|year=2006|url=http://www.moringanews.org/doc/GB/Groups/Group_2_Newton_text_GB.pdf|access-date=2013-11-19}}</ref> Trials in [[Nicaragua]] with 1 million plants per hectare and 9 cuttings/year over 4 years gave an average fresh matter production of 580 metric tons/ha/year (230 long tons per acre), equivalent to about 174 metric tons of fresh leaves.<ref name="amaglo"/>

=== Oil ===
One estimate for yield of oil from kernels is 250'' ''L/ha (22 imperial gallons per acre).<ref name=ted/> The oil can be used as a [[food supplement]], as a base for cosmetics, and for hair and the skin. Seeds of Moringa can also be used in production of biofuel.

== Toxicity ==
Toxicity data in humans are limited, although laboratory studies indicate that certain compounds in the bark and roots or their extracts may cause adverse effects when consumed in excess.<ref name="mskcc" /> Supplementation with ''M. oleifera'' leaf extract is potentially toxic at levels exceeding 3,000 mg/kg of body weight, but safe at levels below 1,000 mg/kg.<ref name="toxixity">{{cite journal |last1=Asare |first1=GA |last2=Nyarko |first2=A |year=2012 |title=Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical ''Moringa oleifera'' at supra-supplementation levels |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=265–272 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009 |pmid=22101359}}</ref> A study on [[Laboratory rat|albino mice]] found that high levels (>5,000mg/kg) of consumption could impair renal function.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ezemagu |first1=Uchenna Kenneth |last2=Okafor |first2=Chiagozie C. |last3=Anibeze |first3=Chike P. |last4=Ojobo |first4=Chioma M. |last5=Okechukwu |first5=Getrude N. |last6=Ezemagu |first6=Eunice I. |title= Evaluating the Renal Toxicity Profile of Moringa oleifera Seed: Associating its Wide Consumption with Renal Failure – Subacute in vivo Study|journal= Journal of the Anatomical Society of India|date=2023 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=98–104 |language=en-US |doi=10.4103/jasi.jasi_22_22 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''M. oleifera'' may interfere with [[prescription drug]]s affecting [[cytochrome P450]] (including [[CYP3A4]]) and may inhibit the [[Anti-diabetic|antihyperglycemic]] effect of [[sitagliptin]].<ref name="mskcc" />

== Uses ==
''M. oleifera'' has numerous applications in cooking throughout its regional distribution. Edible parts of the plant include the whole leaves (leaflets, stalks and stems); the immature, green fruits or seed pods; the fragrant flowers; and the young seeds and roots.<ref name="Lim-v3">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&q=Moringa+curry&pg=PA456|title=Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants|volume=3, Fruits|chapter=Moringa oleifera|first=TK|last=Lim|pages=453–485|year=2012|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-007-2534-8}}</ref>{{nutritionalvalue
| name = ''Moringa oleifera'' leaf, raw
| kcal = 64
| water = 78.66 g
| protein = 9.40 g
| fat = 1.40 g
| carbs = 8.28 g
| fiber = 2.0 g
| calcium_mg = 185
| iron_mg = 4.00
| magnesium_mg = 147
| manganese_mg = 0.36
| phosphorus_mg = 112
| potassium_mg = 337
| sodium_mg = 9
| zinc_mg = 0.6
| vitA_ug = 378
| vitC_mg = 51.7
| pantothenic_mg = 0.125
| vitB6_mg = 1.200
| folate_ug = 40
| thiamin_mg = 0.257
| riboflavin_mg = 0.660
| niacin_mg = 2.220|
| source_usda = 1
}}

=== Nutrition ===
{{nutritionalvalue
| name = ''M. oleifera'' pods, raw
| kcal = 37
| water = 88.20 g
| protein = 2.10 g
| fat = 0.20 g
| carbs = 8.53 g
| fiber = 3.2 g
| calcium_mg = 30
| iron_mg = 0.36
| magnesium_mg = 45
| manganese_mg = 0.259
| phosphorus_mg = 50
| potassium_mg = 461
| sodium_mg = 42
| zinc_mg = 0.45
| vitA_ug = 4
| vitC_mg = 141.0
| pantothenic_mg = 0.794
| vitB6_mg = 0.120
| folate_ug = 44
| thiamin_mg = 0.0530
| riboflavin_mg = 0.074
| niacin_mg = 0.620
| source_usda = 1
}}

Various parts of moringa are edible:<ref name="cabi" />
* Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks"
* Leaves
* Mature seeds
* Oil pressed from seeds
* Flowers
* Roots
Nutritional content of 100'' ''g of fresh ''M. oleifera'' leaves (about 5 [[cup (unit)|cups]]) is shown in the table (USDA data).


The leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a significant source of [[B vitamins|B vitamins]], [[Vitamin C|vitamin C]], [[Vitamin A|provitamin A]] as [[beta-carotene]], [[Vitamin K|vitamin K]], [[manganese]], and [[protein]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Horseradish-tree, leafy tips, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2453/2 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=Nutritiondata.com |publisher=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter, K.V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPo-7-zmrZcC&q=moringa%20oleifera&pg=PA112 |title=Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops:, Volume 4 |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-89422-90-5 |page=112}}</ref>  Some of the calcium in moringa leaves is bound as crystals of [[calcium oxalate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=M. E. |last2=Carlquist |first2=S. |year=2001 |title=Stem and root anatomical correlations with life form diversity, ecology, and systematics in Moringa (Moringaceae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=315–348 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00786.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2001BJLS..135..315O }}</ref> Oxalate levels may vary from 430 to 1050 mg/100g,<ref name="pmid26057747">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S |date=June 2015 |title=Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of ''Moringa oleifera'' Leaves: An Overview |url= |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=12791–835 |doi=10.3390/ijms160612791 |pmc=4490473 |pmid=26057747 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015IJMSc..1612791L }}</ref> compared to the oxalate in spinach (average 750 mg/100g).<ref name="pmid10760101">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holmes RP, Kennedy M |date=April 2000 |title=Estimation of the oxalate content of foods and daily oxalate intake |url= |journal=Kidney Int |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=1662–7 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00010.x |pmid=10760101|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Culinary ===
==== Seeds ====
The seeds can be removed from mature pods, cut, and cooked for consumption.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing; United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=60 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref>

In Nigeria, the seeds are prized for their bitter flavor; they are commonly added to sauces or eaten as a fried snack. The edible seed oil may be used in condiments or dressings.<ref name="Lim-v3" />

Ground, debittered moringa seed is suitable as a fortification ingredient to increase the protein, iron and calcium content of wheat flours.<ref name="Lim-v3" /><ref name="MOfortificant" /><ref name="MOflour">{{cite journal |last1=Chinma |first1=C |last2=Abu |first2=J |last3=Akoma |first3=S |year=2014 |title=Effect of germinated tigernut and moringa flour blends on the quality of wheat-based bread |journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=721–727 |doi=10.1111/jfpp.12023|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Fruit pods ====
[[File:Moringa oleifera drumstick pods.JPG|thumb|Drumstick vegetable pods at a market]]The young, slender fruits, commonly known as "drumsticks", are often prepared as a culinary vegetable in South Asia. They are prepared by [[parboil]]ing, commonly cut into shorter lengths, and cooked in a [[curry]] or [[soup]] until soft.<ref>{{cite book |author=Schneider, Elizabeth |title=Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-688-15260-4 |page=318}}</ref> Their taste is described as reminiscent of [[asparagus]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmer |first1=R |title=SEAVEG 2012: High Value Vegetables in Southeast Asia: Production, Supply and Demand |last2=Linwattana |first2=G |last3=Nath |first3=P |last4=Keatinge |first4=JDH |publisher=World Vegetable Center |year=2013 |isbn=978-92-9058-200-7}}</ref> with a hint of [[green bean]]s, though sweeter due to the immature seeds contained inside.<ref name="npr">{{cite podcast |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/21/439509739/mother-knows-best-when-it-comes-to-cooking-with-moringa |title=My Mom Cooked Moringa Before It Was A Superfood |publisher=NPR |date=21 September 2015 |access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref> The seed pods, even when cooked by boiling, remain high in vitamin C<ref name="USDA">{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Horseradish-tree, pods, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt. |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2738/2 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=Nutritiondata.com |publisher=Condé Nast}}</ref> (which may be degraded variably by cooking), and are also a good source of [[dietary fiber]], [[potassium]], [[magnesium]], and [[manganese]].<ref name="USDA" />

Drumstick [[Curry|curries]] are commonly prepared by boiling immature pods to the desired level of tenderness in a mixture of coconut milk and spices (such as [[Poppy seeds|poppy]] or [[mustard seed]]s).<ref name="Lim-v3" /> The fruit is a common ingredient in ''[[dal]]s'' and lentil soups, such as drumstick ''dal'' and ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', where it is pulped first, then simmered with other vegetables and spices such as turmeric and cumin. Mashed drumstick pulp commonly features in ''[[bhurta]]'', a mixture of lightly fried or curried vegetables.<ref name="Lim-v3" />

Because the outer skin is tough and fibrous, drumsticks are often chewed to extract the juices and nutrients, with the remaining fibrous material discarded. Others describe a slightly different method of sucking out the flesh and tender seeds and discarding the tube of skin.<ref name="npr" />

==== Seed oil ====
Mature seeds yield 38–40% [[edible oil]] called [[ben oil]] from its high concentration of [[behenic acid]]. The refined oil is clear and odorless, and resists [[Rancidification|rancidity]]. The young fruits can be boiled and the oil skimmed off the water surface.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Press cake|seed cake]] remaining after oil extraction may be used as a [[fertilizer]] or as a [[flocculent]] to [[Water purification|purify water]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lea |first1=Michael |title=Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from the ''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. (Drumstick) Tree |journal=Current Protocols in Microbiology |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-471-72925-9 |volume=Chapter 1 |pages=Unit1G.2 |doi=10.1002/9780471729259.mc01g02s33 |pmid=20131221 |s2cid=30231607}}</ref> Moringa seed oil also has potential for use as a [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Umer |last2=Anwar |first2=Farooq |last3=Moser |first3=Bryan R. |last4=Knothe |first4=Gerhard |year=2008 |title=''Moringa oleifera'' oil: A possible source of biodiesel |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=18521&content=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072348/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=18521&content=PDF |archive-date=7 February 2019 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=99 |issue=17 |pages=8175–9 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.066 |pmid=18474424|bibcode=2008BiTec..99.8175R |url-access=subscription }}</ref>[[File:Moringa Oleifera flower ready for cooking.jpg|thumb|Flowers prepared for cooking|200x200px]][[File:সজনেফুলের চচ্চড়ি.jpg|alt=A bowl of moringa flowers cooked in Bengali style chorchori, with hyacinth beans, eggplants, and potatoes|thumb|Moringa flowers in Bengali [[chorchori]], with additional vegetables|220x220px]]

==== Roots ====
The [[root]]s are shredded and used as a [[condiment]] with sharp flavor qualities deriving from significant content of [[polyphenols]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atawodi |first1=S. E. |last2=Atawodi |first2=J. C. |last3=Idakwo |first3=G. A. |last4=Pfundstein |first4=B |last5=Haubner |first5=R |last6=Wurtele |first6=G |last7=Bartsch |first7=H |last8=Owen |first8=R. W. |year=2010 |title=Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of ''Moringa oleifera'' Lam |journal=Journal of Medicinal Food |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=710–6 |doi=10.1089/jmf.2009.0057 |pmid=20521992}}</ref>

'''Flowers'''

The flowers are a springtime delicacy in Bengali cuisine. Moringa flowers are typically cooked into [[chorchori]] and fritters.

==== Leaves ====
Edible raw or cooked (depending on [[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]]),<ref name=":0" /> the leaves can be used in many ways. They are perhaps most commonly added to clear broth-based soups, such as the [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino dishes]] ''[[tinola]]'' and ''[[Sinabawang gulay|utan]]''. Tender moringa leaves, finely chopped, are used as garnish for vegetable dishes and salads, such as the [[Cuisine of Kerala|Kerala dish]] ''[[thoran]]''. It is also used in place of or along with [[coriander]] leaves (cilantro).<ref name=Lim-v3 /> The leaves are also cooked and used in ways similar to [[spinach]], and are commonly dried and crushed into a [[Powder (substance)|powder]] for soups and [[sauces]].<ref name="cabi" />

For long-term use and storage, moringa leaves may be dried and powdered to preserve their nutrients. Sun, shade, [[freeze-drying|freeze]] and oven drying at 50–60 °C are all acceptable methods, albeit variable in their retention efficacy of specific micro- and macronutrients.<ref name=dryingeffects>{{cite journal|title=The effects of drying on some nutrients of ''Moringa oleifera'' leaves|journal=Annals – Food Science and Technology|author=Adenike AB|volume=15|issue=2|year=2014|pages=246–250|issn=2344-4916|url=http://www.afst.valahia.ro/images/documente/2014/issue2/full/section1/s01_w04_full.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2019|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713144947/http://www.afst.valahia.ro/images/documente/2014/issue2/full/section1/s01_w04_full.pdf}}</ref><ref name=MOoven>{{cite journal|title=Processing of Moringa leaves as natural source of nutrients by optimization of drying and grinding mechanism|journal=Journal of Food Process Engineering|year=2017|volume=40|article-number=e12583|first1=A|last1=Ali|first2=YA|last2=Yusof|first3=NL|last3=Chin|first4=MN|last4=Ibrahim|issue=6 |doi=10.1111/jfpe.12583}}</ref> The powder is commonly added to soups, sauces, and smoothies.<ref name=Lim-v3 /> Owing to its high nutritional density, moringa leaf powder is valued as a [[dietary supplement]] and may be used to [[Food fortification|enrich]] food products ranging from dairy, such as yogurt and cheese,<ref name=MOfortificant>{{cite journal|title=''Moringa oleifera'' as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects|journal=Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences|volume=17|issue=2|year=2018|pages=127–136|doi=10.1016/j.jssas.2016.02.002|first1=AT|last1=Oyeyinka|first2=SA|last2=Oyeyinka|doi-access=free}}</ref> to baked goods, such as bread and pastries,<ref name=Lim-v3 /><ref name=MOfortificant /> with acceptable [[Sensory analysis|palatability]].<ref name=Lim-v3 /><ref name=MOfortificant />

<gallery>
File:Dunt-dalun chin-yei 1760.JPG|''Dunt-dalun chin-yei'', [[Burma|Burmese]] drumstick sour soup
File:Kaeng som-marum63.JPG|Traditional Thai ''[[kaeng som]]'' with drumstick pods and fresh ''[[pla thu]]''
File:Moringa bread.jpg|Bread in Benin with moringa powder as one of the ingredients
File:Sabaw sa Kamunggay (or Sabaw sa Kalamunggay).jpg|''Sabaw sa kalamunggay'', a [[Visayan people|Visayan]] fish soup from the [[Philippines]] with moringa leaves

</gallery>

=== Traditional medicine and research ===
The bark, sap, roots, leaves, seeds, and flowers are used in [[traditional medicine]].<ref name=cabi/><ref>{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2BDAgAAQBAJ&q=moringa+flowers+edible&pg=PA66
| title=Handbook on Agro Based Industries
| edition=2nd Revised
| author=NPCS Board
| year=2012
| publisher=Niir Project Consultancy Services
| isbn=978-93-81039-12-0
| page=66
}}
</ref>

Research has examined how it might affect blood [[lipid profile]]s and [[Insulin#Release|insulin secretion]].<ref name=mskcc>{{cite web |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/moringa-oleifera |title=Moringa oleifera|publisher=[[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> Extracts from leaves contain various [[polyphenol]]s, which are under [[basic research]] to determine their potential effects in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ''Moringa oleifera'' leaves in two stages of maturity|journal = Plant Foods for Human Nutrition|date = 2009-11-11|pages = 303–311|volume = 64|issue = 4|doi = 10.1007/s11130-009-0141-0|pmid = 19904611|first1 = S.|last1 = Sreelatha|first2 = P. R.|last2 = Padma| bibcode=2009PFHN...64..303S |s2cid = 8801347}}</ref> Despite considerable preliminary research to determine if moringa components have [[Biological activity|bioactive]] properties, no [[evidence-based medicine|high-quality evidence]] has been found to indicate that it has any effect on health or diseases.<ref name=mskcc/>

===Honey production===
According to the [[Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Queensland)]], the moringa tree is useful for honey production because it blooms for a long period of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69262/IPA-Horseradish-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf|title=Horseradish tree|publisher=Invasive Plant Risk Assessment, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Page 16, Queensland Government|date=2016|vauthors=Csurhes S, Navie S|access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Other uses ===
In developing countries, moringa has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare.<ref name="cabi" /><ref name="lostcrops">{{cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763 |access-date=2008-07-15 |volume=2 |date=2006-10-27 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-10333-6 |chapter=Moringa |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763&page=247 }}</ref> It may be used as [[forage]] for [[livestock]], a micronutrient liquid, a natural [[anthelmintic]], and possible [[adjuvant]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Makkar HP, Francis G, Becker K | year=2007 | title=Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems | journal=Animal | volume=1 | issue=9 | pages=1371–91 | pmid=22444893 | doi=10.1017/S1751731107000298| doi-access=free | bibcode=2007Anim....1.1371M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA | year=2007 | title=Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of ''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats | journal=J Immunotoxicol | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=39–47 | pmid=18958711 | doi=10.1080/15476910601115184| doi-access=free }}</ref>

Moringa trees have been used to combat [[malnutrition]], especially among infants and nursing mothers.<ref name="cabi" /> Since moringa thrives in arid and semiarid environments, it may provide a versatile, nutritious food source throughout the year in various geographic regions.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Traditional crops: Moringa |url=http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/moringa/en/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063459/http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/moringa/en/ }}</ref> Some 140 organizations worldwide have initiated moringa cultivation programs to lessen malnutrition, purify water, and produce oils for cooking.<ref name="cabi" />

''Moringa oleifera'' leaf powder was as effective as [[soap]] for [[hand washing]] when wetted in advance to enable [[antiseptic]] and [[detergent]] properties from [[phytochemicals]] in the leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/1472-6882-14-57| pmid = 24528477| pmc = 3930822| title = Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand- washing product: A crossover controlled study among healthy volunteers| journal = BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine| volume = 14| article-number = 57| year = 2014| last1 = Torondel | first1 = B. | last2 = Opare | first2 = D. | last3 = Brandberg | first3 = B. | last4 = Cobb | first4 = E. | last5 = Cairncross | first5 = S. | doi-access = free}}</ref> ''Moringa oleifera'' seeds and [[press cake]] have been implemented as [[wastewater]] conditioners for dewatering and drying [[fecal sludge]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gold|first1=Moritz|last2=Dayer|first2=Pauline|last3=Faye|first3=Marie Christine Amie Sene|last4=Clair|first4=Guillaume|last5=Seck|first5=Alsane|last6=Niang|first6=Seydou|last7=Morgenroth|first7=Eberhard|last8=Strande|first8=Linda|date=2016-04-18|title=Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge|journal=Environmental Technology|volume=37|issue=21|pages=2802–2814|doi=10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293|pmc=5020332|pmid=26984372|bibcode=2016EnvTe..37.2802G }}</ref>

Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation to produce potable water for animals or humans.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using ''Moringa oleifera''
| first1=Anselme
| last1=Ndabigengesere
| first2=K.Subba
| last2=Narasiah
| first3=Brian G.
| last3=Talbot
| doi=10.1016/0043-1354(94)00161-Y
| journal=Water Research
| volume=29
| issue=2
| date=February 1995
| pages=703–710
| bibcode=1995WatRe..29..703N
}}</ref><ref name="hellsing">{{cite journal
| author1=Hellsing, Maja S.
| author2=Kwaambwa, Habauka M.
| author3=Nermark, Fiona M.
| author4=Nkoane, Bonang B.M.
| author5=Jackson, Andrew J.
| author6=Wasbrough, Matthew J.
| author7=Berts, Ida
| author8=Porcar, Lionel
| author9=Rennie, Adrian R.
| title=Structure of flocs of latex particles formed by addition of protein from Moringa seeds
| volume=460
| pages=460–467
| doi=10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.038
| journal=Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
| year=2013
| doi-access=free
}}</ref> Moringa seeds contain [[protein dimer|dimeric]] [[cationic]] [[protein]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from ''Moringa oleifera'' seed|journal=Water Res|year=2005|volume=39|issue=11|pages=2338–44|pmid=15921719|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.012|last1=Ghebremichael|first1=K. A.|last2=Gunaratna|first2=K. R.|last3=Henriksson|first3=H|last4=Brumer|first4=H|last5=Dalhammar|first5=G|bibcode=2005WatRe..39.2338G }}</ref> which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles easier to remove as [[sludge]] by either settling or [[filtration]]. Moringa seed cake removes most impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected by [[pollutants]].<ref name="hellsing"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:2011.06-382-550,551 Drumstick tree(Moringa oleifera),lf,e-s greenhouse Radix Serre@Wageningen University,NL fri24jun2011.jpg|Upper and lower side of the tripinnate leaf of ''M. oleifera''
File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|Branch of a fully grown moringa tree with flowers and leaves ([[West Bengal]])
File:Drumstick flowers of Moringa oleifera.jpg|Flowers of ''M. oleifera'' on a morning
File:Starr 070207-4292 Moringa oleifera.jpg|Dry open moringa pod on the ground showing winged seeds ([[Hawaii]])
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Explanatory notes==
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=<ref name=Note01>ِAccording to a source, the tree's extreme short-lived lifespan is limited to twenty years only [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/moringa-oleifera#:~:text=The%20lifespan%20of%20moringa%20tree,are%2025%E2%80%9335%20%C2%B0C.]</ref>}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{AfricanPlants|Moringa oleifera}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q234193}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asian vegetables]]
[[Category:Constantly blooming plants]]
[[Category:Moringa (genus)|oleifera]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Biofuels]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Phytoremediation plants]]
[[Category:Water treatment]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1785]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]

Kim Liên Temple

2026-03-24T19:06:22Z

PorterStowell75: stub

{{expand Vietnamese|topic=struct|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kim Liên Temple
| native_name = Chùa Kim Liên
| native_name_lang = vi
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| image = Chua Kim Lien.jpg
| caption = Kim Liên Pagoda
| municipality = [[Hanoi]]
| district = [[Tây Hồ district|Tây Hồ]]
| country = {{flag|Vietnam}}
| administration = [[Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]]
}}
[[File:Hanoi KimLiên1 tango7174.jpg|thumb|[[Tam quan]] of Kim Liên Pagoda, Hanoi]]
The '''Kim Liên Pagoda''' ({{langx|vi|Chùa Kim Liên, Kim Liên tự}}), [[Chữ Hán]]: 金蓮寺) is a [[Buddhist pagoda]] in [[Hanoi]]. The pagoda is built on a strip of silt land by [[West Lake (Hanoi)|West Lake]], then in Nghi Tàm village, today in Quảng An village, Tây Hồ district. According to tradition, the pagoda was built on the foundation of the [[Lý dynasty]] Từ Hoa Palace, named after princess Từ Hoa, daughter of [[Lý Thần Tông]] (1128-1138), in an area used as a royal silk farm.<ref>Sue Fleming ''Hồ Tây: Walks Around West Lake'' 2009 p19 "Kim Liên Pagoda : This well-known pagoda is undergoing major renovations scheduled for completion before the 1000 year anniversary of Hà Nội in 2010. Tradition holds that the Từ Hoa Palace was built on this site in the 12th century for ..."</ref> The current pagoda was reconstructed 1771–1792.<ref>Bích Ngọc Phạm ''Architecture of Thăng Long-Hà Nội'' 2006 p95 "In 1771, [[Trịnh lord]] ordered the reconstruction of the pagoda and renamed it Kim Liên Pagoda. However, the appearance of the present - day Kim Liên Pagoda resulted from the restoration conducted in 1792. "</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Vietnam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim Lien Pagoda}}
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Hanoi]]

{{Vietnam-Buddhist-temple-stub}}

Pakistan Day

2026-03-23T16:04:09Z

PorterStowell75: further correct section per sources additionally and added references

{{short description|National holiday in Pakistan}}
{{distinguish|Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistan Day Parade}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Pakistan Day
| type = national
| longtype = Islamic Republic
| image = Minar-e-Pakistan-lhr.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], where the [[Lahore Resolution]] was passed
| official_name = {{langx|ur|{{nq|یومِ پاکستان}}|Yaum-e-Pakistan|label=none}}<ref name=name group="Note">Official name is ({{langx|ur|Urdu: یومِ پاکستان}}, lit. ''Yaum-e-Pakistan'') or Pakistan Day in English. The day also commemorates '''Joint Inter-Services parade'''. Unofficially, the day is also known as 23 March</ref>
| nickname =
| observedby = {{Pak}}
| litcolor =
| significance = Commemoration of [[Pakistan Resolution]] and [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]]
| begins = 23 March
| ends = 23 March
| date = 23 March
| scheduling = same day each year
| duration = 24 hours
| frequency = Annual
| firsttime = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1940|03|23}}

{{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1957|03|23}}
| week_ordinal = 
| weekday = 
| month = 
| date2014 = 
| date2015 = 
| date2016 = 
| date2017 = 
| celebrations = Full [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Joint Inter-Services]] military parade, conferring of [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Pakistani national honours]]
| observances = Pakistan [[Diplomatic missions of Pakistan|(Diplomatic missions of Pakistan in other countries)]]
| relatedto =
}}
{{Republicanism sidebar}}
'''Pakistan Day''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|یومِ پاکستان}}|Yaum-e-Pakistan}}) is a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|national holiday]] in [[Pakistan]] celebrated annually on 23 March. It commemorates both the adoption of the [[1956 Constitution of Pakistan|first constitution]], transitioning the country from a [[Dominion of Pakistan|dominion]] to a [[republic]] in 1956; as well as the adoption of the [[Lahore Resolution]] by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] at the ''[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]'' ({{lit|Pakistan Tower}}) in 1940, laying the foundations of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name="Capstone Press">{{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=Gillia|title=Pakistan : a question and answer book|date=2005|publisher=Capstone Press|location=Mankato, Minn.|isbn=0736837574|chapter=Holidays|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanquestion0000olso}}</ref><ref name="Lonely Planet">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sarina |last2=Brown |first2=Lindsay |last3=Clammer |first3=Paul |last4=Cocks |first4=Rodney |last5=Mock |first5=John |display-authors=1 |date=2008 |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |edition=7th |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Footscray, Vic.}}</ref><ref name="Bowman2000">{{cite book|author=John Stewart Bowman|title=Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|access-date=22 March 2011|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11004-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/372 372]}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune, Rizvi">{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|author-link1=Hasan Askari Rizvi|title=Pakistan and March 23|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/857380/pakistan-and-march-23/|access-date=23 March 2015|agency=Express Tribune|issue=Special works published by Dr. H.A. Rizvi|publisher=Express Tribune, Rizvi|date=23 March 2015}}</ref>

The day is celebrated annually, primarily by Government officials and army staff throughout the country, and is a public holiday for civilians. While civilians do not celebrate the public holiday, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] usually hold a military parade to celebrate both the passing of the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 24 March 1940 and the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]].<ref name=Parade>{{cite news|last=Agencies|title=Nation celebrates Pakistan Day today|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Mar-2012/nation-celebrates-pakistan-day-today|newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]|date=23 March 2012|access-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425203627/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/23-Mar-2012/nation-celebrates-pakistan-day-today|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dawn News, 2015">{{cite news|last1=DAWN.com|title=Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171371|access-date=23 March 2015|agency=Dawn|publisher=Dawn News, 2015|date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarakai |first=Waleed |date=2025-03-23 |title=March 23rd: A Legacy of Vision, Struggle, and National Responsibility - |url=https://policy-wire.com/march-23rd-a-legacy-of-vision-struggle-and-national-responsibility/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Policy Wire |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|Lahore Resolution|Iqbal Park}}

[[File:Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Group photo of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (in centre) and some of the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] of Pakistan in [[Lahore]], {{circa|1940}}]]

The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] held its annual session at [[Minto Park, Lahore|Minto Park]] in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], from 22 March to 24 march 1940.<ref>''Programme of the All India Muslim Leagues 27th Annual Session, to be held at Lahore 21 to 24 March 1940'', at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354</ref> During this event, the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and other [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] narrated the events regarding the differences between [[Hinduism and Islam|Hindus and Muslims]], and presented the Lahore resolution on 23rd March 1940 and was later passed on 24th March 1940 that cemented the formation of independent states in subcontinent it did not actually mention Pakistan at all.<ref>Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), ''Essays on Pakistan'', Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, {{OCLC|12811079}}</ref>

The [[Lahore Resolution|resolution]] was moved by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called ''Sher-e-Bangla'', passed on 24th March and had its signatures from the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. It reads as:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127232758/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader5.htm The Pakistan Resolution], [[Government of Pakistan]] Official website. (Retrieved on 23 April 2006)</ref>

{{quote|[Quoting Resolution:] No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.}}

The British plan to [[Partition of India|partition the Indian subcontinent]] into two dominions - India and Pakistan - was announced on 3 June 1947. In the event, Pakistan was created on 14 August 1947 and Indian independence came a day later. Pakistan was immediately identified as a migrant state born amid bloodshed. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, became the first [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] with [[Liaqat Ali Khan]] becoming the first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. The Indian Act of 1935 provided the legal framework for Pakistan until 1956, when the state passed its own constitution.<ref>Cohen, Stephen P. The idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press, 2004.</ref>

While Pakistan's [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day]] celebrates its freedom from [[British Rule of India|British rule]], the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.

Works and efforts by the [[Basic Principles Committee]] drafted the basic outlines of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121052313/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2008|title=Pakistan|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World}}</ref> After many deliberations and years of some modifications, the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was enforced in the country on 23 March 1956. This marked the country's successful transition from [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] to [[Islamic Republic]]. The [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] was replaced with the [[President of Pakistan]] as [[figurehead|ceremonial]] [[head of state]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Islamic Pakistan: Illusions and Reality | first=Abdus Sattar | last=Ghazali | publisher=National Book Club | location=Islamabad | url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_3.htm | chapter=The First Islamic Republic | access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> Initially it was called Republic Day but after [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]'s takeover its name was changed to Pakistan Day due to the [[Military coups in Pakistan|end of democracy in Pakistan]].

==Celebrations==
{{main|Pakistan Day Parade}}

The main celebration is held in [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan.<ref name="NewsTribe, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Staff work|title=Preparations complete for Pakistan Day parade on March 23|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/03/22/preparations-complete-for-pakistan-day-parade-on-march-23/|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=NewsTribe|publisher=NewsTribe, 2015|date=22 March 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323034336/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/03/22/preparations-complete-for-pakistan-day-parade-on-march-23/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[President of Pakistan]] is usually the Chief Guest; also in attendance are the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] alongside the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Cabinet ministers]], military chiefs of staff, and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015">{{cite news|last1=DAWN.com|title=Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171371|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, 2015|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

A full [[Pakistani military|inter-services]] joint [[Pakistan Day Parade|military parade]] is rehearsed and broadcast live by the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] all over the country.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> The Pakistan military inter services also gives a glance of its power and capabilities during this parade.

The celebrations regarding the holiday include a full military and civilian parade in the capital, Islamabad.<ref name=Parade /> These are presided by the President of Pakistan and are held early in the morning.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> After the parade, the President confers national awards and medals on the awardees at the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|Presidency]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> Wreaths are also laid at the mausoleums of Allama Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and Quaid-i-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder of Pakistan.<ref name=Parade /> In very rare times and significance, foreign dignitaries have been invited to attend the military parade.<ref name="Dawn archives, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Dawn.com|title=Relive Pakistan Day: 1940 – 2000|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171374/relive-pakistan-day-1940-2000|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=Dawn archives|publisher=Dawn archives, 2015|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

In the United States, while [[New York City]] has celebrated North America's largest Pakistan Day parade for decades, [[New Jersey]]'s first annual Pakistan Day parade was held on 16 August 2015, in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] and [[Woodbridge, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2015/08/pakistan_day_parade.html|title=Pakistan Day Parade a display of pride in their heritage and America|author=Ed Murray|publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819231556/http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2015/08/pakistan_day_parade.html|archive-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://patch.com/new-jersey/woodbridge/icymi-pakistan-day-parade-be-held-sunday-woodbridge-edison-0|title=ICYMI: Pakistan Day Parade To Be Held Sunday In Woodbridge, Edison|author=Michelle Sahn|publisher=Woodbridge Patch|date=August 15, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817074813/http://patch.com/new-jersey/woodbridge/icymi-pakistan-day-parade-be-held-sunday-woodbridge-edison-0|archive-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[Holidays in Pakistan]]
* [[Iqbal Day]]
* [[Minar-e-Pakistan]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

'''Citations'''

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Govt of Pakistan]
*[https://pakistanforces.pk/23-march-pakistan-day/ 23rd March, Pakistan Day]

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Public holidays in Pakistan}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Public holidays in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Parades in Pakistan]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:Organised events in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Republic days|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]]

Pukar (1939 film)

2026-03-21T20:30:32Z

PorterStowell75: adding new pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pukar
| image = Pukar 1939 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sohrab Modi]]
| producer = Sohrab Modi
| writer = [[Kamal Amrohi]] [[Vishnupant Aundhkar]] [[S. Ameer Hyder]]
| starring = Sohrab Modi [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandramohan]] [[Naseem Banu]]
| music = [[S. Fernandes]] [[Mir Saheb]]
| cinematography = [[Y. D. Sarpotdar]]
| editing = [[A. K. Chaterji]] [[D. Shirdhankar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1939}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|[[Hindi]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pukar |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/pukar/umc.cmc.7583toqhz75z1f9m26quzcr0x |website=[[Apple TV app|Apple TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pukar (1939) |url=https://indiancine.ma/CWM/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
| budget =
}}
[[File:Pukar, 1939.webm|thumb|''Pukar'']]
'''''Pukar''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1939|1939]] Indian film produced and directed by [[Sohrab Modi]] at the [[Bombay]]-based production house [[Minerva Movietone]]. The film is about [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal emperor]] [[Jehangir]]'s legendary justice and his inner conflict when his wife kills an innocent citizen by mistake.

