https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PolarishealthcareBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T03:22:47ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desi_Kalakaar&diff=549319Desi Kalakaar2026-05-14T08:27:45Z<p>Polarishealthcare: done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2014 album by Yo Yo Honey Singh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Desi Kalakaar<br />
| cover = Desi Kalakaar.jpg<br />
| caption = Official album cover<br />
| type = studio<br />
| artist = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| released = 26 August 2014<br />
| recorded = 2014<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[pop rap]], [[hip-hop]], [[trap music|trap]], [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]<br />
| length = 29:38<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| language = Punjabi, Hindi, English<br />
| producer = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| prev_title = [[International Villager]]<br />
| prev_year = 2011<br />
| next_title = [[Honey 3.0]]<br />
| next_year = 2023<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Studio<br />
| type = studio<br />
| single1 = Desi Kalakaar<br />
| single1date = 26 August 2014<br />
| single2 = Love Dose<br />
| single2date = 3 October 2014<br />
| single3 = One Thousand Miles<br />
| single3date = 8 August 2025<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Desi Kalakaar''''' is the second studio album by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]. The album, containing 8 tracks, was released on 26 August 2014.<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The album was released on 26 August 2014 at a launch event in [[Mumbai]], where the eponymous title track was also released as a single. Singh also performed at the launch event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-05 |title=Honey Singh's Desi Kalakaar launched on Hungama.com |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/honey-singhs-desi-kalakaar-launched-on-hungama-com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009192124/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/honey-singhs-desi-kalakaar-launched-on-hungama-com/ |archive-date=2014-10-09 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second single, "Love Dose", was released on 3 October 2014 on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]' official YouTube channel.<br />
<br />
In June 2025, Singh announced that the track "One Thousand Miles" from ''Desi Kalakaar'' will receive a music video, 11 years after its official release.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 June 2025 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh's 'One Thousand Miles' gets a music video after a decade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/yo-yo-honey-singhs-one-thousand-miles-gets-a-music-video-after-a-decade/articleshow/122141974.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> The music video featured Singh & British actress [[Mandy Takhar]] who had previously worked with Singh in movies like ''[[Mirza - The Untold Story]]'' and ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]''.<ref name="yash">{{cite news |date=5 December 2012 |title=Not everybody gets a Yash Raj launch: Mandy |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/news-interviews/35621235_1_punjabi-movie-mandy-takhar-punjabi-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110182441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/news-interviews/35621235_1_punjabi-movie-mandy-takhar-punjabi-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Prem-Chopra-gets-lifetime-achievement-honour/SP-Article1-1038942.aspx |title=Prem Chopra gets lifetime achievement honour |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408122238/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Prem-Chopra-gets-lifetime-achievement-honour/SP-Article1-1038942.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> Singh, in recent years, recalled his plans to shoot music videos for other tracks from the album, but failed to do so, as shortly after the album's release, his health deteriorated due to his diagnosis of [[bipolar Disorder]] with [[Psychosis|psychotic symptoms]].<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The video for "Love Dose", featured Singh and [[Urvashi Rautela]], received 10 million views on YouTube within a single week. The song has received over 500 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=2014-10-11 |title='Desi Kalakaar': Yo Yo Honey Singh's 'Love Dose' Song Goes Viral, Garners over 3 Million Views [VIDEO] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/desi-kalakaar-yo-yo-honey-singhs-love-dose-song-goes-viral-garners-over-3-million-views-611121 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The song's dance segment was shot at [[Westfield Stratford City]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2017 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh: Top 10 songs of the singer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/yo-yo-honey-singh-top-10-songs-of-the-singer/photostory/59841582.cms |access-date=June 6, 2025 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sonakshi Sinha]], who starred in the music video of the title track "Desi Kalakaar", rewrote the track "Love Dose" from an entirely female perspective, and performed her version on her Dabangg Reloaded tour in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/sonakshi-sinha-rewrites-honey-singhs-love-dose-becomes-singer-at-dabangg-tour-details-inside/244250|title=Sonakshi Sinha rewrites Honey Singh's Love Dose, becomes singer at Dabangg tour- details inside|access-date=2018-06-26|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| total_length = 29:50<br />
| title1 = Desi Kalakaar<br />
| writer1 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length1 = 4:14<br />
| title2 = Love Dose<br />
| writer2 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Lil Golu<br />
| length2 = 3:45<br />
| title3 = I'm Your DJ Tonight<br />
| writer3 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length3 = 4:46<br />
| title4 = Chal Mere Ghar<br />
| writer4 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length4 = 2:34<br />
| title5 = Daftar Ki Girl<br />
| writer5 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length5 = 3:08<br />
| title6 = One Thousand Miles<br />
| writer6 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Lil Golu<br />
| length6 = 4:43<br />
| title7 = Stardom<br />
| writer7 = Lil Golu , [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length7 = 3:44<br />
| title8 = Tanning<br />
| writer8 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br />
| length8 = 2:56<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Yo Yo Honey Singh}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 albums]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language albums]]<br />
[[Category:Yo Yo Honey Singh albums]]<br />
[[Category:T-Series (company) albums]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ausa_Assembly_constituency&diff=488369Ausa Assembly constituency2026-05-06T20:31:51Z<p>Polarishealthcare: article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ausa<br />
| constituency_no = 239<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| map_image = 239-Ausa.svg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| district = [[Latur district|Latur]]<br />
| reservation = None <br />
| mla = [[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]] <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| alliance = <br />
| electors =304,761 <br />
}}<br />
'''Ausa Assembly constituency''' is one of the Assembly constituency in [[Latur district]].<br />
<br />
After the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] exercise, the Ausa Assembly Constituency is made of some villages in Ausa taluk and some villages in Nilanga taluk. Remaining villages of Ausa taluka are attached to Latur Rural Assembly Constituency. Further the Ausa constituency is partially attached to Latur Lok Sabha and partially to Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency.<br />
<br />
In Ausa Assembly constituency traditionally Indian National Congress party is the strongest party.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Devisingh Vanetsingh Chauhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Mallanath Gundanath || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. S. Musande || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | [[Keshavrao Sonawane]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Utge Shivshankarappa Vishwanathappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="3" | Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | Mane Dinakar Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="2" | [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 115,590 |percentage = 54.83% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Baburao Mane |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 82,128 |percentage = 38.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Kerrappa Kumbhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,147 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagrale Shivkumar Gangadhar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,541 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 497 |percentage = 0.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,462 |percentage = 15.87% |change = {{increase}}1.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 211,313 |percentage = 69.34% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 210,816}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,761 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,340 |percentage = 51.11% |change = {{increase}}29.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,626 |percentage = 36.79% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bajrang Bhujangrao Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,588 |percentage = 5.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhir Shankarrao Potdar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,168 |percentage = 4.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 783 |percentage = 0.42% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,714 |percentage = 14.32% |change = {{increase}}9.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 187,346 |percentage = 65.98% |change = {{decrease}}1.75 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,551}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,958 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,237 |percentage = 36.91% |change = {{decrease}}13.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Baburao Mane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 55,379 |percentage = 31.82% |change = {{decrease}}10.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pasha Patel |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,414 |percentage = 21.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balaji Gopalrao Gire |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,929 |percentage = 3.41% |change = {{increase}}1.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buke Rajeshwar Vaijnath |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,946 |percentage = 2.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kisanrao Sampatrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,698 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 916 |percentage = 0.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,858 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,942 |percentage = 67.73% |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,020}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 258,311 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.98 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 84,526 |percentage = 50.89% |change = {{increase}}13.92 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Baburao Mane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 69,731 |percentage = 41.98% |change = {{decrease}}10.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryawanshi Shrikant Shahuraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,308 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanand Dnyandeo Kadam |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,271 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Govind Trimbakrao Sirsat |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 2,344 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lohar Satish Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,495 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,795 |percentage = 8.91% |change = {{decrease}}7.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,185 |percentage = 65.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.78 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,104}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 252,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.65 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}1.99 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Dinakar Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 71,324 |percentage = 52.88% |change = {{increase}}15.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shesherao Trimbakrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,865 |percentage = 36.97% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sontakke Shridharrao Mohanrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,493 |percentage = 4.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghadage Ramrao Kishanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,515 |percentage = 2.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yevale Shrimanth Arjun |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,509 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manohar Anandrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 931 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,459 |percentage = 15.91% |change = {{increase}}10.60 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,897 |percentage = 66.64% |change = {{decrease}}6.69 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,879}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,440 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.17 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}15.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Dinakar Baburao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 41,052 |percentage = 37.54% |change = {{increase}}14.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Mohammed Mujibodin Ismail |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,243 |percentage = 32.23% |change = {{decrease}}13.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,279 |percentage = 24.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arab Aslambin Talabsaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,692 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ankush Namdeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 753 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,809 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}17.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,735 |percentage = 73.33% |change = {{decrease}}10.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,348}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,185 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,603 |percentage = 45.75% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Suryabhan Narayanrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,084 |percentage = 23.11% |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakde Shripati Nivarati |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,008 |percentage = 18.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Hasham Ismail |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 9,712 |percentage = 7.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Triambakrao Ishwara |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,798 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tike Nagorao Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 825 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,519 |percentage = 22.64% |change = {{decrease}}7.90 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,284 |percentage = 83.74% |change = {{increase}}14.49 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,543}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,413 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.28 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,272 |percentage = 49.09% |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Suryabhan Narayanrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 17,102 |percentage = 18.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Chandrashekhar Keshvrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,223 |percentage = 17.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Madhavrao Santram |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,718 |percentage = 11.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utage Bhimashankarappa Shivmurtiappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 733 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Baliram Sitaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 647 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,170 |percentage = 30.54% |change = {{increase}}11.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,050 |percentage = 69.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,228}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,810 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.28 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}6.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kishanrao Sampatrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 42,670 |percentage = 55.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utge Shivshankarappa Vishwanathappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,216 |percentage = 36.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Monohar Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,560 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Manik Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,017 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarvade Gangadhar Goroba |party = Independent politician |votes = 649 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Vithal Bhungrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 560 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,454 |percentage = 18.82% |change = {{increase}}18.63 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,854 |percentage = 70.67% |change = {{increase}}7.46 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,790}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,165 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.71 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}8.58 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Utge Shivshankarappa Vishwanathappa |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 28,258 |percentage = 46.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Mohammed Mujibodin Ismail |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,144 |percentage = 46.80% |change = {{increase}}36.90 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshpande Vasantrao Hanmantrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,733 |percentage = 6.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 114 |percentage = 0.19% |change = {{decrease}}1.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,234 |percentage = 63.21% |change = {{decrease}}7.88 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,135}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,880 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.59 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.65 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Keshavrao Sonawane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,321 |percentage = 30.34% |change = {{decrease}}42.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Madhavrao Santram |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,393 |percentage = 28.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kashinath Gunaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,734 |percentage = 18.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chincholikar Vasantrao Nanarao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 6,303 |percentage = 9.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rachatte (Shete) Virbhadrappa Mahadappa |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,407 |percentage = 5.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhar Goroba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,617 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hashami Mazharullah Khairat Ali |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,915 |percentage = 3.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 928 |percentage = 1.46% |change = {{decrease}}47.90 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,851 |percentage = 71.09% |change = {{increase}}6.50 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,690}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,627 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.55 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}42.46 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Keshavrao Sonawane]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,153 |percentage = 72.80% |change = {{increase}}19.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkarrao Fatepurkar |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 14,216 |percentage = 23.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kashinath Gunaji |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,937 |percentage = 49.36% |change = {{increase}}38.12 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,342 |percentage = 64.59% |change = {{decrease}}1.93 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,650}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,071 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.99 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Musande |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,882 |percentage = 53.21% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Maharaj |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,994 |percentage = 41.97% |change = {{decrease}}8.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Kashinath Gunaji |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,584 |percentage = 3.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. S. Holikar |party = Independent politician |votes = 940 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,888 |percentage = 11.24% |change = {{increase}}10.39 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,241 |percentage = 66.52% |change = {{decrease}}3.47 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,400}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}2.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallanath Gundanath |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,296 |percentage = 50.42% |change = {{increase}}1.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devisingh Vanetsingh Chauhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,872 |percentage = 49.58% |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 424 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,847 |percentage = 69.99% |change = {{increase}}18.05 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,168}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,504 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.85 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.70 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Devisingh Vanetsingh Chauhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,303 |percentage = 51.12% |change = {{decrease}}11.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallanath Kelgaowar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,548 |percentage = 48.88% |change = {{increase}}22.82 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 755 |percentage = 2.23% |change = {{decrease}}34.79 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,851 |percentage = 51.94% |change = {{decrease}}8.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,851}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,173 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.29 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.97 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ausa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Devisingh Vanetsingh Chauhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,524 |percentage = 63.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Digamber Rao Desai |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,240 |percentage = 26.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheshrao Shankar Rao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 7.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya Rao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 913 |percentage = 3.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,284 |percentage = 37.02% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,777 |percentage = 60.22% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,777}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,126 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110815140153/http://electionaffairs.com/results/State_assembly/Maharashtra_2009/maharashtra_assembly_results_2009i.html Results Maharashtra State Assembly Elections 2009]<br />
*[http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/ausa.html Ausa (Maharashtra) Assembly Constituency Election Update]<br />
<br />
{{coord|18|15|6.96|N|76|30|0.07|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{Latur district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ausa (Maharashtra Assembly Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Latur district]]<br />
[[Category:Latur]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Latur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanjirappally_Assembly_constituency&diff=508232Kanjirappally Assembly constituency2026-05-06T10:46:13Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new new entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kanjirappally<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 100<br />
| map_image = Kanjirappally Mini Civil Station.jpg<br />
| map_caption = [[Kanjirappally]] Mini-Civil Station<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,78,950 (2016)<br />
| mla = [[Rony K Baby]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Kanjirappally State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies<br />
| website = kottayam.nic.in<br />
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district<br />
|access-date =16 March 2020<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is Rony K Baby of [[Indian National Congress |INC]].<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Kanjirappally Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District<br />
|access-date = 13 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 13 March 2011<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313031449/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Chirakkadavu]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kanjirappally]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Kanjirappally]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kanjirappally]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Manimala]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kanjirappally]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Kangazha]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Changanassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Karukachal]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Changanassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Nedumkunnam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Changanassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Vazhoor]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Changanassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Vellavoor]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Changanassery]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Pallickathode]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kottayam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Niyama<br/>Sabha<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2 |Party<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|1st<br />
| rowspan="2" |K. T. Thomas<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|1957 – 1960<br />
|-<br />
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
|2nd<br />
|1960 – 1965<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|3rd<br />
|M. Kamal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
|4th<br />
| rowspan="2" |K. V. Kurian<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Kerala Congress}}<br />
|1970 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|5th<br />
|1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|6th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Thomas Kallampally]]<br />
|1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|7th<br />
|1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|8th<br />
|K. J. Thomas<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|9th<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[George J. Mathew]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|10th<br />
|1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|11th<br />
|2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|12th<br />
|[[Alphons Kannanthanam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|13th<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[N. Jayaraj]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Kerala Congress (M)}}<br />
|2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|14th<br />
|2016 - 2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
|[[Incumbent]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanjirappally}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=KC(M)|candidate=N. Jayaraj|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=United Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Rony K. Baby|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=[[George Kurien]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
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{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanjirappally}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=N. Jayaraj|votes= 60,299 |percentage= 43.79 |change={{increase}}4.93}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Indian National Congress |candidate=Joseph Vazhackan |votes=46,596|percentage=33.84|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Alphons Kannanthanam |votes= 29,157 |percentage= 21.17 |change={{decrease}}1.81|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ashik M M|votes=727|percentage=0.53|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=624|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sajan C. Madhavan|votes=90|percentage=0.07|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,703|percentage=9.95|change={{increase}}7.11}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,703|percentage=73.76|change={{decrease}}2.63}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing=-|}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,78,950 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanjirappally}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=N. Jayaraj|votes=53,126|percentage=38.86|change={{decrease}}11.54|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=V. B. Binu|votes=49,236|percentage=36.02|change={{decrease}}3.59|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. N. Manoj|votes=31,411|percentage=22.98|change={{increase}}15.88|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arun M. John|votes=1,113|percentage=0.81|change={{decrease}}2.08|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammed Siyad|votes=839|percentage=0.61|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=618|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Manoj Aruvikkuzhy|votes=138|percentage=0.10|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Achuthan K. P.|votes=137|percentage=0.10|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sajan C. Madhavan|votes=90|percentage=0.07|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,890|percentage=2.84|change={{decrease}}7.95}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,708|percentage=76.39|change={{increase}}6.40}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{decrease}}11.54}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,61,648 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanjirappally}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=N. Jayaraj|votes=57,021|percentage=50.40|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Suresh T. Nair|votes=44,815|percentage=39.61|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rajamohan|votes=8,037|percentage=7.10|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. K. Geetha Krishnan|votes=3,268|percentage=2.89|change={{increase}}0.59|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=12,206|percentage=10.79|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,141|percentage=69.99|change={{increase}}2.68}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|loser=Independent politician|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kanjirappally]]<br />
* [[Kottayam district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyadev_(actor)&diff=533550Satyadev (actor)2026-05-05T15:46:00Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added Initial Info V1.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor (born 1988)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Satyadev<br />
| image = Satya Dev.JPG<br />
| caption = Satyadev during a photoshoot<br />
| birth_name = Satyadev Kancharana<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|7|4|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-actor-satya-dev-celebrates-his-birthday/articleshow/70085145.cms|title=Telugu actor Satya Dev celebrates his birthday|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="toi2" /><br />
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| other_names = Satya Dev<br />
| alma_mater = MVGR College of Engineering<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2011–present<br />
| spouse = Deepika<br />
| children = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Satyadev Kancharana''' (born 4 July 1988) is an Indian actor primarily working in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has received nominations for a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award South]] and two [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]].<br />
<br />
Satyadev made his acting debut in a supporting role in ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011), and later took on supporting parts in ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]'' (2015), ''[[Kshanam]]'' (2016) and ''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]'' (2017). He established himself as a leading actor with successful films including ''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)|Bluff Master]]'' (2018), ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019), ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' (2019) and ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-30|title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya movie review: Satya Dev shines in Venkatesh Maha's heartwarming drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-satya-dev-shines-in-venkatesh-mahas-heartwarming-drama-8657511.html|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early and personal life ==<br />
Satyadev was born on 4 July 1988, in [[Visakhapatnam]]. He attended SFS School and Nalanda Talent School in Visakhapatnam, and graduated in Computer Science Engineering from MVGR College of Engineering, [[Vijayanagaram]].<ref>{{cite news|title = iNews Exclusive: Satya Dev Interview|url = http://www.inewslive.net/video.php?id=1231|archive-date = 3 October 2017|access-date = 17 June 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003230017/http://www.inewslive.net/video.php?id=1231|url-status = dead}}</ref> Satyadev worked as a virtual design architect for [[IBM]] and [[VMware]] until 2016, when he quit to focus on his film career.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ulr5rck5es&t=320|title=Rapid Fire With Actor Satyadev|date=2019-05-17|last=|first=|type=|language=te|publisher=[[V6 News|V6 News Telugu ]]|minutes=5:20}}</ref><br />
<br />
Satyadev is married to Deepika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Focus Light: Satya Dev - Telugu cinema news|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/focuslight/satyadev.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The couple have a son named Savarnik, born in 2020.<ref name="toi2">{{Cite news|title=Satyadev shares adorable family picture with wife Deepika and son|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/satyadev-shares-adorable-family-picture-with-wife-deepika-and-son/articleshow/80764721.cms|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Early work and success (2011–2019) ===<br />
Satyadev started his career in 2011 with a minor role in [[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']]. He continued playing minor roles in the 2013 films ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' and ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'', and the 2014 film ''[[Mukunda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/seethamma-vakitlo-sirimalle-chettu-watch-it-with-a-smile/article4301449.ece|title=Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu: Watch it with a smile|last=Devi Dundoo|first=Sangeetha|work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013|access-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726030959/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/seethamma-vakitlo-sirimalle-chettu-watch-it-with-a-smile/article4301449.ece|archive-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> His first major role came in his other 2014 release [[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|''Maine Pyar Kiya'']].<ref name="U">{{Cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Nivedita|date=2017-02-24|title=An unconventional actor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/An-unconventional-actor/article17361765.ece|access-date=2020-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Although the film received a limited response, Suresh Kavirayani of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' stated: "Another promising debutant is Satya Dev, who had to perform two characters—one young and the other, in the 40s. The variations in both characters are brought out superbly by Dev."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140620/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-maine-pyar-kiya-good-attempt-debutant-director|title=Movie review 'Maine Pyar Kiya': Good attempt by a debutant director!|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=June 21, 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In 2015, Satyadev was selected from over 500 artistes for the lead role in ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title =Jyothi Lakshmi actor Stayadev to foray into Bollywood with a terrorist drama|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/jyothi-lakshmi-actor-stayadev-to-foray-into-bollywood-with-a-terrorist-drama/articleshow/61519310.cms}}</ref> The film was a moderate success and provided him with recognition.<ref>{{cite news|work=Deccan Chronicle|title = I love filmmaking as a process, says Satyadev Kancharana|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/161017/i-love-filmmaking-as-a-process-says-satyadev-kancharana.html}}</ref> That year, he also appeared in ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'', which was again a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ive-got-my-money-says-Nara-Rohit/articleshow/47734416.cms|title= I've got my money, says Nara Rohith|work=The Times of India|date=19 June 2015|accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, Satyadev played a businessman in ''[[Kshanam]]'' (opposite [[Adah Sharma]]), an autorickshaw driver in ''[[Idolle Ramayana|Mana Oori Ramayanam]]'', and made a cameo appearance in ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''. All three films emerged as critical and commercial successes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kshanam-strikes-gold-at-box-office/|title='Kshanam' strikes gold at box office|date=8 March 2016|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> Reviewing ''Mana Oori Ramayanam'', Suhas Yellapantula called his performance "top notch".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Mana Oori Ramayanam is a take on the dual characteristics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/Oct/07/review-mana-oori-ramayanam-is-a-take-on-the-dual-characteristics-1525945.html|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> For ''Kshanam'', Pranita Jonnalagedda stated that he gave his maximum to a "well-etched character".<ref>{{cite news|title=KSHANAM MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kshanam/movie-review/51158393.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref> Satyadev started 2017 with the bilingual ''[[Ghazi (film)|The Ghazi Attack]]'', where he played a sonar operator.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjehsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426095655/http://www.sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjehsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2015 |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi |date=26 May 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> The film was a box office success and received positive response.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-the-ghazi-attack-a-must-watch-film/20170216.htm |title=Review: The Ghazi Attack: A Must Watch Film |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3468 |title=The Ghazi Attack |website=BoxOfficeIndia |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> Later that year, he played a constable in ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'', which failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rogue-movie-review-every-bit-of-this-puri-jagannadh-film-is-an-assault-on-our-senses-3361978.html|title=Rogue movie review: Every bit of this Puri Jagannadh film is an assault on our senses|website=Firstpost|date=31 March 2017 }}</ref> In 2018, he first played dual roles in ''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-space-thriller-antariksham-9000-kmph-wraps-up-its-shoot/articleshow/66029054.cms|title=Varun Tej's space-thriller Antariksham 9000 KMPH wraps up its shoot|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108173256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-tejs-space-thriller-antariksham-9000-kmph-wraps-up-its-shoot/articleshow/66029054.cms|archive-date=2018-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref> He then played a con man opposite [[Nandita Swetha]] in ''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)|Bluff Master]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/bluff-master-official-teaser/videoshow/66234554.cms|title=Bluff Master – Official Teaser |publisher=timesofindia.com |date= |accessdate= 16 Oct 2018}}</ref> A critic of ''[[123telugu]]'' was appreciative of his screen presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/bluff-master-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Bluff Master – Story of a conman |work=123telugu|date=29 December 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Satyadev had further success with his four releases in 2019. He first played an assistant director in ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' opposite [[Nivetha Pethuraj]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Brochevarevarura's visual tale unveiled|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/brochevarevarura-visual-tale-unveiled-5628970/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208143526/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/brochevarevarura-visual-tale-unveiled-5628970/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a major box office success and Palaparthi Srividya was appreciative of his "mature performance".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే..|trans-title=Highest grossing films of 2019|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231040059/https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=2020-08-06|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brochevarevarura movie review: A finely woven web of coincidences|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/jun/28/brochevarevarura-movie-review-the-finely-woven-web-of-coincidences-12607.html|access-date=2020-11-28|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=28 June 2019 |language=en|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130014712/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/jun/28/brochevarevarura-movie-review-the-finely-woven-web-of-coincidences-12607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then played a CBI officer in another commercial success, ''[[iSmart Shankar]]'' opposite [[Nidhhi Agerwal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/301219/tollywood-2019.html|title=Tollywood 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=30 December 2019|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Satyadev delivers another solid performance and his presence is felt till the end of the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ismart-shankar-movie-review-rams-pulsating-energy-meets-its-match-in-puri-jagannadhs-irreverence-7018781.html|title=iSmart Shankar movie review: Ram's pulsating energy meets its match in Puri Jagannadh's irreverence.|website=Firstpost|date=18 July 2019}}</ref> He next appeared in ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |title='George Reddy' comes alive on Telugu silver screen |url=https://telanganatoday.com/george-reddy-comes-alive-on-telugu-silver-screen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608161525/https://telanganatoday.com/george-reddy-comes-alive-on-telugu-silver-screen |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> In his final release of the year, he played a fashion photographer and filmmaker opposite [[Eesha Rebba]] in ''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/story-is-the-hero-in-ragala-24-gantallo|title='Story is the hero in Ragala 24 Gantallo'|first=AuthorP Nagendra|last=Kumar|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> A critic for ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that he "sparkle[d]" in his role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ragala-24-gantallo-review-eesha-rebba-and-satyadev-sparkle-in-this-confusing-whodunit/article30050983.ece|title='Ragala 24 Gantallo' movie review: A confusing whodunit|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=22 November 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Satyadev then made his web series debut with ''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]]'', playing a gangster.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2019-10-14 |title='Gods of Dharmapuri is a cool gangsters drama' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-anish-kuruvilla-discusses-his-web-series-gods-of-dharmapuri-starring-raj-deepak-shetty-satyadev-and-karthik-ratnam/article29680558.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417223316/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-anish-kuruvilla-discusses-his-web-series-gods-of-dharmapuri-starring-raj-deepak-shetty-satyadev-and-karthik-ratnam/article29680558.ece |archive-date=17 April 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar CR stated that he delivers a "terrific" performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2019 |title='G.O.D' review: Satyadev, Karthik Rathnam dazzle in Zee5 web series on class struggle |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/god-review-satyadev-karthik-rathnam-dazzle-zee5-web-series-class-struggle-111386 |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514023620/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/god-review-satyadev-karthik-rathnam-dazzle-zee5-web-series-class-struggle-111386 |archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Critical acclaim and fluctuations (2020–present) ===<br />
Satyadev started 2020 with the year's [[List of Telugu films of 2020|second highest-grossing film]], ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'', where he played an army officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Sarileru Neekevvaru: Mahesh Babu's film enters Rs 200 crore worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/sarileru-neekevvaru-mahesh-babus-film-enters-rs-200-crore-worldwide/articleshow/73483128.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121234215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/sarileru-neekevvaru-mahesh-babus-film-enters-rs-200-crore-worldwide/articleshow/73483128.cms |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He then played a police officer opposite [[Pooja Jhaveri]] in ''[[47 Days]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/47-days-the-mystery-unfolds-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63057713.cms|title='47 Days – The Mystery Unfolds' scheduled for summer release - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo noted, "The only reason to watch it till the end is Satyadev, whose empathetic performance goes in vain."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-06-30|title='47 Days' movie review: Barring Satyadev's performance, there's nothing to root for|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/47-days-movie-review-barring-satyadevs-performance-theres-nothing-to-root-for/article31951978.ece|access-date=2020-10-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Satyadev next appeared in his most critically acclaimed film, ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]'', where he played a photographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=5 June 2020 |title=Venkatesh Maha to showcase another close-to-reality story with Satyadev starrer 'Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-mahas-uma-maheswara-ugra-rupasya-starring-satayadev-heads-to-netflix/article31757242.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629185714/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-mahas-uma-maheswara-ugra-rupasya-starring-satayadev-heads-to-netflix/article31757242.ece }}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi opined, "Satyadev, who is consistently good lately, is a solid match to [[Fahadh Faasil]] and even though you're reminded of the latter's mannerisms in a few scenes, he makes his character unique in his own way."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya movie review: Endearing tale of common man's revenge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-endearing-tale-of-common-man-s-revenge/story-4nZkrGWXPoSE1i0lh16pwN.html |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124065843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-endearing-tale-of-common-man-s-revenge/story-4nZkrGWXPoSE1i0lh16pwN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later the year, he played a mechanical engineer opposite [[Priyaa Lal]] in ''[[Guvva Gorinka]]'', which opened to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goud|first=Nagaraj|date=2017-02-21|title=Satyadev on a roll|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-02-21/Satyadev-on-a-roll/282211|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Guvva Gorinka Movie Review: With nothing fresh to offer, this never-ending drama tests your patience|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/guvva-gorinka/movie-review/79777976.cms|access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref> Following this, he appeared as a neurosurgeon in the series ''[[Locked (miniseries)|Locked]]''. Both the series and his performance received positive response.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-26|title=Satyadev Kancharan plays a neurosurgeon in Aha's well-received original thriller series Locked|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/satyadev-kancharan-plays-a-neurosurgeon-in-ahas-well-received-original-thriller-series-locked-8410931.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519101319/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/satyadev-kancharan-plays-a-neurosurgeon-in-ahas-well-received-original-thriller-series-locked-8410931.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-19|title=వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ: థ్రిల్ చేసే 'లాక్డ్'|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/telugu-web-series-review-locked-its-thrilling-story-1316123|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519101319/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/telugu-web-series-review-locked-its-thrilling-story-1316123|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Satyadev first appeared as a writer in the anthology ''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lang|first=Jamie|date=2021-01-20|title=Netflix Commissions Women's Stories Anthology 'Pitta Kathalu' in India – Global Bulletin|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/netflix-pitta-kathalu-see-saw-heartstopper-1234888540/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Following this, he played an advocate in ''[[Thimmarusu]]'' opposite [[Priyanka Jawalkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/satyadevs-thimmarusu-release-july-30-first-telugu-movie-hit-theatres-post-lockdown-805412|title=Satyadev's Thimmarusu to release on July 30; First Telugu movie to hit theatres post lockdown|date=8 July 2021}}</ref> Murali Krishna C H stated, "Satyadev is really in good form. He fits perfectly into the role and powers ''Thimmarusu'' to gloss over its uneven edges."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Thimmarusu' review: A convoluted thriller weighed down by inconsistent narration|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/jul/31/thimmarusu-review-a-convoluted-thriller-weighed-down-by-inconsistent-narration-2337892.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 July 2021 }}</ref> Later he played a crook alongside [[Nithya Menen]] in ''[[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-12|title=Nithya Menen, Satya Dev and Rahul Ramakrishna rev up 'Skylab'|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nithya-menen-satya-dev-and-rahul-ramakrishna-rev-up-skylab/article35277841.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A critic of ''[[The News Minute]]'' found him to be "impressive".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-04|title=Skylab review: A fun, good-hearted film with decent performances|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/skylab-review-fun-good-hearted-film-decent-performances-158379|website=The News Minute}}</ref> In the same year, he also featured in the music video "Daare Leda" alongside Roopa Kodavayur.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Ramya Palisetty |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Nagarjuna and Lakshmi Manchu praise Nani's tribute music video for Covid heroes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nagarjuna-and-lakshmi-manchu-praise-nani-s-tribute-music-video-for-covid-heroes-1818492-2021-06-23|access-date=2021-06-24|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his first film of 2022, Satyadev had a cameo in ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]'' as a [[comrade]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=2024-11-20 |title=5 Highest Grossing Chiranjeevi Movies Worldwide: Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy tops |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/5-highest-grossing-chiranjeevi-movies-worldwide-sye-raa-narasimha-reddy-tops-1359121 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref> He then played a businessman turned rebel alongside [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] in ''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]'', which was an average grosser.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/satyadev-and-aishwarya-lekshmi-get-clicked-at-godses-launch/articleshow/80853212.cms|title=Satyadev and Aishwarya Lekshmi get clicked at Godse's launch|work=The Times of India|date=11 February 2021|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus noted that he "evokes the right emotions among the audience" with his act.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Godse Movie Review: Satyadev shines in this message-oriented mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/godse/amp_movie_review/92282578.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=}}</ref> In ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'', he played an aspiring politician opposite [[Nayanthara]]. Despite the big budget, it was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web|title=God Father collections: GodFather is a box office bomb with gross of over Rs.167 Crores Gross|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/chiranjeevi-god-father-16-days-collections-break-even-issue-hot-topic-slb-1477300.html|website=[[News 18|News 18 Telugu]]|date=21 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022|language=Telugu}}</ref> His performance earned him a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]], and critic [[Sowmya Rajendran]] opined, "Satyadev is marvellous. As the manipulative Jai who wins Satya's trust easily, Satyadev gets a bigger role in the remake and does justice to it."<ref>{{cite web |title=Godfather review: This Chiranjeevi remake has some fresh ideas but still flounders |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/godfather-review-chiranjeevi-remake-has-some-fresh-ideas-still-flounders-168588 |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=5 October 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005101740/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/godfather-review-chiranjeevi-remake-has-some-fresh-ideas-still-flounders-168588 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023: Ram Charan, JR NTR Bag Best Actors. Kantara, Ponniyin Selvan -1 Win Big |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/68th-filmfare-awards-south-2023-ram-charan-jr-ntr-bag-best-actors-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-1-win-big-article-111677802 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Satyadev then expanded to Hindi films with ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]'', portraying Lord [[Hanuman]] in human disguise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |date=31 January 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar wraps Ram Setu shoot, says it was like going to school all over again |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-wraps-ram-setu-s-shoot-says-it-was-like-going-to-school-all-over-again-1906793-2022-01-31 |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131114458/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/akshay-kumar-wraps-ram-setu-s-shoot-says-it-was-like-going-to-school-all-over-again-1906793-2022-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Setu Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ram-setu/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022|archive-date=25 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025015051/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ram-setu/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Even though AP is written as a stereotypical Lankan with the clichéd accent, he brings through his performance enough charm and humour for the role to stand out."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |date=25 October 2022 |title=Ram Setu movie review: Akshay Kumar film is enjoyable desi take on Indiana Jones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-setu-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-is-enjoyable-once-you-ignore-the-cringe-101666686730206.html |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101001015/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-setu-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-is-enjoyable-once-you-ignore-the-cringe-101666686730206.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In his final film of the year, he played a software engineer opposite [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]'', which emerged as another box office failure. Consequently, Satyadev had no film releases in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title=Love Mocktail Telugu remake titled Gurthunda Seethakalam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412172917/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/24/love-mocktail-remake-titled-gurthunda-seethakalam-19932.html |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/gurthunda-seethakalam-review-satyadev-tamannaah-film-banks-overdone-stereotypes-170798 |title=Gurthunda Seethakalam review: Satyadev-Tamannaah film banks on overdone stereotypes |date=10 December 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122005953/https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/gurthunda-seethakalam-review-satyadev-tamannaah-film-banks-overdone-stereotypes-170798 |archive-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
The year 2024 began with Satyadev playing an orphan in ''[[Krishnamma (film)|Krishnamma]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/satyadevs-25th-film-with-director-vv-gopala-krishna-gets-launched/articleshow/85401598.cms | title=Satyadev's 25th film with director VV Gopala Krishna gets launched | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 August 2021 | access-date=6 May 2024 | archive-date=6 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/satyadevs-25th-film-with-director-vv-gopala-krishna-gets-launched/articleshow/85401598.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> In a mixed review, a critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' was appreciative of his character's "raw vulnerability".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/May/10/krishnamma-review-a-well-intentioned-but-underwhelming-crime-drama|title=Krishnamma Review: A well-intentioned but underwhelming crime-drama|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|accessdate=10 May 2024|website=Cinema Express|date=10 May 2024 }}</ref> In his next release, Satyadev played a bank employee opposite [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] in ''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zebra trailer: A high-stake heist thriller pitting greed against self-respect |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/12/zebra-trailer-a-high-stake-heist-thriller-pitting-greed-against-self-respect |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Cinema Express |date=12 November 2024 |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115122942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/12/zebra-trailer-a-high-stake-heist-thriller-pitting-greed-against-self-respect |url-status=live }}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' found him to be "sharp as ever" in a character with larger-than-life presence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zebra-movie-review-satyadevs-financial-thriller-delivers-the-goods/article68896713.ece/|title=Zebra movie review: Satyadev's financial thriller delivers the goods|accessdate=22 November 2024|website=The Hindu |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" width:100%;"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
* ''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role <br />
! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''<br />
| Vicky's friend<br />
|<br />
| <ref name="U"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2013<br />
| ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''<br />
| Chinnodu's friend<br />
|<br />
| <ref name="U"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''<br />
| Prameela's kidnapper<br />
|<br />
| <ref name="U"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2014<br />
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]''<br />
| Bharath<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title = Satya Dev Kancharana: One Friday will change my life|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-kancharana-has-his-hands-full-with-diverse-roles/article25504192.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mukunda]]''<br />
| Chairman's henchman<br />
|<br />
| <ref name="U"/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2015<br />
| ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]''<br />
| Daya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/asura-interesting-outing/article7286587.ece|title=Asura: Interesting outing|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 June 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jyothi Lakshmi (film)|Jyothi Lakshmi]]''<br />
| Satya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150613/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-jyothi-lakshmi-charmme-goes-bold-mature|title=Movie review 'Jyothi Lakshmi': Charmme goes from bold to mature|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=13 June 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Letter''<br />
|<br />
| Short film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2016<br />
| ''[[Kshanam]]''<br />
| Karthik<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/kshanam.html|title=Kshanam review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Adivi Sesh, Adah Sharma & Anasuya Bharadwaj|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idolle Ramayana|Mana Oori Ramayanam]]''<br />
| Shiva<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mana-oori-ramayanam/movie-review/54720486.cms|title=Mana Oori Ramayanam Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Mana Oori Ramayanam by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''<br />
| Praneeth Kumar / Tester<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-kancharana-has-his-hands-full-with-diverse-roles/article25504192.ece|title=Satya Dev Kancharana has his hands full with diverse roles|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2017<br />
| ''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]''<br />
| Rajeev Thakur <br />
| Simultaneously shot in [[Hindi]] as ''The Ghazi Attack''<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-02-06/Ghazi-turns-Satyadev-into-a-sonar-operator/205175 |title=Ghazi turns Satyadev into a sonar operator |work=The Hans India |date=6 February 2016 |accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]''<br />
| [[Constable]] Murali <br />
| Simultaneously shot in [[Kannada]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rogue-trailer-puri-jagannadh-ishaan-963484-2017-03-02|title=Rogue trailer: Puri Jagannadh, Ishaan pack a punch in this potboiler|work=India Today|date=2 March 2017|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2018<br />
| ''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''<br />
| Karan / Aditya <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-jayam-ravis-tik-tik-tik-to-varun-tejs-antariksham-space-genre-earns-mainstream-acceptance-in-southern-cinema-4639941.html|title=From Jayam Ravi's Tik Tik Tik to Varun Tej's Antariksham, space genre earns mainstream acceptance in southern cinema|date=July 2018 |access-date=2018-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028012600/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-jayam-ravis-tik-tik-tik-to-varun-tejs-antariksham-space-genre-earns-mainstream-acceptance-in-southern-cinema-4639941.html|archive-date=2018-10-28|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bluff Master (2018 film)|Bluff Master]]''<br />
| Uttam Kumar<br />
| Also playback singer for "What the Beep"<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ive-received-some-best-compliments-for-bluff-master-satyadev-kancharana/articleshow/76169957.cms|title="I've received some best compliments for Bluff Master": Satyadev Kancharana|website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2019<br />
| ''[[Brochevarevarura]]''<br />
| Vishal<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|title=Jersey to Brochevarevarura: 7 best films of Telugu cinema in 2019|website=India Today|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229123807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[iSmart Shankar]]''<br />
| Arun<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=iSmart Shankar completes 100 days; Ram, Puri and Charmme reminisce the success|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ismart-shankar-completes-100-days-ram-puri-and-charmme-reminisce-the-success/articleshow/71754273.cms|access-date=2020-06-11|website=The Times of India|date=25 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]''<br />
| Satya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |title=George Reddy: The cinematic resurrection of a revolutionary |url=https://telanganatoday.com/george-reddy-the-cinematic-resurrection-of-a-revolutionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606015233/https://telanganatoday.com/george-reddy-the-cinematic-resurrection-of-a-revolutionary |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]''<br />
| Rahul<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ragala-24-gantallo-is-an-engrossing-thriller-tale-srinivas-reddy|title=Ragala 24 Gantallo is an engrossing thriller tale: Srinivas Reddy|first=Prakash|last=Pecheti|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2020<br />
| ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''<br />
| [[Captain]] Ajay<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Mahesh Babu film Sarileru Neekevvaru earns Rs 103 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-film-sarileru-neekevvaru-earns-rs-103-crore-6216179/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409221112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babu-film-sarileru-neekevvaru-earns-rs-103-crore-6216179/ |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[47 Days]]'' <br />
| Satyadev <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-look-motion-poster-of-satya-dev-pooja-jhaveri-and-pradeep-maddalis-47-days-released/articleshow/61355944.cms|title=First look motion poster of Satya Dev, Pooja Jhaveri and Pradeep Maddali's '47 Days' released - Times of India|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''<br />
| Uma Maheswara "Mahesh" Rao<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-07-30|title='Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya', Telugu remake of 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', out on OTT|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-telugu-remake-maheshinte-prathikaram-out-ott-129711|access-date=2020-07-30|website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Guvva Gorinka]]''<br />
| Sadanand / Silencer<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uddagiri|first=Nikisha|title=I'm not the hero, story is: Satyadev|url=https://telanganatoday.com/im-not-the-hero-story-is-satyadev|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2021<br />
| ''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''<br />
| Vivek<br />
| Segment: "Pinky"<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|title=Pitta Kathalu movie review: Netflix's Telugu anthology is partially engaging despite being equally real and ambitious |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pitta-kathalu-movie-review-netflixs-telugu-anthology-is-partially-engaging-despite-being-equally-real-and-ambitious-9322731.html|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thimmarusu]]''<br />
| Advocate Ramachandra "Ram"<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-07-24|title=Satya Dev: I get bored if I have to play similar characters|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/satya-dev-opens-up-on-his-telugu-film-thimmarusu-his-hindi-debut-ram-setu-and-more/article35504826.ece|access-date=2021-07-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Skylab (film)|Skylab]]'' <br />
| Dr. Anand<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=2021-07-12|title=Nithya Menen, Satya Dev and Rahul Ramakrishna rev up 'Skylab'|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nithya-menen-satya-dev-and-rahul-ramakrishna-rev-up-skylab/article35277841.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2022<br />
| ''[[Acharya (2022 film)|Acharya]]''<br />
| [[Comrade]] Shankar<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Acharya Movie Review: Chiranjeevi, Ram Charan father-son duo is the only thing working for it|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/acharya-movie-review-chiranjeevi-ram-charan-father-son-duo-is-the-only-thing-working-for-it-1943265-2022-04-29|website=[[India Today]]|date=29 April 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405170318/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/acharya-movie-review-chiranjeevi-ram-charan-father-son-duo-is-the-only-thing-working-for-it-1943265-2022-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Godse (film)|Godse]]'' <br />
| Viswanath Ramachandra / [[Nathuram Godse]]<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-satyadev-and-director-gopi-ganesh-pattabhi-team-up-for-godse/articleshow/80081791.cms|title=Actor Satyadev and director Gopi Ganesh Pattabhi team up for Godse|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 January 2021|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']]<br />
| Jaidev Das <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|accessdate=2021-11-19|title='Godfather' team rubbishes the rumors|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/godfather-team-rubbishes-the-rumors-716026|website=The Hans India|date=19 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=8 October 2022 |title='God Father' movie review: Chiranjeevi is back with a bang |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/oct/08/god-father-movie-review-chiranjeevi-is-back-with-a-bang-2505808.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''<br />
| [[Hanuman|Anjaneyan Pushpakumaran "AP"]] <br />
