Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

1985 Merapani Incident

2026-05-08T06:40:47Z

Pnbh11: adding basic entry w/ sources!

{{Short description|Cross-border armed clashes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1985 Merapani Incident
| width = 315
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| date = 4–8 June 1985
| place = [[Assam–Nagaland border]]
| result = ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''
| units1 = [[Assam Police]]
| units2 = [[Nagaland Police]]<br/> [[File:Unofficial_flag_of_Nagaland.svg|18px|link=]] [[Insurgency in Nagaland|Naga Rebels]]
| units3 = [[File:BSF_Flag.svg|18px|link=]] [[Border Security Force]]<br/>[[File:Assam_Rifles_Flag.svg|18px|link=]] [[Assam Rifles]]
| casualties1 = 28 killed
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casualties3 = None
| casualties4 = 13–100+ civilians killed (Assam only)
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal_of_Assam.svg|18px|link=]] [[Assam]]
| combatant2 = [[Nagaland]]<br/>[[File:Unofficial_flag_of_Nagaland.svg|18px|link=]] [[Insurgency in Nagaland|Naga Rebels]]
| combatant3 = {{flag|India}}
}}
The '''1985 Merapani Incident''' was a violent confrontation between police forces from the [[Indian states]] of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]. Lasting for over three days from the evening of 4 June 1985, to the early hours of 8 June 1985, the conflict arose over a border fence dispute, resulting in significant casualties and widespread destruction in the [[Merapani]] area of the [[Doyang Reserve Forest]].<ref name="nytimes19850608">{{Cite news |date=8 June 1985 |title=Around the World; 32 Indians Are Killed in a Police Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/08/world/around-the-world-32-indians-are-killed-in-a-police-battle.html |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=The New York Times |pages=5 |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Assam-Nagaland Border Conflict|inter-state boundary dispute]] between [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] originated in 1963 when Nagaland was carved out of Assam. The two states share a 512.1 km-long border.<ref name="landconflictwatch">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ashmita |date=September 2016 |title=Assam-Nagaland Border Dispute |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/assam-nagaland-border-dispute |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=Land Conflict Watch}}</ref>

Nagaland's creation was formalized by an act of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], specifying the boundary between [[Tuensang district]] and [[Assam]], and the [[Nagaland State Act of 1962]] defined borders according to a 1925 notification, but Nagaland contested this delineation, demanding the inclusion of [[Nagalim|Naga-dominated areas in Assam]].<ref name="landconflictwatch"/> They also asserted historical claims that extended further north. The [[Sundaram Commission]] (1972–76) concluded that Nagaland's claim to 4,975 square miles of Assam's territory lacked verifiable evidence. The colonial merger of the [[Naga Hills district]] with [[Assam]] in 1873 was cited as evidence by the commission.<ref name="epw2007">{{Cite journal |last=Gohain |first=Hiren |date=11 August 2007 |title=Violent Borders: Killings in Nagaland-Assam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419887 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=42 |issue=32 |pages=3280-3283 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roychoudhury |first=Shibaji |date=2014-08-27 |title=What you need to know about the five-decade border conflict between Assam and Nagaland |url=http://scroll.in/article/676175/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-five-decade-border-conflict-between-assam-and-nagaland |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Despite constitutional arbitration and commissions' findings, [[Nagaland]] pursued a policy of extending its northern boundary.<ref name="epw2007" /> [[Border Security Force|Neutral forces]] in the region also failed to take action.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |date=15 October 1987 |title=Naga settlers cause tension in border villages of Assam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871015-naga-settlers-cause-tension-in-border-villages-of-assam-799401-1987-10-14 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The Merapani Clash was not an isolated incident. Previous clashes in [[1965 Kakodonga Incident|1965]], [[1968 Doyang Forest Reserve Clash|1968]], [[1979 Chungajan Clash|1979]], and [[1982 New Chunthia Firing|1982]] had occurred, killing thousands among them. The [[Government of Assam|Assam government]] had filed a case in the [[Indian Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] seeking the identification of boundaries and resolution of border disputes, which remained pending by 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-02-19 |title=Border tussle between Assam and Nagaland leaves a village in the dark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/border-tussle-between-assam-and-nagaland-leaves-a-village-in-the-dark/article66529042.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== Immediate background ===
Prior to the clash, there was a culmination of escalating tensions, triggered by the construction of a check post and border fence by the [[Assam Forest Department]] near [[Merapani]] police station, violating a [[1972 Assam-Nagaland Border Agreement|1972 agreement]] between [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]]. Disputes over territory and frequent assaults on civilians further heightened tensions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=30 June 1985 |title=Merapani village between Assam-Nagaland border becomes a bloody battlefield |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850630-merapani-village-between-assam-nagaland-border-becomes-a-bloody-battlefield-770165-2013-12-19 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Conflict ===
The clash commenced on the evening of June 4, 1985, coinciding with discussions between commissioners of the two states aimed at defusing tensions. [[Nagaland]] stated that the reason for the clash was the aforementioned violation of the [[1972 Assam-Nagaland Border Agreement|1972 agreement]], whereas the [[Government of Assam|Assamese government]] insisted the attack was unprovoked. The ensuing violence resulted in the destruction of [[Merapani]] Bazar, the Assam police station, and numerous civilian settlements. Over 27,000 villagers were rendered destitute. Conservative estimates suggested at least 41 fatalities, with over 28 being police officers, and over a hundred wounded.<ref name=":0" />

Sporadic incidents continued despite the presence of the [[Assam Rifles]], prompting senior [[Government of India|Central government]] officials, including [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]] [[Ram Dulari Sinha]], to intervene.

Survivors reported [[Naga Armed Police]] units perched on hills, using [[medium machine guns]], three inch mortars, and [[rocket launchers]] to attack [[Assam police]] positions. The fusillade continued all night, leading to the destruction of Merapani Bazar and [[Assam Police|police station]].

The [[Government of Nagaland|Nagaland Government]] claimed that tension escalated when the [[Assam Forest Department]] constructed a checkpost near [[Merapani]] police station, violating the 1972 agreement on maintaining status in disputed areas. The [[Government of Assam|Assamese]], however, asserted that the Nagaland attack was unprovoked and followed a series of assaults on civilians.<ref name="epw2007" />

== Casualties and destruction ==
According to Assamese government records, the three-day clash resulted in 41 deaths, including 28 Assamese police personnel, and 89 policemen and 12 civilians were injured. The casualties on the Naga side are unknown. Extensive destruction occurred in the [[Merapani]] area, affecting 96 villages, displacing 32,229 refugees, and damaging numerous structures, including schools, temples, and police stations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Talukdar |first=Sushanta |date=17 September 2014 |title=Clashes and casualties |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/clashes-and-casualties/article6415853.ece |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

Other sources indicate that over a hundred Assamese villagers were massacred after the Naga gained control of the area.<ref name="epw2007" />

== Aftermath ==
The Nagas eventually returned to [[Wokha district|their side of the border]], and [[Assam Rifles|neutral forces]] eventually took up patrol positions in the region.

The boundary dispute had economic dimensions, with timber and oil resources in the region adding complexity to the issue. In the conflicts aftermath, the destruction of forests affected plywood factories, and unscrupulous logging exacerbated tensions.

Despite assurances from both state governments that such incidents would not recur, the aftermath of the clash witnessed ongoing tensions and sporadic incidents of arson and assaults on civilians. The [[Government of India|Centre]] faced challenges in dealing with the situation firmly due to ongoing crises in [[Khalistan Insurgency|Punjab]] and [[1985 Gujarat riots|Gujarat]]. Despite meetings between [[chief ministers]] and [[Government of India|central officials]], a lasting resolution remained elusive. The border problem continued to be volatile, with concerns about the involvement of armed groups and external influences.<ref name=":0" />

In 2004, [[2004 Golaghat clashes|clashes]] in [[Golaghat]] once again ignited fears of a repeat incident leading to hundreds fleeing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullock |first=Dutta |date=23 February 2004 |title=Merapani faces exodus |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/merapani-faces-exodus/cid/771541 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

Other violent incidents took place along the border in [[1989 Rajapukhari Clash|1989]], [[2011 Merapani Clashes|2011]], and [[2014 Golaghat Clashes|2014]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Merapani Incident, 1985}}
[[Category:June 1985 in India]]
[[Category:1985 murders in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Assam]]
[[Category:1980s in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Crime in Assam]]
[[Category:Crime in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1985 mass murders]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]

Tezpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T16:12:17Z

Pnbh11: started basic info more to come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tezpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 67
| map_image = Tezpur Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Tezpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Tezpur is also part of [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful parties from Tezpur Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=52|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (9 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=30|label2=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' ( 5 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value3=6|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' ( 1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|value4=6|label4=[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha|'''Bishnu Prasad Rabha(Ind)''' ( 1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}|value5=6|label5=[[Brindaban Goswami|'''Brindaban Goswami(Ind)'''( 1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value6=|label6=|color6=|value7=|label7=|color7=|value8=|label8=|color8=}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful M.L.A.s from Tezpur Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=30|label1=[[Brindaban Goswami|'''Brindaban Goswami (AGP)''' (5 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value2=17|label2=[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala|'''Kamala Prasad Agarwala (INC)''' (3 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value3=6|label3=[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati|'''Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati (INC)''' (1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|value4=6|label4=[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha|'''Bishnu Prasad Rabha (Ind)''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}|value5=6|label5=[[Rajen Borthakur|'''Rajen Borthakur (INC)''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|value6=6|label6=[[Prithiraj Rava|'''Prithiraj Rava (AGP)''' (1 Time)]]|color6={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|value7=35|label7='''Others''' (5 Times)|color7={{party color|Independent}}|value8=|label8=|color8=}}

===Tezpur Assembly Constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Term
!Member of Legislative Assembly
! colspan="2" |Party
!'''Margin of Victory'''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Known as Tezpur North & Tezpur South before Delimitation(1952–1957)'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Biswadev Sharma]]
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala]]
|
|
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Known as Tezpur after Delimitation(1957 till date)'''
|-
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamala Prasad Agarwala]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]
|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|373
|-
|1970^
|[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rabindra Kumar Goswami
|4,149
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Jiban Bora]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2015-02-13 |title=Prof. Jiban Bora: A Tribute |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/prof-jiban-bora-a-tribute |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Janata Party]]
|9,061
|-
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|Nabin Chandra Kath Hazarika
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|5,084
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Brindaban Goswami]]
|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|20,120
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Bijit Saikia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=Veteran politician Bijit Saikia no more |url=https://assamtribune.com/veteran-politician-bijit-saikia-no-more |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|10,531
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Brindaban Goswami]]
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|1,883
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|994
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|8,424
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Rajen Borthakur]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|21,582
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Brindaban Goswami]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|34,663
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Prithiraj Rava]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tezpur Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tezpur-assam-assembly-constituency#2021 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|9,853
|}
^By-poll

== Assembly election results ==
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful 1st Runner-up parties from Tezpur Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=48|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (8 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value2=11|label2=[[Congress Socialist Party|'''Congress Socialist Party'''(2 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|value3=6|label3=[[Praja Socialist Party|'''Praja Socialist Party''' (1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|value4=6|label4=[[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value5=6|label5=[[Samyukta Socialist Party|'''Samukya Socialist Party''' ( 1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|value6=6|label6=[[Natun Asom Gana Parishad|'''Natun Asom Gana Parishad''' (1 Time)]]|color6={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value7=6|label7=[[Communist Party of India|'''Communist Party of India''' (1 Time)]]|color7={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|value8=11|label8=[[Independent politician|'''Independents''' (2 Times)]]|color8={{party color|Independent}}}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Biswadev Sarma|votes=12,849|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Surendra Mohan Choudhury|votes=5,612|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box new seat win||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamala Prasad Agarwala|votes=10,403|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Party (India)|candidate=Dambarudhar Bora|votes=3,265|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box new seat win||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamala Prasad Agarwala|votes=11,624|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dr. Purna Narayan Sinha|votes=4,033|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamala Prasad Agarwala|votes=10,763|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Socialist Party|candidate=Golok Kakati|votes=8,784|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
[[File:Bishnu rabha.png|thumb|[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]]]
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bishnu Prasad Rabha|votes=10,337|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=B.C. Sharmah|votes=9,964|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=373|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Independent|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1970 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=1970 Tezpur Legislative Assembly By-election: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati|votes=13,620|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=R. Sarmah|votes=4,535|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,822|percentage=10.47|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Independent|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rabindra Kumar Goswami|votes=12,724|percentage=44.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samyukta Socialist Party|candidate=Purna Naryana Sinha|votes=8,575|percentage=30.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Prafulla Kumar Goswami|votes=5,798|percentage=20.5|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (O)|candidate=Mohiuddin|votes=919|percentage=3.25|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ramdhar Lall|votes=191|percentage=0.68|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pulin Choudhary|votes=80|percentage=0.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=28,287|percentage=56.35|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Jiban Bora|votes=17663|percentage=51.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sreekanth Sarmah|votes=8,602|percentage=25.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dilip Basu|votes=4,490|percentage=13.09|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=Nabin Chandra Kath Hazarika|votes=2,314|percentage=6.75|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mahendra Nath Bora|votes=840|percentage=2.45|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abhoy Charan Das|votes=383|percentage=1.12|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=34,292|percentage=66.07|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===

{{Election box begin|title=[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nabin Chandra Kath Hazarika|votes=5,453|percentage=93.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mahammad Ali|votes=369|percentage=6.34|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,822|percentage=10.47|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Brindaban Goswami]]|votes=33,645|percentage=59.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Naren Sarma|votes=13,525|percentage=23.72|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sayed Ali|votes=7,903|percentage=13.06|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sreekanth Sarma|votes=1,758|percentage=3.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Golam Samdani|votes=188|percentage=0.33|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=57,019|percentage=82.2|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Independent (politician)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bijit Saikia|votes=26,646|percentage=45.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|party= [[Natun Asom Gana Parishad|NAGP]]|candidate=Brindaban goswami|votes=16,115|percentage=27.23|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rupkamal Kakati|votes=4,866|percentage=8.22|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bapdhan Koch|votes=4,281|percentage=7.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=Dhananjay Das|votes=2,464|percentage=416|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal|candidate=Jibon Bora|votes=2,394|percentage=4.05|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Paresh Nath|votes=799|percentage=1.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Aradhana Das|votes=564|percentage=0.95|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate|party=[[United Reservation Movement Council Assam|URC]]|candidate=Tabibhula Khan|votes=507|percentage=0.95|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate|party=[[Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal|AJD]]|candidate=Tulshinarayan Mahata|votes=261|percentage=0.44|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Miya Hussain|votes=163|percentage=0.28|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ajit Sarma|votes=122|percentage=0.21|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=59,182|percentage=71.24|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Independent (politician)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Brindaban Goswami]]|votes=30,706|percentage=44.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bizit Saikia|votes=28,873|percentage=42.01|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Badan Chandra Lahar|votes=7,510|percentage=10.93|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|candidate=Punya Brata Goswami|votes=1,378|percentage=2|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Bijoy Bahudur Singh|votes=263|percentage=0.38|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=68,730|percentage=75.81|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Brindaban Goswami]]|votes=30,030|percentage=38.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Robindra Kumar Goswami|votes=29.036|percentage=37.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Bizit Salkia|votes=16,509|percentage=21.23|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jayanta Kumar Baruah|votes=1,077|percentage=1.38|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samata Party|candidate=Saheda Begum|votes=381|percentage=0.49|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Purna Bora|votes=377|percentage=0.48|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Biswanath Pratap Jadav|votes=363|percentage=0.47|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=77,773|percentage=71.17|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Brindaban Goswami]]|votes=53,270|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bizit Saikia|votes=44,850|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anamika Baruah|votes=2,721|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)|candidate=Kartik Hazarika|votes=2,424|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mohammad Mia Hussein|votes=1710|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,04,979|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajen Borthakur|votes=43,738|percentage=41.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=Brindaban Goswami|votes=22,156|percentage=20.9|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Bizit Saikia|votes=16,149|percentage=15.23|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Manik Gogoi|votes=10,966|percentage=10.35|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ritu Baran Sarma|votes=9,464|percentage=8.96|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Santanu Mahanta|votes=2,360|percentage=2.23|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Mahendra Bhuyan|votes=645|percentage=0.61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Mia Hussein|votes=522|percentage=0.49|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=105,991|percentage=69.77|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Asom Gana Parishad|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Brindaban Goswami]]
|votes = 71,170
|percentage = 52.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Hiranya Bhuyan
|votes = 36,507
|percentage = 26.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Sukendra Nath
|votes = 22,295
|percentage = 16.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bizit Saikia
|votes = 1,096
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nayan Moni Choudhury
|votes = 855
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhabananda Deka
|votes = 742
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party =JMBP
|candidate = Sujit Sarma
|votes = 662
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Mahendra Bhuyan
|votes = 569
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,514
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,663
|percentage = 25.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,413
|percentage = 82.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,64,376
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Prithiraj Rava]]|votes=71 ,454|percentage=47.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr.Anuj Kumar Mech|votes=61,331|percentage=40.93|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|candidate=JanmoniBorah|votes=8,686|percentage=5.8%|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Alok Nath|votes=4,037|percentage=2.69|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Nayan Moni Choudhury|votes=916|percentage=0.61|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sheikh Mohammad Sadique|votes=769|percentage=0.51|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=Independent|candidate=Akash Jyoti Singha|votes=590|percentage=0.39%|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,050|percentage=1.37%|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=9 853|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=149,833|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Asom Gana Parishad|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Tezpur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prithiraj Rava |party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=79,140|percentage=53.39|change=+9.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alok Nath|party= Raijor Dal|votes=59,190|percentage=39.93|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pallabi Saikia|party= Independent|votes=5,698|percentage=3.84|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party= NOTA|votes=2,704|percentage=1.82|change=+0.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nayan Moni Choudhury|party= Socialist Unity Centre Of India (Communist)|votes=1,485|percentage=1.00|change=+0.31}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,950 |percentage=13.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=148,217|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Parliamentary election results==
[[2024 Indian general election|'''2024 Indian General Election: Tezpur Assembly Constituency''']]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Position in Tezpur Assembly Constituency
!Highest Polling Candidate
!Party
!Votes
|-
|[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|thumb]]'''1.'''
|[[Ranjit Dutta]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|78,268
|-
|[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|thumb]]
|'''Premlal Gunju'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|48,116
|-
|[[File:Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) Bengali Logo.png|thumb]]
|'''Rishiraj Kaundinya'''
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|5,890
|-
|[[File:BPF-Flag.svg|thumb]]
|'''Raju Deuri'''
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|784
|-
|
|'''Alam Ali'''
|'''Bahujan Maha Party'''
|345
|-
|
|'''Kameswar Swargiary'''
|'''Voters Party International'''
|366
|-
|[[File:Battery-torch.jpeg|thumb]]
|'''Rinku Roy'''
|[[Gana Suraksha Party]]
|518
|-
|[[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|thumb]]
|'''Pradip Bhandari'''
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|599
|}
[[2019 Indian general election|'''2019 Indian general election''': '''Tezpur Assembly Constituency''']]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Position in Tezpur Assembly Constituency
!Highest Polling Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Percentage (%)
|-
| '''1.'''
|[[Pallab Lochan Das]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|74,055
|51.79%
|-
|[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|thumb]]'''2.'''
|M.G.V.K. Bhanu
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|66,696
|46.64%
|-
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|thumb]]'''3.'''
|Mahendra Bhuyan
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|678
|0.47%
|-
|'''4.'''
|Bijoy Kumar Tiru
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|522
|0.37%
|-
|'''5.'''
|Ziabur Rahman Khan
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|395
|0.28%
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Votes Polled'''
|
|
|}
[[2014 Indian general election|'''2014 Indian general election: Tezpur Assembly Constituency''']]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Position in Tezpur Assembly Constituency
!Highest Polling Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Percentage (%)
|-
|[[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|thumb]]'''1.'''
|[[Ram Prasad Sharma]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|58,719
|49.71%
|-
|[[File:INC Logo.png|thumb]]'''2.'''
|[[Bhupen Kumar Borah]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|45,606
|38.61%
|-
| '''3.'''
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|8,705
|7.37%
|-
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|thumb]]'''4.'''
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|2,602
|2.2%
|-
|[[File:Communist Party of India (Marxist) red symbol.jpg|thumb]]'''5.'''
|Khemraj Chetry
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|884
|0.75%
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Votes Polled'''
|
|
|}
[[2009 Indian general election|'''2009 Indian general election: Tezpur Legislative Assembly Constituency''']]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Position in Tezpur Assembly Constituency
!Highest Polling Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Percentage (%)
|-
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|thumb]]'''1.'''
|[[Joseph Toppo]]
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|37,611
|40.85%
|-
|[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|thumb]]'''2.'''
|[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|34,278
|37.23%
|-
|[[File:AIUDF logo.webp|thumb]]'''3.'''
|Deba Orang
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|13,030
|14.15%
|-
|[[File:Communist Party of India (Marxist) red symbol.jpg|thumb]]'''4.'''
|Jiten Sundi
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2,178
|2.37%
|-
|'''5.'''
|Rudra Parajuli
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|1,121
|1.22%
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Votes Polled'''
|
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Tezpur]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Tezpur]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

7/G Rainbow Colony

2026-05-06T05:41:33Z

Pnbh11: adding a post first draft

{{Short description|2004 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 7G Rainbow Colony.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster of the Tamil version
| director = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| writer = Selvaraghavan
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| starring = [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]]<br />[[Sonia Agarwal]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|15|Tamil|2004|11|6|Telugu}}
| runtime = 185 minutes (Tamil) <br /> 174 minutes (Telugu)
| country = India
| language = Tamil<br />Telugu
}}

'''''7/G Rainbow Colony''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Selvaraghavan]]. The film was shot simultaneously in Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; the latter titled '''''7G Brindavan Colony'''''. It stars debutant [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] and [[Sonia Agarwal]]. The music was scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], whilst [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] performed the cinematography. The film deals with [[unrequited love]] of a boy towards a girl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Shakti |date=7 June 2017 |title=Cinema gives unreal, dangerous ideas about love: Study from the South reveals |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinema-gives-unreal-dangerous-ideas-about-love-study-south-reveals-63278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717100039/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinema-gives-unreal-dangerous-ideas-about-love-study-south-reveals-63278 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

Released on 15 October 2004, the film received critical acclaim and was a box-office success. Over the years, the has film attained [[Cult film|cult]] status and mass following.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2004 |title=The Best Tamil Films, 2004 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614101648/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld5.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Ravi Krishna received the [[Filmfare Best Male Debut (South)]] for his performance, whilst Yuvan was awarded the [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Music Director Award]]. A sequel titled ''[[7/G Rainbow Colony 2]]'' starring [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]] is in production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=7/G Rainbow Colony 2: Selvaraghavan shares first look of the much-awaited sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavan-shares-first-look-of-the-much-awaited-sequel-2658297-2025-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101182838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavan-shares-first-look-of-the-much-awaited-sequel-2658297-2025-01-01 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
The movie begins with Kadhir (Ravi in Telugu version) heading to work. He appears distracted throughout the day and even instructs his assistant to postpone an important meeting with a big client. He then waits for someone at [[Marina Beach]] in [[Chennai]] ([[Hussain Sagar]] in [[Hyderabad]] in the Telugu version) with a bouquet. His best friend Lakshmi sees him and asks whom he is waiting for. Kadhir explains that he is waiting to meet his girlfriend Anitha for their date. In flashbacks, we are shown how Kadhir first met Anitha.

Kadhir belongs to a [[lower middle class]] family, living with his parents and younger sister in Rainbow Colony in [[Chennai]] (Brundavan Colony, [[Hyderabad]] in the Telugu version). He is perceived as a good-for-nothing because he skips classes, fails exams, and gets into fights. Kadhir believes his father hates him and often quarrels with him, even threatening to leave the house, only to be persuaded by his mother not to do so. Kadhir's life changes when a [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] family, once well-off, moves into the same colony after losing their business. Kadhir is attracted to Anitha, the daughter of his new neighbour. Although he tries to woo her, Anitha treats him with disdain. One day, Kadhir confesses to Anitha that he loves her. He tells her that, having always been ridiculed, he found respite in the fact that she at least bothered to look at him. He promises to wipe her thoughts out of his mind, as he is not right for her.

Despite himself, Kadhir continues pursuing her. Anitha realises that Kadhir is not useless when Lakshmi tells her that he has seen Kadhir dismantle and assemble a motorcycle within minutes each time they steal a bike to get drunk. Anitha takes Kadhir to a [[Hero Honda]] dealer and asks them to hire him. He is promised a job if he can assemble a bike. Initially, the lethargic Kadhir is uninterested and gives up the task. Anitha takes him to the washroom and slaps him before revealing that she has fallen in love with him. She then tells him they can only be together if he gets a proper job and straightens out his life. Kadhir then demonstrates his skill in motorcycle assembly, securing a good job with the dealer.

Later that evening, Kadhir plans a treat for his friends. However, Anitha confronts him and makes him break the good news to his parents first to get their blessings. However, Kadhir's father berates him, as usual, for taking a job instead of finishing college. Later that night, Kadhir overhears his father telling his mother how proud he is of their son for getting a job at such a prestigious company, which is not easy. The only reason the father did not openly praise Kadhir was that he feared his son might misjudge him for showing him respect, but now that Kadhir is earning money for their household, he is openly praised. Only then does Kadhir realise his father's love for him and weeps in joy. Anitha's mother discovers the intimacy between Kadhir and Anitha and refuses to allow them to continue dating, even as Kadhir's father tries to persuade her otherwise. Anitha's family is heavily indebted to another Northern Indian family that has been supporting them since Anitha's father suffered losses in his business. Anitha's parents want Anitha to marry the son of the family that has helped them.

Using her friend's marriage as a ruse and with the unwitting help of her friend's aunt, Anitha escapes her home and travels with Kadhir to a tourist place near [[Thekkady]] in Kerala, and they end up in a hotel room. Anitha reveals that she has made the biggest decision of her life: to make love to him, so he will not regret falling in love with her when she marries the man her parents chose. Though stunned by her decision, Kadhir goes along with it, and the two consummate their love. The next morning, Kadhir and Anitha argue when Kadhir says he wants Anitha to live with him, while Anitha accuses him of being attracted to her only because of sex. They continue arguing as they exit the hotel, which culminates in Kadhir slapping Anitha in anger, causing her to cross the road alone in tears. While a guilt-ridden Kadhir calls out to Anitha, she is knocked down by a truck as a helpless Kadhir watches, and then is also hit by another speeding vehicle. Anitha dies gruesomely on the spot as she is subsequently run over by several vehicles, and Kadhir is injured. The following day, he is shocked to find the mere remains of Anitha in the hospital mortuary. Though heartbroken, Kadhir tells the police that Anitha never accepted his love and her death was really an accident. This way, he saves her dignity, and her mother blesses him as she leaves. Though the police want to file a murder case against Kadhir, Anitha's mother refuses to name him as a murderer. Shortly after Anitha's funeral, Kadhir tries to commit suicide unsuccessfully, only to end up causing a ruckus in traffic and getting assaulted by the angry crowd, but a group of nuns saves him. He then hallucinates Anitha's spirit coming to him, advising him to live life to the fullest and that she will always be with him.

Back in the present day, it is revealed that Kadhir has become successful in his life but has remained [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|mentally damaged]] since Anitha's death. He still believes that she is alive and always imagines talking to her. The film ends with Kadhir talking to himself at the beach, thinking that he is talking to Anitha.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Tamil)
!Cast (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Kadhir
|style="text-align:center;"|Ravi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sonia Agarwal]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anitha
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Suman Setty]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Lakshmi Narayanan
|style="text-align:center;"|Lakshmi Narayana
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Kadhir's father
|style="text-align:center;"|Ravi's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Kadhir's mother
|style="text-align:center;"|Ravi's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sudeepa Pinky]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rathan
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Managing Director of [[Hero Honda]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Savita Prabhune]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Anitha's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Shweta's aunt (Cameo appearance)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Mayoori (actress)|Mayoori]]
| rowspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| "Naam Vayathukku Vanthom"
| rowspan ="2" style="text-align:center;"| "Mem Vayasuku Vachcham"
|-
|}

== Production ==
[[Selvaraghavan]] revealed that the inspiration for ''7G Rainbow Colony'' came from his college days when he had been fascinated with a Punjabi girl during his education in KK Nagar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Story is partly autobigraphical: Selvaraghavan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13589250&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208084137/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13589250&cid=2408 |archive-date=8 December 2004 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> He based several of the scenes on real-life happenings with his friends, revealing that the film was over 70% biographical and the lead character was an "average" person like himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=15 October 2004 |title=7-G Rainbow Colony is my story |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/15selv.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608064016/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/15selv.htm |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], son of producer [[A. M. Rathnam]], made his acting debut.<ref name=":2" /> According to him, [[Suriya]] and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] were the initial choices for his role, but could not accept as they were busy with other films. [[Swathi Reddy]] was initially cast as the lead actress; she shot for around 20 days but left to focus on her education. [[Sonia Agarwal]] was later cast in her role. The film was simultaneously shot in Tamil and Telugu languages; scenes were shot in Tamil first and then in Telugu. Filming took place mostly in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=காந்தி |first=உ. சுதர்சன் |date=30 October 2019 |title=சிரிச்சு விழுந்த செல்வா, ரவிகிருஷ்ணாவுக்கு அட்வைஸ்! கதிர் - அனிதா மீட்டிங் #15YearsOf7GRainbowColony |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/7g-rainbow-colony-actors-ravi-krishna-and-sonia-agarwals-exclusive-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421091850/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/7g-rainbow-colony-actors-ravi-krishna-and-sonia-agarwals-exclusive-interview |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 7G Rainbow Colony
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released = 21 May 2004
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 41:55
| label = Five Star Audio<br />[[Sun Music]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Perazhagan]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

[[Selvaraghavan]] teamed up once again with musician [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] after ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' and ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]''. The soundtrack features 10 tracks overall, two of which are [[Instrumental]]s. The lyrics were penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]]. Yuvan used live music for the score, for which he worked with a 40-piece orchestra for one month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=15 March 2005 |title=Technology has killed music |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/15/stories/2005031500400100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105060303/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/15/stories/2005031500400100.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=2 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref> The theme music is inspired by that for ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' (1980), composed by Yuvan's father [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]] |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018082313/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal" is set in [[Madhuvanti]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 November 2012 |title=Twice as nice |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126194306/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=10 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref>

Yuvan received universal critical acclaim for the musical score as the songs and the film score were hailed as "excellent"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : '7G Rainbow Colony': different and delectable |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/6863/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101040606/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/ar/i/movie_name/6863/1 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |access-date=2 August 2009 |website=MusicIndiaOnLine.com}}</ref> and the album as a "great" and "must buy".<ref name="Indiaglitzreview">{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Aparna |date=9 June 2004 |title=7G Rainbow Colony – A cut above other current albums |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7116.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715022006/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/7116.html |archive-date=15 July 2009 |access-date=2 August 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Particularly, the instrumental track in the album was hailed by [[Indo-Asian News Service]] as "one of the most haunting instrumental tracks ever".<ref name="Indiaglitzreview" /> The song became very popular and were topping the charts for some time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2008 |title=7-G Rainbow Colony back on top |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/986/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218074323/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/986/ |archive-date=18 February 2009 |access-date=2 August 2009 |website=MusicIndiaOnLine.com |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| all_lyrics = Na. Muthukumar
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthal
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal 1
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Srimathumitha]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Naam Vayathukku
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Shalini, Ganga
| length3 = 5:06
| title4 = Music of Joy
| extra4 = -
| note4 = Instrumental
| length4 = 3:53
| title5 = Kan Pesum Varthaigal
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 5:50
| title6 = Idhu Porkkalama
| extra6 = Harish Raghavendra
| length6 = 3:08
| title7 = Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal 2
| extra7 = [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]], Srimathumitha
| length7 = 5:32
| title8 = January Madham
| extra8 = [[Mathangi Jagdish]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length8 = 5:12
| title9 = Walking Through The Rainbow
| extra9 = -
| note9 = instrumental
| length9 = 3:21
| title10 = Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen
| extra10 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length10 = 4:16
| title11 = Ithu Enna Maatram
| extra11 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length11 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu tracklist
| all_lyrics = Shiva Ganesh
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thalachi Thalachi Choosthe
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Kalalu Kane Kaalaalu
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Srimathumitha]], [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Mem Vayasuku Vachcham
| extra3 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Shalini, Ganga
| length3 = 5:06
| title4 = Music of Joy
| extra4 = [[Instrumental]]
| length4 = 3:53
| title5 = Kannula Baasalu Theliyavule
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 5:50
| title6 = Idhi Rana Rangama
| extra6 = Harish Raghavendra
| length6 = 3:08
| title7 = Kalalu Kane Kaalaalu
| extra7 = Harish Raghavendra, Srimathumitha
| length7 = 5:32
| title8 = January Masam
| extra8 = [[Mathangi Jagdish]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length8 = 5:12
| title9 = Walking Through The Rainbow (Theme Music)
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 3:21
| title10 = Thalachi Thalachi Choosa
| extra10 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]
| length10 = 4:16
}}

== Release ==
''7/G Rainbow Colony'' was released on 15 October 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |last=கோபாலகிருஷ்ணன் |first=ச. |date=15 October 2020 |title=7ஜி ரெயின்போ காலனி வெளியான நாள்: மனிதனை உருமாற்றி உயர்த்தும் காதலின் கதை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/591325-7g-rainbow-colony-release-date.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506032730/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/591325-7g-rainbow-colony-release-date.html |archive-date=6 May 2026 |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and ''7G Brindavan Colony'' on 6 November the same year.<ref name="IdlebrainReview">{{Cite web |title=Movie review – 7/G Brindavan Colony |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-7gbrindavancolony.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108092603/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-7gbrindavancolony.html |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was given an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]]. Despite this, in Chennai, minors were caught watching the film in a theatre. For allowing this to happen, four people attached to the theatre were arrested, including the booking clerk who sold the ticket, the usher who took the minors to the seat, the theatre manager and one of the partners of the theatre complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2004 |title=Minors caught watching '7-GRainbow Colony' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/minors-caught-watching-7-grainbow-colony-news-tamil-kkfvDLihebfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903115545/http://www.sify.com/movies/minors-caught-watching-7-grainbow-colony-news-tamil-kkfvDLihebfsi.html |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

''7G Brindavan Colony'' was re-released on 22 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=7/G Brundavan Colony: A timeless cult classic returns to the silver screen; watch re-release trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/7/g-brundavan-colony-a-timeless-cult-classic-returns-to-the-silver-screen-watch-re-release-trailer/articleshow/103776232.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921003301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/7/g-brundavan-colony-a-timeless-cult-classic-returns-to-the-silver-screen-watch-re-release-trailer/articleshow/103776232.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Shobha Warrier]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "Selvaraghavan has once again displayed his skill making a movie that is touching without being mushy, and believable because of its realism".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrior |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=21 October 2004 |title=7 G Rainbow Colony is different! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/21rain.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202030453/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/21rain.htm |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "[..] in '7/g....' missing is the crisp narration and focus. The screenplay meanders, the narrative style is jerky, the situations seeming like they were thrust into the narration as after-thoughts. Also the hangover of his earlier films is clearly evident".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 October 2004 |title=7/G Rainbow Colony |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/7GRainbowclny.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205010749/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/7GRainbowclny.asp |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Unlike other contemporary film makers running after superstars and making formula films, Selvaraghavan pushes the cinematic envelope and brings savvy freshness to the form, hitherto unexplored".<ref>{{Cite web |title=7-G Rainbow Colony |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13590940&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230043121/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13590940&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=30 December 2004 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Comparisons are odious and at the same time inevitable. Especially when the director's earlier film had been a carefully planned and commendably executed one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 October 2004 |title=7/G, Rainbow Colony |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/29/stories/2004102903230301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126002008mp_/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/29/stories/2004102903230301.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave ''7G Brindavan Colony'' a rating of three-and-three quarters out of five and noted that "Doing a tragic climax and making it commercially acceptable is one hell of a task. And Sri Raghava succeeded in it".<ref name="IdlebrainReview" />

=== Box office ===
''7/G Rainbow Colony'' opened in 92 screens and expanded to 118 prints. Made on a budget of {{INR}}3 crore, it turned profitable yielding a distributor's share of {{INR}}10 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2017 |title='7-G' hits the jackpot! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/7-g-hits-the-jackpot-news-tamil-kkfvFLceicgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902134703/http://www.sify.com/movies/7-g-hits-the-jackpot-news-tamil-kkfvFLceicgsi.html |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hinduonnet2004">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=6 April 2005 |title=Year 2004 — a flashback |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406150559/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123101620100.htm |archive-date=6 April 2005 |access-date=9 February 2008 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2004 |title=Chennai weekend box-office (Oct 15- 17) |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13593620 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217021721/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13593620 |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=13 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''7G Brindavan Colony'' opened in 35 screens and expanded to over 80 prints.<ref name="Chitchat">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2004 |title=Chitchat with AM Ratnam about 7/G Brindavan Colony |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-amratnam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202024948/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-amratnam.html |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref> It proved to be extremely profitable, minting a distributor's share of ₹6-8 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2004 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015101401/https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=T2BLive |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Category
!Recipient
!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[52nd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director (Tamil)]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2005 |title=Surya shines, Cheran sizzles |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15576.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050711011755/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/15576.html |archive-date=11 July 2005 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=IndiaGlitz |language=en}}</ref><br /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2005 |title=Filmfare Awards South 2005 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222420/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=14 March 2020 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut (South)]]
|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]]
|-
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Story Writer
|[[Selvaraghavan|Sri Raghava]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2006 |title=CineMAA Awards 2004 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111120206/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html |archive-date=11 November 2024 |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|Best Debut Actor
|Ravi Krishna
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Santosham Film Awards 2005 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320121508/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/santoshamawards2005.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Musical hit album
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|-
| rowspan="2" |35th Annual AP Cinegoers Association Awards
|Best Debut hero
|Ravi Krishna
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2004 |title=AP Cinegoers' Association 35th Annual Awards – winners list |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinegoers2004.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106103117/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinegoers2004.html |archive-date=6 January 2006 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedian (Special Commendation)
|[[Suman Setty]]
|}

== Other remakes ==
''7/G Rainbow Colony'' was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Gilli (film)|Gilli]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R G |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=16 October 2009 |title=Review: Gilli is good in parts |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kannada-movie-review-gilli/20091016.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123075533/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kannada-movie-review-gilli/20091016.htm |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> in [[Bengali language|Bangla]] as ''[[Prem Aamar]]'' (2009),<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2009 |title=On a twin-sharing basis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/on-a-twin-sharing-basis/articleshow/4860139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260506033843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/on-a-twin-sharing-basis/articleshow/4860139.cms |archive-date=6 May 2026 |access-date=6 May 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]'' (2019).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Is Bhansali's next a remake of 7G Rainbow Colony? |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/240119/is-bhansalis-next-a-remake-of-7g-rainbow-colony.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018144016/https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/240119/is-bhansalis-next-a-remake-of-7g-rainbow-colony.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|7/G Rainbow Colony 2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Selvaraghavan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Romantic drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]

Sham district

2026-05-02T13:56:27Z

Pnbh11: started some place v1...

{{Short description|District in Leh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sham district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]] of [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}}[[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ladakh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| parts_type = Administrative divisions
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|District collector and magistrate]]
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
}}
'''Sham district''', with headquarter at [[Khalatse]], is a district in [[Ladakh]] in [[India]].<ref name=newd1>[https://ladakh.gov.in/historic-milestone-for-ladakh-five-new-districts-notified-in-ladakh-taking-total-districts-to-seven/ Historic milestone for Ladakh: Five new districts notified in Ladakh; taking total districts to seven], 27 Apr 2026.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=MHA announces five new districts in Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-announces-five-new-districts-in-ladakh/articleshow/112797243.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ladakh Gets 5 New Districts: Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra And Changthang |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ladakh-gets-5-new-districts-zanskar-drass-sham-nubra-and-changthang-6419637 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2024-08-26 |title=MHA announces five new districts in Ladakh: Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra and Changthang |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ladakh/government-decides-to-create-five-new-districts-in-ladakh-says-amit-shah/article68567920.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The word "Sham" in the native dialect means "west," signaling where it is situated in Ladakh.

==History==

===Maryul kingdom===

Until its absorption into the [[Maryul|Maryul kingdom]] during the 10th century, Brokpa chiefs wielded nominal autonomy in the region.{{sfn|Vohra|1982|p=76}}

===2026: Formation of new district ===

On 27th April 2026, 5 new districts were notified in the [[government gazette]] for boosting the service delivery and infrastructure, including Sham district with 27 revenue villages which was carved out of western part of [[Kargil district]] , and Zanskar with 26 revenue villages.<ref name=newd1/> Earlier announced on 26th August 2024 as a new district was awaiting the formal notification for the creation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ladakh Gets 5 New Districts: Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra And Changthang |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ladakh-gets-5-new-districts-zanskar-drass-sham-nubra-and-changthang-6419637 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In January 2024, hundreds of people from various villages in the region took part in a peaceful protest march, demanding that Drass be recognized as a district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 Jan 2024 |title=Residents seek district tag for Drass |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/residents-seek-district-tag-for-drass-581118/amp |access-date=26 Aug 2024 |work=Tribune India}}</ref>

== Administration==

Sham district, with district headquarter at Khalatse/Khaltsi, entails the [[Sham Valley]] and [[Aryan valley]]. Within Sham Valley, [[Alchi]], [[Likir]], [[Basgo]], [[Nimmu]], [[Lamayuru]], [[Hemis Shukpachan]], [[Temisgam]], and [[Uleytokpo]] has key habitations. Aryan Valley has [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]] , [[Hanu, Ladakh|Hanu]], [[Garkon]] and [[Darchik]].

There is [[List_of_districts_of_Ladakh#Demand|demand]] to upgrade Aryan Valley and [[Batalik]] area to a [[List_of_districts_of_Ladakh#Demand|new district]] due to the unique culture, tourism potential, strategic border area significance, remoteness and lack of development, etc.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-raises-important-issues-in-the-parliament/ | title=MP Ladakh raises important issues in the Parliament | the Administration of Union Territory of Ladakh | India }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"
! colspan="5" |<big>Sub–divisions, Blocks and Villages in Sham district</big>
|-
! scope="col" ! | Current district
! scope="col" ! | Former district
! scope="col" ! | Sub-Division
! scope="col" ! | Blocks
! scope="col" ! | Villages
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sham district]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Leh district]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Khalatse|Khaltsi]]
| [[Khalatse|Khaltsi]] || [[Kanji, Ladakh|Kanji]], [[Khalatse|Khaltsi]], [[Lamayouro|Lamayuru]], [[Leido|Leh Dho]], [[Nurla]], [[Skindiang]], [[Takmachik]], [[Temisgam]], [[Tia, Leh|Tia]]

|-
|[[Singaylalok]]
|[[Photoksar]], [[Lingshet]], [[Wanla]], [[Youl Chung]]
|-
|[[Skur Buchan|Skurbuchan]]
|[[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]], [[Domkhar]], [[Hanu, Ladakh|Hanoo]], [[Skur Buchan]]

|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Likir]]
| [[Nimo, Leh district|Nimoo]] || [[Bazgoo]], [[Chiling Sumda]], [[Likir]], [[Ney, Leh district|Ney]], [[Nimo, Leh district|Nimoo]], [[Rumbak]], [[Skiumarkha]], [[Taroo]], [[Umla]]
|-
|[[Suspol, Leh|Saspol]]
|[[Alchi]], [[Giramangu]], [[Saspochey]], [[Suspol, Leh|Suspol]], [[Tarhipti]], [[Hemis Shukpachan|Hemishok Pachan]]

|-
!Total
!1
!1
!5
!27
|}

==People==

It is inhabited by [[Brokpa]] ethnolinguistic people of [[Dardic people|Dardic]] origin.{{sfn|Nicolaus|2015}}

== Tourism ==

===Aryan Valley ===

The Aryan valley is popular for its old [[Aryan]] culture and custom and the valley has abundance of apricot orchards and grapes. Aryan Valley, historically known as Dah Hanu region, is an area comprising four village clusters — [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]], [[Hanu, Ladakh|Hanu]], [[Garkon]] and [[Darchik]].