It is a typical Sohrab Modi production (which always seemed to be [[Historical drama|historical]]) with heavy and lengthy [[Urdu]] dialogues said in a loud and dramatic style. Story and lyrics are by [[Kamal Amrohi]]. ''Pukar'' is considered to be the earliest [[Muslim social]] film.<ref>{{cite book |title= Historical atlas of Islam |last= Nanji |first= Azim |author2= Malise Ruthven |year= 2004 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 0-674-01385-9 |page= [https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso00mali/page/189 189] |url= https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso00mali/page/189 |url-access= registration }}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in the court of the strict yet fair Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]], the film tells the stories of two star-crossed lovers. The first is that of Mangal Singh and Kanwar, whose love is threatened by a violent feud between their families. The second is the well-known tale of Jahangir and [[Nur Jahan]].

When Kanwar's brother and father accuse Mangal of dishonouring them and attack him, he kills them in self-defence. His father, the loyal Rajput chieftain Sangram Singh, captures him and Jahangir sentences him to death. The assertion that the law knows no class distinction is put to the test when a washerwoman accuses Queen Nur Jahan of inadvertently killing her husband with an arrow. As the queen believed she was acting justly when she killed the washerwoman's husband, Jahangir says that the washerwoman should shoot him in the same way, as he is the queen's husband. All the courtiers protest, but Sangram Singh says that the emperor's life belongs to the people. The washerwoman then agrees to accept financial compensation instead. Nur Jahan then suggests a general amnesty for all prisoners, which Jahangir grants to avoid her being treated as a special case. Mangal Singh and Kanwar are therefore permitted to marry.

== Cast ==
* [[Sohrab Modi]] as [[Sardar]] Sangram Singh
* [[Chandra Mohan (1905–1949)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Jahangir]]
* [[Naseem Banu]] as [[Nur Jahan]]
* Sheela as Kanwar
* [[Sardar Akhtar]] as Rami Dhoban
* Sadiq Ali as Mangal Singh
* Babu Singh as Ramu Dhobhi

== See also ==
* [[Capital punishment in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0031829|title=Pukar}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrGy-OT4YCM Full movie on YouTube]

{{Sohrab Modi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pukar (1939 Film)}}
[[Category:1939 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1930s Persian-language films]]
[[Category:1930s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:1930s historical films]]
[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sohrab Modi]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Persian-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Persian-language drama films]]
[[Category:Persian-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language drama films]]

Sanusha

2026-03-15T04:17:43Z

PorterStowell75: general cleanup details per standard format further and corrected details based on references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanusha
| image = Sanusha Old.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Young Sanusha
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Nileshwaram]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-11-28 |title=സനുഷയുടെ വീട്, സനൂപിന്റെയും! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/10/26/sanusha-sanoop-home-memories.html |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Sanoop Santhosh]] (brother)
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[S. N. College, Kannur]]|[[St. Teresa's College|St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam]]}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2000–present
}}

'''Sanusha Santhosh''' is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She started her career as a child artist to leading actress and supporting character roles. She also appears in some [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films too.

==Early life==
Sanusha was born in [[Pallikunnu]], Kannur<ref name=":0" /> to Usha and Santhosh. She has studied at Sreepuram School, Pallikunnu Kannur.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/1079 |title=ബേബി സനൂഷ ഇനി നായിക സനൂഷ |date=15 September 2012 |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307203638/http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/1079 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After her graduation in [[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]] from [[S. N. College, Kannur|SN College, Kannur]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-lose-weight-when-I-eat-more-Sanusha/articleshow/37705848.cms |title=I lose weight when I eat more: Sanusha |website=The Times of India |date=4 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> she did MA in [[Sociology]] at [[St. Teresa's College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/100259 |title=പതിനെട്ടാമത്തെ വയസില്‍ ഞാന്‍ ഗര്‍ഭിണിയായി- സനുഷ |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001044724/http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/100259 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also completed [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[Global mental health|Global Mental Health & Society]] from [[University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh, Scotland]]. Sanusha has a younger brother [[Sanoop Santhosh]], who is a child artist, known for his acting in ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/sanusha-says-she-was-slightly-tensed-to-share-the-screen-with-sanoop-santhosh/articleshow/66413374.cms |title=Sanusha says she was slightly tensed to share the screen with Sanoop Santhosh |website=The Times of India |date=29 October 2018 |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
After performing in television serials, Sanusha started her film career in 2000 at the age of 5 with the movie ''[[Dada Sahib]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Sanusha/article16206173.ece |title=My First Break: Sanusha |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=22 July 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 May 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She became a star in Malayalam films as baby Sanusha giving stellar performances in ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'', ''[[Kaazhcha]]'', ''[[Mampazhakkalam]]'' etc.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] in 2004 for her performances in [[Kaazhcha]] and Soumyam. She debuted as a heroine in Tamil film ''[[Naalai Namadhe (2009 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/naalai-namathe |title=Naalai Namathe on Moviebuff.com |website=Moviebuff.com |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> followed by demure roles in ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'', ''[[Nandhi (2011 film)|Nandhi]]'' and ''[[Eththan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moviegalleri.net/ |title=New Movie Posters |website=New Movie Posters |language=en-US |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516203041/https://moviegalleri.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Malayalam she debuted as heroine opposite [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in [[Mr. Marumakan|''Mr.Marumakan'']].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/sanusha-arrogant-girl-mr-marumakan-134216168.html |title=Sanusha as arrogant girl in Mr. Marumakan |date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Yahoo! |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In the Malayalam movie, ''[[Kutteem Kolum|Kuttiyum Kolum]]'' Sanusha acted against the [[midget]] actor [[Guinness Pakru]], the role gave her rave reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sanusha-adithya-team-up-for-guinness-pakrus-film-518602.html |title=Sanusha, Adithya team up for Guinness Pakru's film |website=News18 |date=26 October 2012 |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In Tamil film ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' she did an [[Item number|item song]] with ''[[Karthi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190517/sanusha-is-back-with-kodiveeran.html |title=Sanusha is back with Kodiveeran |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=20 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

Sanusha won a Special Jury Mention at the [[2013 Kerala State Film Awards]] for ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Kerala-film-awards-announced/articleshow/33946710.cms |title=Kerala film awards announced |work=The Times of India|date=19 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sanusha film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Dada Sahib]]'' || Young Ayisha ||rowspan="6" | [[Malayalam]]|| Debut film as child artist
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2001 || ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]'' ||Krishnapriya ||
|-
| ''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikkuttan]]'' ||Janutty ||
|-
| ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]''|| Young Janaki ||
|-
| ''[[Meghamalhar]]'' || Malu ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' || Young Gayathri ||
|-
| ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' || Younger Lakshmi || [[Telugu language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2002 || ''Kanmashi'' || Kanmashi's friend || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' ||Young Rugmini ||
|-
| ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || Young Gayathri || Tamil || Scenes reused from ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]''
|-
| ''[[Krishna Pakshakkilikal]]'' ||Raji || rowspan="8" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' || Teena ||
|-
| ''[[War and Love (2003 film)|War and Love]]'' ||Mini ||
|-
| ''Malsaram'' || Ponnus||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Manjupoloru Penkutti]]'' || Kani ||
|-
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]'' || Ambily || '''Winner''', [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Soumyam]]'' ||Daughter || '''Winner''', [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]<ref name="arabnews.com">{{cite news |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=67446&d=24&m=7&y=2005 |author=Ashraf, Mohammed |title=Mammootty Is Six-Time Best Actor, Akale Wins Six Awards |publisher=[[Arab News]] |date=24 July 2005 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616060020/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=67446&d=24&m=7&y=2005 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maampazhakkaalam]]'' || Mallu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]'' || Vindhya Reddy || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Keerthi Chakra]]'' || Kashmiri Child || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || Mercey ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || Suji || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'' || Unnamed mute girl ||
|-
| ''[[Naalai Namadhe (2009 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Nandhi (2011 film)|Nandhi]]'' || Karthiga ||
|-
| ''[[Eththan]]'' || Selvi ||
|-
| ''Parimala Thiraiyarangam'' || Heroine ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Rajalakshmi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||Debut as Lead Actress
|-
| ''[[Idiots (film)|Idiots]]'' ||Athira ||
|-
| ''[[Genius (2012 film)|Genius]]'' || Sri || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' || Sneha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttiyum Kolum (film)|Kuttiyum Kolum]]''|| Indu || rowspan="7" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Saira ||Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]] [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Mili (Malayalam film)|Mili]]'' || Anupama ||
|-
| ''[[Nirnnayakam]]'' ||Arya ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || Uma Sathyamoorthi ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' ||Ashwathy||
|-
| ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]'' || Loyi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kodiveeran]]'' || Parvathi || Tamil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' || Journalist Ramya || Telugu ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]'' || Chippi || rowspan="3" | Malayalam || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title='Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962' movie review: This Urvashi-Indrans courtroom drama is a tiring experience |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jaladhara-pumpset-since-1962-movie-review-this-urvashi-indrans-courtroom-drama-is-a-tiring-experience/article67183857.ece |access-date=2023-08-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Marathakam''}} || {{TBA}} || Post Production{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Liquor Island''}} || {{TBA}} || Post Production
|}

==Television career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sanusha television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| || ''Fnsa The Great'' || || || rowspan=6|TV serial (Child Artist)
|-
| 2004 || ''Swapnam'' || Young Gouri || Asianet
|-
| 2005 || ''Orma'' || Pavithra || Asianet
|-
| 2006 || ''Unniyarcha'' || Young Unniyarcha || Asianet
|-
| 2006 || ''Violin'' || || Surya TV
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''Amma Manassu'' || Chakki Mol || Asianet
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Minute to Win It (Indian game show)|Minute to Win It]]'' || Participant || Mazhavil Manorama || Game show
|-
| 2017 || ''Page 3'' || Model || Kappa TV ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Super 4 Juniors'' || Mentor || Mazhavil Manorama || Reality show
|-
| 2021 || ''Super Power'' || Mentor || Flowers TV || Game show
|-
| 2021-2022 || ''Star Magic'' || Mentor || Flowers TV || Game show
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2023}}
'''[[Kerala State Film Award]]s'''

* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Female Child Artist]]: ''Kaazhcha, Soumyam''
* 2014 – [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]: ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Double-Delight-for-Siblings/2014/04/20/article2178614.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Double-Delight-for-Siblings/2014/04/20/article2178614.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2014 |title=Double Delight for Siblings |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |author=Express News Service – KANNUR}}</ref> for her portrayal of Zaira, a pregnant girl.

'''[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]'''
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' for her portrayal of Zaira a pregnant girl.

'''[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''
* [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]] for Best Actress in a Supporting Role – ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]''

'''[[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress|Kerala State Television Awards]]'''
* 2006 – Best Child Artist – Violin

'''[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet Television awards]]'''
* 2007 – Best Child Actress – ''Unniyarcha''
* 2008 – Best Child Actress – ''Amma Manassu''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=Sanusha&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search |title=CiniDiary |access-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130917040620/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo1.php?searchtext=Sanusha&pigsection=Actor&picata=2&Search=Search |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

'''[[Asianet Film Award]]s'''
* 2004 – Best Child Artist Female – ''Kaazhcha''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1720175}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kannur University alumni]]

Straits Settlements

2026-03-15T01:12:35Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|British colony in Southeast Asia (1826–1946)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Straits Settlements
| common_name = Straits Settlements
| linking_name = the Straits Settlements
| flag = Flag of Malaysia#Historical flags
| image_flag = Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1925–1946).svg
| flag_type = Flag (1925–1946)
| symbol = Armorial of Malaysia#Historical
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Straits Settlements.svg
| image_map = [[File:British Malaya circa 1922 en.svg|280px]]
| image_map_caption = Malaya in 1922:
<div style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; width: 15em;">
{{legend |#0080ff|Unfederated Malay States: [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Perlis]], [[Terengganu]]}}
{{legend |#ffcc00|Federated Malay States: [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Selangor]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]]}}
{{legend |#ff0000|Straits Settlements: [[Malacca]], [[Penang]], [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], [[Dinding]]}}</div>
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_caption =
| status = {{ubl|[[Administrative division|Division]] within [[Bengal Presidency]] (1826–1867)|[[Crown colony]] (1867–1946)}}
| empire = British Empire
| era = British Empire
| year_start = 1826
| year_end = 1946
| event_pre = [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824|Anglo-Dutch Treaty]]
| date_pre = 17 March 1824
| event_start = Established under [[East India Company|East India Co.]] rule
| date_start =
| event1 = Converted to [[Crown colony]]
| date_event1 = 1 April 1867
| event2 = [[Crown colony of Labuan|Labuan]] incorporated
| date_event2 = 1 January 1907
| event3 = [[Japanese invasion of Malaya]] and beginning of [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]]
| date_event3 = 8 December 1941
| event4 = [[Fall of Singapore]]
| date_event4 = 15 February 1942
| event5 = Formal surrender by Japan to [[British Military Administration (Malaya)|British Military Administration]]
| date_event5 = 12 September 1945
| event_end = Federated into the [[Malayan Union]] and the [[Colony of Singapore]]
| date_end = 1 April
| event_post = Labuan to [[Crown Colony of North Borneo]]
| date_post = 15 July 1946
| p1 = History of Penang#Early growth{{!}}Kedah Sultanate
| p2 = Founding years of modern Singapore
| p3 = Dutch Malacca
| p4 = Dindings
| p5 = Johor Sultanate
| p6 = Perak#Sultanate of Perak{{!}}Perak Sultanate
| s1 = Malayan Union
| s2 = Colony of Singapore
| s3 = Colony of Malacca
| s4 = Colony of Penang
| s5 = Bengal Presidency
| s6 = Perak#Sultanate of Perak{{!}}Sultanate of Perak
| national_anthem = "[[God Save the King]]" (1826–1837; 1901–1942; 1945–1946) "[[God Save the King|God Save the Queen]]" (1837–1901) {{center|[[File:God Save the King Historical National Anthem of Great Britain(1914).ogg]]}}
| capital = [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] (1826–1832){{Sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1982|p=121}} [[Singapore]] (1832–1946){{Sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1982|p=123}}
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]
| common_languages = {{hlist | [[English language|English]]| [[Malay language|Malay]] | [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]] | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] }}
| currency = [[Straits dollar]] (1898–1939) [[Malayan dollar]] (1939–1946)
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[List of British monarchs|Monarch]]
| leader1 = [[George IV]]
| year_leader1 = 1826–1830 {{small|(first)}}
| leader2 = [[George VI]]
| year_leader2 = 1936–1946 {{small|(last)}}
| title_deputy = [[List of British Governors of the Straits Settlements|Governor]]
| deputy1 = [[Robert Fullerton]]
| year_deputy1 = 1826–1830 {{small|(first)}}
| deputy2 = [[Shenton Thomas]]
| year_deputy2 = 1934–1946 {{small|(last)}}
| today = [[Malaysia]] [[Australia]] [[Singapore]]
}}

The '''Straits Settlements''' ({{langx|ms|Negeri-Negeri Selat}}) were a group of [[British Empire|British]] territories located in [[Southeast Asia]]. Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British [[East India Company]], the Straits Settlements came under control of the [[British Raj]] in 1858 and then under direct British control as a [[Crown colony]] in 1867. In 1946, following the end of [[World War II]] and the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Japanese occupation]], the colony was dissolved as part of Britain's reorganisation of its Southeast Asian dependencies in the area.

The Straits Settlements originally consisted of the four individual settlements of [[Penang]], [[Singapore]], [[Malacca]] and [[Manjung District|Dinding]]. [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] were added in 1886. The island of [[Labuan Territory|Labuan]], off the coast of [[Borneo]], was also incorporated into the colony with effect from 1 January 1907, becoming a separate settlement within it in 1912. Most of the territories now form part of [[Malaysia]], from which Singapore [[Independence of Singapore|separated]] in 1965. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island were transferred from [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]] to Australian control in 1955 and 1958, respectively. Their administrations were combined in 1996 to form the [[Australian Indian Ocean Territories]].

==Settlements==
===Dindings===
[[File:Map of the Straits Settlements of British Malaya, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893).jpg|thumb|Map of the Straits Settlements of British Malaya, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893)]]
The [[Manjung District|Dindings]]—named after the [[Dinding River]] in present-day [[Manjung District]]—which comprised [[Pangkor Island]] and the town of [[Lumut, Perak|Lumut]] on the [[Peninsular Malaysia|mainland]], were ceded by [[Perak#Sultanate of Perak|Perak]] to the British government under the [[Pangkor Treaty of 1874]]. It was hoped that its excellent natural harbour would prove to be valuable. This did not come to be with the territory being sparsely inhabited and altogether politically and financially unimportant.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|981}} It was returned to Perak in February 1935.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sejarah Manjung|url=http://www.mpm.gov.my/sejarahmanjung1|website=Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Manjung|publisher=Majlis Perbandaran Manjung|access-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127074723/http://www.mpm.gov.my/sejarahmanjung1|archive-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

===Malacca===
The Dutch [[Dutch Malacca|colony of Malacca]] was ceded to the British in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] in exchange for the British possession of [[British Bencoolen|Bencoolen]] and for British rights in [[Sumatra]]. Malacca's importance was in establishing an exclusive British zone of influence in the region, and was overshadowed as a trading post by Penang and, later, Singapore.

===Penang and Province Wellesley===
The first settlement was the Penang territory, in 1786. This originally comprised [[Penang Island]], then known as the {{'}}''Prince of Wales Island''{{'}}. This was later extended to encompass an area of the mainland, which became known as [[Province Wellesley]] (now [[Seberang Perai]]). The first grant was in 1800, followed by another in 1831. Further adjustments to Province Wellesley's border were made in 1859, in 1867 with a treaty with Siam and in 1874 with the [[Pangkor Treaty of 1874|Treaty of Pangkor]]. It was administered by a district officer, with some assistants, answering to the resident councillor of Penang. Province Wellesley consisted, for the most part, of a fertile plain, thickly populated by Malays, and occupied in some parts by sugar-planters and others engaged in similar agricultural industries and employing Chinese and Tamil labour. About a tenth of the whole area was covered by low hills with thick jungle. Large quantities of rice were grown by the Malay inhabitants, and between October and February, there was snipe-shooting in the paddy fields. A railway from Butterworth, opposite Penang, runs into Perak, and then via Selangor and Negri Sembilan to Malacca, with an extension via Muar under the rule of the Sultan of Johor, and through Johor to [[Johor Bahru]], opposite Singapore.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|981}}

===Singapore===
[[File:Plan map of the City of Singapore of British Malaya, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893).jpg|thumb|Plan map of the City of Singapore of British Malaya, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893)]]
Singapore became the site of a British trading post in 1819 after its founder, [[Stamford Raffles]], successfully involved the East India Company in a dynastic struggle for the throne of [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]]. Thereafter the British came to control the entire island of Singapore, which was developed into a thriving colony and port. In 1824, the Dutch conceded any rights they had to the island in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]], and from 1832, Singapore was the seat of government of the Straits Settlements for 114 years until its dissolution in 1946.<ref name="micaSelfGovernment">{{cite web |title=Towards Self-government |url=http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm |publisher=Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore |access-date=18 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713023113/http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm |archive-date=13 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}|</ref>

== History and government ==
{{see also|Singapore in the Straits Settlements}}

===East India Company rule===
The establishment of the Straits Settlements followed the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]], by which the [[Malay Archipelago]] was divided into a British zone in the north and a Dutch zone in the south. This resulted in the exchange of the British settlement of [[Bengkulu (city)|Bencoolen]] (on Sumatra) for the Dutch colony of [[Malacca]] and undisputed control of Singapore. The population of the settlements were largely Chinese, with a tiny but important [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] minority.<ref>''Singapore Free Press'', 3 January 1861</ref> Their capital was moved from [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], the capital of [[Penang]], to Singapore in 1832. Their scattered nature proved to be difficult and, after the company lost its monopoly in the [[Bone china|china]] trade in 1833, expensive to administer.<ref>[[Turnbull, CM]] (1972) ''The Straits Settlements, 1826–1867: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony'', Athlone Press, London. P3</ref>

[[File:KITLV - 80020 - Kleingrothe, C.J. - Medan - Quay in Penang - circa 1910.tif|thumb|The [[Port of Penang]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] during the 1910s]]
During their control by the [[East India Company]], the settlements were used as [[penal settlements]] for Indian civilian and military prisoners,<ref>Anderson, C (2007) ''The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and rebellion'', Anthem Press. P14</ref> earning them the title "Botany Bays of India".<ref>S. Nicholas and P. R. Shergold, "Transportation as Global Migration", in S. Nicholas (ed.) (1988) ''Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge</ref>{{RP|29}} There were minor uprisings by convicts in Singapore and Penang in 1852 and 1853.<ref>[[Turnbull, CM]], "Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826–1867" in ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 1970, 43, 1</ref>{{RP|91}} Upset with East India Company rule, in 1857 the European population of the settlements sent a petition to the British Parliament<ref>Petition reprinted in ''Straits Times'', 13 October 1857</ref> asking for direct rule; but the idea was overtaken by the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

When a "Gagging Act" was imposed to prevent the uprising in India from spreading, the settlements' press reacted with anger, classing it as something that subverted "every principle of liberty and free discussion".<ref>''Straits Times'', 28 July 1857</ref> As there was little or no vernacular press in the settlements, such an act seemed irrelevant: it was rarely enforced and ended in less than a year.<ref>Seow, FT (1998) ''The media enthralled: Singapore revisited'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, Singapore</ref>{{RP|6}}

===Crown colony status===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = {{visible anchor|Straits Settlements Act 1866}}
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to provide for the Government of the "Straits Settlements."
| year = 1866
| citation = [[29 & 30 Vict.]] c. 115
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 10 August 1866
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946}}
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
On 1 April 1867, the Straits Settlements [[Transfer of the Straits Settlements|were transferred]] to the [[British Colonial Office]] and became a [[Crown colony]], making the settlements answerable directly to the Colonial Office in London instead of the Government of [[British Raj|India]] in Calcutta. Earlier, on 4 February 1867, [[letters patent]] had granted the settlements a colonial constitution. This allocated much power to the settlements' [[List of governors of the Straits Settlements|governor]], who administered the colony of the Straits Settlements with the aid of an [[Executive Council of the Straits Settlements|Executive Council]], composed wholly of official (i.e., ex-officio) members, and a [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements|legislative council]], composed partly of official and partly of nominated members, of which the former had a narrow permanent majority. The work of administration, both in the colony and in the [[Federated Malay States]], was carried on by means of a civil service whose members were recruited by competitive examination held annually in London.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Straits Settlements|last=Clifford|first=Hugh Charles|author-link=Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)|volume=25|pages=980–981|inline=1}}</ref>{{RP|980}}

Penang and Malacca were administered, directly under the governor, by [[Resident (title)|resident councillors]].<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

===Governor's wider role===
In 1886, the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] (which were settled and once owned by the Scottish [[Clunies-Ross family]]) and [[Christmas Island]], formerly attached to [[Ceylon]], were transferred to the care of the government of the Straits Settlements in Singapore. In 1907, the former [[Crown Colony of Labuan]], in Borneo, which for a period was vested in the [[British North Borneo Company]], was resumed by the British government and was vested in the governor of the Straits Settlements.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

The governor was also [[High Commissioner]] for the Federated Malay States on the peninsula, for [[British North Borneo]], the sultanate of [[Brunei]] and [[Sarawak]] in Borneo. British [[resident (title)|residents]] controlled the native states of Perak, [[Selangor]], [[Negri Sembilan]] and [[Pahang]], but on 1 July 1896, when the federation of these states was effected, a [[resident-general]], responsible to the high commissioner, was placed in charge of all the British [[protectorate]]s in the peninsula.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

===Japanese invasion and dissolution===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = {{visible anchor|Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946}}
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to repeal the Straits Settlements Act, 1866, and to make further provision for the government of the territories heretofore known as the Straits Settlements.
| year = 1946
| citation = [[9 & 10 Geo. 6]]. c. 37
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 26 March 1946
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces = Straits Settlements Act 1866
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = [[Malaysia Act 1963]]
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
During [[World War II]] (specifically the [[Pacific War]]), the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[Malayan campaign|invaded Malaya and the Straits Settlements]] by landing on [[Kelantan]] on 8 December 1941. On 16 December, Penang became the first Straits Settlement to fall into Japanese hands, followed by Malacca on 15 January 1942. Singapore was the last settlement to fall on 15 February, following the [[Battle of Singapore]]. The Straits Settlements, along with the rest of the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Japanese occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak|remained under Japanese occupation]] until the end of the war in August 1945.

After the war, the colony was dissolved with effect from 1 April 1946, with [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]] becoming a separate Crown colony (and ultimately an [[Singapore|independent republic]]), while Penang and Malacca joined the new [[Malayan Union]] (a predecessor of modern-day [[Malaysia]]). [[Colony of Labuan|Labuan]] was briefly annexed to Singapore, before being attached to the new colony of [[North Borneo]] (and ultimately detached to become a [[Labuan|Federal Territory]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/cf47ce98-0e14-4c1f-a6f7-cb55c99b4df6 | title=The Straits Settlements is Dissolved |date= 1 April 1946|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230410205549/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/cf47ce98-0e14-4c1f-a6f7-cb55c99b4df6 |archive-date= 10 April 2023 |url-status= dead}}</ref>

[[File:View of Malacca (7886237414).jpg|thumb|300px|left|Malacca, 1860–1900]]
[[File:View of Penang from Tie Sin's Tower (7886247166).jpg|thumb|300px|left|Penang from Tie Sin's Tower, 1860–1900]]
[[Image:Malaysia tree diagram.svg|thumb|left|700px|Evolution of [[Malaysia]]]]
{{Clear}}

== Population ==
[[File:Image from page 817 of "Popular electricity magazine in plain English" (1912) (14578993768).jpg|thumb|right|Malacca business street, 1912]]
The following are the area and population, with details of race distribution, of the colony of the Straits Settlements, the figures being those of the census of 1901:<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Area in square miles !! rowspan="2"| Population in 1891 !! colspan="7"| Population in 1901
|-
! Total !! Europeans !! Eurasians !! Chinese !! Malays !! Indians !! Other nationalities
|-
| Singapore || 206 || 184,554 || 228,555 || 3,824 || 4,120 || 164,041 || 36,080 || 17,823 || 2,667
|-
| Penang, Province Wellesley and Dindings || 381 || 235,618 || 248,207 || 1,160 || 1,945 || 98,424 || 106,000 || 38,051 || 2,627
|-
| Malacca || 659 || 92,170 || 95,487 || 74 || 1,598 || 19,468 || 72,978 || 1,276 || 93
|-
| Total || 1,246 || 512,342 || 572,249 || 5,058 || 7,663 || 281,933 || 215,058 || 57,150 || 5,387
|}
The population, which was 306,775 in 1871 and 423,384 in 1881, had in 1901 reached a total of 572,249. As in former years, the increase was solely due to immigration, especially of Chinese, though a considerable number of Tamils and other natives of India settled in the Straits Settlements. The total number of births registered in the colony in 1900 was 14,814, and the ratio per 1,000 of the population during 1896, 1897 and 1898, respectively, was 22–18, 20–82 and 21–57; while the number of registered deaths for 1896–1900 gave a ratio per 1,000 of 42–21, 36–90, 30–43, 31–66 and 36–25, respectively, the number of deaths registered during 1900 being 23,385. The cause to which the excess of deaths over births is to be attributed is to be found in the fact that the Chinese and Indian population, which numbered 339,083, or over 59 per cent of the whole, was composed of 261,412 males and only 77,671 females, and a comparatively small number of the latter were married women and mothers of families. Male Europeans also outnumbered females by about two to one. Among the Malays and Eurasians, who alone had a fair proportion of both sexes, infant mortality was excessive due to early marriages and other causes.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

The number of immigrants landing in the various settlements during 1906 was: Singapore 176,587 Chinese; Penang 56,333 Chinese and 52,041 natives of India; and Malacca 598 Chinese. The total number of immigrants for 1906 was therefore 285,560, against 39,136 emigrants, mostly Chinese returning to China. In 1867, the date of the transfer of the colony from the East India Company to the Crown, the total population was estimated at 283,384.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|980}}

In 1939, the population reached 1,370,300.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=C. Peter |title=Singapore |url=https://ww2db.com/country.php?cid=133 |website=World War II Database}}</ref>

== Finance ==
[[File:1 dollar Eo Biển Edward VII 1903.png|thumb| Silver coin: 1 [[Straits dollar]], 1903]]

In the early nineteenth century, the most common currency used in the East Indies was the [[Spanish dollar]], including issues both from Spain and from the [[New World]] Spanish colonies, most significantly Mexico, due to market circulation from the [[Spanish East Indies]] ([[Spanish Philippines]]). Locally issued coinages included the [[Kelantan keping|Kelantan]] and [[Trengganu keping]], and the [[Penang dollar]]. In 1837, the [[Indian rupee]] was made the sole official currency in the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as part of [[Company rule in India|India]]. However, Spanish dollars continued to circulate and 1845 saw the introduction of coinage for the Straits Settlements using a system of 100 cents = 1 [[Straits dollar]], with the dollar equal to the Spanish dollar or [[Mexican peso]]. In 1867, the administration of the Straits Settlements was separated from India and the dollar was made the standard currency.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The revenue of the colony in 1868 amounted to $1,301,843. In 1906 revenue was $9,512,132, exclusive of $106,180 received for land sales. Of this sum, $6,650,558 was derived from import duties on [[opium]], wines and spirits, and licences to deal in these articles, $377,972 from land revenue, $592,962 from postal and telegraphic revenue, and $276,019 from port and harbour dues.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|981}}

Expenditures, which in 1868 amounted to $1,197,177, rose in 1906 to $8,747,819. The total cost of the administrative establishments amounted to $4,450,791, of which $2,586,195 were personal emoluments and $1,864,596 other charges. The military expenditure (the colony paid on this account 20 per cent of its gross revenue to the British government by way of military contribution) amounted in 1906 to $1,762,438; $578,025 was expended on upkeep and maintenance of existing public works, and $1,209,291 on new roads, streets, bridges and buildings.<ref name=EB1911/>{{RP|981}}

== See also ==
* [[Federation of Malaya]]
* [[Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca]]
* [[History of Malaysia]]
* [[History of Singapore]]
* [[List of Governors of the Straits Settlements|Governor of the Straits Settlements]]
* [[Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Straits Settlements]]
* [[Straits Settlements cricket team]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |last=Andaya |first=Barbara Watson |title=A history of Malaysia |last2=Andaya |first2=Leonard Y. |date=1982 |publisher=St. Martin's Pr |isbn=978-0-312-38120-2 |location=New York, N. Y}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Straits Settlements Blue Book, 1906'' (Singapore, 1907)
* ''Straits Directory, 1908'' (Singapore, 1908)
* {{wikisource-inline|Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society}} (Singapore)
* Sir Frederick Weld and Sir William Maxwell, severally, on the Straits Settlements in the ''Journal'' of the Royal Colonial Institute (London, 1884 and 1892)
* Henry Norman, ''The Far East'' (London, 1894)
* Alleyne Ireland, ''The Far Eastern Tropics'' (London, 1904); Sir Frank Swettenham, British Malaya (London, 1906)
* {{cite book |last1=Swettenham |first1=Frank|author-link=Frank Swettenham |title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=827–834 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/The Straits Settlements and Beyond|The Straits Settlements and Beyond]]}}
* ''The Life of Sir Stamford Raffles'' (London, 1856, 1898)

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Straits Settlements}}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Singapore.html#Straits-Settlements WorldsStatesmen Singapore, listing the chief administrators]

{{British dependencies governors}}
{{British rule in Malaysian history}}
{{History of East Malaysia}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|1|22|N|103|48|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Straits Settlements| ]]
[[Category:British Malaya]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in Malaysian history]]
[[Category:States and federal territories of Malaysia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1826]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1946]]
[[Category:1826 establishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:1946 disestablishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:British Malaya in World War II| ]]

Maari (soundtrack)

2026-03-11T21:18:10Z

PorterStowell75: typo fix

{{Short description|2015 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Maari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover = Album Cover for Maari.jpg
| caption = Maari album cover
| released = 7 June 2015
| recorded = 2015
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:15
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Kaaki Sattai]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan (soundtrack)|Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

'''''Maari''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2015 Tamil film [[Maari (film)|of the same name]], starring [[Dhanush]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] in the lead roles, directed by [[Balaji Mohan]]. The soundtrack album was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with three songs written by Dhanush, and the rest of the songs written by [[Vignesh Shivan]] and [[Rokesh|G. Rokesh]]. The film marks the third collaboration between Dhanush and Anirudh Ravichander. The audio rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]] and the soundtrack album was released on 7 June 2015, receiving positive reception.