| [[Hindi]] film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Satyadev to make his Bollywood debut with Akshay Kumar's Ram Setu|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/satyadev-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-akshay-kumar-ram-setu-7347406/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=26 October 2022 |title='Ram Setu': Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/ram-setu-review/5175794.article |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[Screen International]] |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031132818/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/ram-setu-review/5175794.article |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]'' <br />
| Satyadev "Dev" <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |title='Gurthunda Seethakalam' movie review: A dull ode to life and romance |date=9 December 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101124733/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2024<br />
| ''[[Krishnamma (film)|Krishnamma]]''<br />
| Bhadra<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2022/jul/04/krishnamma-satyadevs-next-to-beaction-crime-drama-32526.html|title=Krishnamma: Satyadev's next to be action crime drama|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=4 July 2022 |accessdate=4 July 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zebra (film)|Zebra]]''<br />
| Surya Kancharana<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/zebra/movieshow/97365202.cms|title=Satya Dev's Upcoming Film 'Zebra' Goes On Floors In Hyderabad|accessdate=27 January 2023|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2025<br />
| ''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''<br />
| Siva<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Drive (2025 film)|Drive]]''<br />
|John<br />
|Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2026<br />
| {{Pending film|[[Rao Bahadur (2026 film)| Rao Bahadur]]}}<br />
| TBA<br />
| Post-production<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Rao Bahadur teaser: Satyadev's avatar impresses in Venkatesh Maha's mystical drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rao-bahadur-teaser-satyadev-avatar-impresses-in-venkatesh-mahas-mystical-drama-2772703-2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|TBA<br />
| {{Pending film|Full Bottle}}<br />
| Mercury Soori<br />
| Filming<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/satya-dev-s-upcoming-film-full-bottle-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-news-190353|title=Satya Dev's Upcoming Film 'Full Bottle' Goes On Floors In Hyderabad|accessdate=26 April 2022|website=Outlook India|date=6 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|TBA<br />
| {{pending film|Garuda: Chapter One}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| Filming <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/satya-dev-shares-first-look-of-his-next-titled-garuda-chapter-1/1654820/|title=Satya Dev shares first look of his next titled 'Garuda: Chapter 1|accessdate=29 August 2023|website=The Print|date=4 July 2023 }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
!Network<br />
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]]''<br />
| Venu Reddy<br />
|[[ZEE5]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-10-22|title='Gods of Dharmapuri' web series presents actor Satya Dev in a new zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gods-of-dharmapuri-web-series-presents-actor-satya-dev-in-a-new-zone/article29767255.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Locked (miniseries)|Locked]]''<br />
| Anand Chakravarthy<br />
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<br />
|<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/locked-review-satyadev-kancharana-s-psychological-thriller-is-intriguing-in-parts-1660945-2020-03-29|title=Locked Review: Satyadev Kancharana's psychological thriller is intriguing in parts - Binge Watch News|website=India Today|date=2020-03-29|author=Janani K.|accessdate=2021-01-15}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''[[Arabia Kadali]]''<br />
| Nuragala Badiri<br />
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Satyadev and Anandhi to lead Arabia Kadali |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/19/satyadev-and-anandhi-to-lead-arabia-kadali |website=Cinema Express |access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music video===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Singer<br />
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| "Daare Leda"<br />
| [[Roshan Sebastian]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani teams up with Satyadev and Roopa Koduvayur for Daare Leda music video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/nani-teams-up-with-satyadev-and-roopa-koduvayur-for-daare-leda-music-video/articleshow/83596165.cms|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=telugu|first=10tv|date=2021-06-19|title=Daare Leda : ఎమెషనల్గా 'దారే లేదా' సాంగ్.. ఫ్రంట్లైన్ వర్కర్స్కి పర్ఫెక్ట్ ట్రిబ్యూట్.. {{!}} Daare Leda|url=https://10tv.in/latest/daare-leda-music-video-song-239813.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=10TV|language=telugu}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As voice actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Actor <br />
!Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam|Nawaab]]''<br />
| Ethirajan "Ethi" Senapathi<br />
| [[Silambarasan]]<br />
|Telugu dubbed version<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019<br />
| ''[[Saaho]]''<br />
| Jai / Ashok Chakravarthy<br />
| [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru|Aakaasam Nee Haddhu Ra]]''<br />
| Nedumaaran Rajangam "Maara"<br />
| [[Suriya]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Telugu dubbed version<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| ''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''<br />
| [[Scar (The Lion King)|Taka]]<br />
| [[Kelvin Harrison Jr.]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/mufasa-the-lion-king-roars-with-indias-top-stars-in-hindi-tamil-telugu-versions-1503366827.html|title=Mufasa The Lion King roars with India's top stars in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu versions|date=20 November 2024|access-date=20 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120082701/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/mufasa-the-lion-king-roars-with-indias-top-stars-in-hindi-tamil-telugu-versions-1503366827.html|archive-date=20 November 2024|website=Statesman}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Award <br />
! Year<br />
! Category <br />
! Work<br />
! Result <br />
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]<br />
| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=SIIMA: Soorarai Pottru, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo win big, K Viswanath honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923163929/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]<br />
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|8488982}}<br />
*{{Instagram|actorsatyadev}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satyadev}}<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:IBM employees]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardaani_3&diff=516457Mardaani 32026-05-05T10:18:00Z<p>Polarishealthcare: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Abhiraj Minawala}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mardaani 3<br />
| image = Mardaani 3 Film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Abhiraj Minawala<br />
| writer = Aayush Gupta<br />
| story = {{Plainlist|<br />
*Aayush Gupta<br />
*[[Deepak Kingrani]]<br />
*Baljeet Singh Marwah<br />
}}<br />
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Rani Mukerji]]<br />
*[[Janki Bodiwala]]<br />
*Mallika Prasad<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Artur Żurawski]]<br />
| editing = Yasha Ramchandani<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>Sarthak Kalyani<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>John Stewart Eduri<br />
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
| distributor = Yash Raj Films<br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2026|1|30}}<br />
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 February 2026|access-date=20 January 2026|title=Mardaani 3|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mardaani-3-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5mzyx|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|60}} crore<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mardaani 3' box office collection Day 4: Rani Mukerji's cop drama FAILS to impress audience; earns just Rs 2.15 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/mardaani-3-box-office-collection-day-4-rani-mukerjis-cop-drama-fails-to-impress-audience-earns-just-rs-2-15-crore-on-first-monday/articleshow/127873749.cms|website=[[Times of India]]|date=4 February 2026|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{est}} {{INR|78.17}} crore<!-- Remember to update access-date in citation as well. --><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 Box Office Collection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mardaani-3/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=30 January 2026|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mardaani 3''''' ({{Translation|Manly 3}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Abhiraj Minawala and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]]. A sequel to the 2019 film ''[[Mardaani 2]]'' and the third instalment in the ''[[Mardaani (film series)|Mardaani Trilogy]]'', it stars [[Rani Mukerji]] in the lead role, alongside [[Janki Bodiwala]] and Mallika Prasad. The narrative follows police officer Shivani Shivaji Roy as she investigates the case of 93 young girls who have gone missing under mysterious circusmtances in just three months.<br />
<br />
''Mardaani 3'' was theatrically released on 30 January 2026, and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
In [[Bulandshahr]], Ruhani, the daughter of Indian [[Diplomat]] Sahu, is abducted while playing hide-and-seek with Jhimli, the daughter of a domestic help. When Jhimli attempts to intervene, she is abducted as well. Meanwhile, in the [[Sundarbans]], [[Senior superintendent|SSP]] Shivani Shivaji Roy dismantles a women and [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]] operation. Impressed by her work, Sahu recommends Shivani to lead the investigation into Ruhani’s disappearance, while also announcing a public ransom of ₹2 crore.<br />
<br />
The kidnappers initially hand the girls over to Amma, the powerful leader of a beggar mafia network, but later take Ruhani to extort the ransom directly. Despite Shivani overseeing the exchange, the criminals evade using a prerecorded video call to deceive the police. One gang member is captured and reveals links to Amma’s organisation. Shivani discovers that 93 girls aged eight to nine from impoverished families have gone missing in three months, leading her to suspect that Ruhani was abducted after being mistaken for a poor child.<br />
<br />
Following leads, the police track two of Amma’s enforcers to Treta Trust, a rehabilitation centre run by Ramanujan, who claims to work against beggar mafias. The enforcers are killed in an encounter while attempting to murder him. Soon after, Amma intimidates Shivani by breaking into her home. A raid on Prince Lodge results in a shootout where the kidnappers are killed, and Ramanujan is sent to rescue Ruhani. He instead murders her, revealing himself to be a mole within the police force working for Amma. Amma then threatens Shivani, who vows to rescue Jhimli.<br />
<br />
Shivani is removed from the case by senior officials, but continues investigating unofficially. She finds one missing girl in a hospital, terminally ill with [[Terminal illness|advanced cervical cancer]], who dies shortly after revealing that several girls were nearly burned alive. Shivani links a symbol in the girl’s drawings to Treta Trust and uncovers Ramanujan’s past as a child abducted by Amma and raised within her network. Shivani arrests Ramanujan and Amma, but due to lack of evidence and manipulation by Ramanujan, he is released, Shivani is suspended, and a key witness dies in custody. Ramanujan, Amma, and accomplice Fatima flee to [[Colombo]].<br />
<br />
Shivani forms an independent team and pursues them overseas with Sahu’s support. It is revealed that the girls were abducted to be used as test subjects in illegal experiments involving a mutated [[Human papillomavirus infection|HPV virus]] intended to accelerate [[cervical cancer]] drug trials. Girls deemed unsuitable were killed to avoid detection, explaining Ruhani’s murder. Shivani captures Amma and confronts Ramanujan in Colombo, revealing that Fatima was planted as an informant. Amma is killed during an escape attempt, and Ramanujan’s operation is thwarted. Shivani ensures the rescued girls are repatriated.<br />
<br />
In the aftermath, Shivani injects Ramanujan with the same virus used on the victims, leaving him to die slowly while in custody. She is reinstated into the police force, awarded the President’s Medal, and granted leadership of a special task force with operational autonomy. Jhimli is reunited with her father, and Sahu finds closure.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as [[Senior superintendent |SSP]] Shivani Shivaji Roy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* [[Janki Bodiwala]] as [[Constable]] Fatima Anwar<br />
* Mallika Prasad as Amma<br />
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Dr. Bikram Roy, Shivani's husband <br />
* Prajesh Kashyap as Ramanujan<br />
** Somansh Singh Dangwal as young Ramanujan<br />
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador]] Sahu<br />
* Mikhail Yawalkar as [[Inspector]] Balwinder Singh Sodhi<br />
* Digvijay Rohidas as Jafar<br />
* Jimpa Sangpo Bhutia as Jimpa <br />
* Avanee Joshi as Ruhani, Sahu's daughter<br />
* Diorr Varghese as Jhimli<br />
* Jaipreet Singh as the [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency]]<br />
* [[Naved Aslam]] as [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] Vijender Sahani<br />
* Aurobindo Bhattacharjee as [[Assistant superintendent|ASP]], [[Delhi Police]]<br />
* Roopangi Vanvari as Smita, Sahu's wife<br />
* Pawan Kumar Singh as Caretaker Monu<br />
* Dhananjay Singh as [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]], [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br />
* Shashie Verma as [[Station house officer|Station House Officer]], [[Lodhi Colony]] Station<br />
* Kuldeep Singh as [[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspector]] Ahmed<br />
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Aslam<br />
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Prajapati<br />
* Mahesh Ginnilal as Lallan<br />
* Deepak Kamboj as Bilal<br />
* Vicky Kanadi as Munna<br />
* Aeklavya Tomer as KD<br />
* Adesh Pandit as Pinku<br />
* Sukumar Tudu as Bengali Boss<br />
* Jeffery Goldberg as Mr. Wyland <br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
[[Yash Raj Films]] officially announced the project on 13 December 2024, with [[Rani Mukerji]] confirmed to reprise her role as Shivani Shivaji Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2024 |title=Mardaani 3: Rani Mukerji returns as supercop Shivani Shivaji Roy in 'dark, deadly, brutal' part 3, set for 2026 release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mardaani-3-rani-mukerji-returns-as-supercop-shivani-shivaji-roy-in-dark-deadly-brutal-part-3-yash-raj-films-101734071060015.html |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhiraj Minawala was roped in to direct the film, replacing Gopi Puthran, the writer and director of ''Mardaani 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=Rani Mukerji and Director Abhiraj Minawala Collaborated on Mardaani 3 'As Parents' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/mardaani-3-director-abhiraj-minawala-rani-mukerji-authenticity-article-153607261 |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> Mallika Prasad was cast as the antagonist, becoming the first female villain in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=Who is Mallika Prasad, the RUTHLESS villain 'Amma' in Rani Mukerji's 'Mardaani 3'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-mallika-prasad-the-ruthless-villain-amma-in-rani-mukerjis-mardaani-3/articleshow/126482149.cms |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Janki Bodiwala]] was cast in a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 April 2025 |title=Janki Bodiwala to join Rani Mukerji in Mardaani 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/janki-bodiwala-join-rani-mukerji-mardaani-3-report/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in March 2025 and concluded in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 February 2025 |title=Rani Mukerji gears up for Mardaani 3, shooting begins in June |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rani-mukerji-gears-mardaani-3-shooting-begins-june/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming took place primarily in [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2025 |title=#ByInvitation: 'I feel Delhi has so much character, it has so much to give', says Rani Mukerji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rani-mukerji-reflects-on-the-unique-charm-of-delhi-while-shooting-mardaani-3/articleshow/121924318.cms#:~:text=It%20was%20incredibly%20special%20to,this%20beautiful%20city%20once%20again. |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3: Rani Mukerji films key action sequences at YRF|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/mardaani-3-cop-rani-mukerji-films-key-action-sequences-shivani-shivaji-roy-23521122|website=[[Mid Day]]|date=17 April 2025|access-date=30 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> with additional scenes shot in [[Haryana]], [[Noida]], [[Pondicherry]], and [[Colombo]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mardaani 3<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Sarthak Kalyani<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 20 January 2026<br />
| recorded = 2025<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=11}}<br />
| label = [[YRF Music]]<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| producer = Sarthak Kalyani<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|NTYEcHUf5bg|Babbar Sherni Video Song}}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The single track "Babbar Sherni" was released on 20 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-20 |title='Babbar Sherni' song from Rani Mukerji's 'Mardaani 3' out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/babbar-sherni-song-from-rani-mukerjis-mardaani-3-out-now/articleshow/126780438.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| total_length = 3:11<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Babbar Sherni<br />
| extra1 = Sarthak Kalyani, Dee MC<br />
| lyrics1 = Shruti Shukla<br />
| music1 = Sarthak Kalyani<br />
| length1 = 3:11<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Mardaani 3'' was theatrically released on 30 January 2026.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mardaani 3 preponed to January 30, 2026; Rani Mukerji returns as Shivani Roy in darkest chapter yet |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mardaani-3-preponed-january-30-2026-rani-mukerji-returns-shivani-roy-darkest-chapter-yet/ |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> It was initially scheduled to release on 27 February 2026, coinciding with the [[Holi]] weekend, before being preponed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 April 2025 |title=Mardaani 3 to release on February 27, 2026 in the Holi week; makers release EXPLOSIVE first look of Rani Mukerji |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-mardaani-3-release-february-27-2026-holi-week-makers-release-explosive-first-look-rani-mukerji/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title='Mardaani 3' OTT release announced: When and where to watch Rani Mukerji's cop thriller action film after its theatrical release on January 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mardaani-3-ott-release-announced-when-and-where-to-watch-rani-mukerjis-cop-thriller-action-film-after-its-theatrical-release-on-january-30/articleshow/127387716.cms#:~:text=As%20per%20the%20same%20OTTPlay,starting%20from%20midnight%20for%20subscribers. |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 27 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita |title=Mardaani 3 OTT release: When and where to watch Rani Mukerji's cop thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mardaani-3-ott-release-when-to-watch-rani-mukerjis-cop-thriller-on-netflix-101774508940611.html |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Mardaani 3'' grossed {{INRConvert|5.95|c}} worldwide on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 Box Office: Film Emerges as Rani Mukerji's third all-time highest opening day grosser|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/mardaani-3-box-office-film-emerges-rani-mukerjis-third-time-highest-opening-day-grosser/|date=31 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en|first=|last=|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In its first week, the film grossed {{INRConvert|38.94|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2026 |title=Mardaani 3 has an impressive Week 1 show at the box office, set to have a long run given incredible love from audience |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/mardaani-3-impressive-week-1-show-box-office-set-long-run-given-incredible-love-audience/ |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''Mardaani 3'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|60|6.4|10|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mardaani 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mardaani_3 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, describing the film as a powerful, intense, and hard-hitting thriller that stays true to the sole of the franchise. The review highlighted Mukerji's performance, the direction, screenplay, background score, and technical aspects, but criticised the twists in the second half.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 Movie Review: MARDAANI 3 is a powerful, intense, and hard-hitting thriller|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mardaani-3/critic-review/mardaani-3-movie-review/mardaani-3-is-a-powerful-intense-and-hard-hitting-thriller/|date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|language=en|first=|last=|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "Rani Mukerji delivers a power-packed, unblemished star turn that should rank among the finest of her 30-year acting career".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mardaani-3-review-rani-mukerji-and-mallika-prasad-shine-in-a-sharp-crime-thriller-3-5-stars-10913601|title=Mardaani 3 Review: Rani Mukerji And Mallika Prasad Shine In A Sharp Crime Thriller|date=30 January 2025|access-date=30 January 2025|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, praising the cast performances, action sequences, and background score, but felt that no part of the film matches the raw impact of the first film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 review: Rani Mukerji stands her ground in a system where life is cheap|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mardaani-3-review-rani-mukerji-stands-her-ground-in-a-system-where-life-is-cheap-2860365-2026-01-30|website=[[India Today]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Vineeta|last=Kumar}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "Mardaani 3 isn't without flaws, but it still holds as a solid franchise outing anchored by Rani Mukerji's performance".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 Movie Review: Rani Mukerji is still fierce in this solid sequel that stays true to its legacy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mardaani-3/movie-review/127796120.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|date=2026-01-30}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, praising Mukerji's performance and the pacing, but criticised the narrative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 review: Rani Mukerji keeps you seated in a thriller which isn't the sharpest entry in the franchise|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mardaani-3-review-rani-mukerji-keeps-you-seated-in-a-thriller-which-isn-t-the-sharpest-entry-in-the-franchise-101769765801438.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars, praising the performances of Rani Mukerji and Mallika Prasad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mardaani-3-movie-review-what-a-powerful-performance-by-rani-mukerji-she-simply-killed-it-13974254.html|title='Mardaani 3' Movie Review: Not just Rani Mukerji, Mallika Prasad's performance as 'amma' is terrific!|date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Shaschi Chaturvedi of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising the cast performances, writing, and technical aspects, however felt there was scope to sharpen the script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/mardaani-3-review-rani-mukerji-speaks-for-every-unheard-voice-in-this-hard-hitting-drama-ws-l-9867038.html|title=Mardaani 3 Review: Rani Mukerji Speaks For Every Unheard Voice In This Hard-Hitting Drama|date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars, writing, "Rani Mukerji can't do much with the degree of over-writing and predictable plot-points".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mardaani 3 movie review: Rani Mukerji returns, but familiarity dulls the impact|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mardaani-3-movie-review-rani-mukerji-returns-but-familiarity-dulls-the-impact-10503139/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "Mardaani 3 isn't a bad film. It's just not very good, fresh, surprising or smart. It coasts through on hot air, releashed emotions, and predictable commentary. In other words, it's more of a producer-driven template than a director-and-writer fuelled one".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mardaani 3' Movie Review: One Plus Two Does Not Equal Three|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/mardaani-3-movie-review-one-plus-two-does-not-equal-three-in-rani-mukerji-actioner|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|date=2026-01-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
According to reports, the film was allegedly linked to a publicity stunt involving claims of "800 missing children in [[Delhi]]", coinciding with the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2026 |title=YRF breaks silence on Mardaani 3 being linked to Delhi's missing girls report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mardaani-3-yrf-denies-claims-of-sensationalising-delhi-missing-girls-case-2864323-2026-02-06 |access-date=10 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Delhi Police]] stated, "After certain clues, we learned that publicity regarding the increasing number of missing girls in Delhi was being spread in exchange for money. Creating panic for profit will not be tolerated, and strict action will be taken against those involved".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mardaani 3 has no connection with viral ‘800 girls missing’ in Delhi claims, YRF issues statement: ‘We are a 50 years old company’ |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/no-link-between-mardaani-3-and-viral-800-people-missing-in-delhi-claim-yrf-issues-statement-1770449141117 |website=[[Wion]] |language=en|date=7 February 2026|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref> However, these claims were denied by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Mardaani 3: Yash Raj Films denies sensationalising 800 missing girls data after accusations of paid promotion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mardaani-3-yash-raj-films-denies-sensationalising-missing-girls-data-after-accusations-of-paid-promotion-101770376666329.html |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt27673536}}<br />
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=mardaani-3}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|mardaani_3|Mardaani 3}}<br />
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about women in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian police films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about child trafficking in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=YEIDA_City&diff=545928YEIDA City2026-05-01T20:27:33Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added Some Place W/ Infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Planned new city in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
<br />
"'''Yamuna City'''", is a new [[Planned community|planned city]] initiative by the '''Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority''' '''(YEIDA)''' and the third in the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar district]], following [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]]. It is situated on a 25,000-hectare expanse along the [[Yamuna Expressway]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=YEIDA Plot Scheme 2023: Eligibility, Process, Payment Schedule and Latest Updates |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/yeida-plot-scheme/120005.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Magicbricks Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Yamuna Expressway Authority floats third global tender for development of 230 acres of Film City project |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/yamuna-expressway-authority-floats-third-global-tender-for-development-of-230-acres-of-film-city-project-11464901.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
<br />
The initial phase involves creating the Perspective Plan for the entire designated area and drafting the Master Plan 2031 for the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], covering portions of Gautam Budh Nagar and [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamuna Expressway Industrial authority |first=Official website |title=Official plan YIEDA |url=https://www.yamunaexpresswayauthority.com/web/about-us/master-plan/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Yamuna Expressway Authority does away with e-auction for industrial plots, approves Master Plan 2041 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/yamuna-expressway-authority-does-away-with-e-auction-for-industrial-plots-approves-master-plan-2041-11363181.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><br />
<br />
The new planned city is developed around Yamuna Expressway and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] has implemented the UP Industrial Development Act, 1976, with the aim of facilitating organized growth in industrial and related endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Yeida to float plot scheme on November 15 at Japanese City in Sector 10 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/yeida-to-float-plot-scheme-on-november-15-at-japanese-city-in-sector-10-101698858988176.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Another such new planned city by the Uttar Pradesh government is in works which is expected to be created beside [[Ganga Expressway]] in [[Meerut]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Keep Kumbh in mind, finish Ganga e-way by December 2024: UP CM Yogi Adityanath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/keep-kumbh-in-mind-finish-ganga-e-way-by-dec-2024-cm/articleshow/101092137.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Noida International Airport ==<br />
<br />
The upcoming city will have India's largest airport [[Noida International Airport]], which is expected to complete its construction in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Aviation hub to be developed on 1000-acre land in second phase of Noida International Airport project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aviation-hub-noida-international-airport-second-phase-1000-acre-land-9011570/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority]] (UPEIDA)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasthuri_Rajamani&diff=508860Kasthuri Rajamani2026-04-29T13:55:00Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para power lifter (born 1984)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Kasthuri Rajamani<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|8|23}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| sport = [[Para powerlifting]]<br />
| weight_class = 67 kg<br />
| club = [[Sports Authority of India]]<br />
| coach = G. Vijaya Sarathy<br />
| show-medals = yes<br />
| updated = 23 April 2025<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kasthuri Rajamani''' (born 23 August 1984)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kasthuri Rajamani |url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/kasthuri-rajamani_2500986 |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=[[Paris 2024 Paralympics]]}} ([https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/kasthuri-rajamani_2500986 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/kasthuri-rajamani_2500986 alternate link 2])</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] para power lifter from [[Tamil Nadu]]. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Paris]] in the women's 67 kg category. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-07 |title=At 39, Kasthuri set for debut at Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kasthuri-rajamani-qualifies-for-paralympics-debut-at-39/articleshow/111545717.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Kasthuri is affected by polio in both her legs in the childhood. She also lost her mother early in life and was raised up by her grandmother. A friend, who is a sport shooter, took her to the boxing academy at a Corporation Ground in [[Nandambakkam|Nungambakkam]], Chennai, for training in powerlifting in December 2018. Later, she was trained by G. Vijaya Sarathy, a senior para coach with Sports Development Authority of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Liffy |date=2024-08-31 |title=Paralympic Games: More power to Kasthuri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/paralympic-games-more-power-to-kasthuri/article68590988.ece |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2023, she was recruited by [[Sports Authority of India|Sports Authority for India]] for further training.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
She represented India at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Khelo India Para Games: TN's Kasthuri Bags Powerlifting Gold; Manish Hits Bulls Eye In Shooting - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/khelo-india-para-games-tns-kasthuri-bags-powerlifting-gold-manish-hits-bulls-eye-in-shooting/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and finished 5th in the 67 kg category.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In December 2023, she won a gold medal in the elite 67kg event with a lift of 100kg in her third attempt, at the Khelo [[India]] Para Games powerlifting competition in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Tamil Nadu’s Kasthuri Rajamani bags gold in powerlifting |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/tamil-nadus-kasthuri-rajamani-bags-gold-in-powerlifting-754454 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Powerlifter Kasthuri Rajamani Finishes 8th At Paralympic Games &#124; Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/powerlifter-kasthuri-rajamani-finishes-8th-at-paralympic-games-6507192 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Powerlifter Kasthuri Rajamani finishes 8th at Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/powerlifter-kasthuri-rajamani-finishes-8th-at-paris-paralympics/articleshow/113135009.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
With a personal best score of 106 kg, she finished 8th in Paris paralympics.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamani, Kasthuri}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic powerlifters for India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian powerlifters]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil people]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}<br />
{{Powerlifting-bio-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sujatha_Singh&diff=538012Sujatha Singh2026-04-24T10:18:11Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added First Bio Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| 30th Foreign Secretary of India}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sujatha Singh<br />
| image = Sujatha Singh with Deputy Secretary Burns (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = 200<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1954|07}}<br />
| birth_place = [[India]]<br />
| term_start = {{Start date|2013|08|01|df=yes}}<br />
| term_end = {{End date|2015|01|28|df=yes}}<br />
| office = [[Foreign Secretary of India|30th Foreign Secretary of India]]<br />
| prime_minister = [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = [[Ranjan Mathai]]<br />
| successor = [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]<br />
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]]<br />
| prime_minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2012<br />
| term_end1 = 2013<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Sudhir Vyas]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]<br />
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Australia|Higher Commissioner of India to Australia]]<br />
| prime_minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2007<br />
| term_end2 = 2012<br />
| predecessor2 = RP Shukla<br />
| successor2 = Biren Nanda<br />
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]<br />
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[T. V. Rajeswar]]|Mahalakshmi}}<br />
| spouse = Dr. Sanjay M. Singh<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh to be India's next Foreign Secretary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sujatha-singh-to-be-indias-next-foreign-secretary/article4872628.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703051720/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sujatha-singh-to-be-indias-next-foreign-secretary/article4872628.ece|archive-date=3 July 2013|access-date=3 July 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
| children = <br />
| profession = [[retired]] [[diplomat]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]<br />[[Delhi School of Economics]]<br />[[Delhi University]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sujatha Singh ''' (born July 1954) is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the 30th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]. Previously she also served as the [[Ambassador of India to Germany]] and as the [[High Commissioner of India to Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh takes charge as India's new foreign secretary|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/sujatha-singh-takes-charge-as-india-s-new-foreign-secretary-113080100368_1.html|date=1 August 2013|accessdate=1 August 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family and education==<br />
Born in July 1954, Sujatha Singh is the daughter of the former [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] chief and, later, [[Governor]] of Uttar Pradesh [[T. V. Rajeswar]]. She is an alumna of the [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women|Lady Shri Ram College]], New Delhi and the [[Delhi School of Economics]] from where she graduated in economics. She is married to Sanjay Singh, who is a retired Indian Foreign Service officer.<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite news|title=Seniority prevails, Sujatha Singh is new Foreign Secy|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130703/main6.htm|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=The Tribune|date=2 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="business-standard">{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh is India's next foreign secretary|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sujatha-singh-is-india-s-next-foreign-secretary-113070200872_1.html|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Singh is an [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) officer {{clarify|date=June 2025|reason=explain "batch" |text=of the 1976 batch.}} She is a [[German language|German speaker]] and served in various positions at the Indian embassies at [[Bonn]], [[Accra]], Paris, and [[Bangkok]]. She was India's [[Consul general]] at [[Milan]] during 2000–04. She has also served as India's [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] to Australia (2007–2012). In Delhi she has served on the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry's]] Economic Co-ordination Unit and dealt with [[Nepal]], West Europe and the EU as director, [[undersecretary]] and joint secretary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mrs Sujatha Singh, Ambassador of India, Embassy of India, Berlin|url=http://www.indianembassy.de/pages.php?id=7|publisher=Embassy of India, Berlin|accessdate=3 July 2013}}</ref> Her tenure as High Commissioner to Australia was marked by turbulence in [[Australia-India relations|Indo-Australian ties]] following racial attacks on Indian students and later by the [[Australian Labour Party]]'s decision to make an exception for India regarding the sale of uranium. She has a reputation for toughness, volunteering as a liaison officer on a rain-hit Kailash Manasarovar Yatra in 1983,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh to succeed Ranjan Mathai as foreign secretary|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sujatha-Singh-to-succeed-Ranjan-Mathai-as-foreign-secretary/articleshow/20885400.cms|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 July 2013}}</ref> taking a tough stance with the Australian authorities on dealing with the racial attacks against Indians there,<ref name="tribuneindia" /> and, as joint secretary handling Western Europe, she advocated India's stance of not accepting prescriptive aid from small European Union nations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh set to take her place in corner room|url=http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Sujatha-Singh-set-to-take-her-place-in-corner-room/2013/06/30/article1659435.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318085432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Sujatha-Singh-set-to-take-her-place-in-corner-room/2013/06/30/article1659435.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2014|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=30 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh to replace Ranjan Mathai as Foreign Secretary|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Sujatha-Singh-to-replace-Ranjan-Mathai-as-Foreign-Secretary/2013/07/03/article1664791.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318085435/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Sujatha-Singh-to-replace-Ranjan-Mathai-as-Foreign-Secretary/2013/07/03/article1664791.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2014|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=3 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Foreign Secretary ==<br />
In 2013, Sujatha Singh succeeded [[Ranjan Mathai]] as Foreign Secretary of India. Though Singh was senior by tenure, her appointment as foreign secretary over [[S. Jaishankar]] was criticised by citing her inexperience in holding key diplomatic offices. The fact that she had never served as ambassador to any of India's neighbouring nations, unlike Jaishankar, was seen as a challenge.<br />
<br />
In the normal course, she should have retired from the IFS in July 2014 upon her 60th birthday, but appointments to the position of foreign secretary are usually made for a tenure of two years, and such was the case with her. She thus received an extension in service of thirteen months, and her two-year term as Foreign Secretary should have ended in August 2015.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="business-standard" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Sujatha Singh to be India's next Foreign Secretary|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sujatha-singh-to-be-indias-next-foreign-secretary/1136601/|accessdate=3 July 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> However, a government order on 28 January 2015, issued by the newly elected government of [[Narendra Modi]], terminated her extended service and appointed another person to the post of Foreign Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sharma, B. P., Secretariat of the Appoints Committee of the Cabinet|title=Minute|date=26 January 2015|publisher=Department of Personnel & Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pension, Government of India|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36-1-15-smi-sjaishankar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129093931/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02eod/36-1-15-smi-sjaishankar.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This was [[S. Jaishankar]], who as Indian Ambassador to the United States had played a key role during Indian Prime Minister Modi's visit to the US, and in US President Obama's visit to India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sujatha Singh removed as foreign secretary, S Jaishankar appointed in her place |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sujatha-Singh-removed-as-foreign-secretary-S-Jaishankar-appointed-in-her-place/articleshow/46047337.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Singh, Neha |title=US Envoy S Jaishankar Replaces Sujata Singh as New Foreign Secretary; Cong Questions Timing |date=29 January 2015|newspaper=International Business Times, India Edition |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/us-envoy-s-jaishankar-replaces-sujata-singh-new-foreign-secretary-cong-questions-timing-621831 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131180510/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/us-envoy-s-jaishankar-replaces-sujata-singh-new-foreign-secretary-cong-questions-timing-621831 |archive-date=31 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-dip}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=R.P. Shukla}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner of India to Australia]]|years=2007–2012}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=Biren Nanda}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Sudhir Vyas]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to Germany]]|years=2012–2013}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Ranjan Mathai]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=2013–2015}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[S. Jaishankar]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sujatha}}<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Women ambassadors of India]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birding_in_Chennai&diff=491849Birding in Chennai2026-04-24T06:27:21Z<p>Polarishealthcare: created entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
Housing more than 200 resident and wintering bird species, [[Chennai]] (formerly known as Madras) has long been a haven for bird watchers. It is one of the few urban areas in [[India]] with diverse range of birds including [[greater flamingo]], [[black baza]], [[osprey]], [[Indian eagle-owl]], [[Coppersmith barbet]], [[Spot billed pelican]] and [[pied avocet]] can be seen. The following are some known birding hotspots in and around Chennai.<br />
<br />
[[File:ChennaiBirds.jpg|thumb|Birds of Chennai]]<br />
[[File:GNP-Blackbuck-scape.jpg|thumb|A blackbuck in Guindy National Park]]<br />
{{anchor|GuindyNationalPark}}<br />
<br />
==Guindy National Park==<br />
{{further|Guindy National Park}}<br />
<br />
Guindy National Park (GNP) is one of [[India]]'s smallest [[national park]]s covering an area of 2.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It is situated in the midst of the city, and is often called 'the lungs of Chennai'.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of [[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|dry evergreen scrub]], [[thorn forest]], open [[grassland]] and small water bodies. The star attractions of the Guindy National Park are the [[blackbuck]] antelope and the [[Indian star tortoise]]. [[chital|Spotted deer]], [[golden jackal]], [[leopard cat|civet cat]], [[pangolin]]s and various species of snakes and butterflies can also be seen in the national park.<ref>Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Guindy National Park. http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/np_gnp.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928004229/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html |date=28 September 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Highlight: Guindy is the only place in Chennai where the very rare [[Bird of prey|raptor]], the [[black baza]] has been recorded during winter. The [[Chestnut-winged cuckoo|red winged crested cuckoo]] is another uncommon bird species found here.<br />
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[[File:BarnOwl-GNP.jpg|thumb|Barn owl at GNP]]<br />
<br />
Over 100 resident and migratory bird species have been recorded so far, the commonest raptors being: [[Crested honey buzzard|Oriental honey buzzard]], [[white-eyed buzzard]] and [[shikra]]. [[Bird migration|Migratory]] raptors including black baza, common [[kestrel]] and [[booted eagle]] can be seen during the winter months. Resident birds include [[red-vented bulbul]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]] and [[white-browed bulbul]], [[coppersmith barbet]], [[sunbird]]s, [[yellow-wattled lapwing]], [[Indian robin]], [[Black-rumped flameback|lesser flameback woodpecker]] and [[spotted owlet]].<br />
<br />
How to reach Guindy: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.99908,80.227704&spn=0.022957,0.038581 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:Lesser Flameback at Theosophical society.jpg|thumb|Lesser flameback at Theosophical Society]]<br />
{{anchor|TheosophicalSocietyGardens}}<br />
<br />
==Theosophical Society Gardens==<br />
The [[Theosophical Society]] Gardens is one of the best birdwatching spots in Chennai. Being adjacent to the Adyar Estuary, TS hosts more than 50+ species of resident and migrant bird species.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of thick woodland, some fruiting trees, undergrowth, flower garden and the estuary.<br />
<br />
The Theosophical Society Gardens has a good number of [[golden jackal]], and housing many flowering trees and nectaring plants, this place is good for butterfly and insect lovers too. During the winter a large number of waders and other water birds can be seen near the estuary.<br />
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Highlight: This is one place in Chennai where the [[black-capped kingfisher]] has been recorded.<br />
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[[File:Purplerumpedsunbird-f.jpg|thumb|Purple rumped sunbird ath the Theosophical Society]]<br />
Some of the resident bird species seen here are [[Black-rumped flameback|lesser flameback woodpecker]], [[coppersmith barbet]], [[hoopoe]], [[southern coucal]], [[rufous treepie]], Asian [[koel]], sunbirds, [[yellow-billed babbler]], [[common hawk-cuckoo]], shikra, [[spotted owlet]], [[spotted dove]], [[rose-ringed parakeet]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], white-breasted kingfisher and [[Oriental honey buzzard]].<br />
<br />
During winter one can see [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], [[Asian brown flycatcher]], [[brown-breasted flycatcher]], [[Indian pitta]], [[Blyth's reed warbler]] in the TS gardens, and in the estuary herons, egrets, sandpipers, [[black-winged stilt]], godwits and plovers can all be seen.<br />
<br />
How to reach Theosophical Society Gardens: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=13.008781,80.270963&spn=0.011478,0.01929 Google Maps]<br />
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[[File:OrangeHeadedThrush.jpg|thumb|Orange headed thrush ''Z.c.citrina'' sub-species at IIT Campus]]<br />
{{anchor|IITCampus}}<br />
<br />
==Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Campus==<br />
{{further|Indian Institute of Technology Madras}}<br />
<br />
Adjacent to the Guindy National Park, the IIT campus has a few patches of well-wooded forest which are very good for birdwatching. The presence of multiple micro-ecosystems in a small area located in an urban environment makes it an ideal place to see many species of birds (up to 50 species in 2 hours during the winter season). Over 100 resident and migrant bird species have been recorded here. Prakriti, a wildlife club run by the students, staff and residents of IIT takes part in conservation activities and helps protect the [[biodiversity]] in campus.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of dry evergreen forest, reed beds, well-wooded forest, open grassland, dry scrub and undergrowth. The main inhabitants here are [[blackbuck]] antelope, [[Chital|spotted deer]], [[Indian gray mongoose|Indian grey mongoose]], [[golden jackal]], [[monitor lizard]], snakes, and over 40 butterfly species.<br />
<br />
Highlight: The wintering sub-species of [[orange-headed ground thrush]] (''Zoothera citrina citrina'') can be seen here.<br />
<br />
Resident bird species seen here include [[Black-rumped flameback|lesser flameback woodpecker]], [[coppersmith barbet]], [[hoopoe]], [[greater coucal]], [[rufous treepie]], Asian [[koel]], sunbirds, [[yellow-billed babbler]], [[common hawk-cuckoo]], [[shikra]], [[spotted owlet]], [[spotted dove]], [[rose-ringed parakeet]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[collared scops-owl]], [[Asian openbill stork]], [[brown boobook]], [[slaty-breasted rail]], [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[purple moorhen]], [[common moorhen]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[red-vented bulbul]], [[white-browed bulbul]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]] and [[Oriental honey buzzard]].<br />
<br />
During wintering months one can see [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], [[Asian brown flycatcher]], [[Indian pitta]], [[orange-headed ground thrush]], [[large-billed leaf warbler]], [[Blyth's reed warbler]], and [[forest wagtail]] in the IIT campus.<br />
<br />
How to reach IIT campus: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.991532,80.240107&spn=0.011479,0.01929 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:FulvousWhistlingDuck-Pallikaranai.jpg|thumb|Rare fulvous whistling ducks at Pallikaranai marsh]]<br />
{{anchor|PallikaranaiMarsh}}<br />
<br />
==Pallikaranai marsh==<br />
{{main|Pallikaranai Wetland}}<br />
<br />
Pallikaranai marsh is a freshwater swamp adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]] covering an area of 80 square kilometres. It is one of the finest natural freshwater ecosystems in the city. Over 100 resident and migratory bird species have been recorded so far.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of fresh/saline water bodies, reed beds, mud flats and floating vegetation.<br />
<br />
Highlights: [[Fulvous whistling duck]],<ref>The Hindu. Fulvous Whistling Duck sighted at Pallikaranai. 17 July 2009. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/17/stories/2009071759220400.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720080253/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/17/stories/2009071759220400.htm |date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> [[grey-headed lapwing]], [[greater flamingo]] and waders like [[pied avocet]], sandpipers and ruffs can be seen here during wintering months.<br />
<br />
[[File:Osprey - Pallikaranai.jpg|thumb|Osprey at Pallikaranai marsh]]<br />
<br />
Resident bird species include [[purple swamphen]], [[common moorhen]], [[pheasant-tailed jacana]], [[purple heron]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[common coot]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[prinia]]s, [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[pied crested cuckoo]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]] and [[grey heron]].<br />
<br />
Raptors like [[shikra]], [[black-winged kite]], [[black kite]], [[red-necked falcon]], [[marsh harrier]], [[Montague's harrier]] and [[booted eagle]] can also be seen here.<br />
<br />
During wintering months thousands of waders and migratory ducks fill the marsh, which becomes a paradise for bird watchers. [[Osprey]], [[greater flamingo]], [[northern pintail]] duck, [[northern shoveller]], [[garganey]] teal, [[black-tailed godwit]], [[pied avocet]], [[common sandpiper]], [[wood sandpiper]] and [[marsh sandpiper]], [[whiskered tern]], [[rosy starling]], [[Eastern yellow wagtail|yellow wagtail]], [[little stint]], [[grey-headed lapwing]], [[glossy ibis]] and [[black-headed ibis]], [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]] and [[greenshank]] all visit the Pallikaranai marsh.<br />
<br />
How to reach Pallikaranai marsh: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.945257,80.225945&spn=0.045923,0.077162 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:GHO-Nanmangalam.jpg|thumb|Great horned owl at Nanmangalam RF]]<br />
{{anchor|NanmangalamReserveForest}}<br />
<br />
== Potheri Lake ==<br />
Potheri Lake is a rain fed freshwater lake situated near [[Potheri village, Kanchipuram|Potheri]] a small village on the outskirts of Chennai. It is situated right beside the [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRMIST]]. The habitat in this place is a rain fed freshwater lake system, grasslands on the East and Southeast of the lake and scrub forests on the southern end. Till now [https://ebird.org/india/hotspot/L3078680 147 species] have been recorded at this lake.<br />
[[File:Potheri Lake habitat.jpg|thumb|Potheri lake wetland habitat.]]<br />
The uncommon species recorded at this place include [[Lesser whitethroat|Lesser Whitethroat]], [[Paddyfield warbler]], [[Red-necked falcon|Red-necked Falcon]], [[Peregrine falcon|Peregrine Falcon]], [[Montagu's harrier|Montagu's Harrier]], [[Pacific golden plover|Pacific Golden-Plover]], [[Greater painted-snipe|Greater Painted-Snipe]], [[Pin-tailed snipe]], [[Ruddy-breasted crake|Ruddy-breasted Crake]], [[Cinnamon bittern|Cinnamon Bittern]], [[White-rumped munia]], [[Red avadavat|Red Avadavat]], [[Common woodshrike]], [[Tawny-bellied babbler|Tawny-bellied Babbler]], [[Blyth's pipit|Blyth's Pipit]], [[Richard's pipit|Richard's Pipit]], [[Eurasian wigeon|Eurasian Wigeon]], [[Jungle bush quail|Jungle Bush-Quail]], [[Streaked weaver|Streaked Weaver]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher|Indian Paradise Flycatcher]], [[Asian brown flycatcher|Asian Brown Flycatcher]], [[Brown-breasted flycatcher|Brown-breasted Flycatcher]].<br />
<br />
It is situated near to the GST Road and is also near to the Potheri railway station. The location for it is [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Potheri+Lake/@12.8171367,80.0433075,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a52f7717bdce12d:0x35a340afbbf905e5!8m2!3d12.8168416!4d80.0444109 here].<br />
<br />
==Nanmangalam Reserve Forest==<br />
{{main|Nanmangalam Reserve Forest}}<br />
<br />
Nanmangalam Reserve Forest is a scrub forest covering an area of 320 hectares. It is the only place in the city where the [[great horned owl]] (Eurasian eagle-owl) is resident. It has been successfully breeding there for two decades. Over 80 species of resident and migratory birds have been recorded so far. Nanmangalam Reserve Forest is a very good place for reptiles and insects too.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of thick scrub forest, well-wooded [[eucalyptus]] plantations, three big abandoned quarries and small hillocks.<br />
<br />
Highlight: The [[Indian eagle-owl|Indian Eagle-owl]] is the star attraction in Nanmangalam Reserve forest. [[Orange-breasted green pigeon]] was seen recently for the first time.<BR /> <br />
[[File:IndianNightJar-Nanmangalam.jpg|thumb|Common Indian nightjar at Nanmanagalam RF]]<br />
<br />
Resident bird species include [[Indian robin]] and [[magpie robin]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]] and [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[great horned owl]], [[common iora]], [[purple-rumped sunbird]], [[purple sunbird]] and [[Loten's sunbird]], [[spotted dove]] and [[laughing dove]], [[Indian nightjar]], [[Eurasian stone-curlew]] (thick-knee), [[ashy woodswallow]], [[common woodshrike]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[common babbler]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]], [[red-vented bulbul]] and [[white-browed bulbul]], [[Oriental honey buzzard]], [[white-eyed buzzard]] and [[shikra]].<br />
<br />
During the wintering months [[Indian pitta]], [[rosy starling]], [[orange-headed ground thrush]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], [[Asian brown flycatcher]], [[common kestrel]], [[booted eagle]], [[common snipe]] and [[blue-tailed bee-eater]] can all be seen.<br />
<br />
How to reach Nanmangalam Reserve Forest: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.926687,80.173931&spn=0.045927,0.077162 Google Maps]<br />
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[[File:RedNEckedFalcon-Siruthavur.jpg|thumb|Red-necked falcon at Siruthavur lake]]<br />
{{anchor|SiruthavoorLake}}<br />
<br />
==[[Sirudavoor lake|Sirudavoor Lake]]==<br />
[[Sirudavoor lake|Sirudavoor Lake]] is a rain-fed fresh water lake used for irrigation and fishing. Famous for the fresh water ducks such as [[Eurasian wigeon]] and [[cotton pygmy goose]], over 70 resident and migratory bird species have been recorded so far. This is one place near Chennai where both [[red-wattled lapwing]] and [[yellow-wattled lapwing]] are seen in close proximity.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of a freshwater lake system, open grassland, sparse dry scrub and reed beds.<br />
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Highlights: [[Indian courser]] are recorded to breed here. uncommon raptors such as [[red-necked falcon]] and [[short-toed snake-eagle]] can also be spotted.<br />
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[[File:OrientalPratincole.jpg|thumb|left|Oriental pratincole at Sirudavoor lake]]<br />
<br />
Some of the resident bird species include [[little green bee-eater]], [[pied bushchat]], [[ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], [[paddyfield pipit]], [[yellow-wattled lapwing]], [[red-wattled lapwing]], [[Indian courser]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[little ringed plover]], [[red-rumped swallow]], [[shikra]], [[white-eyed buzzard]], [[red-necked falcon]], [[short-toed snake-eagle]], [[baya weaver]], [[zitting cisticola]], [[plain prinia]], [[ashy prinia]] and [[Indian roller]].<br />
<br />
During winter months [[blue-tailed bee-eater]], [[common kestrel]], [[Yellow wagtail (disambiguation)|yellow wagtail]], [[barn swallow]], [[glossy ibis]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[painted stork]], [[openbill stork]], [[booted eagle]], [[Oriental pratincole]], [[common sandpiper]], [[wood sandpiper]] and [[greenshank]] can be spotted.<br />
<br />
How to reach Sirudavoor Lake: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=13.0837%2C80.2702%3B12.6824%2C80.1549 OpenStreetMap.org]<br />
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[[File:EurasianWigeon-Chembarambakkam.jpg|thumb|Eurasian wigeon pair at Chembarambakkam]]<br />
{{anchor|ChembarabakkamLake}}<br />
<br />
==Chembarambakkam lake==<br />
{{further|Chembarambakkam lake}}<br />
<br />
[[File:BlueTailedBeeeater-Chembarambakkam.jpg|thumb|Blue tailed bee-eater at Chembarambakkam lake]]<br />
[[File:GreaterFlamingoJuv-Kelambakkam.jpg|thumb|Greater flamingo juveniles at Kelambakkam backwaters]]<br />
Chembarabakkam lake is another rain-water fed freshwater lake covering an area of 15&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. This place is famous for wintering ducks and other migratory water birds. At least 60+ resident and migrant bird species have been recorded so far.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of a fresh water lake system, sparse scrub, reed beds, open dry land and floating vegetation.<br />
<br />
Highlight: Hundreds of [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[fulvous whistling duck]], [[peregrine falcon]], and [[cotton teal]] are recorded during winter. Red-necked falcons and golden jackals are recorded breeding in the open dry patches around the lake.<br />
<br />
Resident bird species include [[pond heron]], [[little cormorant]], [[purple heron]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[ashy woodswallow]], [[little grebe]], [[little green bee-eater]], [[white-eyed buzzard]], [[spotted owlet]], [[Oriental darter]], [[little egret]], [[great egret]], [[common coot]], [[purple moorhen]], [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[bay-backed shrike]], [[pied bushchat]], [[grey francolin]], [[ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], [[paddyfield pipit]], [[black drongo]], [[plain prinia]], [[ashy prinia]], [[black bittern]], [[shikra]], [[red munia]], [[tricoloured munia]], [[Indian silverbill]], [[pheasant-tailed jacana]].<br />
<br />
During the wintering months [[common kestrel]], [[Montague's harrier]], [[blue-tailed bee-eater]], [[barn swallow]], [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[cotton pygmy goose]], [[fulvous whistling duck]], [[painted stork]], [[openbill stork]] can be spotted.<br />
<br />
How to reach Chembarambakkam lake: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=13.022956,80.074711&spn=0.091818,0.154324 Google Maps]<br />
{{anchor|KelambakkamBackwaters}}<br />
<br />
'''Perumbakkam Lake'''<br />
<br />
Perumbakkam lake near Sholinganallur Signal (towards Medavakkam) is good place for birding. A lot of pelicans, painted storks, ducks, etc. are seen throughout the year. This a nice spot for all birders within the city limits.<br />
<br />
==Kelambakkam backwaters==<br />
[[File:EurasianCurlew-Kelambakkam.jpg|thumb|Eurasian curlew with crab at Kelambakkam backwaters]]<br />
[[File:OpenBill-VedanthangalBS.jpg|thumb|Asian openbill stork at Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]]Kelambakkam backwaters is a brackish water lagoon adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the East Coast Road. This place is a haven for waders, terns, gulls and other winter migrants. More than 80 species of bird have been recorded so far.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of coastal water mudflats, sand banks, salt pans and small scrubs.<br />
<br />
Highlights: Thousands of gulls and terns are recorded during the winter months. [[Eurasian curlew]], [[Eurasian whimbrel|whimbrel]], [[greater flamingo]], [[great crested tern]], [[Sandwich tern]], [[white-winged black tern]] can be spotted during February and March. [[Black ibis]] were recorded for the first time in Chennai recently.<br />
<br />
The resident birds seen here include [[little cormorant]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[little grebe]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], little green or [[striated heron]], [[little green bee-eater]], [[black drongo]], [[red-wattled lapwing]], [[pond heron]].<br />
<br />
Thousands of waders can be seen here during winter. Some of the winter migrants seen here are [[common tern]], [[little tern]], [[whiskered tern]], [[gull-billed tern]], [[great crested tern]], [[Sandwich tern]], [[white-winged black tern]], [[Caspian tern]], [[Brown-headed gull|brown headed]]/[[Black-headed gull|black headed]]/[[Pallas's gull|Pallas]] gulls, Kentish/lesser sand/Pacific golden/grey plovers, [[common sandpiper]], [[wood sandpiper]], [[curlew sandpiper]], [[Terek sandpiper]], [[Eurasian curlew]], [[Eurasian whimbrel|whimbrel]], [[osprey]], [[little stint]], [[Temminck's stint]], [[dunlin]], [[black-tailed godwit]], [[common redshank]], [[greenshank]], [[painted stork]], [[openbill stork]] and [[grey heron]]. <br />
[[File:Spot Billed Pelican, Kelambakkam Backwaters, Chennai.JPG|thumb|Kelambakkam Backwaters is one of the most important bird watching spots in Chennai. Lot of bird variety are found here throughout the year. Spot billed pelican seen as it is just about to land.]]<br />
<br />
How to reach Kelambakkam backwaters: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.780414,80.238562&spn=0.045954,0.077162 Google Maps]<br />
{{anchor|VedanthangalBirdSanctuary}}<br />
<br />
==Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary==<br />
{{main|Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary}}<br />
<br />
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary is one of the oldest bird sanctuaries in [[India]]. Covering 30 hectares, this lake is a nesting colony for thousands of winter migrants. The lake has trees like'' [[Barringtonia]]'' and ''[[Acacia]]'' species where the nests are built and young are raised.<br />
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Highlights: Heronry and wintering ducks.<br />
<br />
[[File:NorthernPintailDucks-Vedanthangal.jpg|thumb|Northern pintails at Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
The bird species that nest here include [[painted stork]], [[grey heron]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[darter]] (snakebird), [[little cormorant]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[glossy ibis]], [[little egret]], [[intermediate egret]] and [[great egret]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[pond heron]] and [[Asian openbill]] stork. Hundreds of [[garganey]] teals, [[northern pintail]] and [[northern shoveller]] can also be seen in the lake. The best time to visit Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary is from November to March.<br />
<br />
How to reach Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.546186,79.860263&spn=0.022998,0.038581 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg|thumb|Greater flamingos at Mudaliarkuppam]]<br />
{{anchor|MudaliarkuppamBackwaters}}<br />
<br />
==Mudaliarkuppam backwaters==<br />
Mudaliarkuppam backwaters is a brackish water lagoon adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the East Coast Road. This is yet another haven for wading birds and migratory ducks.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of coastal water mudflats, sand banks and salt pans.<br />
<br />
Highlights: Hundreds of greater flamingos can be spotted here throughout the year. Thousands of migratory ducks, terns and waders can also be spotted during winter months.<br />
<br />
[[File:Whiskered Terns - Mudaliarkuppam, India.jpg|thumb|Gull billed terns at Mudaliarkuppam]]<br />
The resident birds seen here include [[little cormorant]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[little grebe]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], little green or [[striated heron]], [[pond heron]] and [[red-wattled lapwing]].<br />
<br />
Some of the winter migrants seen here are [[greater flamingo]], [[Kentish plover]], [[lesser sand plover]], [[Pacific golden plover]], [[grey plover]], [[common sandpiper]], [[curlew sandpiper]], [[Eurasian curlew]], [[osprey]], [[little stint]], [[Temminck's stint]], [[black-tailed godwit]], [[common redshank]], [[greenshank]], [[common tern]], [[little tern]], [[whiskered tern]], [[gull-billed tern]], [[Caspian tern]], [[brown-headed gull]], [[Pallas's gull]], [[slender-billed gull]], [[painted stork]], [[openbill stork]] and [[grey heron]]. Thousands of [[Eurasian wigeon]], [[northern pintail]], [[northern shoveller]] also use the backwaters.<br />
<br />
How to reach Mudaliarkuppam backwaters: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.350231,80.042095&spn=0.092061,0.154324 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:ZittingCisticola-VedanthangalScrub.jpg|thumb|Zitting cisticola at Vedanthangal scrub]]<br />
{{anchor|VedanthangalScrub}}<br />
<br />
==Vedanthangal scrub and reed bed==<br />
Vedanthangal scrub and reed bed are among the lesser explored birding areas where some uncommon and exceptional bird species can be spotted. Over 40 species can be seen in this very small area en route to the Vedanthangal bird sanctuary.<ref>Tamil Nadu Forest Department – Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/bs_vedabs.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103164349/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/bs_vedabs.html |date=3 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
This is one of the best mixed habitats in Chennai, comprising thin scrub land, small ponds, reedbeds and grassland interspersed with paddy fields.<br />
<br />
Highlights: Elusive bird species like [[slaty-breasted rail]] and [[ruddy-breasted crake]] can be spotted here. For the first time in Chennai, a [[Chinese grassbird|rufous-rumped grassbird]] was recorded here.<br />
<br />
[[File:RedMunia-VedanthangalScrub.jpg|thumb|Red munia at Vedanthangal Scrub]]<br />
<br />
Some of the resident bird species that can be seen here are [[little green bee-eater]], [[blue-tailed bee-eater]], [[plain prinia]], [[ashy prinia]], [[zitting cisticola]], [[greater coucal]], [[pied cuckoo]], [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[ruddy-breasted crake]], [[slaty-breasted rail]], [[tricolored munia]], [[Indian silverbill]] (white-throated munia), [[scaly-breasted munia]], [[red munia]], [[paddyfield pipit]], [[yellow bittern]], [[black bittern]], [[purple-rumped sunbird]], [[purple sunbird]], [[clamorous reed-warbler]], [[pied wagtail]], [[Asian palm swift]], [[pond heron]], [[black-shouldered kite]], [[spotted dove]] and [[laughing dove]].<br />
<br />
Wintering species like [[booted warbler]], [[Blyth's reed warbler]] and [[common kestrel]] can also be seen.<br />
<br />
How to reach Vedanthangal: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=12.574711,79.854684&spn=0.022995,0.038581 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
{{anchor|AdyarPoonga}}<br />
<br />
==Adyar/Tholkappia Poonga==<br />