[[Aryan_Valley#Tourism|Aryan Valley Apricot Blossom Festival]] (locally known as '''Chuli Mendok''') is a 9-days long annual spring celebration held every year usually within first two weeks of April, though dates vary slightly every year as they are tied to the natural blooming cycle of the trees, which is influenced by winter snowfall and spring temperatures, the exact festival schedule is announced annually by the Ladakh Tourism Department to align with the blossoms. The official festival typically lasts about 9 days, though the entire blossoming window across the region's different altitudes can stretch from late March to early May. Lower altitude areas like the Aryan and Sham Valleys bloom first (early to mid-April), while higher regions near Leh and parts of Nubra bloom later (mid to late April).<ref name=ap>[https://www.deshvideshtravels.com/travel-blogs/ladakh-apricot-blossom Ladkah Apricot Blossom], deshvideshtravels.com, accessed 10 April 2026.</ref> The festival is a vibrant display of the unique Brokpa community's traditions, including their in traditional attire (featuring elaborate floral headgear, heavy silver jewellery, and ornate beads), traditional performances (folk music, traditional dances, and storytelling by village elders), local food (apricot-based delicacies, including sun-dried apricots, jams, juices, and traditional Ladakhi dishes made with organic apricot oil), and traditional Ladakhi handicrafts, handloom stalls, and apricot wood carvings. Village homestays accommodation is available.

===Sham Valley===

Sham Valley, also known as the "Apricot Valley," is a scenic area situated in the western part of Ladakh, India. Located in the Himalayas, this valley is known for its scenery, diverse cultural legacy, and rural communities.<ref name=apr1>{{Cite web |last=Online {{!}} |first=E. T. |date=2024-08-26 |title=MHA Approves Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang as Ladakh's new districts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mha-approves-zanskar-drass-sham-nubra-and-changthang-as-ladakhs-new-districts/videoshow/112809349.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The valley's green fields, filled with apricot and apple orchards, create a sharp contrast with the barren, rough mountains that encircle it.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} The region's allure is enhanced by the clear blue skies, pristine rivers, and ancient monasteries, attracting photographers and nature lovers to this paradise.{{tone inline|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=Wildfire in Wadi Al Sham valley under control — Agriculture Ministry |url=https://jordantimes.com/news/local/wildfire-wadi-al-sham-valley-under-control-%E2%80%94-agriculture-ministry |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Jordan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== [[Gurudwara Patthar Sahib]] ====

A Sikh shrine 30 km west of Leh city along the [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1 Leh-Kargil-Srinagar Highway]], built in memory of [[Guru Nanak]] Dev Ji's visit to Ladakh. It is known for the legend of the large boulder (Patthar) that miraculously moved to protect the Guru from a demon's attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahga |first=Sarbjit Singh |date=2023-08-07 |title=Gurudwara Pathar Sahib, Leh: A Symbol of 'Unity in Diversity' |url=https://hillpost.in/2023/08/gurudwara-pathar-sahib-leh-a-symbol-of-unity-in-diversity/120933/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Magnetic Hill ====
[[File:Magnetic )hill.jpg|thumb|right|Magnetic hill in Sham district on NH1.]]

[[Magnetic Hill (India)|Magnetic Hill]] is a [[gravity hill]], at of about 14,000 feet altitude, 30 km west of Leh city along the NH1 Leh-Kargil-Srinagar Highway, is a stretch of road where vehicles vehicles appear to defy gravity and move uphill when left in neutral gear. This optical illusion, caused by the layout of the surrounding land, attracts some curious visitors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=Magnetic Hill in Ladakh: Mystery that has shocked scienitists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/magnetic-hill-in-ladakh-mystery-that-has-shocked-scienitists/articleshow/107033502.cms |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Kali Mandir ====

A small temple dedicated to Goddess Kali, located near the Magnetic Hill. It is a place of worship and has views of the surrounding mountains, attracting both devotees and tourists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ladakh Monastery & Villages |url=https://theincredibleladakh.com/ladakh-monastery-and-lake-tour.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=theincredibleladakh.com}}</ref>

==== Confluence of Indus and Zanskar ====
[[File:Confluence of Indus and Zanskar rivers (2).JPG|thumb|The confluence of the Zanskar River (from top) and the Indus (bottom flowing from left to right) is 3 km southeast of Nimmu/Nimu/Nimoo village along [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]] Kargil-Leh Highway in Ladakh.]]

The confluence of the brown waters of the [[Indus River]] and the green waters of the [[Zanskar River]] near [[Nimo, Ladakh|Nimmu]] village is a popular spot for photography and river rafting.<ref name=":0" /> It is revered as a sacred [[Panch Prayag|prayag]] in Hinduism and Buddhism.

==== Likir Monastery ====

[[Likir Monastery]], one of the oldest monasteries in Ladakh, is an attraction in Sham Valley. Founded in the 11th century, this monastery belongs to the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. The monastery is home to a large statue of Maitreya Buddha, which stands 23 meters tall. Visitors can explore the monastery's collection of thangkas, ancient manuscripts and wall paintings.<ref name=":0" />

==== Alchi Monastery ====

[[Alchi Monastery]] is known for its architecture and ancient artwork. Unlike other monasteries in Ladakh, Alchi is situated on flat ground rather than on a hilltop. It dates back to the 10th century and is known for its well-preserved wall paintings, wood carvings, and statues that reflect the Indo-Tibetan style. The monastery complex consists of several temples, with the Sumtseg and Dukhang being the most notable ones. Alchi Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage site.<ref name=":0" />

==== Rizong Monastery ====

[[Rizong Monastery]], also known as Yuma Changchubling, is a secluded monastery located amidst rocky hills. Founded in the 19th century, it is one of the most isolated monasteries in Ladakh. Rizong is a meditation center for monks, and it is known for its strict monastic rules. The monastery also has a nunnery located nearby, where nuns practice and study Buddhism.<ref name=":0" />

==== Uleytokpo ====

Uleytokpo is a village in Sham Valley. Known for its scenery, it is a popular stopover for travelers exploring the region and offers opportunities for camping by the Indus River.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} The village is surrounded by lush greenery and offers views of the mountains.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Uleytokpo is an ideal place for nature walks, bird watching, and experiencing the rural lifestyle of Ladakh.<ref name=":0" />{{tone inline|date=August 2025}}

== Transport ==

===Road===

[[File:National Highway 1D India.JPG|thumb|[[National highways of India|National highway]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]] connects Srinagar and Leh via Kargil]]

[[National highways of India|national highway]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]] runs through the district and connects Srinagar to Leh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|work=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[National Highway 301 (India)|NH 301]] extends from the junction with NH 1 in Kargil and extends to [[Zanskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|title=Notification from Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|work=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|date=4 August 2012|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713133325/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highways connecting Kargil to Srinagar and Zanskar are often blocked by snow from during winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voiceofladakh.in/2025/04/key-roads-in-kargil-closed-due-to-heavy-snowfall-traffic-advisory-issued/|title=Key Roads in Kargil Closed Due to Heavy Snowfall, Traffic Advisory Issued|date=20 April 2025|work=Voice of Ladakh|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://risingkashmir.com/srinagar-leh-and-kargil-zanskar-highways-closed-amid-heavy-snowfall/|title=Srinagar-Leh and Kargil-Zanskar highways closed amid heavy snowfall|work=Rising Kashmir|date=1 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> NH 1 from Kargil to Dras and Leh also experiences temporary blockages due to adverse weather.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/sgr-leh-nh-closed-3/|title=Sgr-Leh NH closed|work=Greater Kashmir|date=19 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/srinagar-leh-highway-opens-partially-to-restore-supply-of-goods-for-ladakh/|title=Srinagar-Leh Highway opens partially to restore supply of goods for Ladakh|work=Greater Kashmir|date=31 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Government operated buses provide local connectivity, and also connect Kargil with other towns.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bus-service-from-kargil-to-jammu-started-by-j-k-govt/story-URDlhxMsHhLA5IytF8M3rN.html|title=Bus service from Kargil to Jammu started by J&K govt|date=4 July 2013|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/first-batch-of-4-e-buses-flagged-off-in-kargil/articleshow/101453924.cms?from=mdr|title=First batch of e-buses rolled out in Kargil|date=3 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Kargil">{{cite web|url=https://kargil.nic.in/how-to-reach/|title=How to reach|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[Skardu–Kargil Road|Kargil-Skardu road]] earlier linked Kargitransport added from [[Kargil]] to Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It has been closed since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/moving-on-the-kargilskardu-road/29212|title=Moving on the Kargil-Skardu road|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 April 2007|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/the-kargil-skardu-route-implications-of-its-opening-3614.html|title=The Kargil-Skardu Route: Implications of its Opening by Zainab Akhter|work=IPCS|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/resources/parliament/PresentstatusofKargiltoSkarduRoad|title= Present status of Kargil to Skardu Road|work= Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|date=29 March 2012|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Kargil airport overview.jpg|thumb|View of Kargil airport from Choskore La.]]

[[Kargil Airport]] was built in 1996 for civilian operations.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Kargil Airport To Be Expanded|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107082|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date= 21 July 2014|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Regulator asks SpiceJet to start flights to Kargil|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/R3AuwRTD08VXFJywxVoVvJ/Regulator-asks-SpiceJet-to-start-flights-to-Kargil.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date= 27 September 2012|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The operational control was later transferred to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kargil to be a major Indian Air Force base|url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kargil-to-be-a-major-indian-air-force-base_734785.html |work=[[Zee News]]|date= 29 January 2018|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ministry of defence to run Kargil airport|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/75094/ministry-of-defence-to-run-kargil-airport|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date= 29 December 2002|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The air force operates seasonal flights that carry cargo and transport civilians during the winter.<ref>{{cite news|title= J&K starts air courier service for Kargil|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/packaging/jk-starts-air-courier-service-for-kargil/articleshow/2637165.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 December 2007|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The nearest major airports are the [[Leh Airport]] with regular domestic flights and the [[Srinagar International Airport]].<ref name="Kargil" />

===Rail===

[[Srinagar railway station]] is the nearest railway station from the town, and has limited railway services. The nearest major railhead is the [[Jammu Tawi railway station]] located about {{cvt|440|km}} from the town.<ref name="Kargil" />

== See also ==

* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Districts of Ladakh]]

Maris Vijay

2026-04-29T19:23:10Z

Pnbh11: Added a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Maris Vijay
| image = File:Maris Vijay2.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[film composer]], singer<ref>{{cite web |last1=|first1= |title=South Musician Maris Vijay Songs make fans crazy Bhojpuri South Raya |url=https://www.news18express.com/news/510148 |website=News18 Express |date=10 January 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112123354/https://www.news18express.com/news/510148 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Maris Vijay''' is a [[film composer]] and singer, who works in Tamil and Hindi films and independent music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maris Vijay: I take a lot of inspiration from Tom and Jerry and Charlie Chaplin – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/maris-vijay-i-take-a-lot-of-inspiration-from-tom-and-jerry-and-charlie-chaplin/articleshow/90666400.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बॉलीवुड में काम के बदौलत बनता है नाम और करियर : मारीस विजय |url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/gurgaon/news/work-in-bollywood-makes-name-and-career-maris-vijay-1529977 |website=punjabkesari |date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Result of Hard Work': South Musician Maris Vijay on Success of The Future is Dark |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/result-of-hard-work-south-musician-maris-vijay-on-success-of-the-future-is-dark-4644968.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=म्यूजिक डायरेक्टर मैरिस विजय के "जय हो कलाम" गीत में दिखेगी डॉ ए.पी.जे अब्दुल कलाम के जीवन की श्रृंखला |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/dr-apj-abdul-kalams-life-series-to-feature-in-music-director-maris-vijays-song-jai-ho-kalam-2723241 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>

==Film career==
Maris Vijay started his film career in 2013 when he began Miracle Waves Studio, a recording and mixing studio. He was approached to compose the score and soundtrack for his Tamil film, ''[[Vingyani]]''. Maris debuted as a film composer from this film in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=संगीतकार मारीस विजय कहते हैं- सोशल मीडिया के पीछे न भागें, अपने टैलेंट को तवज्जो दें युवा कलाकार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/delhi-ncr/gurgaon/news/musician-maris-vijay-says-dont-run-after-social-media-give-attention-to-your-talent-young-artistes-129379446.html |website=Bhaskar.com|date=7 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=முதல் முறையாக சினி பீஸ்ட் மலேசிய விருது பெரும் இசையமைப்பாளர் மாரீஸ் விஜய்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/music-director-maaris-vijay-got-indiya-s-first-sini-beets-malaysia-award-plxy9r |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

In 2018, Maris sung a song in ''Villavan''.<ref>{{cite web |title=சர்வதேச இசையமைப்பாளர் பட்டியலில் மாரீஸ் விஜய் – Dinakaran Cinema News |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=28810&id1=3 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127064840/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=28810&id1=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maris received Nation's Icon Award in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Art Of Storytelling Through Music With Maris Vijay |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/the-art-of-storytelling-through-music-with-maris-vijay-news-185839 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en |date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308114341/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/the-art-of-storytelling-through-music-with-maris-vijay-news-185839|archive-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

In 2025, Vijay also worked in a Tamil film ''[[Vattakhanal]]''.<ref name="fe"/>

==Discography ==
===Films and television===
*''[[Vingyani]]'' (2014) (Tamil)
*''Villavan: The Vigilante'' (2018) (Tamil), as actor and composer
*''Dans La Maison Du Capitaine'' (2018) (French)
*''Mangalya Dosham'' (2020; Tamil TV series)
*''Drop of Water'' (2021; Hindi short film)
*''[[Vattakhanal]]'' (2025) Tamil Film<ref name="fe">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshay |title=Singer Mano's son Duruvan headlines Vattakanal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/15/singer-manos-son-duruvan-headlines-vattakanal |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

===Independent albums===
*''Tere Bina Dil'' (2002)<ref name="Jio">{{cite web |title=Maris Vijay – Top Songs – Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/maris-vijay-songs/D8YErdshlVI_ |website=JioSaavn}}</ref>
*''Abdul Kalam Anthem'' is an album of original compositions released for Abdul Kalam (2015) in Sun Music & M-Muzik Official
*''14 for teen'' (2008)<ref name="Jio"/>
*''The last moment'' (2021)<ref name="Jio"/>
*''Pogadhe Nee Pogadhe'' (2021)

===EPs and singles===
*''Ticket Chahiye Mujhko'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ticket Chahiye Mujhko (feat. Shailey Bidwaikar, Jaydeep Bagwadkar & Barath Ragavan) by Maris Vijay on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/ticket-chahiye-mujhko-feat-shailey-bidwaikar-jaydeep/1766793407 |website=apple.com |date=8 September 2024}}</ref>
*''Jai Ho Kalam'' (feat. Savaniee Ravindrra)
*''Sab Jhoote Hai'' (feat. [[Hrishikesh Ranade]])
*''Sab Jhoote Hai'' (feat. Savaniee Ravindrra)
*''Allithantha Boomi'' (feat. K.Suthakaran, Sinmaye Sivakumar, Balaji Sri & Georginaa Mathew)
*''Enndhan''
*''Kadhavai Sathadi''
*''Somewhere I Lost You''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name | id= 9386048 | name= Maris Vijay}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay, Maris}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian pianists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly

2026-04-26T04:43:29Z

Pnbh11: adding basic entry needs work!

{{Short description|2024 Andhra Pradesh lower house}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 16th Legislative Assembly of the Andhra Pradesh
| before = [[15th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|15th Assembly]]
| after =
| image = Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Assembly Building, [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| body = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| election = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
| opposition = None
| term_start = 21 June 2024
| term_end =
| website = {{URL|https://www.aplegislature.org/|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
| chamber2 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image = India Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2024.svg
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 175
| control2 = [[Kutami]]
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = [[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber2_leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader5 = [[Pawan Kalyan|Konidala Pawan Kalyan]]
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = ''[[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]''
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
}}

{{Politics of India}}
The '''Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh''' was formed by the members elected in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="result">{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/index.htm|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525080857/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/partywise/index.htm|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Election to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] took place in a single phase on 13 May 2024 by the [[Election Commission of India]]. Counting started officially on the morning of 4 June 2024 and the results were declared on the same day.

== Presiding officers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Designation
!Portrait
!Name
|-
|[[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| [[File:Justice Syed Abdul Nazeer.jpg|center|75x75px]]
|[[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[File:Ch. Ayyanna Patrudu.jpg|centre|100x100px]]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]<br/>{{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|Deputy Speaker
|[[File:Raghu Rama Krishna Raju (cropped).jpg|centre|100x100px]]
|[[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]<br/>{{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Leader of the House]]
|[[File:The_portrait_of_CM_Shri_Nara_Chandrababu_Naidu.jpg|centre|100x100px]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]<br/>{{small|([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])}}
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|{{Ndash}}
|[[Casual vacancy|''Vacant'']]
|}

=== Panel of speakers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Members of the Panel of Speakers for 2024{{Ndash}}2029 term
!Sl.no
!Speaker
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency
!Term start
!Term end
!Appointed by
|-
|1.
|[[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy|Nandyala Varada Rajula Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
| rowspan="9" |{{Start date|2024|07|25|df=yes}}
| rowspan="9" |''Incumbent''
| rowspan="9" |[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]]
|-
|2.
|[[Jyothula Nehru]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|-
|3.
|[[Kolla Lalitha Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
|-
|4.
|[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|-
|5.
|[[Dasari Sudha]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]
|-
|6.
|[[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North]]
|-
|}

==Composition==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs
!Floor Leader
|-
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government<br/>[[Kutami]]'''<br/>Seats: '''164'''
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|135
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br/><small>''([[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|21
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]<br/><small>''([[Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|8
|[[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju|P. Vishnu Kumar Raju]]
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition<br/>[[Vacancy (politics)|None]]'''<br/>Seats: '''0'''
|{{party color cell|Casual vacancy}}
|colspan=3|[[Vacancy (politics)|Vacant]]
|-
|rowspan=1 {{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|rowspan=1 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others'''<br/>Seats: '''11'''
|{{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|11
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|175
|}

== List of the Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Alliance
!Remarks<section end="MLA Header"/> <section begin="Srikakulam District"/>
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|1
|[[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]]
|[[Ashok Bendalam]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=27}}
| Whip
|-
|2
|[[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]]
|[[Gouthu Sireesha]]
|
|-
|3
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|[[Ministry of Agriculture (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Agriculture]], [[Ministry of Co-operation (Andhra Pradesh)|Co-operation]], Marketing, [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries|Animal Husbandry, Dairy development & Fisheries]]
|-
|4
|[[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
|[[Mamidi Govinda Rao]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Gondu Shankar]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
|[[Koona Ravi Kumar]]
|
|-
|7
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
|[[Nadukuditi Eswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|8
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|[[Baggu Ramanamurthy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|<section end="Srikakulam district"/><section begin="Vizinagaram district"/>
|-
|[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|9
|[[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]] (SC)
|[[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|<section end="Vizinagaram district"/><section begin="Parvathipuram Manyam district"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
|10
|[[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]] (ST)
|[[Nimmaka Jaya Krishna]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Kurupam Assembly constituency|Kurupam]] (ST)
|[[Jagadeeswari Thoyaka]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|Whip
|-
|12
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]] (SC)
|[[Bonela Vijaya Chandra]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Salur Assembly constituency|Salur]] (ST)
|[[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]]
|[[Ministry of Women and Child Welfare|Minister of Women & Child Welfare]], [[List of Ministers of Tribal Welfare of Andhra Pradesh|Tribal Welfare]] <section end="Parvathipuram Manyam district"/><section begin="Vizinagaram district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|14
|[[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
|[[R. V. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao|R. V. S. K. K. Ranga Rao]]
|
|-
|15
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
|[[Kondapalli Srinivas]]
|[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of MSME, SERP, NRI Empowerment and Relations]]
|-
|17
|[[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]]
|[[Lokam Naga Madhavi]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|18
|[[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|19
|[[Srungavarapukota Assembly constituency|Srungavarapukota]]
|[[Kolla Lalitha Kumari]]
|<section end="Vizinagaram district"/><section begin="Visakhapatnam district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|20
|[[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bhimili]]
|[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam East]]
|[[Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu]]
|
|-
|22
|[[Visakhapatnam South Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam South]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Srinivasa Yadav]]
|{{party name with colour|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|23
|[[Visakhapatnam North Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam North]]
|[[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|BJP Floor Leader
|-
|24
|[[Visakhapatnam West Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam West]]
|[[P. G. V. R. Naidu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|Whip
|-
|25
|[[Gajuwaka Assembly constituency|Gajuwaka]]
|[[Palla Srinivasa Rao]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|President of Telugu Desam Party]]<section end="Visakhapatnam district"/><section begin="Anakapalli district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|26
|[[Chodavaram Assembly constituency|Chodavaram]]
|[[Kalidindi Suryana Naga Sanyasi Raju]]
|
|-
|27
|[[Madugula Assembly constituency|Madugula]]
|[[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|<section end="Anakapalli district"/><section begin="Alluri Sitharama Raju district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
|28
|[[Araku Valley Assembly constituency|Araku Valley]] (ST)
|[[Regam Matyalingam]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]] (ST)
|[[Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju]]
|<section end="Alluri Sitharama Raju district"/><section begin="Anakapalli district"/>
|-
|[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|30
|[[Anakapalli Assembly constituency|Anakapalli]]
|[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=72}}
|<section end="Anakapalli district"/><section begin="Visakhapatnam district"/>
|-
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|31
|[[Pendurthi Assembly constituency|Pendurthi]]
|[[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
|<section end="Visakhapatnam district"/><section begin="Anakapalli district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|32
|[[Elamanchili Assembly constituency|Yelamanchili]]
|[[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]
|
|-
|33
|[[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]] (SC)
|[[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
||[[List of home ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Home & Disaster Management]]
|-
|34
|[[Narsipatnam Assembly constituency|Narsipatnam]]
|[[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu|Chintakayala Ayyannapatrudu]]
|[[List of speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<section end="Anakapalli district"/><section begin="Kakinada district"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|35
|[[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
|[[Yanamala Divya]]
|Whip
|-
|36
|[[Prathipadu, Kakinada Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Kakinada)]]
|[[Varupula Satyaprabha|Varapula Sathyaprabha]]
|
|-
|37
|[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|[[Pawan Kalyan|Konidela Pawan Kalyan]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Ministry of Panchayat Raj and Rural Development|Minister of Panchayat Raj, Rural Development & Rural Water Supply]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology|Environment, Forest, Science and Technology]]
* [[Janasena Party|Founder and President of Janasena Party]]
*JSP Floor Leader
|-
|38
|[[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]
|[[Pantham Venkateswara Rao]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]
|[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|<section end="Kakinada district"/><section begin="East Godavari district"/>
|-
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|40
|[[Anaparthy Assembly constituency|Anaparthy]]
|[[Ramakrishna Reddy Nallamilli]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="East Godavari district"/><section begin="Kakinada district"/>
|-
|[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|41
|[[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
|[[Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|<section end="Kakinada district"/><section begin="Konaseema district"/>
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
|42
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|[[Vasamsetti Subhash]]
||[[List of Ministers of Labour of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Labour]], [[List of Ministers of Factories of Andhra Pradesh|Factories]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Boilers & Insurance Medical Services]]
|-
|43
|[[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]]
|[[Datla Subbaraju]]
|Whip
|-
|44
|[[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]] (SC)
|[[Aithabathula Anandarao]]
|
|-
|45
|[[Razole Assembly constituency|Razole]] (SC)
|[[Deva Varaprasad]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|46
|[[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Konaseema)]] (SC)
|[[Giddi Satyanarayana]]
|
|-
|47
|[[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]
|[[Bandaru Satyananda Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Mandapeta Assembly constituency|Mandapeta]]
|[[V. Jogeswara Rao]]
|<section end="Konaseema district"/><section begin="East Godavari district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|49
|[[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]]
|[[Bathula Balaramakrishna]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|50
|[[Rajahmundry City Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry City]]
|[[Adireddy Srinivas]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|51
|[[Rajahmundry Rural Assembly constituency|Rajahmundry Rural]]
|[[Gorantla Butchaiah Chowdary]]
|<section end="East Godavari district"/><section begin="Kakinada district"/>
|-
|[[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|52
|[[Jaggampeta Assembly constituency|Jaggampeta]]
|[[Jyothula Nehru]]
|<section end="Kakinada district"/><section begin="Alluri Sitharama Raju district"/>
|-
|[[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
|53
|[[Rampachodavaram Assembly constituency|Rampachodavaram]] (ST)
|[[Miriyala Sirisha Devi]]
|<section end="Alluri Sitharama Raju district"/><section begin="East Godavari district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|54
|[[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]] (SC)
|[[Muppidi Venkateswara Rao]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Nidadavole Assembly constituency|Nidadavole]]
|[[Kandula Durgesh]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|[[Ministry of Tourism (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Tourism]] [[List of Ministers of Culture of Andhra Pradesh|& Culture]], [[Ministry of Cinematography (Andhra Pradesh)|Cinematography]]<section end="East Godavari district"/><section begin="West Godavari district"/>
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|56
|[[Achanta Assembly constituency|Achanta]]
|[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Palakollu Assembly constituency|Palakollu]]
|[[Nimmala Rama Naidu]]
|[[Ministry of Water Resources Development|Minister of Water Resources Development]]
|-
|58
|[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|[[Bommidi Narayana Nayakar]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}
|Whip
|-
|59
|[[Bhimavaram Assembly constituency|Bhimavaram]]
|[[Pulaparthi Ramanjaneyulu]]
|
|-
|60
|[[Undi Assembly constituency|Undi]]
|[[Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|61
|[[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]
|[[Arimilli Radha Krishna]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency|Tadepalligudem]]
|[[Bolisetti Srinivas]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party|rowspan=2}}
|Whip<section end="West Godavari district"/><section begin="Eluru district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|63
|[[Unguturu Assembly constituency|Unguturu]]
|[[Dharmaraju Patsamatla]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
|[[Chintamaneni Prabhakar]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Eluru Assembly constituency|Eluru]]
|[[Radha Krishnayya Badeti]]
|<section end="Eluru district"/><section begin="East Godavari district"/>
|-
|[[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
|66
|[[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]] (SC)
|[[Maddipati Venkata Raju]]
|<section end="East Godavari district"/><section begin="Eluru district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|67
|[[Polavaram Assembly constituency|Polavaram]] (ST)
|[[Chirri Balaraju]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Chintalapudi Assembly constituency|Chintalapudi]] (SC)
|[[Roshan Kumar Songa]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|<section end="Eluru district"/><section begin="NTR district"/>
|-
|[[NTR District|NTR]]
|69
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]] (SC)
|[[Kolikapudi Srinivasa Rao]]
|<section end="NTR district"/><section begin="Eluru district"/>
|-
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|70
|[[Nuzvid Assembly constituency|Nuzvid]]
|[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
|[[List of Ministers of Housing of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Housing]], [[List of Ministers of Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh|Information & Public Relations]]<section end="Eluru district"/><section begin="Krishna district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|71
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram (Krishna)]]
|[[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]]
|Whip
|-
|72
|[[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
|[[Venigandla Ramu]]
|<section end="Krishna district"/><section begin="Eluru district"/>
|-
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|73
|[[Kaikalur Assembly constituency|Kaikalur]]
|[[Kamineni Srinivas]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Eluru district"/><section begin="Krishna district"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|74
|[[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
|[[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|[[Kollu Ravindra]]
|[[Ministry of Mines and Geology|Minister of Mines & Geology]], [[Ministry of Excise|Excise]]
|-
|76
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]] (SC)
|[[Varla Kumar Raja]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|78
|[[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]
|[[Bode Prasad]]
|<section end="Krishna district"/><section begin="NTR district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[NTR district|NTR]]
|79
|[[Vijayawada West Assembly constituency|Vijayawada West]]
|[[Sujana Chowdary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|80
|[[Vijayawada Central Assembly constituency|Vijayawada Central]]
|[[Bonda Umamaheswara Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=11}}
|Whip
|-
|81
|[[Vijayawada East Assembly constituency|Vijayawada East]]
|[[Gadde Ramamohan]]
|
|-
|82
|[[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
|[[Vasantha Venkata Krishna Prasad]]
|
|-
|83
|[[Nandigama Assembly constituency|Nandigama]] (SC)
|[[Tangirala Sowmya]]
|Whip
|-
|84
|[[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency|Jaggayyapeta]]
|[[Rajagopal Sreeram]]
|<section end="NTR district"/><section begin="Palnadu district"/>
|-
|[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|85
|[[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
|[[Bhashyam Praveen]]
|<section end="Palnadu district"/><section begin="Guntur district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|86
|[[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]] (SC)
|[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
|
|-
|87
|[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|[[Nara Lokesh]]
|
*[[List of education ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Human Resources Development]], [[List of information technology ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Information Technology]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Electronics & Communication]], [[Real Time Governance Society|Real Time Governance]]
*[[Telugu Desam Party|National Working President of Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
|88
|[[Ponnur Assembly constituency|Ponnuru]]
|[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
|<section end="Guntur district"/><section begin="Bapatla district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|89
|[[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]] (SC)
|[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
|
|-
|90
|[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|[[Anagani Satya Prasad]]
|[[List of Ministers of Revenue, Registration & Stamps of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Revenue, Registration & Stamps]]<section end="Bapatla district"/><section begin="Guntur district"/>
|-
|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|91
|[[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]
|[[Nadendla Manohar]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
*[[Ministry of Civil Supplies, Food and Consumer Affairs|Minister of Food & Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs]]
*[[Janasena Party|Political Affairs Committee (PAC) Chairman of the Janasena Party]]
*JSP Deputy Floor Leader<section end="Guntur district"/><section begin="Bapatla district"/>
|-
|[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|92
|[[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|[[Vegesana Narendra Varma Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=10}}
|<section end="Bapatla district"/><section begin="Guntur district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|93
|[[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu (Guntur)]] (SC)
|[[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]
|
|-
|94
|[[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
|[[Galla Madhavi]]
|
|-
|95
|[[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
|[[Mohammed Naseer Ahmed]]
|<section end="Guntur district"/><section begin="Palnadu district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|96
|[[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]
|[[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
|
|-
|97
|[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|[[Chadalavada Aravinda Babu]]
|
|-
|98
|[[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]
|[[Kanna Lakshminarayana|Kanna Lakshminaraya]]
|
|-
|99
|[[Vinukonda Assembly constituency|Vinukonda]]
|[[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]
|Chief Whip
|-
|100
|[[Gurazala Assembly constituency|Gurazala]]
|[[Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
|101
|[[Macherla Assembly constituency|Macherla]]
|[[Julakanti Brahmananda Reddy]]
|<section end="Palnadu district"/><section begin="Prakasam district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|102
|[[Yerragondapalem Assembly constituency|Yerragondapalem]] (SC)
|[[Tatiparthi Chandrasekhar]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|103
|[[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]
|[[Buchepalli Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|<section end="Prakasam district"/><section begin="Bapatla district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|104
|[[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=20}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=20}}
|
|-
|105
|[[Addanki Assembly constituency|Addanki]]
|[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
|[[List of Ministers of Energy of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Energy]]
|-
|106
|[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|[[Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav]]
|<section end="Bapatla district"/><section begin="Prakasam district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|107
|[[Santhanuthalapadu Assembly constituency|Santhanuthalapadu]] (SC)
|[[B. N. Vijay Kumar]]
|
|-
|108
|[[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]
|[[Damacharla Janardhana Rao]]
|<section end="Prakasam district"/><section begin="Nellore district"/>
|-
|[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|109
|[[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
|[[Inturi Nageswara Rao]]
|<section end="Nellore district"/><section begin="Prakasam district"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|110
|[[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]] (SC)
|[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]
|[[Ministry of Social Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Social Welfare]], [[Ministry of Disabled & Senior Citizen Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Disabled & Senior Citizen Welfare]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Affairs of Sachivalayam & Village Volunteer]]
|-
|111
|[[Markapuram Assembly constituency|Markapuram]]
|[[Kandula Narayana Reddy]]
|
|-
|112
|[[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur]]
|[[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]
|
|-
|113
|[[Kanigiri Assembly constituency|Kanigiri]]
|[[Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy]]
|<section end="Prakasam district"/><section begin="Nellore district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|114
|[[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
|[[Dagumati Venkata Krishna Reddy]]
|
|-
|115
|[[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]
|[[List of endowments ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Endowments]]
|-
|116
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|[[Vemireddy Prashanti Reddy]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
|[[Ponguru Narayana]]
|[[Ministry of Municipal Administration and Urban Development|Minister of Urban Development & Municipal Administration]]
|-
|118
|[[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency|Nellore Rural]]
|[[Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy]]
|
|-
|119
|[[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]
|<section end="Nellore district"/><section begin="Tirupati district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|120
|[[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]] (SC)
|[[Pasam Sunil Kumar]]
|
|-
|121
|[[Sullurpeta Assembly constituency|Sullurpeta]] (SC)
|[[Nelavala Vijayasree]]
|
|-
|122
|[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|[[Kurugondla Ramakrishna]]
|<section end="Tirupati district"/><section begin="Nellore district"/>
|-
|[[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|123
|[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|[[Kakarla Suresh]]
|<section end="Nellore district"/><section begin="Kadapa district"/>
|-
|[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
|124
|[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]] (SC)
|[[Dasari Sudha]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None|rowspan=2}}
|<section end="Kadapa district"/><section begin="Annamayya district"/>
|-
|[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
|125
|[[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
|[[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
|<section end="Annamayya district"/><section begin="Kadapa district"/>
|-
|[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
|126
|[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
|[[Reddeppagari Madhavi]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Whip<section end="Kadapa district"/><section begin="Annamayya district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
|127
|[[Kodur Assembly constituency|Kodur]] (SC)
|[[Arava Sreedhar]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|Whip
|-
|128
|[[Rayachoti Assembly constituency|Rayachoti]]
|[[Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Ministry of Transport (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister of Transport]], [[List of Ministers for Youth & Sports of Andhra Pradesh|Youth & Sports]]<section end="Annamayya district"/><section begin="Kadapa district"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
|129
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendula]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None}}
|[[YSR Congress Party|President of YSR Congress Party]], YSRCP Floor Leader
|-
|130
|[[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]
|[[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=15}}
|
|-
|131
|[[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]
|[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| BJP Whip
|-
|132
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]
|[[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy|Nandyala Varada Rajula Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=13}}
|
|-
|133
|[[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]
|[[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]
|<section end="Kadapa district"/><section begin="Nandyal district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
|134
|[[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
|[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]
|
|-
|135
|[[Srisailam Assembly constituency|Srisailam]]
|[[Budda Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|
|-
|136
|[[Nandikotkur Assembly constituency|Nandikotkur]] (SC)
|[[Githa Jayasurya]]
|<section end="Nandyal district"/><section begin="Kurnool district"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|137
|[[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]
|[[T. G. Bharath]]
|[[List of Ministers of Industries & Commerce of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Industries & Commerce]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Food Processing]]
|-
|138
|[[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]
|[[Gowru Charitha Reddy]]
|<section end="Kurnool district"/><section begin="Nandyal district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
|139
|[[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
|[[N. M. D. Farooq]]
|[[Ministry of Minority Welfare|Minister of Minority Welfare]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Law & Justice]]
|-
|140
|[[Banaganapalle Assembly constituency|Banaganapalle]]
|[[B. C. Janardhan Reddy]]
|[[List of roads and buildings ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Roads & Buildings]], [[Ministry of Infrastructure and Investments|Infrastructure & Investments]]
|-
|141
|[[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]
|[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
|<section end="Nandyal district"/><section begin="Kurnool district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|142
|[[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pattikonda]]
|[[K. E. Shyam Babu]]
|
|-
|143
|[[Kodumur Assembly constituency|Kodumur]] (SC)
|[[Boggula Dastagiri]]
|
|-
|144
|[[Yemmiganur Assembly constituency|Yemmiganur]]
|[[Jaya Nageswara Reddy]]
|
|-
|145
|[[Mantralayam Assembly constituency|Mantralayam]]
|[[Y. Balanagi Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None}}
|
|-
|146
|[[Adoni Assembly constituency|Adoni]]
|[[P. V. Parthasarathi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|147
|[[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
|[[Busine Virupakshi]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None}}
|<section end="Kurnool district"/><section begin="Anantapur district"/>
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|148
|[[Rayadurg Assembly constituency|Rayadurg]]
|[[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=12}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=14}}
|Whip
|-
|149
|[[Uravakonda Assembly constituency|Uravakonda]]
|[[Payyavula Keshav]]
|[[List of finance ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Minister of Finance, Planning]], [[List of Ministers of Commercial Taxes of Andhra Pradesh|Commercial Taxes]] & [[List of Ministers of Legislative Affairs of Andhra Pradesh|Legislative Affairs]]
|-
|150
|[[Guntakal Assembly constituency|Guntakal]]
|[[Gummanur Jayaram]]
|
|-
|151
|[[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadipatri]]
|[[J. C. Ashmit Reddy]]
|
|-
|152
|[[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]] (SC)
|[[Bandaru Sravani Sree]]
|
|-
|153
|[[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
|[[Daggupati Venkateswara Prasad]]
|
|-
|154
|[[Kalyandurg Assembly constituency|Kalyandurg]]
|[[Amilineni Surendra Babu]]
|
|-
|155
|[[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
|[[Paritala Sunitha]]
|<section end="Anantapur district"/><section begin="Sri Sathya Sai district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|156
|[[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]] (SC)
|[[M. S. Raju (politician)|M. S. Raju]]
|
|-
|157
|[[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|
|-
|158
|[[Penukonda Assembly constituency|Penukonda]]
|[[S. Savitha]]
|[[Ministry of Backward Classes Welfare|Minister of B.C. Welfare]], [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Economically Weaker Sections Welfare, Handlooms & Textiles]]
|-
|159
|[[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]]
|[[Palle Sindhura Reddy]]
|
|-
|160
|[[Dharmavaram Assembly constituency|Dharmavaram]]
|[[Satya Kumar Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ministry of Health, Family Welfare and Medical Education|Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Medical Education]]
|-
|161
|[[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
|[[Kandikunta Venkata Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|<section end="Sri Sathya Sai district"/><section begin="Annamayya district"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
|162
|[[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]
|[[Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None}}
|
|-
|163
|[[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]
|[[N. Kishore Kumar Reddy|Nallari Kishore Kumar Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|164
|[[Madanapalle Assembly constituency|Madanapalle]]
|[[Shahjahan Basha]]
|<section end="Annamayya district"/><section begin="Chittoor district"/>
|-
|[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|165
|[[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]
|[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Not applicable|shortname=None}}
|<section end="Chittoor district"/><section begin="Tirupati district"/>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|166
|[[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|[[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|{{party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|167
|[[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]
|[[Arani Srinivasulu]]
|{{party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|
|-
|168
|[[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]
|[[Bojjala Sudhir Reddy|Bojjala Venkata Sudhir Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|169
|[[Satyavedu Assembly constituency|Satyavedu]] (SC)
|[[Koneti Adimulam]]
|<section end="Tirupati district"/><section begin="Chittoor district"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|170
|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]
|
|-
|171
|[[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]] (SC)
|[[V. M. Thomas]]
|Whip
|-
|172
|[[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]]
|[[Gurajala Jagan Mohan]]
|
|-
|173
|[[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]] (SC)
|[[Kalikiri Murali Mohan]]
|
|-
|174
|[[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaner]]
|[[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|
|-
|175
|[[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|
*[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Telugu Desam Party|National President of Telugu Desam Party]]<section end="Chittoor district"/>
|}

== See also==
{{portal|India}}

* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Official website] of the [[Election Commission of India]]

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}{{Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}{{Current Indian assemblies}}

{{Government of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Terms of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Andhra Pradesh]]

Ranikor Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:06Z

Pnbh11: new a post...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ranikor
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[South West Khasi Hills district|South West Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ranikor Assembly constituency map.svg
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 35
| mla = [[Pius Marwein]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:35764}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Ranikor''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[South West Khasi Hills district|South West Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The constituency was created after the passing of ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It had its first election in 2013. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Martin Danggo]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2028|05}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | [[Martin Danggo]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2018 elections in India#Meghalaya|2018 By-election]] || rowspan=2 | [[Pius Marwein]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranikor<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pius Marwein]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=16,502 |percentage=50.94% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martin Danggo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,853 |percentage=33.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mighter Marwein |party=Independent politician |votes=3,035 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Overlin Imiong |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=988 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Victorealness Syiemlieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=494 |percentage=1.52% |change={{decrease}}2.03 }}{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=128 |percentage=0.40% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,649 |percentage=17.44% |change= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,395 |percentage=90.58% |change= {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,764 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 elections in India#Meghalaya|2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ranikor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pius Marwein]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=13,183 |percentage=49.96% |change={{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martin Danggo]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,287 |percentage=38.99% |change={{increase}}26.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshngainlang Syiem |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=1,978 |percentage=7.50% |change={{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jackiush A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=938 |percentage=3.55% |change={{decrease}}36.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=184 |percentage=0.70% |change={{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,896 |percentage=10.98% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,386 |percentage=89.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,781 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranikor<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martin Danggo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,952 |percentage=40.43% |change={{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pius Marwein]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,950 |percentage=33.04% |change={{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donkupar Massar |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,256 |percentage=12.02% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pelcy Snaitang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,907 |percentage=7.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Airmarchal Diengngan |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=1,453 |percentage=5.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Martha R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=0.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Dandaly Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=76 |percentage=0.28% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=138 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,002 |percentage=7.39% |change= {{increase}}5.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,091 |percentage=91.23% |change= {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranikor<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Martin Danggo]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,189 |percentage=41.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Probin K. Raswai |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,734 |percentage=39.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cornileous Nongbri |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,000 |percentage=13.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pranklip M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=736 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketson Ch. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangsandor Syiem |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=238 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desmond B. Wanshnong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=136 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=455 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,288 |percentage=90.40% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,654 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South West Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.23|91.24|display=title}}

[[Category:South West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:45:46Z

Pnbh11: Made First Info First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhakuakhana
| constituency_no = 77
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dhakuakhana forms part of the [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Lakhimpur district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency
* Area Includes: Dhakuakhana MB, Dhakuakhana Dev. Block, Boginadi Dev. Block(Part), Ghilamara Dev. Block(Part).