== Background ==
''Maari''{{'s}} soundtrack and score is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] in his third collaboration with Dhanush after ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012) and ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014), and first with Mohan;<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2014 |title=Dhanush's 27th film titled 'Maari' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-27th-film-titled-Maari/articleshow/45077693.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312145845/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-27th-film-titled-Maari/articleshow/45077693.cms |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> previously Anirudh was supposed to collaborate with Mohan for ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' before he had opted out of the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-21 |title=Anirudh to compose for Balaji Mohan's next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-to-compose-for-balaji-mohans-next-film/articleshow/24441284.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328083307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-to-compose-for-balaji-mohans-next-film/articleshow/24441284.cms |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Anirudh returns back signing amounts |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-returns-back-signing-amounts-news-tamil-nk4kINgdbbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131106114353/http://www.sify.com/movies/anirudh-returns-back-signing-amounts-news-tamil-nk4kINgdbbi.html |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Anirudh began composing the film's music by March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-08 |title=What are Anirudh and Dhanush doing on mottamaadi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/what-are-anirudh-and-dhanush-doing-on-mottamaadi/articleshow/46492383.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313004735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/what-are-anirudh-and-dhanush-doing-on-mottamaadi/articleshow/46492383.cms |archive-date=2015-03-13 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The recording of the songs progressed for two months,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2015 |title=Anirudh works round-the-clock for Maari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-works-round-the-clock-for-Maari/articleshow/47324437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522182515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-works-round-the-clock-for-Maari/articleshow/47324437.cms |archive-date=22 May 2015 |access-date=17 August 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> with folk and [[dappankuthu]] numbers were prioritised owing to the rustic setting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-09 |title=GV Prakash and Anirudh get Thara local |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-and-anirudh-get-thara-local/articleshow/47212377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510160806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gv-prakash-and-anirudh-get-thara-local/articleshow/47212377.cms |archive-date=2015-05-10 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Anirudh also composed mass themes based on the character's image. In mid-May, Dhanush revealed the lyrics of the titular track which had significance to the pigeon racing themes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Here's the title track of Maari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Heres-the-title-track-of-Maari/articleshow/47316709.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113170218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Heres-the-title-track-of-Maari/articleshow/47316709.cms |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> He had written three songs for the album, while the rest of the songs were written by Vignesh Shivan and Rokesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 June 2015 |title=Dhanush pens three songs for Maari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Dhanush-pens-three-songs-for-Maari/articleshow/47564285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617111330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Dhanush-pens-three-songs-for-Maari/articleshow/47564285.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Malayalam actor-singer [[Vineeth Sreenivasan|Vineeth Srinivasan]] has also sung a number "Oru Vidha Aasai" which was not included in the film.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The film's music rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2015 |title=Maari (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/maari-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/998319386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718031523/https://music.apple.com/in/album/maari-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/998319386 |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> Initially, the film's audio was scheduled to be launched on 25 May 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Dhanush's Maari audio on May 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Dhanushs-Maari-audio-on-May-25/articleshow/47185769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511083818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Dhanushs-Maari-audio-on-May-25/articleshow/47185769.cms |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but the album was eventually launched on the midnight of 7 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2015 |title=Maari audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maari-audio-launched/articleshow/47583317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328105001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maari-audio-launched/articleshow/47583317.cms |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> A teaser from one of the songs and the theme music were unveiled closer to the film's theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Maari theme music at 6 pm today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maari-theme-music-at-6-pm-today/articleshow/48095650.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720145839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maari-theme-music-at-6-pm-today/articleshow/48095650.cms |archive-date=20 July 2015 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Maari's tharalocal song teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maaris-tharalocal-song-teaser/articleshow/48079753.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705042034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Maaris-tharalocal-song-teaser/articleshow/48079753.cms |archive-date=5 July 2018 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sharanya CR of ''[[The Times of India]]'' claimed that "the album sounds less Anirudh and more local".<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=26 June 2015 |title=Music Review: Maari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Maari/articleshow/47815548.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629141917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Music-Review-Maari/articleshow/47815548.cms |archive-date=29 June 2015 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' rated the album 7 out of 10, and stated that "Out-and-out dancy soundtrack from Anirudh. And an engaging one at that."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=6 June 2015 |title=Maari – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/06/06/maari-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607074805/https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/06/06/maari-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' called it a "so-so" album, except for the two songs "Don'u Don'u Don'u" and "Oru Vidha Aasai" which he considered the best from the album;<ref name=":1" /> he reviewed the former as a "captivating call-and-response duet featuring Anirudh and Alisha Thomas" and the latter as "a wonderfully articulated 80s swagger".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=9 June 2015 |title=Maari (Music review), Tamil – Anirudh |url=http://milliblog.com/2015/06/09/maari-music-review-tamil-anirudh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406014734/http://milliblog.com/2015/06/09/maari-music-review-tamil-anirudh/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' rated the album 3 out of 5, and stated that "Although the album sticks to the genre it promised, the tunes coupled with jarring arrangements make this album sound monotonous. Tracks like 'Maari Thara Local' & 'Donu Donu' work like typical Anirudh tracks but the catchiness is missing in the remaining tracks. One hopes that the album grows among listeners with repeated listening. Would probably go down as Anirudh's weakest album till date."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2015 |title=Maari' Audio review |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/maari-audio-review-news-tamil-pghm82iejafaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607222855/http://www.sify.com/movies/maari-audio-review-news-tamil-pghm82iejafaj.html |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=6 October 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Lakshmikanth Jaganmohan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated that "the album will appeal to Gen Y [youngsters]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaganmohan |first=Lakshmikanth |date=2015-06-14 |title=Review: Maari music will appeal to the youth |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-maari-music-will-appeal-to-the-youth/20150614.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617005544/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-maari-music-will-appeal-to-the-youth/20150614.htm |archive-date=2015-06-17 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Iyer of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Apart from Oru Vidhu Aasai, Maari's soundtrack doesn't hold any surprises for those familiar with Anirudh's signature Thara Local sound. It is, nonetheless, fun and peppy. If the film is anything like its music, it promises to be an entertaining ride."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aditya |date=2015-07-03 |title=Maari music review: Fun and peppy, but it's nothing unusual |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/maari-music-review-fun-and-peppy-but-it-s-nothing-unusual/story-kHQaIwRioeRHYhlUjK5RiN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130022644/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/maari-music-review-fun-and-peppy-but-it-s-nothing-unusual/story-kHQaIwRioeRHYhlUjK5RiN.html |archive-date=2016-11-30 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:15
| title1 = Maari Thara Local
| note1 =
| extra1 = Dhanush, [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics1 = [[Dhanush]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Oru Vidha Aasai
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| lyrics2 = Dhanush
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Don'u Donu'u Don'u
| note3 =
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander, Alisha Thomas
| lyrics3 = Dhanush
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Bagulu Odayam Dagulu Mari
| note4 =
| extra4 = Dhanush
| lyrics4 = [[Rokesh]]
| length4 = 1:06
| title5 = The Maari Swag
| note5 =
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 = {{emdash}}
| length5 = 0:30
| title6 = Thappa Dhaan Theriyum
| note6 =
| extra6 = Dhanush, [[Chinna Ponnu]], [[Magizhini Manimaaran]]
| lyrics6 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| length6 = 3:20
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Awards
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards South|18 June 2016]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|{{Nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080341/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080550/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="3" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|24–25 January 2016]]
|Best Music Director – Tamil
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081611/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081617/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[IIFA Utsavam]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyricist – Tamil
|[[Dhanush]] – ("Don'u Don'u Don'u")
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ("Don'u Don'u Don'u")
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]

Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi

2026-03-09T18:06:33Z

PorterStowell75: starting new biography

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, mufti and writer (b. 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox scholar
|title =
|honorific_prefix = {{small|[[Maulana]], [[Mufti]]}}
|name= Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|10|14}}
|birth_place = [[Hanswar]], Faizabad district {{small|(now Ambedkar Nagar district)}}, Uttar Pradesh, India
|occupation = Islamic scholar, mufti, and writer
|alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre]]|[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]|[[Jamia Hamdard]]}}
|main_interests = [[Fiqh]], [[Islamic studies]], [[translation]]
|awards =
| education = [[Dars-e-Nizami|Aalimiyyah]], Double M.A., PhD
| academic_advisors = [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], [[Nizamuddin Azami]], [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]], Ishtiyaque Danish
|notable_works = {{ubl|''Madrasa Education: Its Strength and Weakness''|''Ulama, Post-Madrasa Education, Muslim Youth and Contemporary Challenges''|''Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jāmi' O Mukhtasar Tareekh'' (Urdu)}}
|students =
}}

'''Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi''' (born 14 October 1979) is an Indian Islamic scholar, [[mufti]], writer, and trilingual translator of [[Urdu]], [[Arabic]], and [[English language|English]]. He is an alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], and [[Jamia Hamdard]]; and has written several books in English, Urdu, and Arabic.

== Early life and education ==
Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi was born on 14 October 1979 in [[Hanswar]], Faizabad district (now [[Ambedkar Nagar district]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="journal">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Qasmi|editor1-first=M. Burhanuddin|title=Mufti Muhammadullah Khalili makes waves|url=https://archive.org/details/eastern-crescent-oct-2013-muhammadullah |journal=Eastern Crescent|date=October 2013| volume=8 |issue=10|pages=37–38|publisher=Makrash Media & Publication Pvt|location=[[Jogeshwari]], Mumbai|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Abbāsi">{{cite book|last=Abbasi|first= Ibn al-Hasan|title= Yādgār-e-Zamāna Shakhsiyyāt Ka Ahwāl-e-Mutāla'a|trans-title=Study life of memorable personalities|url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa|publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam|location=[[Karachi]]|edition=1st|date=October 2020|page=621|language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=621}} His father Abdul Salam Muztar Hanswari (1924–2022) was a physician, [[Quran reciter]], poet, and authorized disciple of Abdul Halim Jaunpuri.<ref name="Amīn">{{Cite web |last1=Amīn |first1=Muhammad Rūhul |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Dr. Mufti Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi: Biographical Sketch |url=https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128164013/https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref>

Qasmi received his early education from his parents and at Madrasah Ishā'at-ul-Uloom in Hanswar, and he studied Arabic at Madrasa Anwar-ul-Uloom in [[Bhulepur]]. In 1995, he enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in the sixth grade of Arabic and in 1997, he graduated with distinction. In 1998 and 1999, respectively, he completed courses in Arabic literature and [[Mufti|Ifta]] at Darul Uloom Deoband. He studied ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' with [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], ''Qawā'id al-Fiqh'' with [[Nizamuddin Azami]] in Ifta, and Arabic literature with [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]].<ref name="Amīn"/>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=621, 623–624}}

After completing his education at Darul Uloom Deoband, Qasmi studied for a [[diploma]] in English language and literature at the [[Markazul Ma'arif Education and Research Centre]] in New Delhi and Mumbai in 2000 and 2001.<ref name="Amīn"/>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=625–626}} In 2006 and 2008, he studied for a Bachelor of Arts in Arabic with English and political science at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi. At the same time, he studied for a diploma in functional Arabic from the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] in New Delhi, from where he also studied for a diploma in English teaching in 2009.<ref name="journal"/>

In 2009 and 2010, Qasmi completed a masters degree in Islamic Studies at Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi. In 2010, he received his diploma in journalism and mass communication from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]], Hyderabad. He also passed the [[National Eligibility Test]] (NET) and [[Research fellowships in India#Junior Research Fellowship|Research Fellowship]] (RF) examinations twice in two subjects at the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], New Delhi, in 2009 and 2010. After that, he studied for a Master of Arts (MA) in English at Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, in 2012 and 2013.<ref name="journal"/> In 2018, he submitted his thesis on Islamic studies that is entitled "The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh: A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges" to the Department of Islamic Studies at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, under the supervision of Ishtiyaque Danish<ref name="Amīn"/><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD}}</ref> and received his PhD in January 2019.{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=627–628}}

== Career ==
Qasmi is the editor for the official websites of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]], and the coordinator of Darul Uloom Deoband's Internet and Online Fatwa sections.<ref name="Amīn"/><ref name="Khalili">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur|page=792|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="book" >{{cite book |last1=Ahmad|first1=Muhammad Aftab|last2=Adil|first2=Muhammad Qāsim|title=Al-Hin Wal-Arab: Thaqāfatan wa hadāratan |publisher= Markazi Publications|location=Jogabai, Jamia Nagar, [[New Delhi]] |pages=16 |edition=2021 |language=ar |chapter=Dr. Mufti Muhammadullah Qasmi|date=2021 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/al-hind-wal-arab-thaqafah-wa-hazarah}}</ref><ref name="Nāyāb"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Millat Times |date=2019-10-02 |title=MMERC's Establishment and 25 Years of Path Breaking Journey |url=https://millattimes.com/mmercs-establishment-and-25-years-of-path-breaking-journey/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Millat Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He also has a bilingual academic-and-literary website called Deoband Online. Prior to joining Darul Uloom Deoband, Qasmi worked at [[Markazul Maarif]] in Mumbai, where he taught English, conducted research, and provided management services for almost three years.<ref name="Amīn"/>

== Literary works ==
Qasmi began writing theses and essays in 1993.<ref name="Nāyāb" >{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama|trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband|url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |pages=317–319|edition=first|date=2013 |language=ur}}</ref> Since his student days, his articles have been published in magazines and journals, and he has been associated with the editorial boards of magazines.<ref name="Nāyāb"/><ref name="Amīn"/> During his stay at [[Markazul Maarif]] in Mumbai, he received training in English essay writing and journalism from the German novelist and journalist [[Ilija Trojanow]].<ref name="Amīn"/>

=== Views ===
According to Qasmi: <blockquote>As Islam is a comprehensive religion, its education system is also comprehensive. It includes all kinds of sciences and arts that are beneficial for human beings in this world and hereafter. Islam does not encourage such things that seem to be sciences, but they are based on ignorance and useless or even harmful for human beings. Thus, Islam classifies the useful sciences from the useless and harmful ones. Islam gave every science its due position and importance so that people can benefit from them as per their importance and need.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aafi |first=Aaqib Anjum |date=6 November 2021 |title=Traditional Curriculums' New Significance |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/11/06/traditional-curriculums-new-significance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107061835/https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/11/06/traditional-curriculums-new-significance/ |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]] |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Books ===
Qasmi has published works in Urdu and English; he has also translated books to and from Urdu, English, and Arabic. Some of his works include:<ref name="Amīn"/><ref name="Nāyāb"/><ref name="journal"/>{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=621}}
* ''Shama’il an-Nabi'' (compilation of his father's Poetry collection)
* ''Madrasa Education: Its Strength and Weakness''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salim |first=Saquib |date=9 September 2022 |title=Ulema didn't forbid modern education in madrasa |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/education-news/ulema-didn-t-forbid-modern-education-in-madrasa-15444.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909031426/https://www.awazthevoice.in/education-news/ulema-didn-t-forbid-modern-education-in-madrasa-15444.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Awaz – The Voice |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islamic Speeches'' (in two volumes)
* ''Ulama, Post-Madrasa Education, Muslim Youth and Contemporary Challenges''
* ''Silk Latter Movement'' (English translation of the book "Tehreek-e-Reshmi Roomāl" by [[Muhammad Miyan Deobandi]].)
* ''Fighi Decisions and Resolutions of Idarat al-Mabahis al-Fiqhiyyah''
* ''Fatwas for America, Part Two''
* ''Thamarat-ul-Aqāid'' (English and Arabic translation of the book "Samrat al-Aqāid" by [[Sameeruddin Qasmi]])
* ''Fatāwā Ulama-e-Hind'' (English translation of Fatawa Ulama-e-Hind compiled by Aneesur Rahman Qasmi)
* ''Majmoo'a-e-Ash'ār o Ghazaliyyāt'' (His poetry collection)
* ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jāmi' O Mukhtasar Tareekh'' (Urdu;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Muhammad Naveed |date=2022 |title=Darul Ulum Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations |url=https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |journal=Hamdard Islamicus |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=84 |doi=10.57144/hi.v45i3.326 |issn=0250-7196 |s2cid=252890505 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209234819/https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ukashah |first=Abu |url=https://archive.org/download/tareekhkeqaatilabuukashahrahman/Tareekh%20Ke%20Qaatil-Abu%20Ukashah%20Rahman.pdf |title=Tareekh ke Qatil |publisher=Faran Publications |year=2019 |location=Hyderabad, India |language=ur |oclc=1106138522}}</ref><ref name=":QAH">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Abu Hisham |url=https://archive.org/download/tareekhkeqatilhaqaeqkeaainemein/Tareekh%20ke%20Qaatil%20Haqaeq%20ke%20Aaine%20mein.pdf |title=Tareekh Ke Qatil Haqaeq Ke Aaine Mein |publisher=Kutubkhana Deoband |year=2019 |page= |location=India |language=ur}}</ref> Bengali translation: ''দারুল উলুম দেওবন্দ : ইতিহাস, ঐতিহ্য, অবদানের গৌরবদীপ্ত দেড় শতাব্দী''<ref>{{Cite news |title=দেওবন্দের ইতিহাসসংবলিত বইয়ের মোড়ক উন্মোচন |trans-title=Unveiling of book on the history of Deoband |last=Al-Farabi |first= |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/574964/ |work=[[Desh Rupantor]] |date=20 February 2025 |language=bn |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>)
* ''Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Itihās'' (Hindi)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=दारुल उलूम देवबंद का इतिहास |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/books/archives/669 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=darululoom-deoband.com |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Muhammadullah Khalili}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad National Urdu University alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Deobandism scholars]]

John Erskine, Lord Erskine

2026-03-06T23:56:15Z

PorterStowell75: refined details also per standard format

{{Short description|British soldier, Conservative Party politician and colonial administrator (1895–1953)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Erskine
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]]
| image = LordErskine1941.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Erskine {{circa}} 1940
| order1 = Governor of Madras Presidency
| term_start1 = 15 November 1934
| term_end1 = 18 June 1936
| governor-general1 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Marquess of Willingdon]], [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| predecessor1 = [[George Frederick Stanley|Hon. Sir George Frederick Stanley]]
| successor1 = [[Sir Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (acting)
| premier1 = [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], [[P. T. Rajan]]
| term_start2 = 1 October 1936
| term_end2 = 12 March 1940
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (acting)
| successor2 = [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Hon. Arthur Hope]]
| governor-general2 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| premier2 = [[P. T. Rajan]], [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1895|4|12|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|5|3|1895|4|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| nationality = British
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Eton College|Eton]], [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| profession = Soldier
| occupation = Politician, administrator
| spouse = Lady Marjorie Hervey
}}

'''John Francis Ashley Erskine, Lord Erskine''' [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] (12 April 1895 – 3 May 1953) was a British soldier, Conservative Party politician and administrator who served as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)|Weston-super-Mare]] and [[Brighton (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton]]. Erskine also served as the governor of Madras Presidency from 1934 to 1940.

Erskine was born to [[Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar]] on 12 April 1895 and had his education at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]. On graduation, Erskine served in the British Army and rose to become a major before entering politics. Erskine was elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as a candidate of the Conservative Party from Weston-super-Mare and served as MP from 1922 to 1923 and from 1924 to 1934. He also served as Assistant Government Whip from 1930 to 1934. In 1934, Erskine was appointed Governor of Madras Presidency, British India.

Erskine served as the governor of Madras Presidency from 1934 to 1940. He was a close friend of Indian politician Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari though he disagreed with some of his policies. On the conclusion of his term, Erskine returned to the United Kingdom and served as the Member of Parliament for Brighton from 1940 to 1941. Erskine retired from politics in his later life. He died on 3 May 1953 at the age of 58.

==Family and early life==

John Erskine was born on 12 April 1895 to [[Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar]] and his wife Lady Violet Ashley Cooper (1868–1938). He was the eldest of their two sons and had his education at [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]].

John Erskine married Lady Marjorie Hervey, the elder daughter of the [[Frederick Hervey, 4th Marquess of Bristol|4th Marquess of Bristol]], on 2 December 1919 and had four sons.

== Military career ==

On outbreak of the [[First World War]], Erskine enlisted in the [[Scots Guards]]. By the end of the war he was a [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]].

==Politics==
With an interest in politics and an allegiance to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], Erskine was appointed [[Private Secretary|Assistant Private Secretary]] to [[Walter Hume Long, 1st Viscount Long|Viscount Long]] in 1920. At the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922 general election]], Erskine was elected as [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)|Weston-super-Mare]]. He lost his seat to a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] in the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general election]] but easily regained it in [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]] and did not face a serious challenge there again.

[[William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford|William Joynson-Hicks]], then a rapidly rising Conservative Minister, appointed Erskine as his [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] in 1922, which gave him considerable interesting work to do. Joynson-Hicks was among the more controversial Ministers and had especial need to know that he had the support of Conservative backbenchers, and this Erskine was able to arrange.

After the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]], Erskine was named as an unpaid Assistant [[Government whip]] on 12 November 1931. This appointment effectively silenced Erskine in the Chamber of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] due to the tradition that Whips do not make speeches. Previously Erskine had been an effective and confident speaker who had taken a close interest in the affairs of [[India]] (although he admitted never to having visited it). He followed the '[[Round Table Conferences]]' of the early 1930s closely.

In his later years, Erskine served as a member of Parliament for the two-member [[Brighton (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton]] constituency. However Erskine's public support for native rule in India counted against him with [[Winston Churchill]] who had led the opposition to the Government of India Act 1935. Although hopeful of appointment to government office, Erskine was given nothing.

==As Governor of Madras Presidency==
[[File:John Erskine, Lord Erskine.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Lord Erskine with his wife Marjorie in Madras in the 1930s]]

On 22 May 1934 Erskine was appointed the new Governor of [[Madras]].<ref name="nytimes_19340523">{{cite news|title=MADRAS POST TO ERSKINE.; Governorship Goes to Member of British Parliament|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 May 1934}}</ref> Although his appointment commenced in November, Erskine resigned his seat through appointment as Steward of the [[Chiltern Hundreds]] at the beginning of June.

In 1934, Erskine succeeded [[George Frederick Stanley]] as the [[Governor of Madras Presidency]] and served from 1934 to 1940. Erskine was a supporter of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and wanted the party to capture power in the Presidency during the [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 elections]]. However, to his disappointment, the [[Indian National Congress]] won by a huge margin. Despite being the majority party in the Assembly and the council, the Congress refused to form the government. Their objections stemmed from the special powers given to the governor by the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act of 1935]]. Erskine decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. He first offered the Prime Minister post in the interim government to [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] but Shastri refused to accept it. Then Erskine formed the interim Government with [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] of the Justice Party as premier on 1 April 1937. He also used the Minister for Public Health [[R. M. Palat]] to try and entice Congress legislators into supporting the government. Wary of his tactics, Congress leaders like [[S. Satyamurti]] started a campaign to convince Congress High Command ([[Gandhi]] and [[Nehru]]) to accept power within the limitations set by the Government of India Act. They also appealed to the British Government to give assurances that the Governor's special powers will not be misused. On 22 June, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] issued a statement expressing the British Government's desire to work with the Congress in implementing the 1935 Act. On 1 July, the Congress Working Committee (CWC) agreed to form Governments in the provinces they had won. On 14 July, Erskine had to swear in the Congress leader [[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]] as the Premier.<ref name="ramanathan">{{Cite book| last =Ramanathan| first =K. V.| title =The Satyamurti letters: the Indian freedom struggle through the eyes of a parliamentarian, Volume 1| publisher =Pearson Education India| year = 2008| pages =301–5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NY_XjIE6sVUC&pg=PA301 |isbn= 978-81-317-1488-1}}</ref><ref name="menon">{{Cite book| last =Menon| first =Visalakshi| title =From movement to government: the Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42| publisher =Sage| year = 2003| pages =75| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PT38 |isbn= 0-7619-9620-6}}</ref><ref name="nagarajan">{{Cite book| last =Nagarajan| first =Krishnaswami| title =Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar: a biography| publisher =Annamalai University| year = 1989| pages =63–70| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0AMcAAAAIAAJ&q=erskine}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of John Francis Ashley.jpg|thumb|260px|Lord Erskine GCSI GCIE in the mantle of the Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
Erskine had a cordial personal relationship with Rajagopalachari<ref name="nehru_bio">{{cite book|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography: A Biography|first=Sankar|last=Ghose|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7023-369-5|page=101}}</ref> though they disagreed over some issues.<ref name="rajajip280">{{cite book | title=C. Rajagopalachari: Role in Freedom Movement| last=Bakshi| first=S. R. | year=1991| pages=280| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7041-433-9}}</ref> When Rajagopalachari took a month's leave, he requested Erskine to look after most of his duties.<ref name="nehru_bio" /> It is also alleged that Rajagopalachari suggested knighthoods for some his friends.<ref name="nehru_bio" /> However, there were disagreements over the constitution of the ministry.<ref name="rajajip280" /> Erskine also opposed Rajagopalachari's usage of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1932 during the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937-40|1938 Anti-Hindi agitations]]:"..[Rajagopalachari] was too much of a [[Tory]] for me, for though I may want to go back twenty years, he wishes to go back two thousand and to run India as it was run in the time of [[Ashoka the Great|King Ashoka]]".

Erskine was also a regular visitor to the [[Nilgiri Hills]].<ref name="thehindu_kotagiri">{{cite news|title=Keeping the connection alive|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110150060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107112911/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/01/stories/2009110150060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 November 2009}}</ref> On a public reception accorded to him by the [[Kotagiri]] Panchayat Board in 1935, he gave Kotagiri town the sobriquet, "Princess among Hill Stations".<ref name="thehindu_kotagiri" /> The first regular radio service in the Madras Presidency commenced in 1938 when the [[All India Radio]] established its station in Madras.<ref name="muthiahp164">{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.|author-link=S. Muthiah |year=2004| pages=164| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}</ref>

The Congress ministry resigned on 9 October 1939 over the outbreak of [[Second World War]].<ref name="nytimes_19391031">{{cite news|title=VICEROY CALLS GANDHI TO PARLEY ON STATUS; Other Party Chiefs Invited-- Second Ministry Resigns|work=The New York Times|date=31 October 1939}}</ref> Erskine declared an emergency and took over the reins of the administration. Rajagopalachari and other ministers were arrested as per [[Defence of India Act 1915|Defence of India Act]] rules. On 21 February 1940, Erskine repealed the unpopular law imposing compulsory study of Hindi in the Madras Presidency.

==Later life==
With no hope of continuing a political career, and finding that representing the seat was very expensive, Erskine resigned his seat and went to live in his house at [[Ickworth]] near [[Bury St Edmunds]]. He continued to comment on Indian affairs, bemoaning the influence of [[Gandhi]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}. His second son was killed in action in 1945.

Active in voluntary work locally, Erskine was appointed President of the [[Marine Society & Sea Cadets|Navy League]]. A major operation in the early 1950s damaged his health, and he died in 1953 during the lifetime of his father.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

==References==
*M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" Vol. IV (Harvester Press, 1981)
*"John Francis Ashley Erskine" in [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]].
*Obituary, ''The Times'', 4 May 1953.