Adyar Poonga is an eco park on the banks of the Adyar estuary covering 1.45 square kilometres. Over 100 bird species and over 70 species of butterflies have been recorded in and around the park so far.<br />
<br />
The habitat consists of small ponds, flower gardens, sand banks, small scrub and estuary.<br />
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Highlights: Heronry and waders during the winter months. Uncommon butterflies like [[painted lady]] and [[black rajah]] have also been spotted here.<br />
<br />
Some of the resident bird species that can be seen here are [[little cormorant]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[little grebe]], sunbirds, [[common kingfisher]], [[pied kingfisher]], [[white-breasted kingfisher]], [[black-capped kingfisher]], [[lesser whistling teal]], [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[cinnamon bittern]], [[black bittern]] and [[little green bee-eater]].<br />
<br />
The wintering species that visit the estuary are [[black-winged stilt]], [[common sandpiper]], [[wood sandpiper]], [[black-tailed godwit]], [[little ringed plover]], [[lesser sand plover]], [[Pacific golden plover]], [[whiskered tern]], [[gull-billed tern]], [[little egret]] and [[great egret]].<br />
<br />
How to reach Adyar/Tholkappia Poonga: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=13.019631,80.264397&spn=0.005739,0.009645 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:DucksPulicat.jpg|thumb|Northern pintails/shovellers at Pulicat lake]]<br />
{{anchor|PulicatLake}}<br />
<br />
==Pulicat Lake/Shar Road and Annamalaichery Backwaters==<br />
Pulicat lake and Annamalaichery Backwaters are salt water lagoons/backwaters adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Pulicat lake is known as the second largest salt water lake in India, covering an area of around 450 square kilometres. Over 130 resident and migratory bird species have been recorded so far.<ref>V. Kannan et al. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. ''The Waterbirds of Pulicat Lake, Andhra Pradesh-Tamil Nadu, India, Including Those of the Adjoining Wetlands And Heronries''. 105 (2), May–Aug 2008. Pages 162–180 {{cite web |url=http://www.pulicatlake.org/PulicatWaterbirds-Paper.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182742/http://www.pulicatlake.org/PulicatWaterbirds-Paper.pdf |archivedate=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary – Overview. http://www.pulicatlake.org/Nelapattu%20Bird%20Sanctuary%20An%20Overview.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182758/http://www.pulicatlake.org/Nelapattu%20Bird%20Sanctuary%20An%20Overview.pdf |date=30 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The habitat consists of shallow brackish water lagoons, tidal mudflats, sand banks, thin scrub intercepted by paddy fields and reed beds.<br />
<br />
Highlights: Thousands of [[greater flamingo]], [[lesser flamingo]], wintering ducks and waders have been recorded during the winter. [[White-bellied sea-eagle]], [[osprey]] and [[booted eagle]] can also be seen.<br />
<br />
[[File:WesternReefEgret-Pulicat.jpg|thumb|Western reef egret – intermediate morph at Pulicat]]<br />
<br />
Some of the bird species spotted here in winter include [[greater flamingo]], [[lesser flamingo]], [[northern pintail]], [[northern shoveller]] ducks, sandpipers, plovers, terns, gulls, [[osprey]], [[painted stork]], [[Asian openbill stork]], [[glossy ibis]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[western reef egret]], [[little egret]], [[intermediate egret]], [[great egret]], [[greenshank]], [[common redshank]], [[spotted redshank]], godwits, [[pied avocet]], [[Eurasian curlew]], [[spot-billed pelican]], stints, [[peregrine falcon]] and [[common kestrel]].<br />
<br />
How to reach Pulicat Lake: [http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=13.867414,80.241394&spn=0.731955,1.234589 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
[[File:SpotBilledPelican-Nelapattu.jpg|thumb|Spot billed pelican nesting at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]]<br />
{{anchor|NelapattuBirdSanctuary}}<br />
<br />
==Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary==<br />
{{further|Nelapattu}}<br />
<br />
[[Nelapattu]] Bird Sanctuary is one of the best breeding grounds for [[spot-billed pelican]] in the country. Covering an area of 4.5 square kilometres, this lake serves as a nesting colony for thousands of winter migrants. The lake has ''[[Barringtonia]]'' species trees where these wintering birds build their nests.<br />
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Highlights: Heronry and wintering ducks.<br />
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[[File:AsianOpenbill-Nellapattu.jpg|thumb|Asian openbill nesting at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]]<br />
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The bird species that nest here include [[painted stork]], [[grey heron]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[darter]], [[little cormorant]], [[Indian shag]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[glossy ibis]], [[little egret]], [[intermediate egret]], [[great egret]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[pond heron]] and [[Asian openbill]] stork. Hundreds of [[garganey]] teal, [[northern pintail]], [[gadwall]] and [[northern shoveller]] can also be seen on the lake. The best time to visit this place is from November to March.<br />
<br />
How to reach Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary:<br />
[http://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?msid=210365030581759758023.00049bf18d1f680ce1121&msa=0&ll=13.784236,80.013084&spn=0.091528,0.154324 Google Maps]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Birds of Chennai}}<br />
* [http://www.blackbuck.org.in/birding.php Madras Naturalists' Society]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120928004229/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/np_gnp.html Tamil Nadu Forest Department – Guindy National Park]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091134/https://home.iitm.ac.in/prakriti/prakriti/]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090720080253/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/17/stories/2009071759220400.htm The Hindu: Fulvous Whistling Duck sighted at Pallikaranai]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111103164349/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/wildbiodiversity/bs_vedabs.html Tamil Nadu Forest Department – Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182742/http://www.pulicatlake.org/PulicatWaterbirds-Paper.pdf Journal of Bombay NHS – Waterbirds of Pulicat Lake]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182758/http://www.pulicatlake.org/Nelapattu%20Bird%20Sanctuary%20An%20Overview.pdf Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary – Overview]<br />
* [http://www.photography-travel.com/2010/03/bird-watching-at-pallikkaranai-here-are.html Pallikaranai Bird Watching]<br />
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== References ==<br />
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
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<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:Birdwatching]]<br />
[[Category:Fauna of Tamil Nadu]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrashekhar_Yadav&diff=493480Chandrashekhar Yadav2026-04-19T02:00:21Z<p>Polarishealthcare: created info</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chandrashekhar Yadav<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| caption = [[List of education ministers of Bihar|Education minister of Bihar]]<br />
| image = Education minister Chandrashekhar.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Madhepura, Bihar<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Madhepura Assembly constituency|Madhepura]]<br />
| term_start = 2010<br />
| predecessor = [[Manindra Kumar Mandal]]<br />
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| website = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = [[Professor]]<br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| office1 = Minister of Education [[Government of Bihar]]<br />
| office2 = Minister of Sugarcane Industries [[Government of Bihar]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]<br />
| term_start2 = January 2024<br />
| term_end2 = January 2024<br />
| term_start1 = August 2022<br />
| term_end1 = January 2024<br />
| succeeded1 = [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandrashekhar Yadav''' (born 1962) is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Shekhar(RJD):Constituency- MADHEPURA(MADHEPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3068 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is 4th term MLA from [[Madhepura Assembly constituency]] and also served as a Minister of Education in the Government of [[Bihar]]. He won for the fourth consecutive time 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025 representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. In current scenario he's the biggest RJD leader of Kosi zone defeating Pappu Yadav(currently MP of Purnia) in 2020 Bihar SLA elections from Madhepura, 73 constituency.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Yadav is from Madhepura, Bihar. He is the son of Anirudh Prasad Yadav. He is a lecturer. He completed his B.Com. in 1981 at College of Commerce, Magadh University, Bodhgaya and later did his post graduation in 1985 at Kanpur University, Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Shekhar(RJD):Constituency- MADHEPURA(MADHEPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3068 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Yadav first became an MLA winning the 2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. Earlier, he lost the 2005 election as an independent but he secured 30% votes in this election and stood to second position and RJD was at third position and subsequently he Rejoined RJD in 2010. He is recognized for his advocacy on behalf of farmers' rights, he played a role in establishing Food Corporation of India centers in the Kosi and Madhepura regions in 1990s.<br />
<br />
In 2025 Bihar SLA election he won by the margin of 7800 and this was his fourth consecutive win. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] from [[Madhepura Assembly constituency]]. He polled 79,839 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nikhil Mandal of JDU by a margin of 15,072 votes. He served as education minister in the Nitish Kumar government from August 2022. Earlier, he served as Minister of Disaster Management, Bihar from 2015 to 2017. In January 2024, he became the Sugarcane Industries Department Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=नीतीश सरकार में दोबारा मंत्री बने राजद के प्रोफेसर चंद्रशेखर, मधेपुरा सदर से लगातार तीसरी बार हैं विधायक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-professor-chandrashekhar-took-oath-second-time-as-minister-in-nitish-new-cabinet-6943759.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
On 14 September 2023, Chandra Shekhar stirred a controversy at an event on [[Hindi Day|Hindi Diwas]] as he compared the Hindu religious book [[Ramcharitmanas]] to [[potassium cyanide]], a poisonous compound.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-09-15 |title=RJD's Chandra Shekhar compares Ramcharitmanas to potassium cyanide, stirs row |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1056036/rjds-chandra-shekhar-compares-ramcharitmanas-to-potassium-cyanide-stirs-row |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He allegedly raised his voice against few paragraphs of Hindu mythology book "Ramcharitra Manas", which according to him is oppressive against Dalits, and these paragraphs should be revised. "If you serve 56 kinds of good dishes and mix potassium [[cyanide]] into them would you eat them, he reportedly questioned referring to some controversial paragraphs of Ramcharitra manas which is against backward and dalit castes. And said, "The same analogy applies to the Ramcharitramanas," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ramcharitmanas Is Like Potassium Cyanide': Bihar Minister Chandra Shekhar's Controversial Statement Draws BJP's Ire |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/ramcharitmanas-is-like-potassium-cyanide-bihar-minister-chandra-shekhars-controversial-statement-draws-bjps-ire |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Shekhar's party colleagues backed his statement saying that RJD party's ideology is of social justice. However RJD's ally Janata Dal United (JDU) said that it disapproves of such comments.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-09-15 |title=RJD's Chandra Shekhar compares Ramcharitmanas to potassium cyanide, stirs row |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1056036/rjds-chandra-shekhar-compares-ramcharitmanas-to-potassium-cyanide-stirs-row |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Chandrashekhar}}<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Education ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirsa_Assembly_constituency&diff=536184Sirsa Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:51:41Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added The Entry Needs Work.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Sirsa<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Sirsa Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| alliance = <!--Name of the current MLA's party alliance. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| region = <br />
| division = <br />
| constituency_no = 45<br />
| established = <!-- year of establishment --><br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
| mla = [[Gokul Setia]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| state = [[Haryana]]<br />
| district = [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 2,30,157<br />
}}<br />
'''Sirsa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] district.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirsa Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/sirsa.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2"| Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || L Dass || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || rowspan=2 | Premsukh Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Shankar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Lachhman Dass Arora || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Hazar Chand || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Lachhman Dass Arora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Ganeshi Lal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | Lachhman Dass Arora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Makhan Lal Singla]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}<br />
<br />
|- |-<br />
<br />
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Gokul Setia]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gokul Setia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,020 |percentage=50.00% |change={{increase}}42.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=71,786 |percentage=45.43% |change={{increase}}13.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Sherpura |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,762 |percentage=1.11% |change={{decrease}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ca Darvesh Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,115 |percentage=0.71% |change={{increase}}0.30 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,234 |percentage=4.58% |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,031 |percentage=68.11% |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,30,157<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceoharyana.gov.in/Website/ELECTIONCOMMISSION/Images/c212428b-3653-4991-baf5-76034dda1af6.pdf|title=Haryana District Wise Voter Strength|access-date=11 September 2024 }}</ref>|ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Lokhit Party |swing= {{increase}}18.35 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=44,915 |percentage=31.65% |change={{increase}}1.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gokul Setia]] |party=Independent politician |votes=44,313 |percentage=31.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Ratusaria |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,142 |percentage=21.24% |change={{decrease}}5.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,111 |percentage=7.13% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Ganeriwala |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=4,732 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,547 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=868 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Phool Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=787 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=602 |percentage=0.42% |change= {{decrease}}1.61 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,905 |percentage=68.38% |change= {{decrease}}9.42 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,07,519 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.96 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Lokhit Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}0.64 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Makhan Lal Singla]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=46,573 |percentage=32.30% |change={{increase}}4.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=43,635 |percentage=30.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Setia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,742 |percentage=26.87% |change={{increase}}25.4 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Kumar Kedia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,779 |percentage=6.78% |change={{decrease}}19.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanchan Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,097 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=900 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=875 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,938 |percentage=2.04% |change= {{decrease}}3.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,207 |percentage=77.80% |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,357 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] |party=Independent politician |votes=38,147 |percentage=32.92% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Chand |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=31,678 |percentage=27.34% |change={{decrease}}12.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,328 |percentage=26.17% |change={{decrease}}27.6 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veer Bhan |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=8,346 |percentage=7.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash Jangra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,702 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}1.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Swaroop |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=952 |percentage=0.82% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamna Bai |party=Independent politician |votes=893 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=742 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,469 |percentage=5.58% |change= {{decrease}}7.92 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,867 |percentage=77.04% |change= {{increase}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,50,395 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.57 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2005 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,957 |percentage=53.78% |change={{increase}}12.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Chand Jain |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=45,653 |percentage=40.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaid Siri Niwas Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,555 |percentage=3.14% |change={{decrease}}23.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=999 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=845 |percentage=0.75% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,304 |percentage=13.50% |change= {{decrease}}2.02 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,355 |percentage=73.43% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,370 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.91 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.11 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2000 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,522 |percentage=41.67% |change={{increase}}10.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chopra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,431 |percentage=26.15% |change={{decrease}}9.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seth Gopi Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=24,935 |percentage=25.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avtar Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,522 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Kumar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,090 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Singh Jammu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=565 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiri Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,091 |percentage=15.52% |change= {{increase}}11.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,256 |percentage=68.03% |change= {{decrease}}4.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,057 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.37 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.24 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganeshi Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,419 |percentage=35.42% |change={{increase}}18.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass S/O Dhira Mal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,599 |percentage=31.60% |change={{decrease}}8.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopi Chand |party=Samata Party |votes=22,848 |percentage=22.85% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj S/O Bal Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,045 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=833 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass S/O Harichand |party=Independent politician |votes=808 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,820 |percentage=3.82% |change= {{decrease}}19.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,996 |percentage=75.26% |change= {{increase}}7.20 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,37,069 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.55 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1991 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,102 |percentage=40.23% |change={{increase}}9.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganeshi Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,107 |percentage=17.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=12,723 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hazar Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=12,256 |percentage=14.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,843 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nonihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,690 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Paul |party=Independent politician |votes=1,478 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Parshad Ganeriwala |party=Independent politician |votes=855 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,995 |percentage=23.09% |change= {{increase}}15.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,278 |percentage=67.55% |change= {{decrease}}8.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,125 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.53 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}2.23 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hazar Chand |party=Lokdal |votes=30,335 |percentage=38.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,637 |percentage=30.86% |change={{increase}}3.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Prasad Ratusaria |party=Independent politician |votes=19,724 |percentage=24.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,567 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jesh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=854 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nauniha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,698 |percentage=7.14% |change= {{increase}}4.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,831 |percentage=75.24% |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,373 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.03 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}7.39 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Independent politician |votes=18,458 |percentage=30.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Prasad Ratusaria |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,678 |percentage=27.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup Bansal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,477 |percentage=27.32% |change={{increase}}6.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanker Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=3,970 |percentage=6.58% |change={{decrease}}24.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,541 |percentage=4.21% |change={{decrease}}0.2 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan Kanda |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,780 |percentage=2.95% |change= {{decrease}}6.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,304 |percentage=73.68% |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,218 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.13 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.70 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=14,276 |percentage=31.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Independent politician |votes=9,870 |percentage=21.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,621 |percentage=21.10% |change={{decrease}}29.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarv Mitter |party=Independent politician |votes=7,541 |percentage=16.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,014 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Parshad Ganeriwala |party=Independent politician |votes=1,239 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathu Ram Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Apinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,406 |percentage=9.66% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,597 |percentage=66.56% |change= {{decrease}}6.29 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,275 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.85 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Premsukh Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,205 |percentage=50.16% |change={{decrease}}3.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Dass Arora |party=Independent politician |votes=19,889 |percentage=44.93% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birbal Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,170 |percentage=4.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,316 |percentage=5.23% |change= {{decrease}}12.20 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,264 |percentage=73.67% |change= {{increase}}11.10 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,387 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.52 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1968 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sukh Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,856 |percentage=53.17% |change={{increase}}15.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=12,001 |percentage=35.74% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhanpat Rai |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=1,456 |percentage=4.34% |change={{decrease}}2.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,240 |percentage=3.69% |change={{decrease}}47.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Began |party=Independent politician |votes=425 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,855 |percentage=17.44% |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,581 |percentage=62.49% |change= {{decrease}}6.23 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,044 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sirsa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Dass |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=18,805 |percentage=51.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,738 |percentage=37.44% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lal |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=2,539 |percentage=6.92% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Partap |party=Independent politician |votes=1,612 |percentage=4.39% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,067 |percentage=13.81% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,694 |percentage=69.78% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,570 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Sirsa district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Haryana constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|29.54|75.04|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sirsa district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_General_Degree_College,_Kharagpur-II&diff=501047Government General Degree College, Kharagpur-II2026-04-12T05:06:04Z<p>Polarishealthcare: redirect</p>
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<div>#Redirect [[Vidyasagar University]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rawe_(clan)&diff=530061Rawe (clan)2026-04-07T07:30:34Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Created New Info - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Subcaste of Rajputs}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
A group of the Indian Rajput clan, '''Rawa Rajputs''' are categorized high caste rajputs as its members claim descendancy from different ancestors and dynasties.<br />
<br />
The '''Rawa Rajput''' (also spelled Rawa, Rave, Raye, Raya Rajput) is a subcaste of the [[Rajput]]s, primarily found in the Indian states of [[Delhi]] and Western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They are believed to be descendants of eminent rulers from aristocratic Rajput clans, with a lineage rooted in the valor and traditions of North Indian warrior dynasties.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Talbot, Cynthia|title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107118560}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=History of Tomars, Part1 - Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidyamandir publications|year=1983|location=Gwalior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1998-05-20|title=Itihas Darpan|journal=Bhartiya Itihas Sankalan Yojna|volume=5}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Historical background ==<br />
<br />
The Rawe Rajputs are believed to have held prominent [[zamindari]] (landholding) and chieftainship roles during the medieval and early colonial periods.<br />
<br />
Rawa comes from RAjput WAhimi Dal , so it became Rawa or you can say Rawad or Ravad Rajputs ,<br />
<br />
These Soldier's characterize as special Rajput Soldier's in Rajputs army , they defeated mainly Arabs and drove out them from India that's why Arabs never conqured and failed to establish Muslim Caliphate in India , they also defeated Turks<br />
<br />
They had close ties with [[Tomar Rajputs]] and [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] Rajputs of Delhi.<br />
<br />
Their ancestral settlements date back to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] eras, when various Rajput clans negotiated or resisted imperial powers for territorial autonomy.<br />
<br />
The presence of Rawa Rajputs in parts of western UP & Delhi along with military in Meerut Cantt boosted the 1857 freedom struggle in siege of Delhi as it was a mixed attack<br />
<br />
== Geographic distribution ==<br />
<br />
The Rawe Rajput community is currently distributed across approximately 150 villages in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region (NCR)]], particularly in central and western [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}<br />
<br />
=== Village clusters of Rawa Rajputs ===<br />
<br />
==== Saitwada (सत्ताईसवाड़ा / Sattaiswada) – “The Twenty-Seven Villages” ====<br />
The term Saitwada refers to a cluster of 27 villages around [[Khatauli]] in the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh. These villages form a traditional socio-cultural unit among the Rawa Rajputs and maintain strong inter-community ties through marriage and customs. Prominent villages include:<br />
* Sathedi<br />
* Sardhana<br />
* Doodhli<br />
* Lahodda<br />
* Tingai<br />
* Mubarikpur<br />
* Rukanpur<br />
* Khedi<br />
* Bhangi<br />
* Bhangela<br />
* Sikandarpur<br />
* Ladpur<br />
* Yahiyapur<br />
* Gangdhadi<br />
* Lisoda<br />
* Chindoda<br />
* Ahmadgarh<br />
* Khatauli<br />
* Jansath<br />
* Naya Gaon<br />
* Alipur Aterna, etc.<br />
<br />
==== Chougama (चौगामा) – “The Four Villages” ====<br />
Near [[Budhana]] in Muzaffarnagar, the Rawa Rajputs inhabit a group called Chougama, consisting of:<br />
* Baroda<br />
* Paldi<br />
* Garhi<br />
* Fugana<br />
<br />
==== Satgama (सतगामा) – “The Seven Villages” ====<br />
In [[Baghpat]] and [[Baraut]] areas of [[Baghpat district]], the Rawa Rajputs reside in seven villages referred to as Satgama:<br />
* Teda<br />
* Taraoda<br />
* Nangla Rawa<br />
* Titroda<br />
* Fadalpur<br />
* Tatiri, etc.<br />
<br />
==== Other villages and settlements ====<br />
Additional Rawa Rajput settlements include:<br />
* Badka<br />
* Badkata<br />
* Fajualapur<br />
* Bamnauli<br />
* Pois<br />
* Dhodra<br />
* Tyodhi<br />
* Bam<br />
* Dahar<br />
* Panchli, etc.<br />
<br />
==== Rawa Rajputs in Delhi ====<br />
The Rawa Rajput community is also well established in several areas of [[Delhi]], especially in the western region. Major villages include:<br />
* [[Naraina]]<br />
* Titarpur<br />
* Khampur<br />
* Basai Darapur<br />
* Nangal Rawa<br />
* Wazirpur<br />
<br />
Other notable areas include Subzi Mandi, Sagarpur, and nearby localities in West Delhi.<br />
<br />
==== Presence in Bijnor ====<br />
The Rawa Rajputs are also reported to inhabit 84 villages in the [[Bijnor district]] of western Uttar Pradesh, further solidifying their cultural and demographic footprint in the region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rajput Vanshavali by Ishwar Singh Madahd|publisher=Rajasthani Granthar Publications|year=2013|pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shatriy Rajput Vanshavali by Indramani Pathak|publisher=DPB Publications|year=2000|pages=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-20|title=Farmers at heart, still|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/farmers-at-heart-still/story-Ujeu34MIWcQIaWKK0EkTQI.html|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
These areas have transitioned from agricultural hubs to urban settlements, with members of the community now employed in government service, politics, and business.<br />
<br />
== Culture and social practices ==<br />
The Rawa Rajputs are known for their progressive yet traditional values:<br />
<br />
They were among the early Rajput groups to support widow remarriage, reflecting their liberal stance on social reform.<br />
<br />
Most Rawa Rajputs are vegetarian, abstain from alcohol, and do not wear the janeu (sacred thread), differentiating them from orthodox Brahminical customs.<br />
<br />
As a royal tradition, they do not cut their hair upon the death of a family member, unlike some Hindu mourning rituals.<br />
<br />
=== Occupation and land ownership ===<br />
Historically engaged in agriculture, many Rawa Rajputs held large tracts of land, especially in Delhi, much of which was acquired by the Government of India post-1947.<br />
<br />
Though primarily agrarian, modern Rawa Rajputs are now active in politics, government services, and business.<br />
<br />
=== Language and Dialect ===<br />
Rawa Rajputs in Delhi and western UP predominantly speak Khari Boli, a dialect of Hindi that is now recognized as standard Hindi.<br />
<br />
In contrast, surrounding communities may speak Punjabi, Haryanvi, Rajasthani, or local dialects.<br />
<br />
=== Marriage and identity ===<br />
Rawa Rajputs traditionally married within their own sub-group to maintain cultural purity, especially as they remained entirely Hindu during the periods of forced conversions between 1000–1800 AD.<br />
<br />
=== Community structure ===<br />
In most Rawa Rajput villages, they are the dominant caste, often acting as yajmans (patrons) to traditional occupational castes such as:<br />
<br />
Brahmins (priests)<br />
<br />
Barbers<br />
<br />
Carpenters<br />
<br />
Potters<br />
<br />
Sweepers<br />
<br />
Washermen<br />
<br />
Tailors<br />
<br />
=== Historical legacy ===<br />
The legendary [[Anangpal Tomar]], considered a Rawa Rajput king, ruled Delhi before Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He is credited with forming a strong native army that included many Rajput clans.<br />
<br />
Though lacking conclusive historical proof, oral tradition holds that six Rajput clans (Tanwar, Panwar, Yadu, Kushwaha, Chauhan, and Gahlot) are integral to the Rawa Rajput identity.<br />
<br />
=== Etymology and titles ===<br />
The word Rawa (or Rava) may derive from RAjput WAhimi Dal, indicating a select martial division within Rajput ranks.<br />
<br />
Surnames used include:<br />
<br />
Pathrayan, Rajput, Kumar, Singh, Verma, Chauhan, Suryavanshi, Thakur, Grade, Mogha, Manav, Suryan<br />
<br />
Gotra-based names are also used. [https://www.rawarajput.in/clans Gotra details]<br />
<br />
Notably, ancient Rajputs, like Lord Ram, Lord Krishna, and Pandavas, did not use surnames — a tradition Rawa Rajputs often reference to stress their high status.<br />
<br />
==Notable personalities==<br />
*[[Anil Mogha]]<br />
*[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
*[[Neha Tanwar]]<br />
*[[Gajendra Chauhan]]<br />
*[[Parduymn Rajput|Pradyumn Rajput]]<br />
*[[Karan Singh Tanwar]] Indian (Politician) from Delhi.<br />
*[[Mukesh Kumar Tanwar]] - Indian (Politician) from Delhi. Served as General Secretary to BJP Delhi(Kisan Morcha). Currently hon'ble member of ZRUCC, Northern Railway, Govt of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZRUCC Member list for the term from 1.10.2024 to 30.09.2026 (line no. 65) |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1766569205039-ZRUCC%20Members%20%20list%201.pdf}}</ref><br />
*[[Master Omilal Singh]] – From Baroda, Rashtriya Sangrakshak (Bhartiya Kisan Majdoor Sangathan), Rashtriya Mahamantri (Bhartya Rashtriya Rawa Rajput Mahasabha) <br />
*[[Sukhbir Singh Gathina,]] Rashtriya Mahasachiv RLD, Rashtriya Adhyaksh (Bhartya<br />
*[[Satish Chauhan,]] Former Deputy Secretary (Delhi Govt), Rashtriya Sanyojak (Bhartya Rashtriya Rawa Rajput Mahasabha).<br />
*[[Harshit]] from Wazirpur Village, Delhi<br />
<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rajput Vanshavali by Ishwar Singh Madahd|publisher=Rajasthani Granthar Publications|year=2013|isbn=|pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Shatriy Rajput Vanshavali by Indramani Pathak|publisher=DPB Publications|year=2000|pages=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सांप्रदायिक सौहार्द को नहीं तोड़ सकी थी अंग्रेजी हुकुमत|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat-12347905.html|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Delhi]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mithibai_Kshitij&diff=517945Mithibai Kshitij2026-04-05T21:58:39Z<p>Polarishealthcare: adding a article</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Annual inter-collegiate cultural festival of Mithibai College}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mithibai Kshitij''''' is the annual inter-collegiate [[Cultural festival (India)|cultural festival]] of [[Mithibai College]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 September 2021|title=Covid fails to dampen festive spirit in Mumbai colleges|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/covid-fails-to-dampen-festive-spirit-in-mumbai-colleges-101630784666554.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 November 2019|title=College fest-evolve: Students are facing off over memes, rap, Insta filters|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/college-fest-evolve-students-are-facing-off-over-memes-rap-insta-filters/story-2jMrIU5c8h8JCctme4Ds7M.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox recurring event<br />
| name = Mithibai Kshitij<br />
| dates = 8-11 January 2026<br />
| frequency = Annual<br />
| genre = [[Cultural]]<br />
| first = 2007<br />
| venue = [[Mithibai College|JVPD Grounds, Juhu]]<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://mithibaikshitij.com}}<br />
| attendance = 50,000+ (2022)<br />
|organised=Student body of [[Mithibai College]]}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Mithibai Kshitij is [[Mithibai College|Mithibai college's]] annual cultural 4-day festival, with more than 700 colleges invited every year. Founded in the year '''2007''', it has attained substantial student attraction. Kshitij is a realm where the sky meets the sea. ‘Soaring Beyond the Horizon’ is the thought behind the festival.<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij in the year 2020 was conducted online with a viewership of 5,00,000+ digital footprints. It was also the '''only college festival in [[Mumbai]] to conduct a hybrid festival in 2021'''.<br />
<br />
===Themes===<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij every year associates itself with a theme that resembles the ideation and vision of the festival for that particular year.<br />
*2024 - The Arcade Warehouse<br />
*2023 - A Euphoric Escapade<br />
*2022 - An Everlasting Flame<br />
*2021 - Har Dil Ek Sitara<br />
*2020 - Sapno Ka Safar<br />
*2019 - An Eternal Evolution<br />
*2018 - A Nostalgic Takeover<br />
*2017 - India; A Divine Abode<br />
*2016 - Manifestation of a Mirage<br />
*2015 - Legion of Legends<br />
*2014 - Esfera de Fiesta; Celebrating Cultures<br />
*2013 - Spectrum Ablaze<br />
*2012 - Realm of Raga<br />
*2011 - Broadway Boulevard<br />
*2010 - Celebrating 50 years of Mithibai<br />
*2009 - The Carnival<br />
*2008 - Superpowers Unleashed<br />
*2007 - Break Free<br />
<br />
== Sponsors ==<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij has been sponsored by brands like [[McDonald's]], [https://in.bookmyshow.com/ Book My Show], [[Godrej Properties]], [[Mobistorm]], [[Airtel]], [[Warner Bros]], [[UniBall]], [[Vero Moda]], [[Skechers]], [[Nokia]], [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]], [[9XM]], [[Jack & Jones]], [[Maharashtra Times]], [[Ponds]], [https://www.celio.in/ Celio India], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]], [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]], [[Jumbo King]], [[UFO]], [https://www.lupin.com// LUPIN], [https://in.sugarcosmetics.com/ SUGAR Cosmetics], and [[Aditya Birla Group]] over the years.<br />
<br />
==Events==<br />
<br />
===Competitions===<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij conducts events in the fields of '''Performing Arts, Literary Arts, Creatives and Fine Arts, Business, Gaming, and Sports'''. It has received innumerable support for conducting '''Para Events''' i.e. events for the differently abled.<br />
<br />
===Concerts===<br />
<br />
[[File:Pronite at Kshitij 2019.jpg|thumb|Pronite at Mithibai Kshitij]]<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij's musical concerts also known as '''Pronites''' have prominent Indian and International artists perform live. Mithibai Kshitij has hosted [[Kailash Kher]] in 2010, [[Jaz Dhami]] in 2016, [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[StadiumX]] in 2017, [[Arjun Kanungo]] and [[Vishal Shekhar]] in 2018, [[Salim Sulaiman]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Amaal Malik]], [[Kanika Kapoor]] and [[Meet Bros]] in 2019, [[Krishnakumar Kunnath]] popularly known as KK in 2021, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Javed Ali]] and King (rapper) in 2022, The Yellow Diary (an Indie Alt-Rock Band), [[Amit Trivedi]] and [[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]] in 2023.<br />
<br />
===Marathon===<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij conducts a '''''Green Run''''' which is a '''''7&nbsp;km marathon''''' around the locality of [[Juhu]] in Mumbai which took place in 2012 for the first time and was again conducted in '''2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022'''. There is no registration fee collected to participate in this run.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2022|title=Mithibai Kshitij's Green Run is back to go green & help you breathe clean!|work=Sachi Shiksha|url=https://www.sachishiksha.in/kshitij-carnival/}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Celebrity Interaction===<br />
<br />
In 2023, Mithibai Kshitij was pre-launched with [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] and launched with [[Aditya Roy Kapur]].<br />
<br />
In the past years, Mithibai Kshitij has been visited by numerous artists from various industries such as actors, singers, dancers, comedians, performers and civil service professionals. Mithibai Kshitij in 2022 was launched by the cast of [[Goodbye (2022)]] and [[Dobaaraa]] which included [[Rashmika Mandanna]] with [[Pavail Gulati]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]] with [[Anurag Kashyap]] respectively.<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij has conducted various movie, series and song promotions with artists like [[Suhana Khan]], [[Khushi Kapoor]], [[Vedang Raina]], [[Agastya Nanda]], [[Mihir Ahuja]], [[Yuvraj Menda]] and [[Aditi Dot]] for [[The Archies]], [[Rajkumar Rao]] for [[Guns and Gulaabs]], [[Dino James]], [[Rashmeet Kaur]] and [[Sheezan Khan]] for [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13|Khatron Ke Khiladi]], [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and [[Shruti Sinha]] for [[Campus Beats]], [[Bhuvan Bam]] for [[Taaza Khabar]], [[Rohit Saraf]], [[Prajakta Koli]] and [[Rannvijay Singha]] for [[Mismatched]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Kiara Advani]] and [[Rajpal Yadav]] for [[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]] in 2022, [[Sara Ali Khan]] for her movies [[Atrangi Re]] in 2021 and [[Kedarnath]] in 2018, [[Siddharth Malhotra]] for [[Shershaah]] in 2020, [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Ananya Panday]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]] for [[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]] in 2019, [[Remo D'souza]] and the crew of [[Street Dancer]] in 2019, [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] for [[Chhichhore]] in 2019, [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] for [[Sarbjit]] in 2016, [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Anushka Sharma]] for [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]] in 2016, [[Varun Dhawan]] for [[Badlapur]] in 2015, [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]] for [[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 September 2015|title=Shahid Kapoor and Alia Bhatt launch Shaam Shaandaar at Mithibai College festival - view HQ pics!|work=bollywoodlife.com|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/shahid-kapoor-and-alia-bhatt-launch-shaam-shaandaar-at-mithibai-college-festival-view-hq-pics-600107/}}</ref> [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]] for [[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2015|title=Brothers promotion: Akshay Kumar, Jacqueline Fernandez and Sidharth Malhotra at Mithibai College|work=[[India TV]]|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/brothers-promotion-akshay-kumar-jacqueline-fernandez-and-sidharth-malhotra-at-mithibai-college-491935/}}</ref> [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] for [[Krrish 3]] in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 2013|title=Inter college festival on Nov 21-23 in Mumbai|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/inter-college-festival-on-nov-21-23-in-mumbai/articleshow/25394517.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 October 2013|title=Krrish 3: Priyanka Chopra, Hrithik Roshan to visit Mithibai College today October 21|work=[[India TV]]|url=https://www.india.com/education/krrish-3-priyanka-chopra-hrithik-roshan-to-visit-mithibai-college-today-october-21-1591199/}}</ref> [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Sachiin J. Joshi|Sachiin Joshi]] for [[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 November 2013|title=Sunny Leones Jackpot Music Launch At Mithibai College|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|url=https://www.yahoo.com/gma/video/sunny-leones-jackpot-music-launch-053000389.html}}</ref> in 2013 and [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]] for [[The Dirty Picture|Dirty Picture]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 December 2011|title=Mithibai fest Kshitij gets a dirty start with Vidya Balan|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mithibai-fest-kshitij-gets-a-dirty-start-with-vidya-balan-1620104}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij, for its competitions, has renowned artists who are a part of their judging panel. Artists like [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]], [[Remo D'souza]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Armaan Malik]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Dabboo Ratnani]], [[Adah Sharma]], [[Ahsaas Channa]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Sajid Khan]], [[Yashraj Mukhate]], [[Tanishaa Mukerji]], [[Neeraj Gaba]], [[Shruti Sinha]], [[Benafsha Soonawalla]], [[Mohena Singh]], [[Kiku Sharda]], [[Suyyash Rai]], [[Alisha Singh]], [[Prince Narula]], [[Namrata Soni]], [[Prashant Samtani]], [[Siddharth Kannan]], [[Mayur Vaidya]] and many more.<br />
<br />
Mithibai Kshitij launched their talk show i.e. ''''The Kshitij Show'''' which staged artists like [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]], [[Sunny Kaushal]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Gauahar Khan]], [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] and many more.<br />
<br />
==Social Causes==<br />
<br />
===2023===<br />
<br />
In 2023, Mithibai Kshitij hosted a panel discussion titled, AASTHA- Acid Attack Survivors: Triumph over Heinous Acts, to spread awareness about the rising rate of such crimes and prevention measures for the same.<br />
<br />
In collaboration with the Rotary Club of Mumbai City, Mithibai Kshitij organised a beach cleanup at the [[Juhu Beach]]. They also organised a live screening of the [[India-Pakistan World Cup]] match for the underprivileged children from Being Child Care.<br />
<br />
On [[26/11]], Mithibai Kshitij in collaboration with the Rotary Club of Mumbai City, NSG Blackcat Commandos and [[Mumbai Police]], organised a candle march at the [[Gateway of India]], paying their tributes to the martyrs of 26/11.<br />
<br />
===2022===<br />
<br />
In 2022, Mithibai Kshitij collaborated with the Planet for Plants and Animals India organisation to spread awareness regarding stray accidents at night via the use of reflective collars. A drive for the same was conducted in localities around Mumbai like [[Carter Road Promenade|Carter Road]], [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and [[Juhu Beach]]. 1000 stray dogs were provided with these collars while an awareness campaign was carried out at [[Sunday Streets]] at Marine Drive.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 November 2022|title=Starting today, 2000 stray dogs across Mumbai to get reflective collars|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/starting-today-2000-stray-dogs-across-mumbai-to-get-reflective-collars-101667675191812.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 2022|title=Mumbai: Strays to give motorists something to reflect on|work=Mid-day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-strays-to-give-motorists-something-to-reflect-on-23254171}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
In 2021, Mithibai Kshitij helped raise a voice for delivery personnel via a short film on the daily problems faced by them.<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In the year 2019 Team Kshitij and JOSH Foundation organized an awareness program for the [[Hearing loss|hearing impaired]] for the World Deaf Day.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 2019|title=At Kshitij, students bring smiles to the hearing impaired|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/at-kshitij-students-bring-smiles-to-the-hearing-impaired/articleshow/71361859.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2017===<br />
<br />
#Mithibai College students in 2017 collaborated with the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) to conduct a cleanup drive at [[Juhu|Juhu beach]] .<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2017|title=Day after Chhath Puja: Students, BMC join hands to clean up Juhu beach|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-day-after-chhath-puja-students-bmc-join-hands-to-clean-up-juhu-beach-4910134/}}</ref><br />
#Team Kshitij also conducted an activity for the Cancer patients at [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] as they engaged in fun game sessions, dance and a magic show.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2017|title=Mithibai College students take Kshitij fest to children in Tata Memorial Hospital|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mithibai-college-students-take-kshitij-fest-to-children-in-tata-memorial-hospital-2554856}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://mithibaikshitij.com/}}<br />
* {{LinkedIn page|company/mithibai-kshitij}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Mithibai College]]<br />
[[Category:Culfests]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._D._Y._Patil_College_of_Engineering,_Pune&diff=497674Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune2026-04-02T19:26:25Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Redirect article</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Pune district#Higher education]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
{{R to section}}<br />
}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venkata_in_Sankata&diff=544102Venkata in Sankata2026-04-02T17:35:28Z<p>Polarishealthcare: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Venkata In Sankata<br />
| image = Venkata in Sankata.jpg<br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| director = [[Ramesh Arvind]]<br />
| writer = Madhu Thotapalli<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]]<br /> [[Sharmiela Mandre]]<br /> Anusha <br /> [[Devadas Kapikad]]<br />
| producer = Naren A Manglani <br /> Ashok V Mittal <br /> Prakash N Amarnani<br />
| music = [[Ricky Kej]]<br />
| cinematography = PKH Das <br /> G. S. Bhaskar<br />
| editing = P. R. Soundar Rajan<br />
| studio = Sinema House<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|02|20}}<br />
| runtime = 139 minutes<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| country = India<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Venkata In Sankata''''' is a 2009 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy (genre)|comedy]] film directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]]. The story is written by Telugu film writer, Madhu Thotapalli. This is the fourth directorial venture of actor Ramesh Aravind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/20first-look-ramesh-arvind-venkata-in-sankata.htm|title=First Look: Ramesh Arvind's Venkata In Sankata|work=Rediff.com|date=20 January 2009|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145131/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/20first-look-ramesh-arvind-venkata-in-sankata.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides Ramesh playing the title role of a traffic cop, the film cast includes [[Sharmiela Mandre]], Anusha, Meghana Mudiyan, and Tulu theatre artist [[Devadas Kapikad]] amongst others. The film made its theatrical release on 20 February 2009 and received favorable reviews from the critics.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film is about a traffic constable Venkata (Ramesh) who dreams big of becoming a commissioner. Situations provoke him to become a target for all the troubles that happen around him. Later he is sent as an undercover cop to a college. His duty is to bust the terrorists who are stealing chemicals from that college to prepare bombs. How he comes out of the trouble and reaches his aim forms the rest of the plot told in a hilarious manner.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Venkata<br />
* [[Devadas Kapikad]] as Rajaram Laddoo<br />
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]] <br />
* Meghana Mudiyam<br />
* Anusha<br />
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as "Gundamma"<br />
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]<br />
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]<br />
* Rajendra Karanth as Iqbal<br />
* [[Umashree]]<br />
* [[Bank Janardhan]]<br />
* [[Karibasavaiah]]<br />
* [[Sanketh Kashi|Kashi]]<br />
* [[Dingri Nagaraj]]<br />
* Rajinikanth S. as Punga<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Venkata In Sankata<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Ricky Kej]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Soundtrack cover<br />
| released = January 2009<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title = [[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]<br />
| prev_year = 2008<br />
| next_title = [[Crazy Kutumba]]<br />
| next_year = 2010<br />
}}<br />
The music was composed by [[Ricky Kej]] for Anand Audio company. The audio was launched and released to the market on 20 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350710200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613014440/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350710200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Fun-filled 'Venkata in Sankata'|date=23 January 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Venkata<br />
| extra1 = Avinash Chebbi<br />
| lyrics1 = Avinash Chebbi<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Yedeya Olage<br />
| extra2 = [[M. D. Pallavi Arun]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Koogi Kuniyona<br />
| extra3 = Avinash Chebbi, [[Chaitra H. G.]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Nodutha<br />
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Venkata (English)<br />
| extra5 = Avinash Chebbi<br />
| lyrics5 = Avinash Chebbi, Devan<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Upon release, the film met with positive critical reviews for its comical content and character portrayals. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed with four out of five stars lauding the film to be a "brilliant family entertainer with an excellent script, neat narration and slick placement of sequences".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Venkata-In-Sankata/movie-review/4156631.cms|title=Venkata In Sankata movie review|work=The Times Of India|date=19 February 2009|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212194318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Venkata-In-Sankata/movie-review/4156631.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' reviewed that the film is "worth a watch" giving it a {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 star rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/19review-venkata-in-sankata.htm|title=Venkata In Sankata: Worth a watch|work=Rediff.com|date=19 February 2009|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145113/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/19review-venkata-in-sankata.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Then there are the made-to-make you-laugh characters like the gluttonous old woman played by Umesh, a fake godman, a group of naughty students and fumbling lecturers who in perfect sync with the story. The highlights of the film are the quirky dialogues and the swift narrative".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/venkata-in-sankata-the-fun-starts-now/articleshow/22213088.cms|title=Venkata In Sankata: The fun starts now|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=19 February 2009|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627133055/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/venkata-in-sankata-the-fun-starts-now/articleshow/22213088.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
* [http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ramesh-arvind-and-his-three-beauties/20090211.htm First Look: Ramesh Arvind and his three beauties]<br />
<br />
{{Ramesh Aravind}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2009 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Aravind]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swetha_Ashok&diff=538944Swetha Ashok2026-04-01T23:20:07Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added The Entry From Scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian playback singer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Swetha Ashok<br />
| image_size =<br />
| landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --><br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| alias =<br />
| image = SWETHA P P.jpg<br />
| origin =<br />
| birth_place = Vadakara, Calicut, Kerala<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --><br />
| death_place =<br />
| genre = Folk, Indian classical, Playback Singing, Ghazal, Western<br />
| occupation =<br />
| instrument =<br />
| years_active = 2008 – present<br />
| label =<br />
| associated_acts =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Swetha Ashok''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], who is well known for her work in the Malayalam film industry. She rose to fame as a child when she won the reality show ''Munch Star Singer'' (2008). She was one of the finalists on the reality show ''SaReGaMaPa Keralam'', the Malayalam regional version of the flagship show of [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]. During the course of the show, Swetha launched her playback singing career by singing songs for prominent films like Mammooty's ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'', ''[[Happy Sardar]]'', and ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' by music director [[Gopi Sundar]].<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Swetha was born in Vadakara, Calicut. She currently lives with her parents and brother in Cochin, Kerala. She has one elder sister and a brother. Swetha's brother Vishnu Ashok is an aspiring violinist and a music director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalilife.com/channel/Swetha-ashok-musical-album-goes-viral-12698.html|title=സരിഗമപയിലൂടെ ശ്രദ്ധേയായ ശ്വേത അശോകിന്റെ ഓണഗാനം ശ്രദ്ധേയമാകുന്നു; തരംഗമായി ചിങ്ങപൊൻപ്പുലരി, Swetha ashok musical album goes viralMalayali Life &#124; the Largest Malayalam Online Lifestyle Portal|date=9 September 2015 }}</ref> Swetha's sister Aswathi Ashok is a lyricist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sathyamonline.com/singer-swetha-ashok-399125-2/|title=സരിഗമപയിലൂടെ ശ്രദ്ധേയായ ശ്വേത അശോകിന്റെ ഓണഗാനം സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയയിൽ ശ്രദ്ധേയമാകുന്നു|date=27 August 2020}}</ref> and a businesswoman, owner of the jewellery line AASH.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Swetha is a trained classical singer and a B high grade artiste in All India Radio. She trained under Guru T. Ramachandran Namboothiri and Guru Vaikom Jayachandran Namboothiri. She participated in the reality show Munch Star Singer in 2008 and subsequently was crowned the winner. Post her rise to fame as a child, Swetha has done over 500 concerts across India, USA, Canada, Singapore and the Middle East. She was an Asst. Professor of Computer Science and an online music instructor at NotesNBeats, California before she once again participated in a reality show SaReGaMaPa Keralam in 2019. During the course of her show, she landed singing opportunities with well known music directors like [[Gopi Sundar]] and [[Shaan Rahman]].<br />
<br />
On 26 August 2020, Swetha released her first original song, called "Chingaponpulari".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/onam-2020-chingaponpulari-music-video-by-swetha-ashok/articleshow/77798982.cms|title = ശ്വേത അശോകിന്റെ 'ചിങ്ങപ്പൊൻപുലരി'; ആശംസകള് നേർന്ന് സുജാത}}</ref> The song is an Onam special featuring Swetha as the artiste. The music was done by her brother Vishnu Ashok and the lyrics have been penned by her sister Aswathi Ashok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/songs/saregamapa-fame-swetha-ashok-s-chingaponpulari-music-video-trending-064847.html|title=സരിഗമപ താരം ശ്വേതയുടെ 'ചിങ്ങപ്പൊന്പുലരി' ശ്രദ്ധേയമാവുന്നു! ഓണപ്പാട്ട് വീഡിയോ കാണാം|date=28 August 2020}}</ref> The song immediately trended after the release with multiple media platforms covering it and lauding the family for their joint venture. Produced under their family's banner, the song has been jointly produced by KP Ashokan and Jyothi Ashok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emalayalee.com/varthaFull.php?newsId=219822|title=സരിഗമപയിലൂടെ ശ്രദ്ധേയായ ശ്വേത അശോകിന്റെ ഓണഗാനം സോഷ്യല് മീഡിയയില് ശ്രദ്ധേയമാകുന്നു|date=27 August 2020}}</ref> The song was released online by [[Sujatha Mohan]] who appreciated Swetha on her maiden original with a note of encouragement.<ref>https://timeskerala.com/archives/333765 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Swetha released her second single<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timeskerala.com/archives/376802|title=ശ്വേതയും സഹോദരങ്ങളും ചേർന്നൊരുക്കിയ ഗാനം സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയയിൽ ഹിറ്റ്|date=2 November 2020}}</ref> on 1 November 2020. The romantic number "Neeye" was the second venture of the sibling trio with Vishnu Ashok composing the music and Aswathi Ashok penning the lyrics for the same.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
== As playback singer ==<br />
*''All songs are in [[Malayalam]], unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Song<br />
!Title<br />
!Music director<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|"Amme Mookambike"<br />
|''Nalla Pattukare''<br />
|[[Sharreth]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|"Kannil Mayyezhuthi"<br />
|''[[Sakhavinte Priyasakhi]]''<br />
|Hari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2019<br />
|"Bar Song"<br />
|''[[Shylock]]''<br />
|[[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Adipoli Dhamaka"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|''Dhamaka'']]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Happy Song"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |2020<br />
|"Farewell Song - Chorus"<br />
|''[[Kunjeldho]]''<br />
|[[Shaan Rahman]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Thulasikathir Nulliyeduthu"<br />
|Album<br />
|Sargam Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Maadu Meykum Kanne"<br />
|Album<br />
|Sargam Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Veera Viraada"<br />
|Album<br />
|Sargam Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Malappuram Song"<br />
|Album<br />
|Atif, Essar Media<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Thulasi Kathir" (Hindi)<br />
|Album<br />
|Sargam Music<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Chingaponpulari"<br />
|Original song <br />
|Vishnu Ashok<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/songs/saregamapa-fame-swetha-ashok-s-chingaponpulari-music-video-trending-064847.html|title=സരിഗമപ താരം ശ്വേതയുടെ 'ചിങ്ങപ്പൊന്പുലരി' ശ്രദ്ധേയമാവുന്നു! ഓണപ്പാട്ട് വീഡിയോ കാണാം|date=28 August 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"Neeye"<br />
|Original song <br />
|Vishnu Ashok<br />
|<ref>https://www.malayalamexpress.in/archives/1466123/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"Kadhayini Maari"<br />
|[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|''Kaiyethum Doorath'']]<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/family-drama-kaiyethum-doorath-to-narrate-an-interesting-love-story/articleshow/79448163.cms|title = Family drama Kaiyethum Doorath to narrate an interesting love story - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=27 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|"Janmangal Theeruvolam Amma Kunje"<br />
|[[List of programs broadcast by Zee Keralam|''Amma makal'']]<br />
|[[Alphons Joseph]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-keralam-launches-new-primetime-show-amma-makal-today-at-9-pm/|title=Zee Keralam launches new Primetime show 'Amma Makal' today at 9 PM|date=25 October 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"Edukka Kaashayi"<br />
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''<br />
|Shaan Rahman<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|"Nagumo Revival" <br />
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''<br />
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Paalvarnna Kuthiramel" <br />
|''[[Kaduva]]''<br />
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|"Theliyaledhuga" <br />
|''Em Chesthunnav''<br />
|Gopi Sundar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|"Parakkum Parava Poley"<br />
|[[Otta (film)|''Otta'']]<br />
|[[M. Jayachandran]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2024<br />
|"Usure Usure"<br />
| rowspan="5"|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' <br />
| rowspan="5" |[[G.V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|Telugu (Dubbed)<br />
|-<br />
|"Usure Usure"<br />
|Kannada (Dubbed)<br />
|-<br />
|"Maan Re"<br />
|Hindi (Dubbed)<br />
|-<br />
|"Uyire Uyire"<br />
|Malayalam (Dubbed)<br />
|-<br />
|"Vennilavu Saaral"<br />
|Tamil (Backup Chorus)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Television shows ==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
!Program<br />
!Role<br />
!Channel<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|[[Star Singer | Star Singer season 10]]||Mentor |||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Star Singer | Star Singer season 9]]||Mentor |||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]<br />
|Contestant <br />
|[[Zee Keralam]]<br />
|{{Runner-up|2nd Runner-Up}}<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|[[Star Singer|Munch Star Singer season 1]]<br />
|Contestant <br />
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||{{Won|Winner}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-quit-my-teaching-job-for-music-says-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-contestant-swetha-ashok/articleshow/70466437.cms<br />
*https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/saregamapa-keralam-contestants-song-for-shylock-crosses-1m-views-on-youtube-102274.html<br />
*https://malayalilife.com/channel/interview/swetha-ashok-sharing-the-lockdown--days-10823.html<br />
*https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/feb/febrel51.php<br />
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-contestants-turn-playback-singers-this-onam/articleshow/70910794.cms<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashok, Swetha}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arulmigu_Manneaswarar_Temple,_Annur&diff=487625Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple, Annur2026-03-26T06:26:32Z<p>Polarishealthcare: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Historic Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = அன்னூர் மன்னீஸ்வரசுவாமி கோயில்.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.232683|N|77.103642|E|type:landmark_region:IN_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earth.google.com/Search|title=11.232683"N 77.103642"E|access-date=2020-10-22}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Coimbatore]]<br />
| location =<br />
| elevation_m = 244<br />
| deity = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Shiva|Mannaeswarar]] ([[Shiva]])<br />
* [[Parvati|Arundavaselvi]] ([[Parvati]])<br />
}}<br />
| tradition = Shaivism<br />
| temple_tank = <br />
| festivals = Chithirai Thiruvizha, Maha Shivarathiri, Cradle festival<br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| inscriptions = over 41<br />
| website = <br />
|governing_body=[[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]]|map_type=Tamil Nadu#India|map_alt=Location of Meenakshi Temple}}<br />
Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple is a historic temple located at [[Annur]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Annur Temple Amman Thirukayanam|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=119420}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
According to legends, two theories are proposed. According to the first one, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] granted his blessings to a local tribal leader named Annie, so the Presiding deity is known as "Anneaswarar" from whom the name of the town [[Annur]] is being derived. According to the second one, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] forgave the tribal leader named Annie, so the Presiding deity is known as "Manneaswarar".<ref>{{cite news|title=Deities in Annur Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=115881}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=History of Annur Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=711 |script-title=ta:அருள்மிகு மன்னீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில், தினமலர் கோயில்கள் |website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The temple is an expertise of [[Chola art and architecture|Chola style]] as a part of [[Tamil Architecture]]. The chief deity, "Manneaswarar" faces to the west. His consort, Arundavaselvi, a form of [[Parvati]] is located at Amman Sannithi. Other deities such as [[Karthikeya|Murugan]], Maanikavasakar, Thirugnyanasambandar, [[Hanuman|Anjanaeya]] and a seven-headed snake statue.<ref name="dinamalar">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=711 அருள்மிகு மன்னீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில், தினமலர் கோயில்கள்]</ref><ref name="form2">{{cite web |script-title=ta:தமிழகத் திருக்கோவில்கள் தரவுத் தொகுதி 2 |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/thirukkovil/Coimbatore/Form2.html |website=Tamil Virtual Academy |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inscriptions==<br />