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
![[Lalit Kumar Doley]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
!Nameswar Pegu
![[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
! rowspan="2" |Lakhya Nath Doley
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Ragunath Pamegam
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Bharat Narah]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Naba Kumar Doley]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Naba Kumar Doley]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhiren Kachari |party=Communist Party of India |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
|votes = 86,382
|percentage = 50.83
|change = -4.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Padmalochan Doley]]
|votes = 76,786
|percentage = 45.18
|change = +6.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Satyajit Regan
|votes = 2,988
|percentage = 1.76
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = VPI
|candidate = Lalit Pegu
|votes = 1,629
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Jutika Doley
|votes = 905
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,254
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,596
|percentage = 5.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,69,944
|percentage = 80.54
|change = -3.87
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,96,751
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
|votes = 81,556
|percentage = 55.45
|change = +53.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 57,014
|percentage = 38.76
|change = -5.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Lakhi Nath Sonowal
|votes = 2,270
|percentage = 1.54
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Chowdhury
|votes = 2,132
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhumi Ranjan Doley
|votes = 1,855
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = LDP
|candidate = Dr. Rajendra Pegu
|votes = 812
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Jutika Doley
|votes = 422
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,111
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,542
|percentage = 16.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,072
|percentage = 84.41
|change = +2.18
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,74,228
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Naba Kumar Doley]]
|votes = 63,963
|percentage = 50.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 56,456
|percentage = 44.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gyana Nath Mili
|votes = 2,033
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakhimai Pegu
|votes = 1,873
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ranjit Doley
|votes = 1,130
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Memud Pagag
|votes = 525
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Indrajit Narah
|votes = 437
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Jutika Doley
|votes = 398
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bhaben Kumar Panyang
|votes = 330
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,507
|percentage = 5.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,27,145
|percentage = 82.23
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,54,622
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 55,645
|percentage = 43.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Mahesh Kumar Doley
|votes = 43,005
|percentage = 33.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Paramananda Doley
|votes = 12,273
|percentage = 9.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deben Pegu
|votes = 9,862
|percentage = 7.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Padmeswar Sonowal
|votes = 2,768
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jadu Hazarika
|votes = 2,694
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhaben Kumar Panyang
|votes = 1,607
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prasanda Deori
|votes = 1,067
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,672
|percentage = 9.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,29,101
|percentage = 83.00
|change = +5.5
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,55,559
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 41,190
|percentage = 42.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deben Pegu
|votes = 35,514
|percentage = 36.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 18,531
|percentage = 19.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Karabi Sonowal
|votes = 1,168
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,776
|percentage = 6.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 98,321
|percentage = 77.5
|change = -3.8
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,26,922
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 29,752
|percentage = 35.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Mahesh Doley
|votes = 27,119
|percentage = 32.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Paramananda Chayengia]]
|votes = 17,522
|percentage = 20.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakheswar Sonowal
|votes = 4,782
|percentage = 5.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Sunadhar Patir
|votes = 3,293
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Sashidhar Doley
|votes = 534
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moying Pegu
|votes = 264
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kumar Krishna Mohan Deuri Bharali
|votes = 258
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarbeswar Mili
|votes = 144
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Munindra Sonowal
|votes = 130
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Thanuram Majinder
|votes = 114
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,633
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 87,782
|percentage = 81.3
|change = +4.1
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,07,978
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 23,891
|percentage = 30.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Paramananda Doley
|votes = 18,505
|percentage = 23.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Sonadhar Patir
|votes = 12,616
|percentage = 16.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhagiram Kutum
|votes = 11,348
|percentage = 14.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lalit Pegu
|votes = 3,330
|percentage = 4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Raghu Nath Pamehgam
|votes = 2,756
|percentage = 3.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Bibhichan Pegu
|votes = 2,295
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natun Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Debeswar Pegu
|votes = 1249
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mal Chandra Takoe
|votes = 558
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moying Chandra Pegu
|votes = 480
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chandra Kanta Doley
|votes = 237
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nobin Kutum
|votes = 192
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhaba Doley
|votes = 89
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,386
|percentage = 6.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 82,078
|percentage = 77.2
|change = +4.9
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,06,322
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Bharat Narah]]
|votes = 30,113
|percentage = 49.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raghunath Pemagam
|votes = 12,515
|percentage = 20.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lalit Pegu
|votes = 4,603
|percentage = 7.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Surya Kumar Chinte
|votes = 3,145
|percentage = 5.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jadu Hazarika
|votes = 3,134
|percentage = 5.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sunadhar Patir
|votes = 2,518
|percentage = 4.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gunabhi Lagachu
|votes = 1,466
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
|candidate = Ramya Nath Pegu
|votes = 1,456
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Moyin Pegu
|votes = 1,420
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dina Nath Saikia
|votes = 298
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rupeswar Patir
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,598
|percentage = 28.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 64,463
|percentage = 72.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 89,119
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ragunath Pamegam
|votes = 587
|percentage = 91.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Lalit Doley
|votes = 35
|percentage = 5.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surjya Kumar Chinte
|votes = 5
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ganaram Lagachu
|votes = 4
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moying Pegu
|votes = 3
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Parama Doley
|votes = 3
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Daulat Pegu
|votes = 2
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anandra Pegu
|votes = 1
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 552
|percentage = 84.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 650
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 76,877
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhakuakhana }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lakhya Nath Doley
|votes = 9,548
|percentage = 20.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jadu Hazarika
|votes = 9,005
|percentage = 19.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kameswar Pegu
|votes = 8,927
|percentage = 19.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Saikia
|votes = 6,333
|percentage = 13.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Raghunath Pamehgam
|votes = 3,864
|percentage = 8.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Birachan Boley
|votes = 3,473
|percentage = 7.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Monohar Sonowal
|votes = 3,206
|percentage = 6.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sonadhar Patir
|votes = 2,478
|percentage = 5.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 543
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 48,136
|percentage = 65.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 73,439
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]

Vadapalani metro station

2026-04-12T08:53:58Z

Pnbh11: started initial data w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Chennai Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Vadapalani
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = Green|line2 = Inter|line3 = Yellow}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Vadapalani metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600026
| coordinates = {{coord|13.05050|80.21208|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|18|m|ft}}
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}; font-size:100%|[[Green Line (Chennai Metro)#Inter Corridor Line|<span style="color:blue;">'''Inter Corridor Line'''</span>]]|}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]]<br />
Platform-1 → [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO metro station|St. Thomas Mount]]<br>Platform-2 → [[Chennai Central metro station|M.G.R Chennai Central]]<br>Platform-3 → Train Terminates Here *<br />Platform-4 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}}<br><small>* ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}''' in the future)''</small>
| depth =
| levels = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = {{parking symbol}} available
| bicycle = Free bicycle {{parking symbol}} available
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} - {{start date and age|2015|June|29}}
| opening = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}} - {{start date and age|2026|June|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[Single-phase electric power|Single-phase]] {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}}} - Staffed and Operational<br>{{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}}} - Final Stages before Commercial Operations - 95% complete
| code = SVA
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Green|left1=Arumbakkam|right1=Ashok Nagar|line2=Blue|left2=Arumbakkam|to-left2=Chennai Central|note-mid2=''(Inter-Corridor Service)''|right2=Ashok Nagar|to-right2=Kilambakkam|line3=Yellow|left3=Porur Junction|to-left3=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid3=''(Operational around June 2026)''|right3=|to-right3=Vadapalani|line4=Yellow|left4=Saligramam|to-left4=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid4=''(Operational around Q2 of 2027)''|right4=Kodambakkam Powerhouse|to-right4=Lighthouse|line5=Yellow|left5=Saligramam|to-left5=Parandur Airport|note-mid5=''(Extension in the future)''|right5=Kodambakkam Powerhouse|to-right5=Lighthouse}}
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Vadapalani''' is an elevated metro station on the South-East Corridor of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This station serves the neighbourhoods of [[Vadapalani]] and [[Kodambakkam]] and is one of the major stations on the Koyambedu-Alandur stretch and became operational by early 2015.<ref name="Hindu_StationToBeConnectedToMall" />

==Construction history==
The station was constructed by Consolidated Constructed Consortium (CCCL). The consolidated cost of the station along with the stations of [[Koyambedu metro station|Koyambedu]], [[Arumbakkam metro station|Arumbakkam]], [[CMBT metro station|CMBT]], and [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]] was {{INR}} 1,395.4 million.<ref name="Hindu_ArukbnakkamStnAlmostComplete">{{cite news | title = Arumbakkam metro station almost complete | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai
| date = 10 September 2013 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/arumbakkam-metro-station-almost-complete/article5110276.ece | access-date = 2 Feb 2015}}</ref>

==The station==
The station is an elevated station at the junction of Jawaharlal Nehru Road and Arcot Road. At 16 metres above the street level,<ref>{{cite news | title = வடபழனியில் இரண்டு மேம்பாலங்கள் | newspaper = Dinamalar | location = Chennai | language = ta | date = 22 December 2014 }}</ref> the station is the highest elevated station of the Chennai Metro.<ref name="Hindu_HighwaysToFlagOffFlyover"/>

According to CMRL, the station was projected to have at least 12,000 people passing through.<ref name="Hindu_StationToBeConnectedToMall">{{cite news | last = Sekar | first = Sunitha | title = Vadapalani Metro station to be connected to mall | newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 19 November 2014 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/vadapalani-metro-station-to-be-connected-to-mall/article6612195.ece| access-date = 7 Dec 2014}}</ref>

===Station layout===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Vadapalani track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Arumbakkam metro station|Arumbakkam]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}|{{Routemap
| title = Vadapalani track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}
| title-color = blue
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Kodambakkam Powerhouse metro station|Kodambakkam Powerhouse]] **
*'''P3'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P4'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Saligramam metro station|Saligramam]] **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms<br>'''''** Under Construction'''''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br/>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Northbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Arumbakkam metro station|Arumbakkam]]</small>
|-
|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Southbound'''</span>
|<span style=color:white></span>Towards ← [[St. Thomas Mount railway station#Integrated Terminus for suburban.2C MRTS .26 METRO|St. Thomas Mount]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Ashok Nagar metro station|Ashok Nagar]]</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}>'''Platform 3'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Kodambakkam Powerhouse metro station|Kodambakkam Powerhouse]]</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}>'''Platform 4'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards ← [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]] **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Saligramam metro station|Saligramam]]</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L3'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |'''''<small>** (Further extension to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future)</small>'''''
|}

===Facilities===

==Connectivity==
In 2014, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) announced plans to connect Vadapalani Metro station with Forum Vijaya mall by means of a service road adjacent to the station.<ref name="Hindu_StationToBeConnectedToMall"/>

==Supportive infrastructure==
[[File:Vadapalani Junction, Chennai.jpg|left|thumb|Vadapalani Junction below the Vadapalani Metro station]]
As of 2013, about 11,000 vehicles pass through the section on Jawaharlal Nehru Salai between Kathipara and Vadapalani and 12,000 vehicles pass through the Vadapalani-Koyambedu section during peak hours. A total of 185,000 vehicles use the road every day.<ref name="Hindu_HighwaysToFlagOffFlyover"/>

Along with Koyambedu and Ashok Nagar Metro stations, Vadapalani Metro station will be developed by leasing out space either for shops or office spaces. As part of fire safety measures, underground water tanks of 50,000 to 100,000 litre capacity will be set up at the station.<ref>{{cite news| last = Express News Service| title = Metro Rail Stations to Sport Snazzy Look| newspaper = The New Indian Express| location = Chennai| publisher = Express Publications | date = 30 October 2014 | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Metro-Rail-Stations-to-Sport-Snazzy-Look/2014/10/30/article2499052.ece| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141101204455/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Metro-Rail-Stations-to-Sport-Snazzy-Look/2014/10/30/article2499052.ece| url-status = dead| archive-date = 1 November 2014| access-date = 1 Nov 2014}}</ref>

The station will have an integrated flyover to bypass the junction. The 450-metre-long four-laned flyover will be built at a cost of {{INR}} 694.3 million and the central portion will be integrated with the Vadapalani Metro rail station. A separate bay will be constructed inside the station to enable MTC buses to drop and pick up passengers.<ref name="Hindu_HighwaysToFlagOffFlyover">{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = Highways to soon flag off work on Vadapalani flyover | newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| date = 30 May 2013 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/highways-to-soon-flag-off-work-on-vadapalani-flyover/article4763693.ece| access-date = 19 Jan 2014}}</ref>

The flyover is being built jointly by the CMRL and the highways department.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Chennai Metro]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[List of metro systems in India]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Vadapalani/@13.0504018,80.2110769,383m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x3a5266e99a6a354f:0xcc49995757e816dd!2sVadapalani!8m2!3d13.050493!4d80.212088!3m4!1s0x3a5266e99a6a354f:0xcc49995757e816dd!8m2!3d13.050493!4d80.212088|title= Vadapalani metro station}}

{{Chennai Metro|green line=yes|line 4=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2015]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Royal Army of Oman

2026-03-25T09:19:44Z

Pnbh11: further corrected content based on references and added references

{{short description|Land warfare branch of Oman's military}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Royal Army of Oman
|native_name=قوات السلطان المسلحة
|image=Royal Army of Oman Seal.svg
|image_size=200px
|caption=
|start_date= 1907
|country= {{Flag|Oman|size=23px}}
|allegiance= [[Sultan of Oman]]
|branch=
|type= [[Army|Land force]]
|role= [[Land warfare]]
|size= 25,000 (2024)<ref name="IISS" />
|command_structure=
|garrison= Muaskar al Murtafaa
|garrison_label=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

| commander1 = [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq]]
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-Chief|Supreme Commander]]
| commander2 = [[Shihab bin Tariq Al Said]]
| commander2_label = [[Ministry of Defence (Oman)|Minister of Defense]]
| commander3 = Vice Adm. Abdullah bin Khamis bin Abdullah Al Raisi
| commander3_label = [[Chief of Staff of the Sultan's Armed Forces|Armed Forces Chief of Staff]]
| commander4 = Major Gen. Matar bin Salim bin Rashid al Balushi<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAO Commander receives Saudi delegation |date=20 May 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=Oman Observer |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1170847/oman/rao-commander-receives-saudi-delegation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passing out of Regimental Commanders Course and Junior Command and Staff Course|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|publisher=MOD Oman|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220922/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commander received at RAO|url=https://omaninfo.om/english/module.php?module=topics-showtopic&CatID=4&ID=553|website=omaninfo.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051457/https://omaninfo.om/english/module.php?module=topics-showtopic&CatID=4&ID=553|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| commander4_label = Commander of the RAO
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2= [[File:Royal Army of Oman Flag.svg|200px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label= Flag of Royal Army of Oman
|website =[http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx Royal Army of Oman]}}
The '''Royal Army of Oman''' ({{Langx|ar|الجيش العماني|al-Jaīsh al-'Umānī}}) is the ground forces component of the [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces]]. It was founded in 1907 as the Muscat Garrison.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman / Royal Oman Land Forces (ROLF)|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202521/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-03|url-status = live}}</ref> It has a current strength of up to 25,000 active personnel.<ref name="IISS">{{Cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2024 |title=The Military Balance 2024 |pages=376–377 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-78004-7 }}</ref>

==History==
Oman has a military history which dates back to the seventh century, when troops from the Alozd tribe were strong enough to help [[Abu Bakr]], companion of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. At the beginning of the seventeenth century there were local forces associated with [[Yaruba dynasty|Ya'ariba dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Al'Yaruba State|url=https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|website=www.mofa.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060343/https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|archive-date=2017-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> It was this dynasty, which forced the [[Sultan bin Saif#War with the Portuguese|expulsion of Portuguese from the country in 1650]]. The Ya'ariba dynasty were responsible for most of the fortified site across what is now the Sultanate of Oman from [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]] in the north to the southern province of [[Dhofar]].

The Royal Army of Oman officially traces its origins back to the formation of the Muscat Garrison in 1907,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=J. E.|title=Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317291732|pages=72–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&q=Muscat+Garrison+1907&pg=PA73|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223003/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Muscat+Garrison+1907&source=bl&ots=jQmd1d4G_e&sig=YwPeBvYxbaVnfAhmfcZoW_SJvIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0wobhmMPVAhWjKsAKHXNSDT4Q6AEIVzAI#v=onepage&q=Muscat%20Garrison%201907&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> this local garrison force was developed and became the Muscat Infantry in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220532/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref> An agreement between the Omani and the British governments in 1958 led to the creation of the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) and the creation of formally structured Omani army units. At the same time the United Kingdom promised to provide direct assistance in the development of the SAF and its land forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Persian Gulf States - Oman - Regional and National Security Considerations|url=http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=US Government|accessdate=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012129/http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|archive-date=2016-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1960 and 1970s, army units fought in the [[Dhofar Rebellion]] alongside British units and<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - Equipment|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081712/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-05|url-status = live}}</ref> it relied on embedded unit-level British military advisors, who saw combat alongside the units they were very much part of.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peck|first1=Malcolm C.|title=The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810876361|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&q=SOLF+RAO+Oman&pg=PA21|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223559/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=SOLF+RAO+Oman&source=bl&ots=MVIe2efD8Y&sig=HMWKH9OHW5uvXb_f-GmKYbvv3Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7k__Fl8PVAhUJIMAKHYyTANYQ6AEIQTAD#v=onepage&q=SOLF%20RAO%20Oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the Dhofar Rebellion the Omani army became an independent service known as the Sultan of Oman Land Forces in 1976. In 1990, Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] renamed his land forces the Royal Army of Oman (RAO).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - About Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url = http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website = www.mod.gov.om|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151217043506/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/rao/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date = 2015-12-17|url-status = live}}</ref> The RAO frequently exercises with the armed forces of fellow [[Peninsula Shield Force|Gulf Cooperation Council]] nations and other strategic defense partners such as the [[Oman–United States relations|US]] and [[Saif Sareea II|UK]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arab|first1=The New|title=Oman and UK to hold military exercise next year|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|website=alaraby|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152519/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ground Forces Organisation==
According to the latest MoD Telephone Directory published by Omantel,<ref name="Omantel">{{cite web|title=Oman Yellow Pages - Ministry of Defence|url=http://www.omantel-yellowpages.com/wap/MinDetails.aspx?id=30|website=www.omantel-yellowpages.com|publisher=Omantel|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805223525/http://www.omantel-yellowpages.com/wap/MinDetails.aspx?id=30|archive-date=2017-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref> RAO is structured as follows:
[[File:Sultan Qaboos 1980.jpg|thumb|Sultan Qaboos in the field observing an army exercise in 1980]]
[[File:Oman. Dhofar 1972 (8620570923).jpg|thumb|Omani Army positions at Sarfayt in 1972, during the Dhofar Rebellion]]
[[File:Oman 1980 (3098765076).jpg|thumb|A British military advisor with Omani soldiers in 1980]]
[[File:US National Guard trains with Oman Army.jpg|thumb|right|Oregon National Guard Training in Oman alongside the Omani Army (U.S. Army Photo by Spc. Cory Grogan, Oregon Military Department Public Affairs)]]
[[File:Good to Go (33170447126).jpg|thumb|Omani soldiers and US Marines exercising in 2017]]
*HQ RAO at Muaskar al Murtafa'a (MAM) near [[Seeb, Oman|Seeb]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 3, RAO COMMANDER, UK CHIEF OF GEN STAFF MEET|url=http://omanobserver.om/main/files/pdf/2016/5/3/OmanObserver_03-05-16.pdf|publisher=Oman Observer|accessdate=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153132/http://omanobserver.om/main/files/pdf/2016/5/3/OmanObserver_03-05-16.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Page 4|url=http://omanobserver.om/main/files/pdf/2015/12/17/OmanObserver_17-12-15.pdf|publisher=Oman Observer|accessdate=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153026/http://omanobserver.om/main/files/pdf/2015/12/17/OmanObserver_17-12-15.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Two infantry brigades:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Calvin H.|last2=II|first2=W. Lynn Rigsbee|title=Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970-1996|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135314309|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLujAgAAQBAJ&q=11+brigade+salalah&pg=PA82|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153525/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lLujAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=11+brigade+salalah&source=bl&ots=mwgA3Cl2_N&sig=CeeeXxOUoBcXuJoiaVOa64_xlQg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOhJ2h88TVAhWILsAKHal9A64Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=11%20brigade%20salalah&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**11 Brigade (the southern brigade) based in [[Salalah]]
**23 Brigade (the northern brigade) based at MAM
*The Sultan's Armour Units (MSO) based at Sultan bin Safy Camp at Shafa, near [[Izki]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=J. E.|title=Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy, Appendix 1|date=2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=9780863567025|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=armoured+regiment+Shafa+oman&pg=PT355|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153534/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT355&lpg=PT355&dq=armoured+regiment+Shafa+oman&source=bl&ots=4qDBhZSaMc&sig=1rtyjq50XmoHLcHEVN5hNdG7qao&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE0Z_-9cTVAhVpIsAKHVwNDfkQ6AEIQzAE#v=onepage&q=armoured%20regiment%20Shafa%20oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Two regiments of main battle tanks ([[Challenger 2]] and [[M60A3]])
**Medium Reconnaissance Regiment ([[FV101 Scorpion]])
*The Border Guard Brigade with a base in [[Haima, Oman|Haima]] in the Al Wusta Governate<ref>{{cite web|title=SAF launches Atheer Project|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/53199/Oman/Government/Oman-Army's-communications-equipment-project-'Atheer'-launched|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Newspaper|first1=Muscat Daily|title=H E Nuamani inspects border guard brigade - Oman|url=http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/H-E-Nuamani-inspects-border-guard-brigade|website=Muscat Daily News|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808160335/http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/H-E-Nuamani-inspects-border-guard-brigade|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Infantry
**[[Muscat Regiment (Oman)|Muscat Regiment]] (MR) based at [[Bidbid]] - [[Mowag Piranha]]-equipped [[Mechanised Infantry]]
**[[Northern Frontier Regiment (Oman)|Northern Frontier Regiment]] (NFR) based at [[Ibri]] and [[Buraimi]]
**[[Desert Regiment (Oman)|Desert Regiment]] (DR) based at [[Ibra]] - Mowag Piranha-equipped Mechanised Infantry
**[[Jebel Regiment (Oman)|Jebel Regiment]] (JR) based at [[Nizwa]]
**Southern Regiment (KJ) one battalion based at [[Salalah]] near the Royal Palace on the Taqah Road
**Western Frontier Regiment (WFR) based at [[Thumrait]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paras train with Omani soldiers - GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/paras-train-with-omani-soldiers|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153020/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/paras-train-with-omani-soldiers|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Sultan of Oman's Parachute Regiment (SOPR) based at [[Rustaq]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dhar|first1=D|title=Retrospective Study of Injuries in Military Parachuting|url=http://www.mjafi.net/article/S0377-1237(07)80014-1/pdf|journal=[[Medical Journal Armed Forces India]]|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=English|doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(07)80014-1|date=1 October 2007|volume=63|issue=4|pages=353–355|pmid=27408048|pmc=4922047}}</ref>
**Oman Reconnaissance Regiment based in [[Dhofar]]
*Border and Local Security Forces (light infantry role)
**Western Border Security Force based at [[Al Qabil, Al Buraimi|Al Qabil]]
**Coastal Security Force based at [[Sur, Oman|Sur]]
**Musandam Security Force (MSF) based at [[Bukha]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Skeet|first1=I.|title=Oman: Politics and Development|date=1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230376922|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&pg=PA12|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154643/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&source=bl&ots=76UCX_9-9j&sig=nyEuZkWL6aOAM1EeUA75G1LhY1E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd6_iKy8fVAhUoKsAKHSVpBqYQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Security%20Force%22%20Bukha&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Rural Security Forces based in Salalah (replaced [[Firqa (military)|Firqat Forces]])
*Sultan of Oman's Artillery
**Northern artillery units based at Izki
**Southern artillery units based at Thumrait in Dhofar
*SAF Signals based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
*SAF Engineers based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
*SAF Transport based in Mabela (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
*SAF Electrical & Mechanical Engineers based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
*SAF Ordnance based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
*SAF Medical Services main hospitals at Al Khoudh (north) and Umm al Ghawarif (south) and other base locations
*Training Establishments
**National Defence College Bayt al Falaj, Ruwi, Muscat<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense College About US|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807071911/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Military Technical College near Seeb Airport<ref>{{cite web|title=Sayyid Fahd inaugurates Oman's Military Technical College|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/48386/Oman/Sayyid-Fahd-inaugurates-Oman's-Military-Technical-College|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>
**[[Sultan Qaboos Military College]] (KSQA) including the RAO Officer Training School based at Aydem in Dhofar<ref>{{cite web|title=Sultan Qaboos Military College|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220926/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Sultan Armed Forces Training Regiment<ref>{{cite web|title=RAO celebrates graduation of new recruits|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152128/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Battle Training Centre - [[Saiq]], Jebel al Akhdhar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Searle|first1=Pauline|title=Dawn Over Oman -Chapter 7, The Mountains|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242093|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&q=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&pg=PT75|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153454/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75&lpg=PT75&dq=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&source=bl&ots=8smRd2Iq7L&sig=A3H81AIi35oKQNCJhSCiH9Zn8eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji68Tb8cTVAhWBSCYKHbhMABwQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=military%20camp%20saiq%20Jebel%20Akhdar%20oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Garrison locations==
Based on locational evidence given in Omantel telephone directory listings (telephone number associations),<ref name="Omantel"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry Of Defence Directory|url=http://www.directory-oman.com/assets/gpages/gpage8c.htm|website=www.directory-oman.com|accessdate=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621103304/http://www.directory-oman.com/assets/gpages/gpage8c.htm|archive-date=2017-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref> historical recollections of British servicemen<ref>{{cite book|title=Ranger Margaret|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|isbn=9781434941213|pages=359–360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxiEOdbdRuYC&q=ranger+margaret+coastal+security+force+sur&pg=PA360|accessdate=9 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172834/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IxiEOdbdRuYC&pg=PA360&lpg=PA360&dq=ranger+margaret+coastal+security+force+sur&source=bl&ots=ZgixCq-rcf&sig=utckiMaPurnBT09XWVC9rwVXerA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdvMTy-cnVAhUqLcAKHcMoBLYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=ranger%20margaret%20coastal%20security%20force%20sur&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref> and analysis of Google Earth and Google Map imagery and cartographic data<ref>{{cite web|title=Latitude and Longitude Finder on Map Get Coordinates|url=http://www.latlong.net/|website=www.latlong.net|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151635/http://www.latlong.net/|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref> the following RAO garrisons have been identified:

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Wilayat
! Province
! Type
! Unit association
! Geographic coordinates (lat/long)
|-
! colspan="11" | Headquarters locations
|-
|Muaskar Bayt al Falaj
|Bayt al Falaj
|Muscat
|Headquarters and unit accommodation
|Office of the Minister Responsible For Defense Affairs
|23.610051N 58.544752E
|-
|Muaskar al Murtafa'a
|Al Seeb
|Muscat
|Headquarters and unit accommodation
|HQ COSSAF, HQ RAO, HQ 23 Brigade
|23.572877N 58.250439E
|-
|Umm al Ghawarif Barracks
|Salalah
|Dhofar
|Headquarters and unit accommodation
|HQ 11 Brigade and Base Hospital
|17.027473N 54.137078E
|-
|Haima Barracks
|Haima
|Al Wusta
|Headquarters and unit accommodation
|HQ Border Guard Force Brigade and force units
|19.998067N 56.358130E
|-
! colspan="11" | Combat unit locations
|-
|Shafa Barracks
|Shafa
|Al Dakhiliyah
|Multiple armoured units and support units
|Sultan of Oman's Armour
|22.733322N 57.718340E
|-
|Izki Barracks
|Izki
|Al Dakhiliyah
|Multiple artillery units and support units
|Sultan of Oman's Artillery
|22.954081N 57.775505E
|-
|Bukha Barracks
|Bukha
|Musandam
|Light infantry unit location
|Musandam Security Force
|26.144753N 56.143521E
|-
|Rustaq Barracks
|Rustaq
|Al Batinah South
|Light infantry unit location
|Sultan of Oman's Parachute Regiment
|23.411183N 57.429730E
|-
|Bidbid Barracks
|Bidbid
|Al Dakhiliyah
|Infantry unit location
|Muscat Regiment
|23.438529N 58.126797E
|-
|Ibri Barracks
|Ibri
|Al Dhahirah
|Infantry unit location
|Northern Frontier Regiment
|23.241060N 56.512264E
|-
|Buraimi Fort and Barracks
|Buraimi
|Buraimi
|Infantry unit location
|Northern Frontier Regiment
|24.236837N 55.790218E
|-
|Al Qabil Barracks
|Al Qabil
|Buraimi
|Light infantry unit location
|Western Border Security Force
|23.933569N 55.823533E
|-
|Nizwa Barracks
|Nizwa
|Al Dakhiliyah
|Infantry unit location
|Jebel Regiment
|22.917048N 57.537668E
|-
|Ibra Barracks
|Ibra
|Al Sharqiyah North
|Infantry unit location
|Desert Regiment
|22.738625N 58.505236E
|-
|Sur Barracks
|Sur
|Al Sharqiyah South
|Light infantry unit location
|Coastal Security Force
|22.538349N 59.476562E
|-
|Bait al Maamoorah Palace Barracks
|Salalah
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Southern Oman Regiment
|17.046984N 54.219079E
|-
|Raysut Barracks
|Salalah
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Oman Reconnaissance Regiment
|16.946844N 53.995651E
|-
|Thumrait Barracks
|Thumrait
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Western Frontier Regiment
|17.642156N 54.020499E
|-
|Mayzunah Barracks
|Mayzunah
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Western Frontier Regiment
|17.856471N 52.692569E
|-
|Sarfayt Base
|Sarfayt
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Southern Border Security Force
|16.697399N 53.103528E
|-
! colspan="11" | Support unit locations
|-
|Mabela Camp
|Al Seeb
|Muscat
|Transport unit accommodation
|Sultan's Armed Forces Transport Regiment
|23.666388N 58.140895E
|-
|Armed Forces Hospital
|Al Khoudh
|Muscat
|Base Hospital
|Sultan's Armed Forces Medical Services
|23.574647N 58.207412E
|-
! colspan="11" | Training locations
|-
|National Defense College
|Bayt al Falaj
|Muscat
|Higher Defense Staff College
|SAF training site
|23.607289N 58.543684E
|-
|Aydem Camp
|Aydem
|Dhofar
|Sultan Qaboos Military College
|Officer and NCO Training Academy
|16.990236N 53.358888E
|-
|Saiq Camp
|Saiq, Jebel Akhdar
|Al Dakhiliyah
|Infantry training Area
|RAO training site
|23.074098N 57.639172E
|-
|Military Technical College
|Seeb
|Muscat
|Military College
|SAF training site
|23.568452N 58.278716E
|-
! colspan="11" | Cultural and welfare locations
|-
|Armed Forces Museum
|Bayt al Falaj
|Muscat
|Historic site and display of military artifacts
|Defense Museum
|23.608479N 58.545949E
|-
|Armed Forces Beach Club
|Seeb
|Muscat
|Restaurants, vacation accommodation and function rooms
|SAF Welfare
|23.605869N 58.330261E
|-
|}

==Equipment==

In 2020, Oman spent 11% of GDP on military expenditures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database {{!}} SIPRI|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.sipri.org}}</ref>

Oman has one armored brigade (MSO) equipped with the [[Challenger 2]] and the [[M60 tank|M60A1 and M60A3]] tanks.

Between 2001 and 2004 Oman received 174 amphibious light armored vehicles and more than 80 armored VBL from France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arms Trade Registers|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|website=armstrade.sipri.org|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, Oman started using the INSAS rifles as the official standard rifle, as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman. These rifles have since been replaced and kept in storage.

In May 2013 the United States announced a deal with Oman valued at $2.1 billion to supply a ground-based air defense system.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Joint Statement by the United States and the Government of the Sultanate of Oman|url = http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|website = www.defense-aerospace.com|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033442/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|archive-date = 2015-11-17|url-status = live}}</ref>

172 [[FNSS Pars]] [[armoured fighting vehicle|armoured combat vehicle]] were ordered for delivery from 2017, with the total amount reaching $500 million.

Oman was reportedly looking to acquire K2 main battle tanks from South Korea. South Korean Defense Company Hyundai Rotem Co. could sell 76 K2 Black Panther Main Battle Tanks to Oman, a deal that could reach an amount up to $884.6 million.

===Small arms===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=16%| Name
! width=10%| Image
! width=15%| Caliber
! width=12%| Type
! width=10%| Origin
! width=28%| Notes
|-
! colspan="6"| Pistol
|-
| [[Browning Hi-Power]]<ref name="jones2009">Jones, Richard D. ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010''. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2869-5}}.</ref>
| [[File:FN Hi Power.jpg|150px]]
| [[9×19mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic pistol]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Submachine guns
|-
| [[Sterling submachine gun|Sterling L2A3]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:Sterling SMG.JPG|150px]]
| [[9×19mm]]
| [[Submachine gun]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|-
| [[Heckler & Koch MP7]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:HK MP7 Bundeswehr noBG.png|150px]]
| [[4.6×30mm]]
| [[Submachine gun]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Rifles
|-
| [[M16 rifle|M16A1]]<ref name="ewen2005">Jane's Special Forces Recognition Guide, Ewen Southby-Tailyour (2005) p. 446.</ref>
| [[File:M16A1 brimob.jpg|150px]]
| [[5.56×45 mm]]
| [[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[M4 carbine|M4]]
| [[File:PEO M4 Carbine RAS M68 CCO.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Carbine]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[Carbon 15]]
| [[File:Bushmaster Carbon-15 SBR.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Carbine]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[SIG Sauer SIGM400]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/ultimate-ar-15-rifle-all-time-67792/|title=Is This the Ultimate AR-15 Rifle of All Time?|date=20 November 2022}}</ref>
| [[File:Sig Sauer M400 rifle.jpg|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic rifle]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[Steyr AUG]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:Steyr AUG 5,56 mm noBG.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Bullpup]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|Austria}}
|
|-
| [[FN FAL]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:FN-FAL belgian noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[Battle rifle]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
| [[SIG SG 540]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:SG 540 Manurhin noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[Battle rifle]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
|
|-
| [[SKS]]<ref name="miller2001">Miller, David (2001). ''The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns''. Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84065-245-4}}.</ref>
| [[File:Simonov-SKS-45.JPG|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| Mostly limited to use as a [[ceremonial weapon]]
|-
| [[Lee-Enfield]]
| [[File:SMLE-No4-Mk1.png|150px]]
| [[.303 British]]
| [[Bolt-action rifle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Mostly limited to use as a [[ceremonial weapon]]
|-
! colspan="6"| Sniper and anti-materiel rifles
|-
| [[Barrett M82]]<ref name="Gander">{{cite book |editor-last=Gander |editor-first=Terry |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2006–2007 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=London, UK |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7106-2755-1 |page=22}}</ref>
| [[File:Barrett-M82A1-Independence-Day-2017-IZE-048-white.jpg|150px]]
| [[.50 BMG]]
| [[Anti-materiel rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Machine guns
|-
| [[FN MAG]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:IDF-FN-MAG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[General-purpose machine gun]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
| [[Browning M2]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:PEO Browning M2E2 QCB (c1).jpg|150px]]
| [[.50 BMG]]
| [[Heavy machine gun]]
| {{Flag|United States|1912}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Rocket propelled grenade launchers
|-
| [[LAW 80]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:DM-SD-07-17341 (LAW 80 crop).jpg|150px]]
| 94mm
| [[Rocket-propelled grenade]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Grenade launchers
|-
| [[M203 grenade launcher|M203]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:PEO M203A2 Grenade Launcher.png|150px]]
| [[40mm grenade#40×46mm SR|40×46mm SR]]
| [[Grenade launcher]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[M79 grenade launcher|M79]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:M79 Grenade Launcher (7414625716).jpg|150px]]
| [[40mm grenade|40×46mm]]
| [[Grenade launcher]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|}

===Anti-tank weapons===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=16%| Name
! width=21%| Image
! width=15%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Caliber
! width=26%| Notes
|-
| [[MILAN]]<ref name="Military Balance 2020">{{cite book |author= |others=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |year=2020 |title=The Military Balance |volume=120 |publisher=Routledge |pages=257–504 |isbn=978-0-367-46639-8 |ref={{sfnref|The Military Balance|2020}} }}</ref>
| [[File:Tag der Bundeswehr Jagel 2019 HJL 13 noBG.png|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|France}}<br>{{Flag|West Germany|name=Germany}}
|
| 370 in service
|-
| [[BGM-71 TOW]]<ref name="OmanTaiwanTOWArmyRecognition">{{cite web|title=Taiwan and Oman order Raytheon's TOW anti-tank guided missile|url=http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|website=Army Recognition|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504163907/http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:Hires 090509-A-4842R-001a.jpg|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
| 44 in service
|-
| [[FGM-148 Javelin]]<ref name="WD Almanac 2010">{{cite book |title=The World Defence Almanac 2010 |publisher=Monch Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=9781612000565 |location=Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, US |pages=136, 174, 184, 286, 298, 418, 423 |issn=0722-3226 |oclc=751805929}}</ref>
| [[File:FGM-148 Javelin (5160721562).jpg|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
| 30 in service
|}

=== Vehicles ===
====Tanks====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Challenger 2]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2018 |volume=118 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439557 |page=354}}</ref>
| [[File:Challenger 2s Advancing on Exercise in Oman MOD 45140648.jpg|150px]]
| [[Main battle tank]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 38
|
|-
| [[Chieftain (tank)|FV4201 Chieftain]]<ref>{{citation |title=Trade Register |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |publisher=[[SIPRI]] |access-date=31 December 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead }}, (Search UK to Oman, 1950–2008)</ref>
| [[File:Chieftain Main Battle Tanks, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Main battle tank]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 27
| Delivered by United Kingdom from 1981 to 1985
|-
| [[M60 tank|M60A1/A3]]<ref>The Military Balance, 2023, p.346</ref>
| [[File:M60, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Main battle tank]]
| {{Flag|United States|1959}}
| 79
|
*6 M60A1
*73 M60A3
|-
| [[FV101 Scorpion]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2009 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415498463 |page=260}}</ref>
| [[File:Alvis Scorpion Light Tank.jpg|150px]]
| [[Light tank]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 120
|
|}

====Reconnaissance====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[B1 Centauro]]<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>
| [[File:Centauro01.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Tank destroyer]]
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| 9
| With 120mm gun
|}

====Reconnaissance====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[FNSS Pars]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://savunmaveteknoloji.com/fnss-ummana-ilk-parsi-teslim-etti/|title=FNSS Umman'a ilk PARS'ı teslim etti|work=SVT {{!}} Savunma ve Teknoloji|access-date=2017-07-12|language=tr-TR|archive-date=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715083320/http://savunmaveteknoloji.com/fnss-ummana-ilk-parsi-teslim-etti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Oman receives First Pars III IFVs|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72246|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170714121809/http://www.janes.com/article/72246/oman-receives-first-pars-iii-ifvs|archive-date=14 July 2017|date=12 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| [[File:ParsScout6x6 (1).jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured combat vehicle]]
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| 172
| Delivered by Turkey from 2017 to 2020
|-
| [[MOWAG Piranha|Mowag Piranha II]]
| [[File:Rad Pz 8x8 - Schweizer Armee - Steel Parade 2006.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured fighting vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{Flag|Switzerland}}
| 174
|
|-
|}

====Scout cars====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Véhicule Blindé Léger|Panhard VBL]]<ref name="trade"/>
| [[File:VBL, nouvelles couleurs Armée de Terre (14 juillet 2021) (1).jpg|150px]]
| [[Scout car]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 124
| 8 equipped with [[BGM-71 TOW]]
|}

====Armored personnel carriers====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Cadillac Gage Commando|Cadillac V-100]]<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=SIPRI arms transfer database |website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[File:Cadillac Gage Commando.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| 15
|
|-
| [[Fahd (armored personnel carrier)|Fahd]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188476121.pdf |publisher=INSS |title=Oman |access-date=2009-02-07 |pages=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120125011/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188476121.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188214448.pdf |publisher=INSS |title=Sudan |access-date=2009-02-07 |pages=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205080207/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188214448.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[File:Mali Army APC in 1997.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| 31
|
|-
| [[Saxon (vehicle)|AT105 Saxon]]<ref name="MT">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118061056/http://www.military-today.com/apc/saxon.htm|url=http://www.military-today.com/apc/saxon.htm|archive-date=2007-01-18|url-status=usurped|title=Saxon|publisher=Military Today}}</ref>
| [[File:Saxon Armoured Vehicle MOD 45143139.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 15
|
|-
| [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]]
| [[File:VAB, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 56
| 4x4 & 6x6 versions. 6 with 2RM 120mm heavy mortar, 6 VAB-VCI, and 8 VAB-VTT
|-
| [[WZ-551]]<ref name="trade"/>
| [[File:Sri Lanka Military 0233.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|China}}
| 50
|
|-
| [[FV103 Spartan]]
| [[File:FV103 Spartan IFOR.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 34
|
|}

====Engineering vehicles====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle|CRARRV]]
| [[File:Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (CRARRV) (7527707880).jpg|150px]]
| [[Armoured Recovery Vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 4
|
|-
| [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle|M728 CEV]]<ref name="SIPRI"/>
| [[File:M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle (CEV).jpg|150px]]
| [[Military engineering vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| 3
|
|-
| [[FV106 Samson]]
| [[File:Samson CVR(T) ARV.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 3
|
|}

====Utility vehicles====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Humvee]]
| [[File:Hamer VS 1.jpg|150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|LUV]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| Unknown
| Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program
|-
| [[URO VAMTAC]]
| [[File:Uro Vamtac in display during 2022 MAF's open day in RMAF Kuantan.jpg|150px]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|LUV]]
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[Land Rover Defender]]
| [[File:Rapier and Land Rover.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer]]
| [[File:Anti-aircraft Guns, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[KrAZ-255]]
| [[File:KrAZ trucks, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle|Utility truck]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| Unknown
|
|}

===Artillery===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
! colspan="7"| [[Self-propelled artillery]]
|-
| [[G6 howitzer|G6 Rhino]]<ref name="ATp">{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/g6/|title=G6 155mm Self Propelled Howitzer, South Africa|publisher=army-technology.com|access-date=1 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212210736/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/g6/|archive-date=12 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[File:Denel G6-45 Ysterplaat Airshow 2006.jpg|150px]]
| [[Self-propelled artillery]]
| {{Flag|South Africa|1982}}
| 24
|
|-
! colspan="7"| [[Field artillery]]
|-
| [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]<ref name="Military Balance 2020"/>
| [[File:M-46 Lutsk.jpg|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}<br>{{Flag|China}}
| 24
|
*12 M-46
*12 Type 59–1
|-
| [[L118 light gun|L118]]<ref>''The Military Balance 2018'' p354</ref>
| [[File:L118 howitzers, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 42
|
|-
| [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
| [[File:122- мм гаубица Д-30 (1).jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 30
|
|-
| [[FH70]]
| [[File:FH 70 155mm gun (6065127314).jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}<br>{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 12
|
|-
| [[M102 howitzer|M102]]
| [[File:Gowen Field Military Heritage Museum, Gowen Field ANGB, Boise, Idaho 2018 (39863109573).jpg|150px]]
| [[Howitzer]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| 36
|
|-
! colspan="7"| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortars]]
|-
| [[L16 81mm mortar|L16]]<ref name="worldpolicy2000">{{cite web |url=https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |title=Report: Profiling the Small Arms Industry - World Policy Institute - Research Project |date=November 2000 |first1=Frida |last1=Berrigan |first2=Michelle |last2=Ciarrocca |publisher=World Policy Institute |access-date=2018-08-29 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105944/https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[File:81mmMORT L16.png|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 69
|
|-
| [[M30 mortar|M30]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2016 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857438352 |page=347}}</ref>
| [[File:M30 mortar at the War Remnants Museum.jpg|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| {{Flag|United States|1924}}
| 20
|
|-
| [[Mortier 120 mm Rayé Tracté Modèle F1|Brandt АМ-50]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
| [[File:Italian Army - 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" exercise Autumn Guardian 2018 02.jpg|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 12
|
|-
| [[2R2M mortar|2R2M]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thales to Supply Fire Support System to Sultanate of Oman |url=https://www.defencetalk.com/thales-to-supply-fire-support-system-to-sultanate-of-oman-14940/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=DefenceTalk |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[File:Quartier Général Sabatier - Véhicule 5.JPG|150px]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Heavy Mortar]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 6
| Based on [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB 6×6]]chassic
|}

=== Air defense ===
====Man-portable air-defense systems====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[9K32 Strela-2]]<ref name="2018b">{{cite journal| author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies| title=The Military Balance 2018| journal=The Military Balance| volume=118| date=14 February 2018| language=en}}</ref>
| [[File:SA-7.jpg|150px]]
| [[MANPADS]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|
|
|-
| [[Blowpipe (missile)|Blowpipe]]
| [[File:Blowpipe missile system being field-tested 1973.png|150px]]
| [[MANPADS]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|
|-
| [[Javelin (surface-to-air missile)|Javelin]]<ref>''The Military Balance 2010'' p267</ref>
| [[File:Een Britse militair met een Shorts Javelin manpad met drie surface to air missiles tijdens de NATO oefening Cold Grouse van de Multinationale Divisie Central (2107 95100701).jpg|150px]]
| [[MANPADS]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 34
| Delivered by United Kingdom from 1984
|}

====Towed anti-aircraft guns====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[ZU-23-2]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2017 |volume=117 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439007 |page=397}}</ref>
| [[File:Anti-aircraft Guns, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Autocannon]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| 4
|
|-
| [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors L/60]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
| [[File:Ilmatorjuntamuseo 055 - (24696521428).jpg|150px]]
| [[Autocannon]]
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| 12
|
|-
| [[Oerlikon GDF]]
| [[File:Japanese L90 or GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon.jpg|150px]]
| [[Autocannon]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| 10
|
|}

====Surface-to-air missile systems====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]]
| [[File:Rapier SAM, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 28
| 600 Rapier-1+ 800 Rapier-2 missiles
|-
| [[Crotale (missile)|Crotale NG]]
| [[File:Crotale NG P1220851.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SULTANATE OF OMAN AWARDED MBDA WITH A NEW CONTRACT |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/press-releases/sultanate-of-oman-awarded-mbda-with-a-new-contract/ |website=MBDA |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>
| [[File:54RA-IMG 9142.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 54
|
|-
| [[NASAMS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oman to spend more |url=http://www.janes.com/article/37408/oman-to-spend-more |website=janes.com |publisher=IHS Janes |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raytheon Receives Contract for Ground Based Air Defense System for Oman |url=http://investor.raytheon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84193&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1893112 |website=investor.raytheon.com |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NASAMS Air Defence System|url=https://www.kongsberg.com/globalassets/kongsberg-defence--aerospace/2.1.-products/defence-and-security/integrated-air-and-missile-defence/nasams-air-defence-system/NASAMS-Brochure.pdf |publisher=Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
| [[File:Nasams launcher vliegbasis valkenburg NSS.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|Norway}}<br>{{Flag|United States}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[Alvis Stormer]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/22/Oman-buys-18-British-tanks/6661740721600/ | title=Oman buys 18 British tanks - UPI Archives }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/oman-buys-alvis-armoured-vehicles-1.434532 | title=Oman buys Alvis armoured vehicles | date=25 July 2019 }}</ref>
| [[File:Stormer HVM Starstreak Launcher vehicle pic4.JPG|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 4
|
|}

===Historical equipment===
====Rifles====

*{{Flag|India}}: [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] (Former Standard Rifle)<ref name="oman">{{cite news|title=Oman army all set to use India's INSAS rifles|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 May 2014|date=22 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313070210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Tanks====
*{{Flag|Soviet Union}}: 4 [[T-72|T-72M1M]]

====Armored personnel carriers====
*{{Flag|UK}}: 38 [[Alvis Saladin]]
*{{Flag|UK}}: 17 [[FV105 Sultan]]

====Utility vehicles====

*{{Flag|Germany}}: [[Volkswagen Iltis]]

====Field artillery====

*{{Flag|US}}: [[M116 howitzer|M116]]{{sfn|Bidwell|1977|page=31}}
*{{Flag|UK}}: [[BL 5.5-inch medium gun|BL 5.5]]
*{{Flag|UK}}: 40 [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|QF-25 Pounder]]{{sfn|Nyrop|2008|p=405}}
*{{Flag|USSR}}: 24 [[122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)|M-30]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Armies by country|Oman]]
[[Category:Military of Oman]]

Armed Forces Medical College

2026-03-23T18:16:50Z

Pnbh11: expand intro and corrected details

{{Short description|Medical college in Pune, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Redirect|AFMC|other uses|AFMC (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Armed Forces Medical College
| image = Armed_Forces_Medical_College_(India)_Logo.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_upright = .7
| caption = [[Coat of arms]]
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|NABL]]}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences|MUHS]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]}}
| type = [[Military academies in India|Military]] [[Medical School]]
| motto = {{lang|sa|सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः}}
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Let all be healthy.
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1948|5|01}}
| director = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt. Gen.]] (Dr.) Pankaj P. Rao <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Lt Gen PP Rao Appointed as Director & Commandant of Armed Forces Medical College, Pune |url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/lt-gen-pp-rao-appointed-as-director-commandant-of-armed-forces-medical-college-pune/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| dean = [[Major General (India)|Maj. Gen.]] (Dr.) Atul Seth
| budget = {{INRConvert|180.99|c}}<br />{{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2022–23 est.)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| academic_staff = 325 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1,242 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://afmc.nic.in/PDFfiles/NIRF2024.pdf |publisher=AFMC, PUNE}}</ref>
| undergrad = 749 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 493 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = {{nil}}
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 411040
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|30|25.64|N|73|53|31.09|E|region:IN-MH_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|190|acre|ha}}
| free_label1 = Newspaper
| free1 = ''[[Medical Journal Armed Forces India]]''
| colors = {{color box|#893C61|}} Maroon
| colours =
| mascot =
| free_label2 = Acronym
| free2 = AFMC
| footnotes =
| website = {{official URL}}
| address = Southern Command Solapur, Wanowrie|
}}
[[file:AFMC Main Building.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|AFMC main building]]
The '''Armed Forces Medical College''' ('''AFMC''') is a [[medical school]] in [[Pune]], India, in the state of [[Maharashtra]]. The college is managed by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lt-gen-naithani-takes-charge-as-afmc-director-6145899/|title=Lt Gen Naithani takes charge as AFMC director|date=2 December 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

Established in May 1948 as a post-graduate teaching institution after [[World War II]] on the recommendation of the [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|BC Roy]] Committee, remnants of various [[Indian Army Medical Corps]] units were amalgamated to create the [[Armed Forces Medical Services]]. The AFMC undergraduate wing was established on 4 August 1962, which is also celebrated annually as AFMC Day by its alumni.