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | lord-erskine | Lord Erskine }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)|Weston-super-Mare]]
| years=[[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]–[[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]]
| before=Sir [[Gilbert Wills, 1st Baron Dulverton|Gilbert Wills]], Bt.
| after=[[Frank Murrell]]}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)|Weston-super-Mare]]
| years=[[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]–[[1934 Weston-super-Mare by-election|1934]]
| before=[[Frank Murrell]]
| after=[[Ian Orr-Ewing (Weston-super-Mare MP)|Ian Orr-Ewing]]}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Brighton (UK Parliament constituency)|Brighton]]
| with = [[Cooper Rawson|Sir Cooper Rawson]]
| years=[[1940 Brighton by-election|1940]]–[[1941 Brighton by-election|1941]]
| before=[[George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon|George Tryon]] [[Cooper Rawson|Sir Cooper Rawson]]
| after=[[Anthony Marlowe]] [[Cooper Rawson|Sir Cooper Rawson]]
}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Governor of Madras]]
| years=1934–1940
| before=[[George Stanley (British politician)|Hon. Sir George Stanley]]
| after=[[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Hon. Arthur Hope]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erskine, John}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Scots Guards officers]]
[[Category:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1922–1923]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1924–1929]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1929–1931]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1931–1935]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1935–1945]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:British courtesy barons and lords of Parliament]]
[[Category:Clan Erskine|John]]

K-13 (film)

2026-03-06T03:50:54Z

PorterStowell75: corrected information and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by Barath Neelakanta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = K-13
| image = K-13 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Barath Neelakantan
| producer = [[SP Sankar]] Santha Priya
| writer = Barath Neelakantan
| starring = [[Arulnithi]] [[Shraddha Srinath]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cinematography = [[Aravinnd Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2019 |title=Watch: Arulnithi and Shraddha's 'K13' trailer looks exciting |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-arulnithi-and-shraddhas-k13-trailer-looks-exciting-98537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512043407/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-arulnithi-and-shraddhas-k13-trailer-looks-exciting-98537 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=2020-11-23 |work=The News Minute}}</ref>
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = SP Cinemas
| distributor = SP Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2019|05|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''K-13''''' (also spelt '''''K13''''') is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Psychological fiction|psychological]] [[mystery film]]<ref name="mystery" /> written and directed by Barath Neelakantan in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Arulnithi]] and [[Shraddha Srinath]], while [[Gayathrie]], [[Yogi Babu]], and [[Ramesh Thilak]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada girl Shraddha Srinath's next is K-13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-girl-shraddha-srinaths-next-is-k-13/articleshow/67383005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307092135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kannada-girl-shraddha-srinaths-next-is-k-13/articleshow/67383005.cms |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Sam C. S.]] has been hired as music composer for the film replacing initially speculated music director turned actor [[Darbuka Siva]] due to the latter's acting and directorial commitments and aspirations. The film was released on 3 May 2019 to positive reviews but become an average hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2019 |title=K13 (aka) SP Production 2 review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/k13/k13-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910132457/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/k13/k13-review.html |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Madhiazhagan, a dejected aspirant filmmaker, finds himself in trouble when he wakes up to find that Malarvizhi, with whom he spent some time the last night, has been killed at her room. Quite distressed with seeing himself tied to a chair and the girl with her veins brutally cut, Madhi tries to recollect how he met Malar the last night at a pub while he was drunk. After regaining some consciousness, he starts searching her room as he was desperate to know more about her. He also realizes the importance of clearing off the evidence regarding his presence in the room and starts acting accordingly. Meanwhile, he happens to listen to the conversations of neighboring flat mates with police officials that the CCTV camera was damaged which covered the parking area and lobby, especially for the K-13 flat. The police grow suspicious and asks to open the door for the flat. Since Malar's phone is switched off, they call her roommate Pavithra to give the keys. Therefore, Madhi tries to escape through the bathroom door to the terrace, and when he reaches the terrace, he hears the conversation of the police that they could not get inside the house and wanted to go to the terrace and checkout. So Mathi renters the flat through the same bathroom door and hides there. He started to search for who she is and he finds that she is a writer and wrote the story of her friend (gave birth through artificial insemination since her husband cannot get pregnant). Pavithra's husband got angry and left Pavithra in a miserable state. Pavithra curses Malar for her state, and Mathi also discovers that Malar is not some girl he randomly met at the bar. She had been following him for a brief period, so he realizes that she planned all of this suicide to inspire him for the story of his film. He recollects that she broke the CCTV as she was concerned about his safety. So Mathi promises to escape and takes her story as film. This time, the electricity gets cut for the entire flat, but Mathi manages to leave the flat. The scene then shrink into a screen that everything we watched until now is a movie directed by Dilip, which is a blockbuster. The producer calls him for the success party of the film, where he meets the heroine (Malarvizhi). He leaves the success party early to his flat, which is later revealed that he wrote the story inspired from the murder he did the same way as Malar killed herself.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arulnithi]] as Mathiazhagan and Director Dhilip
* [[Shraddha Srinath]] as Malarvizhi
* [[Gayathrie]] as Pavithra
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Courier Boy
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Mathi's friend
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Mathi's friend
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Neighbour
* [[Lizzie Antony]] as Inspector Thangam
* Barath Neelakandan as Poster Boy
* Charulatha as Mathi's friend
* Vasudha as Mathi's friend
* Eruma Saani Vijay as Mathi's friend
* Porkodi as Mathi's mother
* David as Neighbour
* Akalya Venkatesan as Malarvizhi's neighbour
* Vaidyanathan Padmanabhan
* [[Rishikanth]] as Opposite flat tenant
* Subramaniam Madhavan
* [[Adhik Ravichandran]] as Vijay (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by debutant Barath Neelakantan and was tentatively titled as "Production No 2" before changing the title as ''K-13'' with the genre depicted to be a psychological mystery film and the number K13 also depicts the house number.<ref name="mystery">{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Arulnithi and Shraddha Srinath's film 'K13' is a mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arulnithi-and-shraddha-srinaths-film-k13-is-a-mystery/articleshow/67365284.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106063726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arulnithi-and-shraddha-srinaths-film-k13-is-a-mystery/articleshow/67365284.cms |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=The Times of India |quote=The film is essentially a psychological drama, with a non-linear screenplay. Generally, we tend to classify such a film as a thriller, but I'd say its genre is mystery.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulnithi's new thriller film titled 'K13' |url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/arulnithi-s-new-thriller-film-titled-k13-news-tamil-tbelzFefcaged.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306180307/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/arulnithi-s-new-thriller-film-titled-k13-news-tamil-tbelzFefcaged.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=Sify}}</ref> Initially, [[Darbuka Siva]] was chosen to score music for the film, but he left out of the project when most of the portions of the film were shot, and later, [[Sam CS]] replaced him as music director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ENPT sensation Darbuka Siva is no more a part of Arulnithi's next film! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/enpt-sensation-darbuka-siva-is-no-more-a-part-of-arulnithis-next-film-320797.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235031/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/enpt-sensation-darbuka-siva-is-no-more-a-part-of-arulnithis-next-film-320797.htm |archive-date=2019-03-06 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=in.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam CS replaces Darbuka Siva in Arulnithi-Shraddha film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sam-cs-replaces-darbuka-siva-in-arulnithi-shraddha-film/articleshow/68079736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124120004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sam-cs-replaces-darbuka-siva-in-arulnithi-shraddha-film/articleshow/68079736.cms |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam CS replaces Darbuka Siva in K-13 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/21/sam-cs-replaces-darbuka-siva-in-k-13-10226.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328120220/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/21/sam-cs-replaces-darbuka-siva-in-k-13-10226.html |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sam C. S.]]
{{Infobox album
| name = K-13
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:34
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title = [[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[100 (2019 film)|100]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Song
!Singer
!Duration
|-
|1
|"Bikki Likki"
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|3:04
|-
|2
|"Yaamam"
|Swagatha S. Krishnan
|4:09
|-
|3
|"Oru Saayangalam"
|Sam C. S.
|4:21
|}

==Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=November 2023}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10275440}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery films]]

Vrundavan

2026-03-04T09:44:07Z

PorterStowell75: made initial post w/ infobox

{{Short description|2016 Marathi film directed by T.L.V Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vrundavan
| image = Vrundavan.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[T. L. V. Prasad]]
| producer = Sandeep Sharma <ref>{{Cite web|author=Editorial Staff|date=2016-03-27|title=Vrundavan (2016) - Marathi Movie|url=https://marathistars.com/movies/vrundavan-2016-marathi-movie/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=MarathiStars|language=en-US|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416162104/https://marathistars.com/movies/vrundavan-2016-marathi-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| writer =
| starring = [[Raqesh Bapat]] [[Vaidehi Parashurami]] [[Pooja Sawant]]
| music = [[Amitraj]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Hardik Singh Reen
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|04|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|4.2|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know how Vrundavan did at the Box Office? |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/box-office |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Cinestaan |language=en-us |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113014651/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/box-office |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Vrundavan''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]-language film, directed by [[T. L. V. Prasad|T. L. V Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vrundavan (2016) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/cast-crew|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111184730/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/cast-crew|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='Vrundavan' is influenced by Bollywood & South romantic action films|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/vrundavan-movie-review.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111085412/https://marathimovieworld.com/review/vrundavan-movie-review.php|archive-date=11 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-09|website=|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> It is official remake of Telugu film ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Raqesh Bapat in the city to promote upcoming movie Vrundavan|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/raqesh-bapat-in-the-city-to-promote-upcoming-movie-vrundavan/03112104,%20https://www.nagpurtoday.in/raqesh-bapat-in-the-city-to-promote-upcoming-movie-vrundavan/03112104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013212011/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/|archive-date=13 October 2023|access-date=|website=|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Krish is the son of a multimillionaire. He has a love interest in Pooja, who has a friend Bhumi. Bhumi's father Bhanupratap Inamdar wants to get her married to her cousin Kalyan, who is a rowdy goon, which Bhumi doesn't like. Naturally, Girdhar Inamdar her paternal grandfather bluffs to the family that she has already fallen in love with a guy in the city. Pooja helps her by renting Krish as her would-be, just to let her escape the wedding situation for the time being. He goes to the village intending to prevent the marriage using tricks. He ends up solving many problems in the village and finally putting an end to the rivalry between Bhanupratap and Bhumi's uncle, leading to a happy ending.

== Cast ==
* [[Raqesh Bapat]]<ref>{{Cite web| last=Gaikwad | first=Pramod |date=2016-01-05|title=Vrundavan trailer: Raqesh Vashisth impresses in his Marathi debut|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vrundavan-trailer-raqesh-vashisth-impresses-in-his-marathi-debut/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vrundavan-trailer-raqesh-vashisth-impresses-in-his-marathi-debut/|url-status=live}}</ref> as Krish
* [[Pooja Sawant]] as Pooja
* [[Vaidehi Parashurami]]<ref>{{Cite web | author=MMW Editorial | date=26 March 2016 | website=Marathimovieworld.com |title=Vaidehi Parshurami steals the show during 'Vrundavan' media meet|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/vaidehi-parshurami-steals-the-show-during-vrundavan-media-meet.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111100033/https://marathimovieworld.com/news/vaidehi-parshurami-steals-the-show-during-vrundavan-media-meet.php|archive-date=11 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-09|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> as Bhumi Inamdar
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Bhanupratap Inamdar (Bhumi's father)
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Bhumi's uncle
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Girdhar Inamdar (Bhumi's grandfather)
* Sameer Deshpande as Kalyan
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] as Daily Kumar
* [[Uday Tikekar]]
* [[Mohan Joshi]]
* Kumar Hegde
* Aarti Solanki

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vrundavan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Amitraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
}}
''Vrundavan's'' songs were composed by [[Amitraj]] and lyrics by Mandar Cholkar. The four-song album featured vocals by Harshavardhan Wavare, [[Avadhoot Gupte]], Kasturi Wavare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Songs from Vrundavan (2016)|url=http://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/songs|access-date=2021-01-09|website=www.cinestaan.com|language=en-us|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113084659/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/vrundavan-21477/songs|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raga Raga | length1 = 03:17 | lyrics1 = Mandar Cholkar | extra1 = Harshavardhan Wavare, Kasturi Wavare
| title2 = Aaj Premachi | length2 = 03:35 | lyrics2 = Mandar Cholkar | extra2 = Harshavardhan Wavare
| title3 = Dashing Govinda | length3 = 03:53 | lyrics3 = Mandar Cholkar | extra3 = [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| title4 = Mana Vede| length4 = 05:04 | lyrics4 = Mandar Cholkar | extra4 = Harshavardhan Wavare
| total_length = 15:49
}}

== Reception ==
Mihir Bhanage from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated: "Till last year, remakes of South films were almost unheard of in the Marathi film industry but the trend which was predominantly Bollywood's so far, has caught up with Marathi filmmakers too. Vrundavan, the remake of the Telugu ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'', is the latest to join the bandwagon." He gave 2.0 points out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vrundavan Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Vrundavan by Times of India | work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/vrundavan/movie-review/51909078.cms|access-date=2021-01-09}}</ref>

Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' described the film as "Good Acting Talent" and "Average film".<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2016|first=Ganesh|last=Matkari|title=FILM REVIEW: VRUNDAVAN|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-REVIEW-VRUNDAVAN/articleshow/51746552.cms|access-date=2021-01-09|website=[[Pune Mirror]]|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524202501/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-vrundavan/articleshow/51746552.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6409234}}

{{T. L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Marathi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Gudi Gantalu

2026-03-03T20:34:45Z

PorterStowell75: entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gudi Gantalu
| image = Gudi Gantalu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = G. Balasubramaniam
| screenplay = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| producer = Sunderlal Nehata Doondy
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = N. S. Prakash
| based_on = ''[[Aalayamani]]'' (Tamil)
| studio = Raja Lakshmi Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1964|1|14}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gudi Gantalu''''' ({{translation|Temple bells}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1964 |title=గుడిగంటలు |language=te |trans-title=Gudi Gantalu |pages=6 |work=[[Visalaandhra]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/FLB/0,0,2550,3300 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926063239/https://indiancine.ma/document/FLB/0,0,2550,3300 |archive-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> The film was produced by Sunderlal Nehata and [[Doondi|Doondy]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Aalayamani]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 June 2012 |title=Lights, Camera, Conversation… — The north-south non-divide |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-the-northsouth-nondivide/article3532112.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518195852/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-the-northsouth-nondivide/article3532112.ece }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Zamindar Srinivasa Rao, also known as Vasu, is a respected yet enigmatic figure whose godlike nature hides a darker side. In his childhood, Vasu caused the death of his friend Babu due to his possessiveness over Kasthuri, a tragic act that haunts him with guilt and a yearning for meaningful relationships. Meanwhile, Bhadrayya, Vasu's cunning manager, plots to seize Vasu's wealth by marrying his daughter Subhadra to him. Bhadrayya has two children, Krishna and Subhadra, and uses their status to manipulate situations for his benefit.

During this time, Vasu meets Hari, a brilliant student, and is deeply moved by his loyalty and dedication, forming a close bond with him. Subhadra, however, has feelings for Hari, but he rejects her as his heart belongs to Maya, a mysterious woman who is later revealed to be Kasthuri, the daughter of Subbayya, Vasu’s clerk. Vasu encounters Kasthuri and falls in love with her at first sight, unaware of her connection to his past. Simultaneously, Kasthuri's elder sister Kalyani is in love with Krishna. When Bhadrayya objects to their union citing a difference in status, Vasu intervenes and arranges Krishna and Kalyani's marriage.

Vasu later confesses his love for Kasthuri to Hari, who agrees to mediate the match. However, Hari is stunned to learn that Maya and Kasthuri are the same person. Out of gratitude toward Vasu, Hari and Kasthuri decide to sacrifice their love. Vasu and Kasthuri become engaged, but Bhadrayya, resentful of Vasu's interference, schemes to harm Kasthuri. When Vasu is injured while protecting her, Kasthuri begins to revere him as a deity, even as he reveals his darker, violent nature.

Manipulating Vasu’s insecurities, Bhadrayya poisons his mind with doubts about Hari and Kasthuri’s relationship, awakening Vasu’s vengeful side. In a fit of rage, Vasu attempts to kill Hari by pushing him off a cliff. However, he soon realizes the depth of Hari and Kasthuri’s loyalty and their sacrifice. Overcome with guilt, Vasu attempts to take his own life by jumping into the sea.

Vasu is rescued by a devout man named Ramadasu, who helps him recover and regain his strength. Determined to atone for his past, Vasu decides to unite Hari and Kasthuri. On their wedding day, Vasu discovers that Subhadra has taken Kasthuri’s place as the bride, and Kasthuri is now considered his widow. Devastated, Kasthuri declares her intent to end her life by jumping off the same cliff where Vasu tried to kill Hari. Vasu saves her, and the two reconcile. The story concludes with the marriage of Vasu and Kasthuri.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Srinivasa Rao / Vaasu
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Kasthuri
*[[Jaggayya]] as Hari
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Subbayya
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Krishna
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Bhadrayya
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Ramadasu
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Kalyani
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Hari's mother
*[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] as Subhadra
}}

== Music ==
Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudi Gantalu (1964)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/BZO/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926063634/https://indiancine.ma/documents/BZO/info |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Neeli Kannula"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[P. B. Srinivas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:07
|-
|"Nee Kanu Doyini"
|Narla Chiranjeevi
|[[S. Janaki]]
|3:24
|-
|"Doorana Neeli Meghalu"
|[[Aarudhra]]
|P. Susheela
|3:53
|-
|"Evarikivaarau"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|Ghantasala
|3:46
|-
|"Neelona Nanne"
|Dasaradhi
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:43
|-
|"Janmamettiti Raa"
|Anisetty
|Ghantasala
|4:55
|}

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - Nehata & Doondi (1964)<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0263398}}
{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1964 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Bakasuran

2026-03-03T02:32:04Z

PorterStowell75: put up article!

{{Short description|2023 film directed by Mohan.G}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bakasuran.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mohan G.]]
| writer = Mohan G.
| producer = Mohan G.
| starring = [[Selvaraghavan]] [[Natty Subramaniam|Natty]]
| cinematography = Farook J. Basha
| editing = Devaraj S.
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = G M Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|2023|02|17|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Bakasuran''''' ({{translation|[[Bakasura]]}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Mohan G.|Mohan G]].<ref name="director">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=First Look Of Selvaraghavan- starrer 'Bakasuran' Released |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/first-look-of-selvaraghavan-starrer-bakasuran-released-news-219239 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221173609/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/first-look-of-selvaraghavan-starrer-bakasuran-released-news-219239 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Selvaraghavan]] and [[Natty Subramaniam]] in the lead roles along with [[Radha Ravi]], [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]], and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] in other pivotal roles. It follows a retired [[major (rank)|major]] who uncovers a dangerous syndicate running a prostitution ring while investigating his niece's suicide, and a street performer who embarks on a killing spree driven by a quest for justice and a personal vendetta.

The music was composed by [[Sam C. S.]] with editing by Devaraj S and cinematography by Farook J. Basha. The film was released on 17 February 2023.

==Plot==
A car drives through a forest. A professor and a young girl exit the vehicle, and the man takes her to an abandoned house, requesting that she remove her clothes so he can have [[sexual intercourse|sex]] with her. However, the girl begs to leave. Bheemarasu arrives; he beats up the man, kills him by smashing his head with a boulder, and impales him.

Arulvarman is a retired [[major (rank)|major]] living in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] who posts crime investigations on YouTube. Bheemarasu requests a woman to eat at her house, claiming he is a [[vagrancy|vagabond]]. She says that she will call him and serve a feast next [[Amavasya|Ammavasai]]. Varma's friend Guna gets a call that Varma's niece Ramya has [[Suicide by hanging|hanged]] herself and gets upset.

Bheemarasu meets with the assistant of a [[philanthropy|philanthropist]], Dr MR Nagarajan, to get a job, and he tells Bheemarasu to visit his house. Varma looks at Ramya's phone and WhatsApp messages and suspects a conspiracy that Ramya worked as a [[prostitution|prostitute]]. She received a threatening voice message from someone. Bheemarasu visits the assistant's house and helps with cleaning. Bheemarasu helps solve a problem for his daughter, and Nagarajan's assistant thanks him. Varma queries two men, which leads him to a lady named Swetha, who introduces Ramya to the online prostitution business. Bheemarasu meets with a lady called Sundari to organize a young female escort, but she insults him. Bheemarasu laments to Shivalingam, and the woman organizes a feast for Bheemarasu.

Swetha reveals that Ramya befriended a guy. The boy's greed coerced her into virtual prostitution. Ramya tried to leave the process, but they threatened to leak a video. It left her no choice but to hang herself. After eating in the woman's home, Bheemarasu locks the door and beats her watchman spouse. He then uses a wooden log to kill him and steals his chain. Bheemarasu pays {{INR}}20,000 to Sundari, and she tells him to meet her at her house after he says he will reveal Sundari's pimp background to the police. Sundari organizes a young escort, but eventually, Bheemarasu hangs Sundari upside down and slits her throat.

Varma fails to convince his brother to file an FIR since they do not want to be ashamed that their daughter is a prostitute. In response to the death of their child, Varma searches for a father. He discovers Bheemarasu, who seeks justice for his daughter's mysterious death. Varma and Bheemarasu both go on a bus trip without knowing each other. Varma visits Bheemarasu's house, where he inquires with Bheemarasu's father about Bheemarasu's daughter Divya, who narrates a flashback.

'''Past''': Two years ago, Rajasekar, alias Bheemarasu, lived happily with his father and daughter in Thiyagavalli village, Cuddalore. He becomes pleased after Divya graduates. Two months after Divya's graduation, she travels to Perambalur to study for her master's degree. 18 months later, Divya's classmate Kathir goes to Bheemarasu's house. Divya says that Kathir likes her and wants to marry her. One day, Divya comes home crying and explains what happened to her father. The watchman, Mani, takes her gold chain after he shows Divya an intimate video of Kathir and Divya kissing. A professor named Chakravathy sexually assaults her later, and the hostel warden, Sundari, threatens to leak the video if she does not obey her. However, before her final exams, Bheemarasu discovers that his daughter has committed suicide by consuming poison.

'''Present''': Varma questions the lawyer and police inspector and finds that someone murdered the three people. All murders link to the way King [[Bhima]] murdered three demons in [[Mahabharatha]]. He meets with Kathir, who tells him that Divya's father was the murderer, and the college correspondent will be the next victim. The college correspondent forced her to have sex with him to avoid her dismissal and the video leakage. She records a video of him and shows it to Beemarasu.

Arulvarman released the video online. It sparks outrage among the students, and Varma gets 30 days to retrieve evidence from the court judge. In Pondicherry, Nagarajan arrives. Later, Beemarasu hits his goons. He reveals his background to Nagarajan, stabs him repeatedly, and shoots him. Varma meets Beemarasu and admires him. Beemarasu says parents should know about their children's phone activity, and Varma explains this through a video.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Selvaraghavan]] as Beemarasu / Rajasekaran
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Major Arulvarman / Varma
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Dr. MR Natarajan
* Tarakshi as Divya, Beemarasu's daughter
* [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]] as Beemarasu's father and Divya's grandfather
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] (Cameo Appearance)
* D. G. Gunanidhi as Kathir, Divya's love interest
* Lavanya Manickam as Ramya, Varma's niece
* [[Devadarshini]] as Inspector Radhika
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Mani, girl's hostel watchman
* [[P. L. Thenappan]] as Assistant Commissioner K. Velayutham
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Natarajan's lawyer
* Sasi Laya as Sundari, hostel warden and main pimp
* Jayam SK Gopi as Debate Participant
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Cool Raja, pimp
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Natty's assistant/driver
* [[Marumalarchi Bharathi]] as Judge
* Kutty Gopi as Guna, Arulvarman's assistant
* Arunodhayan as Kandha
}}

==Production==
The film's director [[Mohan G.]] revealed that ''Bakasuran'' was based on real-life incidents that he came across in life.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} Production began on the film in December 2021, with [[Selvaraghavan]] announced as the lead actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=Selvaraghavan to star in Mohan G's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/04/selvaraghavan-to-star-in-mohan-gs-next-28220.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217164112/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/04/selvaraghavan-to-star-in-mohan-gs-next-28220.html |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The first look poster of the film was released on 26 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Bakasuran first look out: Selvaraghavan looks fierce in Mohan G's next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bakasuran-first-look-out-selvaraghavan-looks-fierce-in-mohan-gs-next-8112562/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206164038/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bakasuran-first-look-out-selvaraghavan-looks-fierce-in-mohan-gs-next-8112562/ |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music of the film is composed by [[Sam C. S.]] The first single titled ''Siva Sivaayam'' was released on 21 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=Bakasuran's first single Siva Sivayam to drop tomorrow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/20/bakasurans-first-single-siva-sivayam-to-drop-tomorrow-34850.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207153221/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/20/bakasurans-first-single-siva-sivayam-to-drop-tomorrow-34850.html |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single titled "Kaathama" was released on 17 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakasuran |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/bakasuran/ZBaHtc8mLc,rMzkbRQZU5w__ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217164554/https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/bakasuran/ZBaHtc8mLc,rMzkbRQZU5w__ |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 11:21
| title1 = Siva Sivaayam
| extra1 = Sam C. S.
| lyrics1 = Papanasam sivan, Thiruvasagam
| length1 = 4:56
| title2 = Kaathama
| extra2 = Sam C. S.
| lyrics2 = Sam C. S.
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Aanandham Koothadum
| extra3 = VV Prassanna
| lyrics3 = [[Snehan]]
| length3 = 3:02
}}

==Reception ==
The film was released on 17 February 2023.

Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted the film's "okayish message is let down by preachy and predictable writing" and that "as for the screenplay, it is pretty direct and despite being an investigative thriller, predictable for the most part".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Bakasuran Movie Review : Bakasuran's okayish message is let down by preachy and predictable writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bakasuran/movie-review/97989173.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217145456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bakasuran/movie-review/97989173.cms |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Rating the film 2/5, Sudhir Srinivasan from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted "the film identifies the right problems, offers superficial solutions, vilifies the wrong things, and exposes its own skewed perceptions" while also pointing out the ironical '[[Item number|Item song]]' in the film which supposedly cares about women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Bakasuran Movie Review: Mohan G's latest film trains its furious, problematic gaze on women |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/feb/17/bakasuran-movie-reviewmohan-gs-latest-film-trains-its-furious-problematic-gaze-on-women-40097.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217164112/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/feb/17/bakasuran-movie-reviewmohan-gs-latest-film-trains-its-furious-problematic-gaze-on-women-40097.html |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called the film "problematic".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Bakasuran movie review: Mohan G's film is highly problematic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/bakasuran-movie-review-mohan-g-s-film-is-highly-problematic-101676614571115.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217164110/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/bakasuran-movie-review-mohan-g-s-film-is-highly-problematic-101676614571115.html |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Nidhima Taneja from ''[[ThePrint]]'' gave 2 out of 5 starts and criticised the movie and called movie plot outdated while praising Selvaraghavan's performance . She said, "It is a template borrowed from when women were deployed as objects to satiate details of an over-sexualised plot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=17 February 2023 |title=Bakasuran review: Mohan G's film is outdated. Selvaraghavan makes it mildly bearable |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/mohan-gs-bakasuran-is-outdated-selvaraghavan-makes-it-mildly-bearable/1379261/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224054034/https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/mohan-gs-bakasuran-is-outdated-selvaraghavan-makes-it-mildly-bearable/1379261/ |archive-date=2025-02-24 |access-date=22 Jan 2026 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars, criticised the movie and called that Baksuran fails as a thriller because it offers nothing new.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=17 February 2023 |title=Bakasuran review: Bakwaasuran is a more suited title for this Mohan G-Selva film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bakasuran-review-bakwaasuran-more-suited-title-mohan-g-selva-film-173422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221155139/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bakasuran-review-bakwaasuran-more-suited-title-mohan-g-selva-film-173422 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Yuvashree from the ''[[ABP News]]'' wrote that "On the whole, you can see Bakasuran for Selvaraghavan, otherwise there is nothing notable to say.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=பாலியல் தொழிலை பங்கம் செய்தாரா பகாசுரன்? படம் எப்படி?முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-bakasuran-movie-review-in-tamil-selvaraghavan-gunanithi-starring-bakasuran-review-rating-how-is-movie-102192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161249/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-bakasuran-movie-review-in-tamil-selvaraghavan-gunanithi-starring-bakasuran-review-rating-how-is-movie-102192 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[BBC News]] noted that "Overall, while the first half of the film is somewhat interesting, many reviews point out that the second half is somewhat boring. In addition, campaigns such as the use of mobile phones and telling only women to be modest have also come under criticism. But in terms of cinematography, all the reviews have pointed out that this film is better than Mohan ji's previous films."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=பகாசூரன் - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-64673217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221161645/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-64673217 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=[[BBC.com]] |language=ta}}</ref> K Ramkumar from ''[[Dinamani]]'' wrote "Bahasuran has evolved from a thought of 50 years ago. After many centuries, women are only now coming out of their ovens and starting to learn. 'Bakasuran' has come as a story written by someone who watched this with anxiety."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=பின்னோக்கி இழுக்கிறதா 'பகாசூரன்'? திரைவிமர்சனம்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/16/bakasuran-movie-review-4002066.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221163459/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/16/bakasuran-movie-review-4002066.html |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2023 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan G.]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajshri Nair

2026-03-02T15:18:28Z

PorterStowell75: started article

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1977)}}
{{for|the actress of the 1960s|Rajasree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Meisha Aftab
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma mater = Kesari Higher Secondary School<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/aug/19/transcending-language-barriers-801616.html |title=Transcending Language Barriers |website=The New Indian Express|date=19 August 2015 }}</ref>
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Ansari Raja|2009||end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Bujankar Rao|2010}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
}}
| children =
| other_names =
| years_active = 1994–present
}}

'''Rajshri Nair''' (born '''Meisha Aftab''') is an Indian actress known for her works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam cinema]] and television.

==Career==
Rajashree made her Tamil debut through ''[[Karuthamma]]'' (1994) playing the titular role, which won her the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1995 |title=42nd National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171953/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> She starred in the Indian English film ''[[Hyderabad Blues]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-hyderabad-blues-celebrates-20-years-nagesh-kukunoor-looks-back-at-the-film-and-talks-about-the-road-ahead/article24503311.ece|title=As ‘Hyderabad Blues’ celebrates 20 years, Nagesh Kukunoor looks back at the film and talks about the road ahead|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=24 July 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> She made her her Malayalam debut with ''[[Meghasandesam (2001 film)|Meghasandesam]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1650235&u=samyuktha-not-just-co-actor-for-me-everything-started-with-meghasandesam|title='Samyuktha not just co-actor for me; everything started with Meghasandesam'|first=|last=|website=Kerala Kaumudi }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajashree's sister, Bobby, has also appeared in films as an actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/mar286.asp |title=Other side is not greener |website=chennaionline.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020113014310/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/mar286.asp |archive-date=13 January 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
! class="unsortable" |Role
!Language
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]''||
|Kannada|| credited as Rajeshwari
|-
| ''[[Karuthamma]]''|| Karuthamma
| rowspan="3" |Tamil|| {{Won}}{{Endash}}[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Neela Kuyil]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| ''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' || Sorna ||
|-
| ''[[Lingababu Love Story]]'' || Ragaa
|Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1996 || ''[[Aavathum Pennale Azhivathum Pennale]]'' || Lakshmi
| rowspan="3" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]'' || Padmini || Guest appearance
|-
| ''Vaigarai Pookkal'' || Deivanai ||
|-
|''Anuraga Spandana''||
| rowspan="2" |Kannada||
|-
| 1997 || ''Police Bete'' || Rekha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Hyderabad Blues]]'' || Ashwini Rao
|English
|
|-
| ''[[King (1998 film)|King]]'' || Rajeshwari
|Kannada|| credited as Rajeshwari
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' ||
|Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Sautela]]'' ||
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001 || ''[[Asokavanam (2001 film)|Asokavanam]]'' || Uma
| rowspan="3" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Nandhaa]]''|| Nandhaa's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' || Roja's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Megasandesam]]'' || Rosy Samuel
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Ravanaprabhu]]''
| Dr Suhra Hydrose
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' ||
| rowspan="3" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || Malar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Manasellam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]''
| Sindhu
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Ilakkanam]]'' || Malliga
| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || Chitra Arokyaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Neeku Naaku]]'' ||
|Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Ammuvagiya Naan]]'' ||
| rowspan="5" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Sabari (2007 film)|Sabari]]''|| Maragatham ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]'' || Prabha's aunt ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''Porkodi 10am Vaguppu'' || Porkodi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]]''
| Vimala
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]''
| [[Deputy inspector general of police|Commissioner]] Susan
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' ||
| rowspan="3" |Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Agathinai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chandi Veeran]]'' || Saradha ||
|-
| ''[[Jamna Pyari]]''
| Vimala
|Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' ||
|Telugu|| Guest role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Iraivi]]'' || Kala
|Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Shankara (2016 film)|Shankara]]'' || SP Rajeswari
|Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Pagadi Aattam]]'' || Kausalya's mother
| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Arasakulam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' || Pallavi's mother
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || rowspan="2" | [[U Turn (2018 film)|''U Turn'']] || rowspan="2" | Rachana's mother
|Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Nannu Dochukunduvate]]'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Majili]]'' || Sri Lakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Varmaa]]'' || Megha's mother
|Tamil|| Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' || Nandini's mother
| rowspan="10" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Maa Vintha Gaadha Vinuma]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Shaadi Mubarak (film)|Shaadi Mubarak]]''
|
|
|-
|''Cheruvaina Dooramaina''
|
|
|-
|''[[Drushyam 2]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Joharlu]]'' || Gouramma
|
|-
|''[[Ori Devuda]]''
|Arjun's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' || Meenakshi's mother ||
|-
|''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]'' || Ishika's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' || Ricky's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Singham Again]]'' || Nilima Bali
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Vidya Vasula Aham]]'' || Vidya’s mother
|Telugu|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Vasula Aham OTT Release Date: Know About Plot, Platform & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/vidya-vasula-aham-ott-release-date-know-about-plot-platform-cast |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2025
| ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]''
|Cholaykkal Chembakam
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Telusu Kada]]''
|Anjali’s mother
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Kumar’s aunt
|
|-
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|Mahalakshmi’s mother
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|
|
|}

==Television==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel
|-
|||''Oorvashi''||Gowri|| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|||''Jeevana Tarangalu''|| ||
|-
|1998–2001||''[[Ganga Yamuna Saraswati]]''|| || rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Raj TV]]
|-
|1999–2000||''Aalayam''|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2000–2002||''Banagaru Bomma''|| || rowspan="2" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]|| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2001||''Sukha Dukhalu''||Soundarya
|-
|2001–2002||''Jee Boom Ba''|| ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2002||''Gangothri''|| ||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2002–2003||[[Agal Vilakkugal (TV series)|''Agal Vilakkugal'']]||Seetha||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2003–2004||''Mantra Jalam''|| ||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2004–2005||''Sivamayam''|| ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Naari O Naari''|| || rowspan="3" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||rowspan=2|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2007–2008||''Shubhalekha''||
|-
|2007||''Dracula''|| ||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2008–2009||''Naalavathu Mudichu''||Ashwini|| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2008–2010|| [[Magal (TV series)|''Magal'']]|| || rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2009–2010||[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|''Idhayam'']]||Shakuntala
|-
|2012||''Kadhayile Rajakumari ''||IPS||rowspan=2|[[Malayalam]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2013||''Kanmani''||||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2013–2014||[[Vamsam (TV series)|''Vamsam'']]||Thenmozhi || [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2014–2016||''Ramulamma''|| || rowspan="6" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2014–2015||''Abhishekam''|| ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2015–2018||''[[America Ammayi (TV series)|America Ammayi]]''||Kalyani||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2015–2017||''Mahalakshmi''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2017–2020||''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''||Rajeshwari Devi
|-
|2018–2020||''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru (TV series)|Rendu Rellu Aaru]]''||Bhanumati||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2020||''[[Chithi 2]]''||Padma||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021
|''Amrutha Varshini''||Amrutha|| rowspan="4" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2021–2023||''[[Intiki Deepam Illalu]]''||Maheshwari Devi||rowspan=2|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021–2022
|''Kasthuri''||Kanchana
|-
|''Rangula Ratnam''||Annapoorna||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
|2022
|''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal''
|Special appearance
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]''
|Annalakshmi
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]''
|Renuka
|[[Malayalam]]
|[[Flowers TV]]
|}

;Web Series
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Platform
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|rowspan="2" |[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2022
|[[Recce (web series)|''Recce'']]
|Devakamma
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0619772}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajashree}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Chittaranjan Giri