There are 41 inscriptions present in this temple. The inscriptions belongs to Kokalimoorka Vikrama Chozhan (11th Century A.D), Kulothunga Chozha –I and II ( 12th and 13th century A.D respectively ), Virarajendra Chozha (13th Century A.D ), Vikrama Chozha – II & III ( 13th Century A.D) and Hoysala King Vira Vallalan ( 15th Century A.D ).<br />
<br />
==Festival==<br />
The car festival of the temple is celebrated in the month of [[Agrahayana|Margazhi]]. [[Maha Shivaratri]] is celebrated in the month of [[Magha (month)|Maasi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Year celebration in Annur Temple|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2022/04/14155750/3672589/Coimbatore-news-Tamil-New-Year-Celebration--Devotees.vpf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Aaadi Amavasya in Annur TEMPLE|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=115929}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Car Festival in Annur Manneaswarar Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=119466}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Temple timings==<br />
The temple will be kept open between:<br />
06.00 hrs to 01.00 hrs and<br />
16.30 hrs to 20.30 hrs.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interest-tax_Act,_1974&diff=504591Interest-tax Act, 19742026-03-25T23:43:57Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new new info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = Interest-tax Act, 1974<br />
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
| long_title = An Act to impose a special tax on interest in certain cases.<br />
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1616/1/197445.pdf Act No. 45 of 1974]<br />
| territorial_extent = whole of India<br />
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
| date_enacted = 23 September 1974<br />
| date_abrogated = 31 March 2000<br />
| status = abrogated<br />
}}<br />
The '''Interest-tax Act, 1974''' was an Act that imposed a special tax on interest accrued in specified cases. The Act applied to the whole of India, including all the States and Union Territories with no exceptions. The Act is no longer applicable with regard to chargeable interest accruing after 31 March 2000.<br />
<br />
== Interest Tax Act ==<br />
<br />
The Interest [[Tax]] Act of 1974 governs the tax process associated with the imposition and collection of Interest Tax in situations specified under its various sections.<ref>{{citation |url=http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/DIT/File_opener.aspx?filepath=\Act2010\DirectTaxLaws\NTT\HTMLFiles\dtmdiv6chp8.HTM&FID=INTEREST-TAX-Act |title=THE interest-TAX ACT, 1974 - 45 OF 1974 |publisher=Government of India - Income Tax Dept. }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Act applies to all [[Scheduled Banks (India)|Scheduled Banks]] that are required to pay tax on the chargeable interest amounts they have on their deposits.<br />
<br />
This Interest Tax is required to be charged at the rate of 7% (Seven percent) of the amount of chargeable interest. This was modified to 3.5% (Three and a half percent) for Interest accrued since 31 March 1983, 3% (Three percent) subject to certain conditions since 31 March 1992, 2% (Two percent) since 31 March 1997, and no Interest Tax accruing or arising after 31 March 2000.all over India in govt tax 15.5% total act of 1974 adhiniyam to in India<br />
<br />
==Chargeable Interest ==<br />
<br />
As per the Interest Tax Act, the chargeable interest that applied to a credit institution was the total amount of interest apart from interest charged on loans and advances made to different credit institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/inte2010/ita_sec5.htm |title=Scope of chargeable interest |publisher=Government of India - Income Tax Dept. |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213085906/http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/inte2010/ita_sec5.htm |archive-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Interest Tax Act also does not apply to any Cooperative Society engaged in the [[Banking]] business.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<br />
<br />
==Penalty for concealment of chargeable interest==<br />
The Interest Tax Act has specified a [[Sanctions (law)|penalty]] for concealment of the details regarding chargeable interest or the furnishing of incorrect details regarding the amount of chargeable interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/inte2010/ita_sec13.htm |title=Penalty for concealment of chargeable interest |publisher=Government of India - Income Tax Dept. |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213035454/http://www.incometaxindiapr.gov.in/incometaxindiacr/contents/inte2010/ita_sec13.htm |archive-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In such circumstances, the Assessing Officer or the Commissioner of Appeals may impose, in addition to payment of the interest tax payable, a penalty up to three times of the total [[Interest]] Tax that has been either concealed or furnished incorrectly.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxation in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Taxation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian tax legislation]]<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1974]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivylyn_Girardeau&diff=504863Ivylyn Girardeau2026-03-23T01:40:20Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new new article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|American medical missionary}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ivylyn Girardeau<br />
| image = IvylynGirardeau1922.tif<br />
| alt = sepia-toned picture of a 21-year-old woman in graduation robe and mortarboard<br />
| caption = in 1922 yearbook of Agnes Scott College<br />
| birth_name = Ivylyn Lee Girardeau<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|10|16|mf=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thomaston, Georgia]], U.S.<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1987|09|11|1900|10|16|mf=y}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| burial_place = [[Upson County, Georgia]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| education = [[Agnes Scott College]],<br/>[[Tulane University]]<br />
| occupation = medical doctor, missionary <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = missionary in India and Pakistan<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| father = John Bohun Girardeau <br />
| mother = Emma Trice Girardeau<br />
}}<br />
'''Ivylyn Lee Girardeau''' (October 16, 1900 — September 11, 1987) was an American medical doctor and missionary in India and Pakistan.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Ivylyn Lee Girardeau was from [[Thomaston, Georgia]], the daughter of John Bohun Girardeau and Emma Trice Girardeau.<ref>Horry Frost Prioleau, Edward Lining Manigault, eds., [https://books.google.com/books?id=44FBAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ivylyn+Girardeau&pg=PA851 ''Register of Carolina Huguenots, Vol. 2, Dupre - Manigault''] (2010): 851. {{ISBN|9780557242665}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ivylyn Girardeau attended [[Agnes Scott College]], graduating in 1922,<ref name="Agnes">Ivylyn Girardeau, [https://archive.org/stream/agnesscottalumna06agne/agnesscottalumna06agne_djvu.txt "Medicine at Tulane"] ''Agnes Scott Alumnae Quarterly'' (1927-1928): 7.</ref> and earned her medical degree in 1931, at [[Tulane University]].<ref name="Cemetery">[https://www.upsoncountyga.org/DocumentCenter/View/432/Glenwood-Cemetery?bidId= ''Glenwood Cemetery Self-Guided Tour''], stop 12, page 6.</ref><ref name="Hanna">Evelyn Hanna, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22979527/ivylyn_girardeau_1948/ "Rural Georgia's Woman Doctor"] ''Atlanta Constitution'' (September 13, 1948): 7. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Girardeau traveled to India with sponsorship from the Woman's Union Missionary Society (WUMS). She learned to speak Hindi and Urdu. From 1933 to 1945<ref name="Hanna" /> she ran a fifty-bed facility, the Mary Ackerman Hoyt Memorial Hospital in [[Jhansi]], mainly providing obstetric care.<ref name="Shoes">Yolande Gwin, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22971137/ivylyn_girardeau_1938/ "First Comfy Shoes in Five Years Bought by Missionary in Atlanta"] ''Atlanta Constitution'' (May 27, 1938): 32. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref><ref>Evelyn Hanna, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22980805/ivylyn_girardeau_1945/ "Medical Missionary Reports on India"] ''Atlanta Constitution'' (January 30, 1945): 7. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, Girardeau served her internship at the Women and Children's Hospital in Boston.<ref name="Shoes" /> When she was in the United States on extended furloughs in the 1940s and 1950s, she toured and gave lectures about her work at churches and for civic clubs.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22979186/ivylyn_girardeau_1945/ "Covenant Church Group"] ''Atlanta Constitution'' (April 8, 1945): 26. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22979266/ivylyn_girardeau_1952/ "Dr. Girardeau BPW Speaker at Warrington"] ''Pensacola News Journal'' (October 19, 1952): 35. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22971200/ivylyn_girardeau_1959/ "Mount Calvary Church"] ''Elizabethtown Chronicle'' (August 6, 1959): 8. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> "It is the most fascinating country in the world — and potentially one of the most powerful or dangerous," she told ''[[Atlanta Constitution]]'' readers in 1945.<ref>Evelyn Hanna, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22980574/ivylyn_girardeau_1945/ "More Concerning Conditions in India"] ''Atlanta Constitution'' (January 31, 1945): 5. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> At age 72, she went to Pakistan and India again, as a medical relief worker.<ref name="Cemetery" /> She was a pediatrician in Thomaston, and on the original staff of the Upson Regional Medical Hospital.<ref name="Cemetery" /><br />
<br />
==Personal life and legacy==<br />
Ivylyn Girardeau died in 1987, aged 86 years. Her gravesite is in Upson County.<ref name="Cemetery" /><br />
<br />
Girardeau House, a Christian orphanage and school in Uganda, is named for Ivylyn Girardeau.<ref>[http://www.graceforeducation.com/the-girardeau-house/ "The Girardeau House"] ''Grace for Education'' website.</ref> There are two folders of papers related to Ivylyn Girardeau's work in the Records of the Woman's Union Missionary Society, at the Billy Graham Center in [[Wheaton, Illinois]].<ref>[https://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/guides/379.htm Records of the Woman's Union Missionary Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421153253/https://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/guides/379.htm |date=April 21, 2024 }}, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton IL.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Find a Grave|83380211}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Girardeau, Ivylyn}}<br />
[[Category:1900 births]]<br />
[[Category:1987 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:American Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thomaston, Georgia]]<br />
[[Category:Agnes Scott College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Tulane University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American women medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Christian missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Pakistan]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Niwas,_Port_Blair&diff=513479Lok Niwas, Port Blair2026-03-22T02:25:28Z<p>Polarishealthcare: adding a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}{{Short description|Residence of the Governor of Andamans & Nicobar Islands}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
|name = Raj Niwas, Port Blair<br />
|image = <br />
|caption = <br />
|coordinates = {{coord|11.665155|92.745005|display=inline,title}}<br />
|construction_start_date = <br />
|completion_date = <br />
|number_of_rooms = <br />
|elevator_count = <br />
|cost = <br />
|floor_area = <br />
|architect = <br />
|engineer = <br />
|main_contractor = <br />
|developer = <br />
|owner = Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration<br />
|current_tenants = [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]<br />
|references = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Lok Niwas''' formerly '''Raj Niwas''' ([[translation]]: ''Government Abode'') is the [[official residence]] of the [[Lt Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. It is located in the capital city of [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<br />
In February 2018, the Raj Niwas in Port Blair was opened for tourists for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-20 |title=Raj Niwas in Andaman thrown open to tourists |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/raj-niwas-in-andaman-thrown-open-to-tourists/article6916325.ece |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2024, an Andaman BJP MP, [[Bishnu Pada Ray]], sat in front of Raj Niwas in protest demanding removal of the Lieutenant Governor for failing to take up development activities in the island.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-04 |title=Andaman BJP MP sits on dharna in front of Raj Niwas demanding removal of LG |url=https://theprint.in/india/andaman-bjp-mp-sits-on-dharna-in-front-of-raj-niwas-demanding-removal-of-lg/2297416/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of official residences of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Port Blair]]<br />
<br />
{{India-gov-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivadevuni_Chikkala&diff=451853Sivadevuni Chikkala2026-03-20T09:46:03Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Content updated and refined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Sri Sivadevuni Chikkala Temple<br />
| image = <!-- sivadevuniChikkala.jpg --><br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Front View<br />
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5306|81.6499|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| other_names = <br />
| proper_name = <br />
<br />
| country = India<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[West Godavari]]<br />
| location = Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Sivadeva Swami ([[Shiva|Siva]])<br />
Parvati<br />
| Direction_posture = <br />
| Pushakarani = <br />
| Vimanam = <br />
| Poets = <br />
| Prathyaksham = <br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = <br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism small}}<br />
<br />
'''Sivadevuni Chikkala''' is a village in Andhra Pradesh 8&nbsp;km from [[Palakollu]]. There is a Hindu temple, Sri Sivadevuni Chikkala, where the main deity is Lord [[Shiva]].<br />
<br />
There is another Sivadevuni Chikkala village near Kakinada port.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-04 |title=Cargo Operations Suspended at Two Ports in Kakinada: Ships Anchored at Anchorage Port {{!}} Cargo Operations Suspended at Two Ports in Kakinada: Ships Anchored at Anchorage Port |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/041223/cargo-operations-suspended-at-two-ports-in-kakinada-ships-anchored-at.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Godavari district]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellamma_Temple,_Saundatti&diff=461284Yellamma Temple, Saundatti2026-03-19T01:49:30Z<p>Polarishealthcare: further fix article for consistency and corrected details</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian pilgrimage destination}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Renuka Yellamma Temple<br />
| image = Savadatti_Renuka_temple.JPG<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Renuka Temple, Savadatti<br />
| map_type = Karnataka<br />
| map_caption = Location of Yellamma Temple, Saundatti<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15.754|75.16|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| other_names = <br />
| proper_name =<br />
| country = India<br />
| state = Karnataka<br />
| district = [[Belagavi]]<br />
| location = [[Saundatti]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Yellamma or [[Renuka]]<br />
| Direction_posture = <br />
| Pushakarani = <br />
| Vimanam = <br />
| Poets = <br />
| Prathyaksham = <br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = Jain architecture of the [[Chalukya]] and [[Rashtrakuta]] Style<br />
| temple_quantity = 1<br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = 1514<br />
| creator = Bomappa Naik of Raybag <br />
| website = <br />
|native_name=ರೇಣುಕಾ ಯಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ದೇವಿ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ}}<br />
'''Yellamma Temple''', also known as '''Renuka Temple''' ({{Langx|kn|ರೇಣುಕಾ ಯಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ದೇವಿ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ}}), is a temple of Goddess ([[Devi]]) [[Renuka]] and a pilgrimage destination located about {{Convert|5| km}} away from the town of [[Saundatti]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is situated on a hilltop known earlier as Siddhachal Parvat and now known as "Yellammanna Gudda", named after the temple. The deity in the temple is the goddess Yellamma or Ellama or [[Renuka]], revered as a fertility goddess.<ref name=Tour>{{Cite web|url=http://www.belgaum.nic.in/english/Tourist%20Attractions.html|title=Tourist Attraction: Yellamma Temple, Saundatti|access-date=20 May 2016|publisher=National Informatics Center|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611055406/http://www.belgaum.nic.in/english/Tourist%20Attractions.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=168}}<ref name="Journal of Archaeological Studies">{{cite book|title=Journal of Archaeological Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20bjAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Manasagangotri Archaeological Society}}</ref> The temple is associated with the ancient [[Devadasi]] practice of dedicating girls to the temple,{{Sfn|Mowli|1992|p=54}} which the [[Government of Karnataka]] eradicated in 1982 through Devadasi Prohibition Act.{{Sfn|Singh|1997|p=214}} The hill, a part of the Sidhachal or Ramagiri hill range which overlooks the [[Malaprabha river]],{{Sfn|Subburaj |2009|p=64}} contains archaeological evidences of occupation dating to the mid-8th to mid-11th centuries of the early [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] or late [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya period]], and includes [[megalithic tomb]]s which predate these periods.{{Sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=168}}<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
The hill on which the Yellamma Temple sits is part of the Sidhachal or Ramagiri range, oriented east–west and overlooking the [[Malaprabha river]] near the town of Savadatti. While the temple {{Convert|5| km}} away from the town, the town itself is {{Convert|112|km}} away from [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], the district headquarters. [[Dharwar|Dharwad]] and [[Hubli]] are two other major cities which are at a distance of {{Convert|38| km}} and {{Convert|58|km}} respectively from Savadatti.<ref name="Journal of Archaeological Studies"/>{{Sfn|Subburaj |2009|p=64}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The temple was built in 1514 by Bomappa Nayaka of Raybag (Bommappa Nayaka of Raibog).{{Sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=168}} According to archaeological evidence found around the temple, a temple existed here either during the early [[Rashtrakuta]] or late [[Chalukyan]] period from the mid-8th to the mid-11th centuries. The megalithic tombs found here are dated to a much earlier period. Also seen on the hill are [[potsherds]] of early historic [[redware]] dated to the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, in addition to megalithic blackware and redware. It is believed that the Yellamma fertility cult was prevalent here even during the Chalukyan period, following their taking possession of this region from the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas of Banavasi]].{{Sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=168}}<br />
<br />
Another place of worship is the sacred "Yogarbavi Satyabamma Kunda" or tank at the lower end of the hill, where devotees bathe and put on new clothes before proceeding to the temple for worship. A notable custom observed here is called "Nimmana", which involves the circumambulation of the "Sathyamma Temple" with [[neem]] leaves in their mouths.{{Sfn|Subburaj |2009|p=64}} The temple deity is also known as Jagadamba, meaning "Mother of the Universe" and is believed to be a form of [[Kali]].<ref name=Saun>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saundattitown.mrc.gov.in/sites/saundattitown.mrc.gov.in/files/SAUNDATTI%20TALUK%20TOURISM%2005-10-2013.pdf|format=pdf|title=Saundatti Taluk Tourism|access-date=20 May 2016|publisher=Saundattil taluk Administration, Government of Karnataka}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
The temple has been under the management of the [[Government of Karnataka]] since 1975. Facilities for pilgrims visiting the temples, like Dharmashalas (free guest houses), health centers, and other basic facilities, have been created by the government.<ref name=Tour/><br />
<br />
==Features==<br />
[[File:Renuka_temple_2.JPG|right|thumb|Renuka temple at Yallammagudda]] <br />
The Yellamma Temple is built in the [[Chalukyan]] and [[Rashtrakuta]] style. According to the government gazetteer, the goddess worshiped in the temple is associated with Parasurama's (an incarnation of [[Vishnu]]) mother [[Renuka]], the wife of the sage [[Jamadagni]]. She is revered as one of the [[Saptamatrika]] or seven divine mothers, who protected the earth and its rulers. The goddess is also known as ''Yelumakkaltai'', meaning "the mother of seven children" in [[Kannada language]]. She is a cult figure worshiped by the pastoral community of the [[Dhangar]] and [[Kuruba|Kurumbas]] of southern [[Maharashtra]] and North Karnataka.{{Sfn|Yoffee|2007|p=168}}<br />
<br />
There are three water tanks or ponds at the back side of the temple known as Kumkum Kundam, Yoni Kundam, and Arihan Kundam. These are considered holy and are places where people bathe and offer worship. There is also a sacred well called the Jogal bhavi; the water of this well is believed to cure skin diseases. Another location adjacent to the temple known as Parasurama Kshetra is believed to be the site where Lord Parausrama sat in the penance.{{Sfn|Subburaj |2009|p=64}}<br />
<br />
Within the temple precincts stand shrines dedicated to Lord [[Ganesh]], [[Mallikarjun]], [[Parashuram]], [[Eknath]], and Siddeshwar.<ref name=Tour/><br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
[[Jamadagni]] was one of the [[Saptarishi]] or Seven Sages. In his early life, he studied hard and achieved erudition in his studies of the [[Vedas]]. He is said to have acquired knowledge regarding the science of weapons without any formal instruction, with the guidance of his father.<br />
<br />
After achieving the status of a [[Rishi]], Jamadagni visited several holy sites and finally reached the palace of King Prasenajit of the [[Solar Dynasty]]. He fell in love with his daughter, Princess Renuka, upon seeing her, and asked the king for her hand in marriage. Subsequently, the two were married, and Renuka took on an ascetic life. Five sons were born to them: Ṛumaṇvān, Suhotra, Vasu, Viśvāvasu, and Rama, later known as [[Parshurama]]. Later the couple started to engage in penances or [[tapasya]] along the banks of the river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. Jamadagni granted Renuka a boon that she would be able to bring water in unbaked clay pots, as long as her chastity was pure.<br />
<br />
According to the Brahmanda Purana, Renuka once went to the banks of the river Narmada to fetch some water. There, she observed the king of the Shalva kingdom making love with his queen in the water. She stood there, mesmerised by the beauty of the sight. But her chastity was broken and the pot cracked. By the time she reached the hermitage of her husband with the water, she was quite late. The weary Jamadagni was furious when he divined the reason for her delay, and called forth each of his sons, one after the other, to kill her. Each of them refused to kill their mother.<br />
<br />
Parashurama, however, came forth and beheaded his mother with an axe to show his obedience to his father's words. The sage exiled his four older sons to the forests due to their disobedience and cursed them either to become ash or live for eternity as [[transgenders]].<br />
<br />
Jamadagni was pleased by Parashurama's devotion to him, he granted his son any boon of his choice. Parashurama wisely wished for his mother to be restored to life, and this was granted. Jamadagni used his powers to fix Renuka's head to her body and she was alive again. Another legend narrates that in the hurry to see his mother alive again, he took a dark-skinned woman's head and attached it to his mother's body. That's how [[Renuka]] was also called Yellamma. In the pictures of Yellamma, she has a darker face than her body which represents that she has another woman's head. Other legends narrate that when she was beheaded, Renuka's head multiplied by hundreds and moved to different regions in India. This inspired her transgender children to deify and worship her.<br />
<br />
The transgender children were found by their mother who accepted them as they were. From then on, Renuka alias Yellamma was known as the mother goddess of transgenders. Even today, you'll see a lot of transgenders on the temple premises.<br />
<br />
But [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] left his mother and father. As he was Lord [[Vishnu]]'s sixth incarnation, he was on his divine path. Later he became a disciple of [[Dattatreya]]. He started practising his penance and meditation with Lord [[Dattatreya]] in the Western Ghats.<br />
<br />
Later, Jamadagni was entrusted by [[Brahma]] to take care of the divine cow [[Kamadhenu]]. where Jamadagni was killed by [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] due to the latter's lust for the cow. And [[Renuka]] committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (where a woman, out of mourn, throws herself on the cremation fire of her husband). Parashurama avenged his parents' deaths by killing Kartavirya's army 21 times, to relieve the Earth of her burden. <br />
<br />
After this story, Parashurama returned to [[Dattatreya]] to continue his penances. Parashurama is a [[Chiranjeevi]] (immortal) being in Hindu Mythology. Parashurama is believed to be alive and does his penance in the [[Himalayas]]. His mentor, [[Dattatreya]], still roams in the western ghats.<br />
<br />
==Festivals==<br />
Festivals are held at the venue of the temple twice a year during October to April. A very large number of pilgrims from Karnataka Andhra Pradesh, Goa, and Maharashtra visit the temple during these festivals.<ref name=Tour/><ref name=Saun/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Marikamba Temple, Sirsi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book|last= Mowli |first=V. Chandra |title="Jogin" girl-child labour studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXtAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-1415-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |title=Divine Prostitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYEdPoGAaz0C&pg=PA214|date=1 January 1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-821-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Subburaj|first= V.V.K. | title=Tourist Guide to Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hypasmfmVn4C&pg=PA64|year=2009|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-062-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Yoffee |first=Norman |title=Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58WgTin1ORsC&pg=PA168|year=2007|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-2670-3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Shimoga district]]<br />
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Renuka]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neram&diff=521695Neram2026-03-18T03:13:30Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Created Article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Alphonse Puthren}}<br />
{{for-multi| NERAM |New England Regional Art Museum|other uses with 'Neram' in its title|Special:Search/intitle:"Neram"||Nera (disambiguation){{!}}Nera}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Neram<br />
| image = Neram poster for Malayalam and Tamil.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Posters in Malayalam and Tamil<br />
| director = [[Alphonse Puthren]]<br />
| producer = Koral Viswanathan<br />
| writer = Alphonse Puthren<br />
| based_on = {{based_on|''Neram'' (short)|Alphonse Puthren}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nivin Pauly]]|[[Nazriya Nazim]]|[[Bobby Simha]]}}<br />
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]<br />
| cinematography = Anend C. Chandran<br />
| editing = Alphonse Puthren<br />
| studio = Winner Bulls Films<br />
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Lal Jose|LJ Films]] (Malayalam)|[[Red Giant Movies]] (Tamil)}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|10|Malayalam|2013|05|17|Tamil|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = {{ubl|119 minutes (Malayalam)|117 minutes (Tamil)}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = {{ubl|Malayalam|Tamil}}<br />
| budget = {{INR|1.5 crore}}<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |title=Tamil director Alphonse Putharen to make a Hindi remake of 'Neram' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-director-alphonse-putharen-to-make-a-hindi-remake-of-neram/394714-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802131358/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-director-alphonse-putharen-to-make-a-hindi-remake-of-neram/394714-71-180.html |archive-date=2013-08-02}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|18 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anu James |date=11 October 2015 |title=Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly: Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993 |agency=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Neram''''' ({{translation|'Time'}}) is a 2013 Indian [[black comedy]] [[thriller film]] written, directed and edited by [[Alphonse Puthren]] in his directorial debut. [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages versions of the film were simultaneously made. It is an extended version of the short film of the same name, which he directed in 2009. It stars [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Nazriya Nazim]] (in their [[Kollywood]] debuts) and [[Bobby Simha]] in both versions. Supporting roles were played by [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Lalu Alex]], and [[Willson Joseph]] in the Malayalam version, while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Thambi Ramiah]], [[John Vijay]] and [[Shabareesh Varma]] portrayed the characters in the Tamil version.<br />
<br />
The whole film is set within one day in [[Chennai]]. Shooting for the film commenced on mid-2012, were completed in March 2013. The music was scored by debutant [[Rajesh Murugesan]], while cinematography was handled by Anend C. Chendran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2013 |title=Nazriya has her hands full |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91365.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012005/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/91365.html |archive-date=1 March 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The Malayalam version was released on 10 May 2013, while the Tamil version was released a week later, on 17 May 2013.<ref name="pistah">{{Cite news |date=17 March 2013 |title=The Pistah song is a tribute to Jagathy Sreekumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/The-Pistah-song-is-a-tribute-to-Jagathy-Sreekumar/articleshow/19005575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328135343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-17/news-and-interviews/37786219_1_malayalam-film-industry-nivin-pauly-malayalam-version |archive-date=28 March 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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''Neram'''s both versions received positive reviews upon release and was a commercial success at the box-office.<ref>Deepa Gauri. ''The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013'' 26 December 2013 [[Khaleej Times]] [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes|date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The film is remade in Telugu as ''[[Run (2016 film)|Run]]'' (2016) starring [[Sundeep Kishan]] and in Kannada as ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]'' (2018) starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]].<ref name="Reception">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/468690/20130518/neram-review-roundup-tamil-malayalam-movie.htm "'Neram' Review Roundup: Worth Watching for Brilliant Narration"]. ''[[International Business Times]]''. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130608041449/http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-nivin-pauly-keeping-fingers-crossed-news-tamil-nfqk9rdhjih.html "'Neram' Nivin Pauly - Keeping fingers crossed!"]. [[Sify.com]]. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607081244/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93784.html "Udhayanidhi Stalin upbeat with Neram Response"]. Indiaglitz.com. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mythily Ramachandran |date=23 May 2013 |title=Neram is a tale of life |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/southern-spice-neram-is-a-tale-of-life-1.1186532 |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=[[Gulf Times]]}}</ref> This film is about to be remade in Hindi.<ref name="Hindiremake">Asha Prakash (27 May 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130802122324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news-and-interviews/39556211_1_hindi-neram-nazriya-nazim "Neram to be remade in Hindi"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 28 May 2013.</ref><br />
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==Plot==<br />
Mathew/Vetri is a [[computer engineering]] graduate but lost his job. His life is complicated now because he has taken a loan from a private [[moneylender]] named Vatti Raja and is not able to repay the amount because he has no income. Jeena/Veni's father Johnykutty/Saravanar denies her marriage with Mathew/Vetri as he is jobless. Jeena/Veni decides to elope with Mathew/Vetri, and his friend John gives him money for paying off his debt to Raja. On their way, Jeena/Veni's chain is snatched, and Mathew/Vetri's money is stolen. Raja calls Mathew/Vetri and asks him to settle the money within 5PM.<br />
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Johnykutty/Saravanar lodges a complaint with [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Ukken Tintu/Katta Kunju against Mathew/Vetri on charges of kidnapping Jeena/Veni and gives his number. Tintu/Kunju calls Mathew/Vetri and tells him that he should come along with Jeena/Veni to the police station within 5PM, but problems are yet to come: Mathew/Vetri's brother-in-law asks some amount of money from him to start a business, and even that is scheduled for 5PM. On the other hand, Jeena/Veni is kidnapped by Raja's men, assuming her to be another man's girlfriend who also has to return money to Raja.<br />
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Mathew/Vetri comes across the same man and decides to snatch his chain, but unfortunately at the moment he tries to do so, the man meets with an accident, and Mathew/Vetri takes him to a hospital. The man's brother RayBan/Dhandapani, who has influence, assures Mathew/Vetri of a job in his company. Suddenly, Tintu/Kunju arrives there and tells that Raja died in an accident. It is revealed that Lighthouse, the man who stole Jeena/Veni's chain and Mathew/Vetri's money, had also borrowed some money from Raja. Lighthouse planned with two others in having the money for themselves and stole Raja's car.<br />
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While the plan worked out perfectly, Raja's men went behind the car, and Raja goes behind the other man. In the chase, Raja was hit by an auto and died. Coincidentally, the auto driver was the driver who hit RayBan/Dhandapani's brother Manick with his vehicle, too. Later, Mathew/Vetri meets the men who stole his money and gets in a brawl with them. He finds his money and a chain inside the car and also finds Jeena/Veni in the car's rear (Raja hid her in his car). Mathew/Vetri gives the money to his brother-in-law, and the movie ends with a happy note that "[[Time|Time is of two types: good time and bad time. Good will come following every bad time in life]]".<br />
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==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"<br />
! Actor (Malayalam) !! Actor (Tamil) !! Role (Malayalam) !! Role (Tamil)<br />
|- <br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nivin Pauly]] || style="text-align:center;"|Mathew || style="text-align:center;"| Vetri<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nazriya Nazim]] || style="text-align:center;"|Jeena ||style="text-align:center;"| Veni<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Bobby Simha]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Vatti Raja<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Krishna Shankar]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] || style="text-align:center;"|Manikunju (Manick) || style="text-align:center;"| Manickam (Manick)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lalu Alex]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Thambi Ramaiah]] || style="text-align:center;"|Johnykutty, Jeena's father ||style="text-align:center;"| Saravanar, Veni's father<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shammi Thilakan]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[John Vijay]] || style="text-align:center;"|Sub-Inspector Ukken Tintu ||style="text-align:center;"| Sub-Inspector K. Katta Kunju<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Charle]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Mayilsamy<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Crane Manohar]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Auto Rickshaw Driver<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Anand Chandrababu<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Ramesh Thilak]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Lighthouse<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |D. Crawford<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Willson Joseph]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Shabareesh Varma]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|John<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Joju George]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Sai Prashanth]] || style="text-align:center;"|Jiju, Mathew's brother-in-law || style="text-align:center;" | Vetri's brother-in-law<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Laxmi || style="text-align:center;" |Jeena's mother|| style="text-align:center;"| Veni's mother<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sharaf U Dheen]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Tutor<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Akhilan<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Deepak Nathan || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vijay Muthu || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Police Officer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manoj K. Jayan]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || style="text-align:center;"|Rayban ||style="text-align:center;"| M. Dhandapaani<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Anju Kurian]] || style="text-align:center;"|Mathew's sister || style="text-align:center;"|Vetri's sister<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Munishkanth]] (uncredited) || style="text-align:center;"| Rayban's sidekick || style="text-align:center;"|Dhandapaani's sidekick<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
[[Alphonse Puthren]] who made several short films<ref name="naz">{{Cite news |date=28 February 2013 |title=Another director from short films |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-28/news-interviews/37351066_1_short-films-malayalam-version-nazriya-nazim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503121106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-28/news-interviews/37351066_1_short-films-malayalam-version-nazriya-nazim |archive-date=3 May 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and also the studio album ''[[Yuvvh]]'' had announced his directorial debut after the album's success that prompted him to move to the feature film format.<ref name="etc">{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2 March 2013 |title=Etcetera: Good times bad times |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-good-times-bad-times/article4469134.ece |access-date=2013-04-16 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He announced that the film will be titled as ''Neram'' which would be a "[[Thriller film|thriller]]-cum-[[black comedy]]" set in [[Chennai]]'s [[Mandaveli]], where he had lived for some time.<ref name="naz" /> He further added that the film's title and the story is all about the significance of time in human lives.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nazriya and Nivin to do a comedy-thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nazriya-and-nivin-to-do-a-comedy-thriller/articleshow/15419693.cms |access-date=2021-06-03 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was considered to be an extended version of the short film of the same name starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]], which he directed in 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=I Wanted Premam To Be Like A Poem: Alphonse Putharen on five years of the classic starring Nivin Pauly |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/i-wanted-premam-to-be-like-a-poem-alphonse-putharen-on-five-years-of-the-classic-baradwaj-rangan-nivin-pauly-sai-pallavi |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Initially Alphonse wrote the script with [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as the lead actors who declined the offers citing schedule conflicts.<ref name=":0" /> Later his friend and actor [[Nivin Pauly]], who contributed to the short film by offering him a budget of {{Indian Rupee|3,000}} for the project, was approached as the lead actor, marking his debut in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2013 |title=Nivin Pauly signs his first Tamil film! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-signs-his-first-tamil-film-news-malayalam-nc2ksxaccdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020603/http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-pauly-signs-his-first-tamil-film-news-malayalam-nc2ksxaccdi.html |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was Nivin's second project he signed after his breakthrough with the Malayalam film ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''. [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] was chosen as the lead actress against Nivin and had also shot for ten days,<ref name="bha">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=Bhama turns uber chic |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/news-and-interviews/32619444_1_malayalam-film-bhama-kannada-film-industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225215815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/news-and-interviews/32619444_1_malayalam-film-bhama-kannada-film-industry |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but due to her busy schedules, she was replaced by [[Nazriya Nazim]] as the lead actress, who also made her debut in Tamil with the film.<ref name="nazr">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2012 |title=Nazriya is in demand |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/news-and-interviews/33153806_1_bhama-yuvvh-archana-kavi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/news-and-interviews/33153806_1_bhama-yuvvh-archana-kavi |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Alphonse decided to shoot it simultaneously in Tamil and Malayalam. He modified the Malayalam version and filmed it with an entirely different cast, retaining only the lead pair in both versions.<ref name="naz2">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2012 |title=Nazriya and Nivin to do a comedy-thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Nazriya-and-Nivin-to-do-a-comedy-thriller/articleshow/15419693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927211640/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/news-and-interviews/33120062_1_nazriya-nazim-directorial-debut-love-story |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Rajesh Murugesan]], who had worked with Alphonse on his short films, was chosen as the film's composer, also making his feature film debut.<ref name="promo">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2013 |title=Good times for Rajesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Good-times-for-Rajesh/articleshow/19030664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902055840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news-interviews/37813978_1_short-films-promo-song-composer |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
The crew began filming by June 2012, which was first held across various parts of Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2012 |title=Nivin Pauly heads to Kollywood |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-and-interviews/32382694_1_mollywood-tamil-film-industry-tamil-nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-24/news-and-interviews/32382694_1_mollywood-tamil-film-industry-tamil-nadu |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and later in [[Chennai]].<ref name="bha" /> Shooting was further carried out in Chennai in August 2012, with Bhama's portions being reshot with Nazriya.<ref name="naz2" /> In March 2013, Alphonse informed that the entire filming had been completed.<ref name="hit">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2013 |title=Pistah fever hits Mollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Pistah-fever-hits-Mollywood/articleshow/18967175.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518075049/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news-and-interviews/37712740_1_promo-song-lyrics-lakh-hits |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was shot in Malayalam and in Tamil at the same time, which Nivin described as tough and challenging.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2012 |title=Neram was a challenge for me: Nivin Pauly |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/news-and-interviews/35433915_1_malayalam-version-nivin-yuvvh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034259/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/news-and-interviews/35433915_1_malayalam-version-nivin-yuvvh |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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==Music==<br />
{{Main|Neram (soundtrack)}}<br />
[[Rajesh Murugesan]] composed the soundtrack and film score of ''Neram'', making his feature film debut. A promotional song titled "Pistah" performed by [[Shabareesh Varma]], was released on 29 March 2013 and went viral.<ref name="pistah" /><ref name="promo" /> The audio of the film's Tamil and Malayalam versions were released on 3 May 2013 under the [[Think Music]] label.<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The first look posters of the film was released on 21 February 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-22 |title=Neram Tamil Movie Wallpapers - Nivin & Nazriya Nazim |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2013/02/neram-tamil-movie-wallpapers-nivin-nazriya-nazim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227015703/http://moviegalleri.net/2013/02/neram-tamil-movie-wallpapers-nivin-nazriya-nazim.html |archive-date=27 February 2013 |access-date=2020-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 28 March 2013, [[Red Giant Movies]], production house of [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] acquired the film's distribution rights in [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2013 |title=Red Giants to distribute 'Neram ' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/red-giants-to-distribute-neram-news-tamil-nd2vVDbefeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401183654/http://www.sify.com/movies/red-giants-to-distribute-neram-news-tamil-nd2vVDbefeb.html |archive-date=1 April 2013 |access-date=2013-04-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while the film was distributed in [[Kerala]] by [[Lal Jose]], under his production house [[LJ Films]]. Trailers in both languages were released on 19 April 2013.<br />
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The Malayalam version was released on 10 May 2013, in 73 screens across Kerala, while the Tamil version was released on 17 May 2013 in 200 plus screens in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Boxoffice">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title='Neram' makes a huge impact in Kerala! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-makes-a-huge-impact-in-kerala-news-malayalam-nfnsvzfcedf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607191828/http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-makes-a-huge-impact-in-kerala-news-malayalam-nfnsvzfcedf.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=16 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
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The satellite rights of the film's Tamil version were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and the rights of the film's Malayalam version was acquired by [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. AP International released the Malayalam version on [[Blu-ray]], [[DVD]] and [[VCD]] on 1 August 2013.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
''Neram'' received positive reviews from critics with praise towards the cast performances (particularly Nivin, Nazriya and Simha), cinematography, editing, [[black comedy]], screenwriting and direction.<br />
<br />
==== Malayalam version ====<br />
Padmakumar K of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Though the concept is nothing new, the way of presentation and the setting is a merited deviation from the beaten track. The movie is watchable for some surprises it throws up now and then. There are some unseen extraordinary scenes and events not usually seen in [[Malayalam cinema]]." The reviewer praised the film's technical aspects, especially Alphonse Puthren's editing and direction, and Anand C. Chandran's camera works. He also praised the acting by Manoj K. Jayan, Simhaa, Shammi Thilakan and Nazriya Nazim while commenting that Nivin "still has to come out of his usual self".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmakumar K |date=12 May 2013 |title=Neram: Frivolously serious |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.DLL/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14045375&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026 |access-date=15 May 2013 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |publisher=Manoramaonline}}</ref> ''[[Sify.com|Sify]]'' gave the verdict as "good" and wrote "For a debut attempt with lots of fresh faces in its cast and crew, director Alphonse Puthren's Neram could leave you pleasantly surprised. With a rather okay script, the film scores with a brilliant narration, interesting performances, good visuals and peppy music."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Neram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-review-malayalam-15028662.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183455/http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-review-malayalam-15028662.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Aswin J Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Neram'' has a romantic charm, an exciting trait which infuses it with a good measure of likability."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aswin J Kumar |date=12 May 2013 |title=Neram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/Neram/movie-review/20012235.cms |access-date=15 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Indiatimes.com}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Neram'' has an interesting narrative but lacks on the humour quotient".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paresh C Palicha |date=13 May 2013 |title=Review: Neram is an average entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-neram-is-an-average-entertainer/20130513.htm |access-date=15 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Tamil version ====<br />
''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "There is absolutely nothing new about the story, yet what differentiates ''Neram'' from other films is its brilliant [[Nonlinear narrative|non-linear screenplay]], never seen before in [[Tamil cinema]]. The film grows on you very gradually despite its brooding first half, but what follows post interval is top class and is worth every applaud or hoot that came its way."<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2013 |title='Neram' - gem of Tamil cinema (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/05/18/105--Neram-gem-of-Tamil-cinema-Tamil-Movie-Review-.html |access-date=18 May 2013 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |publisher=Newstrackindia.com}} {{Rating|4|5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2013 |title='Neram' - gem of Tamil cinema (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/neram-gem-of-tamil-cinema-tamil-movie-review-113051800202_1.html |access-date=18 May 2013 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |publisher=Business Standard}} {{Rating|4|5}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciates the film's narrative style and cinematography, but commented "Almost everything is perfect on paper. But something is lost on screen. We feel we should be laughing more, and that there are a few too many flat passages."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baradwaj Rangan |date=18 May 2013 |title=Neram: A day in the life |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/neram-a-day-in-the-life/article4727308.ece |access-date=20 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "the light, interesting narrative style and quirky characters makes it [the film] a pleasant one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malini Mannath |date=23 May 2013 |title=Neram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/neram/movie-review/20146887.cms |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> N. Venkateswaran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Alphonse Puthren is a welcome addition to the new wave of Tamil film directors, and is a sign of the good times ahead for Indian cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=N. Venkateswaran |date=20 May 2013 |title=Neram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/neram/movie-review/20146887.cms |access-date=22 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Indiatimes.com}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Mythily Ramachandran of ''[[Gulf Times]]'' wrote "Alphonse joins the league of a growing number of young directors in Tamil and Malayalam who are making a mark with their fresh ideas and novel presentation. ''Neram'' is a delightful way to while away time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mythily Ramachandran |date=23 May 2013 |title=Film review: Neram is a good time |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/film-review-neram-is-a-good-time-1.1186542 |access-date=23 May 2013 |work=[[Gulf Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify.com|Sify]]'' gave the verdict as "Good" and concluded the review saying, "''Neram'' is genuinely a good attempt to make something unusual by a group of youngsters, which has to be encouraged."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Neram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-review-tamil-15029242.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607191829/http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-review-tamil-15029242.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=18 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
The film netted {{INRConvert|81|l}} from 73 screens in its opening weekend (10–12 May) in Kerala.<ref name="Boxoffice2">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title='Neram' makes a huge impact in Kerala! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-makes-a-huge-impact-in-kerala-news-malayalam-nfnsvzfcedf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607191828/http://www.sify.com/movies/neram-makes-a-huge-impact-in-kerala-news-malayalam-nfnsvzfcedf.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=16 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Award<br />
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Category<br />
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Asiavision Awards]]<br />
| 15 November 2013<br />
| New Sensation in Acting<br />
| [[Nazriya Nazim]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=7th edition of Asiavision Film Awards 2013 |url=https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/mammotty-kavya-madhavan-bag-asiavision-awards-2013-11-05-1.526962 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[Emirates 24/7]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]<br />
| [[16th Asianet Film Awards|10 January 2014]]<br />
| Best Star Pair<br />
| [[Nivin Pauly]] & Nazriya Nazim<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| 8 January 2014<br />
| Best Debut Actor<br />
| Nivin Pauly<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Vikatan Awards 2013 - 1 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/90894- |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Debut Actress<br />
| Nazriya Nazim<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]<br />
| 18 January 2014<br />
| Best Comedian<br />
| [[Shammi Thilakan]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2014 - List of winners |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2014/01/vanitha-film-awards-2014-list-of-winners.html |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<br />
| August 2017<br />
| Special Jury Award<br />
| [[Nazriya Nazim]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanitha Film Awards 2014 - List of winners |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2014/01/vanitha-film-awards-2014-list-of-winners.html |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Vijay Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="4"| [[8th Vijay Awards|5 July 2014]]<br />
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]<br />
| [[Alphonse Puthren]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2014 |title=8th annual Vijay Awards |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor|Best Debut Actor]]<br />
| Nivin Pauly<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]<br />
| Nazriya Nazim<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| [[Bobby Simha]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[61st Filmfare Awards South|12 July 2014]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – Tamil]]<br />
| Nivin Pauly<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2014 |title=61st Filmfare Awards South Winners List |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/61st-filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-mahesh-babu-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-bag-awards-604295 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]<br />
| Nazriya Nazim<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="6"| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|12—13 September 2014]]<br />
| Best Debut Director – Malayalam<br />
| Alphonse Puthren<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=SIIMA 2014 Malayalam Nominations |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-malayalam-nominations-mohanlal-mammootty-fahadh-prithviraj-dileep-get-nod-604897 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2014 |title=SIIMA 2014 Tamil Nominations |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-tamil-nominations-suriya-dhanush-kamal-haasan-feature-best-actor-category-list-604883 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2014 Winners |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165255/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=South Indian International Movie Awards}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Best Male Debut – Tamil<br />
| Nivin Pauly<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Female Debut – Tamil<br />
| Nazriya Nazim<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Malayalam<br />
| rowspan="2"| Bobby Simha<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Fight Choreographer – Malayalam<br />
| Run Ravi<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Run (2016 film)|Run]]'' (2016) and in Kannada as ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]'' (2018).<ref name="Hindiremake" /> Alphonse has announced intentions for a Hindi remake to the film which he will direct.<ref name="Hindiremake" /><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Features based on short films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Alphonse Puthren]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Murugesan]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tantrasamgraha&diff=465877Tantrasamgraha2026-03-15T10:18:38Z<p>Polarishealthcare: correct intro</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Astronomical treatise written by Nilakantha Somayaji}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Tantrasamgraha<br />
| title_orig = <br />
| translator = <br />
| image = Opening verses in Tantrasamgraha.JPG <br />
| caption = Opening verses of Tantrasamgraha (in [[Devanagari]])<br />
| author = [[Nilakantha Somayaji]]<br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| series = <br />
| subject = [[Astronomy]]/[[Mathematics]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| publisher = <br />
| pub_date = 1500-01 CE <br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
| media_type = <br />
| pages = <br />
| isbn = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tantrasamgraha''',<ref name="text">{{cite web|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_2/20005a5d_s1.pdf|title=Tantrasamgraha with English translation|editor=K.V. Sarma|others=Translated by V.S. Narasimhan|publisher=Indian National Academy of Science|pages=48|language=sa, en|access-date=17 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309014402/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_2/20005a5d_s1.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref>''Tantrasamgraha'', ed. K.V. Sarma, trans. V. S. Narasimhan in the Indian Journal of History of Science, issue starting Vol. 33, No. 1 March 1998</ref> or '''Tantrasangraha''',<ref>Open Library Reference: {{cite book |author=Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī |url=https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2697994M/Tantrasan%CC%87grahah%CC%A3 |title=Tantrasaṅgrahaḥ gaṇitam : savyākhyaḥ |publisher=Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram |year=1985 |language=sa |chapter=Anantaśayanasaṃskr̥tagranthāvaliḥ; granthāṅkaḥ 188 |ol=2697994M |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref> (literally, ''A Compilation of the System'') is an [[astronomy|astronomical]] treatise written by [[Nilakantha Somayaji]], an [[astronomer]]/[[mathematician]] belonging to the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]. <br />
The treatise was completed in 1501 CE. It consists of 432 verses in [[Sanskrit]] divided into eight chapters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nilakantha - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Nilakantha/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> Tantrasamgraha had spawned a few commentaries: ''Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya'' of anonymous authorship and ''[[Yuktibhāṣā]]'' authored by [[Jyeshtadeva]] in about 1550 CE.<br />
Tantrasangraha, together with its commentaries, bring forth the depths of the mathematical accomplishments the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]], in particular the achievements of the remarkable mathematician of the school [[Madhava of Sangamagrama|Sangamagrama Madhava]]. <br />
In his ''Tantrasangraha'', Nilakantha revised [[Aryabhata]]'s model for the planets [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]]. According to [[George Gheverghese Joseph|George G Joseph]] his equation of the [[Center of mass|centre]] for these planets remained the most accurate until the time of [[Johannes Kepler]] in the 17th century.<ref name=Joseph>George G. Joseph (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics'', p. 408. [[Princeton University Press]].</ref><br />
<br />
It was [[C.M. Whish]], a civil servant of [[East India Company]], who brought to the attention of the western scholarship the existence of Tantrasamgraha through a paper published in 1835.<ref name="Whish">{{cite journal|author=C.M. Whish|date=1835|title=On the Hindu quadrature of the circle and the infinite series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala|journal=Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=III|issue=iii|pages=509–23}}</ref> The other books mentioned by C.M. Whish in his paper were [[Yuktibhāṣā]] of [[Jyeshtadeva]], [[Karanapaddhati]] of [[Puthumana Somayaji]] and [[Sadratnamala]] of [[Sankara Varman]].<br />
<br />
==Author and date of Tantrasamgraha==<br />
<br />
{{main|Nilakantha Somayaji}}<br />
<br />
[[Nilakantha Somayaji]], the author of Tantrasamgraha, was a [[Nambudiri]] belonging to the Gargya [[gotra]] and a resident of Trikkantiyur, near [[Tirur]] in central [[Kerala]]. The name of his [[Illam]] was Kelallur. He studied under [[Damodara]], son of [[Paramesvara]]. The first and the last verses in Tantrasamgraha contain [[chronogram]]s specifying the dates, in the form [[Kali Yuga|Kali]] days, of the commencement and of the completion of book. These work out to dates in 1500–01.<ref name="text"/><br />
<br />
==Synopsis of the book==<br />
A brief account of the contents of Tantrasamgraha is presented below. <ref name=":0" />A descriptive account of the contents is available in Bharatheeya Vijnana/Sastra Dhara.<ref>{{cite book|author=N. Gopalakrishnan|title=Baharatheeya Vijnana / Sastra Dhaara ( Handbbok of Ancient Indian Scientific Books)|publisher=Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage|location=Thiruvanannthapuram, India|date=2004|series=Heritage Publication Series|volume=78|pages=18–20|url=http://www.books.user.janyug.com/Pradeesh/data/public/Culture/Ancient/Indian/251.pdf|access-date=12 January 2010}} {{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> Full details of the contents are available in an edition of Tantrasamgraha published in the ''Indian Journal of History of Science''.<ref name="text"/><br />
*''Chapter 1'' (Madhyama-prakaranam): The purpose of the astronomical computation, civil and sidereal day measurements, lunar month, solar month, intercalary month, revolutions of the planets, theory of intercalation, planetary revolution in circular orbits, computation of kali days, mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, squaring and determining square root, fractions, positive and negative numbers, computation of mean planets, correction for longitude, longitudinal time, positions of the planets at the beginning of Kali era, planetary apogees in degrees. (40 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 2'' (Sphuta-prakaranam (On true planets)): Computation of risings, and arcs, construction of a circle of diameter equal to the side of a given square, computation of the circumference without the use of square and roots, sum of series, sum of the series of natural numbers, of squares of numbers, of cubes of numbers, processes relating to Rsines and arcs, computation of the arc of a given Rsine, computation of the circumference of a circle, derivation of Rsines for given Rversed sine and arc, computation of Rsine and arcs, accurate computation of the 24 ordained Rsines, sectional Rsines and Rsine differences, sum of Rsine differences, summation of Rsine differences, computation of the arc of an Rsine according to Madhava, computation of Rsine and Rversed sine at desired point without the aid of the ordained Rsines, rules relating to triangles, rules relating to cyclic quadrilaterals, rules relating to the hypotenuse of a quadrilateral, computation of the diameter from the area of the cyclic quadrilateral, surface area of a sphere, computation of the desired Rsine, the ascensional difference, sun's daily motion in minutes of arc, application of ascensional difference to true planets, measure of day and night on applying ascensional difference, conversion of the arc of Rsine of the ascensional difference, etc. (59 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 3'' (Chhaya-prakaranam (Treatise on shadow)): Deals with various problems related with the sun's position on the celestial sphere, including the relationships of its expressions in the three systems of coordinates, namely ecliptic, equatorial and horizontal coordinates. (116 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 4'' (Chandragrahana-prakaranam (Treatise on the lunar eclipse)): Diameter of the Earth's shadow in minutes, Moon's latitude and Moon's rate of motion, probability of an eclipse, total eclipse and rationale of the explanation given for total eclipse, half duration and first and last contacts, points of contacts and points of release in eclipse, and their method of calculation, visibility of the contact in the eclipse at sunrise and sunset, contingency of the invisibility of an eclipse, possibility of the deflection, deflection due to latitude and that due to declination. (53 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 5'' (Ravigrahana-prakaranam (Treatise on the solar eclipse)): Possibility of a solar eclipse, minutes of parallax in latitude of the sun, minutes of parallax in latitude of the moon,. maximum measure of the eclipse, middle of the eclipse, time of first contact and last contact, half duration and times of submergence and emergence, reduction to observation of computed eclipse, mid eclipse, non prediction of an eclipse. (63 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 6'' (Vyatipata-prakaranam (On vyatipata)): Deals with the complete deviation of the longitudes of the sun and the moon. (24 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 7'' (Drikkarma-prakaranam (On visibility computation)): Discusses the rising and setting of the moon and planets. (15 slokas)<br />
*''Chapter 8'' (Sringonnati-prakaranam (On elevation of the lunar cusps)): Examines the size of the part of the moon which is illuminated by the sun and gives a graphical representation of it. (40 slokas)<br />
<br />
==Some noteworthy features of Tantrasamgraha==<br />
<br />
"A remarkable synthesis of Indian spherical astronomical knowledge occurs in a passage in Tantrasamgraha."<ref name="Glen">{{cite book|author=Glen van Brummelen|title=The mathematics of the heavens and the earth: The early history of trigonometry|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|date=2009|pages=128–129|isbn=9780691129730|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8956.html}}</ref> <br />
In astronomy, the spherical triangle formed by the [[zenith]], the [[celestial north pole]] and the [[Sun]] is called the ''astronomical triangle''. Its sides and two of its angles are important astronomical quantities. The sides are 90° – φ where φ is the observer's terrestrial [[latitude]], 90° – δ where δ is the Sun's [[declination]] and 90° – ''a '' where ''a'' is the Sun's [[altitude]] above the [[horizon]]. The important angles are the angle at the zenith which is the Sun's [[azimuth]] and the angle at the north pole which is the Sun's [[hour angle]]. The problem is to compute two of these elements when the other three elements are specified. There are precisely ten different possibilities and Tantrasamgraha contains discussions of all these possibilities with complete solutions one by one in ''one place''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Radaha Charan Gupta|title=Solution of the astronomical triangle as found in Tantrsasamgraha (A.D.1500)|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|publisher=Indian National Academy of Science|volume=9|issue=1|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_86.pdf|access-date=18 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309013400/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_86.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> "The spherical triangle is handled as systematically here as in any modern textbook."<ref name="Glen"/><br />
<br />