The institution primarily provides training to medical undergraduates and postgraduates, dental postgraduates, nursing cadets and paramedical staff. Patient care forms an integral part of its training curriculum and the attached hospitals benefits from the expertise available at AFMC. The institution is responsible for providing the entire pool of specialists and super specialists to the Armed Forces. The college is also involved in conducting research in various medical subjects as well as those aspects which would affect the morale and performance of the Armed Forces both in war and peace.

==History==
[[File:Armed Forces Medical College Pune 2012 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|AFMC on a 2012 stamp of India]]
The facility was originally Set up in 1944 by Lt. Colonel Darshan Singh Vohra to provide artificial limb, appliances and deliver rehabilitative care to the gallant soldiers of the Indian Army, who lost their limbs in combat. Post independence the AFMC was expanded further in 1948 in the immediate post-world war period. On the recommendations of the [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|BC Roy]] Committee, remnants of the Indian Army Medical Corps units were amalgamated into one unit to create the Armed Forces Medical College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afmc.nic.in/welcome.html|title=Welcome to Armed Forces Medical College|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Over the past 50 years, it has grown in its functions. The "Graduate Wing" of AFMC was established on 4 August 1962. The aim of starting this wing was to increase the intake of medical graduates into the Armed Forces. The graduate wing was affiliated to the [[University of Pune]] until 1999 but presently affiliated to the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]. The college is recognised by the [[Medical Council of India]] for conducting a five-year and six-month teaching programme leading to MBBS degree. The first batch passed out in October 1966, under one of its founding members, Commandant Maj Gen Noshir Karani. General Karani was Commandant till 1969. It also conducts post graduate courses in many disciplines.

One of the first plastic surgery departments in India was established at the college in the early 1950s.

On 1 May 2023, in a press conference director general Lt Gen Daljit Singh, told that ''AFMC will get the status of Institute of national importance in the coming years''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AFMC expected to get Institute of National Importance tag within 6 months: DGAFMS Lt Gen Daljit Singh |work=[[The Indian Express]] May 1, 2023 20:36 IST |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/afmc-expected-to-get-institute-of-national-importance-tag-within-6-months-dgafms-lt-gen-daljit-singh-8585934/ |access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref>

On 1 December 2023, during its platinum jubilee year, President [[Droupadi Murmu]], granted the President's Colour also known as 'Rashtrapati Ki Nishaan' to Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC).It is the highest honour conferred upon any military unit.<ref>{{cite news |title=AFMC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-bestows-highest-military-honour-on-afmc-pune/article67595009.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=The Hindu Bureau |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Admission ==
A total of 150 students are admitted for undergraduate [[MBBS]] course every year, 115 boys, 30 girls and 5 foreign nationals.<ref name=MBBS>{{cite web|title=MBBS Course|url=http://www.afmc.nic.in/Courses/MBBScourse.html|website=www.afmc.nic.in|access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Admission is on the basis of the score in [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test|NEET UG]] (formerly through the [[AIPMT]]), followed by ToELR ''(Test of English comprehension, Logic and Reasoning),'' Psychological assessment, Personal interview and medical examination. Ten seats are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MBBS Course 2020 Information Brochure|url=https://www.afmc.nic.in/ADVT/G3InfoBrochureAFMCMBBS2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102190615/https://www.afmc.nic.in/ADVT/G3InfoBrochureAFMCMBBS2020.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2020 }}</ref> Preference is given to candidates that are wards of serving and retired personnel ''(i.e. wards of Commissioned officers, Junior Commissioned officers and Other Ranks)'' of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Students are not allowed to be married or to marry during the course, and are liable to serve as [[Physician|Medical officers]] in the [[Armed Forces Medical Services]] (AFMS), on successful completion of [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]].<ref name=MBBS/> Permanent commission officers after serving for a minimum 4 years as [[Indian Army ranks and insignia|Captain]]/ [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia|Surgeon Lieutenant]]/ [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia|Flight Lieutenant]] can opt for post graduation (i.e. [[Master of Surgery|M.S.]] or [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]) and even [[Medical specialty|super-specialisation]] (i.e. [[Master of Surgery|M.Ch]]) at various [[Command Hospital|Command hospitals]]. Short service commission (SSC) officers can opt for post graduation or specialisation after 7 years of their service. For admission in post graduation courses and super specialisation courses, marks obtained in [[NEET PG]] and NEET SS is taken in account respectively.
=== Seat Distribution ===
{| class = "wikitable:sortable"
|-
|+ '''AFMC Seat Distribution for [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] course'''
! Category
! No of Seats
|-
|Total seats
|150
|-
| Male
| 115
|-
| Female
| 30
|-
| International students
| 5
|-
| [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)
| 7
|-
|[[Scheduled Tribes]] (ST)
| 3
|-
| [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC)
|27
|-
| Unreserved (UR)
| 78
|-
|}

=== Cut-offs ===
* '''NEET (UG)'''
{| class="wikitable:sortable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Cut-off (Boys)'''
! '''Cut-off (Girls)'''
|-
|2025
|{{Center|535}}
|{{Center|555}}
|-
|2024
|{{Center|656}}
|{{Center|675}}
|-
|2023
|{{Center|622}}
|{{Centre|648}}
|-
|2022
|{{Centre|616}}
|{{Center|641}}
|-
|2021
|{{center|615}}
|{{Centre|627}}
|-
|2020
|{{Centre|618}}
|{{Centre|637}}
|-
|2019
|{{Centre|596}}
|{{Centre|610}}
|-
|}

==Residence halls==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
The college is fully residential with separate hostels for boys and girls. Residence in the hostels is mandatory for all the cadets for the entire duration of the course. The Boys Hostel is housed in a building which was built in 1965 and comprises 6 blocks of three floors each. There are a total of 277 rooms of approximately {{convert|8|m2}} area (single-seaters) and 162 rooms of approximately {{cvt|18.5|m2}} area (double seaters). All the rooms are fully furnished. The girls' hostel was constructed in 1984 and can accommodate 130 cadets in 70 single-seater and 30 double seater rooms. The new Boys Hostel has four blocks with four floors each having 18 spacious rooms with balconies. The officers' floors for officers pursuing their post graduation courses have been incorporated into the boys hostel. Subsidised messing is provided to all medical cadets. The Central Cadets Mess was opened in 2009 for all cadets to dine together.

== Infrastructure ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2017}}
There are facilities for sports, including tennis, squash, basketball, and a swimming pool. Canteen facilities for defence personnel are also extended to the medical cadets. It has two auditoria named Dhanvantri and Bharadwaj where high-profile medical conferences are held. AFMC also works as a hospital for civilians and is collaborated with the command hospital (SC).

== Departments ==
{{Div col|rules=yes|gap=2em|small=|colwidth=25em}}
* Anaesthesiology & Critical care
* Anatomy
* Biochemistry
* College of Nursing
* Community Medicine
* Dental Surgery
* Dermatology
* Forensic Medicine
* Geriatrics
* Hospital Administration
* Internal Medicine
* Microbiology
* Obstetrics & Gynaecology
* Ophthalmology
* Orthopaedics
* Otorhinolaryngology
* Pathology
* Paediatrics
* Pharmacology
* Pharmacy
* Physiology
* Psychiatry
* Radiodiagnosis
* Respiratory Medicine
* Surgery
* Sports Medicine
* Transfusion Medicine
{{Div col end}}

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College
| IT_M_2022 = 3
| OUTLOOK_M_G_2022 = 11
| NIRF_M_2024 = 30
}}

AFMC was ranked 11th among government medical colleges in India in 2022 by ''[[Outlook India]]''<ref name=Rankings_OUTLOOK_M_G_2022 /> and 3rd among medical colleges in India in 2022, and ranked 4th in 2025 by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref name=Rankings_IT_M_2022 /><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFMC Ranking 2025: Check Year-wise National Rankings Here |url=https://collegedunia.com/college/10270-armed-forces-medical-college-afmc-pune/ranking |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=collegedunia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The college was ranked 30th among medical colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] in 2024. In the following year, the college did not participate in NIRF 2025 rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203113044/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date= |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

== Non-academics ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
AFMC provides broad-based non-academic exposure too. Students are encouraged to participate in sports and many have excelled in this arena. There are a large number of societies and clubs like the Student Scientific Society, Computer Club, Hobbies Club, Debating Club, Adventure Club, Dance Club and Musimatics. where students can pursue extra-curricular interests. They are encouraged to participate in competitions and conferences all over the country for development of all round personality and officer like qualities. They have also won many laurels in debates, quiz contests and youth festivals in Pune and outside. Over 6000 doctors have graduated from AFMC until now. Recently the entire hostel has been given WiFi connectivity.

== Research ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2018}}
Various departments take up research projects either under departmental sponsorship or under the auspices of Armed Forces Medical Research Committee (AFMRC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afmc.nic.in/AFMRCResearch.html|title=AFMRC Research Activities|website=www.afmc.nic.in|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> Apart from service-oriented projects, research in clinical and laboratory subjects is also carried out. AFMC has the facility for animal house, hatcheries for disease producing insects. AFMC is a research and referral centre for confirmation of disease, identification of pathogens (viral and bacterial) and classification of blood disorders.
[[File:Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Former President of India lighting the lamp at Illuminati 2014.JPG|thumb|Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Former President of India lighting the lamp at Illuminati 2014.]]

== Affiliations ==
Affiliated hospitals include [[Command Hospital]] (Southern Command), Military Hospital (Cardio Thoracic Centre), Artificial Limb Centre and Military Hospital (Khadki). The college is affiliated to [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]].

==Notable alumni==
* [[Punita Arora]], first woman to reach the rank of [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] in the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Gitanjali|title=Woman in command|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040912/women.htm#3|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Tribune, Chandigarh|The Tribune]]|date=12 September 2004}}</ref>
* [[Kamala Balakrishnan]], immunologist, expert on histocompatibility and transplantation
* [[Padmavathy Bandopadhyay]], first woman [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].
* [[Madhuri Kanitkar]], third woman to be promoted to [[Three-star rank]] and Vice Chancellor of [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
* [[Arti Sarin]], served in all three branches of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].
* [[Surendra Poonia]], medal-winner in four consecutive world championships in power-lifting<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Smriti Kak|title=PBG man wins medals at the World Medical & Health Games|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pbg-man-wins-medals-at-the-world-medical-health-games/article3666675.ece|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 July 2012|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Soumya Swaminathan (scientist)|Soumya Swaminathan]], paediatrician, Chief Scientist, [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), Deputy Director General of Programmes (DDP) of [[World Health Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretary Profile|url=http://www.dhr.gov.in/about-us/secretary-dhr|publisher=Department of Health Research|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Akhilesh Pandey]], notable [[proteomics|proteomicist]].
* [[Anshuman Singh (captain)|Anshuman Singh]], [[Regimental Medical Officer|RMO]], [[Kirti Chakra]] recipient (posthumously)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-captain-anshuman-singh-was-awarded-the-kirti-chakra-6088680|title=Why Captain Anshuman Singh Was Awarded The Kirti Chakra|publisher=NDTV|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
* [[ Devashish Sharma (captain)| Devashish Sharma]], [[Regimental Medical Officer|RMO]], [[Kirti Chakra]] recipient (posthumously)<ref> {{Cite web|url = https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3311 | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian National Defence University]]
* [[Military academies in India|Military Academies in India]]
* [[Sainik school]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Armed Forces Medical College, Pune}}
*{{official website|http://afmc.nic.in}}
*https://www.afmc.nic.in/Departments/Hospitals/alc.html
*[https://m.youtube.com/channel/UCvD4BBJl4jWkjHGz-4r9XSQ College dramatics' YouTube channel]
{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Pune topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{Indian Air Force}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afmc.nic.in/Departments/Hospitals/alc.html|title=Welcome to Armed Forces Medical College}}</ref>

[[Category:Military academies of India]]
[[Category:Military education and training in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Assam Baibhav

2026-03-22T06:27:18Z

Pnbh11:

{{Short description|Highest civilian award of the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Assam Baibhav
| image =
| type = Highest civilian award
| country = {{flag|India}}
| presenter = [[Government of Assam]]
| ribbon =

| reverse =
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021}}
| firstawarded = 2021
{{bulleted list|[[Ratan Tata]]}}
| lastawarded = 2024
{{bulleted list|[[Rana Pratap Kalita]]}}
| total_awarded = 4
| reward = {{INRConvert|5|l}}
| description = The highest civilian award of [[Assam]]
| higher = ''None''
| lower = [[Assam Saurabh]]
}}

'''Assam Baibhav''' is the highest civilian award of the state of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-12-02|title=Assam CM Announces 'Assam Baibhav' Award To Industrialist Ratan Tata|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-cm-announces-assam-baibhav-award-to-industrialist-ratan-tata-565897
|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref> On 2 December 2021, chief minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] officially declared the award on the occasion of "Asom Diwas" (Assam Day). The award carries a cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|l}} and the recipient can avail medical treatment throughout his life at government expense. The obverse of the award is an image of the [[Jaapi]] along with the words "Assam Baibhav", inscribed in [[Assamese script]], on a [[Hollong tree]] (''Dipterocarpus retusus'') leaf. In 2021, the [[Government of Assam]] conferred the inaugural Assam Baibhav award to [[Ratan Tata]], for "his exceptional contribution towards furthering cancer care in Assam".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Assam Tribinune|first= The|date=2022-01-24|title=Ratan Tata to be conferred Assam Baibhav award today
|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/ratan-tata-to-be-conferred-assam-baibhav-award-today-1350623
|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.assamtribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=অসম অসামৰিক বঁটা- তিনিটা শিতানত প্ৰদান কৰা হ’ব এই বঁটা…লাভলীনালৈ অসম সৌৰভ বঁটা|url=https://as.time8.in/assam-civilian-award-announced/|website=as.time8.in |accessdate=24 Aug 2022|date=4 December 2021|language=as}}</ref> It has since been awarded annually. The award is limited to not more one induction in a year.

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Year
! class="unsortable"| Portrait
! style="width:12em"| Name
! Field
|-
!1
|2021
|[[File:35. ISC-Symposium-Ratan N. Tata in der Pause-HSGN 028-01812.JPG|50px]]
|[[Ratan Tata]]
|Social services
|-
!2
|2022
|
|[[Tapan Saikia]]
|Healthcare and Public Service
|-
!3
|2023
|[[File:Hon'ble Justice Ranjan Gogoi.jpg|50px]]
|[[Ranjan Gogoi]]
|Law and Justice
|-
!4
|2024
|[[File:LtGenRanaPratapKalia.jpg|50px]]
|Lt. Gen. (Retd.) [[Rana Pratap Kalita]]
|Defence
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Assam]]
{{Award-stub}}

South Korea

2026-03-16T03:05:21Z

Pnbh11: minor edit

{{Short description|Country in East Asia}}
{{Redirects|Republic of Korea" and "ROK|the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|North Korea|the 1919–1945 government in exile that used the same name|Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|other uses|ROK (disambiguation)}}
<noinclude>{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Korea
| common_name = South Korea
| native_name = {{native name|ko|대한민국}}<br />''{{Ko-translit|rr|^대한민국}}''
| image_flag = Flag of South Korea.svg
| alt_flag = Centered taegeuk on a white rectangle inclusive of four black trigrams
| image_coat = Emblem of South Korea.svg
| alt_coat = Centered taegeuk on a hibiscus syriacus surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon
| other_symbol_type = [[Seal of South Korea|National Seal]]:
| other_symbol = [[File:Seal of South Korea.svg|85px]]
| symbol_type = Emblem
| anthem = {{Korean/auto|hangul=^애국가|rr=yes|out=yes|labels=no}}<br />"[[Aegukga|Patriotic Song]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of South Korea, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}
| image_map = Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width = 250px
| alt_map =
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336733|Territory controlled}}
{{Legend|#49c946|[[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces|Territory claimed but not controlled (North Korea)]]}}
| capital = [[Seoul]]{{efn|A new administrative capital, [[Sejong City|Sejong]], has been under construction since 2007. Numerous ministries and agencies had relocated to Sejong. However, based on [[Constitutional Court of Korea|Constitutional Court]] decision in 2004, complete capital relocation from Seoul requires a constitutional referendum. As of 2026, Seoul remains the seat of the [[Blue House]], [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]], [[Supreme Court of Korea|Supreme Court]], and Constitutional Court.}}<br />{{Coord|37|33|N|126|58|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Korean language|Korean]]<br />[[Korean Sign Language]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |script-title=ko:[시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정] |trans-title=Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on 3 February 2016 |language=ko |year=2016 |access-date=July 26, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311124649/http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |url-status=live }}</ref>
| languages_type = [[Official script]]
| languages = [[Hangul]]
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|
* 94.8% [[Koreans|Korean]]
* 5.2% [[Demographics of South Korea#Ethnic groups|other]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2024
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web |script-title=ko:출입국통계 |url=https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/2412/subview.do |website=[[Ministry of Justice (South Korea)|Ministry of Justice]] |access-date=April 4, 2025 |language=ko}}</ref>
| religion = {{unbulleted list
| 51% [[Irreligion|No religion]]
| {{Tree list}}
* 31% [[Christianity in Korea|Christianity]]
** 20% [[Protestant Christianity|Protestant]]
** 11% [[Catholic Church in Korea|Catholic]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 17% [[Buddhism in South Korea|Buddhism]]
| 2% [[Religion in South Korea|other]]
}}
| religion_year = 2024
| religion_ref = <ref name="2024 religion"/>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Korea|South Korean]]|[[Koreans|Korean]]}}
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of South Korea|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Lee Jae Myung]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Kim Min-seok (politician)|Kim Min-seok]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea|Speaker of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name3 = [[Woo Won-shik]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Cho Hee-dae]]
| leader_title5 = [[President of the Constitutional Court of Korea|President of the Constitutional Court]]
| leader_name5 = [[Kim Sanghwan]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of South Korea|Establishment history]]

| established_event1 = [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Provisional Government in-exile]]
| established_date1 = 11 April 1919
| established_event2 = [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|American administration south of the 38th parallel]]
| established_date2 = 8 September 1945
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of South Korea|Constitution adopted]]
| established_date3 = 17 July 1948
| established_event4 = ROK established
| established_date4 = 15 August 1948
| area_label =
| area_km2 = 100,363<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/#geography|title=South Korea|date=February 27, 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=February 24, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-korea#geography|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="South Korea country profile">{{cite web |title=South Korea country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=October 17, 2023 |date=October 17, 2023 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202409/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|title=Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data|publisher=[[OECD]]|access-date=July 17, 2021|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = 107th 
| area_sq_mi = 38,770
| percent_water = 0.3
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 52,081,799<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Korea South|access-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 29th
| population_density_km2 = 507
| population_density_rank = 27th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.363 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.KR">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database October 2025 |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 14th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $65,080<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 29th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $1.859 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 14th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $35,962<ref name="IMFWEO.KR" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 33rd
| Gini = 33.3
| Gini_year = 2021
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref name="auto"/>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.937
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 20th
| currency = [[South Korean won|Korean Republic won]] (₩)
| currency_code = KRW
| time_zone = [[Time in South Korea|Korea Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +9
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Korea|+82]]
| cctld = {{hlist|[[.kr]]|[[.kr|.한국]]}}
}}

'''South Korea''',{{efn|South Koreans use the name {{Korean/auto|hangul=^한국|hanja=韓國|rr=yes|order=rhz|out=yes|labels=no}} when referring to South Korea or Korea as a whole. The literal translation of South Korea, {{Korean/auto|hangul=^남한|hanja=南韓|rr=yes|order=rhz|out=yes|labels=no}}, is rarely used. Since 2024 North Korean government also use the same term when referring to South Korea, but many North Koreans still use the former designation {{Korean/auto|hangul=^남조선|hanja=南朝鮮|mr=yes|rr=yes|order=mrhz|out=yes|labels=no}} when referring to South Korea, derived from the North Korean name for Korea, {{Korean/auto|hangul=^조선|hanja=朝鮮|mr=yes|rr=yes|order=mrhz|out=yes|labels=no}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Korea''' ('''ROK'''),{{efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^대한민국|hanja=大韓民國|rr=yes|lit="''Great [[Samhan|Han]] Republic''" or "''Great Korean Republic''"}}}} is a country in [[East Asia]]. It constitutes the southern half of the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]] and borders [[North Korea]] along the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]], with the [[Yellow Sea]] to the west and the [[Sea of Japan]] to the east. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and [[List of islands of South Korea|adjacent islands]]. It has [[Demographics of South Korea|a population]] of about 52 million, of which half live in the [[Seoul metropolitan area]], the [[List of largest cities|ninth most populous metropolitan area in the world]], with other major cities being [[Busan]], [[Daegu]], and [[Incheon]].

The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period. [[Old Chosŏn|Its first kingdom]] was noted in Chinese records in the early seventh century BC. From the mid first century BC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three Kingdoms period {{!}} Korea, History, Silla, Goguryeo, & Baekje {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Kingdoms-period |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> various [[Polity|polities]] consolidated into the rival [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|kingdoms]] of [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], and [[Silla]]. The lattermost eventually [[Unified Silla|unified most of the peninsula]] for the first time in the late seventh century AD, while [[Balhae]] succeeded Goguryeo in the north. The [[Goryeo]] dynasty (918–1392) achieved lasting unification and established the basis for the modern [[Koreans|Korean identity]]. The subsequent [[Joseon]] dynasty (1392–1897) generated cultural, economic, and scientific achievements and also established [[isolationism]] starting from the mid-17th century. The succeeding [[Korean Empire]] (1897–1910) sought [[Gwangmu Reform|modernization and reform]] but was [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910|annexed in 1910]] into the [[Empire of Japan]]. [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] ended following [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]] in [[World War II]], after which Korea was [[Division of Korea|divided into two zones]]: the [[Soviet Civil Administration|Soviet-occupied northern zone]] and the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|United States-occupied southern zone]].

After negotiations on [[Korean reunification|reunification]] failed, the southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the [[Communist state|communist]] [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] the following month. In 1950, [[Operation Pokpung|a North Korean invasion]] triggered the [[Korean War]], one of the first major [[Proxy war|proxy conflicts]] of the [[Cold War]], which saw extensive fighting involving the [[United States in the Korean War|American-led]] [[United Nations Command]] and the [[Soviet Union in the Korean War|Soviet-backed]] [[People's Volunteer Army]] from China. The war ended in 1953 with an [[armistice]] and [[Aftermath of the Korean War|left three million Koreans dead and the economy in ruins]]; due to the lack of a [[peace treaty]], the [[Korean conflict]] is still ongoing. South Korea endured a series of dictatorships punctuated by coups, revolutions, and violent uprisings, but also experienced a [[Miracle on the Han River|soaring economy]] and [[List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate|one of the fastest rises in average GDP per capita]], leading to its emergence as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]]. The [[June Democratic Struggle]] of 1987 [[1987 South Korean presidential election|ended authoritarian rule]] and led to the establishment of the current [[Sixth Republic of South Korea|Sixth Republic]].

South Korea is now considered among the [[Democracy indices|most advanced democracies]] in Asia. Under the [[Constitution of South Korea|1987 constitution]], it maintains a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[presidential republic]] with a popularly elected unicameral legislature, the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]]. South Korea is a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the United States and is regarded as a [[regional power]] in East Asia and an [[emerging power]] in global affairs; its [[Conscription in South Korea|conscription]]-based [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|armed forces]] are ranked as one of the strongest in the world and have the second highest number of [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|military and paramilitary personnel]]. A highly [[developed country]], [[Economy of South Korea|South Korea's economy]] is ranked 14th largest in the world [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|by nominal GDP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP-adjusted GDP]]; it is the world's [[List of countries by exports|eleventh-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|seventh-largest importer]]. The country performs well in metrics of [[Programme for International Student Assessment#PISA 2022 ranking summary|education]], [[Human Development Index|human development]], [[The Economist Democracy Index|democratic governance]], and [[Global Innovation Index|innovation]]. It has [[List of countries by life expectancy|one of the world's longest life expectances]], though its population is [[Aging of South Korea|aging rapidly]] and has the lowest fertility rate in the world. South Korea has some of the [[List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds|fastest Internet connection speeds]] and [[List of high-speed railway lines|densest high-speed railway networks]]. Since the turn of the 21st century, the country has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly [[K-pop|in music]], [[Korean drama|TV dramas]], and [[Cinema of South Korea|cinema]], a phenomenon referred to as the [[Korean Wave]]. South Korea is a member of the [[OECD]]'s [[Development Assistance Committee]], the [[G20]], the [[Indo-Pacific Economic Framework|IPEF]], and the [[Paris Club]].

== Etymology ==
{{See also|Names of Korea}}
The name ''Korea'' is an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] derived from the historical Korean kingdom name ''[[Goryeo]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=고려|hanja=高麗|mr=Koryŏ}}). ''Goryeo'' was the shortened name officially adopted by [[Goguryeo]] in the 5th century<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=John Morris|last2=Westad|first2=Odd Arne|title=The History of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-993676-2|page=443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire|access-date=July 15, 2016|year=2013|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234403/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Hall|title=Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-60873-3|pages=158–159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203941/https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2021|access-date=July 15, 2016|date=November 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Laet|first1=Sigfried J. de|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=1133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133|access-date=November 8, 2016|year=1994|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234404/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133|url-status=live}}</ref> and the name of its 10th-century successor state Goryeo.<ref name="Koryo1">{{cite book|last1=Rossabi|first1=Morris|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04562-0|page=323|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=%22As+the+self-proclaimed+successor+to+Koguryo+and+the+protector+of+Parhae+refugees%2C+many+of+them+of+Koguryo+origin%2C+Koryo+considered+the+northern+territories+in+Manchuria+its+rightful+legacy.%22|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=May 20, 1983|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234928/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=%22As+the+self-proclaimed+successor+to+Koguryo+and+the+protector+of+Parhae+refugees%2C+many+of+them+of+Koguryo+origin%2C+Koryo+considered+the+northern+territories+in+Manchuria+its+rightful+legacy.%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Koryo2">{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-61576-2|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103|access-date=November 8, 2016|year=1984|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Visiting Arab and Persian merchants pronounced its name as "Korea".<ref>{{citation |last = Yunn |first = Seung-Yong |year = 1996 |title = Religious culture of Korea |chapter = Muslims earlier contact with Korea |publisher = Hollym International |page = 99}}</ref> The modern name of Korea appears in the first Portuguese [[Portolan chart|maps]] of 1568 by João vaz Dourado as ''Conrai''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dourado|first=Fernão|title=Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4162624|website=Arquivo nacional da Torre do Tombo|access-date=16 March 2026|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621104001/http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4162624|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later in the late 16th century and early 17th century as ''Corea'' (Korea) in the maps of Teixeira Albernaz of 1630.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SÉCS. XVI E XVII|url=https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/4951/fmpnro4de4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|access-date=August 13, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206024701/https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/4951/fmpnro4de4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Kingdom of Goryeo became first known to Westerners when [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquered Malacca]] in 1511 and described the people who traded in this part of the world as the ''Gores''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=pato|first=Raymundo|title=Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, vol. 1|url=https://pt.scribd.com/doc/123188359/Cartas-de-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-vol-1|access-date=August 13, 2020|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213142/https://pt.scribd.com/doc/123188359/Cartas-de-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-vol-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the coexistence of the spellings ''Corea'' and ''Korea'' in 19th-century publications, some Koreans believe that [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] intentionally standardized the spelling of ''Korea'' in order to make Japan appear first alphabetically during occupation.<ref name="UDN">{{cite web|date=July 5, 2008|script-title=zh:Korea原名Corea? 美國改的名|url=http://city.udn.com/54543/2933925|access-date=March 28, 2014|language=zh|newspaper=[[United Daily News]]|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101951/http://city.udn.com/54543/2933925|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LATimes0309">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-15-fg-corea15-story.html|title=A 'C' Change in Spelling Sought for the Koreas|author=Barbara Demick|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 15, 2003|access-date=March 28, 2016|author-link=Barbara Demick|archive-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411062040/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/sep/15/world/fg-corea15|url-status=live}}</ref>

After Goryeo was replaced by the Kingdom of [[Joseon]] ({{Korean|hangul=조선|hanja=朝鮮|mr=Chosŏn|labels=no}}) in 1392, Joseon became the official name for the entire territory, though it was not universally accepted. The new official name was derived from the ancient kingdom of [[Old Chosŏn|Gojoseon]]. In 1897, [[Gojong of Korea|King Gojong]] changed the country's official name from ''Joseon'' to the [[Korean Empire]] ({{Korean|hangul=대한제국|hanja=大韓帝國|rr=Daehan Jeguk|mr=Taehan Cheguk|labels=no|lit=Great Han Empire}}). The latter half of the Korean Empire's name ''Daehan'' ({{Korean|hangul=대한|hanja=大韓|labels=no|lit=Great Han}}) derives from [[Samhan]] (Three Han), referring to the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |last1=이기환 |script-title=ko:[이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐 |url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201708300913001&code=960100&www |script-website=ko:경향신문 |publisher=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |access-date=July 2, 2018 |language=ko |date=August 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812154305/http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201708300913001&code=960100&www |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=이덕일 |script-title=ko:[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국 |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html |script-website=ko:조선닷컴 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=July 2, 2018 |language=ko |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134345/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the name ''Joseon'' was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, even though it was no longer the official name. Under [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]], the two names ''Han'' and ''Joseon'' coexisted.

Following the [[surrender of Japan]], in 1945, the "Republic of Korea" was adopted as the legal English name for the new country.<ref name=unloved /> The Korean name ''Daehan Minguk'' ({{Korean|hangul=대한민국|hanja=大韓民國|labels=no|lit=Great Han Republic}}) is sometimes used by South Koreans as a [[Metonymy|metonym]] to refer to the Korean nation as a whole, rather than just the South Korean state.<ref name="thefreelibrary.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea%27s+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180520092751/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea's+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570|url-status=dead|last=Myers|first=Brian Reynolds|author-link=Brian Reynolds Myers|title=North Korea's state-loyalty advantage.|work=Free Online Library|date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=May 20, 2018|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref><ref name=unloved>{{Cite web|url=http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/|title=Still the Unloved Republic|date=December 28, 2016|access-date=June 10, 2019|quote=''Taehan minguk''. In English it is translated as Republic of Korea or South Korea, names which to us foreigners denote the state as a political entity distinct from its northern neighbor. To most people here, however, ''Taehan minguk'' conveys that sense only when used in contrastive proximity with the word ''Pukhan'' (North Korea). Ask South Koreans when the ''Taehan minguk'' was established; more will answer '5000 years ago' than 'in 1948,' because to them it is simply the full name for ''Hanguk'', Korea, the homeland. That's all it meant to most people who shouted those four syllables so proudly during the World Cup in 2002.|last=Myers|first=Brian Reynolds|author-link=Brian Reynolds Myers|work=Sthele Press|archive-date=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313210134/http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Korea|History of South Korea}}

=== Ancient Korea ===
[[File:Front view of Seokguram from front chamber.jpg|thumb|[[Seokguram Grotto]] from the [[Silla]] era, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the [[Lower Paleolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8|title=Ancient civilizations|publisher=Royal Ontario Museum|location=Canada|date=December 12, 2005|access-date=April 25, 2010|archive-date=January 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108064155/http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&id=35|title=Prehistoric Korea|website=About Korea|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302014245/http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&id=35|archive-date=March 2, 2008|access-date=July 12, 2008}}, Office of the Prime Minister.</ref> According to Korea's [[Civil religion|founding mythology]], the history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (also known as "[[Old Chosŏn|Gojoseon]]", or "Old Joseon", to differentiate it from the 14th century dynasty) in 2333 BC by the legendary [[Dangun]].<ref name="koreashistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm |title=Korea's History |publisher=Asian Shravan |access-date=February 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128065300/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="DangunGija">*{{cite book|last=Seth|first=Michael J.|title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA443|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6717-7|page=443|access-date=January 1, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA443|url-status=live}}
:"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
*{{cite book|last=Stark|first=Miriam T.|title=Archaeology of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA49|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4|page=49|access-date=January 1, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA49|url-status=live}}
:"Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
*{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Andre|title=Korea Between Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50630-4|page=270|access-date=January 1, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|url-status=live}}
:"Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."
*{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Mark|title=Brief History of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA5|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5|page=5|access-date=January 1, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005701/https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}
:"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
*{{cite book|last=Hulbert|first=H. B.|title=The History of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-84941-4|page=73|access-date=January 1, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005646/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}
:"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."</ref> Gojoseon was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Peterson|first1=Mark|first2=Phillip|last2=Margulies|title=A Brief History of Korea|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5|page=6}}</ref> Gojoseon expanded until it controlled the northern Korean Peninsula and parts of [[Manchuria]]. [[Gija Joseon]] was purportedly founded in the 12th century BC, but its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era.<ref name="DangunGija" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hwang |first=Kyung-moon |title=A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative |title-link=A History of Korea: An Episodic Narrative |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-36453-0 |page=4}}</ref> In 108 BC, the [[Han dynasty]] [[Gojoseon–Han War|defeated]] [[Wiman Joseon]] and installed [[Four Commanderies of Han|four commanderies]] in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the [[Lelang commandery]] remained a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties ruling for four centuries,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Carter J. |last1=Eckert |last2=el. |title=Korea, Old and New: A History |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780962771309/page/14 14] |publisher=Korea Institute, Harvard University |isbn=978-0962771309 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780962771309/page/14 }}</ref> until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313.<ref name="Gojoseon">[http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html Early Korea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625032709/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html |date=June 25, 2015 }}. Shsu.edu. Retrieved April 17, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46620&docId=532555&categoryId=46620|script-title=ko:낙랑군|website=terms.naver.com|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=May 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523054820/https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46620&docId=532555&categoryId=46620|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0FAQAAQBAJ&q=%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B1%85&pg=PA52|script-title=ko:이야기보따리 삼국시대: 역사친구 004|last=이|first=문영|date=July 15, 2011|publisher=Sowadang|via=Google Books|isbn=978-89-93820-14-0|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145154/https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0FAQAAQBAJ&q=%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B1%85&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref>

The linguistic homeland of Proto-[[Koreans]] is located somewhere in southern [[Siberia]]/[[Manchuria]], such as the [[Liao River]] area or the [[Amur]] River area. Proto-Koreans arrived in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC, replacing and assimilating [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]-speaking [[Yayoi people|Yayoi]] and likely causing their migration to the [[Japanese archipelago]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|date=2010|title=RReconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia|journal=Studia Orientalia|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.|number=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |surname=Vovin |given=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Vovin |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5 |chapter=Origins of the Japanese Language |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Three Kingdoms of Korea ===
During the [[Proto–Three Kingdoms period]], the states of [[Buyeo]], [[Okjeo]], [[Eastern Ye|Dongye]], and [[Samhan]] occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. From them, the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] emerged: [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], and [[Silla]].

Goguryeo, the largest and most powerful among them, was a highly militaristic state<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-61576-2|pages=23–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA23|access-date=November 21, 2016|year=1984}}</ref> and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history. Goguryeo experienced a golden age under [[Gwanggaeto the Great]] and his son [[Jangsu of Goguryeo|Jangsu]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Hyŏn-hŭi|last2=Pak|first2=Sŏng-su|last3=Yun|first3=Nae-hyŏn|title=New history of Korea|publisher=Jimoondang|isbn=978-89-88095-85-0|page=201|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ|quote=He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.|year=2005|access-date=August 26, 2016|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234407/https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John Whitney|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22352-2|page=362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=1988|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234405/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Embree|first1=Ainslie Thomas|title=Encyclopedia of Asian history|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-18899-7|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=1988|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Warren I.|title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50251-1|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=December 20, 2000|archive-date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22|url-status=live}}</ref> who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their respective reigns, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.<ref name="Jinwung">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00078-1|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|access-date=October 11, 2016|date=November 5, 2012|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234408/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kings and Queens of Korea |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827 |publisher=KBS World Radio |access-date=August 26, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827 |archive-date=August 28, 2016}}</ref> In addition to contesting control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many [[Military history of Goguryeo|military conflicts]] with various [[Dynasties of China|Chinese dynastie]]s, most notably the [[Goguryeo–Sui War]], in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.<ref>*{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Matthew|title=Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-08192-3|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=November 7, 2011|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Reg G.|title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History|publisher=Universe Pub.|isbn=978-0-7893-2233-3|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104|access-date=November 8, 2016|year=2011|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005647/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bedeski|first1=Robert|title=Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-12597-5|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=March 12, 2007|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234920/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-61576-2|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47|access-date=July 29, 2016|quote=Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ's first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch'ŏngch'ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled.|year=1984|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234931/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nahm|first1=Andrew C.|title=A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History|date=2005|publisher=Hollym International Corporation|location=Seoul|isbn=978-0-930878-68-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18 18]|edition=Second revised|quote=China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon after that, Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched war against Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618.|url=https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18}}</ref>
[[File:SelectedTeachingsofBuddhistSagesandSonMasters1377.jpg|thumb| The oldest surviving metal movable type book, the ''[[Jikji]]'', was printed in 1377, and [[Goryeo]] created the world's first metal-based movable type in 1234.<ref name="print_c" />]]

Baekje was a maritime power,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|last3=Palais|first3=James B.|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-618-13384-0|page=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22|access-date=September 12, 2016|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145155/https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22|url-status=live}}</ref> sometimes called the "[[Phoenicia]] of East Asia".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kitagawa |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia%22 |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |date=September 5, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-87590-8 |page=348 |access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Its maritime ability was instrumental in the dissemination of [[East Asian Buddhism|Buddhism throughout East Asia]] and spreading continental culture to Japan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kitagawa|first1=Joseph|title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-87590-8|page=348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Of+vital+importance+for+the+dissemination+of+Buddhism+throughout+East+Asia%2C+however%2C+was+Paekche%27s+nautical+skill%2C+which+made+the+kingdom+the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia.%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=September 5, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203192409/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Of+vital+importance+for+the+dissemination+of+Buddhism+throughout+East+Asia%2C+however%2C+was+Paekche%27s+nautical+skill%2C+which+made+the+kingdom+the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia.%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|last3=Palais|first3=James B.|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|year=2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-80815-0|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|access-date=September 12, 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005701/https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of [[Geunchogo of Baekje|Geunchogo]],<ref>{{cite book|title=A Brief History of Korea|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=978-89-7300-619-9|pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT29|access-date=November 21, 2016|date=January 1, 2005}}</ref> but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.<ref>{{cite web |title=King Gwanggaeto the Great (1) |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10039827 |work=Kings and Queens of Korea (KBS World Radio) |publisher=Korea Communications Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012225405/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_dynasty_detail.htm?lang=e&current_page=3&No=10039827 |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but used opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]], to its advantage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00024-8|pages=44–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44|access-date=September 12, 2016|year=2012|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=Kenneth M.|title=Korea: Outline of a Civilisation|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-30005-7|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|access-date=September 12, 2016|date=July 3, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 676, the unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla led to the [[Northern and Southern States period]], in which relationships between Korea and China remained relatively peaceful. [[Balhae]], a Goguryeo successor state founded by a [[Go of Balhae|general]], controlled most of Manchuria and parts of the Russian Far East and was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Injae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Korean History in Maps |last2=Miller |first2=Owen |last3=Park |first3=Jinhoon |last4=Yi |first4=Hyun-Hae |date=December 15, 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09846-6 |pages=64–65 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to Koreans, there were many other ethnicities such as the [[Mohe people|Mohe]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], and Chinese.