2026-03-02T14:37:21Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chittaranjan Giri
| image = Chittranjan Giri.jpg
| caption = Chittranjan Giri, [[43rd International Film Festival of India|2011]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|06|10}}
| birth_place = Varanasi
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Chittu
| known_for = ''[[The Man Beyond the Bridge]]''
| years_active = 1994–present
| occupation = actor
| website =
}}

'''Chittaranjan Giri''' (born 10 June 1965) is an Indian actor, who is known for ''[[The Man Beyond the Bridge]]'' which won in the competition category at [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THE MAN BEYOND THE BRIDGE |url= http://www.altfg.com/blog/movie/the-man-beyond-the-bridge-indian-film-festival/|date=26 Apr 2010 |publisher= [[Alt Film Guide]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE MAN BEYOND THE BRIDGE Voted Best Film: 2010 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/the-man-beyond-the-bridge-film-review-1004091789.story|date=17 May 2010 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chittranjan Giri was born on 10 June 1969 in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. After completing elementary education and education, he went to the [[National School of Drama]] in 1993 to receive bachelor's degree and mastery of Dramatology.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==Upcoming projects==
*Naham Avkash (Title role)

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}

=== Plays directed ===

* ''Pratibimb'' – written by Mahesh Elkunchwar
* ''Parinati'' – written by Robin Mohom
* ''Gunda'' – written by Jay Shankar Prasad
* ''Sapne Chuttan Dube Ke'' – written by Gyan Chaturvedi
* ''Gur Gobar Ganj'' – N.S.D. Acting Workshop Benares – written by Ashok Mishra
* ''The Great Raja Master'' Drama Co. – written by Dinesh Bharti
* ''Wang Chu'' – written by Bhisma Sahani
* ''Dilli Ki Deewar'' – written by Uday Prakash, adapted by Vibhanshu Vaibhav, for MCCC Mumbai

=== Lead role in plays ===
* [[Merchant of Venice – as Shylock]]
* [[Kanu Priya – as Krishna]]
* [[Einstein – as Einstein]]
* [[Romeo Juliet aur Andhra – as Romeo]]

=== Experience ===
Presently teaching acting and theatre to only selected students and working as an Actor in Film & Theatre in Mumbai

=== Achievements ===
* [[Received accolades and critical appreciation in the first role as a main lead - film MAN BEYOND THE BRIDGE (Paltadacho Munis)|Received accolades and critical appreciation in the first role as a main lead – film MAN BEYOND THE BRIDGE (Paltadacho Munis)]]
* [[Taiwan Film Festival – Maharashtra Times Best Actor nominated for Lathe Joshi]]
* [[National Short Film Festival, Malvan – Best Actor (Male) for Black Label]]
* [[National Short Film Festival, Malvan – Best Actor (Male) for Black Label|Jammu Film Festival – Best Actor (Male) in Short Fiction for Black Label]]
* [[National Short Film Festival, Malvan – Best Actor (Male) for Black Label|LIFFT India Filmotsav – Best Actor (Male) in Short Fiction for Black Label]]

==Filmography==
* ''[[Farzi]]'' (2023)
* ''[[BABA (2019 film)|BABA]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Bhonsle (film)|Bhonsle]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Black Label (2019 film)|Black Label]]'' Lead Role (2019)
* ''[[DIFFICULT PEOPLE]]'' Lead Role (2019)
* ''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Lathe Joshi]]'' Lead Role-Winner of PIFF, Best Film (2016)
* ''[[PHANTOM]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' (2009)
* ''[[The Man Beyond the Bridge]]'' (2009) Paltadacho Munis (''Winner at the TIFF – The Prize of the International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI Prize)'')
* ''[[1971 (2007 film)|1971]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Makdee|Makadee]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Matrubhoomi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kasoor]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Ambedkar]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Aakhir Palaayan Kab Tak]]'' (2024)
* ''Salbardi'' (2026)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Video: काळोख, रक्तपात अन्…; 'सालबर्डी'चा थरारक टीझर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, भारत गणेशपुरे यांच्यासह 'हे' कलाकार झळकणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/salbardi-marathi-movie-teaser-bharat-ganeshpure-thriller-horror-release-date-nsp-98-5747223/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Metacritic person|chittaranjan-giri}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Chittaranjan}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttar Pradesh]]

Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai

2026-03-02T04:38:51Z

PorterStowell75: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox film
| image = Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = Raj Trivedi
| writer = {{plainlist|[[Aditya Rawal]]
|Devang Tiwari
|Amit Pradhan
|Raj Trivedi
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jyoti Deshpande]]|Ajay G Rai}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Amit Sial]]
* [[Faisal Malik]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Sonnalli Seygall]]
* Jatin Sarin
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Tushar Lall]]
| studio = [[Jio|Jio Studios]] [[JAR Pictures]]
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|9|20}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai''''' ({{Translation|What's Yours Is Mine}}) is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Raj Trivedi and written by [[Aditya Rawal]].<ref name=":1" /> Produced by [[Jyoti Deshpande]] and Ajay G Rai under [[Jio|Jio Studios]] and [[JAR Pictures]], it stars [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Amit Sial]], [[Faisal Malik]], [[Sonali Kulkarni]], Jatin Sarin and [[Sonnalli Seygall]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Paresh Rawal has this to say about his upcoming film 'Jo Tera Hain Woh Mera Hain' | website=The Times of India | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/paresh-rawal-has-this-to-say-about-his-upcoming-film-jo-tera-hain-woh-mera-hain/articleshow/113342342.cms | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=15 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915013745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/paresh-rawal-has-this-to-say-about-his-upcoming-film-jo-tera-hain-woh-mera-hain/articleshow/113342342.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 20 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paresh Rawal's Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai to premiere on JioCinema on September 20 | website=Telegraph India | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/paresh-rawals-jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-to-premiere-on-jiocinema-on-september-20/cid/2047911}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Mitesh's ambition leads him to concoct a reverse mortgage scheme aimed at conning an elderly man, Govinda (Paresh Rawal), out of his bungalow, which Mitesh has coveted since childhood. His plan is to buy his family's love and approval through financial means, believing that owning the house will fulfill his dreams.

As Mitesh navigates this precarious situation, he faces numerous challenges. The old man unexpectedly refuses to die, complicating Mitesh’s scheme and forcing him to confront the consequences of his actions. This comedic twist showcases Mitesh's increasingly desperate attempts to maintain control over his life while balancing familial responsibilities and romantic entanglements with his wife Rukmini (Sonali Kulkarni) and mistress Preeti (Sonnalli Seygall)

== Cast ==
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Govinda Lal Mehta
* [[Amit Sial]] as Mitesh Meghani
* [[Faisal Malik]] as Rajan
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Rukmini Meghani
* [[Sonnalli Seygall]] as Preeti
* Jatin sarin as Chhotu
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Rukmini's Mom
* [[Nitesh Pandey]] as Mehmood
* Sejal Gupta as Rhea
* Ravi Shankar Jaiswal as Tawde

== Production ==
The film was announced on [[JioCinema]].<ref name=":1" >{{cite web | last=Kanabar | first=Nirali | title=Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai OTT release date: Stream Paresh Rawal's film on THIS platform | website=OTTPlay | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-ott-release-date-paresh-rawal-film-jiocinema/72da809d0b787 | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909093229/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-ott-release-date-paresh-rawal-film-jiocinema/72da809d0b787 | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 12 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Trailer of Jio Studios and Jar Pictures' Paresh Rawal and Amit Sial starrer comedy Jo Tera Hain Woh Mera Hain out : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=13 September 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/trailer-jio-studios-jar-pictures-paresh-rawal-amit-sial-starrer-comedy-jo-tera-hain-woh-mera-hain/ | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=14 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914015303/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/trailer-jio-studios-jar-pictures-paresh-rawal-amit-sial-starrer-comedy-jo-tera-hain-woh-mera-hain/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tushar Lall]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2024|9|10}}<ref>{{cite web | title=EP by Tushar Lall, KS Abhishek & Anupam Siddhant on Apple Music | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1767407877 | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920205657/https://music.apple.com/in/album/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1767407877 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=22}}
| label = [[Times Music]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{Duration|m=11|s=22}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baba Ji
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics1 = KS Abhishek
| length1 = 2:38
| title2 = Dil-e-Nadaan
| extra2 = Osho Jain
| lyrics2 = KS Abhishek
| length2 = 3:12
| title3 = Khatmal
| extra3 = [[Tushar Lall]], Kaustubh More
| lyrics3 = Anupam Siddhant
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Khwaab
| extra4 = Tushar Lall, Omkar Patil, Shikha Sonik
| lyrics4 = KS Abhishek
| length4 = 1:56
}}

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai Review: Amit Sial and Paresh Rawal are a delight in this pleasant comedy about ambition and greed | website=The Times of India | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai/ottmoviereview/113528710.cms | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920190715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai/ottmoviereview/113528710.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Savadi | first=Tanmayi | title=Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai Movie Review: Amit Sial And Paresh Rawal Make A Pleasant Comedy Worth Enjoying | website=Times Now | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-movie-review-amit-sial-aand-paresh-rawal-make-a-pleasant-comedy-worth-enjoying-review-113524291 | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920190711/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-movie-review-amit-sial-aand-paresh-rawal-make-a-pleasant-comedy-worth-enjoying-review-113524291 | url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from [[Scroll.in]] reviewed the film.<ref>{{cite web | title='Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai' review: An easy-going comedy about a Mumbai house capture | website=Scroll.in | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073500/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-review-an-easy-going-comedy-about-a-mumbai-house-capture | access-date=20 September 2024 | archive-date=20 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920205645/https://scroll.in/reel/1073500/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-review-an-easy-going-comedy-about-a-mumbai-house-capture | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28356014}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai/4019606 ''Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jabalpur–Mumbai CSMT Garib Rath Express

2026-02-27T12:29:24Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Jabalpur–Mumbai CSMT Garib Rath Express
| logo =
| image = Jabalpur garib rath.jpg
| caption = Jabalpur–Mumbai CSMT Garib Rath Express At [[Itarsi Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Garib Rath Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|02|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Jabalpur Junction railway station|Jabalpur Junction]] (JBP)
| stops = 13
| end = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
| distance = {{convert|994|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = AC 3 Tier
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| trainnumber = 12187 / 12188
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Garib Rath Express (Jabalpur - Mumbai) route map.png|250px|Garib Rath Express (Jabalpur–Mumbai) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12187 / 12188 '''Jabalpur–Mumbai CSMT Garib Rath Express''' is a tri-weekly AC-Train service offered by [[West Central Railway]], Which is running between [[Jabalpur]] in eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Mumbai CSMT]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

==Number and nomenclature==
The numbers provided for JABALPUR GARIB RATH EXPRESS are 12187 (Jabalpur–Mumbai) and 12188 (Mumbai– Jabalpur)

These train numbers were earlier referred for [[Rewanchal Express]] which was used to go via {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Later on the train via Itarsi was cancelled and the number was allotted for JABALPUR GARIB RATH EXPRESS.

The name itself signifies the meaning – The Poor Chariot. The service was introduced and extension was proposed by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] (former railway minister) in year 2008 without its inauguration. Later it was inaugurated in year 2009 and again its extension until [[Allahabad]] was announced in Rail Budget 2010 but it is not yet implemented due to violent protest against the extension at Jabalpur.<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/news617854.html violent protest against the extension]</ref>

== Traction ==
earlier was [[WCAM-3]]. now The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Jabalpur to Mumbai CSMT and vice versa.

==Coaches==

earlier was [[ICF coach]], since ICF Garib Rath rake are discontinued in 2024. The train now has 20 LHB coaches and most of them are of 18 AC 3 Tier & 2 EoG cum SLR.

==Route & halts==

* '''{{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Narsinghpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Gadarwara}}
* {{stnlnk|Pipariya}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Harda}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dadar}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus||Mumbai CSMT}}'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.centralrailwayonline.com Garibrath Express Announced between JBP - MCST] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221073152/http://www.centralrailwayonline.com/ |date=21 December 2009 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130715055604/http://indianrailway.gov.in/ Indian Railways]

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/1398/529/1620 Jabalpur–Mumbai Garibrath Express Time Table]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090826/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?675358 Violent Protest Against Extension to Allahabad]
*[http://www.zeenews.com/news618771.html Derailment near Kalyan, Mumbai]
*[http://www.zeenews.com/news617854.html MP HC's notice against BJP MP for damaging railway property]

{{Garib Rath Express}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabalpur - Mumbai CST Garibrath Express}}
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Bramma G.

2026-02-26T10:02:03Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bramma (Piramanathan)
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma mater =
| spouse = Aishwarya
| children = 2 (Akil Partheepan and Aadhavan)
| occupation = [[Film director]], writer, [[lyricist]]
| yearsactive = 2014 – present
}}

'''Bramma G''' (Original name: Piramanathan) is an Indian film director, writer, and lyricist who primarily works with the Tamil movie industry.

== Career==
Bramma's critically acclaimed Tamil movie ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'', became the 62nd film to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117636#.YVc51KHFqm0|title=Best Tamil Film (2014) |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/40_62rdNfaCatalogue.pdf|title=62nd National Film Awards (2014) |website=dff.gov.in}}</ref> His second directorial venture ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'', starring Jyotika as one of the leads, produced by Actor Suriya's 2D Entertainment was a well received blockbuster too.

His diversity of experiences involving working in the Development sector, Government departments and theatre in the past has helped him gain a wider understanding of social issues, public administration and performing arts. This further translates into his work in the movie industry.

Bramma ventured into the web series space with Suzhal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/amazon-prime-announces-two-projects-of-pushkar-gayathri-suzhal-and-vadhandhi-cast-and-crew-details-inside/62c72043e3781|title=Amazon Prime announces two projects of Pushkar-Gayathri, Suzhal and Vadhandhi, cast and crew details inside |website=ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/tv/suzhal-the-vortex-aishwarya-rajesh-kathir-sriya-reddy-and-r-parthiban-to-star-in-a-new-amazon-prime-video-series-3644993.html|title=Suzhal The Vortex: Aishwarya Rajesh, Kathir, Sriya Reddy and R Parthiban To Star in a New Amazon Prime Video Series! |website=www.latestly.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/south-indian-movies/tamil-original-series-suzhal-is-set-to-premiere-globally-on-17th-june-10754711.html|title=Tamil Original Series Suzhal is set to premiere globally on 17th June|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bramma's primary education was from Jaigopal Garodia Vivekananda Vidyalaya followed by schooling at the Government School, Kodambakkam. He later went on to do his bachelor's degree in physics from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] followed by Masters in business administration from Crescent Engineering College. During his college days, he won the National Championship for [[Mime]] in the year 1998 at Calicut and in 2002 he won the championship for his skit, which was written and directed by him. He has penned and directed over 200 street plays.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

He founded Proscenium Theatre and Creative Solutions along with Mr. Udayaprakash in 2003. He later worked as the Regional Manager for the Red Ribbon Club program at Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society. He served NalandaWay Foundation as Project Head, worked for State Juvenile Homes and commissioned a Community Radio project at Bihar and Kashmir. He later served as the Joint Director-IEC for Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society followed by a brief stint in UNICEF as a Consultant for its Rural Development department in the years 2012 and 2015 respectively.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Writer
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Also lyricist 1. National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil<ref>{{cite news|title=National Award Winners 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2014/108?from=mdr|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Tamil|work=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref> 2. Best Film, Tamil Nadu State Award for 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu government announces state film awards for 2009-2014 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/14/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2009-2014-1628446.html|work=[[New Indian Express]]}}</ref> 3. Best Film, Sri Sankaradass Swamigal Award, Pondicherry State Award, 2015 4. Best Film, Ananda Vikatan Award, 2014 5. Best Debut Director, Behindwood Awards 6. Best Debut Director, Edison Awards 8. Best Film, 12th Chennai International Film Festival 
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Women empowerment has to start at home |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/magalir-mattum-director-bramma-on-jyothika-starrer-womens-empowerment-has-to-start-at-home-4038107.html|work=First Post}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Also lyricist Best Story, Vikatan Awards, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/137757-ananda-vikatan-awards-2017|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2017 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை|work=Vikatan}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kurangu Pedal]]'' || {{partial|Lyricist}} || || For the song "Kondattam"
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2022-06-07 |title=‘Suzhal – The Vortex’ Trailer: First Look At Amazon’s Debut Long-Form Tamil-Language Drama Series |url=https://deadline.com/video/amazon-india-suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-first-look-at-tamil-language-drama-series/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> || {{yes}} || Season 1 (Episodes 1 to 4)
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || {{yes}} || Season 2 
(Episodes 1,2,6,7 and 8)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6836445}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bramma G.}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Maha Manikya

2026-02-25T16:53:11Z

PorterStowell75: starting a post

{{for|the Barāha ruler of Assam|Mahamanikya}}
{{Infobox royalty
|type = monarch
|name = Maha Manikya
|succession = [[Twipra Kingdom|Maharaja of Tripura]]
|title =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|reign = {{circa}} 1400–1431
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Dharma Manikya I]]
|spouse = Tripura Sundari
|issue = [[Dharma Manikya I]] Gagan Fa ''three other sons''
|father =
|house = [[Manikya dynasty]]
|death_date = 1431
}}
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}

'''Maha Manikya''' (died 1431), also known as '''Chhengthung Fa''', was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]] from about 1400 to 1431. Contrary to narratives provided by early histories, evidence indicates that Maha Manikya was the founder of the kingdom, having established dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 15th century. He is further thought to be the first holder of the title "Manikya", taken in recognition of a historic victory over the neighbouring [[Bengal Sultanate]]. The dynasty which he founded continued using the title until Tripura's merger with [[India]] in 1949.{{sfnp|Bhattacharjee|2010|p=33}}

==Chronology and name==
Maha Manikya is estimated to have reigned from about 1400 until 1431. The ''[[Rajmala]]'', the royal chronicle of Tripura, contains little information regarding his life. There, he is described as the son of [[Mukut Manikya]], himself the son of the dynasty's supposed founder, [[Ratna Manikya I]], a descendant of the mythological [[Lunar dynasty]].{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=38–39}}{{sfnp|Durlabhendra|Sukheshwar|Baneshwar|1999|p=60}} Upon ascending the throne, Maha is said to have proved himself a virtuous ruler and distinguished scholar, with no mention of any military engagements during his reign.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=39}} There are notable reasons to be doubtful of the narrative provided by the ''Rajmala'' however. Numismatic evidence proves that Maha could not have been the son of Mukut, given that the latter had only begun his rule in 1489.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=14}} It is further believed that it was in fact Maha who had founded the dynasty and be the first to possess the ''Manikya'' cognomen, rather than Ratna Manikya, who evidence shows had actually reigned over thirty years after the former's death.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=38}}

Given that his son [[Dharma Manikya I]] is identified with the ruler named in the ''Rajmala'' as "Dangar Fa",{{sfnp|Gan-Chaudhuri|1980|p=20}} it is judged that Maha can be equated with the latter's predecessor in the text: "Chhengthung Fa".{{NoteTag|The two other rulers who are placed between Chhengthung Fa and Dangar Fa in the chronological sequence provided by the ''Rajmala'', Achang Fa and Khiching Fa, are dismissed in this scenario. This is because they are only mentioned in passing in the text, with virtually no information provided about them, leading to the conclusion that their existence is questionable.{{sfnp|Lahiri|1999|p=53}}}} This was likely what he was originally called, given that "Maha Manikya" (literally meaning "Great Manikya"){{NoteTag|"Manikya" refers to a reddish stone or ruby.{{sfnp|Singh|1999|p=8}}}} would be a very unusual personal name, especially considering that "Maha" is merely a prefix which is meaningless as a given name.{{sfnp|Lahiri|1999|p=53}}{{sfnp|Saha|1986|p=168}}

==Reign==
It is believed that Chhengthung Fa (later Maha Manikya) was a [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] chief who had established the Tripura kingdom in the early 15th century by subjugating neighbouring tribes, namely the [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Jamatia]]s and [[Reang]]s among others. This was possible due to the Tripuri having the largest tribal population as well as its inhabitancy of the productive and fertile valleys bordering [[Bengal]], lying between [[Sylhet region|Sylhet]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]].{{sfnp|Momin|Mawlong|Qādrī|2006|p=81}}{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=14}} These events are believed to have occurred around the time that [[Raja Ganesha]] had established temporary sovereignty over Bengal, when the influence of [[Bengal Sultanate|its Sultan]] was weak.{{sfnp|Ganguly|1985|p=155}}

According to the ''Rajmala'', Chhengthung Fa later incurred the wrath of an unidentified ruler of Bengal when a man bearing a gift for the Sultan was robbed while passing through Tripura. When he learned that a large army was dispatched against him, Chhengthung Fa was prepared to sue for peace but was prevented from doing so by his queen, Tripura Sundari. She declared submission to be an act of cowardice and convinced her husband to fight, taking command of the soldiers herself and leading them to victory over Bengal.{{sfnp|Lahiri|1999|p=53}}{{sfnp|Raatan|2008|p=145}}{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=3}} It is likely that it was as a result of this impressive triumph that Chhengthung Fa took the title "Maha Manikya", with the "Manikya" suffix being subsequently inherited by his successors.{{sfnp|Lahiri|1999|p=53}} However, due to the similarity between the coins of Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] and that of a later Tripura ruler,{{NoteTag|The coin of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and that of [[Ratna Manikya I]] both share the motif of a lion with a raised fore-paw.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=39}}}} it has been suggested that some part (or perhaps temporarily, the entirety) of the kingdom had submitted to Bengal during Maha's reign, though this is disputed among historians.{{sfnp|Ganguly|1985|p=155}}{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=39}}

Maha died in 1431 and following a brief struggle among his children and generals, he was succeeded by his eldest son [[Dharma Manikya I]].{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=39–40}} The descendants of another son, Gagan Fa, inherited the throne in later centuries, beginning with [[Kalyan Manikya]] in 1626.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=96}}{{sfnp|Choudhury|2000|pp=501–02}}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Subhadeep|title=Energy and Power in North East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izzVEN51_nsC&pg=PA33|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8324-338-4}}
*{{Citation|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho|year=2000|orig-year=1910|publisher=Kotha|location=[[Kolkata]]|language=Bangla|url=https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_পূর্বাংশ.pdf/৫২৫}}
*{{Citation|author1=Durlabhendra|author2=Sukheshwar|author3=Baneshwar|translator1=Kailāsa Candra Siṃha|translator2=N.C. Nath|title=Sri Rajmala|volume=I–IV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cD9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Govt. of Tripura|location=[[Agartala]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Gan-Chaudhuri|first=Jagadis|title=Tripura, the land and its people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Leeladevi Publications|isbn=9788121004480}}
*{{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=J. B.|title= The Economic Content of the State Formation Process in Medieval Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association. Session|location=Agartala}}
*{{cite journal|last=Lahiri|first=Bela|title=Numismatic Evidence on the Chronolgy and Succession of the rulers of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE5mAAAAMAAJ|journal=The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India|year=1999|publisher=Numismatic Society of India}}
*{{cite book|last1=Momin|first1=Mignonette|last2=Mawlong|first2=Cecile A.|last3=Qādrī|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|title=Society and economy in North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOfZAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Regency Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87498-83-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Raatan|first=T.|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvI6W-r3OIAC&pg=PA145|year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-068-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Nalini Ranjan|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoJ5AAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Sterling}}
*{{cite book|last=Saha|first=Sudhanshu Bikash|title=Tribes of Tripura: A Historical Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioMiAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Rupali Book House}}
*{{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Political History of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Puthipatra}}
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jai Prakash|title=An Introduction to the History of the Manikyas of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=North Eastern Hill University Publications|location=Shillong}}

[[Category:Kings of Tripura]]
[[Category:1431 deaths]]

Chandrabhanu

2026-02-25T14:49:45Z

PorterStowell75: new

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja
| image =
| succession = [[Tambralinga|King of Tambralinga]]
| reign = 1230–1262
| native_lang1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| coronation = 1230
| predecessor = [[Sri Dharmasokaraja III]]
| successor = [[Sri Dharmasokaraja V]]
| royal house = Padmavamsa (Lotus) dynasty
| succession1 = [[Jaffna kingdom|King of Jaffna]]
| reign1 = 1255–1262
| coronation1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Kalinga Magha]]
| successor1 = [[Savakanmaindan]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tambralinga]]
| death_date = 1262
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| signature =
}}

[[File:Nakhon Si Thammarat Chedi Phra Baromathat.jpg|150px|thumb|right|''Phrae Boromadhatu'' [[stupa]]]]
'''Chandrabhanu''' ({{Langx|ta|சந்திரபானு}}, {{Langx|th|จันทรภาณุ ศรีธรรมราช}}; reigned from 1255 to 1262) or '''Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja''' or '''Sri Dharmasokaraja IV''', was the King of [[Tambralinga]] Kingdom in present-day [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]] and the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] in northern [[Sri Lanka]]. A [[Javaka]], he was known to have ruled from during the period of 1230 until 1262.

He was also known for building a well-known [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] in southern [[Thailand]]. In 1247 he sent an expedition to the island ostensibly to acquire the [[Buddhist]] [[relic]] from the island.<ref name=Coedes>{{Cite book
| last =Cœdès
| first = George
| authorlink = Georges Coedès
| title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| year = 1968
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC
| isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref>{{rp|184–185}} Sinhalese King [[Parakramabahu II]] sent his nephew Prince Veerabahu to handle the unexpected [[Malay invasions of Sri Lanka|Malay invasion]]. He was able to defeat Chandrabhanu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nishantha Joeseph |first=Sujeewa |title=Sinhalese Kings |publisher=Jayasinghe Book Publishers |isbn=9789550642328 |pages=63 |language=si}}</ref> But Chandrabhanu's forces, using poison darts, were able to occupy the [[Jaffna kingdom]], the northern part of the island in 1255. Repeated attempts to conquer the rest of the island ensued. In 1258 his forces faced an invasion of the island by the forces of the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] commanded by [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]], and Chandrabhanu submitted to Pandyan rule, bringing the Jaffna kingdom under Pandyan suzerainty. From 1262–1264 Tambralinga forces, using Chola and Pandyan soldiers commanded by Chandrabhanu's son [[Savakanmaindan]] and two [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] princes were defeated by the Pandyans led in the invasion by [[Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I]].

In 1270, Savakanmaindan, kept on the Jaffna throne under Pandyan suzerainty attempted to invade the south of the island once again, and was defeated decisively by the Pandyans under [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] by the late 1270s. He spent more than 30 years in his attempt to conquer [[Sri Lanka (island)|Sri Lanka]]. He was eventually defeated by the forces of the Pandyan Dynasty from [[Tamil Nadu]] (in present-day [[South India]]) in 1262 and was killed by the brother of the south Indian Emperor [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]].<ref>India's interaction with Southeast Asia,by Govind Chandra Pande p.286</ref>

==Tambralinga==
According to the inscription no.24 found at [[wat]] Hua-wieng (Hua-wieng temple) in [[Chaiya]] near to [[Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom|Nakhon Si Thammaraj]], Chandrabhanu is a ruler of [[Tambralinga]] and was of ''Padmavamsa'' (lotus dynasty).<ref name=Coedes1>{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | page = 184 | quote = "belonging to the family of the lotus (padmavamsa)" | isbn =9780824803681 }}</ref> He began to reign in 1230, he had built the ''Phrae Boromadhatu'' a [[buddhist]] [[stupa]] in Nakhon Si Thammaraj to hold the Buddha's [[relic]].<ref>Liyanage, A. ''The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the rise of Dambadeniya, (Colombo, 1968) p.136;'' ''Recuil des Inscriptions du Siam'' II, 26, tr.27.</ref>

Following his death in Lanka, the throne of [[Tambralinga]] was succeeded by his younger brother, [[Sri Dharmasokaraja V]].<ref name=ori>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf|title=พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช|trans-title=Sri Thammasokaraj|language=th|author=Chatchai Sukrakarn|accessdate=6 November 2024|date=October 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812062734/http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref>{{rp|42}}

==First invasion of Sri Lanka==
It was recorded by the [[Mahawamsa]], the historic chronicle of [[Sri Lanka]] to have [[Malay invasions of Sri Lanka|invaded Sri Lanka]] in 1247 in search of Buddha's relict that Sri Lanka already had. According to Sri Lankan sources he was a [[Javaka]] chieftain and a [[Piracy in the Strait of Malacca#History|sea pirate]] from the kingdom of [[Tambralinga]]. Although King Parakramabahu II (1236–70) from the Sinhalese Kingdom of [[Dambadeniya]] was able to defeat him, Chandrabhanu moved north and secured the Tamil throne for himself around 1255. [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] of the [[Pandyan Empire]] in [[Tamilakkam]] intervened in 1258 and made Chandrabhanu submit to Pandyan rule, annually offering precious jewels and elephants in tribute. A second attempt by Chandrabhanu to invade from the north prompted the south Indian Prince [[Jatavarman Veera Pandyan]], brother of emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan to intervene in 1262–1264. Chandrabhanu was killed in the battle. Veera Pandyan proceeded to plant the Pandyan bull victory flag at [[Koneswaram temple]], Konamalai.<ref name="M">Bennett, Mathew ''The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval warfare'', p.100</ref> Savakanmaindan, son of Chandrabhanu, inherited the northern Tamil throne upon his father's death.

==Chandrabhanu's son==
Chandrabhanu's son [[Savakanmaindan]] submitted to Pandyan rule and was rewarded, he was allowed to retain control of the Jaffna kingdom while Sundara Pandyan remained king of Pandyan. [[Marco Polo]], describing Sundara Pandyan's empire as the richest in the world, visited the Jaffna kingdom upon docking at [[Trincomalee]], and described the locals under king ''Sendemain's'' rule as mostly naked and feeding on rice and meat. The land was abundant with rubies and other precious stones, although by this stage Savakanmaindan had stopped paying tributes to the Pandyans. When Savakamaindan embarked on an invasion of the south, the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] under King [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I]] again invaded and defeated his forces in the late 1270s. However, to further the power of Tamil [[hard power]] in the region,<ref>deSilva 67</ref> they eventually installed one of their ministers in charge of the invasion, [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]], an [[Aryacakravarti]] as the King.<ref name=DS91>de Silva, A ''History of Sri Lanka'', p.91-92</ref><ref>Kunarasa, K ''The Jaffna Dynasty'', p.#</ref> In the local [[Tamil language]], all South East Asians are known as ''Javar'' or [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. There are number of place names in the [[Jaffna]] peninsula which pertains to its South East Asian connections. [[Chavakacheri]] means a Javanese settlement. Chavahakottai means a Javanese fort all alluding to Chandrabhanu's brief rule in the north.<ref name=Codrington>{{cite web|author=Codrington, Humphry William |title=Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215-1411)|url=http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap05.html|publisher=Lakdiva.org|work=
|accessdate=2007-11-25}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book
| last = de Silva | first = K. M. | title = A History of Sri Lanka | publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year= 2005 | location = [[Colombo]]
| isbn = 955-8095-92-3 | page = 782}}
*{{cite book | last = Kunarasa | first = K
| title = The Jaffna Dynasty | publisher = Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society | year= 2003
| location = [[Johor Bahru]] | isbn = 955-8455-00-8 | page = 122}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061117113938/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/new_inside.asp?cat_name=ancientindia&sid=24&count1=6&cid=181 History of Chandrabhanu and the Sailendras]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060717063618/http://www.borobudur.tv/history_1.htm History of Sri Vijaya and Tambralinga]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|House of Padmavamsa||?||1262}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sri Dharmasokaraja III]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Tambralinga|King of Tambralinga]]|years=1230–1262}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sri Dharmasokaraja V]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Kalinga Magha]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Jaffna Kingdom|King of Jaffna]]|years=1255–1262}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Savakanmaindan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rulers of Jaffna Kingdom}}

[[Category:Kings of Jaffna]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Tambralinga]]
[[Category:1262 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Thai people of Malay descent]]

Copper Hoard culture

2026-02-25T05:36:38Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Find-complexes in the western Ganges-Yamuna doab in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Anthropomorphic figures, chalcolithic,Yamuna-Ganga.BKB.jpg|thumb|[[Anthropomorphic character|Anthropomorphic figures]]. [[Chalcolithic]], [[Ganges Basin|Ganges–Yamuna basin]], [[2800 BC|2800]]–[[1500 BCE]]. Provenance: [[Bisauli]] (212 km from New Delhi), [[Budaun district|Badaun district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]

'''Copper Hoard culture''' describes find-complexes which mainly occur in the western Ganges–Yamuna [[doab]] in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They occur in hoards large and small, and are dated to the first half of the [[2nd millennium BC|2nd millennium BCE]],{{sfn|Yule|2003|p=541}}{{refn|group=note|name=Yule}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}} although very few derive from controlled and dateable excavation contexts. The copper hoards are associated with the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery]] (OCP), which is closely associated with the [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Late Harappan]] (or Posturban) phase of the IVC. Associations with the [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] of the second millennium BCE have also been proposed,{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=125}}{{sfn|Parpola|2020}} though association with the [[Vedic period|Vedic Aryans]] is problematic, since the hoards are found east of the territory of the Vedic Aryans.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}}{{sfn|Yule|2002|p=118}}

==Artefacts==

===Historical finds===
The Copper Hoard finds occur mainly in Yamuna–Ganges [[doab]] of the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and are dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE,{{sfn|Yule|2003|p=541}}{{refn|group=note|name=Yule|Also published as {{harvtxt|Yule|2004}} and {{harvtxt|Yule|2014}}.}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}} As early as the 19th century, stray hoard objects became known and established themselves as an important find group in the two-river land of northern India. The first Indian Copper Hoard harpoon was published in 1822. In 1951 [[B. B. Lal (archaeologist)|B. B. Lal]] published 35 artefacts from the [[Gangetic basin]], from the central peninsula and the eastern part of India.{{sfn|Lal|1951|p=20–39}} In 1985 [[Paul Alan Yule]] published 1083 examples from 'Copper Hoards' but also other peninsular prehistoric metal finds.{{sfn|Yule|1985}} These added a new group: those from [[South Haryana|southern Haryana]] and northern [[Rajasthan]]. By 1992, 284 further examples followed specifically of the Copper Hoard types.