The terrestrial [[latitude]] of an observer's position is equal to the [[zenith distance]] of the Sun at noon on the [[equinox|equinoctial day]]. The effect of [[solar parallax]] on [[zenith distance]] was known to Indian astronomers right from [[Aryabhata]]. But it was [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] who first discussed the effect of solar parallax on the observer's latitude. Tantrasamgraha gives the magnitude of this correction and also a correction due to the finite size of the Sun.<ref>*{{cite journal|author=K. Ramasubramanian|author2=M.S. Sriram|name-list-style=amp|date=2003|title=Corrections to the terrestrial latitude in Tantrasamgraha|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=38|issue=2|pages=129–144|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008276_129.pdf|access-date=18 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309020242/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008276_129.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his ''Aryabhatiyabhasya'', a commentary on Aryabhata's ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'', Nilakantha developed a computational system for a partially [[heliocentrism|heliocentric]] planetary model in which Mercury, Venus, [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] orbit the [[Sun]], which in turn orbits the [[Earth]], similar to the [[Tychonic system]] later proposed by [[Tycho Brahe]] in the late 16th century. Most astronomers of the Kerala school who followed him accepted this planetary model.<ref name=Joseph/><ref>K. Ramasubramanian, M. D. Srinivas, M. S. Sriram (1994). "[https://physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/kerala-astronomy.pdf Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers (c. 1500 AD) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion]", ''[[Current Science]]'' '''66''', p. 784-790.</ref><br />
<br />
==Conference on 500 years of Tantrasamgraha==<br />
<br />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:500 years of tantrasamgraha.jpg|right|125px]] --><br />
<br />
A Conference to celebrate the 500th Anniversary of Tantrasangraha was organised by the Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Madras, in collaboration with the Inter-University Centre of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, during 11–13 March 2000, at Chennai.<ref>{{cite journal|author=M.S. Sriram|date=25 July 2000|title=Meeting reports : Five hundred years of Tantrasangraha – A landmark in the history of astronomy|journal=Current Science|volume=79|issue=2|pages=150–151|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul252000/MEETING%20REPORTS.pdf|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref> <br />
The Conference turned out to be an important occasion for highlighting and reviewing the recent work on the achievements in Mathematics and Astronomy of the Kerala school and the new perspectives in History of Science, which are emerging from these studies. A compilation of the important papers presented at this Conference has also been published.<br />
<ref>{{cite book|author=M. S. Sriram|author2=K. Ramasubramanian|author3=M. D. Srinivas|name-list-style=amp |title=500 years of Tantrasangraha – A landmark in the history of astronomy|publisher=Inter-University Center, Indian Institute of Advanced Study|location=Shimla|date=2002|pages=185|isbn=81-7986-009-4}}{{cite web |url=http://www.iias.org/p-500years.html |title=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |access-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116190950/http://iias.org/p-500years.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other works of the same author==<br />
The following is a brief description of the other works by Nilakantha Somayaji.<ref name="text"/><br />
<br />
*''[[Jyotirmimamsa]]'' <br />
*''Golasara'' : Description of basic astronomical elements and procedures<br />
*''Sidhhantadarpana'' : A short work in 32 slokas enunciating the astronomical constants with reference to the Kalpa and specifying his views on astronomical concepts and topics.<br />
*''Candrachayaganita'' : A work in 32 verses on the methods for the calculation of time from the measurement of the shadow of the gnomon cast by the moon and vice versa.<br />
*''Aryabhatiya-bhashya'' : Elaborate commentary on Aryabhatiya.<br />
*''Sidhhantadarpana-vyakhya'' : Commentary on his own Siddhantadarapana.<br />
*''Chandrachhayaganita-vyakhya'' : Commentary on his own Chandrachhayaganita.<br />
*''Sundaraja-prasnottara'' : Nilakantha's answers to questions posed by Sundaraja, a Tamil Nadu-based astronomer.<br />
*''Grahanadi-grantha'' : Rationale of the necessity of correcting old astronomical constants by observations.<br />
*''Grahapariksakrama'' : Description of the principles and methods for verifying astronomical computations by regular observations.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
*{{cite journal|author=Ramasubramanian, K|date=1998|title=Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|volume=26|issue=11–31|pages=11|bibcode=1998BASI...26...11R}}<br />
*{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2690896|last1=Ranjan Roy|date=December 1990|first1=R.|title=The discovery of the series formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha|journal=Mathematics Magazine|publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]]|volume=63|issue=5|pages=291–306|url=http://mathdl.maa.org/images/upload_library/22/Allendoerfer/1991/0025570x.di021167.02p0073q.pdf|jstor=2690896}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala School}}<br />
{{Indian mathematics}}<br />
{{Indian astronomy}}<br />
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomy books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu astrological texts]]<br />
[[Category:1501 books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabuktigin&diff=549713Sabuktigin2026-03-10T11:56:18Z<p>Polarishealthcare: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 997}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=the Buyid general [[Sabuktakin]]}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Sabuktigin<br />
| title = <br />
| image = Coin of the Ghaznavid amir Sabuktigin, citing the Samanid amir Nuh II as his overlord. Date unknown, minted at Ghazna.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = A silver coin of Sabuktigin inscribed with the name of Nuh II of the Samanid dynasty<br />
| caption = Coin of Sabuktigin, citing the [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] [[Emir|amir]] [[Nuh II]] as his suzerain. Date unknown, minted at [[Ghazna]]<br />
| succession = [[Emir|Amir]] of [[Ghazna]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Circa|940s}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Barskoon|Barskhan]] (present-day [[Kyrgyzstan]])<br />
| death_date = August/September 997<br />
| death_place = <br />
| place of burial = <br />
| full name = '''[[Laqab]]''': Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla<br>'''[[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]]''': Abu Mansur<br>'''[[Given name]]''': Sabuktigin<br />
| house-type = Dynasty<br />
| father = Qara Bajkam<br />
| mother = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]<br>Abu al-Muzzafar Nasr<br>[[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]]<br>Abu Ya'qub Yusuf<br>[[Hurra-yi Khuttali]]<br />
| reign = 977 – 997<br />
| coronation = <br />
| othertitles = <br />
| predecessor = [[Böritigin of Ghazni|Böritigin]]<br />
| successor = [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]]<br />
| house = [[Ghaznavids]]<br />
| religion = [[Islam]] {{small|([[Karramiyya]])}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin'''{{Efn|Alternate spellings: Sabuktagin, Sabuktakin, Sebüktegin and Sebük Tigin}} ({{langx|fa|ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین}}; {{Circa}} 940s – August-September 997) was the founder of the [[Ghaznavid dynasty]], and [[Emir|amir]] of [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] from 977 to 997. Sabuktigin was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave who was bought by [[Alp-Tegin]], the commander of the royal guard of the [[Samanid Empire|Samanid dynasty]]. Alp-Tegin established himself as the governor of Ghazna in 962, and died a year later in 963. Afterwards, Sabuktigin built his prestige among other slave soldiers in Ghazna until he was elected by them as their ruler in 977.<br />
<br />
Sabuktigin expanded his rule down to south of present-day [[Afghanistan]] and north of [[Balochistan]]. Through conflicts with the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] dynasty of [[Kabul]], he invaded [[Medieval India|Indian]] lands, opening the gates of India for the future monarchs of his dynasty. As a vassal of the Samanid Empire, he answered [[Nuh II]]'s call to help regarding Abu Ali [[Simjurids|Simjuri]]'s rebellion, defeating the latter in several battles during 994 to 996. Towards the end of his life, Sabuktigin arranged an agreement with the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], Samanids' rivals, to partition Nuh's realm between themselves. However, before he could realize this agreement, he died on his way to Ghazna on August-September 997.<br />
<br />
As the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty, Sabuktigin was later idealized by Ghaznavid historians as a just and forgiving ruler, though these traits may have no basis in reality. He was the image of the "founding monarch" [[archetype]], developed by historians such as [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]], who drew a contrast between the humble and just Sabuktigin with his successors. This conclusion was shared by later historians such as [[Nizam al-Mulk]] and lived all the way to [[Babur]], the founding monarch of the [[Mughal Empire]], who was influenced by Sabuktigin half a millennium after his death.<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
Sabuktigin is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] name meaning "beloved prince", however, during his era, the [[Old Turkic]] {{Lang|tr|[[tegin]]}} had degenerated from "prince" to a synonym for Turkic slave commanders under the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] service.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} His {{Lang|ar-Latn|[[Arabic_name#Laqab|laqab]]}} ([[agnomen]]) {{Lang|ar-Latn|Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla}} means "Protector of the Faith and State".{{Sfn|Bartold|1928|p=262}} According to [[al-Biruni]], before {{Lang|ar-Latn|Nasir ad-Din}}, Sabuktigin held the {{Lang|ar-Latn|laqab}} {{Lang|ar-Latn|Mu'in [[al-Dawla|ad-Dawla]]}}.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1962|p=215}} As an autonomous vassal of the [[Samanid Empire|Samanid dynasty]], Sabuktigin was referred to as [[Emir|amir]], contrary to his descendants who assumed the royal title of [[sultan]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|2011|p=363}}<br />
<br />
== Early years ==<br />
Born around 940s, there is not much known about Sabuktigin's early life.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} In Sabuktigin's ''Pandnama'', a [[mirrors for princes|mirror for princes]] [[epistle]], he attests that he came from a tribe in [[Barskoon|Barskhan]], therefore he probably belonged to a [[Karluks|Karluk]] tribe.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=165}} His father was called Juq, and in contemporary Chinese documents, Sabuktigin is referred to as Sabuktigin, son of Juq.{{Sfn|Duturaeva|2022|p=126}}{{Efn|Sabuktigin denotes that his father's title was 'Buruskhan', which means powerful in his language.{{sfn|Nazim|2021|p=621}} According to him, 'Buruskhan' was an altered version of 'Bars Khan' or 'Pars Khan' ("Persian Chief" according to Askari,{{sfn|Askari|2016|p=173}} and "One who reads [[Persian language|Persian]]" according to Nazim,{{sfn|Nazim|2021|p=621}}) implying that his tribe was influenced by Persian culture and rulership.{{sfn|Askari|2016|p=173}}}} However, [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani|Juzjani]], a 13-century historian, citing ''Tarikh-i Majadwal'' by Abu Al-Qasim Imami (written in early twelfth-century) states that Sabuktigin's father was called Qara Bechkem, and through a fabricated genealogy, links him to the last [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] {{Lang|fa-Latn|[[King of Kings|shahanshah]]}}, [[Yazdegerd III]] ({{reign|632|651}}), claiming his daughter married a Turkic chief.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2022|p=25}}{{Efn|This fabrication may have originated from eleventh-century, when Ghaznavids had fully embraced their [[persianization]] despite their Turkic roots.{{sfn|Bosworth|2022|p=25}}}}[[File:Map of the Samanid amirate at the death of Abd al-Malik I, 961.svg|alt=A map encompassing Transaxonia and Tokharistan in Central Asia and Afghanistan and Khorasan in Greater Iran|thumb|Map of the [[Samanid Empire]], 961|upright=1.5]]Sabuktigin recounts that his tribe was raided and he, along with all the women and the children, was captured.{{Sfn|Askari|2016|p=173}} His captors, a rival Karluk tribe, sold him at a slave market at Nakhshab (modern-day [[Qarshi]]).{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=40}} Later, he was bought by [[Alp-Tegin]], himself a slave and a prominent commander.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=165}} Sebuktigin quickly became integrated in the Persian community around him, despite being a stranger at first.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=56}}<br />
<br />
He flourished under Alp-Tegin's patronage and by the age of eighteen, commanded 200 {{Lang|ar-Latn|[[Ghilman|ghulams]]}} (military slaves).{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=40}} At the time, Alp-Tegin served as the head of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty, but in 962, after he fell from grace, he left his position and sought to establish an independent rule in [[Ghazni|Ghazna]], in present-day eastern [[Afghanistan]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|1985}} Sabuktigin accompanied him and helped defeating the Samanid army in [[Tokharistan]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=40}} Eventually, Alp-Tegin conquered Ghazna from its local ruler, [[Abu Bakr Lawik]], and was recognised as governor by the Samanid administration.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1985}} He died shortly after in 963, and was succeeded by his son, [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna|Abu Ishaq Ibrahim]], who also became Sabuktigin's new master.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=165}}{{Sfn|Bosworth|1985}}<br />
<br />
After Abu Ishaq's brief reign and death in 966, the Turkic {{Lang|ar-Latn|ghulams}} in Ghazna reconciled with the Samanid government but remained autonomous and chose their leaders from their commanders.{{Sfn|Golden|2008|p=359}} During the successive reigns of [[Bilgetegin]] (966–975) and [[Böritigin of Ghazni|Böritigin]] (975–977), Sabuktigin increased his prestige among his troops.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=41}} In 977, the citizens of Ghazna, tired of the unpopular Böritigin, invited [[Abu Ali Lawik]], Abu Bakr's son, to rule their city. The [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] dynasty of [[Kabul]] supported Lawik and sent a large force under his leadership towards Ghazna. Sabuktigin united the Turkic garrisons of [[Gardez]], Ghazna and [[Bamyan]] and defeated the invading forces at [[Charkh District|Charkh]], killing Lawik in the process.{{Sfn|Petrie|2021|p=83}} Afterwards, with the support of the army, Sabuktigin replaced Böritigin as the governor.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=165}}<br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
<br />
=== Land expansions ===<br />
In 978, Sabuktigin invaded [[Arachosia|Rukkhaj]] and [[Lashkargah|Bust]] in the south of his realm and subdued a rival Turkic group who were installed there earlier in the century by Qaratigin Isfijabi (d. 929), another rebellious Samanid {{Lang|ar-Latn|ghulam}}.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}}{{Sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=35}} He continued his expansion into Qusdar in north-east [[Balochistan|Baluchistan]] and a number of frontier forts belonging to Shahi dynasty.{{Sfn|Petrie|2021|p=83}} <br />
<br />
With the backing of {{Lang|ar-Latn|[[jihad]]}} as a {{Lang|la|[[casus belli]]}}, Sabuktigin raided the neighbouring Indian lands and destroyed [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples, replacing them with [[Mosque|mosques]].{{Sfn|Wink|1990|p=328}} The Shahi {{Lang|hi-Latn|[[maharaja]]}}, [[Jayapala]], placed [[Afghans|Afghan]] garrisons in [[Multan]] and [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], but they joined Sabuktigin.{{Sfn|Wink|1990|p=169}} His threat prompted Jayapala to form an alliance with the Punjabi Muslim [[Emirate of Multan]] and march towards Ghazna with a large army in 986.{{Sfn|Wink|1990|p=126}}{{Sfn|Petrie|2021|p=83}} A [[First Battle of Laghman|battle took place in Laghman]] which after days had no definitive winner. However, a sudden snowstorm devastated Jayapala's army.{{Sfn|Rehman|1976|p=135}} The cause of this storm's eruption, according to al-Utbi's history book ''[[Tarikh Yamini|Tarikh-i Yamini]]'', was Sabuktigin himself.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=278}}{{Efn|The circumstances that led to this sudden development are described peculiarly by Utbi: a fountain of supernatural powers was intentionally polluted by Sabuktegin to raise a snowstorm of hellish proportions that blinded Jayapala's men.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=278–279}} Positivist historians understood this to refer to a cataclysmic storm.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=279}} However, Ali Anooshahr notes the tale of the storm to reflect the description of Lake Frazdan (modern-day [[Godzareh Depression|Gaud-i Zira]]) situated about the same area and its source ocean [[Fraxkard]] from the ''[[Bundahishn|Greater Bundahishn]]'' — that Utbi's description of the eastern frontiers was based on letters received by the Court, he proposes that the [[Zoroastrian]] myth was still believed by the locals during the conflict and Sabuktegin used the tale to display himself as a hero among his subjects.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=289–290}}}} <br />
<br />
Jayapala conceded to a humiliating treaty with conditions such as paying 1 million [[dirham]]s, and granting his relatives as hostages to Sabuktigin. Yet, he did not uphold the treaty once he returned to his realm,{{Sfn|Petrie|2021|p=83}} causing Sabuktigin to march towards his realm with an army composed of Afghans and [[Khalaj people|Khalajs]] in 988.{{Sfn|Raza|1994|p=786}} Jayapala, who held some prestige among Indian rulers, mustered an army with the assistance of [[Delhi]], [[Ajmer]], [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] and [[Kannauj]].{{Sfn|Wink|1990|p=126}} [[Second Battle of Laghman|They again battled in Laghman]], and this time Sabuktigin defeated Jayapala completely and captured the lands between Lamghan and [[Peshawar]], housing 2000 horsemen in the latter as garrison.{{Sfn|Petrie|2021|p=85}}<br />
<br />
=== Revolt of Fa'iq Khassa and Abu Ali Simjuri ===<br />
[[File:Fighting between Mahmud of Ghazni and Abu 'Ali Simjuri.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sabuktigin's son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] fights [[Abu Ali Simjuri]], folio from ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' by Rashid al-Din Hamadani]]<br />
Throughout his reign, Sabuktigin acknowledged Samanid sovereignty, he minted the names of Samanid [[Emir|amirs]] before his own name in his coins, and used the title {{Lang|ar-Latn|al-Hajib al-Ajall}} (Most Exalted Commander) to indicate his subordinate status.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=166}} This display was only nominal, since he was not bound to any [[Vassal|vassalage]] obligations.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} The Samanid amir, [[Nuh II]], came to gradually rely on Sabuktigin's military for defense against [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] in the north, who were a constant threat to his borders.{{Sfn|Golden|2008|p=359}} In 994, Nuh requested Sabuktigin's help in subduing the rebellious Abu Ali [[Simjurids|Simjuri]] and his Kara-Khanid supporter, Fa'iq Khassa.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}}<br />
<br />
Sabuktigin with his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in tow, met Simjuri's army at [[Herat]].{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}} During initial negotiations, Sabuktigin agreed to peace if only Abu Ali pledged obedience to Nuh II and paid a sum of 15 million dirhams as compensation. Abu Ali's warriors found these terms too humiliating and thus attacked Sabuktigin's army on their own.{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}} Fa'iq's men quickly disarrayed Sabuktigin's [[War elephant|war elephants]], which made him furious.{{Sfn|Raza|2012|p=215}} The battle was a victory for Abu Ali until one of his allies, the [[Ziyarid dynasty|Ziyarid]] prince Dara who ruled [[Gorgan]], deserted his army and joined Sabuktigin.{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}} Abu Ali and Fa'iq fled towards Gorgan to seek help from their ally, [[Fakhr al-Dawla]] (Dara's overlord).{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}} For their victory, Sabuktigin and Mahmud were rewarded with {{Lang|ar-Latn|laqabs}} and Mahmud became the commander of the army of Khorasan.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=168}} In 995, Fa'iq and Abu Ali invaded [[Nishapur]], and when Sabuktigin arrived, instead of fighting him, asked for forgiveness. Sabuktigin refused and launched an attack.{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}} His war elephants crushed many of Abu Ali's soldiers and chief commanders.{{Sfn|Raza|2012|p=215}} Abu Ali was imprisoned in 996 and was killed in 997 on Sabuktigin's order.{{Sfn|Khatibi|2015}}<br />
<br />
=== Administration ===<br />
Sabuktigin put forth a set of reforms regarding the {{Lang|ar-Latn|[[iqta'|iqta]]}} system in his realm.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}}{{Efn|{{lang|ar-Latn|Iqta}} is an Arabic term for administrative allocation of a land or a tax from an amir or a [[sultan]] to soldiers for their military service.{{sfn|Sato|2006|p=447}}}} During Alp-Tegin's tenure, soldiers earned their pay through plunder and raids, but from his death to Sabuktigin's ascension, payment from raids ceased and soldiers turned to {{lang|ar-Latn|iqta}} as a source of income.{{Sfn|Kazemi|2022|p=470}} Gradually, the soldiers turned their {{Lang|ar-Latn|iqta}} lands into independent ownerships and grew disinclined to fight for their ruler.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} Moreover, their dominance upon farming lands burdened the farmers and had pampered their production.{{Sfn|Kazemi|2022|p=473}} Therefore, upon ascension, Sabuktigin's treasury was empty of gold and silver and reportedly only contained "swords and silks".{{Sfn|Kazemi|2022|p=472}} Sabuktigin first ordered his commanders to give him gifts for his ascension, and then confiscated farming and {{lang|ar-latn|iqta}} lands back into governmental domains, promising to pay his army from his treasury and from spoils of war, making his army dependent on him for their earnings.{{Sfn|Kazemi|2022|p=472–473}}<br />
<br />
Sparse details remain about Sabuktigin's bureaucratic retinue; there are no recorded names of his [[vizier]]s (ministers), and it is speculated that he utilized the local Persian secretaries and officials in Ghazna.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} After his conquest of Bust, Sabuktigin brought with himself the local secretary and poet [[Abu al-Fath al-Busti]], who became his chancellor.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=166}} Moreover, al-Utbi, who previously served the Samanids, Abu Ali Simjuri and the Ziyarid ruler [[Qabus]], became his secretary.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=281}} According to al-Utbi, Sabuktigin was initially mistrustful of him and of al-Busti, because both had served his rivals, but then both successfully gained his favour and served in high positions.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=285}}<br />
<br />
Sabiktigin was the first ruler to bring [[Islam]] into [[northwest India]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} He believed in the [[Karramiyya]].{{Sfn|Zysow|2013}} According to Bosworth, the reason for his conversion was his entrancement with the Karramiyya leader, the ascetic Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Mahmudshadh (d. 993).{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=186}}{{Efn|Sabuktigin's secretary, al-Busti even wrote a verse praising the Hanafi school and the Karramiyya; the text of the verse: "The only true legal system [{{lang|ar-Latn|[[fiqh]]}}] is [[Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa's]], just as the only true religious system [{{lang|ar-Latn|[[Din (Arabic)|din]]}}] is [[Ibn Karram|Muhammad bin Karam's]]; Those who, as I observe, disbelieve in Muhammad bin Karam's system are a vile lot indeed."{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=186}}}}<br />
<br />
=== Death and succession ===<br />
[[File:Tomb of Sabuktigin, between Ghazni and Rawza.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Sabuktigin, between Ghazni and Rawza ({{coord|33.570399|N|68.438171|E|display=inline}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allegranzi |first1=Viola |title=Les inscriptions persanes de Ghazni, Afghanistan. Nouvelles sources pour l’étude de l’histoire culturelle et de la tradition épigraphique ghaznavides (Ve-VIe/XIe-XIIe siècles) |journal=UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE PARIS (Thesis) |date=2017 |page=Fig.26 (map with designation of the tomb) |url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01720484/file/These_ALLEGRANZI_Viola_2017.pdf}}</ref>]]<br />
In 996, Nuh II again requested Sabuktigin's support against Nasr ibn Ali, the Kara-Khanid {{Lang|tr|[[khagan]]}}, however, after a falling out between the two, Sabuktigin made a secret agreement with Nasr to separate the Samanid realms in [[Transoxiana]] between themselves.{{Sfn|Golden|2008|p=360}} But shortly after, when he was returning to Ghazna, Sabuktigin died in a village north of [[Hindu Kush]] on August-September 997.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} <br />
<br />
According to Juzjani, Sabuktigin had a total of six sons, of which three were in their adolescence when he died: [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], Abu al-Muzzafar Nasr, and [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]].{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} One other son, Yusuf, was still a child at the time of his death.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1961|p=205}} He also had a daughter called [[Hurra-yi Khuttali]] who later married two rulers of [[Khwarazm]] from the [[Ma'munids|Ma'munid dynasty]]: [[Abu al-Hasan Ali]] and [[Ma'mun II]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2008a|p=8}} Though there are no given birth dates, Ismail seems to have been his youngest adult son, born from a daughter of Alp-Tegin.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} His maternal lineage may have influenced Sabuktigin to pass Ghazna onto Ismail upon his death, since it was befitting that a descendant of Alp-Tegin would rule Ghazna.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} For Nasr, he left Bust, and since Mahmud was commanding the army of Khorasan, Sabuktigin could not bestow him any titles and left nothing for him.{{Sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44–45}}<br />
<br />
According to Mirat-i-Masudi ("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in the 1620s, he also had another daughter named Sitr-e-Mu'alla, who was purportedly married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as [[Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu]], whose son was [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVhYOnbi7zsC&q=twenty-two |title=The Garden of India Or Chapters on Oudh History |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1880 |isbn=9788120615427 |location=London |pages=68}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 998, during a succession struggle, Mahmud deposed Ismail and took his place.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=169}} In 999, his invasion of Khorasan, along with Kara-Khanid intrusion from north, finally put an end to the Samanid Empire, after which, Mahmud and Nasr ibn Ali partitioned the Samanid lands between themselves.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2008b|p=169}}<br />
<br />
== Assessment and legacy ==<br />
[[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]], in his history book ''[[Tarikh-i Bayhaqi]]'', portrayed Sabuktigin as a just ruler, contrasting him with his patron and Sabuktigin's grandson, [[Masʽud I of Ghazni|Masʽud I]].{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2009|p=83}} Before him, al-Utbi had portrayed Sabuktigin as an approachable, forgiving and just ruler, to contrast him with Mahmud.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2006|p=285}}{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2009|p=83}} However, according to the British orientalist [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]], no traits can be attributed to Sabuktigin's personality because of a lack in evidence.{{Sfn|Bosworth|2020}} In truth, Ghaznavid historians such as Bayhaqi conceptualized Sabuktigin as the ideal image of an [[archetype]]: the founding monarch, who lived a simple life and was a humble soldier who imposed justice.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2009|p=74}} This representation continued with [[Nizam al-Mulk]], the vizier of the [[Seljuk Empire]], who idealized Sabuktigin.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2009|p=13}} This image persisted even half a millennium later, when [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], citing al-Utbi's work, sought to find a way to erupt a snowstorm just as Sabuktigin had done.{{Sfn|Anooshahr|2009|p=22}}<br />
<br />
Sabuktigin was the first Ghaznavid ruler to invade India.{{Sfn|Salehi|Shekari|2013|p=155}} According to [[al-Biruni]], he opened the gates of India for his successor, Mahmud.{{Sfn|Inaba|2013|p=80}} Sabuktigin's conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by Mahmud, and later the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] until the [[Khalji dynasty|Turko-Afghans]] successfully established themselves in the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{Sfn|Mukerjee|2006|p=73}}{{Sfn|Puri|Das|2003|p=9}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFBosworth2020|CITEREFBosworth1985}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Anooshahr|first1=Ali|title='Utbi and the Ghaznavids at the Foot of the Mountain|journal=Iranian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|volume=38|issue=2|pages=271–291|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00210860500096337|doi=10.1080/00210860500096337|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Anooshahr|first1=Ali|title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods|date=2009| publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780203886656| oclc=301328259|author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Askari|first1=Nasrin|title=The Medieval Reception of the Shāhnāma as a Mirror for Princes|date=2016| publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004307919| oclc=946967827}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bartold|first1=Vasily|author-link=Vasily Bartold |translator-last1=Gibb |translator-first1=H. A. R.|title=Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion|date=1928| publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London| oclc=165479450|translator-link1=H. A. R. Gibb|url=https://archive.org/details/Barthold1928Turkestan}} {{free access}}<br />
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIRO/COM-11201.xml?rskey=TAaSXF&result=1&ebody=full-html|title=Sebüktegin |first=C. Edmund|last=Bosworth|year=2020|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}<br />
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |author-link= |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=Alptigin |trans-title= |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIRO/COM-5251.xml?rskey=vhrODY&result=1&ebody=full-html |date=1985 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |series= |volume=9: Alp Arslan–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd |location=London and New York |isbn=978-0-71009-098-0|doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_5251 |page=898|author-mask=3|doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |editor-last1=Frye |editor-first1=R.N. |year=2008a |orig-date=1968|chapter=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/political-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217/024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4|title=The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods |series=[[The Cambridge History of Iran]] |volume=5 |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=1–202|isbn=9780511467769 |oclc=457145665 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521069366}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |editor-last1=Frye |editor-first1=R.N. |year=2008b |orig-date=1975 |chapter=The Early Ghaznavids |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/early-ghaznavids/7BEF79EB1F8C62C440D119352B1CC3D1 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs |series=[[The Cambridge History of Iran]] |volume=4 |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=162–197 |isbn=9780511467769 |oclc=457145665 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.006|author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2022|orig-date=1978|volume=11|issue=1–4|pages=7–34|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/heritage-of-rulership-in-early-islamic-iran-and-the-search-for-dynastic-connections-with-the-past/56525E65A063A34636DC087D287DDDD7|doi=10.1080/00210867808701538|author-mask=3|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids|journal=Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1968|volume=6|issue=1|pages=34–44|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299599|doi=10.2307/4299599|jstor=4299599 |author-mask=3|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=The Titulature of the Early Ghaznavids|journal=Oriens|publisher=Brill|year=1962|volume=15|issue=1|pages=210–233|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/orie/15/1/article-p210_13.xml?ebody=article%20details|doi=10.1163/19606028_027_02-13|issn=1877-8372|author-mask=3|url-access=subscription}}<br />
{{cite thesis |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |date=1961 |title=The transition from Ghaznavid to Seljuq rule in the Islamic East |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8897 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |docket= |oclc= |author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |editor-last1=El Hareir|editor-first1=R.N. Idris|editor-last2=M'Baye|editor-first2=El Hadji Ravane|year=2011|chapter=The 'Abbasid caliphate and the age of the sultanates|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215298 |title=The Spread of Islam throughout the world |series=The Different aspects of Islamic culture |volume=3 |location=Paris|publisher=UNESCO Publishing |pages=347–375|isbn=9789231041532|oclc=779275979|author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994-1040|date=1963| publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|isbn=8121505739| oclc=3601436|author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Duturaeva|first1=Dilnoza |title=Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations|date=2022| publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004510333| oclc=1291579575}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Golden |first1=Peter B. |editor-last1=Sinor|editor-first1=Denis|year=2008 |orig-date=1990|chapter=The Karakhanids and early Islam |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-early-inner-asia/karakhanids-and-early-islam/335B30ADB46BA0A05AF567CFCB33B5EC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |series=[[The Cambridge History of Inner Asia]] |volume=1 |location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=343–370|isbn=9780511467639|oclc=457145604|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521243049}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Inaba|first1=Minoru|editor-last1=Durand-Guedy|editor-first1=David|year=2013|chapter=<br />
Sedentary Rulers on the Move: The Travels of the Early Ghaznavid Sultans|title=Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life|chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004257009/B9789004257009_004.xml|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=75–98|isbn=9789004257009|oclc=860625948}}<br />
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Khatibi |first=Aolfazl |editor-last1=Daftari |editor-first1=Farhad |editor-last2=Madelun |editor-first2=Wilfred |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica Online |title=Abū ʿAlī Sīmjūr |trans-title= |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ISLO/SIM-0097.xml?ebody=article%20details |year=2015 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0097|url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Kazemi|first1=Sajad|title=تبیین مسألۀ اقطاع در دورۀ غزنویان (582 ـ 351 ق)|trans-title=The iqṭāʿ system in the Ghaznavid period (351-582 AH)|journal=Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization|publisher=University of Tehran|year=2022|volume=54|issue=2|pages=467–480|url=https://jhic.ut.ac.ir/article_87246.html?lang=en|doi=10.22059/JHIC.2021.330892.654280|lang=fa}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mukerjee|first1=Radhakamal |title=A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions|orig-date=1958|year=2006| publisher=Radha Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788174874023|oclc=144450310}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Nazim|first1=M.|title=The Pand-Nāmah of Subuktigīn|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|orig-date=1933|volume=65|issue=3|pages=605–628|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/pandnamah-of-subuktigin/81267FAAF85835B585A1314B77ECDB67|doi=10.1017/S1356186300500030 |url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Petrie|first1=Cameron|title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu Basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200|date=2021| publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Oxford |isbn=9781785703041| oclc=1235279841}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Puri|first1=B.N.|last2=Das|first2=M.N.|editor-last=Chopra|editor-first=Pran Nath|title=<br />
A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|volume=2|year=2003| publisher=Radha Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788120725034|oclc=58397581}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rehman |first=Abdur |title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |publisher=Australian National University |date=January 1976 |doi=10.25911/5d74e50054bb9}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Jabir|author-link=Jabir Raza|title=The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=1994|volume=55|pages=785–791|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143455|jstor=44143455}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Jabir|title=Indian elephants corps under the Ghaznavids|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=2012|volume=73|pages=212–222|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156208|jstor=44156208|author-mask=3}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sato|first1=Tsugitaka |editor-last1=Meri|editor-first1=Josef|year=2006|chapter=Land Tenure and Ownership, or Iqta‘ |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization|volume=1 |location=London|publisher=Taylor and Francis |pages=447–450|isbn=9781315162416|oclc=1058566298}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Salehi|first1=Korush|last2=Shekari|first2=Fatemeh Amir|title=Reasons and Consequences of Ghaznavids' Invasion of India|journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches|publisher=University of Sistan and Baluchestan|year=2013|volume=5|issue=15|pages=153–166|url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1202.html?lang=en#:~:text=According%20to%20Ghaznavid%20historians%2C%20the,tothe%20valuable%20spoils%20of%20war.|doi=10.22111/JSR.2013.1202|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |oclc=1417781487|issn=2538-5062}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Wink|first1=Andre|title=Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries|date=1990| publisher=Brill|location=Leiden| volume=1|isbn=9789004092495| oclc=281869985}}<br />
*{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIRO/COM-10881.xml?rskey=bf9inE&result=1&ebody=article%20details|title=Karrāmiya |first=Aron|last=Zysow|year=2013}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{| align="center" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
| width="30%" align="center" |Preceded by:<br>'''[[Böritigin of Ghazni|Böritigin]]'''<br />
| width="40%" align="center" |'''[[Emir|Amir]] of [[Ghaznavid dynasty|Ghazna]]'''<br>977–997<br />
| width="30%" align="center" |Followed by:<br>'''[[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Ghaznavid sultans}}{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sebuk Tigin}}<br />
[[Category:940s births]]<br />
[[Category:997 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Ghilman]]<br />
[[Category:Slaves in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:People from Issyk-Kul Region]]<br />
[[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century monarchs in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Generals of the Samanid Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Samanid governors of Ghazna]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century slaves]]<br />
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Warlords]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroda_State&diff=472415Baroda State2026-03-09T13:14:05Z<p>Polarishealthcare: enhance references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Princely state of India (1721–1949)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox former country<br />
| conventional_long_name = State of Baroda<br />
| common_name = Baroda<br />
| native_name = {{native name|mr|Baḍōdā rājya}}<br />{{native name|gu|Barōḍā rājya}}<br />
| image_flag = Baroda flag.svg<br />
| official_languages = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| capital = [[Vadodara|Baroda]]<br />
| demonym = [[Baroda|Barodian]]<br />
| religion = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]] ([[state religion|State]])|[[Islam]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Zoroastrianism]]}}<br />
| title_leader = [[#Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda|Maharaja]]<br />
| footnotes = [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007471935/cu31924007471935_djvu.txt "A Catalogue of Manuscript and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps ..." Vol. iv, "Containing the treaties, etc., relating to the states within the Bombay presidency"]<br />
| year_leader1 = 1721–1732 <small>(first)</small><br />
| leader1 = [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]]<br />
| year_leader2 = 1939–1949 <small>(last)</small>{{efn|before abolition and dilusion in the [[Republic of India]]}}<br />
| leader2 = [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad]]<br />
| year_start = 1721<br />
| status = State Within the [[Maratha Empire]] (1721–1805) <br/> [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1805–1858) <br/> [[Princely State]] of the [[British Raj]] (1858–1947)<br />State of the [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1949)<br />
| year_end = 1949<br />
| p1 = Maratha Confederacy<br />
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg<br />
| border_p1 = no<br />
| s1 = Dominion of India<br />
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br />
| today = [[India]]<br /> '''∟''' [[Gujarat]]<br />
| map_caption = Baroda State in 1901<br />
| image_map = Baroda state 1909.jpg<br />
| map_caption2 = <br />
| image_map2 = <br />
| image_coat = Baroda State CoA.png<br />
| event_end = [[Political integration of India#Merger|Merger into India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baroda State''' was a kingdom within the [[Maratha Empire]] and later a [[princely state]] in present-day [[Gujarat]]. It was ruled by the [[Gaekwad dynasty]] from its formation in 1721 until its [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] to the newly formed [[Dominion of India]]. With the city of [[Baroda]] as its capital, its relations with the [[British Raj]] authorities were managed by the [[Baroda Residency]]. The revenue of the state in 1901 was Rs. 13,661,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 7, page 25|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=7&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_031.gif|access-date=12 July 2020|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|publisher=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> Baroda [[Political integration of India#Merger|merged]] into the [[Dominion of India]] on 1 May 1949, before which an interim government was formed in the state.<ref name=fi>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5Hw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=5018,2762425&dq=baroda-state&hl=en|title=Rulers Farewell Message|date=1 May 1949|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early history===<br />
[[File:Baroda State 1896.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Baroda State, 1896]]<br />
[[File:Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda, 1919.jpg|160px|left|thumb|Sir [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] (1863–1939), Maharaja of Baroda]]<br />
[[File:Baroda State standard ca 1874-1936.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Baroda State. Standard of the Maharaja (1874–1936)]]<br />
[[File:Baroda flag.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|Last standard of the Maharaja (1936–1949)]]<br />
<br />
Baroda derives its native name ''Vadodara'' from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''vatodara'', meaning 'in the heart of the [[Banyan]] (''Vata'') tree. It also has another name, ''Virakshetra'' or ''Virawati'' (land of warriors), mentioned alongside ''Vadodara'' by the 17th century Gujarati poet [[Premanand Bhatt]], native to the city. Its name has been mentioned as ''Brodera'' by early English travellers and merchants, from which its later name Baroda was derived.<ref>[[#Im|Gazetteer, p. 25]]</ref> Geographically it comprised several disjointed tracts of land, measuring over 1000 square miles, spread across the present [[Gujarat]] state; these were subdivided into four ''prant'' (states), namely [[Kadi, Gujarat|Kadi]], [[Baroda]], [[Navsari]] and [[Amreli]], which included coastal portions of the state, in the [[Okha, Gujarat|Okhamadal]] region near [[Dwarka]] and [[Kodinar]] near [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>[[#Im|Gazetteer, p. 26]]</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Marathas]] first attacked Gujarat in 1705. By 1712, a Maratha leader Khande Rao Dabhade grew powerful in the region and when he returned to [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in 1716, he was made the ''[[senapati]]'' ([[commander in chief]]). Thereafter during the "Battle of Balapur" in 1721, one of his officers, Damaji Gaekwad was awarded the title ''Shamsher Bahadur'' or Distinguished Swordsman. Damaji died in 1721 and was succeeded by his nephew Pilajirao.<ref>[[#Im|Gazetteer, p. 31, 32]]</ref><br />
<br />
Thus the Baroda State was founded in 1721, when the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Pilaji Gaekwad]] conquered [[Songadh]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s. Before this Pilajirao was appointed as general to collect revenues from Gujarat by the [[Peshwa]], the Prime Minister of the [[Maratha Empire]], who had taken over the region north and south of [[Surat]] from the Mughals to established the ''Sarkar of Surat''. Songadh remained the headquarters of the "House of Gaekwad" until 1866.<ref name="it">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-27/vadodara/28212949_1_vessels-erstwhile-baroda-state-passports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103185234/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-27/vadodara/28212949_1_vessels-erstwhile-baroda-state-passports|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=280 years ago, Baroda had its own Navy|date=27 September 2010}}</ref><ref>[[#Im|Gazetteer, 32]]</ref> After the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805), the [[East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the [[Maratha]]s. However, the Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara) acknowledged British [[suzerainty]] and control of the state's external affairs in return for retaining internal autonomy.<br />
<br />
===Princely state===<br />
[[File:Silver rupee of Sayaji Rao II of Baroda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Silver rupee of Sayaji Rao II of Baroda (ruled 1819–47), naming the Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, dated AH 1238 (= 1822–23 CE). The prominent Nagari letter ''sa'' stands for Sayaji Rao and we also see a curved sword, one of the dynastic symbols of the Gaekwads and seen also on the Baroda state flag.]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Silver rupee of Sayaji Rao III of Baroda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Silver rupee of Sayaji Rao III of Baroda (ruled 1875–1939), showing his portrait. This coin is dated 1955 in the [[Vikrama era]] (= 1897 CE).]]<br />
<br />
Following the death of Sir [[Khanderao Gaekwad]] (1828–1870), the popular Maharaja of Baroda, in 1870, it was expected that his brother, [[Malharrao]] (1831–1882), would succeed him. However, Malharrao had already proven himself to be of the vilest character and had been imprisoned earlier for conspiring to assassinate Khanderao. As Khanderao's widow, [[Maharaja|Maharani]] '''Jamnabai''' (1853–1898) was already pregnant with a posthumous child, the succession was delayed until the gender of the child could be proven. The child proved to be a daughter, and so upon her birth on 5 July 1871, Malharrao ascended the throne.<br />
<br />
Malharrao spent money liberally, nearly emptying the Barodan state coffers (he commissioned a pair of solid gold cannon and a carpet of pearls, among other expenses) and soon reports reached the Resident of Malharrao's gross tyranny and cruelty. Malharrao further attempted to cover up his deeds by poisoning the Resident, Colonel [[R. Phayre]] C.B. with a compound of [[arsenic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mulhar Rao Gaekwar |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008746830 |title=The great Baroda case: being a full report of the proceedings of the trial and deposition of His Highness Mulhar Rao Gaekwar of Baroda for instigating an attempt to poison the British Resident at his court. |date=1905 |publisher=R. Cambray |series=Great trial series |location=Calcutta}}</ref> By order of the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lord Salisbury]], Malharrao was deposed on 10 April 1875 and exiled to [[Madras]], where he died in obscurity in 1882.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=GRA18750705.2.12|title=DEPOSITION OF THE GAEKWAR OF BARODA|date=26 April 1875|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> With the throne of Baroda now vacant, Maharani Jamnabai called on the heads of the extended branches of the dynasty to come to Baroda and present themselves and their sons in order to decide upon a successor.<br />
<br />
[[File:Baroda Makarpura.jpg|thumb|251x251px|[[Makarpura Palace]], built by Maharaja Khende Rao in 1870.|left]]<br />
<br />
Kashirao and his three sons, Anandrao (1857–1917), Gopalrao (1863–1938) and Sampatrao (1865–1934) walked to Baroda from Kavlana, a distance of some 600 kilometres, to present themselves to Jamnabai.<br />
<br />
Eventually, Gopalrao was selected by the British Government as successor and was accordingly adopted by Maharani Jamnabai, on 27 May 1875. He was also given a new name, Sayajirao. On 16 June 1875, he ascended the throne as [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], but being a minor, reigned under a Council of Regency until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers on 28 December 1881. founding numerous institutions. During the hunting season in 1933, he was saved from lion by two boys of Dhari town, '''Arjan Koli''' and '''Hari Koli'''. After that both Koli brothers were respected in open court (Baroda state darbar) and their bronze statues were established in royal [[Sayaji Baug]] (Kamati Baug) by Sayajirao Gaekwad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Know Your City: How Baroda's bronze statues will regain their black sheen in Rs 1.10 crore restoration project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/know-your-city-how-barodas-bronze-statues-will-regain-their-black-sheen-in-rs-1-10-crore-restoration-project-9167612/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===20th century===<br />
<br />
Various important state institutions were founded in the early 20th century, including the [[Bank of Baroda]] on 20 July 1908. In 1908, Sayajirao also founded the Baroda Legislative Assembly (also known as the Baroda Dhara Sabha).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVhNO2MwOCAC&pg=PA37|title=Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|date=2004|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=9781570035449|pages=37|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Baroda Lvp.JPG|thumb|248x248px|right|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace]], [[Baroda]], built by [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] in 1890 ]]<br />
By the beginning of the 20th century, the relations of the British with the four largest princely states—[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and Baroda were managed by a British [[resident (title)|Resident]] under the direct authority the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] vol. IV (1907), p. 92.</ref> In 1911, Baroda State spanned {{convert|3239|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, and the population was 2,032,798 persons as per the 1911 census of India.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Somerset Playne |author2=R. V. Solomon |author3=J. W. Bond |author4=Arnold Wright | title = Indian states: a biographical, historical, and administrative survey | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-81-206-1965-4 | page=9 | chapter=The State of Baroda |edition=illustrated}}</ref> The state was very wealthy. ''[[The Pittsburgh Press]]'' reported in 1927 that the diamond necklace, which contained the [[Star of the South]] diamond, was a part of a royal collection worth $10,000,000 at the time, housed in the [[Nazarbaug Palace]] (built 1721) in [[Baroda]] city; another important part of the collection was a cloth embroidered with precious stones and seed [[pearl]]s, made to cover the tomb of [[Mohammed]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0kAbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3086,6808320&dq=baroda-state&hl=en|title=Baroda City of Palace|date=14 August 1927|work=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]}}</ref><ref name="timesindia">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-28/india/27880016_1_diamond-cartier-sangramsinh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022035253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-28/india/27880016_1_diamond-cartier-sangramsinh |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Gaekwad's Star of the South diamond sold |date=28 March 2007 }}</ref> The Qatar National Museum now holds the Pearl Carpet of Baroda as one of its treasures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabrique |title=Collection Highlight: The Baroda Carpet |url=https://qm.org.qa/en/stories/all-stories/baroda-carpet/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Qatar Museums |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dr. [[B.R. Ambedkar|B.R.Ambedkar]] writes about his experience with [[untouchability]] in Baroda in the second chapter of his autobiographical book, [[Waiting for a Visa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ambedkar|first1=Dr. Bhimrao|title=Waiting for a Visa|date=1991|publisher=Dept. of education, Government of Maharashtra|location=Mumbai|pages=4071–4090|url=https://drambedkarbooks.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/selected-work-of-dr-b-r-ambedkar.pdf|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1937, the [[princely states]] of the [[Baroda Residency]] were merged with those of the agencies adjacent to the northern part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] — [[Rewa Kantha Agency]], [[Surat Agency]], [[Nasik Agency]], [[Kaira Agency]] and [[Thana Agency]] — in order to form the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat1.htm History of the State of Gujarat]</ref> A few years before independence the process of the '[[Attachment Scheme]]' began in order to integrate the smallest princely states, estates and ''thanas''. Baroda State was one of the main beneficiaries of this measure by being able to add about 15,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and half a million inhabitants to the state. The merged states were [[Pethapur State|Pethapur]] on 1 February 1940, the [[Katosan Thana]], with [[Deloli]], [[Kalsapura]], [[Maguna]], [[Memadpura]], [[Rampura, Sankheda Mehwas|Rampura]], [[Ranipura]], [[Tejpura State|Tejpura]], [[Varsora]], the [[Palaj]] Taluka and both [[Ijpura State]]s between June and July 1940. These were followed on 10 July 1943 by the states of [[Ambliara State|Ambliara]], [[Ghorasar State|Ghorasar]], [[Ilol State|Ilol]], [[Katosan State|Katosan]], [[Khadal State|Khadal]], [[Patdi State|Patdi]], [[Punadra State|Punadra]], [[Ranasan State|Ranasan]], [[Wasoda State|Wasoda]] and [[Wao State|Wao]]<ref>which had been fourth class states in the [[Mahi Kantha Agency]].</ref> Also many small ''Talukas'' of the region were merged. On 24 July 1943 [[Sachodar State]] and a few small places that had no own jurisdiction were annexed. By December of the same year the small states of [[Bajana State|Bajana]], [[Bhilka State|Bhilka]], [[Malpur State|Malpur]], Mansa and [[Vadia State|Vadia]] met the same fate.<ref>McLeod, John; ''Sovereignty, power, control: politics in the States of Western India, 1916–1947;'' Leiden u.a. 1999; {{ISBN|90-04-11343-6}}; p. 160</ref><br />
<br />
Finally on 5 November 1944 the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency was merged with the [[Western India States Agency]] (WISA) to form the larger [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]].<br />
<br />
After the [[independence of India]], which initially did not include Baroda or many other princely states, an interim government under Prime Minister Dr. [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], son-in-law of [[Manubhai Mehta]], then Dewan of Baroda state, was inaugurated in the State, on 4 September 1948, by the then Maharaja at a special ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' in the [[Laxmi Vilas Palace]], Baroda.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xdI-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3890,6471046&dq=baroda-state&hl=en|title=Gaekwar Inaugurates Responsible Government|date=5 September 1948|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Finally on 1 May 1949, Baroda State, the third largest state at the time of [[British India]], formally [[Political integration of India#Merger|merged]] into the [[Dominion of India]],<ref name=fi/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5Xw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=1263,2862239&dq=baroda-state&hl=en|title=Kher's Appeal to people &Service for Cooperation|date=2 May 1949|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Initially, Baroda merged with the [[Bombay state]], and then, on 1 May 1960, when the two new states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] were formed, it became part of Gujarat, with Dr. [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] becoming the first [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<br />
<br />
== Koli revolt ==<br />
[[File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|thumb|Koli population in Baroda State in 1931]]<br />
<br />
The [[Koli people|Koli]] rebellion was led by two brothers [[Nathaji Patel]] and [[Nathaji and Yamaji of Chandap|Yamaji Patel]], chiefs of [[Chandap]] [[Taluq]]. During the great [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Kolis of Chandap under Nathaji and Yamaji planning for revolt and Gaekwad of Baroda received that news. So Gaekwad stationed his cavalry at Chandap to control the rebels. But cavalry of Gaekwad was killed and thrown out by [[Koli people|Kolis]] of Chandap. After that Kolis went into [[Taranga Jain temple|Taranga]] hills and continued their rebellion for few months. In the end of October 1857, the combined forces of British, [[Idar State]] and Baroda attacked Kolis and burnt the Chandap village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dharaiya|first=Ramanlal Kakalbhai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wps5AQAAIAAJ|title=Gujarat in 1857|date=1970|publisher=[[Gujarat University]]|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=38–40–52|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[North Gujarat|north]]-west Gujarat, around the southern tip of the [[Aravalli district|Aravali]], a number of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Taluqdar|Talukdars]] revolted against the triumvirate of the [[British Raj|British]], [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] and Raja of [[Idar State|Idar]]. Together, these three forces burnt down two Koli villages towards the end of 1857. The Koli chieftains collected an army of 2000 Koli- and [[Bhil people|Bhil]] soldiers and attacked Gaekwadi villages near present day [[Gandhinagar]]. Adopting [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] tactics, they continued their resistance till the end of 1858. While Koli chiefs fought around the river [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]]. The Kolis paid a huge price for their resistance to British and Baroda. They were not only defeated in battle and punished for having dared to resist but, in the aftermath, kolis were marginalized by the rest of society as [[outlaw]]s. Being arms-bearing community, they too were disarmed in early 1858 and also forced to practise [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Yājñika|first1=Acyuta|url=|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, [[Hindutva]], and Beyond|last2=Sheth|first2=Suchitra|date=2005|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=93–96|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Baroda State Railway==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway}}<br />
<br />
The state owned the [[Gaekwar's Baroda State Railway]] (GBSR), which started in 1862 as the first narrow-gauge in India. It consisted of {{convert|8|mi}} of narrow gauge track from [[Dabhoi]] to [[Miyagam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Railways Some Fascinating Facts: First Gauge Lines|publisher=[[Indian Army]] Official website}}</ref> The railway network extended to Goyagate, Chandod, [[Bodeli]] and Samalaya Jn with Dabhoi as its focal point. After independence in 1949 this railway merged with the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]. The lines are under conversion to broad gauge currently.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Dabhoi-Bodeli-broad-gauge-section-to-become-operational/articleshow/5775666.cms Dabhoi-Bodeli broad gauge section to become operational]</ref><br />
<br />
==Baroda State Navy==<br />
<br />
In late 18th century, the Baroda state established a Naval set up at [[Billimora]], a port about 40 miles south of [[Surat]], known as ''Bunder Billimora Suba Armor''. Here a fleet of 50 vessels was stationed, which included mostly sails, cargo vessels for trading and military vessels to secure the sea from Portuguese, Dutch and French.<ref name="it"/><br />
<br />
When political alignments changed, after the Second Anglo-Maratha war, a joint expedition of British and Barodan state troops under Colonel Walker, then resident of Baroda, approached [[Kathiawad]] in 1808, and eventually obtained bonds from the chiefs of [[Okha, India|Okha-mandal]] and from the maritime states of Kathiawad renouncing piracy. Then in 1813, the Barodan government acquired the ''[[parganah]]'' of [[Kodinar]] (in present [[Junagadh district]]), where at port of [[Kodinar|Velan]] a small fleet of four frigates with 12-pounder guns on each for the protection of the trade between Bombay and [[Sindh]] was established. These four armed vessels were named ''Anandprasad'', ''Sarsuba'', ''Anamat Vart'' and ''Anne Maria'', which was purchased from the [[Shah of Iran]], and was known as 'Shah Kai Khusru' until then.<ref name="it"/><br />
<br />
==Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda==<br />
<br />
[[File:Kirtim.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|[[Kirti Mandir, Vadodara|Kirti Mandir]], the [[cenotaph]] of the [[Gaekwad]]s in Baroda.]]<br />
[[File:Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad]]<br />
{{See also|Gaekwad dynasty}}<br />
* [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]] (1721–1732)<br />
* [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] (1732–1768)<br />
* [[Sayaji Rao I Gaekwad]] (1768–1778)<br />
* [[Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad]] (1778–1789)<br />
* [[Manaji Rao Gaekwad]] (1789–1793)<br />
* [[Govind Rao Gaekwad]] (1793–1800)<br />
* [[Anand Rao Gaekwad]] (1800–1818)<br />
* [[Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II]] (1818–1847)<br />
* [[Ganpat Rao Gaekwad]] (1847–1856)<br />
*[[Khanderao II Gaekwad|Khande Rao Gaekwad]] (1856–1870)<br />
* [[Malhar Rao Gaekwad]] (1870–1875)<br />
* [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] (1875–1939)<br />
*[[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad]] (1939–1951); ruled from 1939 to 1947, serving as nominal ruler to his death in 1951<br />
<br />
===Titular Maharajas===<br />
* [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] II (1951–1988) titular Maharaj of Baroda until 1971 when All the royal titles in India were officially abolished in 1971 under the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India]] by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government.<br />
<br />
===Later heads of family===<br />
* [[Ranjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad]] (1988–2012; [[pretender]])<br />
* [[Samarjitsinh Gaekwad]] (2012–present; pretender)<br />
<br />
===Present line of succession to the Baroda throne===<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}<br />
The Gaekwad dynasty follows the standard of male primogeniture in matters of succession. The present line of succession is as follows:<br />
# Shrimant Prince (Maharajkumar) [[Sangramsinh Gaekwad|Sangramsinhrao Gaekwad]], the Heir Presumptive (6 August 1941–). Uncle of the present Maharaja.<br />
# Shrimant Maharajkumar Pratapsinhrao Sangramsinhrao Gaekwad (26 August 1971–). Only son of Sangramsinhrao Gaekwad.<br />
# Shrimant Rajkumar Sayajirao Khanderao Gaekwad (6 April 1947–). Great-grandson of [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] by the Maharaja's younger son [[Shivajirao Gaekwad|Shivajirao]] (1890–1919) and through Shivajirao's son Khanderao (1916–1991). Has two daughters.<br />
# Shrimant Rajkumar Anandrao Khanderao Gaekwar (1948–2024). Younger brother of Sayajirao Khanderao Gaekwad. Has two sons.<br />
# Shrimant Shivajirao Anandrao Gaekwar (21 September 1983–). Elder son of Anandrao Khanderao Gaekwad.<br />
# Shrimant Udaysinghrao Anandrao Gaekwar (4 December 1990–). Younger son of Anandrao Khanderao Gaekwad.<br />
# Shrimant Kr Jeetendrasinh Gautamsinhrao Gaekwad (4 Nov 1960–), son of Late Professor Shrimant Gautamsinhrao Bhadrasinhrao Gaekwad (1936–2006). Great Grandnephew of Maharaja Sir Sayajirao III. Great Grandson of the Maharaja's late elder brother 'Senapati' Anandrao, ''Himmat Bahadur'', CIE (1857–1917). Grandson of Anandrao's son 'Rajyakarya Dhurandhar' 'Dewan' 'Barrister' Bhadrasinhrao Anandrao Gaekwad, CIE (1896–1946).<br />
# Shrimant Satyajitsinhrao Duleepsinhrao Gaekwad (3 March 1962–). Great-grandnephew of [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] through the Maharaja's elder brother Anandrao, ''Himmat Bahadur'', CIE (1857–1917), through Anandrao's son Chandrasinhrao (born 1894–?) and through his grandson Duleepsinhrao (b. c. 1920–?)<br />
#Shrimant Yudeepsinhrao Satyajitsinhrao Gaekwad (2001–). Son of Satyajitsinhrao.<br />
<br />
== Orders of chivalry ==<br />
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Most Noble Order of the Rising Sun|[[Order of the Rising Sun]]}}<br />
The Royal House of Baroda awards the Most Noble Order of the Rising Sun in three grades, classed as Udayaditya, Vikramaditya, and Arunaditya. This order of chivalry was established during the reign of [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]].<ref name="McClenaghan1996">{{cite book |last1=McClenaghan |first1=Tony |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |page=55|language=en}}</ref> Being made of gold, the breast star is arranged as follows:<br />
{{blockquote|Twenty four centrifugally arranged petal-shaped diamond studded strips alternating with shorter but similar strips, fanning out from two red enamelled, diamond-bordered circles, inscribed at the top ''Satyameva Jayate'' (Truth Shall Triumph). Within the inner circle a diamond encrusted ''Sirpech'' (pagri-shaped crown with royal pendant-shaped decoration rising upwards from the front of the crown) resting on a diamond encrusted sword below, which, on a strip of red enamel, the inscription in gold, ''Vadodara Raj'' (Baroda State)<ref name="McClenaghan1996"/>}}<br />
<br />
== Diwans of Baroda==<br />
<br />
List of Diwans of Baroda:<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC|page=24|author1=R. V. Solomon|author2=J. W. Bond|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2006|isbn = 9788120619654}}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Bhau Shinde]] – (17 November 1867 – 24 November 1869)<br />
* [[Nimbaji Rao Dhole]] (acting) – (25 November 1869 – November 1870) <br />
* [[Hariba Dada]] – (November 1870 – March 1871)<br />
* [[Gopal Rav Mairal]] – (22 March 1871 – 1872)<br />
* [[Balwant Rao Bhicaji Rahurakar]] – (1872–72) (4 months)<br />
* [[Balvantrav Khanvelkar]] – (November 1872 – March 1873)<br />
* [[Shivaji Rao Khanvelkar]] – (5 March 1873 – 4 August 1874)<br />
*[[Dadabhai Naoroji]] – (4 August 1874 – 7 January 1875)<br />
*[[Raja]]h [[Sir]] [[T. Madhava Rao]] – (16 May 1875 – 28 September 1882)<br />
*[[Khan Bahadur]] Kazi Shahabuddin – (29 September 1882 – 31 July 1886)<br />
*[[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Lakshman Jagannath Vaidya]] – (1 August 1886 – 30 May 1890)<br />
*[[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Manibhai Jashbhai]] – (31 May 1890 – 21 November 1895)<br />
*[[Diwan Bahadur]] [[S. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar]] – (15 July 1895 – 2 July 1901)<br />
* [[Diwan Bahadur]] R. V. Dhamnaskar – (3 October 1901 – 30 June 1904)<br />
* [[Kersaspji Rustamji Dadachanji]] – (1 July 1904 – 28 February 1909)<br />
* [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], I.C.S – (1 June 1909 – 30 November 1909)<br />
* [[Rahim Suleman Theba]], I.C.S – (1 December 1909 – 3 January 1912)<br />
* [[Behari Lal Gupta]], I.C.S – (4 January 1912 – 16 March 1914)<br />
* [[V. P. Madhava Rao]] – (17 March 1914 – 7 May 1916)<br />
* [[Manubhai Mehta|Manubhai Nandshankar Mehta]] – (8 May 1916 – 1927)<br />
* [[V. T. Krishnamachari]] – (1927–1944)<br />
* [[Bhadrasinh Anandrao Gaekwar]] – (1944–1945)<br />
* Sir [[Brojendra Lal Mitter]] – (1945–1947) <br />
* [[Sakharam Amrit Sudhalkar]] – (October 1947 – June 1948)<br />
* [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] – (1 June 1948 – 1 May 1949)<br />
<br />
==Historiography==<br />
<br />
In 2007, Gujarat State Department of Archives started digitising 600,000 files, including Baroda state registers, prints, maps, ''abhinandan patra'' or ''maan patra'' (felicitation letters) offered to the erstwhile King by different provincial states and organisation, ''aagna patrika'' ([[gazette]]), ''huzur'' orders, and volumes of letters exchanged and agreements of the princely state with other provincial states and the [[British Raj]], currently housed at the 'Southern Circle Record Office' at Vadodara, where a permanent exhibition had also been set up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/erstwhile-gaekwad-states-archives-being-digitised/254807/ |title=Erstwhile Gaekwad state's archives being digitised |date=27 December 2007 |work=The Indian Express|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191120/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/erstwhile-gaekwad-states-archives-being-digitised/254807/ |archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><br />
{|<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|[[File:The Gaekwar in his palace.jpg|thumb|320px|The Gaekwar in his palace]]<br />
|[[File:Procession1872b.jpg|thumb|145px|Procession in 1872]]<br />
|[[File:Baroda king on great sowari*.jpg|thumb|320px|Baroda king on the Great Sowari royal procession]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*<br />
* [[Political integration of India]]<br />
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]<br />
* [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
* [[Red Ensign]]<br />
* [[Hyderabad State]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|last= Foote|first=Robert Bruce|title=The geology of Baroda State|year=1898|publisher=Addison}}<br />
* Mukerjea, Satyavrata. ''Baroda State''. Government Printing, 1921.<br />