[[Late Silla]] was a wealthy country,<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacGregor |first1=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408 |title=A History of the World in 100 Objects |date=October 6, 2011 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196683-0 |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> and its metropolitan capital of [[Gyeongju]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chŏng |first1=Yang-mo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230 |title=Arts of Korea |last2=Smith |first2=Judith G. |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-87099-850-8 |page=230 |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> grew to become the fourth largest city in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=International |first1=Rotary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=The Rotarian |date=April 1989 |publisher=Rotary International |page=28 |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20 |title=After Pusan |date=January 17, 2013 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-29935-5 |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mason |first1=David A. |title=Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003092928/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953 |archive-date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=September 30, 2016 |publisher=[[Korean Culture and Information Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Edward Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22 |title=Koreaʾs pottery heritage |publisher=Seoul International Pub. House |year=1990 |isbn=9788985113069 |page=53 |access-date=September 30, 2016 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145304/https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> It experienced a golden age of art and culture,<ref>{{cite book|last1=DuBois|first1=Jill|title=Korea|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-1786-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo/page/22 22]|url=https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo|url-access=registration|quote=golden age of art and culture.|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Randel|first1=Don Michael|title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01163-2|page=273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=%22golden+age+of+artistic+and+cultural+achievement%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hopfner|first1=Jonathan|title=Moon Living Abroad in South Korea|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=978-1-61238-632-4|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhwXBQAAQBAJ&q=%22cultural+and+political+golden+age%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=September 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-03853-2|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA47|access-date=September 30, 2016|date=January 30, 2005}}</ref> exemplified by monuments such as [[Hwangnyongsa]], [[Seokguram]], and the [[Bell of King Seongdeok|Emille Bell]]. It also carried on the maritime legacy and prowess of Baekje, and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea, and Japan, most notably during the time of [[Chang Pogo]]. In addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the [[Shandong Peninsula]] and the mouth of the [[Yangtze]] River.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gernet|first1=Jacques|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/291 291]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern|url-access=registration|quote=Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.|access-date=July 21, 2016|date=May 31, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Reischauer|first1=Edwin Oldfather|title=Ennins Travels in Tang China|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited|isbn=978-0-471-07053-5|pages=276–283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ|access-date=July 21, 2016|quote=From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. ... While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. ... The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.|date=May 1, 1955|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145156/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-582-4|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Greater+Silla+dominated+the+Yellow+Sea%2C+the+East+China+Sea%2C+and+the+South+%28Korea%29+Sea+with+trade+between+Tang+China+and+Nara-Heian+Japan.%22|access-date=July 21, 2016|date=May 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Seth|first1=Michael J.|title=A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4005-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC&q=%22Koreans+dominated+the+commerce+of+Northeast+Asia+in+the+eighth+and+ninth+centuries%22|access-date=July 21, 2016|year=2006}}</ref> However, Silla was later weakened due to internal strife and the revival of successor states [[Later Baekje|Baekje]] and [[Taebong|Goguryeo]], which culminated into the [[Later Three Kingdoms]] period in the late 9th century.

Buddhism flourished during this time. Many [[Korean Buddhism|Korean Buddhists]] gained great fame among Chinese Buddhist circles<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mun|first1=Chanju|last2=Green|first2=Ronald S.|title=Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice|publisher=Blue Pine Books|isbn=978-0-9777553-0-1|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au1oD1kKv94C&q=%22Korean+Buddhist+monks+such+as+Woncheuk%2C+Wonhyo+and+Uisang+enjoyed+a+very+high+fame+among+Chinese+Buddhists%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=2006}}</ref> and greatly contributed to [[Chinese Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McIntire|first1=Suzanne|last2=Burns|first2=William E.|title=Speeches in World History|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2680-7|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-6ghsWDMTAC&q=%22Korean+thinkers+made+reciprocal+contributions+to+Chinese+Buddhism%22|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=June 25, 2010}}</ref> Examples of significant Korean Buddhists from this period include [[Woncheuk]], [[Wonhyo]], [[Uisang]], [[Kim Hwasang|Musang]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E. Jr.|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|page=187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=November 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Poceski|first1=Mario|title=Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804320-1|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwRXrVPh-cC&pg=PA24|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=April 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wu|first1=Jiang|last2=Chia|first2=Lucille|title=Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54019-3|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Dale S.|title=The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988218-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfHQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=March 25, 2004}}</ref> and [[Kim Gyo-gak]]. Kim was a Silla prince whose influence made [[Mount Jiuhua]] one of the Four [[Sacred Mountains of China|Sacred Mountains]] of Chinese Buddhism.<ref>*{{cite book|last1=Jeong|first1=Su-il|title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia|publisher=Seoul Selection|isbn=978-1-62412-076-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=July 18, 2016}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nikaido|first1=Yoshihiro|title=Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-8470-0485-1|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=October 28, 2015}}
*{{cite book|last1=Leffman|first1=David|last2=Lewis|first2=Simon|last3=Atiyah|first3=Jeremy|title=China|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-019-0|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA519|access-date=July 29, 2016|year=2003}}
*{{cite book|last1=Leffman|first1=David|title=The Rough Guide to China|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-241-01037-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjqJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT509|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=June 2, 2014}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jeong|first1=Su-il|title=The Silk Road Encyclopedia|publisher=Seoul Selection|isbn=978-1-62412-076-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668|access-date=July 29, 2016|date=July 18, 2016}}
</ref>

=== Unified dynasties ===
[[File:창덕궁 전경 (2012).jpg|thumb|[[Changdeokgung]], pictured in 2014, one of the Five Grand Palaces of Seoul built during the Joseon dynasty and a [[UNESCO World Heritage]] Site|upright=0.9]]
[[File:아름다운 방화수류정.jpg|thumb|Banghwa Suryu Pavilion, part of [[Hwaseong Fortress]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] (2019)|upright=0.9]]
In 936, the Later Three Kingdoms were united by [[Taejo of Goryeo|Wang Geon]], who established [[Goryeo]] as a successor state to Goguryeo.<ref name="Koryo1" /><ref name="Koryo2" /><ref name="Koryo3">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Djun Kil|title=The History of Korea|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-03853-2|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=January 30, 2005|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Koryo4">{{cite book|last1=Grayson|first1=James H.|title=Korea – A Religious History|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-86925-9|page=79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=November 5, 2013|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234958/https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref> Balhae had fallen to the [[Khitan Empire]] in 926, and a decade later the [[Dae Gwang-hyeon|last crown prince of Balhae]] fled south to Goryeo, where he was warmly welcomed and included in the ruling family by Wang Geon, thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baik|title=A New History of Korea|date=1984|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-61576-2|page=103|quote=When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom.}}</ref> Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state, and invented the metal movable type [[printing press]].<ref name="print_c">{{cite web |title=Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. {{!}} Chronology {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=August 19, 2016 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818174906/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bulliet|first1=Richard|last2=Crossley|first2=Pamela|last3=Headrick|first3=Daniel|last4=Hirsch|first4=Steven|last5=Johnson|first5=Lyman|title=The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-285-44551-9|page=264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|access-date=September 12, 2016|date=January 1, 2014|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Warren I.|title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50251-1|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107|access-date=September 12, 2016|date=December 20, 2000|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Goryeo–Khitan War]], Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the [[Tripitaka Koreana]] was completed and significant developments in printing and publishing occurred. This promoted education and the dispersion of knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science. By 1100, there were 12 universities that produced notable scholars.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Kenneth B.|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95823-7|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61|access-date=July 28, 2016|year=1997|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowman|first1=John|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/202 202]|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|quote=The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..|access-date=August 1, 2016|date=September 5, 2000}}</ref>

However, the [[Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasions]] in the 13th century greatly weakened the kingdom. Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after three decades of fighting, the Korean court sent its [[Wonjong of Goryeo|crown prince]] to the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] capital to swear allegiance to [[Kublai Khan]], who accepted and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince.<ref name="Mongols">{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Kenneth B.|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95823-7|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72|access-date=November 12, 2016|year=1997|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> Henceforth, Goryeo continued to rule Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years. During this period, the two nations' royalty became intertwined as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses.<ref name="Mongols" /> In the mid-14th century, Goryeo drove out the Mongols to regain its northern territories, briefly conquered [[Liaoyang]], and defeated invasions by the [[Red Turbans invasions of Goryeo|Red Turbans]]. However, in 1392, General [[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Seong-gye]], who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a successful coup.

Yi Seong-gye established the [[House of Yi]], renamed the nation to [[Joseon]] in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of [[Seoul]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yi|first1=Ki-baek|title=A New History of Korea|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-61576-2|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&q=%22Yi+Song-gye+named+his+dynasty+Choson%22|access-date=November 19, 2016|year=1984|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&q=%22Yi+Song-gye+named+his+dynasty+Choson%22|url-status=live}}</ref> The first 200 years of the Joseon dynasty were marked by peace and saw great advancements in science<ref>{{cite book|last1=Selin|first1=Helaine|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1416-7|pages=505–506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505|access-date=July 27, 2016|date=November 11, 2013|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haralambous|first1=Yannis|last2=Horne|first2=P. Scott|title=Fonts & Encodings|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.|isbn=978-0-596-10242-5|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=November 28, 2007|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155|url-status=live}}</ref> and education,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Kenneth B.|title=Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95823-7|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA86|access-date=July 27, 2016|year=1997|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref> among them the creation of [[Hangul]] by [[Sejong the Great]] to promote literacy among the common people.<ref name="Hangul">{{cite book|last1=Koerner|first1=E.F.K.|last2=Asher|first2=R. E.|title=Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-9754-5|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=June 28, 2014|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115045316/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|url-status=live}}</ref> The prevailing ideology of the time was [[Korean Confucianism|Neo-Confucianism]], which was epitomized by the [[seonbi]] class: nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. Between 1592 and 1598, Japan under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] launched [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|invasions of Korea]], but the advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the [[Joseon Navy]] led by Admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]] and his renowned "[[turtle ship]]") with assistance from [[righteous army]] militias formed by Korean civilians, and [[Ming dynasty]] Chinese troops.<ref name="Perez 2013 140–141">{{cite book|title= Japan At War: An Encyclopedia|last= Perez|first= Louis|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RHXG0JV9zEkC|year= 2013|publisher= ABC-CLIO|location= Santa Barbara, CA|pages= 140–141|isbn= 978-1-59884-741-3|access-date= June 19, 2015|archive-date= March 28, 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145412/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHXG0JV9zEkC|url-status= live}}"Yi's successes gave Korea complete control of the sea lanes around the peninsula, and the Korean navy was able to intercept most of the supplies and communications between Japan and Korea"</ref> Through a series of successful battles of attrition, the Japanese forces were eventually forced to withdraw, and relations between all parties became normalized. However, the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and [[Manchu invasion of Korea|invaded in 1627 and 1637]]. After normalizing relations with the new [[Qing dynasty]], Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings [[Yeongjo of Joseon|Yeongjo]] and [[Jeongjo of Joseon|Jeongjo]] particularly led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=신형식|title=A Brief History of Korea|publisher=Ewha Womans University Press|isbn=978-89-7300-619-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT98|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=January 2005|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT98|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beirne|first1=Paul|title=Su-un and His World of Symbols: The Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-04749-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OPeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|access-date=November 8, 2016|date=April 2016|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010159/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OPeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 19th century, Joseon began experiencing economic difficulties and widespread uprisings, including the [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]]. The royal in-law families had gained control of the government, leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state.<ref>{{cite book |last=오 |first=영교 |date=2007 |script-title=ko:세도정권기 조선사회와 대전회통 |publisher=혜안 |isbn=978-8984943131}}</ref> Additionally, the strict isolationism of the Joseon government that earned it the nickname "the [[hermit kingdom]]" became increasingly ineffective due to increasing encroachment from powers such as Japan, Russia, and the United States. This was exemplified by the [[Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882]], which forced Joseon to open its borders.

=== Japanese occupation and World War II ===
{{Main|Korea under Japanese rule}}
[[File:L’Indépendance de la Corée et la Paix-02.jpg|thumb|[[March First Movement]] [[1919]], protests in [[Seoul]] against [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial rule]]]]
In the late 19th century, Japan became a significant regional power after winning the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] against Qing China and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] against the [[Russian Empire]]. In 1897, King Gojong, the [[List of monarchs of Korea|last king of Korea]], proclaimed Joseon as the [[Korean Empire]]. However, Japan [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905|compelled Korea to become its protectorate]] in 1905 and [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910|formally annexed it]] in 1910. What followed was a period of forced assimilation, in which Korean language, culture, and history were suppressed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korea – Korea under Japanese rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Korea-under-Japanese-rule |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427013718/https://www.britannica.com/place/Korea/Korea-under-Japanese-rule |url-status=live }}</ref> This led to the [[March First Movement]] protests in 1919 and the subsequent foundation of resistance groups in exile, primarily in China. Among the resistance groups was [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]].<ref>"Korean-Provisional-Government". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. August 8, 2023.</ref>

Towards the end of [[World War II]], the U.S. proposed dividing the Korean peninsula into two occupation zones: a [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|U.S. zone]] and a [[Soviet Civil Administration|Soviet zone]]. [[Dean Rusk]] and [[Charles H. Bonesteel III]] suggested the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]] as the dividing line, as it placed Seoul under U.S. control. To the surprise of Rusk and Bonesteel, the Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fry |first1=Michael |title=National Geographic, Korea, and the 38th Parallel |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130805-korean-war-dmz-armistice-38-parallel-geography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225074751/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130805-korean-war-dmz-armistice-38-parallel-geography |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=May 15, 2021 |language=en |date=August 5, 2013}}</ref>

=== Division of Korea ===
[[File:Ceremony inaugurating the government of the Republic of Korea (colored).jpg|thumb|Ceremony for the inauguration of the South Korean government (August 15, 1948)]]
Despite intentions to liberate a unified peninsula in the [[1943 Cairo Declaration]], escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the [[division of Korea]] into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea.

In the South, the United States appointed and supported the former head of the Korean Provisional Government [[Syngman Rhee]] as leader. Rhee won the first presidential elections of the newly declared Republic of Korea in May 1948. In the North, the Soviets backed a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, [[Kim Il Sung]], who was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September.<ref>Malkasian, Carter (2001). ''The Korean War 1950–1953''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-1-57958-364-4}}.</ref>

In October, the Soviet Union declared Kim Il Sung's government as sovereign over both the north and south. The UN declared Rhee's government as "a lawful government having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the UN Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult" and the government "based on elections which was observed by the Temporary Commission" in addition to a statement that "this is the only such government in Korea."<ref name="UN195">[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement "195 (III) The problem of the independence of Korea"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061108/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement |date=October 23, 2013 }}, December 12, 1948, ''Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its Third Session'', p. 25.</ref> Both leaders engaged in authoritarian repression of political opponents.<ref>Regarding Syngman Rhee (South Korea):{{bulleted list|{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Gil-sang |title=Korea through the Ages |date=2005 |publisher=Center for Information on Korean Culture, the Academy of Korean Studies |location=Seongnam |pages=166–181}}|{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Hyun-hee |last2=Park |first2=Sung-soo |last3=Yoon |first3=Nae-hyun |title=New History of Korea |date=2005 |publisher=Jimoondang |location=Paju |pages=584–590}}}}Regarding Kim Il-sung (North Korea):{{bulleted list|{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 978-0-415-23749-9 |pages=71–91}}}}</ref> South Korea requested military support from the United States but was denied,<ref>{{cite book |last=Appleman |first=Roy E. |title=South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |year=1998 |orig-year=1961 |page=17 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm |isbn=978-0160019180 |archive-date=February 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235336/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> while North Korea's military was heavily reinforced by the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book |last=Millett |first=Allan R. |series=The Essential Bibliography Series |title=The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography |year=2007 |publisher=Potomac Books Inc. |location=Dulles, VA |isbn=978-1574889765 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stuecker|first=William|date=2004|title=Korean War: World History|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages=102–103}}</ref>

=== Korean War ===
[[File:WarMemorialOfKorea.jpg|thumb|[[War Memorial of Korea]].]]
On June 25, 1950, [[Operation Pokpung|North Korea invaded]] South Korea, sparking the [[Korean War]], the [[Cold War]]'s first major conflict, which continued until 1953. At the time, the Soviet Union had boycotted the UN, thus forfeiting [[United Nations Security Council veto power|their veto rights]]. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of [[People's Volunteer Army|Chinese troops]]. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides facing defeat with massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. During the war, Rhee's party promoted the [[Ilminism|One-People Principle]], an effort to build an obedient citizenry through ethnic homogeneity and authoritarian appeals to [[nationalism]].<ref name="Hwang93">Su-kyoung Hwang, ''[[Korea's Grievous War]].'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016; pg. 90–95.</ref>

The [[Korean Armistice Agreement|1953 armistice]], never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|demilitarized zone]] near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than [[World War II]] or the [[Vietnam War]], making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era.<ref name="Kim p.45">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Samuel S.|chapter=The Evolving Asian System|title=International Relations of Asia|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4422-2641-8|page=45|quote=With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the [[Vietnam War]] (2 million), and the [[Pol Pot]] [[Cambodian genocide|genocide]] in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).}}</ref><ref name="Cumings p. 35">{{cite book|last=Cumings|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Cumings|title=The Korean War: A History|publisher=[[Modern Library]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8129-7896-4|page=35|quote=Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of nonhostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.}}</ref> In addition, virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed by the war.<ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453">{{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|author-link=Guenter Lewy|title=America in Vietnam|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0-19-987423-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy/page/450 450]–453|quote=The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict.|title-link=America in Vietnam}}</ref>

=== Miracle on the Han River ===
{{main|Miracle on the Han River}}

[[File:South Korea's GDP (PPP) growth from 1911 to 2008.png|thumb|Between 1962 and 1994, the [[Economy of South Korea|South Korean economy]] grew at an average of 10% annually, fueled by annual export growth of 20%,<ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=Republic of Korea |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502130240/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea/overview |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |work=worldbank.org}}</ref> in a period called the [[Miracle on the Han River]].]]In 1960, a student uprising (the "[[April Revolution]]") led to the resignation of the autocratic President Syngman Rhee. This was followed by 13 months of political instability as South Korea was led by the weak and ineffectual [[Second Republic of Korea|Second Republic]]. This instability was broken by the [[May 16 coup|May 16, 1961 coup]] led by General [[Park Chung Hee]]. As president, Park oversaw a period of rapid [[Export-oriented industrialization|export-led economic growth]] enforced by [[Political repression in South Korea|political repression]]. Under Park, South Korea [[South Korea in the Vietnam War|took an active role]] in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Griffiths |first=James |title=The 'forgotten' My Lai: South Korea's Vietnam War massacres|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/asia/south-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl/index.html |date=February 23, 2018 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612151022/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/asia/south-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Park was heavily criticized as a ruthless military dictator, who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a [[Yusin Constitution|new constitution]], which gave the president dictatorial powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. The [[Economy of South Korea|Korean economy]] developed significantly during Park's tenure, largely due to investment in [[Chaebol|family-run conglomerates]]. The government developed the [[Expressways in South Korea|nationwide expressway system]], the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway|Seoul subway system]], and laid the foundation for economic development during his 17-year tenure, which ended with [[Assassination of Park Chung Hee|his assassination]] on 26 October, 1979.

The years after Park's assassination were marked again by political turmoil, as the previously suppressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void. In 1979, General [[Chun Doo-hwan]] led the [[coup d'état of December Twelfth]]. On May 17, 1980, Chun forced the Cabinet to expand martial law to the whole nation, which had previously not applied to [[Jeju Island]]. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed the press. Chun's assumption of the presidency through the events of May 17 triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy; these protests were particularly widespread in [[Gwangju]], to which Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the 18–27 May 1980 [[Gwangju Uprising|Gwangju Democratization Movement]]<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/752055.stm Flashback: The Kwangju massacre] , May 17, 2000.</ref> at the cost of probably 500 to 2,000 civilian lives<ref> BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4557315.stm Lingering legacy of Korean massacre, 18 May 2005], retrieved 20 November 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230117101726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4557315.stm Archived] 17 January 2023.</ref> and 26 dead soldiers (half of them by [[friendly fire]]).

Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987, when a [[Seoul National University]] student, [[Park Jong-chul]], was tortured to death.<ref>[http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/184219.html "20 years later, father still seeks truth in son's death"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173203/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/184219.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, ''The Hankyoreh'', January 15, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> On {{Nowrap|June 10}}, the [[Catholic Priests Association for Justice]] revealed the incident, igniting the [[June Democratic Struggle]] across the country. Eventually, Chun's party, the [[Democratic Justice Party]], and its leader, [[Roh Tae-woo]], announced the [[June 29 Declaration]], which promised a democratic election of the president.

=== Democracy ===
[[File:Kim Dae-jung (2001).tif|thumb|left|President [[Kim Dae-jung]], the 2000 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] recipient for advancing democracy and human rights in South Korea and East Asia and for reconciliation with North Korea, was sometimes called the "[[Nelson Mandela]] of Asia".<ref name="The Guardian-2009" />|226x226px]]
Roh Tae-woo went on to win the [[1987 South Korean presidential election|1987 election]] by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, [[Kim Dae-jung]] and [[Kim Young-sam]]. Seoul hosted the [[1988 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games in 1988]], which was widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea's global image and economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/229_12790.html |title=Two Decedes [sic] After Seoul Olympics |date=October 30, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=March 12, 2018 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025132245/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/229_12790.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 702|South Korea was formally invited]] to become a member of the United Nations in 1991. The transition of Korea from autocracy to modern democracy was marked in 1997 by the election of Kim Dae-jung, who was sworn in as the eighth president of South Korea on February 25, 1998. His election was significant given that he had in earlier years been a political prisoner sentenced to death (later commuted to exile). He won against the backdrop of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], where he took [[IMF]] advice to restructure the economy and the nation soon recovered its economic growth, albeit at a slower pace.<ref name="The Guardian-2009">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/18/obituary-kim-dae-jung |title=Kim Dae-jung |date=August 18, 2009 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=March 12, 2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010123345/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/18/obituary-kim-dae-jung |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2000, as part of President Kim Dae-jung's "[[Sunshine Policy]]" of engagement, a [[Inter-Korean summit|North–South summit]] took place in [[Pyongyang]], the capital of North Korea, now ruled by Kim Il Sung's son [[Kim Jong Il]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=North and South Korean leaders meet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/13/northkorea1 |work=the Guardian |date=June 13, 2000 |language=en |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214015818/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/13/northkorea1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Kim received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2000/index.html |title= The Nobel Peace Prize 2000 |publisher= The Nobel Foundation |year= 2000 |access-date= February 17, 2009 |archive-date= February 3, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120203175049/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2000/index.html |url-status= live }}</ref> However, because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and, amid North Korean provocations, a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President [[Lee Myung-bak]], former [[mayor of Seoul]].<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea's New President Sworn In – DW – 02/25/2008 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-koreas-new-president-sworn-in/a-5213894 |work=dw.com |language=en |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031125726/https://www.dw.com/en/south-koreas-new-president-sworn-in/a-5213894 |url-status=live }}</ref> While [[Japan–Korea relations|South Korean and Japanese relations]] improved when they jointly co-hosted the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], it later [[Japan–Korea disputes|soured]] because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the [[Liancourt Rocks dispute|Liancourt Rocks]].<ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA World Cup: When South Korea created history in 2002 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2002-south-korea-history-semifinal/blt7b0eedc7838c3dc9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101084318/https://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2002-south-korea-history-semifinal/blt7b0eedc7838c3dc9 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |work=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rocky relations between Japan and South Korea over disputed islands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/japan-south-korea-disputed-islands |work=the Guardian |date=August 18, 2010 |language=en |access-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055633/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/japan-south-korea-disputed-islands |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:2010 G-20 Seoul summit.jpg|thumb|South Korea became the first non-[[G7]] chair of the [[G-20]] when it hosted the [[2010 G-20 Seoul summit|2010 Seoul summit]].<ref>Oliver, Christian. "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party", ''Financial Times'' (UK). June 25, 2010.</ref>]]

In 2010, there was an [[List of border incidents involving North and South Korea|escalation in attacks]] by North Korea. In March 2010 the South Korean warship [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|ROKS ''Cheonan'' was sunk]] killing 46 South Korean sailors, allegedly by a North Korean submarine. In November 2010 [[Yeonpyeongdo]] [[Bombardment of Yeonpyeong|was attacked]] by a significant North Korean artillery barrage, with 4 people dying. The official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the ''Cheonan'' sinking. The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community caused significant anger with the South Korean public.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/201104SnyderandByun.pdf|title=Cheonan and Yeonpyeong. The Northeast Asian Response to North Korea's Provocations|date=May 1, 2011|publisher=[[Asia Foundation]]|access-date=March 13, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174320/https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/201104SnyderandByun.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Contemporary history ===
The children of presidents Park Chung Hee and Kim Jong Il would take power in the two Koreas from 2011 to 2012. [[Kim Jong Un]] succeeded his father as leader of North Korea in 2011, while South Korea elected the first ever female president [[Park Geun-hye]] in the [[2012 South Korean presidential election|2012 election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Park Geun-hye sworn in as South Korea president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21570512 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=February 25, 2013 |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21570512 |url-status=live }}</ref> The conservative Park Geun-hye administration was formally accused of corruption, bribery, and influence-peddling for the involvement of Park's close friend [[Choi Soon-sil]] in state affairs. There followed a series of [[2016–2017 South Korean protests|nationwide public demonstrations]] from November 2016,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/long-will-south-koreas-protests-remain-peaceful/|title=How long will Seoul protests remain peaceful?|last=Langan|first=Peter|date=November 28, 2016|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|access-date=December 2, 2016|archive-date=March 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145415/https://asiatimes.com/2016/11/long-will-south-koreas-protests-remain-peaceful/|url-status=live}}</ref> and she was removed from office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-park-impeach-2017-story.html|title=South Korea's president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment|date=March 10, 2017|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=March 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309190803/http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-park-impeach-2017-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the fallout of Park's impeachment and dismissal, elections were held and [[Moon Jae-in]] of the [[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party]] won the presidency, immediately taking office on May 10, 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Korean president willing to work with North – DW – 05/10/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-south-korean-president-moon-sworn-in-and-willing-to-visit-north-korea/a-38779018 |work=dw.com |language=en |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121333/https://www.dw.com/en/new-south-korean-president-moon-sworn-in-and-willing-to-visit-north-korea/a-38779018 |url-status=live }}</ref> His tenure saw an improving political relationship with North Korea, some increasing divergence in the military alliance with the United States, and the successful hosting of [[2018 Winter Olympics|the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/11/south-koreas-moon-may-be-on-brink-of-legacy-defining-moment/110314864/|title=South Korea's Moon may be on brink of legacy-defining moment|date=February 11, 2018|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613051923/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/11/south-koreas-moon-may-be-on-brink-of-legacy-defining-moment/110314864/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2018, Park Geun-hye was sentenced to 24 years in jail and convicted of abuse of power and corruption.<ref>{{cite news |title=Park Geun-hye: South Korea's ex-leader jailed for 24 years for corruption |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43666134 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=April 6, 2018 |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101144853/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43666134 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea|The COVID-19 pandemic]] caused South Korea to record more deaths than births, resulting in a population decline for the first time on record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html|title=As Birthrate Falls, South Korea's Population Declines, Posing Threat to Economy|last=Gladstone|first=Rick|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 4, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021|archive-date=January 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104222029/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, [[Yoon Suk Yeol]], the candidate of the conservative opposition [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power Party]], won a close [[2022 South Korean presidential election|election]] over Democratic Party candidate [[Lee Jae-myung]] by the narrowest margin in the history of the Sixth Republic and was sworn in on May 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is South Korea's new president Yoon Suk Yeol? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220510-who-is-south-korea-s-new-president-yoon-suk-yeol |work=France 24 |date=May 10, 2022 |language=en |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923202013/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20220510-who-is-south-korea-s-new-president-yoon-suk-yeol |url-status=live }}</ref> He declared [[2024 South Korean martial law|martial law]] on December 3, 2024, accusing the opposition of being pro-North Korean and conducting anti-state activities.<ref name="martial">[https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-yoon-martial-law-997c22ac93f6a9bece68454597e577c1 "South Korea lifts president's martial law decree after lawmakers reject military rule"]. ''[https://apnews.com/ Associated Press]''. December 3, 2024. Referenced December 3, 2024.</ref> After several hours, the National Assembly voted to nullify the declaration in a unanimous vote of 190/0, causing Yoon to end martial law early on December 4.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea cabinet lifts martial law - report |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn38321180et?post=asset%3A69e3ba8d-55f4-443e-9531-84ad91772741#post |access-date=December 3, 2024 |work=BBC News |date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> Yoon's actions resulted in [[Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol|his impeachment]] on December 14, 2024, followed by his unanimous removal from office on April 4, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2024 |title=South Korean parliament votes to impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-14/south-korean-parliament-votes-to-impeach-president/104726176 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yeung |first1=Yoonjung Seo, Gawon Bae, Mike Valerio, Jessie |title=South Korea's impeached president is removed from office, four months after declaring martial law |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/03/asia/yoon-impeachment-verdict-south-korea-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=April 4, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Lee Jae-myung won the [[2025 South Korean presidential election|election]] to succeed Yoon, immediately taking office on June 4, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Election Commission of South Korea|url=http://info.nec.go.kr/electioninfo/electionInfo_report.xhtml?electionId=0020250603&requestURI=/electioninfo/0020250603/vc/vccp09.jsp&secondMenuId=VCCP09&statementId=VCCP09_%231&electionCode=1&cityCode=0}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of South Korea|Geology of South Korea}}

[[File:Dinosaur Ridge of Seoraksan.jpg|thumb|right|Dinosaur Ridge of [[Seoraksan]], the highest mountain in the [[Taebaek mountain range]] in the [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]].]]
South Korea occupies the southern portion of the [[Korean Peninsula]], which extends some {{convert|1,100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Continental and East Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the [[Yellow Sea]] to the west and the [[Sea of Japan]] to the east. Its southern tip lies on the [[Korea Strait]] and the [[East China Sea]]. The country, including all its islands, lies between latitudes [[33rd parallel north|33°]] and [[39th parallel north|39°N]], and longitudes [[124th meridian east|124°]] and [[130th meridian east|130°E]]. Its total area is {{convert|100,410|km2|sqmi|2|sp=us}}.<ref name="South Korea country profile"/>
South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, [[drainage basin|river basins]], and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the [[Nakdong River]].<ref name="korea geo">[http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/geography.htm#LAND Geography of Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724134602/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/geography.htm#LAND |date=July 24, 2017 }}, Asia Info Organization</ref> South Korea is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Central Korean deciduous forests]], [[Manchurian mixed forests]], and [[Southern Korea evergreen forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not [[arable land|arable]]. [[Upland and lowland|Lowlands]], located primarily in the west and southeast, make up only 30% of the total land area. South Korea has [[List of national parks of South Korea|20 national parks]] and popular natural areas such as the [[Boseong]] Tea Fields, [[Suncheon Bay Ecological Park]], and [[Jirisan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.knps.or.kr/ |title=Korea National Park Service official site |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702123827/http://english.knps.or.kr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

About 3,000 islands lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea, the vast majority small and uninhabited. [[Jeju Island]], the country's largest island, is about {{convert|100|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} off the southern coast of South Korea. [[Hallasan]], a dormant [[volcano]], is South Korea's highest point and reaches {{convert|1,950|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. The easternmost islands of South Korea are [[Ulleungdo]] and the [[Liancourt Rocks]] (Dokdo/Takeshima), while [[Marado]] and [[Socotra Rock]] are the southernmost islands of South Korea.<ref name="korea geo" />

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of South Korea}}

{{climate chart
|Seoul
|−6.1 |1.6 |22
|−4.1 |4.1 |24
|1.1 |10.2 |46
|7.3 |17.6 |77
|12.6 |22.8 |102
|17.8 |26.9 |133
|21.8 |28.8 |328
|22.1 |29.5 |348
|16.7 |25.6 |138
|9.8 |19.7 |49
|2.9 |11.5 |53
|−3.4 |4.2 |25
|source =<ref>[http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2001&stn=108&norm=M Climate data in seoul, 1971 – 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709070202/http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2001&stn=108&norm=M |date=July 9, 2017 }}{{in lang|ko}}, [[Korea Meteorological Administration]].</ref>
|float=right}}
South Korea tends to have a [[humid continental climate]] and a [[humid subtropical climate]], and is affected by the [[East Asian monsoon]], with [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] heavier in summer during a short rainy season called ''[[East Asian rainy season|jangma]]'', which begins end of June and lasts through the end of July. In Seoul, the average January temperature range is {{convert|-7|to|1|°C|°F}}, and the average August temperature range is {{convert|22|to|30|°C|°F}}. Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/31.htm South Korea climate] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330071948/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/31.htm |date=March 30, 2014 }}, U.S. Library of Congress, Country studies</ref> Summer can be uncomfortably hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding {{convert|30|°C|0}} in most parts of the country. South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring usually lasts from late March to early May, summer from mid-May to early September, autumn from mid-September to early November, and winter from mid-November to mid-March.

Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summer [[tropical cyclone|typhoons]] that bring strong winds, heavy rains and sometimes floods. The average annual precipitation varies from {{convert|1370|mm|sp=us}} in Seoul to {{convert|1470|mm|sp=us}} in Busan.

=== Environment ===
{{Main|Environment of South Korea|Pollution in South Korea|Climate change in South Korea}}

[[File:CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg|thumb|[[Cheonggyecheon]] river is a modern public recreation space in [[downtown Seoul]]]]

During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment.<ref name="google.com">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/KORPOLL.HTM |title=Korea Air Pollution Problems |publisher=American University of Washington |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309142227/http://www1.american.edu/TED/KORPOLL.HTM |archive-date=March 9, 2010}}</ref> Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat.<ref>{{cite news|author=Randolph T. Hester |url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_opinion/373552.html |title=Letter to Lee administration: Save the Songdo Tidal Flat |newspaper=[[The Hankyoreh]] |date=August 28, 2009 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181051/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_opinion/373552.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run {{Nowrap|$84 billion}} five-year [[green growth]] project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.<ref>Wang, Ucilla (July 28, 2008 ) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145303/http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/south-korea-to-boost-renewable-energy-investments-by-60-1191.html South Korea Boosts Renewable-Energy Investments by 60%]. Greentechmedia.com</ref>

The climate initiative utilizes nearly two percent of the national GDP and facilitates creation of a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, decreasing combustion vehicles, backing daylight saving time and replacing obsolete lighting products in favor of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs.<ref name="South Korea's green new deal">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2009/10/18/eok.lah.greening.korea.cnn?iref=videosearch |title=South Korea's green new deal |work=CNN |date=October 18, 2009 |access-date=October 21, 2009 |archive-date=August 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831124519/http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2009/10/18/eok.lah.greening.korea.cnn?iref=videosearch |url-status=dead }}</ref> The country plans to build a nationwide next-generation network that will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities, in order to reduce energy usage.<ref name="South Korea's green new deal" />

The [[renewable portfolio standard]] program with [[Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)|renewable energy certificates]] runs from 2012 to 2022.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131205044729/http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5505/kim_10_19_2010.pdf R&D status and prospects on fuel cells in Korea]. fuelcellseminar.com</ref>
Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour. They are also more difficult to design and implement than a [[feed-in tariff]].<ref name="wind-works.org">[http://www.wind-works.org/FeedLaws/RenewableEnergyPolicyMechanismsbyPaulGipe.pdf Renewable Energy Policy Mechanisms by Paul Gipe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510072741/http://www.wind-works.org/FeedLaws/RenewableEnergyPolicyMechanismsbyPaulGipe.pdf |date=May 10, 2012 }} (1.3MB)<br />Lauber, V. (2004). "REFIT and RPS: Options for a harmonized Community framework", ''Energy Policy'', Vol. 32, Issue 12, pp. 1405–1414.<br />Lauber, V. (2008). "Certificate Trading – Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?"
Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU, March 2008. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg. Retrieved March 16, 2009, at www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber</ref> Around 350 residential [[micro combined heat and power]] units were installed in 2012.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701231144/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf |date=July 1, 2016 }}. fuelcelltoday.com.</ref> In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. President Moon Jae-in pledged to reduce [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]] to zero in 2050.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cha|first=Josh Smith, Sangmi|date=June 8, 2020|title=Jobs come first in South Korea's ambitious 'Green New Deal' climate plan|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-environment-newdeal-analys-idUSKBN23F0SV|access-date=September 29, 2020|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921065008/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-environment-newdeal-analys-idUSKBN23F0SV|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 8, 2020|title=Moon vows to shut down 30 more coal plants to bring cleaner air and battle climate change|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200908000676|access-date=September 29, 2020|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928142514/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200908000676|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seoul's [[tap water]] recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "[[Arisu]]" in a bid to convince the public.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/0609/42.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928220932/http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/0609/42.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date= September 28, 2007|title=Seoul City holds second Arisu Festival to show tap water is safe to drink|publisher=Newsworld}}</ref> Efforts have also been made with [[afforestation]] projects; South Korea had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.02/10, ranking it 87th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |display-authors=1 |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> Another multibillion-dollar project was the restoration of [[Cheonggyecheon]], a stream running through [[downtown Seoul]] that had previously been paved over by a motorway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/initiatives/inti_02cheon.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215093221/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/initiatives/inti_02cheon.htm|url-status=dead|title=Seoul Metropolitan Government – "A Clean, Attractive & Global City, Seoul!"|archive-date=February 15, 2009}}</ref> One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms; however, many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.<ref name="google.com" />

South Korea is a member of the [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty|Antarctic-Environmental Protocol]], [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]], [[Convention on Biological Diversity|Biodiversity Treaty]], [[Kyoto Protocol]] (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/negotiating_groups/items/2714.php |title=Party Groupings |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |date=November 28, 2007 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605182740/http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/negotiating_groups/items/2714.php |archive-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> with Mexico and Switzerland), [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|Desertification]], [[CITES|Endangered Species]], [[Environmental Modification Convention|Environmental Modification]], [[Basel Convention|Hazardous Wastes]], [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|Law of the Sea]], [[Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft|Marine Dumping]], [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (not into force), [[Montreal Protocol|Ozone Layer Protection]], [[MARPOL 73/78|Ship Pollution]], [[International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983|Tropical Timber 83]], [[International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994|Tropical Timber 94]], [[Ramsar Convention|Wetlands]], and [[International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|Whaling]].<ref name="CIA">{{CIA World Factbook}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of South Korea|Politics of South Korea}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:President Lee Jae-myung 2025 (cropped).jpg|173x173px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Kim Min-seok's Portrait (2024.7) (cropped).png|173x173px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Lee Jae Myung]]<br /><small>[[President of South Korea|President]]</small>
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Kim Min-seok (politician)|Kim Min-seok]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]]</small>
|}
The South Korean government's structure is determined by the [[Constitution of South Korea|Constitution of the Republic of Korea]]. Like many democratic states,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021185552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |title=Index of Democracy 2008 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214053945/http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021185552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf |archive-date=December 14, 2008}}</ref> South Korea has a government divided into three branches: [[executive (government)|executive]], [[judiciary|judicial]], and [[legislature|legislative]]. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. The [[Judiciary of South Korea|judicial branch]] operates at both the national and local levels. Local governments are semi-autonomous and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. South Korea is a constitutional democracy.

[[File:Yeouido2025.jpg|thumb|right|Panoramic view of [[Yeouido]] and the [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly building]] from [[Dangsan Railway Bridge]].]]
The constitution has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 at independence. However, it has retained many broad characteristics and with the exception of the short-lived [[Second Republic of Korea]], the country has always had a presidential system with an independent chief executive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks00000_.html|title=South Korea – Constitution|publisher=International Constitutional Law|access-date=February 16, 2009|archive-date=January 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120192957/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks00000_.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the [[Sixth Republic of South Korea|Sixth Republic of Korea]]. The first direct [[Elections in South Korea|election]] was also held in 1948. South Korean politics is broadly divided into the [[Liberalism in South Korea|liberal camp]], currently represented chiefly by the [[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party]], and the [[Conservatism in South Korea|conservative camp]], represented by the [[People Power Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jun-tae |first=Ko |date=2022-04-09 |title=Defining political ideologies in South Korea |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2834810 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Korea Herald |language=ko}}</ref>

Although South Korea experienced a series of military dictatorships from the 1960s until the 1980s, it has since developed into a successful [[liberal democracy]]. Today, the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]] describes South Korea's democracy as a "fully functioning modern democracy",<ref name="ciawfb">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ |title=Korea, South |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=[[The World Factbook]] |date=February 10, 2009 |access-date=February 16, 2009 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129003620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]'' classifies it as a "flawed democracy", ranking at 32th out of 167 countries in 2024.<ref name="index2024">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2024 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024/ |url-access=registration |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] South Korea is the 46th most electoral democratic country in the world as of 2024.<ref name="l511">{{cite web |date=2025|title=The V-Dem Dataset – V-Dem|website=V-Dem|url=https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/|access-date=14 March 2025|publisher=V-Dem Institute}}</ref> However, some political experts has argued that South Korea had experienced [[democratic backsliding]] and the reemergence of [[authoritarianism]], particularly under the presidency of [[Yoon Suk Yeol]], which culminated when he declared [[2024 South Korean martial law|martial law]] for the first time since the [[Coup d'état of May Seventeenth|1980 military coup d'état]] after the [[Assassination of Park Chung Hee|assassination]] of dictator [[Park Chung Hee]], and the first since [[June Democratic Struggle|democratization in 1987]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Clear Democratic Erosion in South Korea: How the Presidency of Yoon Suk-yeol is Undermining Democracy - Democratic Erosion |url=https://democratic-erosion.org/2024/11/04/clear-democratic-erosion-in-south-korea-how-the-presidency-of-yoon-suk-yeol-is-undermining-democracy/ |website=democratic-erosion.org |access-date=December 3, 2024 |date=November 4, 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Lowe |first1=Yohannes |last2=McEwen |first2=Kirsty |date=December 3, 2024 |title=South Korean military announces suspension of all parliamentary activity, says report – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/dec/03/south-korea-declares-emergency-martial-law-yoon-suk-yeol-north-korea-latest-updates |access-date=December 3, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> South Korea is ranked 31st on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] (7th in the [[Asia–Pacific]] region), with a score of 63 out of 100.<ref name="ti_2022">{{cite web |title=CPI 2022 |date=January 31, 2023 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |access-date=January 31, 2023 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416180715/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of South Korea}}

{{See also|Provinces of South Korea|Special cities of South Korea|Provinces of Korea}}

The major administrative divisions in South Korea are eleven '''provinces''',{{efn|South Korea claims five of its provinces that are controlled by North Korea, which it does not control along with the two portions of its northern provinces controlled by North Korea. These are overseen by the [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces]].}} three '''special self-governing provinces''', six '''metropolitan cities''' (self-governing cities that are not part of any province), one '''special metropolitan city''' and one '''special self-governing city'''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Map!!Name (city/ province)!![[Hangul]]!![[Hanja]]!![[Population]]<sup>c</sup>
|-
|rowspan="28" |{{South Korea Provincial level Labelled Map}}
! colspan="6"|Special metropolitan city (''Teukbyeol-si'')<sup>a</sup>
|-
|[[Seoul]]||{{lang|ko|서울특별시}}||{{lang|ko|서울特別市}}<sup>b</sup>||9,830,452
|-
! colspan="6"|Metropolitan city (''Gwangyeok-si'')<sup>a</sup>
|-
|[[Busan]]||{{lang|ko|부산광역시}}||{{lang|ko|釜山廣域市}}||3,460,707
|-
|[[Daegu]]||{{lang|ko|대구광역시}}||{{lang|ko|大邱廣域市}}||2,471,136
|-
|[[Incheon]]||{{lang|ko|인천광역시}}||{{lang|ko|仁川廣域市}}||2,952,476
|-
|[[Gwangju]]||{{lang|ko|광주광역시}}||{{lang|ko|光州廣域市}}||1,460,972
|-
|[[Daejeon]]||{{lang|ko|대전광역시}}||{{lang|ko|大田廣域市}}||1,496,123
|-
|[[Ulsan]]||{{lang|ko|울산광역시}}||{{lang|ko|蔚山廣域市}}||1,161,303
|-
! colspan="6"|Special self-governing city (''Teukbyeol-jachi-si'')<sup>a</sup>
|-
|[[Sejong City|Sejong]]||{{lang|ko|세종특별자치시}}||{{lang|ko|世宗特別自治市}}||295,041
|-
! colspan="6"|Province (''Do'')<sup>a</sup>
|-
|[[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]<sup>e</sup>||{{lang|ko|경기도}}||{{lang|ko|京畿道}}||12,941,604
|-
|[[North Chungcheong Province|North Chungcheong]]||{{lang|ko|충청북도}}||{{lang|ko|忠淸北道}}||1,595,164
|-
|[[South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong]]||{{lang|ko|충청남도}}||{{lang|ko|忠淸南道}}||2,120,666
|-
|[[South Jeolla Province|South Jeolla]]||{{lang|ko|전라남도}}||{{lang|ko|全羅南道}}||1,890,412
|-
|[[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]||{{lang|ko|경상북도}}||{{lang|ko|慶尙北道}}||2,682,897
|-
|[[South Gyeongsang Province|South Gyeongsang]]||{{lang|ko|경상남도}}||{{lang|ko|慶尙南道}}||3,377,126
|-
! colspan="6"|Special self-governing province (''Teukbyeol-jachi-do'')<sup>a</sup>
|-
|[[Jeju Province|Jeju]]||{{lang|ko|제주특별자치도}}||{{lang|ko|濟州特別自治道}}||661,511
|-
|[[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon]]<sup>e</sup>||{{lang|ko|강원특별자치도}}||{{lang|ko|江原特別自治道}}||1,545,452
|-
|[[North Jeolla Province|North Jeolla]]||{{lang|ko|전북특별자치도}}||{{lang|ko|全北特別自治道}}||1,847,089
|-
! colspan="6"|Claimed Province but not controlled (North Korea)
|-
|''[[North Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)|North Hamgyeong]]''
||{{lang|ko|함경북도}}||{{lang|ko|咸鏡北道}}||—
|-
|''[[South Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)|South Hamgyeong]]''||{{lang|ko|함경남도}}||{{lang|ko|咸鏡南道}}||—
|-
|''[[North Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)|North Pyeongan]]''||{{lang|ko|평안북도}}||{{lang|ko|平安北道}}||—
|-
|''[[South Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)|South Pyeongan]]''
|{{lang|ko|평안남도}}||{{lang|ko|平安南道}}||—
|-
|''[[Hwanghae Province (Republic of Korea)|Hwanghae]]''||{{lang|ko|황해도}}||{{lang|ko|黃海道}}||—
|}
{{Smaller|<sup>a</sup> [[Revised Romanisation of Korean|Revised Romanisation]]; <sup>b</sup> See [[Names of Seoul]]; <sup>c</sup> {{As of|May 2018}}, does not include population in territory controlled by North Korea.;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mois.go.kr/frt/sub/a05/totStat/screen.do|script-title=ko:행정안전부> 정책자료> 통계> 주민등록 인구통계|website=[[Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea)|Ministry of the Interior and Safety]]|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-date=April 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420175139/http://www.mois.go.kr/frt/sub/a05/totStat/screen.do|url-status=dead}}</ref> <sup>d</sup> [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces|Areas that belong to the territory under the Constitution of the Republic of Korea but have not been recovered.]] <sup>e</sup> Partially controlled by North Korea.}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of South Korea}}

[[File:Ban Ki-moon MSC 2020 (cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|Former [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (2007–2016), [[Ban Ki-moon]]]]
South Korea has been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. South Korea has developed links with the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] as both a member of ''ASEAN Plus three'', a body of observers, and the [[East Asia Summit]] (EAS).