Several hoard artifacts have turned up without an archaeological context, which raises doubts about their authenticity.<ref>cf. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/a-ligatured-metal-artifact-found-in.html : implausible combination of motifs of different periods raise doubt about a well-known anthropomorph</ref> Although on their discovery frequently questioned, today few voice doubts about the four [[Daimabad]] copper finds.{{sfn|Yule|1985|p=10-12, Pl 2-4}}

The different assemblages are known mostly by only their metallic artifacts, and thus the term 'culture' is misleading.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Many finds are deposited in the Kanya Gurukul museum in [[Narela]]/[[Haryana]].{{sfn|Yule|1985}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Ind cu hoard groups.svg|Selected hoard artifacts from 1-2 South Haryana, 3-4 Uttar Pradesh, 5 Madhya Pradesh, 6-8 South Bihar-North Orissa-Bengalen.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=310}}
File:Rewari Cu hoard object, 1075.jpg|Indian Copper hoard artifact from [[Rewari]], Haryana is probably not a use-object but more likely had a religious function.
File:Recorded Indian Cu hoard finds.jpg|Recorded Indian Copper hoards objects, statistic.
</gallery>

===Regional find-groups===
Four regional find-groups are identifiable with their characteristic find-types:
* Characteristic [[hoard]]-finds from South Haryana/North Rajasthan (recorded: 383) include flat axes, harpoons, double axes, [[sword]]s with so-called antenna grips and others.
* In the [[Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] (235) related types occur.
* Those from [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] differ (235) entirely from these. They include finely worked pieces, and mostly look at first like axe-heads but are probably ingots.
* Fewer are those known from [[Madhya Pradesh]] (120), although originally there were some 424 from the [[Ghangharia]] hoard alone.
Of the four find groups, the largest number derives from southern Haryana, especially from [[Hansi]], 120 km west of Delhi {{sfn|Yule|2002}} These are purchases and are not excavated. R.A.E. Coningham believes that one of the largest hoards is that from Daimabad with 60 kg.<ref>in: F.R. Allchin (ed.), ''The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia'' (Cambridge 1995) 72.</ref> It is an isolated contemporary phenomenon with little to do with the four main find-groups. Several writers do not distinguish between any early copper-based artefacts and the more narrowly defined Copper Hoards.

Artifacts from Al-Aqir, Oman, [[Lothal]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Kallur archaeological site|Kallur]], [[Karnataka]] also comprise other finding spots of the copper hoard culture.

===Characteristics of the artefacts===
The [[copper ore]] used derives from different ore ranges in [[Rajasthan]] (Khetri), southern [[Haryana]], [[Bihar]]/West [[Bengal]]/Orissa (especially Singhbhum) as well as Madhya Pradesh ([[Malaj Khand]]), to judge from the proximity to the find spots.

Hoard objects contain from 78 to 99% copper. Six contain up to 32.9% iron.<ref>P. Yule/A. Hauptmann/M. Hughes, The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation,''Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz'' 36, 1989 [1992] 262-263 Tab. 4 & 5 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/509/.</ref> Artefacts from Haryana show the greatest chemical variation. Those from Ghangharia are chemically the most homogeneous. Variations in the amount of different constituent metals are considered to be unintentional. Harappan metallurgists seem better able to produce usable alloys.

Certain copper artifacts from the late 3rd millennium contexts in [[Oman]] resemble the anthropomorphs of the Indian Copper Hoards.{{sfn|Yule|2003}}{{refn|group=note|name=Yule}}

==Interpretations of the artefacts==
[[File:Painted_Grey_Ware_sites_map_1.svg|alt=|thumb|[[Cemetery H]], [[Late Harappan]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]], Copper Hoard and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey ware]] sites.]]
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).svg|thumb|Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE)]]
[[Image:Indo-Iranian origins.png|thumb|200px|Archaeological cultures associated with [[Indo-Iranian migration]]s (after [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|EIEC]]). The [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]], [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] and [[Yaz culture]]s have often been associated with [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] migrations. Some connection with the Copper Hoard culture is possible.]]

The copper hoards are associated with the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery]] (OCP), which is closely associated with the [[Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization|Late Harappan]] (or Posturban) phase of the IVC. They may also be associated with the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo-Aryan migrants]] of the second millennium BCE, or with the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]], from where the Indo-Aryans came into India.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=125}} The association with the Vedic Indo-Aryans is problematic, since the hoards are mostly found east of the territory of the Vedic Indo-Aryans.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}}{{sfn|Yule|2002|p=118}} Falk proposes an association with the middle [[Vedic period]] and the realm of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru-Pancalas]], who had expanded eastwards.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}} [[Asko Parpola]] associates the copper hoards with [[Indo-Aryan migrations#Multiple waves of migration into northern India|a first wave of Indo-Iranian migration]] into the Indian subcontinent, who reached farther east than the later Vedic Aryans.{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}

An interpretation by [[D.P. Agrawal]] explains the anthropomorphs as throwing weapons,<ref>[[D.P. Agrawal]], ''The Copper-Bronze Age in India'' (Delhi 1971) 200; [[Harry Falk (Indologist)|Harry Falk]], Copper Hoard Weapons and the Vedic Vajra, ''South Asian Archaeology 1993'' (Helsinki 1994) 193-206 {{ISBN|9514107292}}</ref> and they have been posited by Das Gupta to the basis of the [[vajra]], a divine weapon of Indo-European origins fashioned for the Vedic and later Hindu deity [[Indra]].<ref>Tapan Kumar Das Gupta, ''Die Anthropomorphen Figuren der Kupferhortfunde aus Indien'', Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 56, 2009, 39-80, {{ISSN|0076-2741}}</ref> However, these interpretations ignore the find circumstances of associated hoard objects, not to mention the weight (up to 7 kg) of certain examples.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Considering the find circumstances and constituent hoard patterns, Yule found no evidence for a functional use, but interprets them as ritualistic objects.{{sfn|Yule|2014}}

Alternatively, [[Harry Falk (Indologist)|Harry Falk]] associated the [[Celt (tool)|bar celts]] with the vajra.{{sfn|Falk|1993}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=126}}{{sfn|Zin|2005|p=81}} P. Kuznetsov also associates this artefact with the vajra of Indra, noting similarities with a symbolic cudgel-scepter found in a burial of the [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] culture of the Eurasian steppes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuznetsov|first=Pavel | year =2005|title=An Indo-Iranian Symbol of Power in the Earliest Steppe Kurgans|url=https://www.academia.edu/3836804|journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=12}}</ref>

Zin acknowledges the possibility that CHC-objects may be related to Indo-European culture, stating "Falk’s identification of the vajra as a bar-celt seems to be the right one; the Avestan word vazra means a ‘hammer’."{{sfn|Zin|2005|p=81}} She disputes the association with Indra's vajra, noting that when in the 1st century BCE the iconography of Indra took form, the memory of Vedic weapons had since vanished. Thus the vajra of Hindu art corresponds to the ''keraunos'' (thunderbolt) of the Greek deity Zeus, and "[t]he iconography may have been transported via coins and small objects of art."{{sfn|Zin|2005|p=82}}

==See also==
*[[Kallur archaeological site]]
*[[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last =Falk |first =H. | year =1993 | title =Copper Hoard Weapons and the Vedic vajra | journal =South Asian Archaeology 1993, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of South Asian Archaeologists in Helsinki}}

* {{Citation | last =Lal | first =B.B. | year =1951 | author-link =B. B. Lal (archaeologist) | title =Further Copper Hoards from the Gangetic Basin and a Review of the Problem | journal =Ancient India, 7, 1951, 20-39}}

* {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=1997 |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=copper+hoard+culture&pg=PA126 |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=en }}

* {{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages|date=2020|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=8|pages=176|doi=10.23993/store.98032|doi-access=free}}

* {{Citation | last =Yule | first =Paul Alan | year =1985 | author-link =Paul Alan Yule | title =The Bronze Age Metalwork of India, Prähistorische Bronzefunde XX,8 | publisher =C.H.Beck | isbn =3-406-30440-0 | url =http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/1895/ | access-date =2021-03-27 | archive-date =2021-04-10 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210410215351/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/1895/ | url-status =dead }}
* {{Citation | last =Yule | first =Paul Alan | year =2002 | author-link =Paul Alan Yule | title =Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation | journal =Man in Environment | volume =26 | issue =2 | pages =117–120 | doi =10.11588/xarep.00000510 | url =http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/510/ }}
* {{Citation | last =Yule | first =Paul Alan | year =2003 | author-link =Paul Alan Yule | chapter =Beyond the Pale of Near Eastern Archaeology: Anthropomorphic Figures from al-Aqir near Baḥlāʾ, Sultanate of Oman, Man and Mining | editor-last =Stöllner | editor-first =T. | title =Mensch und Bergbau Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday | place =Bochum | pages =537–542 | doi =10.11588/propylaeumdok.00000109 | url =http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2008/109/ }}
* {{Citation | last =Yule | first =Paul Alan | year =2004 | author-link =Paul Alan Yule | title =Beyond the Pale of Near Eastern Archaeology: Anthropomorphic Figures from al-Aqir near Baḥlāʾ, Sultanate of Oman, Man and Mining| journal = Pragdhara, 14, 2004, 231–239}}
* {{Citation | last =Yule | first =Paul Alan | year =2014 | author-link =Paul Alan Yule | chapter =A New Prehistoric Anthropomorphic Figure from the Sharqiyah, Oman | editor-last1 =Lamberg-Karlovsky‒B. | editor-first1 =C. | editor-last2 =Cerasetti | title ='My Life is like the Summer Rose' Maurizio Tosi e l'Archeologia come modo de vivere, Papers in Honour of Maurizio Tosi on his 70th Birthday. BAR Intern. Series 2690 | editor-first2 =Genito‒B. | place =Oxford | pages =759–60 | isbn =978-1-4073-1326-9 | url =https://uni-heidelberg.academia.edu/paulyule }}
* {{Citation | last =Zin | first =Monika | year =2005 | chapter =Vajrapāṇi in the Narrative Reliefs | title =Migration, Trade and Peoples, Part 2: Gandharan Art | editor-last =Fröhlich | editor-first =C. | publisher =The British Association for South Asian Studies, (Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists in London 2005) 73-83 | isbn =978-0-9553924-5-0 | url =https://www.academia.edu/6116037 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=B.B. Lal|title=The Copper Hoard Culture of the Ganga Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ve0PgAACAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Heffer}}

==External links==
* Yule (1997), [https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-copper-hoards-of-northern-india/ The Copper Hoards of Northern India], Penn Museum

[[Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:Bronze Age cultures of Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures]]

Van Vihar National Park

2026-02-25T03:53:03Z

PorterStowell75: clean up

{{short description|National park in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Van Vihar National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Alligator at Van Vihar National Park.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Gharial]] at Van Vihar
| image_size = 300
| map = India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = Bhopal
| coordinates = {{coords|23|13|48|N|77|21|59|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 4.48
| established = 18 Feb. 1979
| visitation_num = 2,50,000<ref name=van_vihar>{{Cite web |publisher=Van Vihar National Park |title=Van Vihar National Park - an Introduction |year=2007 |url=http://210.212.144.202/vanvihar/about_vvnp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190711/http://210.212.144.202/vanvihar/about_vvnp.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Madhya Pradesh Forest Department
}}

'''Van Vihar National Park''' is a [[national park]] in [[Bhopal]], the capital city of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[central India]]. Declared a national park in 1979, it covers an area of about 4.45 km2. It has the status of a national park, but is developed and managed as a modern [[zoological park]], following the guidelines of the [[Central Zoo Authority]]. Animals are kept in near natural habitats. Most animals are either orphaned and brought from various parts of the state or are exchanged from other zoos. No animal is deliberately captured from the forest.<ref name="van_vihar"/> Van Vihar is unique because visitors access it from a road through the park, and trenches, walls, and chain-link fencing protect the animals from poachers while providing natural habitat.

==History==
In the mid twentieth century a number of illegal stone quarries were operational in the area and, being in a serene and beautiful location on the bank of big lake, many commercial organizations were trying to take hold of this valuable piece of land.
Realizing the importance of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of wild fauna, it was decided to provide this area with a legal umbrella under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]]. A committee of experts was constituted to decide how to make Van Vihar a protected area. In 1983, on the committee's recommendation, the government declared an area of {{cvt|4.4521|km2}} a national park.
Out of the {{cvt|4.4521|km2}} of land, an area {{cvt|3.8839|km2}} was government owned land and the rest belonged to the villagers of Prempura, Dharampuri and Amkheda. Compensation of Rs. 23.52 lakhs was paid to villagers to acquire {{cvt|0.5692|km2}} of private holdings. After the constitution of the National Park, the acquired area was enclosed in with stone walls and chain link fences.

The first Management Plan was drawn up for the years 2000 to 2010.<ref name=van_history>{{Cite web |title=History : Peep into the Past |publisher=Van Vihar National Park |location=Bhopal, India |year=2007 |url=http://210.212.144.202/vanvihar/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323185553/http://210.212.144.202/vanvihar/history.html |archive-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Van Vihar at Sunset.jpg|thumb|Van Vihar at Sunset]]
The degraded hillock of Shyamla Hill along with private village land was initiated in 1980 and finally notified as a national park in 1983. Funding from the [[Central Zoo Authority]] started in 1993-94 and also granted Van Vihar as a medium sized zoo on the same year. With the dedicated efforts of the park management, the area has now been transformed into an oasis of greenery. The area today serves as the green lung for Bhopal City.<ref name="van_vihar"/>

==Wildlife==

===Mammals===
[[File:Cheetal (spotted deer) at Van Vihar National Park.jpg|thumb|Chital]]
[[Chital]], [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[blackbuck]], [[nilgai]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[wild boar]], [[porcupine]], [[hare]], [[Rhesus macaque]], [[common langur]] are ranging freely. Normally the grass and other plant species growing in Van Vihar are sufficient for these herbivores. However, in summer when the grass is scarce, green fodder produced in the fodder farm and wheat husk procured from the market is provided as a supplement. In its ponds, [[Indian star tortoise]], [[turtle]]s, and a variety of [[fish]] occur. Van Vihar also preserves animals belonging to endangered species.{{cn|date=November 2019}}

===Birds===
[[File:Cinnamon bittern, Van Vihar National Park Bhopal, May 3017.jpg|thumb|[[Cinnamon bittern]]]]
The wilderness of park offers an ideal habitat for a number of avian fauna. Till now about two hundred species of birds have been listed in different parts of Van Vihar.<ref name=vanvihar_birds>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhopalbirds.com/birdingspot/Van%20vihar |title=Van Vihar National Park - A Rich Birding Spot |access-date=2011-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204203612/http://www.bhopalbirds.com/birdingspot/Van%20vihar |archive-date=2011-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Large number of birds frequent this park, especially during winter the migratory waterfowl alight in great numbers in the adjoining extensive wetland of big lake. In the 2010s, the park developed a vulture breeding centre, which initially focused on restoring populations of [[white-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis''), and [[long billed vultures]] (''G. indicus'').<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014 |title=Kerwa breeding centre to get another 50 pairs of vultures |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Kerwa-breeding-centre-to-get-another-50-pairs-of-vultures/articleshow/35370726.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521002805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Kerwa-breeding-centre-to-get-another-50-pairs-of-vultures/articleshow/35370726.cms|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administration==
The park is maintained by the Forest Department of Madhya Pradesh. The park administration is headed by a director of the rank of chief conservator of forests and assisted by one assistant director, 3 range officers, 3 deputy-rangers, 4 foresters and 24 forest guards. In addition to these, persons are engaged on daily wage basis, to meet the day-to-day requirement of the animal care and management.
Van Vihar administration is promoting cycling in the park; bicycles can be rented inside park gates at either end of the park. Van Vihar is closed on Fridays.

==See also==
* [[Conservation in Bhopal]]
* [[Wildlife of India]]
* [[Van Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary]], a wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Van Vihar National Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313115138/http://cza.nic.in/van%20vihar%20national%20park%20mp.jpg Map of Van Vihar National Park]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/patna-zoo-lion-sheru-to-roar-at-van-vihar/articleshow/64318412.cms Patna zoo lion Sheru to roar at Van Vihar]

* [https://www.mptourism.com/van-vihar-national-park-bhopal.html Van Vihar National Park, Bhopal]

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{National Parks of India}}

[[Category:National parks in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ambayathode

2026-02-21T15:38:51Z

PorterStowell75: put up new pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambayathode
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:St.George School, Ambayathode, Kottiyoor.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = St.George School, Ambayathode
| coordinates = {{coord|11.86464|N|75.88982|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kottiyoor Grama Panchayat
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670651
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0490
| registration_plate = KL 78
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Niyamasabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
}}

'''Ambayathode''' is a hilly village near to [[Kottiyoor]] temple in the [[Kannur]] district of [[Kerala]], India. Ambayathodu witnessed massive landslides during [[2018 Kerala floods|Kerala Floods 2018]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/landslips-flooding-hit-kottiyur/article24709629.ece|title=Landslips, flooding hit Kottiyur}}</ref>

==Location==
Ambayathode is located between Boys Town in [[Wayanad]] district and Kottiyoor in [[Kannur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamapia.com/Kannur/Ambayathode.html|title = Ambayathode Pin Code, Ambayathode, Kannur Map, Latitude and Longitude, Kerala}}</ref> The town is the entry point for visitors to Kottiyoor temple from the [[Bangalore]] side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/kerala/kannur/ambayathode.html|title = Ambayathode Pin Code (Kannur, Kerala) | Ambayathode Postal Index Number Code (Pincode)}}</ref>

==Attractions==
Ambayathode is very scenic and less crowded than Kottiyoor. There are five hairpin bends down from Boys Town to reach Ambayathode. The first landmark is a big church being built in memory of Father Chavara.{{CN|date=January 2025}}
There is a library dedicated to the memory of [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad|E.M.S.Namboodiripad]].
*There is another beautiful church called St.Mary's Orthodox church part of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].
*There is a Pentecostal church of the [[Assemblies of God]] community.

==Education==
There are two schools called St. George LP School and Ambayathode UP School.

==Economy==
The people are mostly farmers. Milk is a major product. There is a milk society here run by the cooperative society of shepherds.

==Transport==
The national highway passes through [[Kannur]] town. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].
The nearest railway station is [[Thalassery railway station|Thalassery]] on Mangalore–[[Palakkad]] line. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights="180px" style="text-align:left">
Ambayathode Church, Kottiyoor.jpg|Ambayathode Church
Ambayathode School, Kottiyoor.jpg|Ambayathode School
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Villages near Iritty]]

List of YouTube Premium original programming

2026-02-20T17:49:13Z

PorterStowell75: brief improve details based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Logo of YouTube Originals.png|254x254px|thumb|Title screen of YouTube Originals]]

[[YouTube Premium]] (formerly Music Key and YouTube Red) is a [[subscription service]] that provides advertising-free streaming of all videos hosted by [[YouTube]], offline play and background playback of videos on mobile devices, access to advertising-free music streaming through [[YouTube Music]], and access to "YouTube Original" series and films. In January 2022, YouTube announced it was shutting down its "YouTube Originals" program.<ref name="Spangler 2022 m581">{{cite web | last=Spangler | first=Todd | title=YouTube Shuts Down Original Content Group | website=Variety | date=January 18, 2022 | url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-original-content-group-shutdown-1235156299/ | access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref> Following is a list of all past "YouTube Original" scripted and unscripted series, feature-length films and documentaries.

==Original programming==
===Drama===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
! Rating
|-
| ''[[Lifeline (2017 TV series)|Lifeline]]''
| [[Science fiction]]
| {{sort|2017-10-11|October 11, 2017}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–26 min.}}

| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Freibuger |first1=Benjamin |user=BFreiburger |number=1003796521677041664 |date=June 4, 2018 |title=LifeLine was not picked up for a second season |access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Step Up: High Water]]''
| [[Dance on television|Dance]]
| {{sort|2018-01-31|January 31, 2018}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|041|41–57 min.}}
| Moved to [[Starz]] for season 3<ref name="Step">{{cite web|title=Series 'Step Up: High Water' & 'Wayne', Pilot 'Dark Cargo' Seek New Homes As YouTube Steps Up Scripted Pullback|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/step-up-wayne-canceled-youtube-pilot-dark-cargo-its-a-mans-wold-dead-seek-new-homes-scripted-programming-pullback-programming-shift-1202669457/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 16, 2019|access-date=August 18, 2019|archive-date=August 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817174400/https://deadline.com/2019/08/step-up-wayne-canceled-youtube-pilot-dark-cargo-its-a-mans-wold-dead-seek-new-homes-scripted-programming-pullback-programming-shift-1202669457/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Impulse (TV series)|Impulse]]''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]]
| {{sort|2018-06-06|June 6, 2018}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|044|44–51 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='Impulse' Canceled By YouTube After 2 Seasons|url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/impulse-canceled-youtune-after-2-seasons-1202878648/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 10, 2020|access-date=March 11, 2020|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228081557/https://deadline.com/2020/03/impulse-canceled-youtune-after-2-seasons-1202878648/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Origin (TV series)|Origin]]''
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]]
| {{sort|2018-11-14|November 14, 2018}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|041|41–60 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Lucas|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-24/youtube-bows-out-of-hollywood-arms-race-with-netflix-and-amazon|title=YouTube Bows Out of Hollywood Arms Race With Netflix and Amazon|access-date=March 25, 2019|date=March 24, 2019}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
|}

===Comedy===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
! Rating
|-
| ''[[Foursome (2016 TV series)|Foursome]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-03-30|March 30, 2016}}
| {{sort|436|4 seasons, 36 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Sing It!]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2016-05-25|May 25, 2016}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–26 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Fine|first=Berry|user=bennyfine|number=937578452206551040|date=December 3, 2017|title=Unfortunately YouTube cancelled Sing It!|language=en |access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Bad Internet]]''
| [[Dark comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-05-25|May 25, 2016}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Single by 30]]''
| Dramedy/romance
| {{sort|2016-08-24|August 24, 2016}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|024|24–25 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Shum|first=Harry Jr.|user=HarryShumJr|number=851435171320659968|date=April 10, 2017|title=Negative. Wish there was going to be one but @youtube RED decided not to renew. Had the best time making it tho.|language=en |access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Broke (2017 TV series)|Broke]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-09-28|September 28, 2016}}
| {{sort|111|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|008|8–19 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-|
| ''[[Part Timers]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-01-11|January 11, 2016}}
| {{sort|220|2 season, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|015|10-15 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Rhett and Link's Buddy System]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2016-10-19|October 19, 2016}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|015|15–22 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[12 Deadly Days (web series)|12 Deadly Days]]''
| Horror/thriller/comedy [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| {{sort|2016-12-12|December 12, 2016}}
| {{sort|012|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–27 min.}}
| Miniseries
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Me and My Grandma]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2017-26-01|March 22, 2017}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Good Game (2017 TV series)|Good Game]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2017-08-30|August 30, 2017}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–28 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Morrow|first=Michele|user=michelemorrow|number=977965053138812930|date=March 25, 2018|title="@YouTube cancelled Good Game" #DisappointmentIn4Words|language=en|access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''Long Distance''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2017-09-28|September 28, 2017}}
| {{sort|101|1 season, 1 episode}}
| {{sort|024|24 min.}}
| Ended
| Not rated
|-
| ''[[Ryan Hansen Solves Crimes on Television]]''
| Mystery/comedy
| {{sort|2017-10-25|October 25, 2017}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–33 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Schneider">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/ryan-hansen-solves-crimes-on-television-champaign-ill-canceled-youtube-1203185818/|title='Ryan Hansen,' 'Champaign ILL' Canceled as YouTube Prepares for New Originals Strategy (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Schneider|first=Michael|date=2019-04-10|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-date=2020-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228081600/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/ryan-hansen-solves-crimes-on-television-champaign-ill-canceled-youtube-1203185818/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Do You Want to See a Dead Body?]]''
| [[Surreal humor|Surreal comedy]]
| {{sort|2017-11-17|November 17, 2017}}
| {{sort|115|1 season, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12–23 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Schneider"/>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[I'm Poppy]]''
| Surreal comedy
| {{sort|2018-01-25|January 25, 2018}}
| {{sort|101|1 season, 1 episode}}
| {{sort|023|23 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Youth & Consequences]]''
| [[Teen drama|Teen]] [[Comedy drama|dramedy]]
| {{sort|2018-03-07|March 7, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|026|26–34 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Akana|first=Anna|user=AnnaAkana|number=1013132095240179723|date=June 30, 2018|title=Unfortunately we didn't get renewed!|language=en |access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref>
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Cobra Kai]]''
| [[Action comedy TV series|Action comedy]]/[[comedy drama]]
| {{sort|2018-05-02|May 2, 2018}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–36 min.}}
| Moved to [[Netflix]] for seasons 3–6<ref name="Upcoming Dates">{{cite press release|title=YouTube to Make All New Original Series and Specials Free with Ads|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/05/02/youtube-to-make-all-new-original-series-and-specials-free-with-ads-593013/20190502youtube01/|publisher=[[YouTube]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=May 2, 2019|access-date=May 3, 2019}}</ref>
|TV-14
|-
|''[[Liza on Demand]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2018-06-27|June 27, 2018}}
| {{sort|325|3 seasons, 25 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–26 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Sideswiped (TV series)|Sideswiped]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-07-25|July 25, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–26 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Schneider"/>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Champaign ILL]]''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-12-12|December 12, 2018}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–32 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Schneider"/>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Overthinking with Kat & June]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2018-12-19|December 19, 2018}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–23 min.}}
| Ended<ref name=Bloomberg/>
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Wayne (TV series)|Wayne]]''
| [[Action comedy TV series|Action comedy]]
| {{sort|2019-01-16|January 16, 2019}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|030|30–35 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="Step"/>
|TV-MA
|-
| ''[[Weird City (TV series)|Weird City]]''
| [[Comic science fiction|Comedy science fiction]] [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| {{sort|2019-2-13|February 13, 2019}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|018|18–28 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|}

===Animation===
====Adult animation====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
! Rating
|-
| ''[[Paranormal Action Squad]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-11-16|November 16, 2016}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–13 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
| ''[[Dallas & Robo]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-05-30|May 30, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–26 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
|}

====Anime====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
!Rating
|-
| ''[[Idolish7#IDOLiSH7: Vibrato|IDOLiSH7: Vibrato]]''
| Musical
| {{sort|2019-01-17|January 17, 2019}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–17 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-PG
|-
| ''Obsolete''
| [[Mecha anime and manga|Mecha]]
| {{sort|2019-12-03|December 3, 2019}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12–13 min.}}
| Ended
|TV-14
|-
|}

====Kids & family====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''[[Kings of Atlantis]]''
| [[Animation]]/[[Action film|action]]/[[Adventure film|adventure]]
| {{sort|2017-04-07|April 7, 2017}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[DanTDM Creates a Big Scene]]''
| [[Live-action animated film|Animation/live-action]]
| {{sort|2017-04-07|April 7, 2017}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[Fruit Ninja: Frenzy Force|Fruit Ninja Frenzy Force]]''
| [[Action film|Action]]/[[comedy]]
| {{sort|2017-05-05|May 5, 2017}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Hyperlinked]]''
| [[Comedy series|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2017-05-31|May 31, 2017}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''We are Savvy''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2017-09-06|September 6, 2017}}
| {{sort|233|2 seasons, 33 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Sherwood (2019 TV series)|Sherwood]]''
| [[Science fiction|Sci-fi]]/[[Adventure film|adventure]]
| {{sort|2019-03-06|March 6, 2019}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Lockdown (2020 TV series)|Lockdown]]''
| [[Teen film|Teen]]/[[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{sort|2020-06-26|June 26, 2020}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12–14 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''Kid Correspondent''
| [[News satire]]
| {{sort|2020-10-23|October 23, 2020}}
| {{sort|313|3 seasons, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–15 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Pinkfong Wonderstar]]''
| [[Animation]]/[[children's animation]]
| {{sort|2020-12-03|December 3, 2020}}
| {{sort|226|2 seasons, 26 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Super Sema''
| [[Animation]]/[[children's animation]]
| {{sort|2021-03-08|March 8, 2021}}
| {{sort|240|2 seasons, 32 episodes}}
| {{sort|004|4–11 min.}}
| Continued without the YouTube Kids fund{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
|-
| ''Break the Record''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-07-22|July 22, 2021}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|015|15 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Growing With Lottie Dottie''
| [[Animation]]/[[children's animation]]
| {{sort|2021-09-18|September 18, 2021}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Workout Badges''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-09-22|September 22, 2021}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|008|8 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''BookTube Jr''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-09-24|September 24, 2021}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|008|8–11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Onyx Family Dinner''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-11-04| November 4, 2021}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|018|18 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Tab Time]]''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-12-01|December 1, 2021}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–28 min.}}
| Continued without the YouTube Kids fund{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
|-
| ''Supa Strikas: Rookie Season''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-12-03|December 3, 2021}}
| {{sort|112|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–22 min.}}
| Miniseries
|-
| ''Coyote Peterson's Wild Field Trip''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-12-08|December 8, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–22 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The [[Guava Juice]] Show''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2021-12-30|December 30, 2021}}
| {{sort|226|2 seasons, 26 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Millie and Lou''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-03-04|March 4, 2022}}
| {{sort|115|1 season, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Corpse Talk''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-05-13|May 13, 2022}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|007|7 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Big Tiny Food Face-Off''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-07-15|July 15, 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Maddie's Urban Jungles''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-09-23|September 23, 2022}}
| {{sort|101|1 season, 1 episode}}
| {{sort|019|19 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Eggventurers''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-10-21|October 21, 2022}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| {{sort|007|7 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Behind The Beats''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2022-11-18|November 18, 2022}}
| {{sort|126| 1 season, 26 episodes}}
| {{sort|005|5 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Jam Van''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2023-01-19|January 19, 2023}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Mindful Adventures Of Unicorn Island''
| Kids & family
| {{sort|2023-09-12|September 12, 2023}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