*{{cite book|last=Gadre|first=A. S. |title=Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State – (Volume 1)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v47SWFtJkwwC&q=%22Baroda+State%22+-inpublisher:icon|year=2007|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4067-1136-3}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Gupte|first=Balkrishna Atmaram|title=Selections from the Historical records of the Hereditary minister of Baroda, consisting of letters from Bombay, Baroda, Poona and Satara governments|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromhi00guptuoft#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1922|publisher=University of Calcutta}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = F. A. H. Elliot<br />
| title = The Rulers of Baroda<br />
| publisher = Baroda State Press 1934<br />
| id = ASIN B0006C35QS<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Gense<br />
| first = James<br />
| title = The Gaikwads of Baroda<br />
| year = 1939<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283204<br />
| publisher = D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co 1942<br />
| id = ASIN B0007K1PL6 <br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Kothekara<br />
| first = Santa<br />
| title = The Gaikwads of Baroda and the East India Company, 1770–1820<br />
| publisher = Nagpur University<br />
| id = ASIN B0006D2LAI<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Gaekwad<br />
| first = Fatesinghrao * Biography of Maharaja Sayajirao III by Daji Nagesh Apte<br />
| title = Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man<br />
| year = 1989<br />
| publisher = Popular Prakashan<br />
| isbn = 978-0-86132-214-5<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Gaekwar<br />
| first = Sayaji Rao<br />
| title = Speeches and addresses of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda<br />
| publisher = H. Milford 1933<br />
| id = ASIN B000855T0I<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Rice<br />
| first = Stanley<br />
| title = Life of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Baroda<br />
| year = 1931<br />
|url=https://archive.org/details/LifeOfSayajiRaoIiiMaharajaOfBaroda<br />
| publisher = Oxford university press 1931<br />
| id = ASIN B00085DDFG<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Clair<br />
| first = Edward<br />
|url=https://archive.org/stream/yearwithgaekwaro00weedrich#page/n9/mode/2up<br />
| title = A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda<br />
| year = 1911<br />
| publisher = D. Estes & co 1911<br />
| id = ASIN B0008BLVV8 <br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = MacLeod<br />
| first = John<br />
| title = Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947<br />
| year = 1999<br />
| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers<br />
| isbn = 90-04-11343-6<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Kamerkar<br />
| first = Mani<br />
| title = British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818-1848<br />
| publisher = Popular Prakashan<br />
| id = ASIN B000JLZE6A<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Kooiman<br />
| first = Dick<br />
| title = Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda and Hyderabad in the 1930s<br />
| year = 2002<br />
| publisher = Manohar Pubns<br />
| isbn = 978-81-7304-421-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Desai<br />
| first = Govindbhai<br />
| title = Forty Years in Baroda: Being Reminiscences of Forty Years' Service in the Baroda State<br />
| publisher = Pustakalaya Sahayak Sahakari Mandal 1929<br />
| id = ASIN B0006E18R4<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Maharaja of Baroda<br />
| title = The Palaces of India <br />
| year = 1980 <br />
| publisher = Viking Pr<br />
| isbn = 978-0-00-211678-7<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Doshi<br />
| first = Saryu<br />
| title = The royal bequest: Art treasures of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery<br />
| year = 1995<br />
| publisher = India Book House<br />
| isbn = 978-81-7508-009-6 <br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last = Moore<br />
| first = Lucy<br />
| title = Maharanis; the extraordinary tale of four Indian queens and their journey from purdah to parliament<br />
| year = 2005<br />
| publisher = Viking Press<br />
| isbn = 0-670-03368-5<br />
| url-access = registration<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/maharanisextraor00moor<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|chapter=Baroda State|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 7]]|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_031.gif|year=1908|publisher=[[Oxford]] at the [[Clarendon Press]]|pages=25–84|ref=Im}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Baroda State}}<br />
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/baroda.html Genealogy of princely states of Baroda] at ''[[Queensland University]]''<br />
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-baroda.html Coins of Baroda State]<br />
<br />
{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}<br />
{{Salute states}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22.18|N|73.12|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Baroda State| ]]<br />
[[Category:Princely states of India]]<br />
[[Category:History of Vadodara]]<br />
[[Category:Gaekwad dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1721 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu states]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Football_Association&diff=519002Mumbai Football Association2026-03-06T22:18:33Z<p>Polarishealthcare: adding a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox sport governing body<br />
|name = Mumbai Football Association<br> (Mumbai District Football Association)<br />
|abbrev = MFA, MDFA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bandrabuzz.com/neville-dsouza-football-turf-brings-mumbais-football-fever-to-bandra/|title=Neville Dsouza Football Turf brings Mumbai's Football Fever to Bandra|website=bandrabuzz.com|publisher=Bandra Buzz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123081346/https://www.bandrabuzz.com/neville-dsouza-football-turf-brings-mumbais-football-fever-to-bandra/|archive-date=23 January 2023|date=26 November 2018|location=Mumbai|first=Valerian|last=D'Costa|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|logo = Mumbai Football Association.svg<br />
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]<br />
|jurisdiction = [[Mumbai City district]] & [[Mumbai Suburban district]]<br />
|founded = {{start date and age|1983}}<ref name="mfa" /><br />
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)<br />
|region = [[Western India Football Association]]<br />
|headquarters = [[Mumbai]]<br />
|membership = <br />
|president = [[Aaditya Thackeray]]<br />
|secretary = <br />
|url = http://footballmfa.com/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mumbai Football Association''' ('''MFA'''),<ref name="mfa" >{{cite web |title=MUMBAI FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION |url=https://footballmfa.com/ |website=MFA |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231085640/https://footballmfa.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> formerly known as '''Mumbai District Football Association''' ('''MDFA'''),<ref>{{Cite web|first=Rounak|last=Majumder|title=MDFA distribute trophies for Season 2019-20|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|date=24 November 2020|access-date=17 December 2021|website=www.footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184744/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/}}</ref> is an organisation that governs the [[association football|football]] in and around the Indian city of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wifa.in/history/|title=History: The Harwood League|website=wifa.in|access-date=17 August 2021|publisher=Western India Football Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142617/https://wifa.in/history/|archive-date=23 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Neil Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|title=India - List of Mumbai (Bombay) League Champions|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020500/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|archive-date=27 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mdfa-announce-new-season/articleshow/78291537.cms MDFA announce new season] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 17 August 2021</ref> It is a member of the [[Western India Football Association]], which is affiliated to the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA Elite Division |url=https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ |website=The Away End |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231085930/https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Mumbai Football Association (MFA), which is a [[non-profit organization]], was established in 1983.<ref name="mfa" /> From a beginning of 57 football clubs affiliated to it, the association now caters to and conducts football activity for more than 10,000 players. Mumbai had been a center of football on the western coast of India since the British rule. After the foundation of the [[Western India Football Association]] as a result of the merger between the Bombay Football Association and the Bombay Rovers Cup Committee in 1911, it conducted the Harwood Football League and the prestigious [[Rovers Cup]], an all India tournament<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html |title=The Harwood league |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020500/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which has come as a legacy to MFA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/|title=Rovers Cup — the second oldest Football tournament in India|date=18 January 2022|access-date=14 October 2022|first=Sarwadnya|last=Nirwane|location=Mumbai|website=thesportslite.com|publisher=The Sports Lite|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014043956/https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/}}</ref><br />
<br />
The MFA is managed by the Executive Council consisting of a president, 4 vice presidents, general secretary, treasurer, 4 assistant secretaries and 15 committee members. In addition to these, six members whose services would be beneficial to the association are also co-opted on the executive committee. The term of the executive Council is four years.<br />
<br />
==Olympians and internationals of MFA==<br />
Mumbai has produced several Olympians and international players who have represented India. Two-time olympian S. S. Narayan served as the vice-president of the MFA. Other Olympians from Mumbai include Sanjeeva Uchil and Fortunato Franco.<br />
International players associated with the MFA include Mario Gracious, [[Bandya Kakade]], [[Derek D'Souza]], Ranjit Thapa, [[Amar Bahadur Gurung|Amar Bahadur]], Yusuf Ansari, [[Godfrey Pereira]], [[Khalid Jamil]], [[Henry Menezes]], Akhil Ansari, Bernard Pereira, Arthur Pereira, [[Santosh Kashyap]], [[Steven Dias]] and [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]].<br />
<br />
==Main competitions==<br />
===Club level===<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
====Men's senior====<br />
* [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Premier League]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Football League#Mumbai Super League|Mumbai Super League]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Football League#First Division Championship|MFA First Division Championship]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Football League#Second Division Championship|MFA Second Division Championship]]<br />
* [[Mumbai Football League#Third Division Championship|MFA Third Division Championship]]<br />
* MFA Futsal Championship<br />
<br />
====Men's youth====<br />
* U-18 Boys<br />
* U-16 Boys Division I<br />
* U-16 Boys Division II <br />
* U-14 Boys Division I <br />
* U-14 Boys Division II<br />
* U-12 Boys<br />
* U-10 Boys<br />
* U-8 Boys<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
<br />
====Women's senior====<br />
* [[Maharashtra State Senior Women's Football League]]<br />
* MFA Women’s Premier League<br />
<br />
====Women's youth====<br />
* Girls U-17<br />
* Girls U-14<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Pyramid==<br />
{{Main|Mumbai Football League#Structure}}<br />
<br />
==Knockout tournaments==<br />
===Men's===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
!scope="col"|Event<br />
!scope="col"|Teams<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''Republic Cup''<br />
|Invitation - [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]], [[Mumbai Football League#Mumbai Super League|Mumbai Super League]], First Division Championship, Second Division Championship<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''Independence Day Cup''<br />
|[[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]], [[Mumbai Premier League]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"|''[[Nadkarni Cup]]''<br />
|[[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]], [[Mumbai Premier League]], 3 from [[Mumbai Football League#Mumbai Super League|Mumbai Super League]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Football grounds==<br />
MFA conducts most of their events on the following grounds.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Ground<br />
!Location<br />
!Image<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cooperage Ground]] || [[Colaba]] || [[File:Kunal Sawant (4).JPG|200px]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]] || [[Andheri]] || [[File:Wug0reym7cv91.jpg|200px]]<br />
|-<br />
|Goan Football Ground || [[Marine Lines]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|St Xaviers Ground || [[Parel]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|Neville D’Souza Turf || [[Bandra]] || <br />
|-<br />
|MSSA Ground || [[Azad Maidan]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|Karntak Sporting Ground || [[Marine Lines]] || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Football in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1983]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paishachi&diff=473206Paishachi2026-03-05T09:01:13Z<p>Polarishealthcare: further adjusted details for clarity and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Extinct language of ancient India}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Paiśācī Prakrit<br />
| altname = Paishachi<br />
| nativename = [[Brahmi]]: 𑀧𑁃𑀰𑀸𑀘𑀻<br />
| region = [[North India]]<br />
| era = Perhaps from 5th century BCE; most texts, however are from 3rd–10th centuries CE<br />
| ref = linglist<br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = (unclassified)<br />
| iso3 = none<br />
| linglist = qpp<br />
| glotto = pais1238<br />
| glottorefname = Paisaci Prakrit<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Paishachi''' or '''Paisaci''' ({{IAST3|Paiśācī}}) is a largely [[Attested language|unattested literary language]] of the [[middle kingdoms of India]] mentioned in [[Prakrit]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/PrakritaPrakashaOfVararuchiDr.P.L.Vaidya_201806|title=Prakrita Prakasha Of Vararuchi Dr. P. L. Vaidya|last=Dr. Narinder Sharma|language=Sanskrit}}</ref> and [[Sanskrit]] grammars of antiquity. It is generally grouped with the Prakrits, with which it shares some linguistic similarities, but is still not considered a spoken Prakrit by the grammarians because it was purely a literary language, and because of its archaicism.<ref name="menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de">{{cite web|url=http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/pageview/56372|title=181 [95] - The home of the Paisaci - The home of the Paisaci - Page - Zeitschriften der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft - MENAdoc – Digital Collections|website=menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Identity==<br />
The [[etymology]] of the name suggests that it is spoken by [[pishacha|piśāca]]s, ([[Demon|demons]]). In works of Sanskrit [[poetics]] such as [[Daṇḍin]]'s ''[[Kavyadarsha]]'', it is also known by the name of {{IAST|Bhūtabhāṣa}}, an epithet which can be interpreted either as a "dead language" (i.e. with no surviving speakers), or as "a language spoken by the dead" (i.e. ghouls or ghosts). Evidence which lends support to the former interpretation is that literature in Paiśācī is fragmentary and extremely rare but may have been once common.<br />
<br />
The Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana, a grammar treatise written by Rev. Acharya Hemachandraacharya, includes six languages: Sanskrit, the "standard" Prakrit (virtually Maharashtri Prakrit), Shauraseni, Magahi, Paiśācī, the otherwise-unattested Cūlikāpaiśācī and Apabhraṃśa (virtually Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, prevalent in the area of Gujarat and Rajasthan at that time and the precursor of Gujarati language).<br />
<br />
Some scholars have considered Paiśācī to have been the native language of the [[Punjab]] region, particularly in the city of [[Taxila]] where the Kaikeyī dialect was spoken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.G. Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405679 |title=A Grammar Of The Prakrit Language |date=1943 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=95}}</ref> The non-aspiration often in the records of those regions is apparently due to the foreign influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.G. Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405679 |title=A Grammar Of The Prakrit Language |date=1943 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=94}}</ref><br />
<br />
Today, the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and the [[Dardic languages]] have been proposed as descendants of Paiśācī.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=T. Grahame |date=1921-02 |title=Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part II : Specimens of the Dardic or Piśacha Languages. By SirGeorge Grierson, K.C.I.E., D.Litt. pp. vii, 567. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/linguistic-survey-of-india-vol-viii-part-ii-specimens-of-the-dardic-or-pisacha-languages-by-sirgeorge-grierson-kcie-dlitt-pp-vii-567/5AD94A73707E39C429AFC38477DDA80D |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=137–139 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00101909 |issn=1474-0699}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Sikander |date=April 2019 |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383_The_Origin_Theories_of_Punjabi_Language_Sikander_Singh |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 13th-century Tibetan historian [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] wrote that the [[early Buddhist schools]] were separated by choice of [[sacred language]]: the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s used [[Prakrit|Prākrit]], the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] used [[Sanskrit]], the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthaviravādins]] used Paiśācī, and the [[Saṃmitīya]] used [[Apabhraṃśa]].<ref>Yao, Zhihua. ''The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition.'' 2012. p. 9</ref><br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
The most widely known work, although lost, attributed to be in Paiśācī is the ''[[Brihatkatha|Bṛhatkathā]]'' (literally "Big Story"), a large collection of stories in verse, attributed to [[Gunadhya]]. It is known through its adaptations in [[Sanskrit]] as the ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' in the 11th century by [[Somadeva]], and also from the ''Bṛhatkathā'' by [[Kshemendra]]. Both Somadeva and Kshemendra were from [[Kashmir]] where the ''Bṛhatkathā'' was said to be popular.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}<br />
<br />
Talking of its existence, Pollock writes:<ref name=pollock/>{{rp|92}}<br />
{{quote|Linguists have identified this as everything from an [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|eastern Middle-Indic dialect]] close to Pali to a [[Munda languages|Munda language]] of inhabitants of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya Mountains]] […] In fact there is little reason to bother to choose […] Paishachi is the joker in the deck of South Asian discourses on language, having an exclusively legendary status, since it is associated with a single lost text, the ''[[Brihatkatha|Bṛhatkathā]]'' (The Great Tale), which seems to have existed less as an actual text than as a conceptual category signifying the ''Volksgeist'', the Great Repository of Folk Narratives […] In any event, aside from this legendary work (which "survives" only in one [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Jain Maharashtri]] and several Sanskrit embodiments), Paishachi is irrelevant to the actual literary history of South Asia.}}<br />
<br />
== Grammar ==<br />
There is one chapter ([[iarchive:prkitaprakasaorp00vara/page/177/mode/1up|Chapter 10 of Prakrita Prakasha]]) dedicated to Paisachi Prakrit in Prakrita Prakasha, a grammar book of Prakrit languages attributed to [[Vararuchi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vararuci |url=http://archive.org/details/prkitaprakasaorp00vara |title=The Prkita-prakasa; or the Prakrit grammar of Vararuchi. With the commentary Manorama of Bhamaha. The first complete ed. of the original text... With notes, an English translation and index of Prkrit words; to which is prefixed a short introd. to Prkit grammar |last2=Bhamaha. Manorama |last3=Cowell |first3=Edward Byles |date=1868 |publisher=London Trübner |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> In this work, it is mentioned that the base of Paisachi is [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]. It further goes on to mention 10 rules of transforming the base text to Paisachi. D.G. Sircar in his Grammar Of The Prakrit Languages details 14 rules in total, with the first two describing its base. The remaining 12 are as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.G. Sircar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405679 |title=A Grammar Of The Prakrit Language |date=1943 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=95-97}}</ref><br />
<br />
# Soft Consonants become Hard. For example, ''Ga'' becomes '''Ka''', ''Gha'' becomes '''Kha''', ''Ba'' becomes '''Pa''' and ''Da'' becomes '''Ta'''.<br />
# The common word ''iva'' (meaning "like" or "as") is replaced by '''piva'''.<br />
# The dental ''na'' is always replaced by the retroflex '''ṇa.'''<br />
# The conjunct ''ṣṭa'' is replaced by '''saṭa''' (breaking the cluster).<br />
# Similarly, the conjunct ''sna'' is replaced by '''sana'''.<br />
# The conjunct ''ry'' is replaced by '''riya'''.<br />
# The conjunct ''jña'' is replaced by '''ñña.'''<br />
# Secifically in the word ''Kanyā'' (Girl), the ''nya'' also becomes '''ñña.''' <br />
# Similar to Rule 3, the soft geminated sound ''jja'' becomes the hard geminated ''cca.''<br />
# When the word for King (''Rajan'') is in certain grammatical cases (like "by the king" or "of the king"), the stem changes to '''Raci''' (ja changes to ci)<br />
# The Suffix ''-tva'', used to say "having done X" is replaced with '''-tuna'''.<br />
# The word for "Heart," ''Hridaya'', is completely substituted with the word '''Hitapakam'''. The text mentions this is a very strange rule and might be a corruption of the text, but the rule stands.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Pali]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=pollock>{{citation<br />
|last=Pollock<br />
|first=Sheldon I.<br />
|authorlink = Sheldon Pollock<br />
|year=2006<br />
|title = The language of the gods in the world of men: Sanskrit, culture, and power in premodern India<br />
|publisher=[[University of California Press]]<br />
|isbn=978-0-520-24500-6<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA92<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paisaci}}<br />
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Prakrit languages]]<br />
[[Category:Panchatantra]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirupati_Urban_mandal&diff=541519Tirupati Urban mandal2026-03-05T05:19:24Z<p>Polarishealthcare: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Tirupati Urban mandal<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.4167|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Tirupati]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| parts = <br />
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br />
| leader_name = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 407232<br />
| population_rank = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population /><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tirupati Urban mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandals]] in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=19 January 2015|pages=459,512|format=PDF}}</ref> It has its headquarters at [[Tirupati]] city in [[Tirupati district]]. The mandal is bounded by [[Chandragiri]], [[Tirupati (rural) mandal|Tirupati (rural)]] and [[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Koduru mandal]]s.<br />
<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Chittoor district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archivedate=24 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It was a part of Chittoor district and was made a part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022 as part of district reorganisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 407,232. The total population constitute, 204,278 males and 202,954 females —a sex ratio of 994 females per 1000 males. 38,691 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 20,103 are boys and 18,588 are girls —a ratio of 925 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 85.27% with 314,249 literates.<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=640748|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Towns and villages ==<br />
<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 9 settlements.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913101654/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=23 |archivedate=13 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name=map /> The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<br />
<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|<br />
# [[Akkarampalle]] (CT)<br />
# Chennayyagunta<br />
# Konkachennaiahgunta<br />
# Mangalam (CT)<br />
# Settipalle (OG)<br />
# Timminaidupalle (OG)<br />
# [[Tirumala]] (CT)<br />
# [[Tirupati]] (MC)<br />
# [[Tirupati (NMA)]] (CT)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Note: CT–[[Census town]], M–[[Municipality]], MC–[[Municipal corporation]], OG–[[Out Growth]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirupati topics}}{{Tirupati district}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Tirupati]]<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalopaasana&diff=507764Kalopaasana2026-03-03T21:01:48Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new new details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film <br />
| name = Kalopaasana<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = Ahwan Sebastian<br />
| producer =<br />
| writer = [[Ahwan Sebastian]]<br />
| screenplay = Ahwan Sebastian<br />
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br>[[Venu Nagavally]]<br>[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]]<br>Prajatha<br />
| music = [[K. Raghavan]]<br />
| cinematography = Hemachandran<br />
| editing = Ramesh<br />
| studio = Musical Theatres<br />
| distributor = Musical Theatres<br />
| released = {{Film date|1981|2|6|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kalopaasana''''' is a 1981 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Ahwan Sebastian. The film stars [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Venu Nagavally]], [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] and Prajatha in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[K. Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1267|title=Kalopaasana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4844|title=Kalopaasana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kaloopasana-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141012125609/http://spicyonion.com/title/kaloopasana-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 October 2014|title=Kalopaasana|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br />
*[[Venu Nagavally]]<br />
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]]<br />
*Prajatha<br />
*Ramani<br />
*Vani<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[K. Raghavan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]] and [[Chowallur Krishnankutty]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics <br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Kalaadevathe" [Slokam] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Chowallur Krishnankutty <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Kalaadevathe Kaalam" || K. J. Yesudas || Chowallur Krishnankutty <br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Neram Thettiya" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]], Chorus || Poovachal Khader<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Pandu Pandoru" || [[S. Janaki]], Chorus, Manoharan || Poovachal Khader <br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Ushamalarikal" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Chowallur Krishnankutty <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0333706|Kalopaasana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1981 films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjinad&diff=456163Nanjinad2026-03-01T18:58:10Z<p>Polarishealthcare: adjust formatting per sources and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{short description|Historical region in India}}{{one source|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement}}<br />
'''Nanjinad''' (pronounced '''Nanjil Nadu''') is a historical region in India corresponding to present-day Thovalai and Agastheeshwaram of [[Kanyakumari district]]. <br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name is derived from ''nanj'', meaning "plough", and ''nad'', meaning "land".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive Malayalam - Malayalam - English Dictionary on Historical and Philological Principles |author=P. Somasekharan Nair |publisher=University of Kerala |volume=VII |page=545}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Economy <br />
<br />
It is an important centre of rice cultivation. It is one of the five divisions of [[Venad (historical_region)]], which was divided for administrative purpose. <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Five Thirupappur families ruled the five lands of Venad. The Nanjilnad was ruled from a palace in Panavilai in the south uphill of the Kottaaru harbour. Parts of Nanjil nadu were intermittently ruled by Pandiyaas, and those lands were purchased by Venad before the declaration of Thivithaamcore Kingdom. It was known as the land of Nanji Kuravan. a regional ruler.<br />
<br />
==Tax revenue ==<br />
Kavalkinaru was the only gateway for the trade between [[Pandya dynasty|Pandiya]] kingdom and Chaera Kingdom. Kavalkinaru toll brought the kingdom a good revenue. The last chieftain of Kavalkinaru toll was Maathavadiyaan Thirupappur, whose family was staying in Vethakarakudieruppu.<br />
<br />
Vattakkottai was the storehouse of pearls. The fort was often taken over by Pandiyas and even Europeans. Vattakkottai was managed by Venad and it was an important source of tax revenue.<br />
<br />
Both taluks are fertile lands with paddy fields, coconut farms, and fishing hamlets, which formed a good part of Venad revenue.<br />
<br />
The ships entering from the Arabian Sea to Kottaru harbour through the Palayaaru had to pay taxes based on the commodities they traded. A minimum of 200 bullock carts came from Pandiya Elasa Naadu to Kottaru harbour to cross to the Kottaru market and to Vaniga Vizhai yard. Kottar St.Xaviers Church campus had a choultry belonging to Elasa Naadu which accommodated more than 200 traders. <br />
<br />
Vaniga Vizhai yard stored timber, coconut and paddy besides other trade items. <br />
<br />
Nanjil Nadu tax revenues were stored in Kalasamirakki Kudieruppu east of Panavizhai Palace of Thirupappur Royals. Maaraveera Pandiyan Thirupappur followed by Ezha Marthandan Thirupappur(Swamiyadiyaar Thirupappur) and his tribes were managing the tax revenue.<br />
<br />
==Safety of traders==<br />
An army was stationed uphill of Kottaru harbour called Pattaazha Vizhai. The army was supported by 12 Aasaans who managed the Panchavankaattu Chaalai (The University of 64 Arts). The army provided security to the Vaniga Vizhai Yard, Kalasamirakki Kudieruppu treasury, the Kottaru Harbour and Market, the Kavalkinaru Toll and the Vattakkottai pearl storage.<br />
<br />
From Vaniga Vizhai, the bullock cart industry had 7 units, each specialising in making different parts of the cart. Later some units were shifted near Chettikkulam and in the eastern gate of the harbour.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kanniyakumari-geo-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidhi_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=478262Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency2026-02-27T02:44:10Z<p>Polarishealthcare: starting new bio from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Sidhi<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Sidhi.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| electors = 20,28,451<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><br />
| mp = [[Rajesh Mishra]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]] <br /> [[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] <br /> [[Sihawal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihawal]] <br /> [[Chitrangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chitrangi]] <br /> [[Singrauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singrauli]] <br /> [[Devsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Devsar]] <br /> [[Dhauhani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhauhani]] <br /> [[Beohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beohari]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]] and [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]] districts and part of [[Shahdol district]].<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, after the delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies, Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|76<br />
|[[Churhat Assembly constituency|Churhat]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]<br />
|[[Ajay Arjun Singh]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|77<br />
|[[Sidhi Assembly constituency|Sidhi]]<br />
|[[Riti Pathak]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|78<br />
|[[Sihawal Assembly constituency|Sihawal]]<br />
|Vishwamitra Pathak<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|79<br />
|[[Chitrangi Assembly constituency|Chitrangi]] (ST)<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]<br />
|Radha Ravindra Singh<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|80<br />
|[[Singrauli Assembly constituency|Singrauli]]<br />
|Ram Niwas Shah<br />
|-<br />
|81<br />
|[[Devsar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Devsar]] (SC)<br />
|[[Rajendra Meshram]]<br />
|-<br />
|82<br />
|[[Dhauhani Assembly constituency|Dhauhani]] (ST)<br />
|[[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]<br />
|Kunwar singh tekam<br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
|[[Beohari Assembly constituency|Beohari]] (ST)<br />
|[[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]<br />
|Sharad Jugal Kol<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|Randhaman Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |<br />
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|Bhagwan Datta Shastri<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |<br />
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|[[Anand Chandra Joshi]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|[[Bhanu Prakash Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|Ranbahadur Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|Surya Narayan Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Motilal Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[Jagannath Singh (politician)|Jagannath Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|[[Motilal Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|Tilak Raj Singh<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}" |<br />
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|All India Indira Congress (T)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[Jagannath Singh (politician)|Jagannath Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandra Pratap Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|2007^<br />
|[[Manik Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[Govind Prasad Mishra]]<br />
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Riti Pathak]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]] <br />
|[[Rajesh Mishra]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===General Elections 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sidhi]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sidhi">{{cite news |last1= |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Sidhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1211.htm |accessdate=30 September 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930170613/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1211.htm |archivedate=30 September 2024}}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajesh Mishra]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,83,559|percentage=50.87|change=-3.57}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kamleshwar Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,77,143|percentage=32.87|change=+0.76}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pujan Ram Saket|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=50,962|percentage=4.44|change=+3.11}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajay Pratap Singh|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=33,656|percentage=2.93|change=+0.86}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Namdeo|party=Communist Party of India|votes=20,290|percentage=1.77|change=-0.39}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramvishal Kol|party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|votes=2,087|percentage=0.18|change=new}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=4,216|percentage=0.37|change=-0.07}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=2,06,416|percentage=18|change=-4.33}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,46,150{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}|percentage=56.50|change={{decrease}}13.00}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sidhi]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Riti Pathak]]<br />
|votes = 6,98,342<br />
|percentage = 54.44<br />
|change = +6.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]<br />
|votes = 4,11,818<br />
|percentage = 32.11<br />
|change = -5.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Ramlal Panika<br />
|votes = 26,540<br />
|percentage = 2.07<br />
|change = -1.91<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party<br />
|candidate = Fatte Bahadur Singh Markam<br />
|votes = 17,032<br />
|percentage = 1.33<br />
|change = -1.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Namdeo<br />
|votes = 27,651<br />
|percentage = 2.16<br />
|change = new<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Dileep Kumar Shukla<br />
|votes = 15,555<br />
|percentage = 1.21<br />
|change = +0.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 5,627<br />
|percentage = 0.44<br />
|change = -1.31<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 2,86,524<br />
|percentage = 22.33<br />
|change = -11.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,82,705<br />
|percentage = 69.50<br />
|change = +12.50<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2014===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sidhi]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Riti Pathak]]<br />
|votes = 4,75,678<br />
|percentage = 48.07 <br />
|change = {{increase}}7.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Indrajeet kumar<br />
|votes = 3,67,632<br />
|percentage = 37.15<br />
|change = {{increase}}3.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rama Shankar Shahwal<br />
|votes = 39,387<br />
|percentage = 3.98<br />
|change = {{decrease}}3.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party<br />
|candidate = Pushpendra Singh<br />
|votes = 23,298<br />
|percentage = 2.35<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Bhagwati Charan Pandey<br />
|votes = 10,725<br />
|percentage = 1.08<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 17,350<br />
|percentage = 1.75<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,08,046<br />
|percentage = 10.92<br />
|change = {{increase}}4.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 9,89,576<br />
|percentage = 57.00<br />
|change = {{increase}}7.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2009===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sidhi]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate =[[Govind Prasad Mishra]]<br />
|votes = 2,70,914<br />
|percentage = 40.08<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Indrajeet Patel (politician)|Indrajeet Patel]]<br />
|votes = 2,25,174<br />
|percentage = 33.32<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate =Veena Singh<br />
|votes = 66,985<br />
|percentage = 9.91<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate =Ashok Kumar Shah<br />
|votes = 53,760<br />
|percentage = 7.95<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes =45,740<br />
|percentage = 6.77<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes =6,75,807<br />
|percentage = 49.75<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser =Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Election Commission of India]] -http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sidhi district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.42|81.88|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sidhi district]]<br />
[[Category:Singrauli district]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Kishore&diff=528271Raj Kishore2026-02-10T02:47:00Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Created New Entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person <br />
| image =<br />
RajKishoreImage.jpg<br />
| caption = Still from the movie ''[[Padosan]]'' <br />
| birth_date = 1933<br />
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|4|7|1933}}<br />
|death_place = [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| years_active = 1949–1997<br />
| spouse = Liza Kishore <br />
| children = 1<br />
}}<br />
'''Raj Kishore''' (1933 – 7 April 2018) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[actor]] who played roles in the [[Indian films]] such as ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), ''[[Padosan]]'' (1968), ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Haré Rama Haré Krishna|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]'' (1971), ''[[Karishma Kudrat Kaa]]'' (1985), ''[[Aasmaan]]'' (1984), ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay To Goa]]'' (1972) and ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995).<br />
<br />
==Personal life and death==<br />
Kishore was married to Lisa Kishore and had a son, Prem Kishore. He died on 7 April 2018 at the age of 85, due to a [[heart attack]].<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raj-kishore-sholay-and-padosan-actor-dies-of-heart-attack-at-85-1833951 Raj Kishore, Sholay And Padosan Actor, Dies of heart Attack At 85]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raj-kishore-of-sholay-fame-passes-away/articleshow/63641862.cms Raj Kishore of 'Sholay' fame passes away]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/sholay-actor-raj-kishore-dies-of-heart-attack-5127042/ Sholay actor Raj Kishore dies of heart attack at 85]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0457261|name=Raj Kishore}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Bollywood|India}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Raj}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:2018 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indians_in_Spain&diff=474687Indians in Spain2026-02-07T15:42:11Z<p>Polarishealthcare: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Spanish Indians}}<br />
{{short description|Ethnic group}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Indians in Spain<br>Indios en España<br />
| population = 57,000+ (2021)<ref name="Ine2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l1/&file=00000006.px|title=Población (Españoles/Extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo}}</ref><br />
| popplace = [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Palma (Majorca)|Palma de Mallorca]], [[valencia]], [[girona]], [[alicante]]<br />
| langs = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]],<br />
[[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]]<br />
| related-c = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin]], [[Indian Americans]], [[British Indians]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| religions = <br />
| related_groups = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Indians in Spain''' form one of the smaller populations of the Indian diaspora. According to the statistics of India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], they number only 35,000, or 0.07% of the [[Demographics of Spain|population of Spain]].<ref>{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=137}}</ref> 2009 statistics of Spain's [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] showed 35,686 Indian citizens in Spain; this figure does not include persons of Indian origin holding other citizenships.<ref name="Ine">{{harvnb|INE|2009}}</ref> Most Indians originally migrated to Spain from [[Africa]], while others came from [[India]] and [[Japan]] and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Singhvi">{{harvnb|Singhvi|2000|p=154}}</ref> According to data from 2021, Indians in Spain number more than 57,000 (0.12% of the total population).<ref name="Ine2021" /><br />
<br />
== Migration history ==<br />
<br />
In 1425 CE, [[Gitanos|Gitano]] [[Timeline_of_Romani_history#Spain|Romani people]] of Indian origin were recorded [[Romani people in Spain|living in Spain]].<ref>{{citation | url =http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | title = Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge | first = Jeanne | last = Viellieard | access-date = 2018-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm Unión Romaní] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Spain|page=171}}</ref> From 1492, after Christian Reconquista of Spain and Roma along with Moors and Jews targeted to purge Spain of non-Christians. In 1499, Ferdinand and Isabella passed the law against Roma. In 1560 ''the habit and the costume'' of Roma were banned. Roma were forced to marry non-Roma, their language and rituals banned. In the 17th century, Spain deported Romas to the Americas and Africa. In 1749, Romas were arrested in the widespread persecution.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/communities/roma-gypsies-2/ Persecution of Roma], Minority Rights Org, accessed 17 Feb 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
From 1580 to 1640 CE, [[Portuguese India]] (including Goa) was under Spanish control because of the [[Iberian Union]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Souza |first=Teotonio R. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtIiAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=spain |title=Medieval Goa: A Socio-economic History |date=1979 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-0-86186-272-6 |language=en}}</ref> which caused migration of people in both directions.<br />
<br />
After the [[World War II]], Sindhi traders and shopkeepers thrived in the free ports of the Spanish [[Canary Islands]] of [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas]] and [[Tenerife]] following the imposition of import and foreign exchange restrictions in Spain after the war. They conducted a brisk trade with the North African continent from [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas]]. When [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]], parts of Spanish Morocco, were also declared as free ports, Indian businessmen set up trading houses and retail shops catering to the tourist trade.<ref name="Singhvi" /><br />
<br />
The next wave of Indians to go to Spain were descendants of Indian labourers from former [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]]. By the mid-seventies, there were over 200 Indian trading houses in Ceuta and Melilla. With the liberalisation in import policies introduced in the eighties, business activity shifted to the port cities of Malaga and Barcelona. Madrid also attracted many Indian businessmen.<ref name="Singhvi" /><br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
[[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] and [[Sikh]]s form the majority of the Indian community.<ref name="Singhvi" /> Spain has recognised three entities of Hinduism.<ref>{{harvnb|IRF|2006}}</ref> The community celebrates various Indian festivals. Rath Yatras are also taken out by members of the Hare Rama Hare Krishna movement with the enthusiastic support of the Indian community.<ref name="Singhvi" /> There are temples in Valencia, Ceuta, and Canary Islands.<br />
<br />
== Business ==<br />
The Indian community in Spain enjoys a good reputation. Indians are considered hard working, non-political and peaceful. The Indian community has integrated well with Spanish society.<ref name="Singhvi" /> <br />
<br />
Currently, the largest Hindu community in Spain is in the [[Canary Islands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.eldia.es/canarias/2007-12-16/22-negocios-son-ahora-inmobiliarias-medicina-derecho.htm|title="Nuestros negocios son ahora las inmobiliarias, la medicina y el derecho"|date=16 December 2007|website=Web.eldia.es|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> especially on the island of [[Tenerife]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laopinion.es/tenerife/2015/08/03/hindues-honran-dioses-arona/621265.html|title=Los hindúes honran a sus dioses en Arona|first=La Opinión de|last=Tenerife|website=Laopinion.es|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laopinion.es/tenerife/2015/04/18/comunidad-india-tenerife-mayores-pais/601531.html|title=Vikram Misri: "La comunidad india de Tenerife es una de las mayores del país"|first=La Opinión de|last=Tenerife|website=Laopinion.es|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Several electronics and camera stores owned by Indians in the Canary Islands have been accused of being a fraud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etenerife.com/holidays-in-tenerife/tenerife-camera-scam/|title=The Tenerife Camera Scam - How it Works|date=2 April 2013|website=Etenerfife.com|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831012906/http://www.etenerife.com/holidays-in-tenerife/tenerife-camera-scam/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cunningcanary.com/959/cheap-electronics-in-gran-canaria-a-word-of-warning/#.WEnZvObhA2w|title=Cheap Electronics in Gran Canaria – A Word of Warning – The Cunning Canary|website=Cunningcanary.com|access-date=29 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2016 the Danish TV program "Svindlerjagt" (Eng: Swindler Hunt), went to Gran Canaria to expose several electronics stores which scammed Danish customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dplay.dk/svindlerjagt-3/season-1-episode-6/|title=Svindlerjagt - Season 1 - Episode 6 - Kanal 5 (Home) - Dplay -|website=Dplay.dk|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830011108/http://www.dplay.dk/svindlerjagt-3/season-1-episode-6/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Spanish people of Indian descent ==<br />
* [[Sagar Prakash Khatnani]], born in [[Tenerife]], is a prolific writer of novels.<br />
* [[Robert Masih Nahar]], member of the [[Senate of Spain|Spanish senate]]<br />
* [[Ma Anand Yashu]], flutist<br />
* [[Vashi Domínguez]], entrepreneur<br />
* [[Raimon Panikkar]], priest and advocate of interfaith dialogue<br />
* Prakash Sunderdas, economist and member of [[Ciudadanos]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elpueblodeceuta.es/not/10126/piku-sunderdas-aclara-que-no-deja-la-politica-ni-tampoco-ciudadanos|title=Piku Sunderdas aclara que no deja la política, ni tampoco Ciudadanos — El Pueblo de Ceuta|website=Elpueblodeceuta.es|date=7 September 2016 |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceutaactualidad.com/articulo/generales-2016/piku-sunderdas-sera-candidato-ciudadanos-congreso/20160517143434025104.html|title=Sunderdas será el candidato de Ciudadanos al Congreso|first=Ceuta|last=Actualidad|website=Ceuta Actualidad|date=17 May 2016|access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref><br />
* Rakesh Narwani, filmmaker<br />
* Abhir Hathi, [[Urbano music|urbano]] music artist from the Canary Islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhir Hathi entre chulería y tristeza |url=https://metalmagazine.eu/en/post/interview/abhir-hathi |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Metal Magazine}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Spain}}<br />
* [[Hinduism in Spain]]<br />
* [[India–Spain relations]]<br />
* ''[[Gitanos]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
*{{citation|last=Singhvi|first=L. M.|chapter=Other Countries of Europe|pages=133–156|title=Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|publication-place=New Delhi|chapter-url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter11.pdf|year=2000|access-date=29 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417123000/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter11.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2003|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{citation|chapter-url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71409.htm|publisher=Department of State|publication-place=United States|year=2006|chapter=Spain|title=International Religious Freedom Report|ref=CITEREFIRF2006}}<br />
*{{citation|title=Avance del Padrón a 1 de enero de 2009. Datos provisionales |chapter=Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad (hasta 85 y más). |year=2009 |access-date=2009-06-13 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] |publication-place=Spain |ref=CITEREFINE2009 |chapter-url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.PX&type=pcaxis&L=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214005318/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F&file=00000010.PX&type=pcaxis&L=0 |archive-date=2009-12-14 }}<br />
<br />
{{Indian diaspora}}<br />
{{Ethnic groups of Spain}}<br />
{{Immigration to Spain}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Europe|Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Spanish people of Indian descent| ]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chellapilla_Venkata_Rao&diff=493777Chellapilla Venkata Rao2026-02-06T06:18:58Z<p>Polarishealthcare: created a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian botanist}}<br />
{{Excessive citations|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Chellapilla Venkata Rao<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = 21 November 1910<ref name=eulogy/><br />
| birth_place = [[Bobbili]], India<ref name=eulogy/><br />
| death_date = 26 November 1971<ref name=eulogy/><br />
| death_place =<br />
|citizenship=India<br />
| other_names =<br />
|doctoral_advisors = [[Amar Chaud Joshi|A.C. Joshi]], [[Horace Newton Barber|H.N. Barber]]<ref name=eulogy/><br />
|workplaces = [[Andhra University]], [[National Institute of Science of India]], [[University of Tasmania]], [[Hindu College Postgraduate Centre]], [[Guntur]]<ref name=eulogy/><br />
|education =<br />
|alma_mater = [[Andhra University]], [[Banaras Hindu University|Banaras University]], [[University of Tasmania]]<ref name=eulogy/><br />
| fields = Botany, [[Proteaceae]], [[Sterculiaceae]], [[Malvales]]<br />
| years_active =<br />
| known_for = Proteaceae, [[Plant Embryology]], [[Plant anatomy]]<br />
| notable_works =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chellapilla Venkata Rao''' (1910–1971) was an Indian [[botanist]].<ref name=VenkRao /><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
He was awarded his PhD from the [[University of Tasmania]] in 1957 with a thesis entitled ''Cytotaxonomic studies in the Proteaceae''.<ref name=phd/><br />
<br />
==Academic appointments==<br />
He worked in the Department of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair, from 1948 to 1967.<ref name=eulogy/> During this period he worked for three years on the [[Palmaceae]]<ref name=palm1/><ref name=palm2/> as a senior post-doctoral fellow of the [[National Institute of Science of India]].<ref name=eulogy/> From 1955 to 1957, under the [[Colombo plan]] as a post-doctoral research scholar working with [[Horace Newton Barber|H.N. Barber]] at the University of Tasmania, he received a PhD (in addition to his earlier D.Sc. from [[Andhra University]] – for work on Malvaceae).<ref name=eulogy/> From 1967 until his death in 1971, he was head of the department of botany, Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, [[Guntur]], India, where he both taught and wrote.<ref name=eulogy/><br />
<br />
==Research interests==<br />
A major interest was the family [[Proteaceae]],<ref name=VenkataRao1957/><ref name=study/><ref name=P1/><ref name=P2/><ref name=P3/><ref name=P4/><ref name=P5/><ref name=P6/><ref name=P7/><ref name=P8/><ref name=P9/><ref name=p10/><ref name=p11/><ref name=fao/> and in 1971, [[CSIRO|CSIR]] published his [[monograph]] on the family.<ref name=monograph>{{Citation | author1=Venkata Rao, Chellapilla | author2=Rao, C | title=Proteaceae (pp.208)|year=1971 | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/23200064 | accessdate=31 May 2018 }}</ref> The monograph was said by [[John Patrick Rourke|J.P.Rourke]] of the [[Compton Herbarium]], himself a specialist in Proteaceae, to be<br />
<blockquote><br />
a broad survey of the whole family on the basis of the anatomy and morphology of the leaves, stems, inflorescences, flowers, and fruits of representative species from most of the living genera. Embryological features are treated in detail and accounts of the cytology and fossil records are also provided....As the leading researcher on this family, Venkata Rao has, not unnaturally, drawn heavily on his own work but has nevertheless succeeded in dealing with the literature as a whole in a comprehensive manner.<ref name=rev1/><br />
</blockquote><br />
A second reviewer, [[Ronald Melville (botanist)|Ronald Melville]] (of [[Kew Gardens]]), disagreed with Rao's phylogenetic and evolutionary conclusions but thought that many would be grateful to Venkata Rao "for bringing together in one volume such a detailed, comparative account of the vegetative and floral morphology and anatomy, the cytology and embryology, which will make it a valuable work of reference for a long time to come."<ref name=rev2/><br />
<br />
Within the [[Proteaceae]], he authored the tribes, Macadamieae<ref name=apni1/><ref name=fao/> and Lambertieae ([[basionym]] of Lambertiinae)<ref name=apni2/> (both now subsumed into the [[Grevilleoideae]]).<br />
He also worked on other families, in particular, the [[Sterculiaceae]],<ref name=sterc1/><ref name=sterc2/><ref name=sterc3/><ref name=sterc4/><ref name=sterc5/> [[Malvaceae]]<ref name=VenkataRao1952/><ref name=munt/><ref name=malvales1/><ref name=malvales2/><ref name=malvales3/><ref name=tubes/> and [[Bombacaceae]]<ref name=bomb/> (now subsumed in an enlarged [[Malvaceae]]), and also [[Euphorbiaceae]],<ref name=VenkataRao1952/><ref name=VenkataRao1971/> [[Elaeocarpaceae]]<ref name=elaeo/> and [[Apocynaceae]].<ref name=apoc/><br />
<br />
His work centred on [[plant anatomy]], [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and embryology and also involved other families.<ref name=kuijt/><ref name=palm1/><ref name=palm2/><ref name=epac/><br />
<br />
{{botanist|Venk.Rao|inline=yes}}<ref name=VenkRao/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=VenkRao>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=20017705-1 |title=International Plant Name Index: author |id=20017705-1. 2018.}} Retrieved 25 March 2018.</ref><br />
<ref name=VenkataRao1957>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1957 | url = https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34928538 |title=Cytotaxonomy of the Proteaceae | journal = Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales | volume = 82 | pages = 257–271 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=VenkataRao1952>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1952 | title = Floral anatomy of some Malvales and its bearing on the affinities of families included in the order | journal = J. Indian Bot. Soc. | volume = 31 | pages = 171–203 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=VenkataRao1971>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1971 | title = Anatomy of the inflorescence of Euphorbiaceae. With a discussion on the phylogeny and evolution of the inflorescence including the cyathium | journal = Bot. Noti. Ser | volume = 124 | pages = 39–64 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=apni2>{{cite web|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/instance/apni/8142105 |title=APNI: Australian Plant Name Index: Lambertieae}} Retrieved 31 May 2018.</ref><br />
<ref name=apni1>{{cite web|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/instance/apni/693804 |title=APNI: Australian Plant Name Index: Macadamieae}} Retrieved 31 May 2018.</ref><br />
<ref name=study>Venkata Rao, C. 1970. {{cite web |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol36B_1970_6_Art02.pdf |title=Studies in the Proteaceae XIV Tribe Macadamieae |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827205923/https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol36B_1970_6_Art02.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=dead }} (Journal unknown, pp.345–363)</ref><br />
<ref name=P1>{{Cite journal|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol26B_1960_5_Art07.pdf |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. I Tribe Persoonieae |journal=Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India |year=1960 |pages=300–337|volume=26B}}</ref><br />
<ref name=P2>{{Cite journal|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol35B_1969_3_Art02.pdf |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. IX Australian Proteeae |journal=Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India |year=1969 |pages=205–229|volume=35B}}</ref><br />
<ref name=P3>{{Cite journal|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol35B_1969_6_Art03.pdf |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. XIII Tribe Grevilleeae |journal=Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India |year=1969 |pages=471–486|volume=35B}}</ref><br />
<ref name=P4>{{cite journal |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. XII Floral morphology, floral anatomy and embryology of ''Aulax'' Berg. with a discussion n the taxonomic position of the genus |journal=J. Indian Bot. Soc. |year=1970 |pages=238–251|volume=48}}</ref><br />
<ref name=P5>{{cite journal |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. XI Morphology, floral anatomy and embryology of ''Lambertia'' Sm. with a discussion n the taxonomic position of the genus |journal=Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. |year=1968 |pages=11–24|volume=48B|doi=10.1007/BF03051697 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=P6>{{Cite journal|jstor=2430463 |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Evolution of the endosperm in Proteaceae|journal=New Phytol. |year=1967 |pages=755–768|volume=66|issue=4 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb05443.x |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<ref name=P7>{{Cite journal|last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Morphology of the nectary in Proteaceae|journal=New Phytol. |year=1967 |pages=99–107|volume=66|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb05992.x |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<ref name=P8>{{Cite journal|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol33B_1967_3and4_Art05.pdf |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Studies in the Proteaceae. VIII Morphology, floral anatomy and embryology of ''Grevillea'' R.Br. |journal=Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India|year=1967 |pages=162–199|volume=33B}}</ref><br />
<ref name=P9>{{cite journal |last1=Venkata Rao |first1=C. |title=Pollen grains in Proteaceae.|journal=Journal of Palynology|year=1965 |pages=1–9|volume=1}}</ref><br />
<ref name=p11>Venkata Rao, C. 1959. Studies in the Proteaceae X. Morphology and embryology of ''Hakea'' Schrad. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 48: 310–321.</ref><br />
<ref name=rev1>{{cite journal |last1=Rourke |first1=J. P. |title=Review of Proteceae. Botanical Monographs No. 6 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |year=1973 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=369–370 |jstor=2820587|doi=10.1086/407637 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=rev2>Melville, R. {{Cite journal|jstor=4119808|title=Review: C. Venkata Rao. Proteaceae Botanical Monograph |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=338–339|year=1973|doi=10.2307/4119808|last1=Melville |first1=R |last2=Rao |first2=C. Venkata }}</ref><br />
<ref name=sterc1>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V. | year = 1949 | title = Contributions to the embryology of Sterculiaceae – I. | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 28 | pages = 180–197 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=sterc2>Venkata Rao, C. 1950. Contributions to the embryology of Sterculiaceae – II. ''Waltheria indica'' L. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 29: 163–176.</ref><br />
<ref name=sterc3>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V. | year = 1951 | title = Contributions to the embryology of Sterculiaceae – III. ''Melochia corchorifolia'' L. | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 30 | pages = 122–131 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=sterc4>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V. | year = 1952 | title = Contributions to the embryology of Sterculiaceae -IV. Development of the gametophytes in ''Pterospermum suberifolium'' Lam | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 31 | pages = 250–260 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=sterc5>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1953 | title = Contributions to the embryology of Sterculiaceae – V. | journal = J. Indian Bot. Soc. | volume = 32 | pages = 208–238 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=p10>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1963 | title = Studies in the Proteaceae. 3. Tribe Oriteae | journal = Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India | volume = 29 | pages = 489–510 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=bomb>Rao C.V. 1954. {{Cite journal|url=http://www-old.ias.ac.in/j_archive/procb/39/2/51-75/viewpage.html|title=A contribution to the embryology of Bombacaceae.|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|year=1954 |volume=39|pages=51–75|doi=10.1007/BF03050373 |s2cid=80871743 |access-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044340/http://www-old.ias.ac.in/j_archive/procb/39/2/51-75/viewpage.html|archive-date=28 June 2018|url-status=dead|last1=Rao |first1=C. Venkata |issue=2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<ref name=munt>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V. | year = 1952 | title = The embryology of ''Muntingia calabura'' L. | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 31 | pages = 87–101 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=malvales1>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V. | year = 1954 | title = Embryological studies in Malvaceae I. Development of gametophytes | url = http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol20_1954_2_Art01.pdf | journal = Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India | volume = 20 | pages = 127–150 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=malvales2>{{cite journal | last1 = Rao | first1 = C.V | last2 = Rao | first2 = K.V.S. | year = 1952 | title = A contribution to the embryology of ''Triumfetta rhomboidea'' Jacq. & ''Corchorus acutangulus'' L. | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 31 | pages = 56–68 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=malvales3>Venkata Rao, C. 1952. Floral anatomy of some Malvales and its bearing on the affinities of families included in the order. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 31: 171–203.</ref><br />
<ref name=elaeo>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1953 | title = Floral anatomy and embryology of two species of ''Elaeocarpus'' | journal = J. Indian Bot. Soc. | volume = 32 | pages = 21–33 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=apoc>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C. | last2 = Rama Rao | first2 = S. | year = 1954 | title = Embryology of ''Cryptostegia grandiflora'' R. Br. and ''Caralluma attenuata'' Wt. | journal = J. Indian Bot. Soc. | volume = 32 | pages = 21–33 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=fao>Venkata Rao, C. 1970. {{Cite journal|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302389800|title=Studies in the Proteaceae. XIV. tribe Macadamieae |accessdate=4 June 2018|journal=Proc Natl Inst Sci India|year=1970 |last1=Rao |first1=C. V. }}</ref><br />
<ref name=eulogy>Sreeramulu, T. 1972. {{Cite journal|url=http://kbd.kew.org/kbd/detailedresult.do?id=43161|title=C. Venkata Rao (1910–1971)|journal=Phytomorphology|volume=22|pages=97–98|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628045632/http://kbd.kew.org/kbd/detailedresult.do?id=43161|archive-date=28 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<ref name=kuijt>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1964 | title = On the morphology of the calyculus | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 42 | pages = 618–628 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=tubes>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1952 | title = Occurrence of persistent pollen tubes in Malvaceae | journal = Curr. Sci. | volume = 24 | page = 49 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=palm1>Venkata Rao, C. 1959. Contributions to the Palmae I. Selaleae. ''Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences in India'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98017 '''25B''': 143–168]</ref><br />
<ref name=palm2>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1959 | title = Contributions to the Palmae II. Caroxylineae | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 38 | pages = 46–75 }}</ref><br />
<ref name=epac>{{cite journal | last1 = Venkata Rao | first1 = C | year = 1961 | title = Pollen types in the Epacridaceae | journal = Journal of the Indian Botanical Society | volume = 40 | pages = 409–423 }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name=phd>{{cite journal|last1=Wiltshire|first1=R.J.E.|last2=Stace|first2=H.M|title=The cytotaxonomy of four Tasmanian genera of Proteaceae|journal=Telopea|volume=7|issue=3|year=1997|pages=181–185|issn=0312-9764|doi=10.7751/telopea19971010|doi-access=free}}<br />
[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Wiltshire/publication/238103285_The_cytotaxonomy_of_four_Tasmanian_genera_of_Proteaceae/links/0046353a9eba33f298000000.pdf pdf]</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Chellapilla Venkata}}<br />
[[Category:1910 births]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]<br />
[[Category:University of Tasmania alumni]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_OTT_Award_for_Best_Director_Series&diff=499104Filmfare OTT Award for Best Director Series2026-02-02T18:54:06Z<p>Polarishealthcare: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Annual Indian television award}}<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] for Best Director Series<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| awarded_for = <br />
| presenter = [[Filmfare]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| year = [[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|2020]]<br />
| year2 = <br />
| holder = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], Satyanshu Singh, Arkesh Ajay, Ambiecka Pandit, Rohin Raveendran – ''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' (2025)<br />
| website = https://www.filmfare.com/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Filmfare OTT Award for Best Director Series''' is one of the major categories of the [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]. The category primarily recognizes drama series directors released on [[Over-the-top media services in India|over-the-top (OTT) platforms]] and is also known as '''Best Director Drama Series'''.<br />
<br />
== Winners and nominees ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Director(s)<br />
! Series<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|2020]]'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''[[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]]''' <br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''''[[Paatal Lok]]''''' <br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/web-series-awards/filmfare-ott-awards/2020/125 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Oni Sen<br />
|''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Neeraj Pandey]] and Shivam Nair<br />
|''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raj & DK]]<br />