A [[South Korea–United States relations|close relationship]] with the United States began directly after World War II, when the United States temporarily administered South Korea. Upon the onset of the Korean War in 1950, U.S. forces were sent to defend against an invasion from North Korea of the South and subsequently fought [[United States in the Korean War|as the largest contributor of UN troops]]. Following the Armistice, South Korea and the U.S. agreed to a "Mutual Defense Treaty", under which an attack on either party in the [[United States Indo-Pacific Command|Pacific area]] would summon a response from both.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea; October 1, 1953 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kor001.asp |publisher=Yale Law School |access-date=September 18, 2010 |archive-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807165304/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kor001.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The two nations also share a close economic relationship,<ref name="MIT-2018">{{cite web |date=March 10, 2018 |title=South Korea Country Profile |url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/kor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409050138/https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/kor/ |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=March 9, 2018 |work=MIT}}</ref>

Historically, Korea had close relations with the dynasties in China, and some Korean kingdoms were members of the [[Tributary system of China|Imperial Chinese tributary system]]. The Korean kingdoms also ruled over some Chinese kingdoms including the Khitan people and the Manchurians before the Qing dynasty and received tributes from them.<ref>A New History of Korea p. 61</ref> Though at opposing sides during the Cold War, South Korean–Chinese relations have improved steadily since 1992.<ref name="Asia Times-2004">{{cite news |date=September 11, 2004 |title=Asia Times – News and analysis from Korea; North and South |work=Asia Times |location=Hong Kong |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/FI11Dg03.html |url-status=unfit |access-date=April 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911032145/http://atimes.com/atimes/Korea/FI11Dg03.html |archive-date=September 11, 2004}}</ref> China has become South Korea's largest trading partner by far.<ref name="MIT-2018" />

Korea and Japan have had ties since ancient times but also significant cultural exchange, with Korea acting as the gateway between East Asia and Japan Longstanding issues such as historical disputes over [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japan's 35-year colonization of Korea]] in the 20th century and [[Japanese war crimes]] against Korean civilians, the territorial disputes over the [[Liancourt Rocks]], known in South Korea as "Dokdo" and in Japan as "Takeshima",<ref>{{cite web |author=Kim Hee-sung |date=February 22, 2008 |title=Professor from Japan Discovers Map Proving Dokdo Island is Korean Territory |url=http://www.dynamic-korea.com/news/view_news.php?main=KTD&sub=&uid=200800220395&keyword= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514111833/http://www.dynamic-korea.com/news/view_news.php?main=KTD&sub=&uid=200800220395&keyword= |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |website=DYNAMIC-KOREA.COM}}</ref> and visits by Japanese politicians to the [[Yasukuni Shrine]] continue to trouble Korean-Japanese relations. Ties between the two countries have improved significantly in the 2020s, and polls show that public perceptions of each other have become much more positive, especially among younger generations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024|title=Could Japan and South Korea finally become friends?|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/09/05/could-japan-and-south-korea-finally-become-friends|access-date=2026-02-22|work=[[The Economist]]|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Japan is today South Korea's third largest trading partner.<ref name="MIT-2018" />

==== North Korea ====
{{Main|North Korea–South Korea relations}}

[[File:070401 Panmunjeom3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Joint Security Area]]]]
Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Can North Korea get South to join dispute with Japan over two islands in Asia? |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/can-north-korea-get-south-join-dispute-japan-over-two-islands-asia-815076 |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005232/http://www.newsweek.com/can-north-korea-get-south-join-dispute-japan-over-two-islands-asia-815076 |url-status=live }}</ref> North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border.<ref name="border">{{cite news |date=June 4, 2004 |title=Koreas agree to military hotline |work=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/06/03/koreas.agree/index.html |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=November 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130235815/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/06/03/koreas.agree/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite mutual animosity, reconciliation efforts have continued since the initial separation between North and South Korea.<ref>[http://modernkoreanhistory.weebly.com/ modern Korean history – Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135653/https://modernkoreanhistory.weebly.com/ |date=June 26, 2018 }}. Modernkoreanhistory.weebly.com. Retrieved April 17, 2015.</ref> During the late 1990s and 2000s, South Korea pursued the [[Sunshine Policy]], promoting improved ties with North Korea.<ref name="Reuters-2007">{{cite news |date=October 4, 2007 |title=North, South Korea pledge peace, prosperity |work=Reuters |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKSEO16392220071004 |access-date=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=December 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223105941/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKSEO16392220071004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2007" />

Despite the Sunshine Policy and efforts at reconciliation, the progress was complicated by [[List of North Korean missile tests|North Korean missile tests]] in [[1993 North Korean missile test|1993]], [[1998 North Korean missile test|1998]], [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|2006]], [[2009 North Korean nuclear test|2009]], and [[2013 North Korean missile tests|2013]]. By early 2009, relationships between North and South Korea were very tense; North Korea had been reported to have deployed missiles,<ref>{{cite news |date=February 23, 2009 |title=North Korea deploying more missiles |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7905361.stm |access-date=March 9, 2009 |archive-date=August 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824214110/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7905361.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ended its former agreements with South Korea,<ref>{{cite news |date=January 30, 2009 |title=North Korea tears up agreements |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7859671.stm |access-date=March 8, 2009 |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306071916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7859671.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and threatened South Korea and the United States not to interfere with a satellite launch it had planned.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2009 |title=North Korea warning over satellite |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7931670.stm |access-date=March 8, 2009 |archive-date=March 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309171011/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7931670.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Relations improved in the late 2010s but deteriorated again in the 2020s. In 2024, in response to increasing tensions, North Korea abandoned peaceful reunification plans and labeled South Korea as the most hostile country to North Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2023 |title=Reunification with South? No, says North Korea's Kim Jong-un |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3246812/kim-jong-un-says-north-korea-no-longer-eyeing-reunification-south-warns-war-any-time |access-date=July 24, 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zwirko |first=Colin |date=January 16, 2024 |title=North Korea to redefine border, purge unification language from constitution {{!}} NK News |url=https://www.nknews.org/2024/01/north-korea-to-destroy-inter-korean-links-redefine-borders-in-constitution/ |access-date=July 24, 2025 |website=NK News - North Korea News |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Republic of Korea Armed Forces}}

[[File:ROKS Sejong the Great (DDG-991), broadside view in July 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Republic of Korea Navy|ROKN]] {{ROKS|Sejong the Great||2}}, a [[Sejong the Great-class destroyer|''Sejong the Great'']]-class [[guided-missile destroyer]] built by [[Hyundai Heavy Industries]]]]

Unresolved tension with North Korea has prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of its GDP and 13.2% of all government spending to its military (government share of GDP: 14.967%), while maintaining compulsory conscription for men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Defense Budget |url=https://www.mnd.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/mndEN/subview.jsp?id=mndEN_030900000000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730225052/https://www.mnd.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/mndEN/subview.jsp?id=mndEN_030900000000 |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=[[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)]]}}</ref> Consequently, the ROK Armed Forces is one of the largest and most powerful standing armed forces in the world with a reported personnel strength of 3,600,000 in 2022 (500,000 active and 3,100,000 reserve).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Notebook |url=https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202302161200208490.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216075613/https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202302161200208490.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023}}</ref>

The South Korean military consists of the [[Republic of Korea Army|Army]] (ROKA), the [[Republic of Korea Navy|Navy]] (ROKN), the [[Republic of Korea Air Force|Air Force]] (ROKAF), and the [[Republic of Korea Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] (ROKMC), and reserve forces. Many of these forces are concentrated near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 18 months.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lee Tae-hoon |date=September 30, 2009 |title=Military Duty Exemption for Biracial Koreans Will Be Scrapped |work=[[The Korea Times]] |location=Seoul |url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/10/116_52759.html |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117202320/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/10/116_52759.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition [[Korean Augmentation to the United States Army]] is a branch of the Republic of Korea Army that consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army. In 2010, South Korea spent [[South Korean won|₩]]1.68 trillion in a cost-sharing agreement with the U.S. to provide budgetary support to the U.S. forces in Korea, on top of the ₩29.6 trillion budget for its own military.

From time to time, South Korea has sent its troops overseas to assist American forces. It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. South Korea dispatched 325,517 troops to fight in the [[Vietnam War]], with a peak strength of 50,000.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heo |first1=Man-ho |date=March 25, 2009 |title=North Korea's Continued Detention of South Korean POWs since the Korean and Vietnam Wars North Korea's Continued Detention of South Korean POWs since the Korean and Vietnam Wars |journal=Man-ho Heo |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=141–165 |doi=10.1080/10163270209464030}}</ref> In 2004, South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the [[Zaytun Division]] to help rebuilding in northern [[Iraq]], and was the third largest contributor in the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|coalition forces]] after the U.S. and Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2008 |title=Iraq: Lessons learned on both sides as Zaytun heads home |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-lessons-learned-both-sides-zaytun-heads-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721234649/https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-lessons-learned-both-sides-zaytun-heads-home |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Beginning in 2001, South Korea had deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the [[war on terror]].

The right to [[conscientious objection]] was not recognized in South Korea until recently. Over 400 men were typically imprisoned at any given time for refusing military service for political or religious reasons in the years before right to conscientious objection was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/country_report/en/Korea,+South|title=Country report and updates: Korea, South – War Resisters' International|website=www.wri-irg.org|date=June 15, 2023|access-date=September 18, 2023|archive-date=September 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930202934/https://www.wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/country_report/en/Korea,+South|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 28, 2018, the South Korean Constitutional Court ruled the Military Service Act unconstitutional and ordered the government to accommodate civilian forms of military service for conscientious objectors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/world/asia/south-korea-military-service-conscientious-objectors.html|title=South Korea Must Offer Alternatives to Military Draft, Court Rules|last=Choe|first=Sang-Hun|date=June 28, 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620165531/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/world/asia/south-korea-military-service-conscientious-objectors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 1, 2018, the South Korean Supreme Court legalized conscientious objection as a basis for rejecting compulsory military service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/01/asia/south-korea-conscientious-objectors-intl/index.html|title=South Korea's top court legalizes conscientious objection after decades-long fight|last1=Kwon|first1=Jake|last2=Griffiths|first2=James|date=November 1, 2018|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107095357/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/01/asia/south-korea-conscientious-objectors-intl/index.html|archive-date=November 7, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>

==== United States contingent ====
There is a substantial [[List of United States Army installations in South Korea|United States military presence in South Korea]]. There are approximately 28,500 U.S. military personnel stationed in South Korea,<ref>{{cite news |date=February 26, 2007 |title=America's Unsinkable Fleet |work=Newsweek |location=New York |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/68465 |access-date=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130152045/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/02/25/america-s-unsinkable-fleet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. The U.S. troops, which are primarily ground and air units, are assigned to [[United States Forces Korea]] and mainly assigned to the [[Eighth United States Army|Eighth Army]], [[Seventh Air Force]], and [[United States Naval Forces Korea|Naval Forces Korea]]. They are stationed in installations at [[Osan]], [[Kunsan]], Yongsan, [[Dongducheon]], Sungbuk, [[Camp Humphreys]], and [[Daegu]], as well as at [[Camp Bonifas]] in the DMZ [[Joint Security Area]].

A fully functioning [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] is at the top of the [[chain of command]] of all forces in South Korea, including the U.S. forces and the entire South Korean military – if a sudden escalation of war between North and South Korea were to occur the United States would assume control of the South Korean armed forces in all military and paramilitary moves. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. This transition to a South Korean command has been slow and often postponed, although it is currently scheduled to occur in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 22, 2018 |title=Allies' future command to be led by S. Korean general: minister |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/02/22/0200000000AEN20180222009000315.html |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140722/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/02/22/0200000000AEN20180222009000315.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of South Korea}}

{{See also|List of largest companies of South Korea}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = BOK main office3.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Bank of Korea]], the central bank of South Korea and issuer of the [[South Korean won]]
| image2 = Samsung headquarters.jpg
| caption2 = The Samsung headquarters in [[Samsung Town]], located in [[Seocho District]], Seoul
| image3 = Lotte World morning view 8.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Lotte World Tower]] in [[Songpa District]], Seoul, is the [[List of tallest buildings in South Korea|tallest building in South Korea]] and the [[List of tallest buildings|6th tallest in the world]].
}}

South Korea's [[mixed economy]]<ref>[http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-korea South Korea: Introduction >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605194018/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-korea/ |date=June 5, 2018 }}. Globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved October 5, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.tiq.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TIQ-524-14-Market-Summary-SOUTH-KOREA.pdf SOUTH KOREA Market overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025032539/http://www.tiq.qld.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TIQ-524-14-Market-Summary-SOUTH-KOREA.pdf |date=October 25, 2016 }}. tiq.qld.gov.au</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Kerr, Anne |author2=Wright, Edmund |title=A Dictionary of World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POAwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-968569-1 |pages=367– |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010159/https://books.google.com/books?id=POAwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |url-status=live }}</ref> is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|14th largest by nominal GDP]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|14th largest GDP]] by purchasing power parity in the world,<ref name="International Monetary Fund-2023">{{cite web |author= |date=April 2023 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |publisher= |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194731/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |url-status=live }}</ref> identifying it as one of the [[G20]] major economies. It is a [[developed country]] with a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD. South Korean brands such as [[LG Electronics]] and [[Samsung]] are internationally famous and garnered South Korea's reputation for its quality electronics and other manufactured goods.<ref>{{cite book |title= North Korea in Pictures|isbn= 978-0-8225-1908-9|publisher= Lerner Publishing Group |author=Behnke, Alison |year=2004 |pages=60}}</ref> South Korea became a member of the OECD in 1996.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/about/0,3347,en_33873108_33873555_1_1_1_1_1,00.html "About Korea"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101130536/http://www.oecd.org/about/0%2C3347%2Cen_33873108_33873555_1_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |date=January 1, 2016 }}. Paris: OECD.</ref>

Its massive investment in education has taken the country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse. The country's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|title=OECD.Stat Education and Training > Education at a Glance > Educational attainment and labor-force status > Educational attainment of 25–64 year-olds |publisher=OECD |url=http://stats.oecd.org/# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131154408/http://stats.oecd.org/ |archive-date=January 31, 2016}}</ref> South Korea's economy was one of the world's fastest-growing from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, and was still one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the 2000s, along with Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, the other three [[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Tigers]].<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=18&pr1.y=5&c=193%2C542%2C122%2C137%2C124%2C181%2C156%2C138%2C423%2C196%2C935%2C142%2C128%2C182%2C172%2C576%2C132%2C936%2C134%2C961%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C144%2C176%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C436%2C112%2C136%2C111%2C158&s=NGDP_RPCH&grp=0&a= |title= Economic Growth Rates of Advanced Economies |publisher= International Monetary Fund |access-date= September 8, 2010 |archive-date= April 30, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430000338/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=18&pr1.y=5&c=193%2C542%2C122%2C137%2C124%2C181%2C156%2C138%2C423%2C196%2C935%2C142%2C128%2C182%2C172%2C576%2C132%2C936%2C134%2C961%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C144%2C176%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C436%2C112%2C136%2C111%2C158&s=NGDP_RPCH&grp=0&a= |url-status= live }}</ref> It recorded the [[List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate|fastest rise in average GDP per capita]] in the world between 1980 and 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG/|title=GDP per capita growth (annual %) – Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=August 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810233015/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG|url-status=live}}</ref> South Koreans refer to this growth as the [[Miracle on the Han River]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nTCC2ZheFu0C&q=han%20river%20miracle&pg=PA254 |title= Korea, A Century of Change |isbn=978-981-02-4657-0 |publisher=World Scientific |location =River Edge, NJ |author=Kleiner, Jürgen |year=2001}}</ref> The South Korean economy is heavily dependent on international trade, and in 2014, South Korea was the [[List of countries by exports|fifth-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|seventh-largest importer]] in the world. In addition, the country has one of the world's [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|largest foreign-exchange reserves]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Korean Economy – the Miracle on the Hangang River |url=https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Economy/The-Miracle-on-The-Hangang |access-date=May 6, 2022 |website=[[Korea.net]] |language=en}}</ref>

Despite the economy's high growth potential and apparent structural stability, the country suffers damage to its credit rating in the stock market because of the belligerence of North Korea in times of deep military crises, which has an adverse effect on its financial markets.<ref name="kcredit">{{cite news |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/08/02/2010080201090.html |title=Moody's Raises Korea's Credit Range |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |location=Seoul |date=August 2, 2010 |access-date=August 14, 2010 |archive-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815014221/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/08/02/2010080201090.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/422572.html |title=Financial markets unstable in S.Korea following Cheonan sinking |work=Hankyeoreh |date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=August 14, 2010 |archive-date=September 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904073113/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/422572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Monetary Fund]] compliments the resilience of the economy against various economic crises, citing low state debt and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address financial emergencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/business/2010-09/07/c_13482842.htm |title=S Korea stands among world's highest-level fiscal reserve holders: IMF |work=Xinhua |location=Beijing |date=September 7, 2010 |access-date=September 8, 2010 |archive-date=November 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114065611/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/business/2010-09/07/c_13482842.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although it was severely harmed by the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], the country managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lessons from South Korea's Chaebol economy|url=http://theconversation.com/lessons-from-south-koreas-chaebol-economy-20158|access-date=December 15, 2013|newspaper=The Conversation Australia|date=December 6, 2013|author=Nattavud Pimpa|archive-date=December 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215204138/http://theconversation.com/lessons-from-south-koreas-chaebol-economy-20158|url-status=live}}</ref>

Furthermore, South Korea was one of the few developed countries that was able to avoid a recession during the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/south-korea-survived-recession-ceo-tactics-216564 |title=South Korea Survived Recession With CEO Tactics |work=[[Newsweek]] |location=New York |date=May 10, 2010 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612001203/http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/wealth-of-nations/2010/05/10/south-korea-survived-recession-with-ceo-tactics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its economic growth rate reached 6.2% in 2010 (the fastest growth for eight years after significant growth by 7.2% in 2002),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.brecorder.com/world/global-business-a-economy/9339-south-korea-gdp-grew-revised-62pc-in-2010.html |title=South Korea GDP grew revised 6.2pc in 2010 |work=Business Recorder |date=March 30, 2011 |agency=Agence France-Presse |location=Karachi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427091206/http://www.brecorder.com/world/global-business-a-economy/9339-south-korea-gdp-grew-revised-62pc-in-2010.html |archive-date=April 27, 2011}}</ref> a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009 during the [[Great Recession]]. The unemployment rate also remained low in 2009 at 3.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm |title=Background Note: South Korea |publisher=U.S. State Department |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192157/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in South Korea}}

[[File:Incheon Airport Maglev 1-04.jpg|thumb|[[Incheon International Airport]]'s [[Incheon Airport Maglev|Maglev]] station]]

South Korea has a technologically advanced transport network consisting of high-speed railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that crisscross the country. [[Korea Expressway Corporation]] operates the toll highways and service amenities en route. [[Korail]] provides train services to all major South Korean cities. Two rail lines, [[Gyeongui Line|Gyeongui]] and [[Donghae Bukbu Line]], to North Korea are being reconnected. The Korean [[high-speed rail]] system, [[Korea Train Express|KTX]], provides high-speed service along [[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu]] and [[Honam Line]]. Major cities such as [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway|Seoul]], [[Busan Metro|Busan]], and [[Daegu Metro|Daegu]] have urban rapid transit systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/TR/TR_EN_5_1_4.jsp|title=Subway|publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]]|access-date=July 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103436/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/TR/TR_EN_5_1_4.jsp|archive-date=December 3, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Express bus terminals are available in most cities.<ref>[http://www.kobus.co.kr/web/eng/01_guide/guide02.jsp Express bus terminal guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923233625/http://www.kobus.co.kr/web/eng/01_guide/guide02.jsp |date=September 23, 2010 }}, Korea Express Bus Lines Association.</ref>

The main gateway and largest airport is [[Incheon International Airport]], serving {{Nowrap|58 million}} passengers in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://airlineweekly.com/surging-seoul-traffic-at-incheon-airport-is-booming-but-can-south-koreas-big-two-airlines-capitalize/ |title=Surging Seoul: Traffic at Incheon Airport is booming. But can South Korea's Big Two airlines capitalize? |date=October 23, 2017 |publisher=Airline Weekly |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120455/https://airlineweekly.com/surging-seoul-traffic-at-incheon-airport-is-booming-but-can-south-koreas-big-two-airlines-capitalize/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other international airports include [[Gimpo International Airport|Gimpo]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]] and [[Jeju International Airport|Jeju]]. There are also many airports that were built as part of the infrastructure boom but are barely used.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8055957.stm |title=South Korea's abandoned airports |work=[[BBC News]] |date=May 18, 2009 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630112638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8055957.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The national carrier [[Korean Air]] served over 26 million passengers, including almost 19 million international passengers in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreanair.com/global/en/about/who-we-are2/vision-statements-ethics/factsandfigures/ |title=Company Info |publisher=[[Korean Air]] |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192613/https://www.koreanair.com/global/en/about/who-we-are2/vision-statements-ethics/factsandfigures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Asiana Airlines]] also serves domestic and international traffic. Combined, South Korean airlines serve 297 international routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mltm.go.kr/USR/WPGE0201/m_19549/DTL.jsp |title=International Aviation Policy |publisher=Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs |access-date=May 19, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915184454/https://english.mltm.go.kr/USR/WPGE0201/m_19549/DTL.jsp |archive-date=September 15, 2009}}</ref> Smaller airlines, such as [[Jeju Air]], provide domestic service with lower fares.<ref>Lee Eun-joo (July 2, 2010). [http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2922592 "If you're looking for a ticket to Jeju, leave late"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021040426/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2922592 |date=October 21, 2010 }}. ''Joongang Daily'' (Seoul). Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in South Korea}}

South Korea is the world's fifth-largest [[Nuclear power in South Korea|nuclear power producer]] and the third-largest in Asia {{As of|2010|lc=y}}.<ref name="koreanuke">{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2010/07/19/another-korean-nuclear-issue/ |title=Another Korean Nuclear Issue |work=The Diplomat |date=July 19, 2010 |access-date=August 14, 2010 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904073323/http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/19/another-korean-nuclear-issue/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Supplying 45% of its electricity production, nuclear research is very active with research into a variety of advanced reactors, including small modular reactors, liquid-metal fast/[[nuclear transmutation#Artificial transmutation of nuclear waste|transmutation]] reactors and high-temperature [[hydrogen]] generation reactors. Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally. It is also a member of the [[ITER]] project.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iter.org/proj/Countries |title=ITER Members |newspaper=ITER |access-date=March 2, 2017 |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315012916/http://www.iter.org/proj/Countries |url-status=live }}</ref>

South Korea is an emerging exporter of [[nuclear reactors]], having concluded agreements with the United Arab Emirates to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE5BQ05O20091227 |title= South Korea wins landmark Gulf nuclear power deal |work= Reuters |date= December 29, 2009 |access-date= March 28, 2024 |archive-date= October 22, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201022112006/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE5BQ05O20091227 |url-status= live }}</ref> with [[Jordan]] for a research nuclear reactor,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2010/03/31/South-Korea-Jordan-sign-130M-nuclear-deal/UPI-16251270062075/ |title=All systems go for Jordan's first nuclear reactor |publisher=UPI |date=March 31, 2010 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022080755/http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2010/03/31/South-Korea-Jordan-sign-130M-nuclear-deal/UPI-16251270062075/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-All_systems_go_for_Jordans_first_nuclear_reactor-2707107.html |title= South Korea-Jordan sign $130M nuclear deal |work= World Nuclear News |date= July 27, 2010 |access-date= September 18, 2010 |archive-date= August 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120804103858/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-All_systems_go_for_Jordans_first_nuclear_reactor-2707107.html |url-status= live }}</ref> and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/09/17/2010091700995.html |title=Korea, Argentina Sign MOU for Nuclear Plant Project |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |location=Seoul |date=September 18, 2010 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |archive-date=August 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829022619/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/09/17/2010091700995.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="argentinanuke">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/09/17/Argentina-eyes-nuclear-role-in-S-America/UPI-72711284755722/ |title=Argentina eyes nuclear role in S. America |publisher=UPI |date=September 17, 2010 |access-date=September 18, 2010 |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804103858/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-All_systems_go_for_Jordans_first_nuclear_reactor-2707107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/08/123_67686.html |title=Korea nearing Turkey nuclear plant contract |work=[[The Korea Times]] |location=Seoul |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=April 4, 2015 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192346/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2010/08/123_67686.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> South Korea is also preparing to bid on construction of a light-water nuclear reactor for Argentina.<ref name="argentinanuke" />

South Korea is not allowed to [[Enriched uranium|enrich uranium]] or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own due to U.S. political pressure,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/world/asia/14seoul.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=U.S. Wary of South Korea's Plan to Reuse Nuclear Fuel |author=Choe Sang-Hun |date=July 14, 2010 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626194133/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/world/asia/14seoul.html |url-status=live }}</ref> unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan, Germany, and France, competitors in the international nuclear market. This impediment to South Korea's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies. While successful in exporting its electricity-generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors, it cannot capitalize on the [[Uranium market|market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries]], preventing it from further expanding its export niche. South Korea has sought unique technologies such as [[Nuclear reprocessing#Pyroprocessing|pyroprocessing]] to circumvent these obstacles and seek a more advantageous competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_07-08/SouthKorea |title=S. Korean Pyroprocessing Awaits U.S. Decision |publisher=Arms Control Association |date=October 6, 2010 |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030103028/http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_07-08/SouthKorea |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. has recently been wary of the burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only.<ref name="koreanuke" />

South Korea is the 2nd highest ranked Continental Asian country in the World Economic Forum's [[Networked Readiness Index]] after Singapore—an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. South Korea ranks 9th worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Countries – Network Readiness Index |url=https://networkreadinessindex.org/countries/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=networkreadinessindex.org |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928183112/https://networkreadinessindex.org/countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in South Korea}}

[[File:Busan City Haeundae Beach KOGL (01).jpg|thumb|Busan City Haeundae Beach]]

South Korean tourism is driven by many factors, including the prominence of Korean pop culture such as [[K-pop|South Korean pop music]] and [[Korean drama|television dramas]], known as the [[Korean Wave]] or ''Hallyu'', has gained popularity throughout the world. The Hyundai Research Institute reported that the Korean Wave has a direct influence on encouraging direct foreign investment back into the country through demand for products, and the tourism industry.<ref name="Korea Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2014/08/488_163871.html |title=Hallyu fuels foreign investment in Korea |newspaper=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=January 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120095450/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2014/08/488_163871.html |archive-date=January 20, 2015}}</ref> Among East Asian countries, China was the most receptive, investing $1.4 billion in South Korea, with much of the investment within its service sector, a sevenfold increase from 2001. In 2019, more than 17 million foreign tourists visited South Korea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNTWO |url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2017 |date=July 2017 |isbn=978-92-844-1902-9 |doi=10.18111/9789284419029 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404213946/https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/5202 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to an analysis by economist Han Sang-Wan, a 1% increase in the exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083%, while a 1% increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019% bump in tourism.<ref name="Korea Times" />

=== National pension scheme ===
The [[Pension policy in South Korea|South Korean pension system]] was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing the nation's [[welfare state]].<ref name="Korea Labor Institute 1998">Bang, Ha-Nam, Study of Korean Corporations' Retirement Allowance Schemes, Korea Labor Institute, 1998.</ref> The structure is primarily based on taxation and is income-related.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umdcipe.org/conferences/policy_exchanges/conf_papers/Papers/1051.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220030655/http://www.umdcipe.org/conferences/policy_exchanges/conf_papers/Papers/1051.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 20, 2016|title=South Korea and Japan's Pension System Compared}}</ref> The system is divided into four categories distributing benefits to participants through national, military personnel, governmental, and private school teacher pension schemes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/finance/private-pensions/2763652.pdf|title=The Korean Pension System: Current State and Tasks Ahead|publisher=OECD|access-date=December 3, 2016|archive-date=November 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103053303/http://www.oecd.org/finance/private-pensions/2763652.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The national pension scheme is the primary welfare system providing allowances to the majority of persons. Eligibility for the national pension scheme is not dependent on income but on age and residence, where those between the ages of 18 and 59 are covered.<ref name="National Pension Service">{{Cite web |title=Coverage |url=http://english.nps.or.kr/jsppage/english/scheme/scheme_01.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221082933/http://english.nps.or.kr/jsppage/english/scheme/scheme_01.jsp |archive-date=February 21, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2016 |publisher=National Pension Service}}</ref> Anyone under 18 is a dependent of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternative provisions.<ref name="SSA.GOV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/asia/southkorea.html|title=Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2010 – South Korea|publisher=U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Retirement and Disability|access-date=December 1, 2016|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131829/https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/asia/southkorea.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The national pension scheme is divided into four categories of insured persons – the workplace-based insured, the individually insured, the voluntarily insured, and the voluntarily and continuously insured. An old-age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage beforehand.<ref name="SSA.GOV" />

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|History of science and technology in Korea}}

{{See also|List of Korean inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:LG전자, 깜빡임 없는 55인치 3D OLED TV 공개(2).jpg|thumb|A 3D [[OLED]] TV made by Korean [[LG Display]], the world's largest [[LCD]] and [[OLED]] maker]]

Scientific and technological development in South Korea at first did not occur largely because of more pressing matters such as the [[division of Korea]] and the [[Korean War]] that occurred right after its independence. It was not until the 1960s under the dictatorship of [[Park Chung Hee]] when South Korea's economy rapidly grew from industrialization and the [[chaebol]] corporations such as [[Samsung]], [[LG Corporation|LG]], and [[SK Group|SK]]. Ever since the industrialization of South Korea's economy, South Korea has placed its focus on technology-based corporations, which has been supported by infrastructure developments by the government.

South Korea leads the OECD in graduates in science and engineering.<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-technological-countries-lag-behind-in-science-2015-12/#7-estonia-26-has-one-of-the-highest-percentages-of-female-stem-graduates-at-41-in-2012-4 |title=These are the 10 smartest countries in the world when it comes to science |website=Business Insider |date=December 4, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027055849/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-technological-countries-lag-behind-in-science-2015-12/#7-estonia-26-has-one-of-the-highest-percentages-of-female-stem-graduates-at-41-in-2012-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2014 to 2019, the country ranked first among the most innovative countries in the [[Bloomberg Innovation Index]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=May 5, 2019|access-date=March 28, 2024|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207135624/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|url-status=live}}</ref> It was ranked 4th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/republic-of-korea |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> Republic of Korea South Korea today is known as a launchpad of a mature mobile market that allows developers to reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist. There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps, utilizing the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea. South Korea has the infrastructures to meet a high density of population and culture; this, along with high revenues, allows South Korean-only tech startups to reach valuations of $1 billion and above, a peak usually reserved for startups growing in several countries.<ref name="Tesla">{{cite web|url=http://www.innovationiseverywhere.com/south-korean-startups-save-conglomerates/|title=Can South Korean Startups (and the government) Save its Flailing Giant Tech Conglomerates?|work=Innovation is Everywhere|agency=Agence Tesla|date=June 22, 2016|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=September 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925080223/http://www.innovationiseverywhere.com/south-korean-startups-save-conglomerates/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Total spending for research and development grew from about 3.9% of [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) in 2013 to more than 4.9% in 2022 and was thus the second-highest in the world, only behind Israel which spent 5.9%. In 2023 the government announced a spending cut by about 11% for 2024 and the intention to shift resources to new initiatives, such as efforts to build rockets, pursue biomedical research, and develop US-style biotech innovation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |date=September 22, 2023 |title=South Korea, a science spending champion, proposes cutbacks |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9447 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=381 |issue=6664 |pages=1273 |doi=10.1126/science.adk9447 |pmid=37733868 |bibcode=2023Sci...381.1273N |s2cid=262084532 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206221258/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9447 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== Cyber security ====
{{See also|Internet censorship in South Korea}}
Following [[2013 South Korea cyberattack|cyberattacks]] in the first half of 2013, whereby government, news-media, television station, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017. The South Korean government [[Bureau 121|blamed North Korea]] for these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in 2009, 2011 and 2012, but Pyongyang denies the accusations.<ref name="Jun">{{cite news|title=Seoul Puts a Price on Cyberdefense|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/23/seoul-puts-a-price-on-cyberdefense/|access-date=September 24, 2013|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=September 23, 2013|author=Kwanwoo Jun|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925102342/http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/09/23/seoul-puts-a-price-on-cyberdefense/|url-status=live}}</ref> South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of [[Censorship in South Korea|censorship]] on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korean war on 'fake news' raises concern of censorship |url=https://www.apnews.com/3d14a9663b114644a36e123a7c7bf9b1 |work=Reuters |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111160909/https://apnews.com/3d14a9663b114644a36e123a7c7bf9b1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is South Korea Sliding Toward Digital Dictatorship? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidvolodzko/2019/02/25/is-south-korea-sliding-toward-digital-dictatorship/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=February 25, 2019 |access-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205192451/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidvolodzko/2019/02/25/is-south-korea-sliding-toward-digital-dictatorship/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Aerospace engineering ====
{{Main|Korea Aerospace Research Institute}}

[[File:KSLV-II Nuri Launch 2021-10-21.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Nuri (rocket)|KSLV-II Nuri]] during liftoff]]
South Korea has sent up 10 satellites since 1992, all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads, notably [[Arirang-1]] in 1999, and [[Arirang-2]] in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Korea, Russia Enter Full-Fledged Space Partnership|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/korea-russia-enter-full-fledged-space-partnership-12504/|newspaper=Defence Talk|date=July 5, 2007|access-date=June 7, 2013|archive-date=October 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212749/http://www.defencetalk.com/korea-russia-enter-full-fledged-space-partnership-12504/|url-status=live}}</ref> Arirang-1 was lost in space in 2008, after nine years in service.<ref>[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/South_Korea_Confirms_Contact_With_Satellite_Lost_999.html South Korea Confirms Contact With Satellite Lost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809123146/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/South_Korea_Confirms_Contact_With_Satellite_Lost_999.html |date=August 9, 2014 }}, Space Daily, January 7, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> In April 2008, [[Yi So-yeon]] became the first Korean to fly in space, aboard the Russian [[Soyuz TMA-12]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3708907.ece "Scientist Yi So Yeon becomes first Korean astronaut"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163430/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3708907.ece |date=June 29, 2011 }}, ''The Times'' (London), April 9, 2008</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7335874.stm "First S Korean astronaut launches"] . BBC News (April 8, 2008). Retrieved April 17, 2015.</ref>

In June 2009, the first [[spaceport]] of South Korea, [[Naro Space Center]], was completed at [[Goheung]], [[South Jeolla Province]].<ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_46562.html "S. Korea Completes Work on Naro Space Center"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417164905/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_46562.html |date=April 17, 2015 }}, ''The Korea Times'' (Seoul), June 10, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> The launch of [[Naro-1]] in January 2013 was a success, after two previous failed attempts.<ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Bergin |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/01/south-korea-stsat-2c-via-kslv-1/ |title=South Korea launch STSAT-2C via KSLV-1 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204100245/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/01/south-korea-stsat-2c-via-kslv-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle have been marred by persistent political pressure from the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea's first rocket ready – at last |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KH11Dg01.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724180258/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KH11Dg01.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |work=Asia Times |location=Hong Kong |date=August 11, 2009 |access-date=August 21, 2010 }}</ref> in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of rocket technology research and development.<ref>{{cite news |title= S. Korea DAPA commissioner confirms 500 km-range ballistic missile development research |url= http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/381039.html |work= The Hankyeoreh |date= October 9, 2009 |access-date= August 21, 2010 |archive-date= May 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182610/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/381039.html |url-status= live }}</ref> South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through [[MTCR]] commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology. The two failed KSLV-I [[launch vehicle]]s were based on the [[Universal Rocket Module]], the first stage of the Russian [[Angara rocket]], combined with a solid-fueled second stage built by South Korea.

On October 21, 2021, the [[KSLV-2]] Nuri was successfully launched, making South Korea a country with indigenous orbital launch capability.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=South Korea succeeds in putting satellites into orbit, 7th in world |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/06/292e01462a69-update1-s-korea-succeeds-in-putting-satellites-into-orbit-7th-in-world.html?phrase=masks&words= |publisher=Kyodo News |access-date=September 19, 2023 |archive-date=October 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024054314/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/06/292e01462a69-update1-s-korea-succeeds-in-putting-satellites-into-orbit-7th-in-world.html?phrase=masks&words= |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Robotics ====
{{Main|South Korean robotics}}

[[File:Einstein-Hubo.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Albert HUBO, developed by [[KAIST]], can make expressive gestures with its five separate fingers.]]