===Unscripted===
====Docu-series====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Episodes
! Length
|-
| ''[[F2 Finding Football]]''
| [[Travel documentary|Travel series]]
| {{sort|2018-06-13|June 13, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–27 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Best Shot (TV series)|Best Shot]]''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]/[[sports]]
| {{sort|2018-07-18|July 18, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–51 min.}}
|-
| ''Lefloid Vs The World''
| [[Travel documentary|Travel series]]
| {{sort|2018-09-12|September 12, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Ariana Grande: Dangerous Woman Diaries]]''
| [[Concert film|Concert]]
| {{sort|2018-11-29|November 29, 2018}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|027|27–37 min.}}
|-
| ''Almost Ready''
| Documentary
| {{sort|2019-07-17|July 17, 2019}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|009|9–14 min.}}
|-
| ''[[BookTube]]''
| Education
| {{sort|2019-10-17|October 17, 2019}}
| {{sort|115|15 episodes}}
| {{sort|010|10–23 min.}}
|-
| ''[[The Age of A.I.]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2019-12-18|December 18, 2019}}
| {{sort|108|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|060|60 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Justin Bieber: Seasons]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-01-27|January 27, 2020}}
| {{sort|110|10 episodes}}
| {{sort|008|8–14 min.}}
|-
| ''[[The Secret Life of Lele Pons]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-05-19|May 19, 2020}}
| {{sort|105|5 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–30 min.}}
|-
| ''Defying Gravity: The Untold Story of Women's Gymnastics''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-09-21|September 21, 2020}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|031|31–43 min.}}
|-
| ''Together We Rise: The Uncompromised Story Of GRM Daily''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-09-28|September 28, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–26 min.}}
|-
| ''Released''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-10-01|October 1, 2020}}
| {{sort|118|18 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–17 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Ethan Payne|How To Be Behzinga]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-10-19|October 19, 2020}}
| {{sort|103|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–22 min.}}
|-
| ''Resist''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-11-18|November 18, 2020}}
| {{sort|112|12 episodes}}
| {{sort|006|6–11 min.}}
|-
| ''Light Speed''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-12-7|December 7, 2020}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|017|17–24 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Why Don't We|30 Days With: Why Don't We]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-12-09|December 9, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12–16 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Ryan García|30 Days With: Ryan García]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-12-16|December 16, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|016|16–18 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Nikkie de Jager|NikkieTutorials: Layers Of Me]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-12-28|December 28, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|016|16–19 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Demi Lovato: Dancing with the Devil]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-03-23|March 23, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–22 min.}}
|-
| ''K-Pop Evolution''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-03-31|March 31, 2021}}
| {{sort|107|7 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–25 min.}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Doubles Down on Telling Real Stories in 2021 with Pick Up of New and Returning Original Series|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2021/02/17/youtube-doubles-down-on-telling-real-stories-in-2021-with-pick-up-of-new-and-returning-original-series-638411/20210217youtube01/|work=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=February 17, 2021|access-date=February 17, 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Strive''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-06-29|June 29, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–23 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Bretman Rock|30 Days With: Bretman Rock]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-06-30|June 30, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–19 min.}}
|-
| ''Ice Cold''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-07-08|July 8, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–18 min.}}
|-
| ''If I Could Tell You Just One Thing''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-09-09|September 9, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Noted: Alicia Keys The Untold Stories]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-09-30|September 30, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|015|15–20 min.}}
|-
| ''The Outsiders''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-10-04|October 4, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|024|24–25}}
|-
| ''Seat At The Table''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-10-25|October 25, 2021}}
| {{sort|111|11 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
|-
| ''Bear Witness, Take Action 3''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-12-06|December 6, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|010|10–23 min.}}
|-
| [[Anuel AA|''30 Days With: Anuel'']]
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-12-21|December 21, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|4 episodes}}
| {{sort|050|50 min.}}
|-
| ''Supreme Models''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2022-09-26|September 26, 2022}}
| {{sort|106|6 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–24 min.}}
|-
| ''Spectrum Global: Being Black In...''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2022-12-22|December 22, 2022}}
| {{sort|103|3 episodes}}
| {{sort|026|26 min.}}
|-
| ''Travel Around the World''
| [[travel documentary|Travel series]]
| {{sort|2021-11-03|November 3, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|95 episodes}}
| {{sort|027|10–25 min.}}
|}

====Reality====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''[[Scare PewDiePie]]''
| [[Horror comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-02-28|February 10, 2016}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|014|14–23 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|title=YouTube Cancels PewDiePie Show|url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-cancels-pewdiepie-pulls-ads-death-to-jews-1201987810/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=June 15, 2018|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190737/https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/youtube-cancels-pewdiepie-pulls-ads-death-to-jews-1201987810/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prank Academy (web series)|Prank Academy]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2016-03-30|March 30, 2016}}
| {{sort|118|1 season, 18 episodes}}
| {{sort|009|9–13 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{cite tweet|last=Wellens|first=Jesse|user=Jessewelle|number=755842737212043264|title=This is the last episode of prank academy!! It's a big one!|date=July 20, 2016|access-date=July 19, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''MatPat's Game Lab''
| Game show
| {{sort|2017-06-08|June 8, 2016}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|019|19–23 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Escape the Night]]''
| Competition/horror
| {{sort|2017-06-22|June 22, 2016}}
| {{sort|448|4 seasons, 46 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–30 min.}}
| Ended<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|title=YouTube Cancels 'Escape the Night' but Host Joey Graceffa Has Something Else in Store for Fans|url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/youtube-cancels-escape-the-night-joey-graceffa-1234684869/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 25, 2020|access-date=July 11, 2020|language=en|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708022726/https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/youtube-cancels-escape-the-night-joey-graceffa-1234684869/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mind Field]]''
| Education/science
| {{sort|2017-01-18|January 18, 2017}}
| {{sort|324|3 seasons, 25 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–40 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-original-content-group-shutdown-1235156299/|title=YouTube Shuts Down Original Content Group|last=Schneider|first=Michael|date=2022-01-18|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2022-01-18|archive-date=January 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128034314/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-original-content-group-shutdown-1235156299/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Squad Wars (web series)|Squad Wars]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2017-26-01|January 26, 2017}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Lace Up: The Ultimate Sneaker Challenge''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2017-09-13|September 13, 2017}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|043|43–46 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Furze World Wonders]]''
| Reality
| {{sort|2017-09-28|September 28, 2017}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–21 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Best Cover Ever''
| Music competition
| {{sort|2017-11-20|November 20, 2017}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|027|27–31 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Roman Atwood|Roman Atwood's Day Dreams]]''
| Comedy/stunt/prank
| {{sort|2017-11-22|November 22, 2017}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–25 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Ultimate Expedition''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2018-01-17|January 17, 2018}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|030|30 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Super Slow Show''
| Reality
| {{sort|2018-01-24|January 24, 2018}}
| {{sort|159|1 season, 59 episodes}}
| {{sort|001|1–9 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Kevin Hart: What The Fit]]''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-03-15|March 15, 2018}}
| {{sort|335|3 seasons, 35 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–17 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Jack Whitehall|Jack Whitehall: Training Days]]''
| Comedy
| {{sort|2018-05-09|May 9, 2018}}
| {{sort|120|1 season, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|002|2–28 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[The Sidemen Show]]''
| [[Reality|Stunt]]
| {{sort|2018-06-18|June 18, 2018}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–33 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Sugar (2018 TV series)|Sugar]]''
| [[Reality television|Reality]]
| {{sort|2018-08-15|August 15, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|009|9–18 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Will Smith|Will Smith: The Jump]]''
| [[Reality|Stunt]]
| {{sort|2018-09-25|September 25, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|002|2–24 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''ARRived''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2018-11-07|November 7, 2018}}
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–79 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Planet Slow Mo''
| Reality
| {{sort|2019-01-23|January 23, 2019}}
| {{sort|124|1 season, 24 episodes}}
| {{sort|006|6–16 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''A Student's Guide to Your First Year of College''
| Education
| {{sort|2019-09-04|September 4, 2019}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|002|2–9 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''The School Of...''
| Education
| {{sort|2019-10-08|October 8, 2019}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|005|5–10 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Glad You Asked]]''
| Education
| {{sort|2019-10-08|October 8, 2019}}
| {{sort|215|2 seasons, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|014|14–22 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Could You Survive the Movies?]]''
| Education
| {{sort|2019-10-21|October 21, 2019}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–30 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Marques Brownlee|Retro Tech]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2019-12-02|December 2, 2019}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–26 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Fundamental. Gender Justice. No Exceptions''
| Docuseries
| {{sort|2020-03-04|March 4, 2020}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|016|16–17 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Creators for Change''
| Education
| {{sort|2020-03-17|March 17, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|059|59 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Money Talks''
| Education
| {{sort|2020-04-13|April 13, 2020}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|005|5–8 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Instant Influencer (TV series)|Instant Influencer]]''
| [[Beauty competition]]
| {{sort|2020-04-24|April 24, 2020}}
| {{sort|204|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|035|35–42 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Yungblud|Stay Home With YungBlud]]''
| Reality
| {{sort|2020-04-27|April 27, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12–13 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Celebrity Substitute''
| Education
| {{sort|2020-05-07|May 7, 2020}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|030|30 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Create Together''
| Reality
| {{sort|2020-05-18|May 18, 2020}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|010|10 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Vanessa Hill|Sleeping with Friends]]''
| Education
| {{sort|2020-05-20|May 20, 2020}}
| {{sort|103|1 season, 3 episodes}}
| {{sort|030|30 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''The Great Gift Exchange''
| Education
| {{sort|2020-12-01|December 1, 2020}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–17 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''[[Jack Douglass|YIAY Time: The Game Show]]''
| Game show
| {{sort|2021-01-05|January 5, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| [[Veritasium|''Pindrop'']]
| Education
| {{sort|2021-01-27| January 27, 2021}}
| {{sort|101|1 season, 1 episode}}
| {{sort|019|19 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''How To Olympics''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-07-14|July 14, 2021}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|017|17–19 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''#1 Chicken''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-09-22|September 22, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Climate Games''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-10-23|October 23, 2021}}
| {{sort|102|1 season, 2 episodes}}
| {{sort|004|4–9 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Shut It Off ASAP''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-10-26|October 26, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|019|19–27 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Best Shape Of My Life''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-11-08|November 8, 2021}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–22 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Hometown Showdown''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-11-18|November 18, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–24 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Copy That''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2021-11-29|November 29, 2021}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|019|19 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''Race Around Britain''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-12-06|December 6, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–30 min.}}
| Ended<ref name="shut"/>
|-
| ''The Creator Games 3''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2021-12-16|December 16, 2021}}
| {{sort|102|1 season, 2 episodes}}
| {{sort|012|12 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Secret Saboteurs''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2022-03-14|March 14, 2022}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''A New Green Book''
| Travel
| {{sort|2022-05-26|May 26, 2022}}
| {{sort|101|1 season, 1 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Mandela Project''
| Reality
| {{sort|2022-07-18|July 18, 2022}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|014|14–16 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

===Non-English language===
These shows were created by YouTube and are spoken entirely or almost entirely in a non-English language.

====French====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''Les Emmerdeurs''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-09-19|September 19, 2018}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–30 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Groom''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-09-19|September 19, 2018}}
| {{sort|110|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–26 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====German====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''Bullsprit''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-09-12|September 12, 2018}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|018|18–36 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Neuland''
| [[Meta-joke|Meta comedy]] [[variety show]]
| {{sort|2018-09-12|September 12, 2018}}
| {{sort|111|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–31 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====Hindi====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''Cricket Diaries: Men of the Match''
| Reality
| {{sort|2019-06-12|June 12, 2019}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–31 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Off The Page''
| Reality
| {{sort|2019-10-02|October 2, 2019}}
| {{sort|117|1 season, 17 episodes}}
| {{sort|003|3–12 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Pretty Fit''
| [[Comedy]]
| {{sort|2020-01-21|January 21, 2020}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–24 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====Japanese====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''Re:Imagine''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2018-12-11|December 11, 2018}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|005|5–11 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''The Fake Show''
| [[Drama]]
| {{sort|2018-12-12|December 12, 2018}}
| {{sort|111|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|011|11–21 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''Re:SET''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2019-04-3|April 3, 2019}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|005|5–8 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''Fischer's and The Lost Treasure''
| [[Action comedy TV series|Action comedy]]
| {{sort|2019-04-24|April 24, 2019}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–21 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''I Am Non''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2019-10-02|October 2, 2019}}
| {{sort|111|1 season, 11 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–73 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Gray Zone Agency, Inc''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2020-03-23|March 23, 2020}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–32 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''30 Days With: Hanaodengan''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-12-03|December 3, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|013|13–14 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Record Crushers''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-07-22|July 22, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|022|22–27 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Kemio's Social Club''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2021-08-27|August 27, 2021}}
| {{sort|105| 1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–32 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Fischer's Quest''
| Reality competition
| {{sort|2021-12-14|December 14, 2021}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|039|39–45 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Gray Zone Island''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2022-08-01|August 1, 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–38 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====Korean====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''[[Big Bang (band)|Run, BIGBANG Scout!]]''
| Reality
| {{sort|2017-04-26|April 26, 2017}}
| {{sort|107|1 season, 7 episodes}}
| {{sort|004|4–24 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[BTS|BTS: Burn The Stage]]''
| Documentary
| {{sort|2018-03-28|March 28, 2018}}
| {{sort|008|8 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–26 min.}}
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[Top Management (TV series)|Top Management]]''
| [[Drama]]
| {{sort|2018-10-31|October 31, 2018}}
| {{sort|116|1 season, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|020|20–43 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''[[Jay Park|Jay Park Chosen1]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2019-05-01|May 1, 2019}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|017|17–21 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''[[Analog Trip]]''
| [[Travel documentary|Travel series]]
| {{sort|2019-10-09|October 9, 2019}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–28 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Twice: Seize the Light]]''
| Documentary
| {{sort|2020-04-29|April 29, 2020}}
| {{sort|109|1 season, 9 episodes}}
| {{sort|014|14–22 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[KCON (music festival)|KCON TACT: All Access]]''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-10-02|October 2, 2020}}
| {{sort|114|1 season, 14 episodes}}
| {{sort|009|9–19 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====Portuguese====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''[[Whindersson Nunes|Whindersson: Próxima Parada]]''
| [[Travel documentary|Travel series]]
| {{sort|2019-10-03|October 3, 2019}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–35 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Vai Pra Cima, Fred''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-04-19|April 19, 2020}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|016|16–24 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Porta dos Fundos|Futuro Ex-Porta]]''
| Reality
| {{sort|2021-10-30|October 30, 2021}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|019|19–25 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

====Spanish====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''Sobrevivi''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2018-10-03|October 3, 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|025|25–31 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Aislados: Un Documental En Cuarentena''
| [[Docuseries]]
| {{sort|2020-06-09|June 9, 2020}}
| {{sort|104|1 season, 4 episodes}}
| {{sort|015|15–20 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Mortal Glitch''
| [[Television comedy|Comedy]]
| {{sort|2020-09-02|September 2, 2020}}
| {{sort|105|1 season, 5 episodes}}
| {{sort|023|23–30 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Bravas''
| [[Drama]]
| {{sort|2020-10-07|October 7, 2020}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–34 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

===Continuations===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! Title
! Genre
! Prev. network(s)
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Length
! Status
|-
| ''[[Fight of the Living Dead]]''
| Competition/horror
| Independent (via [[YouTube]])
| {{sort|2016-08-17|August 17, 2016}}
| {{sort|215|2 seasons, 15 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–38 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|''Breakfast With Champions''
| Reality
| Independent (via YouTube)
| {{sort|2019-04-26|April 24, 2019}}
| {{sort|112|1 season, 12 episodes}}
| {{sort|019|19–27 min.}}
| Ended
|-
| ''What the Duck''
| Reality
| Independent (via YouTube)
| {{sort|2019-05-06|May 6, 2019}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{sort|021|21–27 min.}}
| Ended
|-
|}

==Original films==
===Drama===
{| class="wikitable" sortable style="width:100%"
! Title
! Genre
! Release date
|-
| ''[[The Thinning]]''
| Thriller
| October 12, 2016
|-
| ''Snap''
| Drama
| July 5, 2017
|-
| ''[[The Thinning: New World Order]]''
| Thriller
| October 17, 2018
|-
| ''Stalking Vampire''
| Horror
| December 12, 2018
|-
| ''[[Viper Club]]''
| Drama
| January 23, 2019
|-
|}

===Comedy===
{| class="wikitable" sortable style="width:100%"
! Title
! Genre
! Release date
|-
| ''[[Lazer Team]]''
| Sci-fi
| January 27, 2016
|-
| ''[[Dance Camp (film)|Dance Camp]]''
| Dance
| February 10, 2016
|-
| ''We Love You''
| Romance
| November 22, 2016
|-
| ''Jingle Ballin'''
| Comedy
| December 6, 2016
|-
| ''Ghostmates''
| Comedy
| December 14, 2016
|-
|''The Keys of Christmas''
| Comedy
| December 19, 2016
|-
| ''[[Alexander IRL]]''
| Comedy
| January 11, 2017
|-
| ''Reggae Shark Adventures''
| Comedy
| August 12, 2017
|-
| ''[[Lazer Team 2]]''
| Sci-fi
| November 22, 2017
|-
| ''[[A Heist With Markiplier]]''
| [[Interactive film|Interactive]]
| October 30, 2019
|-
| ''Signals''
| Anthology
| October 28, 2021
|-
| ''Buster Saves Christmas''
| Kids & family
| November 30, 2021
|-
| ''In Space With Markiplier''
| [[Interactive film|Interactive]]
| April 4, 2022
|-
| ''Buster's Big Halloween''
| Kids & family
| October 7, 2022
|-
|}

===Documentary===
{| class="wikitable" sortable style="width:100%"
! Title
! Genre
! Release date
|-
| ''[[A Trip to Unicorn Island]]''
| Documentary
| February 10, 2016
|-
| ''[[Dan and Phil|The Amazing Tour Is Not On Fire]]''
| Comedy
| October 5, 2016
|-
|''[[Dan and Phil|Dan and Phil's Story of TATINOF]]''
| Documentary
| October 5, 2016
|-
| ''Vlogumentary''
| Documentary
| October 26, 2016
|-
| ''[[Gigi Gorgeous|Gigi Gorgeous: This is Everything]]''
| Documentary
| February 8, 2017
|-
|''[[Lindsey Stirling|Lindsey Stirling: Brave Enough]]''
| Documentary
| May 17, 2017
|-
| ''Inventerprise''
| Documentary
| August 1, 2017
|-
| ''[[Katy Perry|Katy Perry: Will You Be My Witness]]''
| Documentary
| October 4, 2017
|-
|''[[Demi Lovato: Simply Complicated|Demi Lovato: Simply Complicated – Director's Cut]]''
| Documentary
| December 18, 2017
|-
| ''One Shot''
| Dance special
| February 15, 2018
|-
| ''Tyler Shields: Provocateur''
| Documentary
| February 22, 2018
|-
| ''DIY GIANT Birthday Cake''
| Comedy
| May 9, 2018
|-
| ''Act III: Motte''
| Documentary
| September 5, 2018
|-
| ''[[Paul McCartney|Paul McCartney: Live From NYC]]''
| Concert
| September 7, 2018
|-
| ''[[The Price of Free]]''
| Documentary
| November 27, 2018
|-
| ''[[Burn the Stage: The Movie]]''
| Documentary
| January 18, 2019
|-
| ''[[Logic (rapper)|Band Together with Logic]]''
| Music documentary
| March 15, 2019
|-
| ''[[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas: If I Could Just Tell You One Thing]]''
| Documentary
| March 27, 2019
|-
| ''[[The Boy Band Con: The Lou Pearlman Story]]''
| Documentary
| April 3, 2019
|-
| ''[[State of Pride]]''
| Documentary
| May 29, 2019
|-
| ''[[Maluma (singer)|Maluma: Lo Que Era, Lo Que Soy, Lo Que Sere]]''
| Documentary
| June 5, 2019
|-
| ''Stonewall Outloud ''
| Documentary
| June 28, 2019
|-
| ''The Deported''
| Documentary
| July 17, 2019
|-
| ''[[Taylor Swift|Taylor Swift: Lover's Lounge]]''
| Concert
| August 22, 2019
|-
| ''[[Claire Wineland|Claire]]''
| Documentary
| September 2, 2019
|-
| ''Straight Up Punjab''
| Concert
| October 5, 2019
|-
| ''[[Mark Ronson|How To Be: Mark Ronson]]''
| Documentary
| October 12, 2019
|-
| ''Virtually History: The Berlin Wall''
| Documentary
| November 6, 2019
|-
| ''[[Johnny Cash|The Gift: The Journey Of Johnny Cash]]''
| Documentary
| November 11, 2019
|-
| ''[[Everyday Life (Coldplay album)|Coldplay: Everyday Life - Live in Jordan]]''
| Concert
| November 22, 2019
|-
| ''The Edge Of Science: How To Levitate''
| Documentary
| December 10, 2019
|-
| ''[[Drill music|Terms And Conditions: A U.K Drill Story]]''
| Documentary
| February 26, 2020
|-
|''Birthday Song - [[Lewis Capaldi]]''
|Documentary
|March 24, 2020
|-
| ''[[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella: 20 Years in the Desert]]''
| Documentary
| April 10, 2020
|-
| ''[[MrBeast|The Creator Games]]''
| Reality competition
| April 25, 2020
|-
| ''#MoveWithMe''
| Dance special
| April 29, 2020
|-
| ''Stream #WithMe''
| Livestream
| April 30, 2020
|-
| ''[[Dude Perfect|Dude Perfect: Backstage Pass]]''
| Documentary
| May 11, 2020
|-
| ''[[Dear Class of 2020]]''
| Virtual commencement
| June 7, 2020
|-
| ''[[Bear Witness, Take Action]]''
| Special
| June 13, 2020
|-
| ''Paper Children''
| Documentary
| June 25, 2020
|-
| ''UHC: Ultimate Home Championship''
| Sports special
| June 26, 2020
|-
| ''[[David Blaine#Ascension (2020)|David Blaine Ascension]]''
| Special
| September 2, 2020
|-
| ''[[Paris Hilton|This Is Paris]]''
| Documentary
| September 14, 2020
|-
| ''YouChoose 2020''
| Special
| October 6, 2020
|-
| ''Trapped: Cash Bail In America''
| Documentary
| October 12, 2020
|-
| ''[[MrBeast|The Creator Games 2]]''
| Reality competition
| October 17, 2020
|-
| ''HBCU Homecoming 2020: Meet Me On The Yard''
| Livestream
| October 24, 2020
|-
| ''[[Justin Bieber|Justin Bieber: Next Chapter]]''
| Documentary
| October 30, 2020
|-
| ''[[Anne-Marie|How To Be Anne-Marie]]''
| Documentary
| November 12, 2020
|-
| ''[[Wizkid|A Day In The Live: WizKid]]''
| Livestream
| November 19, 2020
|-
| ''[[Bear Witness, Take Action|Bear Witness, Take Action 2: Continuing The Movement]]''
| Special
| December 5, 2020
|-
| ''[[Life in a Day 2020]]''<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Video: YouTube Originals Debuts First-Look Trailer of "Life in a Day 2020"|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2021/01/25/video-youtube-originals-debuts-first-look-trailer-of-life-in-a-day-2020-594503/20210125youtube01/|publisher=[[YouTube]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
| Documentary
| February 6, 2021
|-
| ''Black Renaissance''<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Black Renaissance" Featuring President and Mrs. Obama, Jason Reynolds, Shantell Martin, and Tobe Nwigwe|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2021/01/28/youtube-originals-announces-black-renaissance-featuring-president-and-mrs-obama-jason-reynolds-shantell-martin-and-tobe-nwigwe-148111/20210128youtube01/|publisher=[[YouTube]]|via=[[The Futon Critic]]|date=January 28, 2021}}</ref>
| Special
| February 26, 2021
|-
| ''Vax Live''
| Live concert
| May 8, 2021
|-
| ''Beauty Fest''
| Livestream
| May 14, 2021
|-
| ''Raise Your Game''
| Documentary
| June 8, 2021
|-
| ''YouTube Pride 2021''
| Livestream
| June 25, 2021
|-
| ''Recipe For Change''
| Documentary
| June 30, 2021
|-
| ''World Debut''
| Documentary
| July 7, 2021
|-
| ''Barbershop Medicine''
| Documentary
| July 29, 2021
|-
| ''I Promise''
| Documentary
| September 28, 2021
|-
| ''Dear Earth''
| Livestream
| October 23, 2021
|-
| ''Brave Mission: Rewild the Planet''
| Documentary
| October 27, 2021
|-
| ''TED Countdown''
| Livestream
| October 30, 2021
|-
| ''Tom Petty: Somewhere You Feel Free''
| Documentary
| November 11, 2021
|-
| ''A Day in the Live: Camilo''
| Livestream
| November 15, 2021
|-
| ''Home Courts''
| Reality
| December 16, 2021
|-
| ''Recipe For Change: Standing Up To Antisemitism''
| Documentary
| April 14, 2022
|-
| ''Terms and Conditions: Deeper Than Drill''
| Documentary
| May 4, 2022
|-
| ''Recipe For Change: Amplifying Black Women''
| Documentary
| May 19, 2022
|-
| ''Beauty Fest 2022''
| Livestream
| June 16, 2022
|-
| ''[[The Letter: A Message for our Earth]]''
| Documentary
| October 4, 2022
|-
|}

===Acquisitions===
{| class="wikitable" sortable style="width:100%"
! Title
! Genre
! Release date
|-
| ''[[Kedi (2016 film)|Kedi]]''
| Documentary
| May 10, 2017
|-
| ''King of the Dancehall''
| Drama
| August 2, 2017
|-
| ''[[G-Funk (film)|G-Funk]]''
| Documentary
| July 11, 2018
|-
|''[[Bodied]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| November 28, 2018
|-
| ''[[Museum (2018 film)|Museum]]''
| Drama
| December 19, 2018
|-
|}

==Canceled projects==
{| class="wikitable" sortable style="width:100%"
! style="width:33%;"| Title
! style="width:33%;"| Genre
! style="width:33%;"| Stage of production reached
|-
| Untitled ''[[The Edge of Seventeen]]'' spin-off series<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|title='Edge of Seventeen' TV Spinoff Set at YouTube (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/edge-seventeen-tv-spinoff-set-at-youtube-1109937|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 9, 2018|access-date=May 10, 2018|language=en|archive-date=May 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509215636/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/edge-seventeen-tv-spinoff-set-at-youtube-1109937|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Comedy
| Pilot produced<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderton|first=Ethan|title='Edge of Seventeen' TV Series Not Moving Forward at YouTube|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/edge-of-seventeen-series-canceled/|work=[[/Film]]|date=May 20, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=May 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528200958/https://www.slashfilm.com/edge-of-seventeen-series-canceled/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Ann Ziety Show''
| Kids & family
| Previously in development<ref name="Kids & Family 2022">{{Cite web|title=YouTube Unveils Slate of New Kids and Family Originals, Including 'Tab Time' Season 2 and Animated Series From Lilly Singh|url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-kids-family-originals-lilly-singh-tab-time-1235264989/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 13, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2022|language=en|archive-date=May 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513150221/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-kids-family-originals-lilly-singh-tab-time-1235264989/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bob The Train''
| Kids & family
| Previously in development<ref name="Kids & Family 2022"/>
|-
| ''The Magic Cookbook''
| Kids & family
| Previously in development<ref name="Kids & Family 2022"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.youtube.com/originals}}

{{YouTube Red}}
{{YouTube Red films and documentaries}}
{{YouTube navigation}}
{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:YouTube original programming| ]]
[[Category:YouTube Premium original programming| ]]
[[Category:YouTube-related lists|Original programming]]
[[Category:Lists of television series by streaming service|YouTube Red]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners for Tamil

2026-02-16T18:08:58Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to authors of outstanding works in 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Ma. Kamalavelan || ''Antoniyin Attukkutti'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2011 || [[M. L. Thangappa]] || ''Cholak Kollai Bommai'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || K. M. Kothandam || ''Kattukkulle Isaivizha'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2013 || Revathy (E.S. Hariharan) || ''Pavalam Thantha Parisu'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Era Natarasan]] || ''Vigghana Vikramaathithan Kathaikal'' || Stories || <ref name=" Bal Sahithya Akademi winner dedicates award to book-loving children ">{{cite web | url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/bal-sahitya-akademi-winner-dedicates-award-to-bookloving-children/article6349363.ece| title= Bal Sahithya Akademi winner dedicates award to book-loving children | work= The Hindu |year=2014| access-date= 29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Sella Ganapathy || ''Thedal Vettai'' || Poetry || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Kuzha. Kathiresan || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2017 || Velu Saravanan || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2018 || Kriungai Sethupathy || ''Siragu Mulaitha Yaanai'' || Poetry || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Devi Nachiappan (Deivanai) || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2020 || Yes. Balabharathi || ''Marappachi Sonna Rahasiyam'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2021 || Mu. Murugesh || ''Ammavukku Magal Sonna Ulagin Mudhal Kadhai'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2022 || G. Meenakshi || ''Malligavin Veedu'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Udayasankar || ''Aadhanin Bommai'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Yuma Vasuki || ''Thanviyin Piranthanal'' || Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Vishnupuram Saravanan || ''Otrai Siragu Oviya'' || Novel ||<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vishnupuram-saravanan-bags-sahitya-akademis-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-for-tamil/article69710257.ece Vishnupuram Saravanan bags Sahitya Akademi’s Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 for Tamil தி இந்து, 19 சூன், 2025]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Subodh Patnaik (theatre director)

2026-02-12T02:55:17Z

PorterStowell75: small adjusted structure for consistency and improved wording for accuracy

{{distinguish|text=Odia film Scriptwriter [[Subodh Patnaik]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subodh Patnaik
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|02|01}}
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Odisha]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| spouse = Mamata Pradhan
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Theatre director]], [[Playwright]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]]
| years_active = 1986-present
| known_for = [[Folk play|Indian Folk Drama]]
| notable_works =
| website ={{URL|http://natyachetana.in|Official website}}
}}
'''Subodh Patnaik''' ({{langx|or|ସୁବୋଧ ପଟନାଏକ}}) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[theatre director]] and [[playwright]] from [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/theatre-personality-subodh-patnaik-calls-for-more-attention-to-indian-folk-drama/|title=Theatre Personality Subodh Patnaik Calls For More Attention To Indian Folk Drama|last=Bureau|first=O. B.|date=2018-08-03|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> He is the founder of [[Bhubaneswar]]-based theatre group [[Natya Chetana]] and theatre village '' 'Natya Grama' ''.Patnaik is the only theatre personality from [[Odisha]] to tour all the continents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/a-pioneer-in-theatre/article3839107.ece|title=A pioneer in theatre|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|date=2012-08-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singha |first=Minati |date=13 October 2015 |title=Natya Chetana presents 'Abu' in NE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Natya-Chetana-presents-Abu-in-NE/articleshow/49334628.cms |access-date=2019-01-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Puri]] in 1964, to veterinary Dr Pramod Chandra Patnaik and Dr Sashi Prava Patnaik. He was graduated from the [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]] in [[Odisha]]. He had a knowledge about street theatre, so he had gone [[New Delhi]] to learn prior to 1986. After return from [[New Delhi]], he formed the theatre group [[Natya Chetana]] on 10 November 1986. Most of his [[Play (theatre)|Play]] based on social awareness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/art-culture/drama/provoking-thought-plays/|title=Provoking thought with his plays|date=2016-06-12|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

==Career==
He has formed [[Natya Chetana]], a theatre group consisting of total of 25 artists of which 18 are men and 7 women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/natya-chetana-dramas-bridge-odisha-bengal.html|title=Natya Chetana dramas bridge Odisha, Bengal|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> A theatre village is also established by this 25-year old group called [[Natya Garma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/odishas-unique-theatre-village/15913554.shtml|title=Odisha's unique 'theatre village'|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> His play ''"Sindhi"'' was premiered on 9 June 2016 in [[Kalikasthan, Achham]] at [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/art-culture/drama/stairs-of-life/|title=Stairs of life|date=2016-06-12|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> ''"Ramleela"'' a mythological play inspired by [[Ramayana]] performed with his group at Bhanja Kala mandap, [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latestodishanews.com/ramalila-performed-bhanja-kala-mandap-natya-chetana/|title=Ramalila performed at Bhanja Kala Mandap by Natya Chetana|last=Bureau|first=Latest Odisha News|date=2016-08-12|website=Latest Odisha News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

==International tour==
Patnaik took part in an international street theatre festival in [[Belgium]]. The same year, he went with his troupe to attend the 8th World Theatre Congress held at Paris, France. He has been participating the congress since 1995 is organised by the International Drama, Theatre and Education Association. Previous sessions of the congress were held in Australia, Kenya, Norway, Canada, Hong Kong and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/thespian-attends-theatre-congress/cid/272962|title=Thespian attends theatre congress|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

==Accolades==
* Patnaik received Rishikesh Chattopadhya Smruti Samman by theatre group named Gobardanga Rupantar, [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/natya-chetana-dramas-bridge-odisha-bengal.html|title=Natya Chetana dramas bridge Odisha, Bengal|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>

==Playography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Stage
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Source
|-
|2015
| Abu
| Purvottar National Theatre Festival
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Natya-Chetana-presents-Abu-in-NE/articleshow/49334628.cms|title='Abu' in NE|last=Singha|first=Minati|date=31 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Nian (The Fire)
| Annapurna Rangamancha(Puri) and Nalco Auditorium (Bhubaneswar)
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/theatre-space-goes-beyond-stage/cid/1507630|title=Theatre space goes beyond stage|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Subodh}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Puri]]

Dariyamau

2026-02-11T01:30:44Z

PorterStowell75: new...