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |'''[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''[[Hansal Mehta]] and Jai Mehta'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''''[[Scam 1992|Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story]]'''''<br />
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/nominations |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 Winners List: Scam 1992 Wins Big With More Than 10 Honours |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2021-winners-list-scam-1992-wins-big-with-more-than-10-honours-5132697/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Prakash Jha]]<br />
|''[[Aashram|Aashram (Season 2)]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rohan Sippy]] and Arjun Mukerjee<br />
|''[[Criminal Justice: Behind Closed Doors]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Ranjan Chandel<br />
|''[[Grahan (2021 TV series)|Grahan]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Gurmeet Singh and Mihir Desai<br />
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur (Season 2)]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raj & DK]] and Suparn S Varma<br />
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man (Season 2)]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''Abhay Pannu''' <br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations announced for Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Prakash Jha]]<br />
|[[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Shefali Bhushan<br />
|''[[Guilty Minds]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nikkhil Advani]] and Nikhil Gonsalves<br />
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Ajitpal Singh<br />
|''[[Tabbar]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Ashish Shukla <br />
|[[Undekhi|''Undekhi (Season 2)'']]<br />
|-<br />
|Vinay Waikul <br />
|''[[The Broken News]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" |'''[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''''[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'''''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |''[[Jubilee (TV series)|'''Jubilee''']]''<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html|title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out|date=November 23, 2023|access-date=November 23, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out<br />
|date=November 27, 2023|access-date=November 27, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Reema Kagti]] and Ruchika Oberoi<br />
|''[[Dahaad]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raj & DK]]<br />
|''[[Farzi]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hansal Mehta]]<br />
|''[[Scoop (Indian TV series)|Scoop]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Randeep Jha <br />
|''[[Kohrra]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Prashant Nair]]<br />
|''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial by Fire]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Abhay Pannu<br />
|''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys (Season 2)]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Avinash Arun]]<br />
|''[[School of Lies]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tanuj Chopra]]<br />
|''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (Season 2)]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''[[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''Sameer Saxena And Amit Golani''' <br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |''[[Kaala Paani|'''Kaala Paani''']]'' <br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-69862.html|title=Nominations for the Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Full List|date=November 28, 2023|access-date=November 28, 2023|language=en-In}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024 full list of winners: Diljit Dosanjh wins Best Actor for Chamkila, Kareena Kapoor Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-diljit-dosanjh-wins-best-actor-for-chamkila-kareena-kapoor-best-actress-101733070311133.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Raj & DK]]<br />
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]<br />
|''[[Heeramandi]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Abhishek Chaubey]] <br />
|''[[Killer Soup]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Pratish Mehta<br />
|[[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory'' ''(Season 3)'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shiv Rawail]]<br />
|''[[The Railway Men]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
|[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11|''Mumbai Diaries (Season 2)'']]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |'''2025'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |'''[[Vikramaditya Motwane]], Satyanshu Singh, Arkesh Ajay, Ambiecka Pandit, Rohin Raveendran'''<br />
| style="background:#B0C4DE;" |''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|'''Black Warrant''']]''<br />
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare OTT Awards 2025: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-ott-awards-2025-full-list-out-79789.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2025: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2025-full-list-out-80093.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Nagesh Kukunoor]]<br />
|''[[The Hunt: The Rajiv Gandhi Assassination Case]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nikkhil Advani]]<br />
|''[[Freedom at Midnight (TV series)|Freedom at Midnight]]''<br />
|-<br />
|Pushkar Sunil Mahabal<br />
|''[[Black, White & Gray - Love Kills]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]] and Surya Balakrishnan<br />
|''[[Khauf]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Avinash Arun]] <br />
|[[Paatal Lok|''Paatal Lok'' ''(Season 2)'']]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anubhav Sinha]]<br />
|''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.filmfare.com/awards/ Filmfare Awards]<br />
<br />
{{Filmfare Awards}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare OTT Awards For Best Director Series}}<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2020]]<br />
[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Award ceremonies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian OTT Awards]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annapurna_Devi_Mandir&diff=486817Annapurna Devi Mandir2026-01-30T12:33:43Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{redirect|Annapurna Mandir|the 1954 Indian film|Annapurnar Mandir}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
| name = Annapurna Devi Mandir<br />
| image = Annapurna devi.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Pictorial depiction of Goddess [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna Devi]] offering food to [[Shiva]]<br />
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi<br />
| map_caption = Temple location on [[Varanasi district]] map<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.317645|82.973914|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| native_name = अन्नपूर्णा देवी मंदिर<br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]<br />
| location = Visheshwarganj, Varanasi<br />
| elevation_m = 80<ref name=" Elevation ">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=Elevation finder|access-date=29 June 2015|url=http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm}}</ref><br />
| deity =<br />
[[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna Devi]]<br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| temple_tank = <br />
| tower = <br />
| festivals= [[Navaratri]], [[Annakut]]<br />
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = One<br />
| monument_quantity= Two (main)<br />
| inscriptions =<br />
| year_completed = 1729<br />
| creator = [[Bajirao I|Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao]]<br />
| website = <!--{{URL|example.com}} --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Annapurna Devi Mandir''' ({{langx|hi|अन्नपूर्णा देवी मंदिर}}), also known as '''Annapurna Mata Mandir''' and '''Annapurna Mandir''', is one of the most famous [[Hindu temple]]s (Mandir) in the holy city of [[Varanasi]]. This temple has great religious importance in [[Hinduism]] and is dedicated to the goddess [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]]. Annapurna is the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] for nourishment and is a form of the goddess [[Parvati]]. The current Annapurna Mandir was constructed in the 18th century by [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Peshwa]] [[Bajirao I]].<ref name="Annapurna Devi Mandir">{{cite news|title=Annapurna Devi Mandir|publisher=Varanasi.org|access-date=29 June 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/annapurna-temple-varanasi}}</ref><ref name="Bhavani Devi">{{cite news|title=Bhavani Devi|publisher=Varanasi Temples|access-date=29 June 2015|url=http://varanasi-temples.com/category/devi-temples/annapurna-devi/}}</ref><ref name="Annapurna Temple in Varanasi">{{cite news|title=Annapurna Temple in Varanasi|publisher=Temple Travel|access-date=29 June 2015|url=http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/annapurna-temple-in-varanasi-uttar.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406041844/http://www.templetravel.net/2013/04/annapurna-temple-in-varanasi-uttar.html|archive-date=6 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Annapurna Temple, Varanasi">{{cite news|title=Maa Annapurneshwari Stotram |publisher=Bhakti Song |access-date=3 January 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NaYhGJ7-gY }}</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
Annapurna Devi Mandir was constructed in 1729 [[AD]] by [[Bajirao I|Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao]].<ref name="Annapurna Temple in Varanasi"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=11}}</ref><br />
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==Construction==<br />
The temple is constructed in [[Nagara architecture]] and has [[garbhagriha|sanctum]] with large pillared porch, which houses a picture of goddess [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]]. The temple also houses two icons of the goddess; one made of gold and other of brass. The brass icon is available for daily [[Darśana|darshan]] (viewing & worship). The gold icon can be only seen once a year; on [[Annakut]] day.<ref name="Annapurna Temple in Varanasi"/><br />
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==Legend==<br />
In [[Hindu mythology]], there are two popular beliefs behind the origin of this temple.<br />
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According to one belief, once the goddess [[Parvati]] closed all three eyes of her husband [[Shiva]]. Due to this, the entire world was filled with darkness. Parvati lost her fair complexion (''Gauri'' form). She asked Shiva for his help to reacquire her Gauri form. Shiva asked her to donate ''anna'' (food) in Varanasi. Hence, she took the form of [[Annapoorna devi|Annapurna]] (the goddess of food) with a golden pot and ladle, and donated food in Varanasi.<br />
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According to another belief, once Shiva commented that the entire world (including food) is ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]'' (illusion). Parvati, the goddess of food, got angry and decided to demonstrate the importance of food by making all the food on earth disappear. The world started to suffer due to hunger. Shiva finally came to Parvati and acknowledged the importance of food, begging for food at her door. Parvati became happy, offered food by her own hands to Shiva and then made a kitchen in Varanasi for her devotees.<br />
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==Location==<br />
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Annapurna Devi Mandir is situated in Visheshwarganj, [[Varanasi]]. It is situated 15 meters North-West of the famous [[Kashi Vishwanath Mandir]], 200 meters west of [[Vishalakshi Temple]], 350 meters West of [[Manikarnika Ghat]], 5 kilometers South-East of [[Varanasi Junction railway station]] and 4.5 kilometers North-East of [[Banaras Hindu University]].<br />
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===Annapuran Devi Temple, Indore===<br />
There is one more Annapurna Mandir, which is in [[Indore]] city, state MP. Maa Annapurna is the Goddess of Food and Nourishment.<br />
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The entrance of the temple is adorned with four-life size statues of elephants, and the architectural splendour of the temple makes it a must-visit for all tourists.<ref>https://wanderon.in/blogs/annapurna-temple-in-indore</ref><br />
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===Annapurna Devi Temple, Kannauj===<br />
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This temple dedicated to Goddess Annapurna is situated in the outskirts of [[Kannauj]]. This is a miraculous temple dedicated to the Goddess, every year lakhs of people come here to visit.<ref>https://kannauj.nic.in/tourist-place/annapurna/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/kannauj-hindu-temple-of-kannauj-soil-becomes-farmers-rich-and-happy-know-history-5640875.html</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Hindu temples in Varanasi]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|40em}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = '''Annapurna Devi Mandir'''<br />
|North = Bulanala<br />
|Northeast = Scindia Ghat<br />
|East = [[Manikarnika Ghat]]<br />
|Southeast = Meer Ghat<br />
|South = Munshi Ghat <br />
|Southwest = Godowlia<br />
|West = Sanatan Dharm Inter College<br />
|Northwest = Benia Bagh Park<br />
}}<br />
{{Temples in Varanasi}}<br />
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}<br />
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century establishments in India]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaly-breasted_munia&diff=533764Scaly-breasted munia2026-01-22T03:51:29Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added New Pg W/ Refs.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Species of bird native to South and Southeast Asia}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Scaly-breasted munia<br />
| image = {{Easy CSS image crop<br />
|image = Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata nisoria) Ubud.jpg<br />
|desired_width = 220<br />
|crop_left_perc = 30<br />
|crop_right_perc = 20<br />
|crop_top_perc = 10<br />
|crop_bottom_perc = 5<br />
|alt = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
| image_caption = ''L. p. nisoria''<br>[[Bali]], Indonesia<br />
| status = LC<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Lonchura punctulata'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |article-number=e.T22719821A94646304 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719821A94646304.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><br />
| genus = Lonchura<br />
| species = punctulata<br />
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<br />
| range_map = Areale Lonchura punctulata.jpg<br />
| range_map_alt = Native range<br />
| range_map_caption = Native range<br />
| synonyms = *''Loxia punctulata'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''scaly-breasted munia''' or '''spotted munia''' ('''''Lonchura punctulata'''''), known in the pet trade as '''nutmeg mannikin''' or '''spice finch''', is a [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]-sized [[estrildid finch]] native to tropical Asia. A species of the genus ''[[Lonchura]]'', it was formally [[species description|described]] and named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758. Its name is based on the distinct scale-like feather markings on the breast and belly. The adult is brown above and has a dark conical bill. The species has 11 subspecies across its range, which differ slightly in size and colour.<br />
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This [[munia]] eats mainly grass seeds apart from berries and small insects. They [[Foraging|forage]] in flocks and communicate with soft [[Bird vocalization|calls]] and whistles. The species is highly [[Behavioral ecology#Social behaviors|social]] and may sometimes roost with other species of munias. This species is found in tropical [[plain]]s and [[grassland]]s. Breeding pairs construct dome-shaped nests using grass or bamboo leaves.<br />
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The species is [[endemic]] to Asia and occurs from [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] east to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]] (where it is called ''mayang pakíng''). It has been introduced into many other parts of the world, and feral populations have established in [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Hispaniola]], as well as parts of Australia, and the United States of America, with sightings in California. The bird is listed as of [[least concern]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).<br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
In 1743 the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the scaly-breasted munia in the first volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "Gowry Bird". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen at the London home of [[Charles Dubois (treasurer)|Charles du Bois]], [[treasurer]] to the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part 1 | page=40, Plate 40 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240666 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the scaly-breasted munia with the [[crossbill]]s in the [[genus]] ''[[Loxia]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Loxia punctulata'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727080|title=Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|publisher=Laurentii Salvii|year=1758|edition=10th|volume=1|location=Holmiae (Stockholm)|page=173|language=Latin|author-link=Carl Linnaeus}}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|locality]] as "Asia" but this was restricted to [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) by [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] in 1926.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Baker | first=E.C. Stuart | author-link=E. C. Stuart Baker | date=1926 | title=The Fauna of British India Birds including Ceylon and Burma. Birds | volume=3 | edition=2nd | location=London | publisher=Taylor and Francis | page=91 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19235/page/91/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50586|title=Check-List of Birds of the World|publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology|year=1968|editor-last=Paynter|editor-first=Raymond A. Jr|volume=14|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=}}</ref> The species is now placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Lonchura]]'' that was introduced by the English naturalist [[William Henry Sykes]] in 1832.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Sykes | first=William Henry | author-link=William Henry Sykes | year=1832 | title=Catalogue of birds of the raptorial and insessorial orders (systematically arranged,) observed in the Dukhun | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume=2 | issue=18 | pages=77–99 [94] | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12861692 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waxbills/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> The genus name ''Lonchura'' combines the Ancient Greek lonkhē meaning "spear-head" or "lance" with oura meaning "tail". The specific epithet is from [[Neo-Latin|Modern Latin]] ''punctulatus'' meaning "spotted" or "dotted".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=J. A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n229/mode/1up 229], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n324/mode/1up 324] }}</ref><br />
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Over its large range there are 11 recognised [[subspecies]]. These include the [[nominate subspecies|nominate]] form found in the plains of the [[Indian subcontinent]], including Pakistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The name ''lineoventer'' was formerly used for the [[India]]n population. Other populations include ''subundulata'' from the eastern Himalayas, ''yunnanensis'' of southern China, ''topela'' of Thailand, ''cabanisi'' of the Philippines and ''fretensis'' of Singapore and Sumatra. Island populations include ''nisoria'' (Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa), ''particeps'' (Sulawesi), ''baweana'' (Bawean Island), ''sumbae'' (Sumba) and ''blasii'' (Flores, Timor and Tanimbar).<ref name=ioc/><br />
* ''L. p. punctulata'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) – northern Pakistan, India (except northeast), Nepal terai and Sri Lanka<br />
* ''L. p. subundulata'' ([[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|Godwin-Austen]], 1874) – Bhutan, Bangladesh, northeast India (Assam) and west Myanmar<br />
* ''L. p. yunnanensis'' Parkes, 1958 – southern China (southeast [[Xizang]], south [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]) and north Myanmar<br />
* ''L. p. topela'' ([[Robert Swinhoe|R. Swinhoe]], 1863) – southern Myanmar, Thailand, southeast China (Taiwan), [[Hainan|Hainan Islands]], Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam<br />
* ''L. p. cabanisi'' ([[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]], 1890) – north and west Philippines ([[Luzon]], [[Mindoro]], [[Calauit Island|Calauit]], [[Palawan]], [[Panay]], [[Negros Island|Negros]], [[Cebu]], [[Mindanao]]) and northern Borneo (coastal west [[Sabah]] and [[Brunei]])<br />
* ''L. p. fretensis'' ([[Cecil Boden Kloss|Kloss]], 1931) – south [[Malay Peninsula]], Singapore, Sumatra and [[Nias|Nias Islands]]<br />
* ''L. p. nisoria'' ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1830) – southern Borneo (western & southern [[Kalimantan]]), [[Java]], [[Bali]], and western [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Lesser Sundas]] ([[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]])<br />
* ''L. p. sumbae'' [[Ernst Mayr|Mayr]], 1944 – Sumba, in western Lesser Sundas<br />
* ''L. p. blasii'' ([[Erwin Stresemann|Stresemann]], 1912) – central & eastern Lesser Sundas ([[Flores]] east to [[Timor]] and [[Tanimbar Islands]])<br />
* ''L. p. baweana'' [[Andries Hoogerwerf|Hoogerwerf]], 1963 – [[Bawean|Bawean Islands]], off northeast Java<br />
* ''L. p. particeps'' ([[Joseph Harvey Riley|Riley]], 1920) – [[Sulawesi]]<br />
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The subspecies ''holmesi'' (southeast Borneo) is sometimes recognised.<ref name="clements">{{cite book |title= The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8 |author= Clements, J. F. |author2= T. S. Schulenberg |author3= M. J. Iliff |author4= B.L. Sullivan|author5= C. L. Wood |author6= D. Roberson |name-list-style=amp |year= 2013 |publisher= The Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/}}</ref><br />
<gallery mode = packed heights = 160px><br />
Lonchura punctulata (Nagarhole, 2004).jpg|adult ''L. p. punctulata'' ([[India]])<br />
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata punctulata) juvenile.jpg|juvenile ''L. p. punctulata'', [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
Nutmeg Mannikin 1.jpg|''L. m. topela''<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Csiro Publishing|title=Grassfinches in Australia|author1=Forshaw J |author2=Mark Shephard |author3=Anthony Pridham |pages=267–268}}</ref> [[Queensland]], Australia<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
<br />
The scaly-breasted munia is about {{convert|11|–|12|cm|in}} long and weighs {{convert|12|–|16|g|lb}}. The adult has a stubby dark bill typical of grain eating birds, brown upperparts and a dark brown head. The underparts are white with dark scale markings. The sexes are similar, although males have darker markings on the underside and a darker throat than females.<ref name="pcr">{{cite book |last1=Rasmussen |first1=Pamela C. |author-link1=Pamela C. Rasmussen |title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide |last2=Anderton |first2=John C. |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions |year=2005 |isbn=978-84-87334-66-5 |volume=2 |page=673 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
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Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with juveniles of other munia species such as the [[tricoloured munia]] (''Lonchura malacca'') across the Asian and island populations and the [[black-throated munia]] (''Lonchura kelaarti'') in parts of India or Sri Lanka.<ref name="pcr" /><ref name="Munias&Mannikins" /><br />
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==Distribution and habitat==<br />
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Scaly-breasted munias are found in a range of habitats but are usually close to water and grassland. In India, they are especially common in paddy fields where they are considered a minor pest on account of their feeding on grain. They are found mainly on the plains, but can be observed in the foothills of the Himalayas, in which they may be present at altitudes near {{convert|2500|m|mi|abbr=on}}, and in the Nilgiris, where they are found at altitudes up to {{convert|2100|m|ft|abbr=on}} during the summer. In Pakistan, they are restricted to a narrow region from Swat in the west to Lahore, avoiding the desert zone, and then occurring again in India east of an area between Ludhiana and Mount Abu.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Abbass, D.|author2=Rais, M.|author3=Ghalib, S.A.|author4=Khan, M.Z.|name-list-style=amp |year=2010| title= First Record of Spotted Munia (''Lonchura punctulata'') from Karachi| journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology |volume=42|issue=4| pages=503–505}}</ref> The species has also been observed in Kashmir, though this is rare.<ref name="hbk">{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Salim |author-link1=Salim Ali |title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan |last2=Ripley |first2=Sidney Dillon |author-link2=Sidney Dillon Ripley |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-563708-3 |edition=Second |volume=10 |place=New Delhi |pages=119–121 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Akhtar, S.A. |author2=Rao, P. |author3=Tiwari, J.K. |author4=Javed, S. |year=1992| title= Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' (Linn.) from Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 89| issue= 1| page=129}}</ref><br />
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Outside their native range, escaped birds frequently establish themselves in areas with a suitable climate and can then colonise new areas nearby. Escaped cagebirds established in the wild and such populations have been recorded in the West Indies (Puerto Rico since 1971),<ref>{{cite journal|journal= Caribbean Journal of Science| volume= 33| issue= 3–4|pages=233–238| year= 1997| title=Review of the Subspecific Status and Origin of Introduced Finches in Puerto Rico| author=Moreno, J.A.}}</ref> Hawaii (since 1883<ref>{{cite journal|title=The All-or-None Pattern in Introduced Hawaiian Passeriforms: The role of competition sustained |jstor=2462765 |author=Moulton, M.P. |journal=The American Naturalist| volume=141| issue= 1 |year=1993|pages=105–119 |doi=10.1086/285463|bibcode=1993ANat..141..105M |s2cid=84341527}}</ref>),<ref name="Moulton">{{cite journal|author= Moulton, M. P.|author2= Allen, L. J. S.|author2-link=Linda J. S. Allen|author3=Ferris, D. K.|name-list-style=amp |year=1992| title=Competition, resource use and habitat selection in two introduced Hawaiian Mannikins| journal= Biotropica| volume=24| pages=77–85 |doi=10.2307/2388475 |issue=1 |jstor=2388475|bibcode= 1992Biotr..24...77M}}</ref> Japan<ref>{{cite journal|year=2004|journal=Global Environmental Research|pages=29–39|volume=8|issue=1|url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-01-04.pdf|title=Invasive Birds in Japan|author1=Eguchi, K.|author2=Amano, H.E.|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=2012-03-03|access-date=2011-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101534/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-01-04.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and southern United States, mainly in Florida and California.<ref>{{cite journal|journal= Florida Field Naturalist|volume= 37|issue= 3|pages= 96–97|year= 2009|title= The status of the nutmeg mannikin (''Lonchura punctulata'') in the extreme western panhandle of Florida|author= Duncan, R.A.|url= http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFN373p096.pdf|archive-date= 2024-12-30|access-date= 2011-04-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241230215554/http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFN373p096.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url= http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wb/v31n02/p0130-p0131.pdf| title=The juvenile nutmeg mannikin: identification of a little brown bird|author=Garrett, K.L. |year=2000| journal=Western Birds|volume=31| issue=2| pages=130–131}}</ref> In Oahu, Hawaii, they compete for habitats with the tricoloured munia and tend to be rare where this competitor is present.<ref name="Moulton" /> The species has been introduced to other parts of the world due to its popularity as a cage bird and populations have established in the wild.<ref name="IWE">{{cite book|author=Burton, M. |author2=Burton, R. |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwil20burt0|url-access=registration |year=2002|publisher=Marshal Cavendish|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7614-7286-5 }}</ref><ref name="behaviour" /><br />
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== Behaviour and ecology ==<br />
===Sociality===<br />
Scaly-breasted munias form flocks of as many as 100 birds. Individuals communicate with calls that include a short whistle, variations of ''kitty-kitty-kitty'', and a sharp chipping alarm note.<ref name="Munias&Mannikins">{{cite book |last=Restall |first=Robin |title=Munias and Mannikins |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-300-07109-2 |pages=97–105}}</ref><ref name="behaviour">{{Cite journal|title= Hostile, Sexual, and Other Social Behaviour Patterns of the Spice Finch (''Lonchura punctulata'') in captivity |author1=Moynihan, M. |author2=Hall, M.F. |name-list-style=amp | journal=Behaviour| volume=7| issue=1| year=1954 |pages=33–76 |doi= 10.1163/156853955X00021}}</ref> They sometimes flick their tails and wings vertically or horizontally while hopping about. The tail flicking motion may have evolved from a locomotory intention movement. The exaggerated version of the tail flicking movement may have undergone [[ritualisation]]. As a social signal, tail flicking in several other species acts as a signal indicating the intent to fly and helps keep flocks together.<ref name="behaviour" /><ref name="Baptista">{{cite journal |author1=Baptista, L.F. |author2=Lawson, R. |author3=Visser, E. |author4=Bell, D. A. |title=Relationships of some mannikins and waxbills in the estrildidae |journal=Journal für Ornithologie |date=1999 |volume=140 |issue=2|pages=179–192 |doi=10.1007/BF01653597 |bibcode=1999JOrn..140..179B |s2cid=29184906}}</ref><br />
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When [[Communal roosting|roosting communally]], scaly-breasted munia sit side by side in close contact with each other. The outermost bird often jostles towards the center. Birds in a flock sometimes preen each other, with the soliciting bird usually showing its chin. [[Allopreening]] is usually limited to the face and neck.<ref name="behaviour" /> The scaly-breasted munia is rarely hostile but birds will sometimes quarrel without any ritualised posturing.<ref name="behaviour" /><br />
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===Breeding===<br />
[[File:Lonchura punctulata MHNT 228 La Réunion.jpg|thumb|Egg of scaly-breasted munia]]<br />
The breeding season is during the summer rainy season (mainly June to August and also in October season in India) but can vary. Laboratory studies have found that long day illumination and high humidity trigger [[gonadal]] growth.<ref name="Sikdar">{{cite journal|title = Role of humidity in the seasonal reproduction of male spotted munia, ''Lonchura punctulata''|author1=Sikdar, M. |author2=Kar, A. |author3=Prakash, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1992 |doi= 10.1002/jez.1402640112 |journal= Journal of Experimental Zoology| volume=264| issue=1| pages= 82–84 |bibcode=1992JEZ...264...82S }}</ref> The song of the male is very soft but complex and variable, audible only at close range. This song described as a jingle consists of a series of high notes followed by a croaky rattle and ending in a slurred whistle. When singing the male sits in what is called the ''slope'' posture—erect with the head feathers raised.<ref name="behaviour" /><br />
[[File:Spice Finch (Lonchura punctulata) - August 2021, Pune, Maharashtra, India.png|thumb|''Lonchura punctulata'' carrying nest material in its bill]]<br />
There are two types of slope posture, a pre-copulatory one and an ordinary one. The pre-copulatory behaviour of scaly-breasted munia includes a sequence of actions. The first involves either the male or female playing with nest-material. As soon as a bird has arranged the nest material in its bill, it begins to fly around in a zigzag path. Once a bird lands close to its partner, the male bends towards the female and wipes its bill. The male then sings with movements of the body. The female invites mounting with tail quivering.<ref name="Munias&Mannikins" /><ref name="behaviour" /> The nest is a large domed structure loosely woven from blades of grass, bamboo or other leaves with a side entrance and is placed in a tree or under the eaves of a house. A study in southern India found the preferred nesting trees to be ''[[Toddalia asiatica]]'', ''[[Gymnosporia montana]]'' and ''[[Acacia chundra]]'', especially short and bushy ones in areas with low canopy cover. The nest opening is located to face downwind of the most frequent wind direction.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gokula, V. |year= 2001| title= Nesting ecology of the Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (South India) |journal=Acta Ornithologica |volume= 36|issue=1|pages= 1–5|doi=10.3161/068.036.0107|s2cid= 84260813}}</ref> In northern India, they preferred isolated ''[[Acacia nilotica]]'' in non-urban areas but used ''[[Thuja orientalis]]'' and ''[[Polyalthia longifolia]]'' in urban gardens.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, R.C. |author2=Bhatt, D. |author3=Sharma, R.K. |year=2004 |title=Breeding success of the tropical Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' in urbanized and forest habitats |journal=Ornithological Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.2326/osj.3.113 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
Scaly-breasted munia [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es usually contain four to six eggs, but can contain up to ten. Both sexes build the nest and incubate the eggs, which hatch in 10 to 16 days.<ref name="hbk" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lamba, B. S. |year= 1974| title= Nest construction technique of the Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata''| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 71| issue=3| pages= 613–616}}</ref><br />
<br />
The species is extensively used as a brood host by the parasitic [[pin-tailed whydah]] in Southern California (where both species are feral) with the munia raising the whydah's chicks as its own.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Garrett |first1=John F. |last2=Garrett |first2=Kimball L. |date=24 October 2016 |title=The Pin-Tailed Whydah as a Brood Parasite of the Scaly-Breasted Munia in Southern California |url=https://archive.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V47/47(4)-p314-p322.pdf |journal=Western Field Ornithologists}}</ref> This relationship is novel, as the two species do not naturally co-occur in their native ranges, and had no established evolutionary relationship as parasite and host.<ref name=":0" /><!-- Juveniles typically [[fledge]] in three weeks. Both sexes can reach [[sexual maturity]] as early as 7 months after hatching.<ref name="IWE" /><ref name="efinch">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Beckham|title=Spice Finch – ''Lonchura punctulata''|url=http://www.efinch.com/species/spice.htm|publisher=efinch.com|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref>{{Better source|date=January 2013}} In the wild, however, since maturation may be impacted by variable daylight and humidity, both sexes can take between 12 and 18 months to reach sexual maturity depending on the time of year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spice Finch (''Lonchura punctulata'')|url=http://www.nfss.org/Birds/Species/Finches/NunsMann/Spice.html|publisher=National Finch and Softbill Society (NFSS)|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> Scaly-breasted munias have a typical life expectancy of 6 to 8 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} --><br />
<br />
== Food and foraging ==<br />
[[File:Adult feeding youngs.jpg|thumb|Adult feeding young]]<br />
The scaly-breasted munia feeds mainly on grass seeds, small berries such as those of ''[[Lantana]]'', and insects.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Mehta, P. |year=1997| title=Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' feeding on scat? |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=37| issue=1 |page=16 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW37_1#page/n17/mode/1up}}</ref> Although the bill is suited for crushing small grains, they do not show lateral movements of the lower mandible that e.g. [[European greenfinch|greenfinches]] show, which help in dehusking seeds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characters discriminating two seed husking mechanisms in finches (Fringillidae: Carduelinae) and estrildids (Passeridae: Estrildinae)|author1=Nuijens, F.W. |author2=Zweers, G.A. |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199704)232:1<1::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-G |pmid=29852621 |year=1997 |journal=Journal of Morphology| volume= 232| issue =1| pages=1–33|s2cid=46921231 }}</ref> Like some other [[munia]]s, they may also feed on algae, a rich protein source, prior to the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Avery, M. L. |year=1980|title= Diet and breeding seasonality among a population of sharp-tailed munias, ''Lonchura striata'', in Malaysia | journal=The Auk |volume=97|pages=160–166 |doi=10.1093/auk/97.1.160 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v097n01/p0160-p0166.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ease of maintaining these birds in [[Captivity (animal)|captivity]] has made them popular for studying behaviour and physiology. Feeding behaviour can be predicted by the [[optimal foraging theory]], where animals minimise time and energy spent to maximise food intake. This theory has been tested by studying the strategies used by scaly-breasted munias to increase their feeding efficacy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stephens|first=D.W. |title=A comprehensive guide to optimal foraging theory|year=2007|publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Flock size tradeoffs===<br />
Studies on foraging have examined the effect of group size in reducing time spent on [[predator]] vigilance, thereby increasing feeding efficiency. According to the "many-eyes" hypothesis,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pulliam |first=R.H. |title=On the advantages of flocking|journal=[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]] | year=1973 | volume=38 |pages=419–422 | doi=10.1016/0022-5193(73)90184-7|issue=2 |pmid=4734745 |bibcode=1973JThBi..38..419P}}</ref> a reduction in the individual time spent on [[Alertness|vigilance]] against threats in larger groups allows for more time to be spent on searching for food and feeding. Vigilance is greatest among solitary individuals and reduces as the group size increases to about four. The birds collect seeds more quickly in larger groups, reflecting a decrease in individual vigilance, a decrease in handling time, and an increase in both search speed and focus when foraging.<ref>{{cite journal| pages=1526–1531| title= The effect of group size on vigilance and feeding rate in spice finches (''Lonchura punctulata'') |author1=Beauchamp, G. |author2=Livoreil, B. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997| journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=75 |doi=10.1139/z97-776| issue=9}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Lonch punctu 071126-1775 tdp.jpg|thumb|A foraging group]]<br />
Individuals may also take advantage of group foraging by "joining" members that have found food. The options to seek food or to join others that have discovered food involves information sharing and has been studied through what are termed "producer-scrounger models".<ref name="Beau2">{{cite journal |last=Giraldeau|first=L.A. |author2=Beauchamp, G. |title=Food exploitation: searching for the optimal joining policy| journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |date=1999 |volume=14|issue=3|pages=102–106|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01542-0 |pmid=10322509}}</ref> A cost associated with group foraging is increased [[competition (biology)|resource competition]], which in turn may reduce anti-predatory vigilance due to the intensity of foraging.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rieucau|first=G.|author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Group size effect caused by food competition in nutmeg mannikins (''Lonchura punctulata'')|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=2009 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=421–425 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arn144|doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Some studies show that increased competition results in a decreased feeding rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gauvin|first=S. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Nutmeg mannikins (''Lonchura punctulata'') reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition|journal=Oecologia|year=2004|volume=139|issue=1|pages=150–156 |doi=10.1007/s00442-003-1482-2 |pmid=14722748 |bibcode=2004Oecol.139..150G |s2cid=21144047 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Foraging models===<br />
When foraging, scaly-breasted munia can search as individuals or search for others that have found food and join them. The economic consequences of the decision to join others has been modeled in two ways: the producer-scrounger model and the information sharing model. These models are based on hypotheses that differ in the degree of compatibility that is assumed between the two food and joining opportunity search modes.<ref name="Beau3" /><br />
<br />
The information sharing model assumes that individuals search concurrently for finding and joining opportunities while the producer-scrounger model assumes that the search modes are mutually exclusive.<ref name="Beau3">{{cite journal|last=Giraldeau|first=L.-A.|author2=Beauchamp, G. |title=Food exploitation: searching for the optimal joining policy|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|year=1999|volume=14|issue=3|pages=102–106 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01542-0 |pmid=10322509}}</ref> Hopping with the head facing up and downward are observed to be statistically associated with the frequencies of a bird's joining and finding, respectively. When the expected [[Evolutionarily stable strategy|stable frequency]] of the scrounger tactic was altered by changing the availability of seeds, the relative frequency of hopping with the head up changed accordingly. When the seed distribution made the scrounger tactic unprofitable, the frequency of hopping with the head up diminished and appears to support the predictions of the producer-scrounger model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coolen|first1=I. |last2=Giraldeau | first2 = L.-A. | last3 = Lavoie | first3=M. |title=Head position as an indication of producer and scrounger tactics in a ground-feeding bird|journal=Animal Behaviour |date=2001 |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=895–903 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1678 |bibcode=2001AnBeh..61..895C |s2cid=53145727}}</ref><br />
<br />
Studies show that scaly-breasted munias tend to adopt the scrounger tactic when food is more clumped and when the group size increases. When most foragers adopt scrounging, the time taken to discover new food patches is greater.<ref name="Coolen2">{{cite journal|last=Coolen|first=I. |title=Increasing foraging group size increases scrounger use and reduces searching efficiency in nutmeg mannikins (''Lonchura punctulata'') |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|year=2002|volume=52|issue=3|pages=232–238 |doi=10.1007/s00265-002-0500-4 |bibcode=2002BEcoS..52..232C |s2cid=28537757}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Vigilance===<br />
Most social foragers must search for food while also avoiding predators. It has been suggested that individuals that play scrounger could also, by virtue of their head position, be alert for predators and hence contribute to antipredatory vigilance. If the scrounger tactic is compatible with antipredatory vigilance, then an increase in antipredatory vigilance should lead to the detection of more joining opportunities, and hence more joining. When stationary, the head-up tactic has been shown to be associated with antipredatory vigilance. However scanning while hopping does not aid in vigilance and it is thought that the scrounger tactic is incompatible with antipredatory vigilance in the scaly-breasted munia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Coolen|first=I. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Incompatibility between antipredatory vigilance and scrounger tactic in nutmeg mannikins, ''Lonchura punctulata''|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=2003|volume=66|issue=4|pages=657–664 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2236 |bibcode=2003AnBeh..66..657C |s2cid=53152430 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Specialised foraging===<br />
Scaly-breasted munias have variable competitive behaviour that allows them to exploit scarce resources. There are two foraging alternatives: producers that make the food available and scroungers that steal food found by the producers. Studies show that these choices lead to a stable equilibrium within a group. When individuals are free to choose between producer and scrounger, [[frequency dependent selection]] results in a stable mixture of both behaviour where each receives similar payoff. Studies indicate that if most of the population consists of producers, then scrounging behaviour is favoured by [[natural selection]] because there is plenty of food to steal. On the other hand, if most birds exhibit scrounging then the competition for stealing is so great that producing is favoured.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=N. |title=An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology|year=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Competing for Resources|pages=130–131|isbn=978-1-4051-1416-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Barnard|first=C.J.|author2=Sibly, R.M. |title=Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows|journal=Animal Behaviour |date=1981 |volume=29 |issue=2|pages=543–550|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80117-0|bibcode=1981AnBeh..29..543B |s2cid=53170850 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Scaly breasted munia feeding.jpg|thumb|right|A pair feeding on grains]]<br />
Three hypotheses might account for consistent foraging specialisations across individuals: food source variation, [[phenotypic]] differences, and frequency dependent-choice. The food source variation hypothesis predicts that individuals will specialise when the use of two skills is more costly than specialist foraging. The phenotypic differences hypothesis proposes that individuals differ in their ability to use each foraging skill and stably specialise on the most profitable one. The pattern of specialisation is expected to be stable although the number of individuals that use a given skill depends on the phenotypic composition of the flock. The frequency dependent choice hypothesis also proposes that individuals specialise on the most profitable skill, but the profitability of each alternative decreases as the number of phenotypically identical foragers gradually specialise on each skill when initially given two equally profitable alternatives. At equilibrium, individual payoffs should be independent of the pattern of specialisation. Individuals in flocks adjusted their use of the two skills and two birds in each flock specialised on a different skill resulting in a variant of both the food source variation hypothesis and frequency dependent choice hypothesis.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beauchamp|first=G.|author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |author3=Ennis, N. |title=Experimental evidence for the maintenance of foraging specialisations by frequency-dependent choice in flocks of spice finches|journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution|date=1997 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=105–117|doi=10.1080/08927014.1997.9522890 |bibcode=1997EtEcE...9..105B |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
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Aviary experiments conducted with captive flocks of scaly-breasted munia have tested whether producers and scroungers reach the predicted stable equilibrium frequency (see [[Evolutionarily stable strategy]]) when individuals are free to choose either behaviour. The numbers choosing either producers and scrounger strategies have been shown to converge on stable frequencies while demonstrating that variation in tactics arise through frequency dependent pay-offs from the choice of different feeding strategies.<ref>{{cite journal |name-list-style=amp |last=Mottley|first=K. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Experimental evidence that group foragers can converge on predicted producer–scrounger equilibria|journal=Animal Behaviour |date=2000 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=341–350 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1474 |pmid=11007643 |bibcode=2000AnBeh..60..341M |s2cid=35238033 |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/663/1/MQ39069.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Furthermore, foraging birds may feed actively on the [[substrate (biology)|substrate]] or pick grains dropped on the ground and these strategies may be chosen according to the situation. Early departures occur more often when expected searching time decreases and when [[competition]] intensity increases. Competition intensity is expected to increase when more scroungers are present or when patches are smaller.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=8 |issue=1|pages=54–59| title= Patch exploitation in a producer-scrounger system: test of a hypothesis using flocks of spice finches (''Lonchura punctulata'')|author1=Beauchamp, G. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |name-list-style=amp | doi=10.1093/beheco/8.1.54| year=1997|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Prey crypsis===<br />
Since producers search for food and scroungers wait for opportunities to join, prey [[crypsis]] imposes a producer specific cost that shifts the producer scrounger equilibria towards more scrounging. Prey crypsis resulted in increased latency to eat the seed and increased number of detection errors.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barrette |first=M. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Prey crypticity reduces the proportion of group members searching for food |journal=Animal Behaviour|year=2006|volume=71|issue=5|pages=1183–1189 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.008 |bibcode=2006AnBeh..71.1183B |s2cid=53146661 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Moreover, the presence of a competitor negatively affected foraging efficiency under cryptic backgrounds. The foraging efficiency of individuals that had previously foraged with a competitor on cryptic seeds remained low even after the competitor had been removed. Thus, the costs of foraging on cryptic prey may be greater for social foragers than for solitary foragers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Courant|first=S. |author2=Giraldeau, L.-A. |title=Conspecific presence makes exploiting cryptic prey more difficult in wild-caught nutmeg mannikins|journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2008 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=1101–1108 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.023|bibcode=2008AnBeh..75.1101C |s2cid=54398287 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Resource defence===<br />
Recent models of economic defence in a group-foraging context predict that the frequency of aggressive interactions should decline as resource density increases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Broom |first1=Mark |last2=Ruxton |first2=Graeme D. |name-list-style=amp |date=1998 |title=Evolutionarily stable stealing: game theory applied to kleptoparasitism |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=397–403 |doi=10.1093/beheco/9.4.397 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sirot |first=Etienne |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=An evolutionarily stable strategy for aggressiveness in feeding groups |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1093/beheco/11.4.351 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Frédérique |last2=Giraldeau |first2=Luc-Alain |last3=Grant |first3=James W. A. |year=2002 |title=Resource defense in a group-foraging context |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=2–9 |doi=10.1093/beheco/14.1.2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Studies with scaly-breasted munia show that the intensity of aggressive encounters was highest when patch location was signaled, and the effect of changing resource density depended on whether patch location was signaled or not. Signaling patch location was equivalent to making the resources more spatially predictable. Changing patch density had no effect on the number of aggressive encounters when the location of food was not signaled. When food location was signaled, increasing patch density resulted in the predicted decrease in the number of aggressive encounters.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dubois |first=Frédérique |author2=Giraldeau, Luc-Alain |name-list-style=amp |date=2004 |title=Reduced resource defence in an uncertain world: an experimental test using captive nutmeg mannikins |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=21–25 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.025 |bibcode=2004AnBeh..68...21D |s2cid=54349286}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conservation==<br />
The scaly-breasted munia is an abundant species and classified as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn /> The species occupies an extremely large range, and its population, while still unquantified, is large and stable. The scaly-breasted munia is not globally threatened and is common to very common throughout most of its range. However, some populations are dwindled due to the increase of bird cagings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Shreya |date=25 September 2017 |title=Trade in wild birds going 'unchecked' in Vietnam: new report |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/09/trade-in-wild-birds-going-unchecked-in-vietnam-new-report/ |website=Mongabay Environmental News}}</ref><br />
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In many areas it is regarded as an agricultural pest, feeding in large flocks on cultivated [[cereal]]s such as [[rice]].<ref name="pests">{{cite journal |last1=Bomford |first1=Mary |last2=Sinclair |first2=Ron |year=2002 |title=Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future directions |journal=Emu - Austral Ornithology |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=29–45 |bibcode=2002EmuAO.102...29B |doi=10.1071/MU01028 |s2cid=83464835}}</ref> In Southeast Asia, the scaly-breasted munia is trapped in large numbers for Buddhist [[life release]] rituals.<ref name="HBW">{{cite book |author1=Collar, N. |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |author2=Newton, I. |author3=Clement, P. |author4=Arkhipov, V. |publisher=Lynx Edicions |year=2010 |isbn=978-84-96553-68-2 |editor1=Del Hoyo, J. |volume=15: Finches |location=Barcelona |chapter=Scaly-breasted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' |editor2=Elliott, A. |editor3=Christie, D. |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |last2=Sokha |first2=Chea |last3=Joyner |first3=Priscilla H. |last4=Thomson |first4=Robert L. |last5=Poole |first5=Colin |date=2012-09-01 |title=Characterizing the trade of wild birds for merit release in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and associated risks to health and ecology |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320712002066 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=153 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.024 |bibcode=2012BCons.153...10G |issn=0006-3207|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While most birds are eventually released, the post-release mortality rate can be as high as 90%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shiu |first1=Henry |last2=Stokes |first2=Leah |date=2008-11-01 |title=Buddhist Animal Release Practices: Historic, Environmental, Public Health And Economic Concerns |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14639940802556529 |journal=Contemporary Buddhism |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=181–196 |doi=10.1080/14639940802556529 |issn=1463-9947|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|35em}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Lonchura punctulata}}<br />
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/scaly-breasted-munia-lonchura-punctulata Pictures, videos and sound]<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112005453/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=1885 Oriental Bird Images: ''Scaly-breasted Munia'']}} Selected images<br />
* [https://ebird.org/species/nutman eBird: Scaly-breasted Munia (''Lonchura punctulata)'']<br />
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{{Taxonbar |from=Q36197}}<br />
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[[Category:Lonchura|scaly-breasted munia]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of Indomalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangi,_Kishanganj_district&diff=499866Gangi, Kishanganj district2026-01-21T13:10:04Z<p>Polarishealthcare: created place</p>
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<div>{{short description|Village in Kishanganj, Bihar, India}}<br />
{{onesource|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
'''Gangi''' is a village in [[Kishanganj district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31bb91f73e9d31ea2830a5e73ce3ed328/uploads/2018/05/2018050312.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229091218/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31bb91f73e9d31ea2830a5e73ce3ed328/uploads/2018/05/2018050312.pdf|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-date=2019-12-29}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Kishanganj district]]<br />
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{{Kishanganj-geo-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirkazhi_Govindarajan&diff=451888Sirkazhi Govindarajan2026-01-21T03:52:27Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Improved wording and formatting</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian singer (1933–1988)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Sirkazhi Govindarajan<br />
| image = Sirkazhi Govindarajan.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Sirkazhi Govindarajan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929070h.htm |title=Simple, soul-stirring music |last=Chaama |first=Sridhar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 June 2001 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118221630/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929070h.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1933|01|19}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sirkazhi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br/>(now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1988|03|24|1933|01|19}}<br />
| death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| instrument = Vocalist<br />
| genre = [[Film music]] ([[playback singing]]), [[Indian classical music]]<br />
| occupation = Singer, actor<br />
| years_active = 1952–1988<br />
| label = <br />
| current_members = <br />
| past_members = <br />
| background = non_performing_personnel<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sirkazhi Govindarajan''' (19 January 1933 – 24 March 1988) was a [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic vocalist]] and a playback singer of Indian cinema, predominantly in Tamil cinema.<ref name="Bureau 2022 g659">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Sirakazhi Govindrajam: The Man Who Sang For God | website=News18 | date=25 March 2022 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sirakazhi-govindrajam-the-man-who-sang-for-god-4909196.html | access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=" 2022 l796">{{cite web | title=Remembering the legendary Singer Sirkazhi Govindarajan on his birthday | website=Vikatan | date=19 January 2022 | url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/remembering-the-legendary-singer-sirkazhi-govindarajan-on-his-birthday | language=ta | access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sekar 2024 g080">{{cite web | last=Sekar | first=Divya | title=தனித்துவமாக ஓங்கி ஒலிக்கும் குரல்.." உள்ளத்தில் நல்ல உள்ளம் உறங்காதென்பது" சீர்காழி கோவிந்தராஜன் நினைவுநாள் இன்று! | website=Tamil Hindustan Times | date=24 March 2024 | url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/lets-remember-singer-sirkazhi-govindarajan-today-on-his-memorial-day-131711176739031.html | language=ta | access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Selvaraj 2022 p. 143">{{cite book | last=Selvaraj | first=S. | title=A Poetic Encounter With Identity: A Glimpse Into Tamil Culture and the Poetry of Kannadasan | publisher=Notion Press | year=2022 | isbn=979-8-88555-423-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBFlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143 | access-date=2 May 2024 | page=143}}</ref> He was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award by the Government of India.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Govindarajan, was born on 19 January 1933 at [[Sirkazhi]] (a small town in present-day [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]; famed birthplace of [[Sambandar]], one of the 63 [[Nayanars]] of the Saiva faith) to Siva Chidambaram and Avayambal Ammal. At the age of eight, Govindarajan began to perform at the Tirupurasundari Temple on the occasion of the Gnana Paal Festival.<ref name="sirkali">[http://www.sirkali.org/ Sirkali Home Page]</ref><br />
<br />
== Musical education ==<br />
He graduated from the [[Tamil Isai Sangam|Tamil Isai College]] in Chennai (Madras) in 1949 with the degree 'Isaimani'.<ref name="kalyanamalai_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan11_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Sirkazhi_Govindarajan.html |title=Potpourri of titbits about cinema – Sirkazhi Govindarajan (page 1) |author=Majordasan |work=Kalyanamalai Magazine |date=1999 |access-date=31 October 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224022943/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan11_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Sirkazhi_Govindarajan.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He also graduated with the Degree of 'Sangeetha Vidwan'. At the same time, he started rigorous training (Gurukulavasam) under his Guru Thiruppampuram Swaminatha Pillai, who was then a professor at the Central College of Carnatic Music, Madras. Under his tutelage and in-depth study, he gained knowledge of the nuances and intricacies of Indian Music, especially, Classical Carnatic Music. During this period (1951–1952) he won many competitions, conducted by the Sangeetha Vidwat Sabha (Music Academy) and the Rasika Ranjani Sabha.<br />
<br />
==Collaboration==<br />
<br />
===Music composers===<br />
[[S. V. Venkataraman]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[G. Ramanathan]], C. N. Pandurangam, [[Master Venu]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]], [[G. Devarajan]], B. Narasimma Rao, A. Rama Rao, [[T. Chalapathi Rao]], [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]], [[T. R. Pappa]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], [[V. Kumar]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[C. Ramachandra]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and [[Shankar–Ganesh]], [[Baburaj]]<br />
<br />
===Playback singers===<br />
He has sung with other male singers such as [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], S. C. Krishnan, [[Tiruchi Loganathan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] and S. V. Ponnusamy.<br />
<br />
He also sang duets with many female singer such as [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[P. Leela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[Jikki]], [[P. Susheela]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[L. R. Eswari]], L. R. Anjali, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[A. P. Komala]], A. G. Rathinmala, [[T. V. Rathnam]], Bangalore A. R. Ramani Ammal, [[Vani Jairam]], [[S. Janaki]], M. R. Vijaya, Sarala and Rohini.<br />
<br />
He sang duets with singing actors such as [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[S. Varalakshmi]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Movie !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| 1967 || ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'' || [[Nakkeerar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1969 || ''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]'' || Police Officer<br />
|-<br />
| 1970 || ''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]'' || Bhagavathar shivachidambaram<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''[[Agathiyar]]'' || [[Agastya|Agathiyar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || ''[[Dheivam]]'' || Cameo Appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 1973 || ''[[Rajaraja Cholan]]'' || [[Nambiyandar Nambi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1975 || ''[[Thiruvarul]]'' || Cameo Appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 1976 || ''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]'' || [[Narada|Naradhar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1982 || ''[[Thaai Mookaambikai]]'' || Cameo Appearance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
{{Main|Sirkazhi Govindarajan discography}}<br />
<br />
Govindarajan had sung for many leading actors like [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], and [[R. Muthuraman]].<br />
<br />
== Awards and honours ==<br />
He was the recipient of three gold medals (first place) in the austere and hallowed halls of Sangeetha Vidwat Sabha (Music Academy) from [[Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer]]. "Sangeetha Vidwan" Sirkali won all first places in the three categories: Apoorva Krithis of Sri Thyagaraja swamigal, Ragam-Thalam-Pallavi, and Tamil Classical Songs.<ref name="sirkali" /><br />
<br />
He was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award by the Government of India. The Central College of Carnatic Music was the next institution for his musical enrichment.<br />
<br />
Govindarajan had also done playback singing in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films.<ref>[http://www.sirkali.org/Sirkazhi Govindarajan Profile]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Madras University]] conferred a doctorate ([[Honoris Causa]]) on him in 1983.<br />
<br />
''Source:''<ref>{{cite web |title="Tamil Isai Mannar" Sirkali Honors and Awards |url=http://www.sirkali.org/honors.html |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=sirkali.org}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|section|date=October 2021}}<br />
<br />
* ISAI MANI: 1949 – Degree from Tamil Isai College, Madras<br />
* SANGEETHA VIDWAN: 1951 – Degree from Central College of Carnatic Music, Madras<br />
* ISAI ARASU: 1968 – Kunrakudi Adheenam, Kunrakudi kumari'<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]: 1971 – for songs of [[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]<br />
* ISAI KADAL: 1972 – Bharathi Youth Association, Madras<br />
* INNISAI ARASU: 1974 – Tamil Nadu Nalvazhi Nilayam, Madras<br />
* DHARUMAPURA ADHEENA ISAI PULAVAR: 1974 – Adheena Vidwan of Dharumapura Adheenam appointed by Sri Guru Maha Sannidhaanam<br />
* KALAI MAMANI: 1975 – Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram (State Sangeetha Nataka Academy Award)<br />
* INNISAI VENDHAN: 1976 – Kandan Arts Academy, Madras<br />
* SANGEETHA BHASKARA: 1977 – Sri Shantananda Swami, Sri Bhuvaneswari Adhishtanam, Pudukkottai<br />
* ISAI THILAKAM: 1977 – Sri Thyagaraja Sangeetha Sabha<br />
* ISAI GNANA BHOOPATHI: 1978 – Brittania Hindu Shiva Temple Trust, London<br />
* EZHISAI VENDHAR AND GANAMRITHA VARITHI: 1978 – During Sri Lanka tours<br />
* PERISAIMANI: 1979 – Sangeetha Abhivrithi Sabha, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia<br />
* IRAI ISAI VENDHAI: 1979 – Seshasayee Paper Mill Temple, Erode<br />
* MIYAN TANSEN AWARD: 1980 – Delhi Drupad Sangam, New Delhi<br />
* Central [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]: 1980<br />
* Tamil Isai Mannar: 1981 – New York Tamil Sangam, New York<br />
* Gandharva Geetha Vithakar: 1981 – Ramalingar Pani Manram, Paris, France<br />
* Di Singenden Hersen Von Indien: 1981 – Yoga Center (Germans), Düsseldorf, West Germany<br />
* Tamil Nadu Arasavai Kalaignar: 1981 – At the Bharathiyar Centenary Celebrations<br />
* [[Isai Perarignar]]: 1982<ref>{{cite web |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=19 December 2013 |title=Temple bell timbre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/temple-bell-timbre/article5478471.ece |access-date=30 October 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> – Annual music festival honor from Tamil Isai Sangam, Madras<br />
* [[Padma Shri]]: 1983<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Padma Awards, Previous Awardees |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Tamil%20Nadu |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs (govt. of India)]]}} (Seerkhazhi S. Govindarajan)</ref><br />
* ISAI THENDRAL: 1984 – Thyagaraja Swami Aradhana Committee, Tirutani<br />
* INNISAIMANI: 1985 – Guru Gnana Sambandar Iraipani Manram<br />
* GAMBEERA GANA ISAI VENDHAN: 1985 – Arya Vaisya Schools, Madurai<br />
* ARUL ISAI ARIGNAR: 1987 – Mauritius Education and Cultural Tour<br />
* TAMIL ISAIPERARIGNAR: 1987 – Tamil Sangam, Bangalore<br />
* MUTHAMIZH KALAI MAMANI: 1987 – Tamil Sangam, Salem<br />
* ISAIMAMANNAR: 1987 – Bharathidasan Centenary celebrations by Dravidar Kazhagam, Madras<br />
* ISAIPERARUVI: 1987 – Siddhi Vinayakar Temple, Paris, France<br />
* CULTURAL AMBASSADOR: 1987 – Frei Platz Axion-World Peace Conference in Switzerland<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Govindarajan was married to Sulochana from Omalur, Tamil Nadu. Their son [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]] is also a Carnatic singer and a Medical Doctor.<ref>{{cite news |author=T. Ramakrishnan |date=7 December 2001 |title=An Aussie honour for Indian vocalist |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/07/stories/2001120700980200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202095052/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/07/stories/2001120700980200.htm |archive-date=2 December 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Govindarajan died on 24 March 1988 in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) due to a massive heart attack. He was aged 55.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan11_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Sirkazhi_Govindarajan.html Article on Seerkazhi Govindarajan in Kalyana Malai]<br />
*[http://mymovieminutes.blogspot.sg/2013/01/three-gifted-voices-of-golden-era.html Three Gifted Voices of a Golden Era in My Movie Minutes]<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindarajan, Sirkazhi}}<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]<br />
[[Category:1988 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazia_Bibi&diff=521400Nazia Bibi2026-01-05T22:13:43Z<p>Polarishealthcare: adding new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''Nazia Bibi''' (born 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Nazia Bibi: first player from J&K to represent India at Kho Kho World Cup |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/nazia-bibi-first-player-from-jk-to-represent-india-at-kho-kho-world-cup/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as an attacker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Bibi is from a tribal family from Nagrota, [[Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=LG Manoj Sinha Congratulates Nazia Bibi for Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Victory - News OF Kashmir |url=https://newsofkashmir.com/index.php/2025/02/02/nazia-bibi/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father Sabar Ali is a businessman and her mother, Zulekha Bibi, is a housewife. They belong to the nomadic [[Bakarwal]] community and live at Ban,Nagrota Jammu [[National Highway 44 (India)|Jammu-Srinagar National Highway 44]]. She is doing her BA at Padma Shri Padma Sachdev Government College for Women in Jammu. She started with athletics but shifted to kho kho in Class 6.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-19 |title=Meet Nazia Bibi, The Bakarwal Girl, Who Broke Stereotypes To Represent India Kho Kho Team |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/nazia-bibi-kho-kho-player-of-bakarwal-community-from-jammu-and-kashmir-who-played-for-india-enn25021903707 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Bibi was part of the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, [[Bangladesh]] in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78-40 in the final.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