[[Robotics]] has been included in the list of main national research and development projects since 2003.<ref>[http://www.mke.go.kr/language/eng/news/news_view.jsp?seq=7&srchType=1&srchWord=&tableNm=E_01_02&pageNo=1 Special Report: [Business Opportunities] R&D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512174637/http://www.mke.go.kr/language/eng/news/news_view.jsp?seq=7&srchType=1&srchWord=&tableNm=E_01_02&pageNo=1 |date=May 12, 2012 }}. [[Ministry of Knowledge Economy]], September 3, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2009.</ref> In 2009, the government announced plans to build robot-themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding.<ref>[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2900986 "Robot parks, a world first"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513042304/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2900986 |date=May 13, 2011 }}. ''[[JoongAng Daily]]'', February 13, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.</ref> In 2005, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ([[KAIST]]) developed the world's second walking [[humanoid robot]], [[HUBO]]. A team in the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology developed the first Korean [[android (robot)|android]], [[EveR-1]] in May 2006.<ref>[http://www.livescience.com/technology/060508_android.html Android Has Human-Like Skin and Expressions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304105049/https://www.livescience.com/746-android-human-skin-expressions.html |date=March 4, 2021 }}, Live Science, May 8, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2009.</ref>
EveR-1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/android-korea-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603150935/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/android-korea-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2006 |title=Female Android Debuts in S. Korea, National Geographic, 15 May 2006 |magazine=National Geographic |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=001&aid=0002618693 |title=EveR-3, Yonhap News, 20 April 2009 |language=ko |publisher=[[Naver News]] |date=April 20, 2009 |access-date=August 10, 2013 |archive-date=September 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907021102/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=001&aid=0002618693 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Plans of creating English-teaching robot assistants to compensate for the shortage of teachers were announced in February 2010, with the robots being deployed to most preschools and kindergartens by 2013.<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/south-korea-gives-go-robot-english-teachers-classrooms South Korean Robot English Teachers Are Go] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115091955/http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/south-korea-gives-go-robot-english-teachers-classrooms |date=January 15, 2017 }}, Popular Science, February 24, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector; the ''Korean Robot Game Festival'' has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology.<ref>[http://www.robotwar.or.kr/ Korean Robot Game Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514221858/https://www.robotwar.or.kr/ |date=May 14, 2011 }}, Official Site</ref>

==== Biotechnology ====
Since the 1980s, the government has invested in the development of a domestic [[biotechnology]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bio2008.org/siteobjects/published/ec046034f6d7506aa06582be6902d018/af4810817445624b5dbc9d45f79c348b/file/Korea%20Country%20Profile.pdf |title=Bio International Convention Korea Country Profile |publisher=Bio2008.org |access-date=October 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917091259/http://www.bio2008.org/siteobjects/published/ec046034f6d7506aa06582be6902d018/af4810817445624b5dbc9d45f79c348b/file/Korea%20Country%20Profile.pdf |archive-date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> The medical sector accounts for a large part of the production, including production of [[Hepatitis A vaccine|hepatitis vaccines]] and [[antibiotic]]s. Research and development in [[genetics]] and [[cloning]] has received increasing attention, with the first successful cloning of a dog, [[Snuppy]] in 2005, and the cloning of two females of an endangered species of [[gray wolves]] by the [[Seoul National University]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/26/clonedwolf_ani.html |title=Discovery Channel :: News – Animals :: Endangered Wolf Cloned in South Korea |publisher=Dsc.discovery.com |access-date=April 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109213341/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/26/clonedwolf_ani.html |archive-date=January 9, 2010}}</ref> The rapid growth of the industry has resulted in significant voids in regulation of ethics, as was highlighted by the [[Hwang Woo-Suk#Controversies|scientific misconduct]] case involving [[Hwang Woo-Suk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philau.edu/schools/liberalarts/news/documents/AbdulhaqqSSH.pdf|title=Biotechnology|access-date=April 25, 2010|archive-date=February 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224054939/http://www.philau.edu/sciencehealthandtheliberalarts/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since late 2020, SK Bioscience Inc. (a division of [[SK Group]]) has been producing a major proportion of the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|Vaxzevria]] vaccine (also known as COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca), under license from the [[University of Oxford]] and [[AstraZeneca]], for worldwide distribution through the [[COVAX]] facility under the [[WHO]] hospice. A recent agreement with [[Novavax]] expands its production for a second vaccine to 40 million doses in 2022, with a $450 million investment in domestic and overseas facilities.<ref>Dunleavy, Kevin (February 25, 2021). [https://www.fiercepharma.com/manufacturing/ipo-sk-bioscience-has-big-plans-for-expansion "With $900M IPO, SK Bioscience has big plans for manufacturing expansion—even beyond COVID-19 vaccines"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425061720/https://www.fiercepharma.com/manufacturing/ipo-sk-bioscience-has-big-plans-for-expansion |date=April 25, 2021 }} ''FiercePharma''. Retrieved April 24, 2021.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of South Korea}}

{{See also|Koreans|List of cities in South Korea}}
[[File:Population density of South Korea provinces.png|thumb|Population density of South Korea provinces]]
South Korea had an estimated population of roughly 51.7 million in 2022.<ref name="Kostat2016">{{cite web|url=http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/17/1/index.board?bmode=download&bSeq=&aSeq=333103&ord=1|format=PDF|title=Population Projections for Provinces (2013~2040)|work=[[Statistics Korea]]|date=April 16, 2016|access-date=May 20, 2016|archive-date=September 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927225248/http://kostat.go.kr/portal/english/news/1/17/1/index.board?bmode=download&bSeq=&aSeq=333103&ord=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KOSIS2015">{{cite web|url=http://kosis.kr/eng/|title=Major Indicators of Korea|work=Korean Statistical Information Service|access-date=September 9, 2016|archive-date=May 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506185826/http://kosis.kr/eng/|url-status=live}}</ref> The population more than doubled from 21.5 million in 1955<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/33.htm South Korea – Population Trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927122442/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/33.htm |date=27 September 2006 }}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> to 50 million by 2010.<ref name="chosun1">{{cite news |date=February 1, 2010 |title=Korea's Population Tops 50 Million |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/01/2010020100263.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430113522/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/02/01/2010020100263.html |archive-date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref> However, it is expected to peak at 52 million in 2024 and decline to 36 million in 2072,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Micah McCartney China News |date=July 2, 2024 |title=South Korea to create birth rate ministry for declining population |url=https://www.newsweek.com/south-korea-create-birth-rate-ministry-declining-population-1919971 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> owing to a rapid decline in birth rates that began in 1960. South Korea's birth rate became the world's lowest in 2009,<ref>{{cite news |author=Kim Rahn |date=May 22, 2009 |title=South Korea's birthrate world's lowest |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/05/113_45496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505171033/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/05/113_45496.html |archive-date=May 5, 2010 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |work=[[The Korea Times]] |location=Seoul}}</ref> at an annual rate of approximately 9 births per 1000 people.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 26, 2009 |title=South Korea |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129003620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |access-date=February 7, 2011 |work=[[CIA World Factbook]]}}</ref> Fertility saw some modest increase afterwards,<ref>[http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2011/08/24/7/0503000000AEN20110824003900320F.HTML "Childbirths in S. Korea grow 5.7 pct in 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526020904/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/business/2011/08/24/7/0503000000AEN20110824003900320F.HTML|date=May 26, 2012}}</ref> but dropped to a new global low in 2017,<ref>{{cite news |date=June 30, 2018 |title=South Korea's fertility rate is the lowest in the world |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/06/30/south-koreas-fertility-rate-is-the-lowest-in-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223517/https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/06/30/south-koreas-fertility-rate-is-the-lowest-in-the-world |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> with fewer than 30,000 births per month for the first time since records began,<ref>{{cite web |date=December 27, 2018 |title=S. Korea's childbirth tally drops to another historic low in October |url=https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2018&no=805398 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190123040242/https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2018&no=805398 |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref> and less than one child per woman in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2019 |title=Fertility rate dips below 1 in 2018: official |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/01/119_262267.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190130015554/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/01/119_262267.html |archive-date=January 30, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref> In 2020, the country recorded more deaths than births, resulting in the first population decrease since modern records began.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gladstone |first=Rick |date=January 4, 2021 |title=As Birthrate Falls, South Korea's Population Declines, Posing Threat to Economy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104222029/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2021 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2021 |title=South Korea is facing a crisis of extinction and it's not due to North's nukes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/south-korea-is-facing-a-crisis-of-extinction-and-its-not-due-to-norths-nukes/first-fall-in-population/slideshow/80111040.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129072605/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/south-korea-is-facing-a-crisis-of-extinction-and-its-not-due-to-norths-nukes/first-fall-in-population/slideshow/80111040.cms |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

By 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2021 |title=Korea marks first-ever decline in registered population |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/01/03/national/socialAffairs/population-decline-korea-aging-society/20210103165800619.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103232912/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/01/03/national/socialAffairs/population-decline-korea-aging-society/20210103165800619.html |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> well below the [[replacement rate]] of 2.1, falling to 0.78 in 2022 and 0.72 in 2023—the lowest in the world. Consequently, South Korea has seen the steepest decline in [[Working-age|working age population]] among [[OECD|OECD nations]];<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Leipziger |first1=Danny |date=February 6, 2014 |title=South Korea's Japanese Mirror |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/south-koreas-japanese-mirror/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211114438/https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/south-koreas-japanese-mirror/ |archive-date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2014 |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref> the proportion of people aged 65 years and over is slated to reach over 20% by 2025 and close to 45% by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific |date=2023 |title=South Korea's population shift: challenges and opportunities |journal=The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific |language=en |volume=36 |article-number=100865 |doi=10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100865 |pmc=10447181 |pmid=37621310 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The low birth rate has been declared a "national emergency" and prompted the creation of a new ministry in May 2024 dedicated to reversing the trend and addressing issues related to aging, immigration, and the workforce.<ref name=":0" /> The government has also launched various incentives to help entice families to have children, including a cash allowance for newborns and greater funding of childcare and fertility treatments.<ref name=":0" />

Government policy, along with a rebound in marriages delayed by COVID-19, may account for the Korean birth rate increasing in late 2024;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Jasmine |date=January 22, 2025 |title=South Korea's Birth Rates Show Significant Improvement |url=https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=234185 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=Businesskorea |language=ko}}</ref> total births in the third quarter were up 8% from the same period last year, marking the largest quarterly increase since the third quarter of 2012 and the first annual rise in total fertility since 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korean births grow at highest rate in 14 years, reversing trend - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2024/11/27/South-Korea-birth-rate-fertility-rise-reverse-trend/9411732702341/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Data released in January 2025 show the number of births in November 2024 was 20,095, a 14.6% increase year-on-year, the highest growth rate since November 2010 (which recorded a 17.5% increase), and the third consecutive month of double-digit growth, following September's 10.1% and October's 13.4%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Jasmine |date=January 22, 2025 |title=South Korea's Birth Rates Show Significant Improvement |url=https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=234185#google_vignette |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=Businesskorea |language=ko}}</ref>

Most South Koreans live in urban areas following rapid migration from the countryside during the country's rapid economic expansion in the 1970s through the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/33.htm|title=South Korea|work=CIA Country Studies|access-date=April 22, 2006|archive-date=September 27, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927122442/http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/33.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> About half the population ({{Nowrap|24.5 million}}) is concentrated in the [[Seoul Metropolitan Area]], making it the world's second largest metropolitan area; other major cities include [[Busan]] ({{Nowrap|3.5 million}}), [[Incheon]] ({{Nowrap|3.0 million}}), [[Daegu]] ({{Nowrap|2.5 million}}), [[Daejeon]] ({{Nowrap|1.4 million}}), [[Gwangju]] ({{Nowrap|1.4 million}}) and [[Ulsan]] ({{Nowrap|1.1 million}}).<ref>Populations for all cities {{As of|2005|lc=y}}, {{cite web|url=http://kosis.kr/eng/database/database_001000.jsp?listid=B&subtitle=Population,%20Household |title=Summary of Census Population (by administrative district/sex/age) |work=NSO Database |access-date=May 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005082140/http://kosis.kr/eng/database/database_001000.jsp?listid=B&subtitle=Population%2C%20Household |archive-date=October 5, 2010}}</ref> Population density is estimated at {{convert|514.6|/km2}} in 2022,<ref name="Kostat2016" /> more than 10 times the global average.
[[File:Korea Spring of Insadong 23 (13326968084).jpg|thumb|South Koreans in [[Hanbok|traditional dress]]]]

The population has been shaped by international migration. After World War II and the division of the Korean Peninsula, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration; large numbers of ethnic Koreans live overseas, sometimes in ethnic neighborhoods known as [[Koreatown]]s. The four largest diaspora populations are in [[Koreans in China|China]] (2.3 million), the [[Korean Americans|United States]] (1.8 million), [[Koreans in Japan|Japan]] (850,000), and [[Korean Canadians|Canada]] (250,000).

South Korea is among the most [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|ethnically homogeneous]] societies in the world, with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96% of the total population. Precise numbers are difficult to estimate since official statistics do not record ethnicity, and many [[Korean diaspora|immigrants are ethnically Korean]] while a growing number of South Korean citizens are not.<ref name="Korean Statistical Information Service">{{cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/eng/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ETITLE&parentId=A#SubCont |title=Population by Census (2016) |publisher=Korean Statistical Information Service |access-date=March 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228195947/http://kosis.kr/eng/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ETITLE&parentId=A#SubCont |archive-date=February 28, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The percentage of foreign nationals has been growing rapidly since the late 1990s,<ref>Choe Sang-Hun (November 2, 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/world/asia/02race.html?_r=3 "South Koreans Struggle With Race"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701092108/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/world/asia/02race.html?_r=3 |date=July 1, 2017 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> with South Korea having one of the fastest-growing foreign-born populations: As of November 2023, there was an all-time high of 2.46 million foreign residents, accounting for nearly 5 percent of the total population, compared to 2016 figures of 1.4 million foreign residents (roughly 2.75 percent of the population).<ref name="Korean Statistical Information Service" /> Much of this growth was driven by foreign workers and international students.<ref name="Korean Statistical Information Service" />

About 30,000 foreign born residents obtain South Korean citizenship every year since 2010; in 2023, the number of foreigners who had acquired Korean nationality was 234,506, an increase of 4.8 percent from the prior year. The number of children of foreign residents born in South Korea increased by 7,809, or 2.8 percent, to 289,886.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Foreign residents in Korea reach record high of 2.46 million as international work force spikes |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-10-24/business/economy/Foreign-residents-in-Korea-reach-record-high-of-246-million-as-international-work-force-spikes/2162595 |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> Many foreign citizens are ethnic Koreans: [[Chinese people in Korea|migrants from China (PRC)]] are the largest foreign-born group both proportionally and numerically, accounting for 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of these Chinese citizens are {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Koreans in China|Joseonjok]]}} ({{lang|ko|조선족}}), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity.<ref name="ChosunIlbo20090806">{{Cite news|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date=August 6, 2009 |access-date=October 18, 2009 |title=More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea (According to the article, approximately 443,566 people are considered to be Chinese residents in South Korea with Korean ethnicity.) |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/08/06/2009080600243.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909061931/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/08/06/2009080600243.html |archive-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref> In addition, about 43,000 English teachers from [[English-speaking world|English-speaking countries]] reside temporarily in Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/11/117_56212.html |title=Foreign Teachers Unenthusiastic Over Culture Course |author=Kang Shin-Who |work=[[The Korea Times]] |location=Seoul |date=November 26, 2009 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-date=February 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204114211/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/11/117_56212.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Corresponding to its socioeconomic development, South Korea has experienced a dramatic increase in [[life expectancy]], from 79.10 years in 2008<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html CIA – The World Factbook 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html|date=May 28, 2014}} – Rank Order – Life expectancy at birth</ref> (which was [[List of countries by life expectancy|34th in the world]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134543/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |archive-date=December 29, 2018 |access-date=August 10, 2013 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> to 83.53 years in 2024—the fifth highest of any country or territory.

{{Largest cities of South Korea|class=info}}

=== Language ===
{{Main|Korean language|Korean dialects}}

[[File:Koreandialects.png|thumb|200px|Dialects of the Korean language]]
Korean is the official language of South Korea and is classified by most linguists as a [[language isolate]]. It incorporates a significant number of [[Loanword|loan words]] from Chinese. Korean uses an indigenous writing system called [[Hangul]], which was created in 1446 by [[Sejong the Great]] to provide a convenient alternative to the [[Classical Chinese]] [[Hanja]] characters that were difficult to learn and did not fit the Korean language well. South Korea still uses some Chinese Hanja characters in niche areas, such as print media and legal documentation.

The Korean language in South Korea has a [[South Korean standard language|standard dialect]] known as the [[Gyeonggi dialect|Seoul dialect]], with an additional four dialects ([[Chungcheong dialect|Chungcheong]], [[Gangwon dialect|Gangwon]], [[Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang]], and [[Jeolla dialect|Jeolla]]) and one language ([[Jeju language|Jeju]]) in use around the country. Almost all South Korean students today learn [[English language education in South Korea|English]] throughout their education.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ | title=Korea, South | date=October 16, 2023 | access-date=January 23, 2021 | archive-date=January 29, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129003620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/KR/ | title=South Korea | Ethnologue Free | work=Ethnologue (Free All) | access-date=March 28, 2024 | archive-date=March 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065922/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/KR/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in South Korea}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in South Korea (2024)<ref name="2024 religion">{{cite web |title= [2024 종교인식조사] 종교인구 현황과 종교 활동 |trans-title=[2024 Religious Awareness Survey] Status of religious population and religious activities |url=https://hrcopinion.co.kr/en/archives/31599 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |language=ko}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|value1 = 51
|color1 = Beige
|label2 = [[Protestantism]] [[file:Christian cross.svg|20x20px]]
|value2 = 20
|color2 = #BA55D3
|label3 = [[Catholic Church in Korea|Catholicism]] [[file:Christian cross.svg|20x20px]]
|value3 = 11
|color3 = #7D007D
|label4 = [[Buddhism in South Korea|Buddhism]] [[file:Dharma Wheel Rotating.svg|20x20px]]
|value4 = 17
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = Other religions
|value5 = 2
|color5 = Gray
}}

According to the 2024 results of the Korea Research's regular survey 'Public Opinion Within Public Opinion', more than half of the South Korean population (51%) declared themselves not affiliated with any [[organized religion|religious organizations]].<ref name="2024 religion"/> In a 2012 survey, 52% declared themselves "religious", 31% said they were "not religious" and 15% identified themselves as "convinced [[atheism|atheists]]".<ref>WIN-Gallup International: [http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf "Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism 2012"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065544/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf |date=October 21, 2013 }}.</ref> Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization, most are [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhists]]. According to the survey, 31% of the population were Christians (20% identified themselves as Protestants, 11% as Roman Catholics) and 17% were Buddhists.<ref name="2024 religion"/> Other religions include [[Islam in South Korea|Islam]] (Approximately 130,000 Muslims, which includes 73% of migrant workers from Pakistan,Bangladesh and 27% accounting to 35,000 Korean Muslims<ref>{{cite news |title= Korea's Muslims Mark Ramadan |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |location =Seoul |date=September 11, 2008 |url= http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200809/200809110016.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080913195801/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200809/200809110016.html |archive-date=September 13, 2008}}</ref>), the homegrown sect of [[Won Buddhism]], and a variety of indigenous religions, including [[Cheondoism]] (a [[Confucianism|Confucianizing]] religion), [[Jeungsanism]], [[Daejongism]], [[Daesun Jinrihoe]], and others. [[Freedom of religion]] is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no [[state religion]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/welcome/republic.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323052835/http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/welcome/republic.jsp |archive-date=March 23, 2008 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Korea |publisher=[[Constitutional Court of Korea]]}}</ref> Overall, between 2015 and 2024, there has been a slight rise in Christianity (from 27.6% to 31%), a slow rise in Buddhism (from 15.5% to 17%), and a decline in the unaffiliated population (from 56.9% to 51%).<ref name="2024 religion"/><ref name="2015 Census">South Korea National Statistical Office's 19th Population and Housing Census (2015): [http://image.kmib.co.kr/online_image/2016/1219/201612191738_61220011145071_1.jpg "Religion organizations' statistics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154915/http://image.kmib.co.kr/online_image/2016/1219/201612191738_61220011145071_1.jpg |date=October 10, 2017 }}. Retrieved December 20, 2016</ref><ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=Joseph Peter |editor1-last=Demy |editor1-first=Timothy J. |editor2-last=Shaw |editor2-first=Jeffrey M. |title=Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia |date=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3933-7 |page=365 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |chapter=South Korea |archive-date=April 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412162632/https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Myeongdong Cathedral 3.jpg|thumb|The [[Myeongdong Cathedral]], seat of the [[Archdiocese of Seoul]].]]
Christianity is South Korea's largest organized religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean adherents of religious organizations. There are approximately 16 million Christians in South Korea today; about two thirds of them belonging to Protestant churches, and the rest to the Catholic Church.<ref name="2024 religion"/> The number of Protestants had been stagnant throughout the 1990s and the 2000s but increased to a peak level throughout the 2010s. Roman Catholics increased significantly between the 1980s and the 2000s but declined throughout the 2010s.<ref name="2024 religion"/> Christianity, unlike in other East Asian countries, found fertile ground in Korea in the 18th century, and by the end of the 18th century it persuaded a large part of the population, as the declining monarchy supported it and opened the country to widespread [[proselytism]] as part of a project of Westernization. The weakness of [[Korean shamanism]], which—unlike Japanese [[Shinto]] and [[Chinese folk religion|China's religious system]]—never developed into a national religion of high status,<ref>Ogata, Mamoru Billy (1984). ''A Comparative Study of Church Growth in Korea and Japan: With Special Application to Japan''. Fuller Theological Seminary. pp. 32 ff.</ref> combined with the impoverished state of [[Korean Buddhism]], (after 500 years of suppression at the hands of the Joseon state, by the 20th century it was virtually extinct) left a free hand to Christian churches. Christianity's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://koreamosaic.net/articles/syncretism.pdf |title=Christianity, Shamanism, and Modernization in South Korea |last=Kim |first=Andrew Eungi |date=Spring–Summer 2000 |access-date=June 8, 2013 |journal=[[CrossCurrents]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110190338/http://koreamosaic.net/articles/syncretism.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> The [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonization]] of the first half of the 20th century further strengthened the identification of Christianity with [[Korean nationalism]], as the Japanese coopted native Korean shamanism into the Nipponic [[Shinto in Korea|Imperial Shinto]] that they tried to establish in the peninsula.<ref name="Korean Social Sciences Journal">''Korean Social Sciences Journal'', '''24''' (1997). Korean Social Science Research Council. pp. 33–53</ref> Widespread Christianization of the Koreans took place during State Shinto,<ref name="Korean Social Sciences Journal" /> after its abolition, and then in the independent South Korea as the newly established military government supported Christianity and [[Anti-shamanism movement in Korea|tried to utterly oust]] native shamanism.

[[File:KOCIS Korea YeonDeungHoe 20130511 05 (8733836165).jpg|thumb|left|[[Buddha's Birthday]] celebration in Seoul]]
Among Christian denominations, [[Presbyterianism in South Korea|Presbyterianism]] is the largest. About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches; the biggest ones are the [[Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)|HapDong Presbyterian Church]], [[Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)|TongHap Presbyterian Church]] and the [[Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea|Koshin Presbyterian Church]]. South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/003/16.28.html |title=Missions Incredible |last=Moll |first=Rob |work=Christianity Today |date=March 1, 2006 |location=Carol Stream, IL |access-date=February 17, 2009 |archive-date=January 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125053444/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/march/16.28.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/world/country/027-korea.htm |title=Buddhism in Korea |work=Korean Buddhism Magazine |location=Seoul |year=1997 |access-date=February 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426080342/http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/world/country/027-korea.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> It soon became a dominant religion in the southeastern kingdom of Silla, the region that hitherto hosts the strongest concentration of Buddhists in South Korea. In the other states of the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo and Baekje, it was made the state religion respectively in 372 and 528. It remained the state religion in Later Silla and Goryeo. It was later suppressed throughout much of the subsequent history under the unified kingdom of Joseon, which officially adopted a strict [[Korean Confucianism]]. Today, South Korea has about 8.7 million Buddhists,<ref name="2024 religion" /> most of them affiliated to the [[Jogye Order]]. Most of the [[National Treasure (South Korea)|National Treasures of South Korea]] are Buddhist artifacts.

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in South Korea}}

[[File:SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg|thumb|[[Seoul National University]] is considered to be the most prestigious university in South Korea.]]

A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school. The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins at the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February. The country adopted a new educational program to increase the number of foreign students through 2010. According to the [[Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (South Korea)|Ministry of Education, Science and Technology]], the number of scholarships for foreign students in South Korea would have (under the program) doubled by that time, and the number of foreign students would have reached 100,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education-blog.net/2008/08/28/south-korea-now-open-for-foreign-students|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322134334/http://www.education-blog.net/2008/08/28/south-korea-now-open-for-foreign-students/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 22, 2019|title=South Korea Now Open For Foreign Students|publisher=Education-blog.net|date=August 28, 2008|access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref>

South Korea is one of the top-performing [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 492, placing it ninth in the world. The country has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21711247-reforming-education-slow-and-hard-eminently-possible-what-world-can-learn?spc=scode&spv=xm&ah=9d7f7ab945510a56fa6d37c30b6f1709 |title=What the world can learn from the latest PISA test results |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=December 10, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322025125/https://www.economist.com/news/international/21711247-reforming-education-slow-and-hard-eminently-possible-what-world-can-learn?spc=scode&spv=xm&ah=9d7f7ab945510a56fa6d37c30b6f1709 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/education/ |title=Education OECD Better Life |publisher=OECD |access-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531152015/http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/education/ |archive-date=May 31, 2016 }}</ref> The country is well known for its highly feverish outlook on education, where its national obsession with education has been called "education fever".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2094427-2,00.html |title=South Korea: Kids, Stop Studying So Hard! |magazine=Time |last=Ripley |first=Amanda |date=September 25, 2011 |access-date=December 1, 2016 |archive-date=March 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311163011/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2094427-2,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20151208175803561 |title=The overeducated generation |last=Habibi |first=Nader |date=December 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118100808/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20151208175803561 |archive-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saveourschools.com.au/national-issues/south-korea-education-success-has-a-dark-side |title=South Korea's Education Success Has a Dark Side |last=Cobbold |first=Trevor |date=November 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118102555/http://www.saveourschools.com.au/national-issues/south-korea-education-success-has-a-dark-side |archive-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> This obsession with education has catapulted the resource-poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings. In 2014, South Korea ranked second worldwide (after Singapore) in the national rankings of students' math and science scores by the OECD.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/11/south-korean-seniors-have-been-preparing-for-today-since-kindergarten/508031/ |title=Why South Korea Is So Fixated With the College-Entrance Exam |last=Diamond |first=Anna |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113236/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/11/south-korean-seniors-have-been-preparing-for-today-since-kindergarten/508031/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of honor and pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is seen as a fundamental necessity to channel one's [[social mobility]] to ultimately improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uned.ac.cr/ocex/images/stories/SINAES_1103_%20by%20LJY%201.pdf |title=Vocational Education and Training in Korea: Achieving the Enhancement of National Competitiveness |last=Lee |first=Ji-Yeon |date=September 26, 2014 |publisher=KRIVET |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214903/http://www.uned.ac.cr/ocex/images/stories/SINAES_1103_%20by%20LJY%201.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/1110/Drive-for-education-drives-South-Korean-families-into-the-red |title=Drive for education drives South Korean families into the red |journal=Christian Science Monitor |last=Strother |first=Jason |date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327034517/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/1110/Drive-for-education-drives-South-Korean-families-into-the-red |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the importance of education in Korean society, many students attend [[Hagwon|cram schools]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koo |first=Se-Woong |date=August 1, 2014 |title=Opinion {{!}} An Assault Upon Our Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/sunday/south-koreas-education-system-hurts-students.html |access-date=July 24, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:KAIST fountains view.jpg|thumb|[[KAIST]] main campus in [[Daejeon]] ]]

In 2015, the country spent 5.1% of its GDP on all levels of education—roughly 0.8 percentage points above the OECD average of 4.3%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Korea |publisher=OECD |url=http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/KOR.pdf |access-date=August 16, 2019 |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815222742/http://gpseducation.oecd.org/Content/EAGCountryNotes/KOR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A strong investment in education, a militant drive to achieve academic success, as well as the passion for scholarly excellence has helped the resource-poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war-torn land to a prosperous, developed country.<ref name="ICEF">{{cite web |url=http://monitor.icef.com/2014/01/high-performance-high-pressure-in-south-koreas-education-system/ |title=High performance, high pressure in South Korea's education system |publisher=ICEF Monitor |date=January 23, 2014 |access-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709074408/http://monitor.icef.com/2014/01/high-performance-high-pressure-in-south-koreas-education-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in South Korea}}

[[File:Life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea]]
South Korea has a [[universal health care]] system.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015_health_glance-2015-en#page26 Health at a Glance 2015 |OECD READ edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207185357/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015_health_glance-2015-en#page26 |date=February 7, 2018 }}. Keepeek.com. Retrieved June 20, 2016.</ref> According to the Health Care Index ranking, it has the world's best healthcare system as of 2021.{{cn|date=February 2026}} South Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available, ranking 4th for [[MRI]] units per capita and 6th for [[CT scanner]]s per capita in the OECD.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015_health_glance-2015-en#page28 Health at a Glance 2015 |OECD READ edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207185357/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2015_health_glance-2015-en#page28 |date=February 7, 2018 }}. Keepeek.com. Retrieved June 20, 2016.</ref> It also had the OECD's [[List of countries by hospital beds|second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people]] at 9.56 beds. [[Life expectancy]] has been rising rapidly and South Korea [[List of countries by life expectancy|ranked 6th in the world for life expectancy]] at 83.5 years in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 19, 2016 |title=Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000, but health inequalities persist |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/health-inequalities-persist/en/ |publisher=WHO |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422083122/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/health-inequalities-persist/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It also has the [[List of countries by life expectancy|third highest health adjusted life expectancy]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO – World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs |url=https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/Annex_B/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523041026/http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/Annex_B/en/ |archive-date=May 23, 2016 |website=WHO}}</ref> [[Suicide in South Korea]] is the [[List of countries by suicide rate|12th highest in the world]] according to the [[World Health Organization]], as well as the highest suicide rate in the [[OECD]].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=March 13, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ikx0T9wMWXg |title=Why South Korea has high suicide rates |publisher=[[Korea Now]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808001505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ikx0T9wMWXg |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en |title=Suicide rates, age standardized – Data by country |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2015 |access-date=April 13, 2017 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018170407/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDEASDR?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of South Korea}}

{{See also|Culture of Korea}}
[[File:Kayagumplayer2.jpg|thumb|A musician playing a ''[[gayageum]]'']]

South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea, but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945. Historically, while the culture has been [[Chinese influence on Korean culture|heavily influenced by that of neighboring China]], it has nevertheless independently managed to develop a unique cultural identity in its own right that is distinct from its larger neighbors.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fairbank, John K. |author2= Reischauer, Edwin O. |author3= Craig, Albert M. |title=East Asia: Tradition & Transformation |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |location =Boston |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-395-25812-5}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, South Korea has 24 [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elements on the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/state/republic-of-korea-KR?info=elements-on-the-lists |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=ich.unesco.org}}</ref> along with [[List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea|16 World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Korea - UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]] actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mct.go.kr/english/section/bureau/cultural_1.jsp |publisher=MCT |title=Associated Organisations |access-date=April 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224163415/http://www.mct.go.kr/english/section/bureau/cultural_1.jsp |archive-date=December 24, 2005 }} See also {{cite web|url=http://www.kcaf.or.kr/ehome3/mission.htm |title=Mission and Goal |publisher=Korea Cultural Administration |access-date=April 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430184339/http://www.kcaf.or.kr/ehome3/mission.htm |archive-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> According to the 2023 edition of the [[Press Freedom Index]], South Korea has the second highest level of press freedom in Continental and East Asia, behind Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Index 2023 – Global score |url=https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2023 |access-date=May 3, 2023 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>

Industrialization and urbanization have brought many changes to the way modern Koreans live. Changing economic circumstances and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities, especially the capital Seoul, with multi-generational households separating into [[nuclear family]] living arrangements. A 2014 Euromonitor study on 44 countries found that South Koreans drink the most alcohol on a weekly basis compared to the rest of the world. South Koreans drink 13.7 shots of liquor per week on average with Russia, the Philippines, and Thailand following.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Koreans drink twice as much liquor as Russians and more than four times as much as Americans |url=http://qz.com/171191/south-koreans-drink-twice-as-much-liquor-as-russians-and-more-than-four-times-as-much-as-americans/ |access-date=February 9, 2014 |newspaper=Quartz |date=February 2, 2014 |author=Roberto A. Ferdman |author2=Ritchie King |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208074557/http://qz.com/171191/south-koreans-drink-twice-as-much-liquor-as-russians-and-more-than-four-times-as-much-as-americans/ |archive-date=February 8, 2014}}</ref>

=== Art ===
{{Main|Korean art}}

[[File:청화백자진사채복숭아연적.jpg|upright|thumb|A blue and white porcelain peach-shaped water dropper from the Joseon dynasty in the 18th century]]

Korean art has been highly influenced by [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhism]] and [[Korean Confucianism|Confucianism]], which can be seen in the many traditional paintings, sculptures, ceramics and the performing arts.<ref>[http://www.asia-art.net/korean_paint.html Korean painting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730065004/http://www.asia-art.net/korean_paint.html |date=July 30, 2010 }}, Asia Art</ref> [[Korean pottery and porcelain]], such as Joseon's ''[[Joseon white porcelain|baekja]]'' and [[buncheong]], and [[Goryeo]]'s [[celadon]] are well known throughout the world.<ref>[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/945/korean-celadon-pottery/ Korean Pottery and Celadon], worldhistory.org</ref> The [[Korean tea ceremony]], ''[[pansori]]'', ''[[talchum]],'' and ''[[buchaechum]]'' are also notable Korean performing arts.

Post-war modern Korean art started to flourish in the 1960s and 1970s, when South Korean artists took interest in geometrical shapes and intangible subjects. Establishing a harmony between [[man and nature]] was also a favorite of this time. Because of social instability, social issues appeared as main subjects in the 1980s. Art was influenced by various international events and exhibits in Korea, which brought more diversity.<ref>[http://www.apexart.org/conference/lee.htm Contemporary Korean Art in 1990s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911001355/https://apexart.org/conference/lee.htm |date=September 11, 2018 }}, apexart, 1999</ref> The [[Olympic Park, Seoul|Olympic Sculpture Garden]] in 1988, the transposition of the 1993 edition of the [[Whitney Biennial]] to Seoul,<ref>{{in lang|ko}} [http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20100326020003 Whitney Biennal to come to Seoul again], ''Seoul News'', March 26, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.</ref> the creation of the [[Gwangju Biennale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gb.or.kr/?mid=main_eng |title=Gwangju Biennale |publisher=Gwangju Biennale |access-date=October 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710205915/http://gb.or.kr/?mid=main_eng |archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> and the Korean Pavilion at the [[Venice Biennale]] in 1995<ref>[http://www.korean-pavilion.or.kr/07pavilion/kpEN.html Korean Pavilion] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516133140/http://www.korean-pavilion.or.kr/07pavilion/kpEN.html |date=May 16, 2016 }}, La Biennale di Venezia.</ref> were notable events.

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of South Korea}}

{{See also|Korean architecture}}
[[File:Sungnyemun Gate, front, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|[[Namdaemun]]]]
Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.<ref>[http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/arc/modern_period.htm Korean architecture], Asian Info Organization</ref>

Traditional Korean architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature. Ancient architects adopted the [[Bracket (architecture)|bracket system]] characterized by [[Thatching|thatched roofs]] and heated floors called ''[[ondol]]''.<ref>Chung Ah-young (March 31, 2010). [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/03/148_63378.html "Exhibit Focuses on Traditional Architecture"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220224530/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/03/148_63378.html |date=December 20, 2014 }}, ''The Korea Times''; [http://park.org/Korea/Pavilions/PublicPavilions/KoreaImage/e-information/life/tradi-03.html Photos of traditional Korean shelters]</ref> People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs and lifting eaves. Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called ''[[hanok]]'',<ref>[http://ata.hannam.ac.kr/korea/k-house1.htm List of traditional Korean houses], Asian Tradition in Architecture</ref> and special sites like [[Hahoe Folk Village]], [[Yangdong Folk Village]] and [[Korean Folk Village]]. Traditional architecture may also be seen at several of the [[List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr |title=UNESCO World Heritage: Republic of Korea |publisher=Unesco |access-date=October 29, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Yongungsa Coast View, Busan, Korea.jpg|thumb|right|[[Haedong Yonggungsa]]]]
Western architecture was first introduced at the end of the 19th century. Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles. With the annexation by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and [[Japanese architecture|Japanese-style]] modern architecture was imposed. Anti-Japanese sentiment and the Korean War led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19990302080251/http://nongae.gsnu.ac.kr/%7Emirkoh/cob1.html Brief Review of Korea Modern Architecture], Prof. Park Kil-ryong (Kukmin University), modified by Architectural Design Lab, GSNU.</ref>

Modern Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles. Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design. In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape with the opening up of the market to foreign architects.<ref>[http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/arc/contemporary_architecture.htm Contemporary Korean architecture], Asian Info Organization</ref> Contemporary architectural efforts have attempted to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Korean buildings that captivate world|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?id=9605&sec=10|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429055554/http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?id=9605&sec=10|archive-date=April 29, 2011}}, ''Asia News'', January 15, 2010; Lee Hoo-nam (April 16, 2009).[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2903625 "Still, slow waters of Korean architecture"], ''Joongang Daily'' (Seoul). Retrieved July 10, 2010.</ref>

=== Entertainment ===
{{Main|Cinema of South Korea|Korean drama|Korean Wave|K-pop|Mass media in South Korea}}

[[File:President Joe Biden and BTS in the Oval Office of the White House, May 31, 2022.jpg|thumb|K-pop group [[BTS]] has emerged as one of the country's most successful Korean boy bands since their rise to international prominence during the latter half of the 2010s.]]

In addition to domestic consumption, South Korea has a thriving entertainment industry where various facets of South Korean entertainment, including television dramas, films, and popular music, have garnered international popularity and generated significant export revenues for the nation's economy. The cultural phenomenon known as ''[[Korean Wave|Hallyu]]'' or the "Korean Wave", has swept many countries across Continental and East Asia making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment, rivaling Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Kwave">{{cite news |url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1646903.stm |title='Korean Wave' piracy hits music industry |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 9, 2001 |access-date=June 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chow |first1=Kat |title=How The South Korean Government Made K-Pop A Thing |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/13/399414351/how-the-south-korean-government-made-k-pop-a-thing |website=NPR |date=April 16, 2015 |publisher=National Public Radio |access-date=September 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Lara Farrar |title='Korean Wave' of pop culture sweeps across Asia |language=en |work=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/12/31/korea.entertainment/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Harry |date=February 2, 2016 |title=Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world {{!}} The McGill Tribune |work=The McGill Tribune |url=http://www.mcgilltribune.com/a-e/surfing-the-korean-wave-how-k-pop-kpop-is-taking-over-the-world-012858/ |url-status=dead |access-date=May 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200902/http://www.mcgilltribune.com/a-e/surfing-the-korean-wave-how-k-pop-kpop-is-taking-over-the-world-012858/ |archive-date=November 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/37300/Phuong_thesis_1.docx.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Korean Wave as Cultural Imperialism: A study of K-pop Reception in Vietnam |last=Nguyen Hoai Phuong |first=Duong |publisher=Leiden University}}</ref>

[[File:Blackpink Coachella 2023 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Blackpink]] has been one of the most popular K-pop girl groups in the world since the late 2010s.]]

Until the 1990s, [[Trot (music)|trot]] and traditional [[Traditional music of Korea|folk-based]] ballads dominated the South Korean popular music scene. The emergence of the pop group [[Seo Taiji and Boys]] in 1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as [[K-pop]]. Since the 1990s, the genre of K-pop has continuously engaged in a process of ongoing reinvention and modernization by assimilating various elements of popular musical genres and trends from across the world such as [[Pop music|Western popular music]], [[Experimental music|experimental]], [[jazz]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], [[Latin music (genre)|Latin]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|rhythm and blues]], [[electronic dance]], [[reggae]], [[country music|country]], [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], and [[rock music|rock]] on top of its uniquely [[traditional Korean music]] roots.<ref>[http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_artists_detail.htm?No=10058 Seo Taiji], KBS World</ref> Though Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the contemporary South Korean popular music scene, trot still continues to be appreciated and enjoyed by older South Koreans. [[Korean idol|K-pop idols]] are well known across Continental Asia, have found fame in the Western World, and have generated millions of dollars in export revenue beyond the confines of the traditional [[Music industry of East Asia#Ranking|East Asian music market]]. Many K-pop acts have also established themselves by securing a strong global following using online social media platforms such as [[YouTube]]. K-pop first began to make its mark outside of Continental and East Asia following the unexpected success of singer [[Psy]]'s international music sensation, "[[Gangnam Style]]", which topped global music charts in 2012.

Since the success of the film ''[[Shiri (film)|Shiri]]'' in 1999, the [[Cinema of Korea|Korean film]] industry has grown substantially, garnering recognition both nation-wide and across the globe. Domestic films have a dominant share of the South Korean film market, partly because of the existence of government [[screen quotas]] requiring cinemas to show Korean films for at least 73 days of the year.<ref>[http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Ec_detail.htm?No=74142 "S.Korea's Screen Quota Hinders Market Access"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133256/http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_Ec_detail.htm?No=74142 |date=July 3, 2018 }}, KBS World, July 16, 2010.</ref> 2019's ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'', directed by [[Bong Joon-ho]], became the [[List of highest-grossing films in South Korea|highest-grossing film in South Korea]] as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based [[Academy Awards]] [[92nd Academy Awards|that year]] amongst [[List of accolades received by Parasite|numerous other accolades]].

[[File:Cosplay of Squid Game Guards at Sutera Cosplay Fest 2021.jpg|thumb|right|People [[cosplay]]ing as guards from ''[[Squid Game]]'']]
[[Television in South Korea|South Korean television shows]] have become popular outside of Korea. Television dramas, known as [[Korean drama|K-dramas]], have begun to find fame internationally. Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus. Historical dramas are also famous''.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreandrama.org/ |title=List of Korean dramas |publisher=Koreandrama.org |date=June 4, 2007 |access-date=October 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ko:콘텐츠산업정보포털|url=https://portal.kocca.kr/portal/bbs/view/B0000204/1938980.do?searchCnd=&searchWrd=&cateTp1=&cateTp2=&useAt=&menuNo=200253&categorys=4&subcate=67&cateCode=0&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&uf_Setting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&categoryCOM062=&categoryCOM063=&categoryCOM208=&categoryInst=&morePage=&delCode=&qtp=&pageIndex=1|access-date=March 27, 2021|website=portal.kocca.kr|language=ko|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205707/https://portal.kocca.kr/portal/bbs/view/B0000204/1938980.do?searchCnd=&searchWrd=&cateTp1=&cateTp2=&useAt=&menuNo=200253&categorys=4&subcate=67&cateCode=0&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&uf_Setting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&categoryCOM062=&categoryCOM063=&categoryCOM208=&categoryInst=&morePage=&delCode=&qtp=&pageIndex=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2021 survival drama ''[[Squid Game]]'', created by [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]], received critical acclaim and widespread international attention upon its release, becoming [[Netflix]]'s most-watched series at launch and garnering a viewership of more than 142 million households during its first four weeks from launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Ji-won |date=September 26, 2021 |title=Squid Game tops global Netflix chart |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/09/688_316008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926170632/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/09/688_316008.html |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |access-date=October 24, 2021 |website=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Henry |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Squid Game: the hellish horrorshow taking the whole world by storm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/sep/28/squid-game-the-hellish-horrorshow-taking-the-whole-world-by-storm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928102533/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/sep/28/squid-game-the-hellish-horrorshow-taking-the-whole-world-by-storm |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=October 24, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=October 19, 2021 |title='Squid Game': Netflix Reveals A "Mind-Boggling" 142M Households Have Watched Korean Drama |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/squid-game-netflix-142m-households-1234858503/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keck |first=Catie |date=October 12, 2021 |title=Netflix calls Squid Game its 'biggest ever series at launch' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/12/22723452/netflix-squid-game-biggest-ever-show-at-launch |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=October 24, 2021}}</ref>

=== Holidays ===
{{Main|Public holidays in South Korea}}

The [[Korean New Year]], or "Seollal", is celebrated on the first day of the [[Korean calendar]]. Korean Independence Day falls on March 1 and commemorates the [[March First Movement]] of 1919. [[Memorial Day (South Korea)|Memorial Day]] is celebrated on June 6, and its purpose is to honor the men and women who died in South Korea's independence movement. [[Constitution Day (South Korea)|Constitution Day]] is on July 17, and it celebrates the promulgation of [[Constitution of South Korea|Constitution of the Republic of Korea]]. [[National Liberation Day of Korea|Liberation Day]], on August 15, celebrates Korea's liberation from the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1945.

Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the [[Chuseok|Midautumn Festival]], in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. On October 1, Armed Forces Day is celebrated, honoring the military forces of South Korea. October 3 is [[Gaecheonjeol|National Foundation Day]]. [[Hangul Day]] on October 9 commemorates the invention of [[hangul]], the native alphabet of the [[Korean language]].

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Korean cuisine|South Korean cuisine}}

[[File:Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg|thumb|[[Bibimbap]]]]
Korean cuisine, ''hanguk yori'', or ''hansik'', has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Ingredients and dishes vary by province. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. The [[Korean royal court cuisine]] once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for the royal family. Meals consumed both by the royal family and ordinary citizens have been regulated by a unique culture of etiquette.

Korean cuisine is largely based on [[rice]], [[noodle]]s, [[tofu]], vegetables, fish and meats. Traditional meals are noted for the number of side dishes, ''[[banchan]]'', which accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan. [[Kimchi]], a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish, is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best-known dishes. Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with [[sesame oil]], ''[[doenjang]]'' (a type of [[fermented bean paste|fermented soybean paste]]), [[soy sauce]], salt, garlic, ginger, and ''[[gochujang]]'' (a hot pepper paste). Other well-known dishes are ''[[bulgogi]]'', grilled marinated beef; ''[[gimbap]]''; and ''[[tteokbokki]]'', a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste.

Soups are also a common part of a meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. Soups known as ''[[guk]]'' are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables. Similar to guk, ''tang'' has less water and is more often served in restaurants. Another type is ''[[jjigae]]'', a [[stew]] that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot.

Popular [[Korean alcoholic drinks]] include ''[[Soju]]'', ''[[Makgeolli]]'' and ''[[Bokbunja ju]]''. Korea is unique among East Asian countries in its use of metal [[chopsticks]]. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites.<ref>[http://article.joins.com/news/blognews/article.asp?listid=12803159 재미있는 동양3국의 젓가락 문화비교] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140049/http://article.joins.com/news/blognews/article.asp?listid=12803159 |date=June 19, 2018 }}. Article.joins.com (May 19, 2012). Retrieved October 5, 2016.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in South Korea}}

[[File:Seoul Sports Complex.jpg|thumb|left|[[Seoul Sports Complex]], Korea's largest integrated sports center]]

The [[martial arts|martial art]] [[taekwondo]] originated in Korea. In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official [[Olympic Games|Olympic sport]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtf.org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/present_day.html |title=Taekwondo |publisher=World Taekwondo Federation |date=November 29, 2002 |access-date=August 10, 2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121165001/http://www.wtf.org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/present_day.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other Korean martial arts include [[taekkyeon|Taekkyon]], [[hapkido]], [[Tang Soo Do]], [[Kuk Sool Won]], [[kumdo]] and [[subak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmaf.kr/ |title=Korea Martial Arts Federation |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031130/https://www.kmaf.kr/ |archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref>

[[Association football|Football]] has traditionally been regarded as the most popular sport in Korea, with [[baseball]] as the second.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news1.kr/articles/?2139988 |script-title=ko:프로스포츠, 흥행 봄날 오나…야구·축구 인기몰이 중 |publisher=EBN |date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref> Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents. However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=211&pagePos=1&selectYear=0&search=0&searchKeyword=%BD%BA%C6%F7%C3%F7 |script-title=ko:한국갤럽조사연구소 |publisher=[[Gallup Korea]] |date=May 20, 2009 |access-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref>

The [[South Korea national football team|national football team]] became the first team in the [[Asian Football Confederation]] to reach the [[FIFA World Cup]] semi-finals in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan. The [[Korea Republic national football team|Korea Republic national team]] (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since [[1986 FIFA World Cup|Mexico 1986]], and has broken out of the group stage in 2002, in [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] in the Round of 16, and in [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]. At the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], South Korea won the bronze medal for football.

[[File:Busan Sajik Stadium 20080706.JPG|thumb|[[Sajik Baseball Stadium]] in [[Busan]]. Baseball is one of the most popular sports in South Korea.]]

Baseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Korea, 11th ed|author=KOIS ([[Korea Overseas Information Service]])|location=Seoul|publisher=[[Hollym (publishing house)|Hollym]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-56591-212-0|page=632}}</ref><ref>Trading Markets.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101226170841/http://www.tradingmarkets.com/news/stock-alert/ncscf_s-korean-game-developer-ncsoft-interested-in-pro-baseball-1382602.html "S. Korean Game Developer NCsoft Interested in Pro Baseball"]. December 21, 2010. Accessed December 26, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Min-sik, Yoon|title=Baseball comes roaring back to Seoul|work= [[The Korea Herald]]|date= October 25, 2013|access-date= November 9, 2013|url= http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20131025000840}}</ref> Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games.<ref>Kim Yang-hee (April 21, 2011). [http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/474168.html "Professional baseball rising in popularity"]. ''The Hankyoreh''. Accessed April 21, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1662 나라지표-프로스포츠 관중현황]. Index.go.kr (January 26, 2016). Retrieved June 20, 2016.</ref> The [[Korea Professional Baseball]] league, a 10-team circuit, was established in 1982. The [[South Korea national baseball team|South Korea national team]] finished third in the [[2006 World Baseball Classic]] and second in the [[2009 World Baseball Classic|2009 tournament]]. The team's 2009 final game against Japan was widely watched in Korea, with a large screen at [[Gwanghwamun]] crossing in Seoul broadcasting the game live.<ref>Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Park Sungha (March 24, 2009). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123786547697822121 "Japan beats South Korea to be Baseball Champions"]. ''The Wall Street Journal'' (New York). November 20, 2010.</ref> In the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], South Korea won the gold medal in baseball.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/olympics_blog/2008/08/south-korea-tak.html "South Korea takes Olympics baseball gold"]. ''Los Angeles Times'' (blog). August 23, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2010.</ref> Also in 1982, at the Baseball Worldcup, Korea won the gold medal. At the [[2010 Asian Games]], the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal. Several Korean players have gone on to play in [[Major League Baseball]].