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''Dariyamau''', also spelt '''Dariya-Mau''', is a village of Vijayipur block in [[Khaga]] [[Tahsil]] in [[Fatehpur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a village in Allahabad Division. It is {{convert|114|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dariya Mau Village Population - Khaga - Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/157504-dariya-mau-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Its area is {{convert|250.11|ha|acre}} of which {{convert|95.6|ha|acre}} is used to pass the canal that is part of the Ramganga Canal channel. {{convert|48.29|ha|acre}} is unirrigated land. {{convert|38.30|ha|acre}} is the area that is not cultivable. It is an agriculturally rich area surrounded by roads. It is situated beside the Dampur-Khaga Road. Nearby villages are Jayrampur Gurgaula, Bhuruhi, Rakshpalpur, Kanpurwa. Hardaspur Sarafan [{{convert|1|km|mi}}], Gursandi [{{convert|1|km|mi}}], Andmau [{{convert|2|km|mi}}], Bhadauha [{{convert|3|km|mi}}], Chachinda [{{convert|3|km|mi}}] are the nearby Villages to Dariya Mau. Dariya Mau is surrounded by Vijayipur Tehsil towards North, Sirathu Tehsil towards East, Airayan Tehsil towards North, Sarsawan Tehsil towards south. Khaga, Fatehpur, Lal Gopalganj Nindaura, Chitrakoot, Rae Bareli, Allahabad, Kanpur are the nearby cities to Dariya Mau.

==Population==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Its total population is 2131, out of which 1124 are male and 1007 are females (census 2011). Of this population 951 are scheduled caste people, making it qualify for Ambedekar village scheme. It is populated with the Hindu and Muslim religion, with no other religion present. Hinduism is the majority religion, including the following castes: [[Sunar]], Kumhar, Tewari, Pandey, Shukla, Trivedi, Mishra, Teli, Gadariya, Nauva, Gupta, Kurmi, Chamar, Pasi, Khatik, Domar, Lohar, Bhat, and Dhobi.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Facilities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
It has a Government Primary school and two [[Anganwadi]]s. There is one Private school of Primary Level. It has [[Bank of Baroda|Bank Of Baroda]] (IFSC code: BARB0DARFAT, MICR code: 212012055)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ifscdirectory.com/bob/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur/dariyamau/dariyamau-dist.-fatehpur-up-barb0darfat| title= Bank Of Baroda Dariyamau, Dist. Fatehpur, Up Fatehpur Branch IFSC/MICR Code Details|accessdate=2023-02-19 }}</ref> as a main bank of the area. It has UP Swasthya Kendra and a Panchayat Bhawan along the Khaga Dampur road. It has very old Jewellary shops. Its roadside area organize Two weekly Market. Local Sweets, cloth Stitching facility, Cement shop, Medical Store, Grinding Shop and several other daily need goods and services are available. Its nearby Intermediate College is Chaudhary Shiv Sahay Singh Inter College Jairampur, Fatehpur. There is a degree college in Jairampur.

==Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
It has an elected [[Gram Sabha]] and a record of successful electoral processes. Its Ex-Pradhan [[Gram Pradhan]] was (up to 01/12/2015) Mrs. Rani Tewari whose husband was also Gram Pradhan. Its new village head is Mrs. Nanbitti Nirmal, wife of Mr. Rambishun Nirmal from December 2015.

== How to reach ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
It is connected by road from two sides. One may catch a Bus from Saini, Near the [[Allahabad]] and come to Dhata and then to Dariyamau. Other option is to reach from Khaga which is both on Railway route of [[Delhi]]-[[Howrah]] and National Highway no. 2. From Khaga bus move either from vijayipur Side or from Khairae Side. Distance from the Khaga to Dariyamau is [{{convert|17|km|mi}}]. and from Dhata to Dariyamau is [{{convert|18|km|mi}}].

Nearby railway station is Khaga.

Postal Details are:

Dariyamau, Post - Khakhredu, Tahsil - Khaga, District - Fatehpur, State - Uttar Pradesh, India- 212656.

Std code: 05182

==Nearby==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
Jairampur is nearby, with a British Period School named Chaudhary Shiv Sahay Singh Inter college established on 8 July 1939. A full-time water canal is a backbone of agriculture. Saidpur Bhuruhi is a forest area with a variety of plants and animals along with a river flowing through. The forest area is decreasing due awareness among locals. Kanpurwa, also nearby, is where a British colonial-era revenue collection was run; the facility, named Kothi, still exists. Local markets are Rakshapal Pur and Khakhredu. Khakhredu has a police station, post office, and health facilities. A community health center is there in Khakhredu and Hardo Near Khaga. Khaga is ancient place that had patriots who fought for the freedom of India. It is the birthplace of Thakur Dariyav Singh, the great freedom fighter. Khaga also has Kotwali (subdivision) and Tahsil. For education up to the intermediate level, good colleges are available but for higher studies people prefer to go to Allahabad and Kanpur.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*[https://fatehpur.nic.in/]

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehpur district]]

Rising People's Party

2026-02-10T16:25:42Z

PorterStowell75: adding data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Rising People's Party logo.jpg|thumb|Nagaland]]
The '''Rising People's Party''' (RPP) is a political party of [[Nagaland]], India founded by Joel Naga in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mokokchungtimes.com/non-indigenous-gb-appointment-row-dimapur-gb-association-issues-show-cause-notice-to-rpps-joel-naga/|title=Non-indigenous GB appointment row: Dimapur GB Association issues show cause notice to RPP's Joel Naga |date=6 October 2023|website=MokokchungTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-06-08 |title=Nagaland's Youngest Political Party - The Rising People's Party {{sic|Officia|ly|nolink=y}} Registered With ECI |url=https://www.nagasconnect.com/state-news/17160/nagalands-youngest-political-party-the-rising-peoples-party-officialy-registered-with-eci |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Nagaland News and Info - NagasConnect.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The motto of the party is "For Freedom and Democracy". The party seeks autonomy and federal status for Nagaland. RPP supported [[S. Supongmeren Jamir]] of [[Indian National Congress]] during the [[2024 Lok Sabha election]], and the Party is allied with the Congress party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/only-superman-jamir-can-stand-for-nagas-rights-in-parliament-aicc-gs-surjewala-at-dimapur-rally/|title=Only 'superman' Jamir can stand for Nagas' rights in Parliament: AICC GS Surjewala at Dimapur rally|date=16 April 2024|website=Nagaland Tribune}}</ref> In the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023 Legislative Assembly election]], the party fielded a single candidate in [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyu district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Win or lose RPP is here to stay: Joel Naga |url=https://morungexpress.com/win-or-lose-rpp-is-here-to-stay-joel-naga |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref> In 2024, the party indicated support for maintaining the free movement regime and opposed the construction of fencing along the [[India–Myanmar border]] as divisive for ethnic groups of the Northeast.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-24 |title=Nagaland: Rising People's Party Opposes Scrapping Of FMR |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/nagaland-rising-peoples-party-opposes-scrapping-of-fmr/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Ukhrul Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Nagaland]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Sachin Dhas

2026-01-25T21:13:04Z

PorterStowell75:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sachin Dhas
| full_name = Sachin Sanjay Dhas
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|2|3|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Beed district|Beed]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
| club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year1 = 2023/24–present
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 1
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[First class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 290
| bat avg1 = 24.16
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 98
| deliveries1 = 12
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = -
| fivefor1 = -
| tenfor1 = -
| best bowling1 = -
| catches/stumpings1 = 13/–

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sachin-dhas-1408683 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 25 January
| year = 2026
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2024 South Africa]]}}
}}
'''Sachin Sanjay Dhas''' (born 3 February 2005) is an Indian [[Cricket|cricketer]]. He is a right handed [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] and right-arm [[Off spin|off break bowler]]. Dhas represents [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in domestic cricket.

==Early life==
Born to Surekha and Sanjay Dhas, he comes from [[Beed district]] in [[Maharashtra]]. He was named after [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. He showed promise in cricket for an early age and by the age of 16 years-old he was playing for Maharashtra U19.<ref name="oly">{{cite web|url= https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-sachin-dhas-india-cricket-team|website=Olympics.com|accessdate=27 September 2024|title= Sachin Dhas: Tendulkar’s namesake a future star of Indian cricket|date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
He played for [[India national under-19 cricket team|India]] U19 at the [[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] where he helped them to reach the final, scoring 96 in the semi-final against South Africa U19 from 95 balls, having previously hit 116 against Nepal U19.<ref>{{cite web|title=Musheer Khan, Uday Saharan, Sachin Dhas, Saumy Pandey named in U19 World Cup Team of the Tournament|accessdate=27 September 2024|website=aninews|url=
https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/musheer-khan-uday-saharan-sachin-dhas-saumy-pandey-named-in-u19-world-cup-team-of-the-tournament20240212235950/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 February 2024|title= From Beed to Benoni— the incredible journey of Sachin|url= https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/from-beed-to-benoni-the-incredible-journey-of-sachin/article67824091.ece/amp/ |website=The Hindu.com|accessdate=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="krishnan"/> He was subsequently named in the team-of-the tournament, having scored 303 runs in sevens matches with his strike rate of 116.53 the highest of the top ten run scorers.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/cricket/story/u19-world-cup-2024-musheer-khan-sachin-dhas-indians-icc-team-of-the-tournament-2501077-2024-02-12|website=India Today|accessdate=27 September 2024|title= U19 World Cup 2024: Musheer Khan, Sachin Dhas among 4 Indians in ICC's Team of the Tournament|date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="oly"/>

He made his first class debut for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] against [[Services cricket team]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] in February 2024.<ref> {{cite web|website=espncricinfo|accessdate=27 September 2024|title= Elite, Group A, Delhi, MAHA VS. SVCS|date=February 16, 2024|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2023-24-1383414/services-vs-maharashtra-elite-group-a-1383802/full-scorecard}}</ref><ref name="oly"/>

==Personal life==
His father works for the Maharashtra health department and his mother is an Assistant Police Inspector in the Maharashtra Police. Both parents played [[Kabbadi]].<ref name="krishnan">{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-u-19-world-cup-sachin-dhas-short-batting-stints-short-ball-barrage-no-problem-101707317888021.html|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=27 September 2024|title= ICC U-19 World Cup: Sachin Dhas - short batting stints, short-ball barrage, no problem|first=Vivek|last=Krishnan|date=Feb 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="oly"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/who-sachin-dhas-india-win-south-africa-u19-world-cup-semi/f0f1f694b5039736e2e1d720|website=Sporting News|accessdate=27 September 2024|title=Who is Sachin Dhas? The batter who inspired India's comeback win over South Africa in U19 World Cup semi-final|date=6 February 2024|first=Mohit |last=Khakhar}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhas, Sachin}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Uttar Pradesh women's football team

2026-01-04T20:09:01Z

PorterStowell75: made initial article more to come...

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Uttar Pradesh football team}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=September 2025}}
{{One source|date=September 2025}}
{{Third-party|date=September 2025}}{{notability|1=Sport|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Uttar Pradesh
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Uttar Pradesh women's football team
| nickname =
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owner = [[Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Ravi Kumar Punia]]
| captain =
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = Semi-finals
| current = 2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = 000000
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
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| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = DC343B
| body2 = DC343B
| rightarm2 = DC343B
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| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.the-aiff.com/association/523 |title= Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian state football associations]]
* [[Football in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Anil Joshi (poet)

2025-12-31T07:57:48Z

PorterStowell75: put up info!

{{Short description|Indian writer (1940–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anil R. Joshi
| image = Anil Joshi 01.jpg
| caption = Joshi in 2005
| birth_name = Anil Ramanath Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], [[Gondal State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|2|26|1940|7|28}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Poet, essayist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period = Modern [[Gujarati literature]]
| genres = [[Geet (song)|Geet]], [[Free Verse]], [[Ghazal]], [[Essay]]
| subjects =
| movement = Re Math
| notableworks ={{plainlist|
* ''Kadach'' (1970)
* ''Barafna Pankhi'' (1981)
* ''Statue'' (1988)}}
| spouse = {{married|Bharati Joshi|1975}}
| children = Sanket (son) 
Rachna (daughter)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1990)
| signature = Signature autograph of Poet Anil Joshi.jpg
| years_active = 1961–2025
| website =
}}

'''Anil Ramanath Joshi''' (28 July 1940 – 26 February 2025) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet and essayist from [[Gujarat]]. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati]] in 1990 for his essay collection ''Statue'' (1988).<ref name="Firstpost 2015">{{cite web | title=Gujarat-based writer Anil Joshi to return Sahitya Akademi award | website=Firstpost | date=12 October 2015 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarat-based-writer-anil-joshi-to-return-sahitya-akademi-award-2465950.html | accessdate=23 May 2016 | archive-date=12 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512110803/http://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarat-based-writer-anil-joshi-to-return-sahitya-akademi-award-2465950.html | url-status=live }}</ref> His significant works include ''Kadach'' (1970; Collection of poems), ''Barafna Pankhi'' (1981; Collection of poems) and ''Pavan Ni Vyaspithe'' (1988; Collection of Essay).<ref name="Anil Joshi, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">{{cite web | title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: અનિલ જોશી, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ | website=Anil Joshi, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad | url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Anil-Joshi.html | language=gu | accessdate=23 May 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201816/http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Anil-Joshi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:H K Arts College Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|left|H K Arts College in Ahmedabad where Joshi studied]]
Joshi was born on 28 July 1940 in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] to Ramanath and Tarabahen. His father was a high-level officer in the education department. He completed his schooling in Gondal and [[Morbi]]. He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1964 from the U. N. Mehta Arts College, [[Morbi]], and H. K. Arts College, [[Ahmedabad]], in [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati]] and [[Sanskrit literature]]. He received his [[Master of Arts]] in 1966 from the Arts and Commerce College, [[Modasa]], and the School of Languages located at the [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad.<ref name="Anil Joshi, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad"/><ref name= "aj">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=84–90|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

Joshi married Bharatiben on 15 July 1975, and had a son and a daughter, Sanket and Rachna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Renowned Gujarati poet and essayist Anil Joshi passes away at 85 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarati-poet-essayist-anil-joshi-passes-away-9858026/lite/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Poet Anil Joshi.jpg|thumb|left|Joshi at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao, Goa on 19 November 2016]]

Joshi started his career as a teacher of Gujarati at My Own High School, [[Himatnagar]] in 1962. He served as a teacher at K. K. Parekh Vidyalay, [[Amreli]] from 1968 to 1969. From 1971 to 1976, he served as a personal assistant of [[Vadilal Dagli]], an editor of ''Commerce''. During 1976 to 1977, he worked as a co-editor at Parichay Trust, and in 1977, he joined the Language Development Project of [[Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] and served there until his retirement as an Adviser of Gujarati language.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature) |title=Joshi Anil Ramanath |language=Gujarati |year=1990 |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |volume=2 |location=Ahmedabad |page=136 }}</ref>

In 1962, his poem "Parigho" ("Circumferences") published for the first time in ''[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]]'', a Gujarati literary magazine. He was associated with "Re Math", a modernist literary movement in Gujarati. When his father was transferred to Amreli, he met [[Ramesh Parekh]]. They became very close friends.<ref name="aj" />

He died in [[Mumbai]] on 26 February 2025, at the age of 84.<ref name="Raja 2025">{{cite web |last=Raja|first=Aditi|title=Renowned Gujarati poet and essayist Anil Joshi passes away at 85|website=The Indian Express|date=26 February 2025|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarati-poet-essayist-anil-joshi-passes-away-9858026/|access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://chitralekha.com/news/gujarati-essayist-and-poet-anil-joshi-passes-away-in-mumbai/ ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય જગતમાં પડી ખોટ, નિબંધકાર અને કવિ અનિલ જોશીનું નિધન] {{in lang|gu}}</ref>

== Works ==
''Kadach'' (''May Be''), his first anthology of poems, was published in 1970, followed by ''Ame Barafna Pankhi'' (1981) and ''Paniman Ganth Padi Joi'' (2012). He worked in different genres of poetry such as [[Geet (song)|Geet]], [[free verse]] and [[Ghazal]]s. But he is mainly noted in [[Gujarati literature]] for his contribution in Geet. ''Statue'' (1988) and ''Pavan Ni Vyaspithe'' (1988) are his essay collections.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trived |first=Dr. Ramesh M. |year=2015 |title=Arvachin Gujarati Sahityano Itihas (History of Modern Gujarati Literature) |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Adarsh Publication |pages=349–350 |isbn=978-93-82593-88-1 }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Joshi received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati]] in 1990 for his essay collection ''Statue'' (1988);<ref name="Firstpost 2015"/> however he announced in October 2015 that he would [[List of writers who have returned the Sahitya Akademi Award|return the award]] over the killing of rationalist [[M. M. Kalburgi]] and others.<ref name="dna 2015">{{cite web | title=Another Gujarat-based writer Anil Joshi to return Sahitya Akademi award | website=dna | date=12 October 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-gujarat-based-writer-anil-joshi-to-return-sahitya-akademi-award-2134246 | accessdate=24 May 2016 | archive-date=14 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114172734/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-gujarat-based-writer-anil-joshi-to-return-sahitya-akademi-award-2134246 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Anil R.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Modernist poets]]
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]

List of Women's T20 Challenge Players

2025-10-31T14:29:16Z

PorterStowell75: added some pg w/ refs...

{{Short description|List of cricketers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

The following is a complete list of cricketers who have played in the [[Women's T20 Challenge]], listed by team. The competition featured three sides — [[Supernovas (Women's T20 Challenge)|Supernovsas]], [[Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)|Trailblazers]], and [[Velocity (Women's T20 Challenge)|Velocity]] — that participated between 2018 and 2022.

==Supernovas==
'''Supernovas''' were an Indian cricket team that used to play [[Women's Twenty20|Women's Twenty20 cricket]] in the [[Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibition T20 aspires to lay a little foundation for a Women's IPL |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/102152/exhibition-t20-aspires-to-lay-a-little-foundation-stone-for-a-womens-ipl |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> The team played seven Women's Twenty20 matches between 2019 and 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WT20 matches played by Supernovas |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/42/42852/Womens_Twenty20_Matches.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> having previously played a one-off match without WT20 status in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Miscellaneous matches played by IPL Supernovas |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/42/42852/Womens_Miscellaneous_Matches.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons.

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Taniya Bhatia]] (2018–2022)
*[[Venkateshappa Chandu]] (2022)
*[[Harleen Deol]] (2022)
*[[Sophie Devine]] (2018–2019)
*[[Deandra Dottin]] (2022)
*[[Sophie Ecclestone]] (2022)
*[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] (2018)
*[[Chamari Athapaththu]] (2019–2020/21)
*[[Mansi Joshi]] (2022)
*[[Rashi Kanojiya]] (2022)
*[[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (2018–2022)
*[[Ayabonga Khaka]] (2020/21)
*[[Alana King]] (2022)
*[[Veda Krishnamurthy]] (2018)
*[[Meg Lanning]] (2018)
*[[Sune Luus]] (2022)
*[[Meghna Singh]] (2022)
*[[Mona Meshram]] (2018)
*[[Anuja Patil]] (2018–2020/21)
*[[Ellyse Perry]] (2018)
*[[Priya Punia]] (2019–2022)
*[[Mithali Raj]] (2018)
*[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (2019–2020/21)
*[[Megan Schutt]] (2018)
*[[Natalie Sciver-Brunt]] (2019)
*[[Shakera Selman]] (2020/21)
*[[Shashikala Siriwardene]] (2020/21)
*[[Lea Tahuhu]] (2019)
*[[Pooja Vastrakar]] (2018–2022)
*[[Danni Wyatt]] (2018)
*[[Poonam Yadav]] (2019–2020/21)
*[[Radha Yadav]] (2019–2020/21)
{{Div col end}}

==Trailblazers==
'''Trailblazers''' were an Indian cricket team that used to play [[Women's Twenty20|Women's Twenty20 cricket]] in the [[Women's T20 Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibition T20 aspires to lay a little foundation for a Women's IPL |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/102152/exhibition-t20-aspires-to-lay-a-little-foundation-stone-for-a-womens-ipl |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> The team played seven Women's Twenty20 matches between 2019 and 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WT20 matches played by Trailblazers |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/42/42853/Womens_Twenty20_Matches.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> having previously played a one-off match without WT20 status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Miscellaneous matches played by IPL Trailblazers |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/42/42853/Womens_Miscellaneous_Matches.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons.

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Suzie Bates]] (2018–2019)
*[[Ekta Bisht]] (2018)
*[[Natthakan Chantam]] (2020)
*[[Harleen Deol]] (2019–2020)
*[[Deandra Dottin]] (2020)
*[[Sophia Dunkley]] (2022)
*[[Sophie Ecclestone]] (2019–2020)
*[[Bharti Fulmali]] (2019)
*[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] (2019–2022)
*[[Richa Ghosh]] (2020–2022)
*[[Jhulan Goswami]] (2018–2020)
*[[Danielle Hazell]] (2018)
*[[Alyssa Healy]] (2018)
*[[Dayalan Hemalatha]] (2018–2020)
*[[Ravi Kalpana]] (2019)
*[[Smriti Mandhana]] (2018–2022)
*[[Hayley Matthews]] (2022)
*[[Sabbhineni Meghana]] (2022)
*[[Beth Mooney]] (2018)
*[[Shikha Pandey]] (2018)
*[[Nuzhat Parween]] (2020)
*[[Arundhati Reddy]] (2022)
*[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (2022)
*[[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (2018–2022)
*[[Salma Khatun]] (2020–2022)
*[[Shakera Selman]] (2019)
*[[Deepti Sharma]] (2018–2020)
*[[Sharmin Akhter]] (2022)
*[[Lea Tahuhu]] (2018)
*[[Stafanie Taylor]] (2019)
*[[Poonam Yadav]] (2018–2022)
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Women's T20 Challenge]]

Naubat Khana (Red Fort)

2025-10-29T21:18:59Z

PorterStowell75: minor added page per standard format also and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
[[File:Naubatkhana, Red Fort, Delhi - Side view.JPG|thumb|The ''Naubat Khana'' in the Red Fort]]
[[File:Naubat Khana Red Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|The ''Naubat Khana'' and the courtyard, before its destruction in the 1850s by the British colonialists]]
The '''''Naubat Khana''''', or ''Naqqar Khana'', is the drum house that stands at the entrance between the outer and inner court at the [[Red Fort]] in [[Old Delhi]]. It is believed by some historians to be the site of the assassinations of Mughal emperors [[Jahandar Shah]] and [[Farrukhsiyar]] in the early 18th century. The gate earned its name from the practice of requiring all but royal princes to dismount their elephants here before proceeding into the inner complex. Today, the gate houses the [[Indian War Memorial Museum]], while its architectural grandeurmarked by red sandstone walls, floral carvings, and painted interiors continues to reflect the [[Mughal architecture]].

== History ==
Some historians believe that the later [[Mughal emperors]] [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712–13) and [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–19) were [[assassinated]] here.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Jitender |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/In_Search_of_Delhi/kHAIEQAAQBAJ |title=In Search of Delhi: A Translation of Brij Kishan Chandiwala's Dilli ki Khoj |last2=Sethi |first2=Namita |date=2023-06-19 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-87326-9 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ranjan Kumar |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Islamic_Monuments_of_Delhi/hfalDAAAQBAJ |title=The Islamic Monuments of Delhi |date=2016-07-05 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-7314-6 |language=en}}</ref> The popular name of the gate, ''Hathiyan pol'' or "elephant gate," derives from the tradition that everyone except princes of the royal blood had to dismount from their elephants at this point, before entering further into the inner fort complex.<ref name="ASI"/> The British initially installed the museum of the fort in this gate. It was later moved to the ''Mumtaz Mahal''. The [[Indian War Memorial Museum]] is currently located in the first and second stories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrma |first=Manimugdha S |date=2019-09-15 |title=Delhi: 100-year-old war museum to get new home, name |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/100-yr-old-war-museum-to-get-new-home-name/articleshow/71131421.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The ground plan is a rectangular structure consisting of three large stories. The band gallery is 100 x 80 feet.<ref name="Murray"/> The construction material is [[sandstone|red sandstone]], the surface covered in white ''[[chunam]]'' plaster. The richly carved floral designs on its red sandstone walls appear to have been originally painted with gold. The interior was colourfully painted. Several layers of these paintings can be found at the entrance chamber.<ref name="ASI"/>

The vaulted arcade of the [[Chhatta Chowk]] measures 540 x 360 feet, and ends in the centre of the outer court.<ref name="Murray">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=John |year=1911 |title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon |url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/197 |edition=8th |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink, & Co. |page=197 |isbn=978-1175486417 |accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> The side arcades and central tank were destroyed following the 1857 rebellion. In the east wall of the court lies the ''Naubat Khana'', which was connected to the side arcades. Musicians from the ''Naubat Khana'' would announce the arrival of the emperor and other dignitaries at the court of public audience (''[[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Am]]''). Music was also played five times a day at chosen hours. Many Indian royal palaces have a drum house at the entrance.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_naubat.asp |title=Naubat or Naqqar Khana of Red Fort |year=2011 |website= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref>

== See also ==

* The [[Mumtaz Mahal]] (Hindustani: ممتاز محل, मुमताज़ महल, literally Jewel Palace) is located in the [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]].
*The [[Diwan-i-Am]], or Hall of Audience, is a room in the [[Red Fort]] of [[Delhi]] where the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] (1556 -1605) and his successors received members of the general public and heard their grievances.
*The '''''[[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]]''''' or Palace of Colour is located in the [[Red Fort]], Delhi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
* Koch, Ebba. 1991. Mughal Architecture. Munich: Prestel, 111.
* Mukherji, Anisha Shekhar. 2003. The red fort of Shahjahanabad. Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Tillotson, G.H.R. 1990. Mughal India. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 57–8.

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Coord|28.655774|77.240991|display=title}}

[[Category:Red Fort]]

Srimushnam

2025-10-25T00:05:08Z

PorterStowell75: enhanced formatting per sources additionally and added references

{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Srimushnam
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town Panchayat|Town]]
| image_skyline = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|24|N|79|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srimushnam taluk|Srimushnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.72
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13,971
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TN-91
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Srimushnam''' is a [[town panchayat]], and the headquarters of [[Srimushnam taluk]], in [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The town is sacred to [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]]. It is one of the eight [[Svayam Vyakta Ksetras]] of [[Vaishnavism]], and is known for [[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]], which is dedicated to [[Varaha]], the boar-avatar of [[Vishnu]], and his consort, [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cuddalore.nic.in/tourist-place/bhu-varaha-swamy-temple/|title=Bhu Varaha Swamy temple, Srimushnam, Cuddalore | Cuddalore District, Government of Tamilnadu | Sugar bowl of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=788|title = Bhuvaragaswami Temple : Bhuvaragaswami Temple Details | Bhuvaragaswami- Srimushnam | Tamilnadu Temple | பூவராக சுவாமி}}</ref> The Bhuvaraha temple has been visited by Madhva saint Sri [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] in sixteenth century and is written in his work [[Tirtha Prabandha]]. Jagadguru [[Madhvacharya]] visited Bhuvaraha temple many times and took even Chaturmasya deeksha here. During his Chaturmasya deeksha he created a Dhanda Tirtha, a pond with stick which can be seen even today.

==Geography==
Srimushnam is within Srimushnam taluk, which is in the southern part of Cuddalore district. It covers {{convert|15.72|km2|sqmi}} of land in the southwestern part of the taluk, near the border with [[Ariyalur district]]. Nearby large settlements include [[Virudhachalam]], {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northwest, and [[Chidambaram]], {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east. It is located {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Cuddalore]], the district headquarters, and {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the state capital of [[Chennai]]. The town is within the drainage basin of the [[Vellar River (Northern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar River]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore District Census Handbook (A)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3316_PART_A_DCHB_CUDDALORE.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore District Map|url=https://cuddalore.nic.in/map-of-district/|date=2021-04-21|access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In 2011 Srimushnam had a population of 13,971 people living in 3,277 households. 7,020 (50.2%) of the inhabitants were male, while 6,951 (49.8%) were female. 1,448 children in the town, about 10.4% of the population, were at or below the age of 6. 68.0% of the population was literate, with the male rate of 74.4% higher than the female rate of 61.6%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 18.9% and 0.56% of the population, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore District Census Handbook (B)|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3316_PART_B_DCHB_CUDDALORE.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:Srimushnam (3).jpg|thumb|Srimushnam Bhuvarahaswamy temple]]
Bhu Varaha Swamy temple is a Hindu temple, located at Srimushnam, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Constructed in the Chola style of architecture, the temple is dedicated to Varaha (Bhu Varaha Swamy), the boar-avatar of the god Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi as Ambujavalli Thayar.

The temple had contributions from Medieval Cholas of the 10th century with later expansions by [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]] king [[Achuthappa Nayak]]. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all the shrines and the temple tanks. There is a seven-tiered [[Gopuram|rajagopuram]], the temple’s gateway tower.

Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Chariot festival, celebrated during the Tamil month of Vaikasi (April–May), being the most prominent. The festival also symbolises Hindu-Muslim unity in the region – the flag of the chariot is provided by Muslims; they take offerings from the temple and present to Allah in the mosques. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cuddalore District}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]

Babu M. Palissery

2025-10-16T07:46:19Z

PorterStowell75: cleanup content for clarity and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian politician (1958–2025)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babu M. Palissery
| image = [[File:Babu M Palissery MLA Kunnamkulam.jpg|200px|Babu M Palissery MLA Kunnamkulam]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| constituency_AM = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Thrissur]]
| assembly = Kerala Legislative
| state = Kerala, India
| birth_name = Sankaranarayanan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1958|05|13}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|10|14|1958|05|13}}
| death_place = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = Indira
| children = Akhil Palissery (son) Aswathy Palissery (daughter)
}}

'''Babu M. Palissery''' (13 May 1958 – 14 October 2025) was an Indian politician who was a member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from [[Thrissur]]. He served as a Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kunnamkulam]] constituency. Palissery was elected for two consecutive terms between 2006 and 2011.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4141&Itemid=2608 Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403162034/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4141&Itemid=2608 |date=3 April 2013 }} at kerala.gov.in</ref>

==Life and career==
Babu M. Palisseryn was born in Sankaranarayan on 13 May 1958,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-10-15 |title=Former MLA Babu M Palissery passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/15/former-mla-babu-m-palissery-passes-away-3 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> the eldest son of P. Raman Nair alias Chinnapan Nair and Amminiyamma. He had four siblings named Aniyan, Balaji, Thankamol and Raji. At the age of 38, he married Indira and they had two children, Aswathy and Akhil.

In [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] he beat his opponent by 21,785 votes. In [[2011 Kerala State Legislative Assembly election]] he beat his opponent CP John to become the Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kunnamkulam]] for the second time.

Palisseryn died from complications of Parkinson's disease on 14 October 2025, at the age of 67.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former CPM MLA Babu M Palissery passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/former-mla-cpm-leader-babu-m-palissery-passes-away-rkar2jh3 |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former MLA Babu M Palissery passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/15/former-mla-babu-m-palissery-passes-away-3 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016073958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Oct/15/former-mla-babu-m-palissery-passes-away-3 |archive-date=16 October 2025 |date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palissery, Babu M.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in India]]

{{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Tomb of Firoz Khan

2025-10-12T15:09:02Z

PorterStowell75: made the stub needs work

{{Short description|Mughal tomb in Agra, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{infobox monument
| image = Firoz Khan's Tomb main view.jpg
| caption = Tomb of Firoz Khan
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| designer =
| type = [[Mausoleum]]
| material =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| begin =
| complete =
| open =
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1379|N|78.0020|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| website =
}}
[[File:Firoz Khan's Tomb.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Firoz Khan]]
'''Tomb of Firoz Khan''' is a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[tomb]] in [[Agra]]. It is listed as a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Mausoleum of Firuz Khan |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/4000 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.archnet.org}}</ref>

==History==
Firoz Khan Khwajasara was a nobleman during the reigns of [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]]. He built the tomb for himself during his lifetime, and was buried here upon his death in 1647.<ref name="Akhtar"/>

==Description==
The mausoleum is built entirely out of red sandstone. It has an octagonal plan, with a gateway attached to the eastern side. It is a two storied structure, with the ground floor acting as a subsidiary story containing the actual grave.

The eastern gateway is an imposing double-storied structure. A broad flight of stairs lead to the entrance.<ref>{{cite book |first=R. |last=Nath |url=https://ia600102.us.archive.org/30/items/in.gov.ignca.53270/53270.pdf |title=Taj Mahal: The Evolution of the tomb in Mughal architecture |year=1972 |pages=20}}</ref><ref name="Akhtar">{{cite book|last=Akhtar|first=Salim Javed|url=https://archive.org/details/MughalCityOfAgraAndItsEnvirons|title=Mughal City of Agra and its Environs, An Archaeological Survey|pages=155–158}}</ref>

The tomb was set in a garden, with a tank towards its east.<ref name="Akhtar" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs|Firoz_Khan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]