She was felicitated by the local leaders after returning from Delhi following the Indian team's World Cup victory.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bibi, Nazia}}<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kho kho players]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalinagar_Mahavidyalaya&diff=463588Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya2026-01-02T21:24:15Z<p>Polarishealthcare: expand structure per standard format</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| other_name = <!--or, other_names--><br />
| former_name = <!--or, former_names--><br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| top_free_label = <br />
| top_free = <br />
| type = Undergraduate college<br />
| established = {{start date|1985}}<br />
| closed = <!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --><br />
| founder = <br />
| parent = <br />
| affiliation = [[West Bengal State University]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| academic_affiliation = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| vice_chancellor = <br />
| provost = <br />
| rector = <br />
| principal = Ishani Ghosh<br>({{small|Teacher in Charge}})<br />
| director = <br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| address = <!-- Please discuss before using --><br />
| city = [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas|Kalinagar]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| province = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 743442<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.4306254|N|88.8660794|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| campus = Urban<br />
| language = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| free_label2 = <br />
| free2 = <br />
| colors = <!--or, colours= --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| mascot = <!--or, mascots= --><br />
| sports_free_label = <br />
| sports_free = <br />
| sports_free_label2 = <br />
| sports_free2 = <br />
| website = [http://www.kalinagarmahavidyalaya.com/ Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya]<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 100px<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya''', established in 1985,<ref name=UGC/> is a general degree college in [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas|Kalinagar]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}<br />
*Bengali<br />
*English <br />
*Sanskrit<br />
*History<br />
*Geography<br />
*Political Science<br />
*Philosophy<br />
*Education<br />
<br />
==Accreditation==<br />
Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West+Bengal |date=2011-11-16 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120607232833/http://kalinagarmahavidyalaya.com/ Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya]<br />
{{West Bengal State University}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1985]]<br />
[[Category:1985 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata-university-stub}}</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundari_Neeyum_Sundaran_Naanum_(TV_series)&diff=538284Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)2025-12-21T16:36:45Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Added The Info First Draft</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian Tamil-language television series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum serial.jpg<br />
| genre = Soap opera<br />
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]<br />
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes<br />
| writer = Arun Mohan<br />
| director = Abdul Kabeez<br />
| editor = Muthu<br />
| cinematography = Jaya Prakash<br />
| company = Kala communications<br />
| starring = Tejashwini Gowda<br>Vinoth Babu<br>Ashwanth Thilak<br>Nalini Nair Ramarajan<br>Ranjit Babu <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 405<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2019|07|22}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2021|03|20}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series starring Tejaswini Gowda, Vinoth Babu, [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]. It premiered from 22 July 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=New serial Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum to premiere on July 22, 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-serial-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-to-premiere-on-july-22/articleshow/70297994.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> on [[Star Vijay]]'s Monday to Saturday<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay TV strengthens fiction line-up with 'Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum' |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/vijay-tv-strengthens-fiction-line-up-with-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-98161.html|website=www.exchange4media.com|date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> and on ended on 20 March 2021 after 405 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum crosses 100 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-crosses-100-episodes/articleshow/72142587.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=சுந்தரி நீயும் சுந்தரன் நானும்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/507857-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum.html|website=www.hindutamil.in|date=20 July 2019 |access-date=20 July 2019|language=ta}}</ref> It was replaced by ''[[Raja Paarvai (TV series)|Raja Paarvai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=புதிய சீரியலின் வரவால் முடிவுக்கு வந்த விஜய் டிவியின் முக்கிய சீரியல் – ரசிகர்கள் வருத்தம்.|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/vijay-tv-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-serial-going-to-end-soon/|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=7 March 2021 |access-date=7 March 2021|language=ta}}</ref><br />
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== Cast ==<br />
===Main===<br />
* Tejaswini Gowda as Thamizharasi: a girl who runs schools in the villages and takes care. She is sweet. She is briefly married to Velumurgan. (2019-2021)<br />
* Vinoth Babu<ref>{{cite web |title=TV show 'Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum' completes one year; Vinoth Babu thanks fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-completes-one-year-vinoth-babu-thanks-fans/articleshow/77105553.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 July 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum' fame Vinoth Babu marries his long time girlfriend Hemalatha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-fame-vinoth-babu-marries-his-long-time-girlfriend-hemalatha/articleshow/74133618.cms?from=mdr|website=[[The Times of India]]| date=14 February 2020 |access-date=14 February 2020|language=en}}</ref> as Velmurugan: aims to become a political leader; briefly married to Thamizharasi. (2019-2021)<br />
* [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Latha signs yet another fiction show 'Sundari Neeyum Sundari Naanum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/latha-signs-yet-another-fiction-show/articleshow/70259023.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> as Vijayalakshmi, Velumurgan's grandmother (episodes 1–220; 2019–2020)<br />
**[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini Nair]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nalini Nair replaces Latha Sabapathi in Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nalini-nair-replaces-latha-sabapathi-in-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum/articleshow/77526326.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2020 |access-date=13 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> replaced Latha (s221-405) as Vijayalakshmi: She is Velumurgan's grandmother. She cared for him after his parents died. She was shocked when Thamizharasi married Velumurgan. She is gentle and arrogant. (2020–2021)<br />
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===Supporting===<br />
* Nesan as Thennarasu, Nisha's father<br />
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sundari Neeyum Sundari Naanum actor Thilak starts training in kickboxing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sundari-neeyum-sundari-naanum-actor-thilak-starts-training-in-kickboxing/articleshow/77979585.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020|language=en}}</ref>(1-325)/Gve Krishna (325-405) as Saravanan, Velmurugan's best friend, Vijayalakshmi's adoptive grandson, and Ezhil's husband.<br />
* Preethi Kumar as Divya, Indrani's daughter and Vijayalakshmi's granddaughter<br />
* [[Kanya Bharathi]] as Indrani, Vijayalakshmi's daughter-in-law<br />
* Sahana Shetty<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Sahana is all excited about her new project 'Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sahana-is-all-excited-about-her-new-project-sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum/articleshow/70332318.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 July 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> as Nisha, Thennarasu's daughter<br />
* Yaar Kannan as Sukumaran, Thamizharasi's grandfather<br />
* [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha Anil]] as Chithra, Thamizharasi's mother<br />
* Priyanka as Ezhilarasi, Thamizharasi's first younger sister and Saravanan's wife<br />
* Deepika as Kalaiarasi, Thamizharasi's second younger sister<br />
* VJ Sandhya as Urvashi, Thamizharasi's maternal aunt<br />
* VJ Praveen as the lawyer Prabhakaran Thamizharasi's tenant and family friend<br />
* Ranjith as Deepak, Divya's fiancé and Indrani's business partner<br />
* Elamaran as Elamaran, Velmurugan's sidekick<br />
* Sangeetha V as Sujatha , Vijayalakshmi's daughter<br />
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==Crossover episodes==<br />
* It had a crossover with [[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnuku Thanga Manasu]] from 27 November 2019 to 2 December 2019. They were hour episodes. The episodes was based on the wedding of Velu and Thamilzharasi (Episodes 108-111). Harrison, the [[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]] director directed this show.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum and Ponnuku Thanga Manasu serials: செம கல்யாணம்ங்க.. நீங்களும் பார்க்கப் போறீங்களா?|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sundari-neeyum-sundaran-naanum-serial-superb-wedding-will-you-see-too/articlecontent-pf416143-369167.html|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=21 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2021|language=ta}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt12397968}}<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/sundari-neeyum/s-2258 ''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum''] at [[Hotstar]]<br />
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{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language political television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayasimha_II_(Western_Chalukya_dynasty)&diff=456915Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)2025-12-18T12:55:14Z<p>Polarishealthcare: rework lead additionally and updated info</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Short description| Western Chalukya Emperor from 1015 to 1043}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| image = Old Kannada inscription dated Shaka 957 (c.1035 AD) of Kalyani (Western) Chalukya King Jayasimha II.JPG<br />
| alt = Jayasimha<br />
| caption = Old Kannada inscription dated c.1035 AD of Western Chalukya King Jayasimha II<br />
| succession = Western Chalukya King<br />
| reign = 1015-1043 CE (28 years)<br />
| predecessor = [[Vikramaditya V]]<br />
| successor = [[Someshvara I]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| father = Dashavarman<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = [[Someshvara I]]<br />
| house = [[Chalukya dynasty]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Chalukyas|Kalyani}}<br />
'''Jayasimha II''' (r. 1015 – 1043),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=52–53}}</ref> also known as '''Jagadhekamalla I''' and '''Mallikamoda''', succeeded his brother [[Vikramaditya V]] on the [[Western Chalukya]] throne. He had to fight on many fronts, against the [[Cholas of Tanjore]] in the south and the [[Paramara dynasty]] in the north, to protect his kingdom.<ref name="front">Sastri (1955), p.166</ref><ref name="cont">Kamath (1980), p.103</ref> His rule however was an important period of development of [[Kannada literature]]. The Brahmin Kannada writers [[Durgasimha]] (who was also his minister and wrote the ''Panchatantra'', "The five stratagems", 1031), Chavundaraya II (encyclopaedia, ''Lokopakara'', c. 1025) and Kavitavilasa were in his patronage. Chandraraja, a Brahmin writer on erotics (''Madanatilaka'', "Forehead ornament of passion", the earliest Kannada work in the genre of erotica, c. 1025) was in the court of Machiraja, a vassal of Jayasimha II. The [[Jain]] [[Sanskrit]] scholar Vadiraja was in Jayasimha II's court and wrote two epics, on logic, and a commentary on an earlier Jain text. His queen Suggaladevi was a disciple of the Kannada saint-poet Devara Dasimayya (one of the earliest [[Veerashaiva]] poets).<ref name="saint">Kamath (1980), p.102, p.114</ref><ref name="mavhi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.19</ref><ref name="divine">Sastri (1955), p.359</ref><ref name="sah">''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature'' - vol2, pp.1164-1165, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}</ref><br />
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According to the historians Chopra et al., this period saw Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South.<ref name="chopra">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138</ref> However the historian Sen asserts that despite this reversal, this period saw the consolidation of the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan that would become a stepping stone towards the growth of the empire under the rule of Someshvara I, the successor of Jayasimha II.<ref name="suc">Sen (1999) p.383</ref><br />
<br />
==Malwa invasion==<br />
The [[Paramara dynasty]] King [[Bhoja]] of [[Malwa]] wanted to avenge the defeat of his predecessor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] and invaded the Chalukya kingdom from the north and annexed the northern [[Konkan]] and Lata (in modern Gujarat) for a few years. Bhillama III, a vassal king of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of Devagiri (modern [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]) rebelled against Jayasimha II, perhaps with support from Bhoja. The historian Sen feels this invasion may have been caused by the confederacy of Bhoja, the Kalachuri ruler [[Gangeyadeva]] and Rajendra Chola. But Jayasimha II dealt successfully with these invasions and rebellion to recover all his northern territories by c.1024. Bhillama III married a daughter of Jayasimha II as an act of peace.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="malwa">Kamath (1980), p.102</ref><br />
<br />
==Wars with Cholas==<br />
During this period, [[Rajendra Chola]] was not only exerting control over the [[Vengi]] kingdom of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]], he was also constantly trying to expand their kingdom northwards into the Western Chalukya territory. For a while the Cholas were preoccupied with their invasion of [[Ceylon]] (modern Sri Lanka) and with their territorial issues with the [[Pandyan Dynasty]] of [[Madurai]], and the rulers of Kerala. Taking advantage of this confusion and with an intent of reducing Chola power in Vengi, Jayasimha II interfered in Vengi after the death of its incumbent King Vimaladitya and decided to install Vimaladitya's son of his choice, Vijayaditya II on the throne. Jayasimha II conquered Vijayawada Fort after defeating Cholas in the Battle of Vijayawada (1037 AD). He conquered Vengi in 1037 AD and placed Vijayaditya on Vengi throne.<ref>{{cite book|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris|publisher=Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year=1981 |language=en|pages=134–135|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Vijayaditya initially did well with this support.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi"/><ref name="maski"/> This was against the plans of the Rajendra Chola who wanted Rajaraja Narendra, a prince born to Vimaladitya's queen from the Chola clan. To further strengthen himself, Jayasimha II had marched south of the [[Tungabhadra River]] and occupied [[Bellary]], the [[Raichur]] [[Doab]] and perhaps part of Gangavadi (modern south-east Karnataka) as well. Jayasimha II reconquered Gangawadi and Raichur from Cholas after the Battle of Maski.<ref>{{cite book| author=Krishna Murari| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeK1AAAAIAAJ|title= The Cāḷukyas of Kalyāṇi, from Circa 973 A.D. to 1200 A.D.|publisher= Concept Publishing Company|year=1988|language=en|page=60|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref> Rajendra Chola employed a two-pronged attack. One army going into the Vengi kingdom to successfully assist Rajaraja Narendra over his claims over the Vengi throne, and the other into the Western Chalukya kingdom itself. But the Chola army could not proceed any further and the Tungabhadra River remained the tacit border between the two empires.<ref name="suc"/><ref name="masangi">Sastri (1955), p. 166</ref><ref name="maski">Kamath (1980), p. 102</ref> Chola inscriptions which say Jayasimha II was defeated in the battle of Masangi ([[Maski]] in modern [[Raichur district]]) in c.1021 were identified to be exaggerated.<ref>{{cite book| author=| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.430132|title= A History Of Karnataka (1970)ac 5024|publisher= Digital Library Of India, Cdac Noida |year=1970|language=en|page=162|accessdate=18 February 2025}}</ref> As per Kulenur inscription dated 1028 AD, Kalachuri king Gangadeva, Paramara king Bhoja and Rajendra Chola combined their forces to attack Jayasimha II from all three sides. The battle was fought on the banks of Godavari (Gautama Ganga). Jayasimha II beset and put to flight this confedaracy and with the help of Bachiraja, an officer under him, Jayasimha II defeated the allies.<ref>{{cite book|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title=<br />
The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris|publisher=Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year=1981 |language=en|page=123|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Battle of Kalidindi===<br />
Jayasimha II won the battle of Kalidindi against Cholas to place Vijayaditya VII on Vengi throne.<ref>{{cite book| author=B.R.Gopal| url=https://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo/page/n6/mode/1up|title= The Chalukyas Of Kalyana And The Kalachuris|publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University, Dharwad |year=1981|language=en|page=160|accessdate= 13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
Without some powerful external help, Vijayaditya could not have overcome his brother and seized Vengi; and the only power which could have helped him in the enterprise was the Western Chalukya monarch of Kalyani. Therefore, the Karnataka or the Western Chalukya invasion of Vengi may be assigned to A.D. 1031, and the battle of Kalidindi where the Chola army encountered the Western Chalukyas to the succeeding year.<ref>{{cite book| author=Dr.N. Venkataramanayya| url=https://archive.org/details/venkataramanayya-n.-the-eastern-calukyas-of-vengi/page/n2/mode/1up|title= The Eastern Chalukyas Of Vengi|publisher= Vedam Venkataraya Sastry & Bros.|year=1950|language=en|page=244|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
Western Chalukya general invaded Véngi and captured the city of Bezwada. The Karnataka invasion of Andhra (i.e., Véngi) and the battle described in the present record may have taken place during the same Western Chalukya expedition under Chávanarasa, especially as the distance between Bezwada and Kalidindi is less than 50 miles and victory was not secured by the Chola allies of Rajaraja.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06113/page/n1/mode/1up|title= Epigraphia Indica Volume 29, Issue No. 1-32|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|year=1987|language=en|page=63|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Battle of Ededore===<br />
<br />
In battle of Ededore, emperor Jayasimha II defeated the Cholas and won back province from Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I which was lost earlier.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180704/page/n3/mode/1up|title= Epigraphia Indica Volume 12|year=1913|language=en|page=296|accessdate=13 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|1}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}<br />
*{{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|orig-year= 1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br />
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}<br />
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[[Category:1042 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Western Chalukya kings]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaj_Ki_Raat_Hai_Zindagi&diff=483972Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi2025-12-15T00:17:43Z<p>Polarishealthcare: new</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2015 Indian talk show}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi.jpg<br />
| caption = Inter-title<br />
| genre = [[Talk show]]<br />
| presenter = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
| creator = Uday Shankar<br />
| based_on = ''[[Tonight's the Night (TV series)|Tonight's the Night]]''<br />
| director =<br />
| writer = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* Amitabh Bachchan<br />
* [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]<br />
* [[Sanaya Irani]]<br />
* [[Nandish Singh]]<br />
* [[Karishma Tanna]]<br />
* [[Alia Bhatt]]<br />
}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 13<br />
| country = India<br />
| editor = '''Online Editor(s)''' <br> Jasveer Jatia <br> Amitabh Bachchan <br> Uday Shankar<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| producer = Uday Shankar<br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = <br />
| company = [[BBC Worldwide|BBC Worldwide India]]<br />
| channel = [[STAR Plus]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|10|18}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2016|01|10}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi''''' ({{translation}} ''Today's Night Is the Life'') is an Indian [[entertainment]] [[talk show]] which premiered on 18 October 2015 and was broadcast on [[STAR Plus]]. The series revolved around common people who have accomplished something extraordinary. Every episode of the show featured Bollywood celebrities, who were invited by the host of the show. The series was hosted by [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. Due to low TRPs, the series was last aired on 10 January 2016.<br />
<br />
Development began in September 2015, when Uday Shankar, CEO of STAR Plus, announced his plan to make an Indian version of the British TV series ''[[Tonight's the Night (TV series)|Tonight's the Night]]''. The series received average reviews; one critic said, "Bachchan's show has a good concept but bad packaging", while another said "The concept is beautiful and Amitabh Bachchan is fabulous".<br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi'' presented the journey of people, who, against all odds, helped improve society and were an inspiration for others to change their outlook. The host invited Bollywood celebrities to give a gift to everyday heroes who had helped others. The series brought forth and celebrated unsung heroes who were selfless in their endeavors, who were then given a gift by the invited celebrity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-offers-a-new-and-fresh-format-amitabh-bachchan-1153658.html|title='Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi' offers a new and fresh format: Amitabh Bachchan|newspaper=[[Network 18|News 18]]|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828200912/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-offers-a-new-and-fresh-format-amitabh-bachchan-1153658.html | archivedate=28 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Guests==<br />
Guests on the show included [[Dharmendra]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Maryam Siddiqui]] and [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]. Popular television actresses [[Sanaya Irani]] & [[Rashami Desai]] made an appearances.<br />
<br />
==Development and production==<br />
In September 2015, Uday Shankar, CEO of STAR Plus, had the idea to create an Indian version of the British TV series ''Tonight's the Night''. The series was titled as ''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi'' and was aimed to showcase common people who had accomplished something extraordinary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/45759_Amitabh-Bachchan-to-host-a-new-show-on-Star-Plus|title=Amitabh Bachchan to host a show on Star Plus|newspaper=afaqs!|date=25 September 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> Shankar invited Amitabh Bachchan to host ''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi''; he accepted. Bachchan said, "I got an invitation from the channel to do this show and I liked it." Shankar said that ''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi'' will "not only entertain but also inspire individuals and leave them with a reason to smile". Having collaborated with Bachchan on ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', Shankar said, "We have once again collaborated with the biggest superstar of the country Amitabh Bachchan for a unique project on Indian television."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aaj-Ki-Raat-Hai-Zindagi-Know-everything-about-the-show/photostory/49355762.cms|title=Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi - Know everything about the show|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2015, Hussain Kuwajerwala was finalized to co-host the series along with Bachchan. He said, "It was my birthday on Monday and on Tuesday, I started shooting with him. There couldn’t have been a better birthday gift for me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hussain-kuwajerwala-to-co-host-aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-with-amitabh-bachchan/|title=Hussain Kuwajerwala to co-host 'Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi' with Amitabh Bachchan|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Before the premiere of the series, Bachchan was nervous wondering how the audience would react to the show. He said, "[...] the apprehensions of its receiving or rejection are foremost in the mind."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/amitabh-bachchan-gets-nervous-over-new-tv-show/|title=Amitabh Bachchan gets nervous over new TV show|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=18 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The series premiered on 18 October 2015, on STAR Plus, and was broadcast on Sundays. Every episode featured leading Bollywood celebrities who were invited to gift something to everyday heroes who have helped others in some way. [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]] were the first guests to appear on the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/alia-bhatt-shilpa-shetty-appear-amitabh-bachchans-new-show-aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-photos-650611#hPdqLoM31UoY7RDR.97|title=Alia Bhatt, Shilpa Shetty appear on Amitabh Bachchan's new show 'Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi' [PHOTOS]|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> Being a finite series, it aired its last episode on 10 January 2016 due to low [[Target rating point|TRPs]] with a total of 13 episodes. A source told ''[[Mid-Day]]'' said, "The channel had great expectations from the show [...] However, the plummeting TRPs prove that it has not been able to engage the audience."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/big-bs-aaj-ki-raat-hai-zingagi-is-going-off-air-due-to-low-trp-final-episode-to-feature-dharmendra-302013-2016-01-04|title=Why Big B's Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi is going off air|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=4 January 2016|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi'' earned average reviews from critics. Shruti Kapoor of ''[[India Today]]'' in her review called the series "quite different from ''Tonight's the Night''". She said, "Bachchan's show has a good concept but bad packaging." However, she praised Bachchan's hosting and said, "The only saving grace of the show is Big B himself."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-review-star-plus-amitabh-bachchan-show-has-good-concept-but-bad-packaging-268799-2015-10-19|title=Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi review: Big B's show has a good concept but bad packaging|newspaper=India Today|date=19 October 2015|access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> Tista Sengupta of [[Rediff.com]] in her review, called the series "Inspiring but not so impressive". In addition, she said, "The concept is beautiful and Amitabh Bachchan is fabulous. But ''Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi'' still doesn't get it right."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi-inspiring-but-not-so-impressive-tv/20151019.htm|title=Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi: Inspiring but not so impressive|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref> Rajyasree Sen of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]'' in her review said, "This is not high entertainment from any angle, but it’s a show worth watching simply because it’s such a pleasant change to hear happy and inspiring real-life stories about people making a difference. " She encouraged readers to tune in and watch it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/RBbVSvDYsRphsxmKJBKhoL/Review--Aaj-Ki-Raat-Hai-Zindagi-has-its-heart-in-the-righ.html|title=Review: 'Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi' has its heart in the right place|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=9 November 2015|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist |2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi/5778 Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812210518/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/aaj-ki-raat-hai-zindagi/5778 |date=12 August 2016 }} streaming on [[Hotstar]]<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=5121042}}<br />
<br />
{{Star Plus Shows}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi}}<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agara_metro_station&diff=484797Agara metro station2025-12-09T01:53:26Z<p>Polarishealthcare: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro interchange station for Blue and Red Lines}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Agara<br />
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Red}}<br />
| style = Namma Metro<br />
| image = Agara metro station (Mar '25).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| address = AH45, Agara Village, 1st Sector, HSR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560034<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92053|77.64359|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br>{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} '''''(Under Construction)'''''<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]<br />
| platform = [[Side platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br/><br />
{{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} <br />{{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}<br>[[Side platform]] ''(TBC)''<br>{{font color|Red|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}}<br>{{font color|Red|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''</small><br />
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Agara [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] Bus Terminus<br />
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br>{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} {{start date and age|2030|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| status = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}}} Under Construction<br>{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}}} Under Construction<br />
| code = AGRA '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br />
| architect = <br />
| architectural_style = <br />
| wifi = <br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=HSR Layout|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Ibbaluru|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals|line2=Red|left2=Jakkasandra|to-left2=Hebbala|note-mid2=''(Under Construction)''|right2=Ibbaluru|to-right2=Sarjapura}}<br />
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}} {{BMR Red Line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Agara''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> and proposed [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the main [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]], a major suburban area which was operated by the Madras Engineer Groups and was one of the biggest army cantonments during the British Times. This metro station is adjacent to its neighbouring localities like [[HSR Layout]], [[Koramangala]], [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]] and [[Varthur]]. This metro station (under '''[[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]''') is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Blue Line ===<br />
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Agara metro station, part of the 9.859 km Reach 2A – Package 1 section (Central Silk Board – Kodibeesanahalli) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, [[Afcons Infrastructure]] was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.<br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Agara track layout '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}} * {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} **<br />
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa<br />
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|HSR Layout}} *<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms<br>'''* Under Construction <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Approved'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Mezzanine<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Ibbaluru metro station|Ibbalur]]<br>'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span> <br />
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[HSR Layout metro station|HSR Layout]]</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |<small>''''' ** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Agara track layout '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}<br />
| title-color = white<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} *<br />
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa<br />
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Jakkasandra}} **<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms<br>'''* Under Construction <nowiki>|</nowiki> ** Approved'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Mezzanine<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Sarjapura}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}}<br>'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}}>'''Platform #'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span> <br />
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Jakkasandra}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bangalore]]<br />
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br />
*[[List of metro systems]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br />
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website<br />
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes|red line=yes}}<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilpa_Shastras&diff=466431Shilpa Shastras2025-12-07T16:53:52Z<p>Polarishealthcare: rework formatting as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient umbrella term for numerous Hindu texts}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox<br />
| title = ''Shilpa Shastra''<br />
| image =<br />
{{image array|perrow=2|width=145|height=140<br />
| image1 = Northern Gate, Sanchi Stupa built in 3rd century BC.jpg| caption1 = Temples<br />
| image2 = Jainism Meeting Hall- 16th century India.jpg| caption2 = Carpentry<br />
| image3 = A goddess in the Indian Art section of the Met New York City.jpg| caption3 = Sculpture<br />
| image4 = Andhra Pradesh Royal earrings 1st Century BCE.jpg| caption4 = 1st century BC jewelry<br />
}}<br />
|caption = Shilpa Shastras are ancient texts that describe design and principles for a wide range of arts and crafts.<ref name=sk/><br />
}}<br />
{{Hinduism small}}<br />
'''''Shilpa Shastras''''' ({{langx|sa|शिल्प शास्त्र}} ''{{IAST|śilpa śāstra}}'') literally means the Science of Shilpa (arts and crafts).<ref name=sk>Stella Kramrisch (1958), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/538558 Traditions of the Indian Craftsman], The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, Traditional India: Structure and Change (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230</ref><ref>Sinha, A. (1998), Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras, Journal of Cultural Geography, 17(2), pp. 27-41</ref> It is an ancient umbrella term for numerous [[Hindu texts]] that describe arts, crafts, and their design rules, principles and standards. In the context of [[Hindu temple architecture]] and sculpture, Shilpa Shastras were manuals for sculpture and [[Hindu iconography]], prescribing among other things, the proportions of a sculptured figure, composition, principles, meaning, as well as rules of architecture.<ref>For Śilpa Śāstras as a basis for iconographic standards, see: Hopkins, Thomas J. (1971). The Hindu Religious Tradition. Belmont, California: Dickenson Publishing Company, p. 113.</ref><br />
<br />
Sixty-four techniques for such arts or crafts, sometimes called ''{{IAST|bāhya-kalā}}'' "external or practical arts", are traditionally enumerated, including carpentry, architecture, jewellery, farriery, acting, dancing, music, medicine, poetry etc., besides sixty-four ''{{IAST|abhyantara-kalā}}'' or "secret arts", which include mostly "erotic arts" such as kissing, embracing, etc.<ref>Monier-Williams, Monier, with Ernst Leumann, Carl Capeller, and other scholars (1986). [https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0000/ ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages''] (rev. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. [https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1106.html p. 1073.]</ref><br />
<br />
While Shilpa and [[Vastu Shastra]]s are related, Shilpa Shastras deal with arts and crafts such as forming statues, icons, stone murals, painting, carpentry, pottery, jewellery, dying, textiles and others.<ref>Misra, R. N. (2011), Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society, Social Scientist, Vol. 39, No. 7/8, pages 43-54</ref><ref>M. Chandra (1973), Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics and Coiffures in Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, {{oclc|251930242}}</ref> Vastu Shastras deal with building architecture – building houses, forts, temples, apartments, village and town layout, etc.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Shilpa (शिल्प) refers to any art or craft in ancient Indian texts, while Shastra means science. Together, Shilpa Shastra means the science of art and crafts. The ancient [[Sanskrit]] texts use the term Shilpin (शिल्पिन्, male artist)<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=silpin+&trans=Translate&direction=AU Śilpin] Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany</ref> and Shilpini (शिल्पिनी, female artist)<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=zilpinI&script=&direction=SE&link=yes Śilpini] Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany</ref> for artists and crafts person, while Shilpani refers to works of arts of man.<ref name=sk/><br />
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{{blockquote|''Shilpani'', works of art made by man, are imitations of divine forms; ''shilpa'' artisans, in tune with divine rhythms, produce visual interpretations in spite of the limitations of the human personality.<br />
|[[Aitareya Brahmana]], 6.5.27<ref>Mary-Ann Milford-Lutzker, Intersections: Urban and Village Art in India, Art Journal, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), pp. 22-30</ref>}}<br />
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The meaning of Shilpa, according to [[Stella Kramrisch]], is complex. She writes that it consists of "art, skill, craft, labor, ingenuity, rite and ritual, form and creation."<ref name=sk/><ref name=skramrisch1958>Stella Kramrisch (1958), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/538558 Traditions of the Indian Craftsman], The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 224-230</ref> The range of crafts encompassed by the term Shilpa extends to every aspect of culture, includes sculptor, the potter, the perfumer, the wheelwright, the painter, the weaver, the architect, the dancer, the musician, the arts of love, and others. Ancient Indian texts assert that the number of the arts is unlimited, they deploy sixty-four ''kala'' (कला, techniques)<ref>Vatsyayana, Kamasutra I.3, Jayamangala</ref> and thirty-two {{Transliteration|hi|vidyas}} (विद्या, fields of knowledge).<ref name=sk/><ref>Vatsyayana, Kamasutra, Book I, Chapter 3</ref> Shilpa is discussed in [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamas]], [[Puranas]] and [[Vastu Shastra]] where it is linked to the mythology of [[Vishvakarman|Vishvakarma]].<br />
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==In painting==<br />
Shilpa Shastras include chapters on paintings, both miniature and large.<ref>Isabella Nardi (2006), The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415391955}}, pages 180-187</ref> For example, Narada Shilpa Shastra dedicates chapters 66 and 71 to painting, while Saraswati Shilpa Shastra describes various types of chitra (full painting), ardhachitra (sketch work), chitrabhasa (communication through painting), varna samskara (preparation of colors).<ref>S. Dabhade, {{Google books|SWO7AAAAIAAJ|The Technique of Wall Painting in Ancient India}}, pages 7-12</ref><br />
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Other ancient Shilpa Shastra on painting include Vishnudharmottara Purana and Chitralakshana, the former is available in Sanskrit while the only surviving copies of the latter are in Tibetan (both were originally written on birch bark, and have been translated into English and German).<ref name=isabella6>Isabella Nardi (2006), The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415391955}}</ref> These Sanskrit treatises discuss the following aspects of a painting: measurement, proportions, perspective of the viewer, mudra, emotions, and rasa (meaning). Such an approach to Indian paintings, states Isabella Nardi, make Shilpa Shastra not only canonical textual sources but also a means to transmit knowledge and spiritual themes.<ref name=bravi/><ref name=isabellanardi>Isabella Nardi (2009), Re-evaluating the Role of Text in Indian Art - Towards a Shastric Analysis of the Image of Shri Nathji in Nathdvara Miniature Painting, South Asia Research, July, vol. 29, no. 2, pages 99-126</ref><br />
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==In carpentry==<br />
The first chapter of Shilpa Shastra Manasara discusses the measurement principles for carpentry.<ref>[[Ram Raz]], Henry Harkness (1834), {{Google books|0ahCAAAAcAAJ|Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus}}, pages 3-6, (footnote on page 4)</ref> The 9th-century version of Mayamata text of Tamil Nadu and 16th-century version of Shilparatna of Odisha describe {{Transliteration|hi|takshaka}} and {{Transliteration|hi|vardhaki}} as wood Shilpins; takshaka possesses the knowledge of wood types and practices the art of cutting wood, while {{Transliteration|hi|vardhaki}} possesses the knowledge of wood forms and practices the art of carpentry.<ref>Naoki Ideno (2007), The Artisans' Duty and Ability in Shilpa-Shastras, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 55(2), pages 788-784</ref> One of the earliest mentions of carpentry arts is in Book 9, Chapter 112 of Rig Veda.<ref>R Vyas (1992), Nature of Indian Culture, South Asia Books, {{ISBN|978-8170223887}}, pages 20-21</ref> Carpentry was also an essential Shilpa Shastra during the construction of a [[Hindu temple]].<ref>C. Purdon Clarke (1883), Some notes upon the Domestic Architecture of India, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41334942 The Journal of the Society of Arts], Vol. 31, No. 1594 (JUNE 8), pages 731-756</ref><br />
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==In metallurgy==<br />
[[File:Delhi Iron pillar, 2010-09-27.jpg|thumb|The 4th-century CE 99.7% pure Iron pillar in Delhi reflecting the metal-related shilpa in ancient India.<ref name=rbpillar/> The pillar was moved and reinstalled near Qutb complex about 1000 years later. The upper part of the pillar remains without any rust damage; the lower, reinstalled in-ground part shows signs of rust.]]<br />
The Vedas, particularly [[Atharva veda]] and Sthapatya veda, describe many kinds of arts and crafts in their discussion of Shilpa Shastra and Yantra Sarvasva. The Rig veda, states Ravi,<ref name=bravi>B. Ravi (2003), Investment casting development - Ancient and Modern Approaches, National Conference on Investment Casting Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, IIT Bombay</ref> mentions equipment used in casting, such as dhamatri ([[Reverberatory furnace|cupola]]), {{Transliteration|hi|gharma aranmaya}} ([[crucible]]) and {{Transliteration|hi|bhastri}} ([[Bellows|blower]]). These discussions are in the context of making idols, and describe rules to achieve the best {{Transliteration|hi|talmana}} (proportions), {{Transliteration|hi|mudra}} (stance) and {{Transliteration|hi|bhava}} (expression).<ref name=bravi/><ref name="isabellanardi"/><br />
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Sanskrit texts such as Shilparatna<ref>Hans Losch, Sources of Sri Kumara's Shilparatna, Anal. Bhandarkar Orient. Res., Vol. 31, pages 152-164</ref> and Manasara<ref>While Manasara, sometimes spelled Manava sara, has extensive discussions on architecture, guidelines for ancient village and town planning, it has section on metal art works as well; See: Koenigsberger (1952), New towns in India, Town Planning Review, 23(2): 95-99; Acharya (1933), Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture, Mansara Series 1-4, Oxford University Press - A version was reprinted in 1995 as {{ISBN|978-8186142721}}</ref> describe in detail the process and principles for art work with metals, particularly for alloys such as [[panchadhatu]] (five metals – zinc, tin, copper, silver and gold) and [[ashtadhatu]] (eight metal alloys – which adds iron, lead and mercury to panchadhatu).<ref name=bravi/> Madhuchista Vidhana (cire perdue or lost wax) casting process is the most discussed process in these ancient shilpa shastras with metals.<ref name=bravi/><ref>Pupul Jayakar(1984), Metal Casting from Kerala, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, DESIGN: TRADITION AND CHANGE (December 1984), pp. 63-68</ref> Kirk suggests that these Shastras diffused from India to other ancient cultures in Asia.<ref>Kirk, W. (1975), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796941 The role of India in the diffusion of early cultures], Geographical Journal, Vol. 141, No. 1, 19-34</ref><br />
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While there is empirical evidence of high purity metallurgy and art works with other metals, some ancient Shilpa Shastras have been lost. For example, the 5th century [[Iron Pillar of Delhi]], which stands 23 feet, weighs 6 tonnes and contains 99.72% iron without showing any signs of rust, is empirical evidence of the state of metallurgical arts in 5th-century India.<ref name=bravi/><ref name=rbpillar>R Balasubramaniam (1998), The decorative bell capital of the Delhi iron pillar, JOM, 50(3): 40-47, {{doi|10.1007/s11837-998-0378-3}}</ref><br />
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==Shilpa Shastra education in ancient India==<br />
;No barriers<br />
Arts were the domain of all classes and genders in ancient India.<ref>Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0222-3}}</ref> The ancient texts of [[Parashara]] state that all crafts were practised by anyone irrespective of their family's occupation.<ref name=sk/> The Buddhist ''Jatakas'' mention Brahmana carpenters, the 4th-century text ''Baudhayana'' describes<ref>Baudhayana, XXV.13.22</ref> chariot builders, carpenters, brick-workers, potters and metal workers from people classified as Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. ''Suttavibhanga'' describes builders and wheelwrights born to Shudra fathers and Brahmana mothers.<ref name=sk/> The goldsmiths of Maharashtra included children born in cattle-herding families. There is no particular community in Assam Valley that is exclusive to traditional crafts such as bamboo and cane. Present day, it is done by particularly the peasants irrespective of caste, community or creed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/northeastern-regional-centre/bamboo-and-cane-culture-of-assam/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829061649/http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/northeastern-regional-centre/bamboo-and-cane-culture-of-assam/|archive-date=2021-08-29|title=Bamboo and Cane Culture of Assam &#124; IGNCA}}</ref><br />
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;Apprenticeship<br />
Apprentices joined and trained under masters. The best were adopted and recognised as members of various art guilds.<ref name=sk/> The training began from childhood, and included studies about [[dharma]], culture, reading, writing, mathematics, geometry, colors, tools, as well as trade secrets – these were called Tradition.<ref name=sk/><ref name=skvol1/><br />
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;Guilds<br />
Shilpins had formed ''[[śreṇi]]'' (guilds) in ancient India. Each guild formed its own laws and code of conduct, one the ancient Hindu and Buddhist kings of India respected by tradition. In some cases, the king established the laws of the guilds;<ref>Manusmriti VIII.41</ref> in some cases, the king's treasurer had the final word and served as judge of various guilds in a kingdom.<ref>Nigrodha Jataka VI.427</ref> These guilds, in the 1st millennium BC, included all those who practised the art irrespective of the artist's caste or creed.<ref name=sk228>Stella Kramrisch (1958), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/538558 Traditions of the Indian Craftsman], The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, Traditional India: Structure and Change (Jul. - Sep., 1958), pp. 228</ref> The income of each guild came from fees paid by new members joining the guild, from fines on those violating the code of conduct established by the guild, and levies on tools used for that art. The guilds also performed charity and gifted collective works of art by their members to temples and other social works.<ref name=sk228/> During festivals and social celebrations, each guild would contribute their own performance and pavilions with flags and emblems.<br />
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;Art is spiritual<br />
Creative work and artists were granted the sanctions of a sacrament in ancient Indian culture, states Stella Kramrisch.<ref name=skvol1>Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0222-3}}</ref> An artist expresses the spiritual and holiness in his or her art. This belief continues to manifest itself in modern India in the form of rituals, where in an autumn festival (Dashahra), craftsmen in parts of India worship their tools with incense, flowers and unhusked rice.<br />
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Brhat Samhita at verses 57.10-11 describes the practice of carpenters offering prayers and seeking forgiveness of a tree before cutting it for wood. The axe used to cut the tree would be rubbed with honey and butter to minimise the hurt to the tree, which was considered a living being. Craft was seen as application of essence of [[Purusha]] (Universal Principles) to parts of nature so as to transform it into a work of art.<ref>Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1 & 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0222-3}}</ref><ref name=hgood>Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, Bloomsbury Academic, pp 121-125</ref><br />
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==Treatises on Shilpa Shastras==<br />
Some known Shilpa Shastras-related manuscripts include:<ref name=pka>Acharya P.K. (1946), [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture], Oxford University Press</ref><ref>[http://www.cca.qc.ca/system/items/3991/original/Coll_Vastu_Shastra-biblio.pdf?1268241215 Bibliography of Vastu Shastra Literature, 1834-2009] CCA</ref><br />
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{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*Mayashastra (image printing, wall decoration)<br />
*Bimbamana (painting)<br />
*[[Shukra-Niti]] (pratima – murti or vigraha making, icon design)<br />
*Suprabhedagama<br />
*Vishnu dharmottara purana (literature, music, theatre, dance, painting, sculpture, iconography, architecture)<br />
*[[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agama]]s (have chapters on other shilpa shastras)<br />
*Agni purana (iconography)<br />
*[[Brahmanda purana]] (mostly architecture, some sections on arts)<br />
*Vastu vidya<br />
*Pratima lakshana vidhanam<br />
*Gargeyam<br />
*Manasara (many chapters on casting, moulding carving, polishing and making of arts and crafts)<br />
*Atriyam<br />
*Pratima mana lakshanam (includes chapters on repair of broken idols and art works)<br />
*Dasa tala nyagrodha pari mandala<br />
*Sambudhabhasita pratima lakshana vivarana nama<br />
*Mayamatam (construction – architecture, vehicles, etc.)<br />
*[[Brhat Samhita]]<br />
*Shilpa ratnam (Purvabhaga book has 46 chapters on arts and construction of house/towns, Uttarabhaga has 35 chapters on sculpture, icons and related topics of smaller scale)<br />
*Yukti kalpataru (various arts, including jewelry)<br />
*Shilpa kala darsanam<br />
*Samarangana Sutradhara<br />
*Vishva karma prakasam<br />
*[[Matsya purana]]<br />
*Garuda purana<br />
*Kashyapa shilpashastra<br />
*Bhavishya purana (mostly architecture, some sections on arts)<br />
*Alankara shastra<br />
*Artha shastra (general crafts such as windows and doors, as well as public utilities)<br />
*Chitra kalpa (ornaments)<br />
*Chitra karmashastra<br />
*Maya shilpashastra (in Tamil)<br />
*Vishvakarma shilpa (arts on columns, wood working)<br />
*Agastya (wood based arts and crafts)<br />
*Mandana Shilpa Shastra (diya, lamps related crafts)<br />
*Ratna shastra (pearls, string, jewelry crafts)<br />
*Ratna pariksha (jewelry)<br />
*Ratna samgraha (jewelry)<br />
*Laghu ratna pariksha (jewelry, lapidary)<br />
*Manimahatmya (lapidary)<br />
*Agastimata (lapidary crafts)<br />
*Anangaranga (erotic arts)<br />
*Kamasutra (artistic activities)<br />
*Rati rahasya (erotic arts)<br />
*Kandarpa chudamani (erotic arts)<br />
*Natya shastra (theatre, dance, music, fragments on painting and sculpture)<br />
*Nrttaratnavali (crafts for fashion and public performance)<br />
*Sangita ratna kara (crafts for fashion, dance and public performance)<br />
*Nalapaka (food, utensils, and culinary crafts)<br />
*Paka darpana (food, utensils, and culinary crafts)<br />
*Paka vijnana (food, utensils, and culinary crafts)<br />
*Pakarnava (food, utensils, and culinary crafts)<br />
*Kuttanimatam (textile arts)<br />
*Kadambari by Banabhatta (chapters on textile art and crafts)<br />
*Samaymatrka (textile arts)<br />
*Yantra Kosha (musical instruments, [https://archive.org/stream/yantrakoshaorat00tagogoog#page/n6/mode/2up Overview] in Bengali Language)<br />
*Sangita ratna kara (music crafts)<br />
*Śilpa-ratna-kośa (architecture, sculpture)<br />
*Cilappatikaaram (a 2nd-century Tamil classic on music and dance, sections on musical instruments)<br />
*Manasollasa (arts and crafts relating to musical instruments, cooking, textiles, decoration)<br />
*Vastuvidya (sculpture, icons, painting, and minor arts and crafts)<br />
*Upavana vinoda (Sanskrit treatise on arbori-horticulture arts, garden house design, aspects of house plants related crafts)<br />
*Vastusutra Upanishad (oldest known Sanskrit Shilpa Shastra text, 6 chapters, deals with image making, describes how image arts are means of communicating emotions and spiritual freedom).<br />
}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
<br />
* {{Annotated link |Artistic canons of body proportions#Classical India}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Hindu iconography}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Hindu temple}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Murti}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Talamana}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Vastu shastra}}<br />
* {{Annotated link |Vishvakarma}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Isabella Nardi (2006), The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415391955}}<br />
*[[Alain Daniélou]], Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation: The Four Aims of Life, {{ISBN|0-89281-218-4}} - Chapter "The Thirty-two sciences" on Shilpa Shastra<br />
*S. Dabhade, {{Google books|SWO7AAAAIAAJ|The Technique of Wall Painting in Ancient India}}<br />
*P. K. Acharya, ''Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra'', All 6 volumes, London (1927).<br />
*Dr. G.Gnanananda, "Sri Kashyapa Shilpa shastram (Uttarardha)-1998, Karnataka Shilpakala Academy Publication, "Sri Kashyapa Shilpa shastram (Poorvardha) Volume - 1, 2004 , Volume -2, 2006- Karnataka Shilpakala Academy Publication.<br />
* P.N. Bose, ''Principles of Indian Shilpa Shastra with text of Mayamata'', Oxford University Press<br />
*D.N. Shukla (1967), ''Shilpa Shastra'', Vastuvanmaya Prakashan, Lucknow<br />
* Pillai, G. K. (1948). The way of the silpis: Or, Hindu approach to art and science. Allahabad: Indian Press, {{oclc|4483067}}<br />
*V.S. Agarwala, ''The Heritage of Indian Art'', Bombay (1964)<br />
* Dr G.Gnanananda, "Sri Brahmeeya chitrakarma shastra ( 5 Volumes), Sanskriti Sahithya Pratisthana, Publications, Bangalore. Translated into Kannada and published in 5 volumes, source of information on Vaishnava Shilpa Shastra. # 1300 Pages.<br />
*T. Finot (1896), [https://archive.org/stream/leslapidairesind00finouoft#page/n5/mode/2up Les lapidaires indiens], (in French)<br />
* Dr G Gnanananda, "Paramparika Shilpa: Nenne-Naale (2011-3rd publication)", Sanskriti Sahithya Pratisthana, Publications, Bangalore - This book is a study of traditional sculptures and Temple Architectures. <br />
*Dr G Gnanananda, "Aalaya Darshana - A Book 12.describing mysticism and symbolism involved in Dravidian Temple. (2013, 2019) -Karnataka Shilpakala Academy Publication. <br />
*Vastu-Shilpa Kosha, Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu/S.K.Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books, (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series) {{ISBN|978-93-81218-51-8}} (Set)<br />
*{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Thomas J.|title=The Hindu Religious Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/hindureligioustr00hopk |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=Dickenson Publishing Company|location=Belmont, California }}<br />
*Amita Sinha, ''Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras'', Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 17, 1998.<br />
*Dr G Gnanananda, "Shilpaadarsh Volume-1 (1999)", "Shilpaadarsh Volume-2 (2002)", Published by Hampi University.<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/aitareyabrahmana04hauguoft ''Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda''], English translation by Martin Haug. Allahabad: Sudhindra Nath Vasu, 1922.<br />
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manasara-english-translation Manasara (English translation)] by Prasanna Kumar Acharya, 1933 (includes glossary)<br />
*{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu texts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]<br />
[[Category:Indian iconography]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odisha_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology&diff=450396Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology2025-12-04T12:04:11Z<p>Polarishealthcare: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
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<div>{{short description|Public agricultural university in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox University<br />
| name = Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology<br />
| native_name = ଓଡ଼ିଶା କୃଷି ଓ ବୈଷୟିକ ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| image = Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology logo.png<br />
| motto = <br />
| established = 1962<br />
| chancellor = [[Governor of Odisha]]<br />
| vice_chancellor = [[Prof. Pravat Kumar Roul]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Vice Chancellor|url=http://ouat.nic.in/aboutvicechancellor|website=ouat.nic.in|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330212257/http://ouat.nic.in/aboutvicechancellor|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/ouat-vc-made-honorary-colonel-commandant/|title=OUAT VC made Honorary Colonel Commandant|date=2019-01-17|website=Orissa POST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><br />
| city = [[Bhubaneshwar]]<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| students = <br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]]<br />
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]<br />
| affiliations = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Veterinary Council of India|VCI]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ouat Accreditation |url=https://ouat.ac.in/college-of-basic-science-humanities-bhubaneswar/about/#:~:text=ICAR%20and%20others.-,Prof.,Nandita%20Swain%2C%20Director&text=This%20institute%20is%20NAAC%20accredited,the%20journey%20of%20intellectual%20transformation. }}</ref><br />
| website = {{url|https://ouat.ac.in}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology''' ('''OUAT''') was established in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India in 1962 by then Chief Minister Shri [[Biju Patnaik]]. It is the second oldest agricultural university in the country. It is dedicated to agriculture-related research, extension and education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/aug/25/odisha-university-of-agriculture-and-technology-to-get-pulses-research-centre-1862540.html|title=Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology to get pulses research centre|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 August 2018 |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><br />
The university has 11 constituent colleges and separate wings for research, extension services and planning, monitoring & evaluation, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/ouat-courses-to-be-industry-specific.html|title=OUAT courses to be industry-specific|author=<!--staff writer-->|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><br />
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==Campuses==<br />
OUAT has four academic campuses across Odisha; one each at Bhubaneswar, Chiplima ([[Sambalpur]]), Rangeilunda ([[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]) and [[Bhawanipatna]] (built in 2009). The main academic and administrative unit is at the heart of Bhubaneswar (Latitude : 20° 15'N, Longitude : 85° 52' E), the capital city of Odisha.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} It has its jurisdiction over entire state of Orissa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5894/1/orissa_university_of_agriculture_and_technology.pdf |title=The Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Act, 1965}}</ref><br />
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==Education==<br />
The university aims to provide quality education in agricultural science and technology. The university offers the following degrees: B.Sc. (agriculture), M.Sc. (agriculture), B.Sc. (forestry), B.V.Sc. & A.H., M.V.Sc., B.Tech., M.Tech., B.Sc. (Home.Sc.), B.F.Sc., M.F.Sc.,+2 Science, B.Sc. (Pass & Hons), MBA ([[Agribusiness]] Management), MCA., M.Sc.and bsc (Microbiology), M.Sc. (Bioinformatics), B.Sc.and M.Sc. (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology) and Ph.D. in some of the selected branches such as Ph.D. in Mathematics, Physics, Zoology, Botany and Microbiology.<br />
<br />
[[File:360° photo sphere of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology.jpg|thumb|360° photo sphere of OUAT]]<br />
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At the pace of the decades, the University has grown with eight colleges and one Centre for Post-Graduate studies with an annual intake capacity of 1342 students. The latest college was the College of Horticulture in Chipilima. A ninth college is scheduled to open in Bhawanipatna in 2010. The colleges are:<br />
<br />
*'''College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar'''<br />
*'''College of Agriculture, Chiplima, Sambalpur'''<br />
*[[College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna]] (started in 2009)<br />
*[[College of Forestry, Bhubaneswar]] (started in 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/ouat-team-experts-from-nandankanan-treat-ailing-elephant-in-athagarh/|title=OUAT Team, Experts From Nandankanan Treat Ailing Elephant In Athagarh| author=<!--staff writer--> |date=2019-01-14|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><br />
*'''College of Horticulture, Chipilima, Sambalpur'''<br />
*'''College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar'''<br />
*[[College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology (CAET), Bhubaneswar]]<br />
*'''College of Fisheries, Rangeilunda, Brahmapur'''<br />
*[[College of Basic Science and Humanities]] Bhubaneswar<br />
*'''College of Home Science, Bhubaneswar'''<br />
*[[Center for Post-Graduate Studies, Bhubaneswar]]<br />
([[College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar]] was a constituent college from 1981–2002, it has been curved to separate technical university for science & engineering research-based university by Government of Odisha, known as [[Odisha_University_of_Technology_and_Research]])<br />
<br />
Efforts were successful to upgrade the Department of Forestry to a College of Forestry in Bhubaneswar and this change was done on 8 June 2010.<br />
<br />
The University has become the Alumnae of 12,934 graduates, 3,883 post-graduates and 213 Ph.Ds. in Agriculture and allied disciplines by the end of 2005–06. Thus, the University could meet the bulk need of the trained manpower of the State in agriculture and allied sectors.<br />
<br />
== Vice-Chancellors ==<br />
The University has made steady progress under the able guidance of: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ouat.nic.in/about_university|title=About University &#124; OUAT|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304005500/http://ouat.nic.in/about_university|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
# Mr. M.C. Pradhan (29.9.62 to 28.9.65)<br />
# Dr. K. Ramiah (1.11.65 to 15.3.68)<br />
# Dr. B.Samantarai (16.3.68 to 5.6.71)<br />
# Dr. Ch. N. Nanda (6.6.71 to 16.7.73)<br />
# Sri J.Das( 17.7.73 to 14.10.76)<br />
# Dr. K., Kanungo (15.10.76 to 31.7.81)<br />
# [[Baidyanath Misra|Dr. Baidyanath Misra]] (1.8.81 to 28.3.85)<br />
# Sri K. Rammurthy (5.4.85 to 22.4.88)<br />
# Dr. N. Pattnaik (24.4.88 to 4.2.92)<br />
# Dr. I.C. Mahapatra (5.2.92 to 17.8.94)<br />
# Dr. K. Pradhan (5.9.94 to 5.9.97)<br />
# Mr. R.K. Bhujabala (8.10.97 to 31.10.2000)<br />
# Mr. Sahadev Sahoo (1.11.2000 to 31.10.2003)<br />
# Dr. B.Senapati (12.12.2003 to 18.12.2006)<br />
# Prof. D.P Ray (18.12.2006 to 17.12.2012)<br />
# Prof.M.Kar (17.03.2013 to 28.03.2016)<br />
# Prof S. Pasupalak (28.03.2016 to 21.03.2019) <br />
# Dr. Pawan Kumar Agrawal (14.05.2019 - Present)<br />
# Dr. Pravat Kumar Roul ( 09.09.2022- present)<br />
<br />
==Research and extension==<br />
<br />
The University has strengthened its research and extension base by establishing eight Zonal Research Stations, four Zonal Sub-stations, 7 Commodity Research Stations and 13 Adaptive Research Stations spread over the state/ along with 48 All India Coordinated Research Projects. Also, more than 41 National Agricultural Technology Projects are in operation. A number of ad-hoc projects funded by different external agencies are also implemented in the University. Some of the eminent faculties such as Dr Biswaranjan Paital, Dr Himansu Sekhar Sahoo, Prof. Gyana Ranjan Rout have made the University proud by publishing their research in very high impact factor (IF 6-18) Journals. Notably, for the fourth time from 2021,Dr Paital is ranked among the top 2% of the scientists of the world as ranked by the Stanford University, USA and published by Elsevier. <br />
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The University has a separate Directorate of Extension Education which refines technologies and disseminates knowledge to the farming community through a network of 31 KVKs in all Districts of Odisha under different agro-climatic zones. It also provides feedback to the research system for finding a solution to the farmer's problems. Transfer of knowledge programmes are carried out through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), University Extension Block Programme (UEBP), Information and Communication wing, Distance Education, Video Project, Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC), Kissan Call Centre (KCC) and Odisha Gender Resources Centre (OGRC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ouat-students-get-field-exposure-to-provide-real-time-exposure/articleshow/64849749.cms|title=OUAT students get field exposure to provide real-time exposure - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2018 |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/ouat-second-in-maximum-number-of-students-to-qualify-for-jrf-scholarships/articleshow/63175323.cms|title=OUAT second in maximum number of students to qualify for JRF scholarships - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2018 |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/training-operation-maintenance-micro-hydro-plants-ouat-bhubaneswar/|title=Training on "operation and maintenance of micro-hydro plants" at OUAT, Bhubaneswar| author=<!--staff writer--> |date=2018-08-29|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref><br />
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{{coord|20.264512|85.81202|type:edu|display=title}}<br />
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== Rankings ==<br />
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework) ranked it 15th among Agriculture institutes in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official|http://www.ouat.nic.in}}<br />
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{{India-agri-stub}}<br />
<br />
{{Commons cat|Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology}}<br />
<br />
{{Universities in Odisha}}<br />
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]<br />
[[Category: Agricultural universities and colleges in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category: Universities in Bhubaneswar]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Orissa]]</div>Polarishealthcarehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Kothapalli&diff=499453G. Kothapalli2025-11-23T05:16:33Z<p>Polarishealthcare: created data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Kothapalle (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = G. Kothapalli<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Racherla]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 5071<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(f2andj3veewhsv55o1nobjby))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633634 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141120175055/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(f2andj3veewhsv55o1nobjby))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=633634 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=20 November 2014 }}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = AP <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''G. Kothapalli''' is a village in [[Prakasam district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Racherla]] [[mandal]]. The "G" in the name of village of stands for neighbouring village Gudimetta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/prakasam.pdf |website=Revenue Department - AP Land |publisher=National Informatics Center |accessdate=20 November 2014 |page=10 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/prakasam.pdf |archivedate=14 December 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]</div>Polarishealthcare