[[Basketball]] is a popular sport in the country as well. South Korea has traditionally had one of the top basketball teams in Asia and one of the continent's strongest basketball divisions. Seoul hosted the [[1967 ABC Championship|1967]] and [[1995 ABC Championship|1995 Asian Basketball Championship]]. The [[Korea national basketball team]] has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIBA Asia Competition Archives |work=Competition Archives |publisher=International Basketball Federation FIBA |date=September 26, 2011 |url=http://www.fibaasia.net/Competition_Archives.aspx?id=2 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807225139/http://www.fibaasia.net/Competition_Archives.aspx?id=2 |archive-date=August 7, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Korea Taekwondo Hanmadang 70.jpg|thumb|left|[[Taekwondo]], a Korean martial art and Olympic sport]]
South Korea hosted the [[Asian Games]] in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan), and 2014 (Incheon). It also hosted the Winter [[Universiade]] in 1997, the [[Asian Winter Games]] in 1999, and the Summer Universiade in 2003 and 2015. In 1988, South Korea hosted the [[1988 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics in Seoul]], coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and 11 bronze medals. South Korea regularly performs well in [[archery]], [[Shooting sports|shooting]], [[table tennis]], [[badminton]], [[short track speed skating]], [[handball]], [[field hockey]], [[freestyle wrestling]], [[Greco-Roman wrestling]], [[baseball]], [[judo]], [[taekwondo]], [[speed skating]], [[figure skating]], and [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]. The [[Seoul Olympic Museum]] is dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics.

[[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]] hosted the [[2018 Winter Olympics]]. South Korea has won more medals in the [[Winter Olympics]] than any other Asian country, with a total of 45 (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). At the [[2010 Winter Olympics]], South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings. South Korea is especially strong in [[short track speed skating]]. [[Speed skating]] and [[figure skating]] are also popular, and [[ice hockey]] is an emerging sport, with [[Anyang Halla]] winning their first ever [[Asia League Ice Hockey]] title in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alhockey.com/ |title=Asia League Ice Hockey official site |publisher=alhockey.com |access-date=October 29, 2010}}</ref>

Seoul hosted a professional [[triathlon]] race, which is part of the [[International Triathlon Union]] (ITU) World Championship Series in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dextro Energy International Triathlon Union World championship Series Seoul |url=http://seoul.triathlon.org/ |access-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609041817/http://seoul.triathlon.org/ |archive-date=June 9, 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the [[2011 World Championships in Athletics|2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 World Championships Results|url=http://www.supersport.com/athletics/content.aspx?id=100421|work=SuperSport|publisher=MultiChoice (Pty) Ltd|access-date=December 27, 2013|year=2011}}</ref> In 2010, South Korea hosted its first [[Formula One]] race at the [[Korea International Circuit]] in [[Yeongam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Formula 1 Korean Grand Prix |url=http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/korea_907/circuit_history.html|work=Formula 1|publisher=Formula One World Championship Limited|access-date=December 27, 2013|year=2003–2013}}</ref> The [[Korean Grand Prix]] was held from 2010 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/25220593 |title=New Jersey, Mexico, and Korea dropped from 2014 F1 calendar |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |date=December 4, 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref>

Domestic [[horse racing]] events are followed by South Koreans and [[LetsRun Park Seoul|Seoul Race Park]] in [[Gwacheon]], [[Gyeonggi Province]] is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Horse Racing|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?recommCid=803724&folderId=19927|work=Korea Be Inspired|publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]]|access-date=December 27, 2013|year=2013|archive-date=December 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228003001/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?recommCid=803724&folderId=19927|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Competitive [[video game|video gaming]], better known as [[esports]], has become more popular in South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people.<ref>{{cite book|title=Korea's Online Gaming Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/koreasonlinegami00jind|url-access=limited|first=Dal Yong|last=Jin|author-link=Dal Yong Jin|year=2010|publisher=The MIT Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/koreasonlinegami00jind/page/n64 59]|isbn=978-0-262-01476-2}}</ref> The two most popular games are ''[[League of Legends]]'' and ''[[StarCraft]]''. The gaming scene is managed by the [[Korean e-Sports Association]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Asia|South Korea}}
* [[Outline of South Korea]]
* [[State Council of South Korea]] ("cabinet" of South Korea)

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0195076035|author=Amsden, Alice}}
* {{cite book|title=The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|year=2004|isbn=978-0-312-32609-8|author=Breen, Michael|author-link=Michael Breen (author)|title-link=The Koreans (book)}}
* {{cite book|title=From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea|publisher=Author|year=2003|isbn=978-89-88095-44-7|location=Seoul|author=Hart, Dennis|url=https://archive.org/details/fromtraditiontoc00hart}}
* {{cite book|title=Korea's place in the sun|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1997|isbn=978-0-393-31681-0|location=New York|author=Cumings, Bruce|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc}}
* Lew, Yong Ick. ''The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence'' (University of Hawai'i Press; 2013); scholarly biography; 576 pages;
* {{cite book|title=Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.)|publisher=Hollym|year=1996|isbn=978-1-56591-070-6|location=Seoul|author=Nahm, Andrew C.}}
* {{cite book|title=Economic Miracle Market South Korea: A Blueprint for Economic Growth in Developing Nations|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=978-981-10-0613-5|author=Schneidewind, Dieter K.}}
* {{cite book|title=The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.)|publisher=Hollym|year=1999|isbn=978-1-56591-105-5|location=Seoul|author=Yang Sung-chul|author-link=Yang Sung-chul}}
* {{cite book|title=Korea Annual 2004 |year=2004|isbn=978-89-7433-070-5|location=Seoul|author=Yonhap News Agency}}
* {{cite book|title=Biotechnology in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan |publisher=Macmillan Publishers ltd|url=https://www.amazon.com/Biotechnology-South-Korea-Singapore-Taiwan/dp/B009Y3DOVQ|isbn=978-1-349-10768-1|year=1988|author=Yuan, Robert T.}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|v=no|voy=South Korea}}
* {{official website|http://www.korea.net/}} (Korea.net)
* [http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto Korea Tourism Guide website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301031654/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto |date=March 1, 2017 }}
* [http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action Korea National Statistical Office]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260117192946/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/ South Korea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html A Country Study: South Korea] in the [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://www.oecd.org/korea/ Korea] on the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] website
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563 South Korea profile] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322280/South-Korea South Korea] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KR Key Development Forecasts for South Korea] from [[International Futures]]

{{Korea topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Related articles
|list =
{{Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{East Asian topics}}
{{G20}}
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|36|N|128|E|display=title}}

[[Category:South Korea| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in South Korea|*]]
[[Category:Countries in East Asia]]
[[Category:Former Japanese colonies]]
[[Category:G20 members]]
[[Category:Korea| ]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Korean is an official language]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Countries in Northeast Asia]]
[[Category:OECD members]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:States with limited recognition]]
[[Category:Four Asian Tigers]]

Kotkapura Assembly constituency

2026-03-11T05:24:44Z

Pnbh11:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{coord|30.58|74.81|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kotkapura
| constituency_no = 88
| type = SLA
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| electors = {{formatnum:159646}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]<Br>{{Small|[[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|18th Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]}}
| party = [[File:AAP Symbol.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = Mantar Singh Brar<br>[[File:Shiromani Akali Dal symbol.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| incumbent_image = File:S. Kultar Singh Sandhwan.jpg
}}

'''Kotkapura Assembly constituency''' also known as '''Kot Kapura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> It is part of [[Faridkot district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan="4" |Kot Kapura Jaitu Assembly constituency
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1951]] (Two member Constituency)
|Ranjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Manjit Inder Singh
|
|Independent
|-
! colspan="4" |Kot Kapura Assembly constituency (SC)
|-
|[[1954 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
|Kanwar Manjit Inder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

Constituency didn't exist (1956-67)

=== [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|H. Singh
|
|[[Fateh Singh (Sikh leader)|Shiromani Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh]]
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Harcharan Singh Brar|Harcharan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaswinder Singh Brar|Jaswinder Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhagwan Dass
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Mohinder Singh Brar
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Upinder Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mantar Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Ripjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mantar Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]<ref name="election2017" />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Kotkapura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:54009}}
|percentage = 43.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajaypal Singh Sandhu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:32879}}
|percentage = 26.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Mantar Singh Brar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:29576}}
|percentage = 24.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Jaskaran Singh Kahan Singh Wala
|votes = {{formatnum:2606}}
|percentage = 2.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Dargesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1045}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:889}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21130}}
|percentage = 17.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:123267}}
|percentage = 76.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:160216}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Kotkapura<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:47401}}
|percentage = 38.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhai Harnirpal Singh Kukku
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:37326}}
|percentage = 30.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mantar Singh Brar]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:33895}}
|percentage = 27.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:674}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10075}}
|percentage = 8.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:121629}}
|percentage = 80.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:151950}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017" />

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Faridkot district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Surendra Kishore

2026-03-11T00:41:49Z

Pnbh11: started basic details initial version...

{{Short description|Indian journalist and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Surendra Kishore
| image = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|01|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bharahapur, Saran district, Bihar, India
| occupation = Journalist
| known_for = Political reporting, Hindi journalism
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Surendra Kishore''' (born 2 January 1947) is an Indian journalist from [[Bihar]]. He is a [[Hindi]]-language journalist since 1970. He had contributed to several national newspapers. In 2024, he was conferred with [[Padma Shri]] award.<ref name="padma2024">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202463.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kishore was born in Bharahapur village, Saran district, Bihar, in a farmer family. He earned degree of Bachelor of Arts in History.<ref name="amarujala2024">{{cite web |title=पद्मश्री अवार्ड घर पहुंचा, पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर दिल्ली नहीं जा सके |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-padmashree-award-reached-home-journalist-surendra-kishore-could-not-go-to-delhi-dm-handed-him-over-2024-06-14 |website=Amar Ujala |date=14 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
Kishore began as a freelance journalist before entering mainstream media in 1977.<ref name="nbt2024">{{cite web |title=बिहार: वरिष्ठ पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर को पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-journalist-surendra-kishore-selected-for-padmashree-award/articleshow/107167171.cms |website=Navbharat Times |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> He worked with ''Dainik Aaj'' (1977–1983), ''Jansatta'' (1983–2001), ''Hindustan'' (2001–2007), ''Dainik Bhaskar'' (2013–2016).

He also contributed articles to ''Dharmyug'', ''Dinman'', ''Ravivar'' and other publications.<ref name="livehindustan2024">{{cite web |title=गांव में खुशी का माहौल, वरिष्ठ पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर को पद्मश्री सम्मान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/chapra/story-the-people-of-the-village-are-happy-when-renowned-journalist-surendra-kishore-gets-the-padma-shri-award-10227393.html |website=Hindustan |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

His reporting covered major political developments, and some of his stories were raised in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and the Indian Parliament.<ref name="bhaskar2024">{{cite web |title=पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर को पद्मश्री अवार्ड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/journalist-surendra-kishore-received-padma-shri-award-133172017.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="storyboard18">{{cite web |title=Media veterans Hormusji Cama, Kundan Vyas, Surendra Kishore presented with Padma Awards |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/quantum-brief/media-veterans-hormusji-n-cama-kundan-vyas-and-surendra-kishore-presented-with-padma-awards-21360.htm |website=Storyboard18 |date=9 May 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

Kishore is also known for interviewing prominent leaders, including Jayaprakash Narayan.<ref name="moneycontrol">{{cite web |title=पद्मश्री से सम्मानित वरिष्ठ पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर |url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/india/padma-awards-senior-journalist-and-moneycontrol-columnist-surendra-kishore-received-padma-shri-award-know-details-1742701.html |website=Moneycontrol Hindi |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political activism==
Before dedicating himself fully to journalism, he was involved in political activism. In 1969, he was arrested during a protest in New Delhi and spent time in Tihar Jail. He also participated in the [[JP Movement]] and was active during the Emergency alongside George Fernandes.<ref name="news18opinion">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri for Surendra Kishore: Honest Journalist Whose Writings Bear Signature of Karpoori Thakur's Life |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/padma-shri-for-surendra-kishore-honest-journalist-whose-writings-bear-signature-of-karpoori-thakurs-life-8755706.html |website=News18 |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

==Recognition and impact==
Kishore's work has been cited by public figures and editors as an example of independent Hindi journalism.<ref name="news4nation">{{cite web |last1=Darshan |first1=Priya |title=वरिष्ठ पत्रकार सुरेंद्र किशोर को पद्मश्री, भाषा, शिक्षा और पत्रकारिता में अहम योगदान |url=https://news4nation.com/news/senior-journalist-surendra-kishore-honored-with-padma-shri-has-made-exemplary-contribution-in-the-field-of-language-education-and-journalism-299103 |website=News4Nation |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> Harivansh, Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, referred to him as "a walking and talking encyclopedia".<ref name="news18opinion"/> His personal library and reference collection attract researchers from Bihar and beyond.<ref name="amarujala2024"/>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2024) – for contributions to literature and education (journalism).<ref name="padma2024"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ Official Padma Awards Portal]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishore, Surendra}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:People from Saran district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Naveen Garg

2026-03-07T23:25:00Z

Pnbh11: Added pg

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Naveen Garg
| image = NaveenGarg.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Naveen Garg in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|3|12}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Approximation algorithms]] <br> [[Computational Complexity]] <br> [[Optimization]] <br> [[Algorithmic game theory]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] (IIT, Delhi)
| alma_mater = [[IIT, Delhi]] (BTech, PhD)<br>[[Max Planck Institute for Informatics]], [[Saarbrücken]] (PostDoc, Research Scientist)
| doctoral_advisor = [[Vijay Vazirani]]
| doctoral_students =
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] <small>(2016)</small><br> {{ill|Wilhelm Bessel Research Award|de|Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel-Forschungspreis}} <small>(2001)</small>
| website = {{URL|http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~naveen/}}
| religion =
}}

'''Naveen Garg''' (born 12 March 1971) is a Professor of Computer Science in [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], specializing in [[algorithm]]s and [[complexity]] in [[theoretical computer science]]. He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], India's highest prize for excellence in science, mathematics and technology, in the mathematical sciences category in the year 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief Profile of the Awardee|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=523|website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> Naveen Garg's contributions are primarily in the design and analysis of approximation algorithms for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems arising in network design, scheduling, routing, facility location etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Distinguished ACM Speaker: Naveen Garg|url=http://dsp.acm.org/view_lecturer.cfm?lecturer_id=5363|website=Association for Computing Machinery|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Naveen Garg received his B.Tech. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, in 1991, and a Ph.D. from the same institute in 1994 under the supervision of Prof. [[Vijay Vazirani]] with a dissertation on "Multicommodity Flows and Approximation Algorithms". He was a Postdoctoral Fellow in [[Max Planck Institute for Informatics]], [[Saarbrücken]] under the mentorship of [[Kurt Mehlhorn]] during September 1994 to August 1996, and a Research Scientist there during September 1996 to December 1997. He joined Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, as a faculty in January 1998. Currently, he is Janaki and K.A. Iyer Chair Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department and also the Dean, AAIP (Alumni Affairs And International Programs) at IIT Delhi. He is also the co-director of the [http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~naveen/ Indo-German Max-Planck Center for Computer Science] (IMPECS). Presently, he is the Head of the CSE Department at IIT Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/index.php/2011-12-29-23-14-30/faculty |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.cse.iitd.ernet.in}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Naveen Garg has secured the {{ill|Wilhelm Bessel Research Award|de|Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel-Forschungspreis}} instituted by [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] in Germany in 2001. The award is given to scientists and scholars from abroad, internationally renowned in their field, who are expected to produce cutting-edge achievements having a seminal influence on their discipline beyond their immediate field of work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/bessel-award.html|publisher=Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> He was awarded the Career Award for Young Teachers instituted by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] in 2004. The award recognizes young talented teachers who have established competence in their area of specialization. The [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] recognized his talent by presenting him with Young Engineer Award in 2005 and [[Indian National Science Academy]] awarded him the Young Scientist Medal in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bio-data: Naveen Garg|url=http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~naveen/CV/bio.pdf|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> Also, he has been elected as a fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore]] and [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in the year 2014 and 2020 respectively in recognition of his contribution to engineering and technology. In 2017, he became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Naveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Theoretical computer scientists]]

Telangana Rashtra Party

2026-03-05T10:05:55Z

Pnbh11: correct information also

#REDIRECT [[Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Front]]

{{rcatshell|
{{R from member}}
}}

Muktananda

2026-02-27T10:21:49Z

Pnbh11: typo fix

{{Short description|Yoga guru (1908–1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Muktananda
| honorific-prefix = Swami
| image =
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]], [[Kashmir Shaivism]]
| birth_name = Krishna Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|5|16}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|10|2|1908|5|16}}
| death_place = Ganeshpuri, [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place = Muktananda's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|samādhi shrine]]'', [[Gurudev Siddha Peeth]]
| period = 1956-1982
| works = ''Play of Consciousness''
| initiation = ''[[Shaktipat]]''
| initiation_date = 15 August 1947
| initiation_place = Ganeshpuri, Mahrashtra, India
| initiator = Bhagavan Nityananda
| post = Founder and [[modern yoga gurus|guru]] of [[Siddha Yoga]]
| website = {{url|https://siddhayoga.org/}}
}}

'''Muktananda''' (16 May 1908 – 2 October 1982), born '''Krishna Rai''', was a [[yoga guru]] and the founder of [[Siddha Yoga]].<ref name="Safransky 1976">{{cite web |last=Safransky |first=Sy |title=An Interview With Swami Muktananda |url=https://www.thesunmagazine.org/issues/19/an-interview-with-swami-muktananda |publisher=[[The Sun Magazine]] |access-date=16 August 2021 |date=July 1976 |quote=Muktananda was said to be a living saint, a perfectly realized human being, a sadguru — the highest of gurus.}}</ref> He was a [[Guru–shishya tradition|disciple]] of [[Bhagawan Nityananda|Bhagavan Nityananda]].<ref>S.P. Sabharathnam Douglas Brooks. ''Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage''. Agama Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-9654096-0-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=296}} He wrote books on the subjects of Kundalini Shakti, [[Vedanta]], and [[Kashmir Shaivism]], including a spiritual autobiography entitled ''The Play of Consciousness''. In [[honorific]] style, he is often referred to as ''[[Swami]] Muktananda'', or ''Baba Muktananda'', or in a familiar way just ''Baba''.

== Biography ==

Swami Muktananda was born in 1908 near [[Mangalore]] in [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]], to a wealthy family.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science|url={{Google books|UMkzkPqyPYoC|page=283|plainurl=yes}}|pages=283}}</ref> His birth name was Krishna Rai.<ref name=HT>{{cite journal|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/october-1992/1992-10-baba-muktananda-meditation-revolution-continues-ten-years-after-his-passing/|title=Baba Muktananda's Meditation Revolution Continues Ten Years After His Passing|journal=Hinduism Today|date=October 1992|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

At 15, he encountered Bhagawan Nityananda, a wandering [[Avadhuta]] who profoundly changed his life.<ref name=HT/> After this encounter, Krishna left home and began his search for the experience of God.<ref>Douglas Brooks, Swami Durgananda, Paul E. Muller-Ortega, Constantina Rhodes Bailly, S.P. Sabharathnam. ''Meditation Revolution: a History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga lineage''. (Agama Press) 1997, p.32</ref> He studied under Siddharudha Swami in [[Hubli]], where he learned [[Sanskrit]], [[Vedanta]], and all branches of [[yoga]]. He received [[sannyasa]] initiation in the [[Dashanami Sampradaya#Ten Names|Sarasvati order]] of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]],<ref>John Paul Healy (2010), ''Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p.9</ref> taking the name of Swami Muktananda. After Siddharudha's death, Muktananda left to study with a disciple of Siddharudha called Muppinarya Swami at his Sri Airani Holematt in Ranebennur Haveri District. Then Swami Muktananda began wandering India on foot, studying with many different saints and gurus.

In 1947, Muktananda went to Ganeshpuri to receive the [[Darśana|darshan]] of Bhagavan Nityananda, who had originally inspired Muktananda's search for God. He received ''[[shaktipat]]'' [[initiation]] from him on August 15 of that year. Muktananda often said that his spiritual journey did not truly begin until he received [[shaktipat]] from Nityananda. He described it as a profound and sublime experience.<ref name=POC>{{cite book|last=Muktananda|first=Swami|title=Play of Consciousness|year=1978|publisher=Siddha Yoga Publications|isbn=978-0-911307-81-8}}</ref> For the next nine years, Muktananda lived and [[meditation|meditated]] in a small hut in [[Yeola]]. He wrote about his [[sadhana]] and [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]]-related meditation experiences in his autobiography.

In 1956, Bhagawan Nityananda acknowledged the culmination of Muktananda's spiritual journey. He appointed Muktananda as the leader of an ashram in Ganeshpuri, near [[Bombay]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=296}} The same year he started teaching his [[Siddha Yoga]] path. Between 1970 and 1981, Muktananda went on three world tours. During these tours, he established Siddha Yoga ashrams and meditation centers in many countries. In 1975, he founded the [[Oakland Ashram|Siddha Yoga Ashram in Oakland]] in the [[San Francisco Bay area]]. In 1979, he established Shree Nityananda Ashram (now [[Shree Muktananda Ashram]]) in the [[Catskills]], northwest of [[New York City]].<ref>Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage; Agama Press; {{ISBN|0965409600}}.</ref> Muktananda established [[Gurudev Siddha Peeth]] as a public trust in India to administer his work there. He founded the SYDA Foundation in the United States to administer the global work of Siddha Yoga meditation.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1995/4/1995-4-05.shtml|title=Muktananda's Legacy|journal=Hinduism Today|date=April 1995|access-date=1 June 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522190357/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1995/4/1995-4-05.shtml  |archive-date = 22 May 2006}}</ref> He wrote many books, sixteen of which are still in print with the SYDA Foundation.

In May 1982, Muktananda appointed two successors, [[Gurumayi_Chidvilasananda|Swami Chidvilasananda]] and her younger brother, Swami Nityananda, as joint leaders of Siddha Yoga. Nityananda later resigned and formed his own group.

Muktananda died in October 1982 in Gurudev Siddha Peeth in Ganeshpuri, India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yearning to Belong: Discovering a New Religious Movement|url={{Google books|hQGOCwAAQBAJ|page=PT22|plainurl=yes}}|pages=22}}</ref> He is buried in his [[Samādhi#Samadhi as mausoleum|samādhi]] shrine there.

== Teaching and practice ==

His central teachings were to "See God in each other",<ref name="Essential Teachings">{{Cite web|url=http://www.siddhayoga.org/teachings/essential|title=Essential Teachings|access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref> and "Honor your Self. Worship your Self. Meditate on your Self. God dwells within you as you."<ref name="Essential Teachings" /> Muktananda often gave a shorter version of this teaching: "God dwells within you as you."<ref>Reverend Eugene S. Callender, Nobody is a Nobody, (Amazon) 2010, p.290</ref>

According to Lola Williamson, Muktananda was known as a "[[shaktipat]] guru because [[kundalini]] awakening occurred so readily in his presence".<ref>Homegrown Gurus, edited by Ann Gleig and Lola Williamson, chapter 4, Swamis, Scholars and Gurus by Lola Williamson, page 87</ref> Through ''Shaktipat Intensives'' participants were said to receive shaktipat initiation, the awakening of Kundalini Shakti that is said to reside within a person, and to deepen their practice of Siddha Yoga meditation.<ref>Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage; Agama Press; pp 135-152. {{ISBN|0965409600}}.</ref> Historically, Shaktipat initiation had been reserved for the few who had done many years of spiritual service and practices; Muktananda offered this initiation to newcomers and yogis alike.<ref>Brooks, Douglas; Durgananda, Swami; Muller-Ortega, Paul; Mahony, William; Rhodes-Bailly, Constantina; Sabharathnam, S.P. (1997). ''Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage''; Agama Press; p 93. {{ISBN|0965409600}}.</ref> There are several published accounts that describe the reception of ''shaktipat'' from Muktananda. [[Paul Zweig]] wrote one such account of receiving ''shaktipat'' from Muktananda.<ref>Paul Zweig, in John White (editor), ''Kundalini, Evolution, and Enlightenment'' ({{ISBN|1-55778-303-9}})</ref> In ''[[Gurus of Modern Yoga]]'', [[Andrea Jain]], in her chapter on Muktananda, quotes an anonymous source, who describes his moment of shaktipat, when he was 19 years old, conferred by Muktananda with a wand of peacock feathers in 1975:
{{quote|I almost jumped when the peacock feathers, firmly but with a soft weightiness, hit me repeatedly on my head, and then gently brushed my face as [Muktananda] [...] powerfully pressed one of his fingers into my forehead at a spot located just between my eyebrows [...] I'm honestly somewhat reluctant to write about what happened next because I know that whatever I say will inevitably diminish it, will make it sound as if it were just another "powerful experience." This was not an experience. This was THE event of my spiritual life. This was full awakening. This wasn't "knowing" anything, because you only know something that is separate from you. This was being: the Ultimate - a fountain of Light, a dancing, ever-new source. Utter freedom, utter joy [...] Completely fulfilled, completely whole, no limits to my power and love and light."<ref>[[Andrea R. Jain]], "Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric Hero", Chapter 9 of ''[[Gurus of Modern Yoga]]'', edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldberg, Oxford University Press, 2014</ref>}}

== Alleged sexual assaults ==

Sarah Caldwell, in an essay in the [[academic journal]] ''Nova Religio'' (2001), argued that Muktananda was both an enlightened spiritual teacher and a practitioner of Shakta Tantrism, but also "engaged in actions that were not ethical, legal or liberatory with many disciples."{{sfn|Caldwell|2001}} According to Lola Williamson, "Muktananda stressed the value of celibacy for making progress on the spiritual path, but he almost certainly violated his own rules."{{sfn|Williamson|2010|p=114}} Author Andrea Jain asserts "Muktananda engaged in secret sexual rituals with several of his young female disciples—some of whom were teenagers—that were meant to transmit ''sakti'' to the tantric hero."{{sfn|Caldwell|2001}}{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=204}}

In 1981, Stan Trout, a swami for Siddha Yoga, wrote an open letter in which he referred to a number of stories of Muktananda engaging in sexual activities with young women, and threats and harassment in order to force people to "stop talking about your escapades with young girls in your bedroom."{{sfn|Williamson|2010|p=114}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Riddhi |date=2010-08-14 |title=The "Eat, Pray, Love" guru's troubling past |url=https://www.salon.com/2010/08/14/eat_pray_love_guru_sex_scandals/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref> In 1983 [[William Rodarmor]] printed several allegations in ''[[CoEvolution Quarterly]]'' from anonymous female devotees that Muktananda regularly had sex with them and raped them.{{sfn|Rodarmor|1983}}{{sfn|Williamson|2010|p=114}}{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=247}} In the article, based on twenty five interviews,{{sfn|Harris|1994}} former devotees charged that Muktananda had molested under-age girls, and engaged in sexual interactions with young devotees,{{sfn|Rodarmor|1983}} which "drew naive young women into esoteric Tantric rituals."{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=244}} [[Lis Harris]] repeated and extended Rodarmor's allegations in an article in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' (1994).{{sfn|Harris|1994}}{{sfn|Urban|2012|p=247}}

== Bibliography ==

* ''Light on the Path'' (1972), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-914602-54-3}}
* ''Mukteshwari: The Way of Muktananda'' (1972), SYDA Foundation
* ''Getting Rid of What You Haven't Got'' (1974), Wordpress {{ISBN|0-915104-00-8}}
* ''Ashram Dharma'' (1975), SYDA Foundation, {{ISBN|0-911307-38-9}}
* ''I Love You'' (1975), SYDA Foundation
* ''Selected Essays'' (1976), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-37-0}}
* ''God is With You'' (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications {{ISBN|0-914602-57-8}}
* ''I Am that: The Science of Hamsa from the Vijnana Bhairava'' (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-914602-27-6}}
* ''I Welcome You All With Love'' (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-65-6}}
* ''In the Company of a Siddha: Interviews and Conversations With Swami Muktananda'' (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications {{ISBN|0-911307-53-2}}
* ''The Nectar of Chanting: Sacred Texts and Mantras Sung in the Ashrams of Swami Muktananda'' (1978), SYDA Foundation, {{ISBN|0-914602-16-0}}
* ''Play of Consciousness: A Spiritual Autobiography'' (1978), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-81-8}}
* ''Satsang with Baba : questions and answers between Swami Muktananda and his devotees'' (1978), Volumes 1 – 5, SYDA, {{ISBN|0-914602-40-3}}
* ''Kundalini: The Secret of Life'' (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-34-6}}
* ''To Know the Knower'' (1979), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-914602-91-8}}
* ''Meditate'' (1980), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-87395-471-8}}
* ''Kundalini Stavah'' (1980), SYDA Foundation, {{ISBN|0-914602-55-1}}
* ''The Perfect Relationship: The Guru and the Disciple'' (1980), SYDA Foundation, {{ISBN|0-914602-53-5}}
* ''Reflections of the Self'' (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-914602-50-0}}
* ''Secret of the Siddhas'' (1980), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-31-1}}
* ''A Book for the Mind'' (1981), SYDA Foundation
* ''Does Death Really Exist?'' (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-36-2}}
* ''Lalleshwari'' (1981), SYDA Foundation, {{ISBN|0-914602-66-7}}
* ''Where Are You Going?: A Guide to the Spiritual Journey'' (1981), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-60-5}}
* ''I Have Become Alive: Secrets of the Inner Journey'' (1985), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-26-5}}
* ''From the Finite to the Infinite'' (1990), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-31-1}}
* ''Mystery of the Mind'' (1992), SYDA Foundation
* ''The Self is Already Attained'' (1993), Siddha Yoga Meditation Publications, {{ISBN|0-914602-77-2}}
* ''Bhagawan Nityananda'' (1996), Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-45-1}}
* ''Nothing Exists that Is Not Shiva: Commentaries on the Shiva Sutra, Vijnana Bhairava, Guru Gita, and Other Sacred Texts'' (1997) Siddha Yoga Publications, {{ISBN|0-911307-56-7}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation |last=Caldwell |first=Sarah |year=2001 |title=The Heart of the Secret: A Personal and Scholarly Encounter with Shakta Tantrism in Siddha Yoga |journal=Nova Religio |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=9–51 |doi=10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.9 |s2cid=143965805}}

* {{cite magazine |last=Harris |first=Lis |title=O Guru, Guru, Guru |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=14 November 1994 |pages=92–93 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1994/11/14/o-guru-guru-guru |access-date=30 May 2021}}

* {{Citation |last=Jain |first=Andrea R. |author-link=Andrea Jain |year=2014 |chapter=Muktananda: Entrepreneurial Godman, Tantric hero |editor-last1=Singleton |editor-first1=Mark |editor-last2=Goldberg |editor-first2=Ellen |title=Gurus of Modern Yoga |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Jain |first=Andrea R. |author-link=Andrea Jain |year=2015 |title=[[Selling Yoga|Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture]] |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Rodarmor |first=William |author-link=William Rodarmor |year=1983 |title=The Secret Life of Swami Muktananda |journal=CoEvolution Quarterly |url=}}

* {{Citation |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |year=2012 |title=The Cult of Ecstasy: Meldings of East and West in a New Age of Tantra, in the book Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion |pages=203–263 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.12 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.12}}

* {{Citation |last=Williamson |first=Lola |year=2010 |title=Transcendent in America: Hindu-Inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion |publisher=New York University Press}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.siddhayoga.org/|Official SYDA website}}
* {{wikiquote inline}}
* {{IMDb name|1886728}}

{{Siddha Yoga}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muktananda}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Shaivite religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]

List of Bhojpuri films

2026-02-15T14:53:02Z

Pnbh11: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a list of films produced by the [[Bhojpuri film industry]] from the earliest films of the 1960s to the present. Films are listed by year of release for the 1960s and 1970s. For the 1980s and 1990s, films are listed in alphabetical order. For the 2000s films are listed in no particular order. Subsequently, from the 2010s films are again listed by year. Also listed are the highest-grossing films and the record maker films.

==Highest-grossing films==
Below are the highest-grossing Bhojpuri films of all time:<ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी सिनेमा की सबसे ज्यादा कमाई करने वाली फिल्में |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-highest-box-office-collection/articleshow/66311325.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819095630/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-highest-box-office-collection/articleshow/66311325.cms |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Rank !! Film !! Production company!! Worldwide gross !! Note
|
|-
! 1
|''[[Sasura Bada Paisawala]]'' (2003)
|Balaji Cinevision
|{{INRConvert|35|c}}
|
|-
! 2
|''[[Pratigya (2008 film)|Pratigya]]'' (2008)
|Venus Films
|{{INRConvert|35|c}}
|
|-
! 3
|''[[Ganga (2006 film)|Ganga]]'' (2006)
|N/A
|{{INRConvert|21|c}}
|
|-
! 4
|''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]'' (2018)
|Nirahua Entertainment
|{{INRConvert|19|c}}
|80 Lakh Original budget
|-
! 5
|''Nirahua Rickshawala'' (2008)
| Nirahua Entertainment pvt. Ltd. & Rahul khan production presents
|''{{INRConvert|7.5|c}}''
| Original budget: ₹57 lakh, Original box office: ₹3.12 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=महज 57 लाख में बनी इस भोजपुरी फिल्म ने 7 करोड़ कमाकर बॉक्स ऑफिस पर मचा दिया था कोहराम, नहीं बता पाएंगे मूवी का नाम |url=https://ndtv.in/bhojpuri-cinema/nirahua-rickshawala-box-office-collection-of-nirahua-superhit-bhojpuri-movie-5049527 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==Record maker movie ==

{|Class="wikitable"
!Rank!! Film!! Record!! Description

|-
!1
|[[Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar]]
|First [[National Film Awards|national film award]] winning film
|Family drama harking back to traditional values and modern-day sensibilities.

|-
!2
|[[Deswa]]
|Deswa is the first Bhojpuri film in 50 years to get selected at Indian [[Panorama]] section of [[International Film Festival of India]]
|The film deals with contemporary issues affecting youths.

|-
!3
|[[Udedh Bun]]
| Udedh Bun won the [[Silver Bear for Best Short Film]] at the 2008 [[Berlin International Film Festival]], first ever such award in the history of [[Bhojpuri cinema]].<br/> Later it won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Short fiction Film.
|Creatively portraying a young boy's dilemma as he comes face to face with the temptations of life. The film evocatively explores the erotic under‐currents in this coming of age tale.
|-
!4
|[[Kariyathi]]
|Screening at [[Chennai International Film Festival]], 2025
|Based on discrimination based on skin color in the indian society.
|-
!5
|[[Chhath (Film)|Chhath]]
|Selected to be premiered at Indian [[Panorama]] section of [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFFI 2025: National Awardee Nitin Chandra's Bhojpuri film 'Chhath' to screen in Indian Panorama section|url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=213313|website=Babushahi.com|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref>
|The film portrays Bhojpuri culture specially the Chhath festival.
|}

==1960s==
*''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' (1962)
*''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]'' (1963)
*''[[Laagi Naahi Chhute Rama]]'' (1963)
*''Balma Bada Nadaan'' (1964)
*''Naihar Chhutal Jaye'' (1964)
*''Kab Hoihain Gawanwa Hamaar'' (1964)
*''Naag Panchami'' (1964)
*''Jekra Charanwa Mein Lagle Paranwa'' (1964)
*''Sita Maiya'' (1964)
*''Jogin'' (1964)
*''[[Ayeel Basant Bahar]]'' (1965)
*''[[Bhouji]]'' (1965)
*''[[Ganga (1965 film)|Ganga]]'' (1965)
*''Hamaar Sansar'' (1965)
*''[[Saiyan Se Bhaile Milanwa]]'' (1965)
*''[[Saiyan Se Neha Lagaibe]]'' (1965)
*''Solaho Singhaar Kare Dulhiniya'' (1965)
*''[[Loha Singh]]'' (1966)
*''Mitwa'' (1966)
*''[[Vidhana Naach Nachawe]]'' (1968)

==1970s==

* ''Dher Chaalaki Jin Kara'' (1971)
* ''[[Dangal (1977 film)|Dangal]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Balam Pardesia]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Mai Ka Lal (film)|Mai Ka Lal]]'' (1979)

== 1980s ==
*''Aanchara Ke Laaj''
*[[Aangan Ke Laxmi]] (1986)
*''Babua Hamar''
*''Bahina Tohare Khatir''
*''Bahuria''
*''Bairi Kangana'' (1983)
*''Bairi Sawaan'' (1984)
*''Baje Shahanai Hamar Angna''
*''Balma Mora Banka'' (1988)
*''Balma Nadan''
*''Bansuriya Baje Ganga Teer'' (1984)
*''Batohiya''
*''Bhaiya''
*[[Bhaiya Dooj]] (1984)
*''Bihari Babu'' (1985)
*''Biraha Ki Raat''
*''Bitiya Bhayeel Sayaan'' (1982)
*''Bitiya Chalal Sasural''
*''Champa Chameli'' (1987)
*''[[Chanwa Ke Take Chakor]]'' (1981)
*''[[Chukti Bhar Senur]]'' (1983)
*''Dagabaaz Balama'' (1988)
*''Dharati Ki Aawaz'' (1986)
*''Dharti Maiya'' (1981)
*''Dulha Ganga Paar Ke'' (1986)
*''Dulhin''
*''Gaajab Bhaile Rama''
*''Ganga Aabad Rakhih Sajanwa Ke''
*''Ganga Aur Gauri''
*''Ganga Ghat'' (1981)
*''Ganga Hamar Mai''
*''Ganga Jaisan Bhauji Hamar (1986)''
*''Ganga Jwala'' (1987)
*''Ganga Ke Teere Teere''
*''Ganga Ki Beti'' (1986)
*''Ganga Kinare Mora Gaon'' (1983)
*''Ganga Maiya Bhar da Aacharawa Hamar''
*''Ganga Maiya Kar Da MilanawA Hamar''
*''Ganga Maiya Tohar Kiriya'' (1985)
*''Ganga Sarayu''
*''[[Garakh Nath Baba Tohe Khichari Charaibo]]''
*''Ghar Grihasthi'' (1986)
*''Ghayal Piyawa''
*''Godana''
*''[[Hamar Bhauji]]'' (1983)
*''Hamar Dulha (1989)''
*''Hausala''
*''Jaagal Bhag Hamaar'' (1980)
*''Jaha Bahe Ganga Dhar''
*''Jai Bhawani''
*''Jai Ma Vindhyawasini''
*''Krishna Kanhaiya''
*''Lagal Chunari Me Daag'' (1988)
*''[[Mai (1989 film)|Mai]]'' (1989)
*''Mai Ka Aanchara''
*''Maibha Mahatari''
*''Naihar Ke Chunari''
*''Nautankee''
*''Paan Khaye Saiyan Hamaar'' (1984)
*''Paijaniya''
*''Paijaniya'' (1986)
*''Parbatiya Banal Panditaina''
*''Patna Ke Babu''
*''Patoh Bitiya'' (1989)
*''Phoolwa Se Bharad Aacharawa Hamar''
*''Phoolwari''
* ''[[Piya Ke Gaon]]'' (1985)
*''Piya Ke Pyari''
*''Piya Nirmohiya''
*''Piya Rakhih Senurawa Ke Laj''
*''Piya Tootena Piritiya Hamaar'' (1989)
*''Pritam More Ganga Teere''
*''Pyari Dulhania''
*''Ram Jaisan Bhaiya Hamar''
*''[[Roos Gailen Saiyen Hamaar]]'' (1988)
*''Sach Bhaile Sapanwa Hamar''
* ''Saiyan Magan Pahelwani Mein'' (1981)
*''Saiya Bina Ghar Soona''
*''Saiya Se Neh Lagaibe''
*''[[Saiyan Tore Karan]]'' (1981)
*''Sajai Da Maang Hamaar'' (1983)
*''Sajanwa Bairi Bhaile Hamaar'' (1987)
*''Sampurna Tirtha Yatra'' (1983)
*''Senoor''
*''Senurwa Bhail Mohal''
*''Sonwa Ka Pinjara''
*''Sohag Bindiya'' (1986)
*''Thakurayeen'' (1984)
*''Tikuli Ke Laaj''
*''Tulsi Sohen Hamar Angana'' (1986)

== 1990s ==
*''Baba Ke dulari''
*''Babuni''
*''Champa Chameli''
*''Dhania Munia''
*''Ganga Kahe Pukaar Ke'' (1991)
*''Ganga Maiya Bhar da Godiya Hamar''
*''Ganga Mile Gagar Me''
*''Ganga Se Jata Ba Hamar''
*''Ganga Tori Mamta Mahan''
*''Hamaar Sajnaa''
*''Hamaar Betwa'' (1990)
*''He Tulsi Maiya'' (1992)
*''Jug Jug Jiya More Laal''
*''Kaisan Banaula Sansar''
*''Kajaree''
*''Kasam Ganga Jal Ke''
*''Muniaa''
*''Pyara Bhaiya'' (1990)
*''Rangali Chunaria Rang Me Tohar''
*''Saat Phere'' (1996)
*''Nehiya Lagvani Saiyan Se'' (1995)

== 2000s ==
*''Dilhin Bani Mor Bahiniya''
* ''Tohar Pyaar Chahi''
* ''Pujiha Charan Mai Baap Ke''
* ''Sathi Sanghatee''
*''Maai Re Karde Bidaai Hamaar''
*''Saiyaan Hamaar''
*''Hamra Se Biyah Karba''
*''Maai Baap''
*''Kanyadaan''
*''[[Sasura Bada Paisawala]]''
*''Coolie''
*''Daroga Babu I Love You''
*''Humke Mafi Dei Da''
*''Durga Banli Kali''
*''Rangli Chunariya Tohre Naam Ki''
*''Sohagan Bana De Sajna Hamaar''
*''Ghar Dwaar''
*''Pandit Ji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi''
*''Kab Hoi Milanwa Hamar''
*''Nadiya Ke Teer''
*''Bandhan Toote Na''
*''Hum Hai Bal Bramachari Tu Kanyakunwari''
*''Dulha Milal Dildar''
*''Hum Toh Ho Gayi Tohar''
*''Raja''
*''Balma 420''
*''Bandhan Toote Na''
*''Bhaiya Ke Sasurari Me''
*''Bidesiya''
*''Chhodab Na Sang Tohaar''
*''[[Deswa]]''
*''Devarji''
*''Dharti Kahe Pukaar ke''
*''Firangi Dulhniya''
*''Sabse Bada Mujrim''
*''Dil''
*''Gabbarsingh''
*''[[Gangotri (2007 film)|Gangotri]]''
*''Ghar- Duaar''
*''Halkat Hai Saiyaan Fir Bhi Madhuri Dulhaniya''
*''Hamri Kokh''
*''Hum Bal Brahamachari Tu Kanyakunwari''
*''[[Janam Janam Ke Saath]]''
*''Kahiya Doli Leke Aiba''
*''Kanoon Hamra Mutthi Main''
*''Lagal Raha E Rajaji''
*''Lahariya Luta E Rajaji''
*''Maati'' (2007)
*''Nirahua Rickshawwala''
* '' Khiladi No. 1 '' (2008)
*''Nirahuaa NO. 1''
*''Pappu Ke Pyaar ho Gayeel''
*''Parivaar''
*''[[Pratigya (2008 film)|Pratigya]]''
*''Pyaar Ke Bandhan''
*''Rang De Basanti Chola'' (2008)
*''[[Saat Saheliyan]]''
*''Sasura Bada Paisawala''
*''Saugandh Ganga Maiya Ke''
*''Tu Hi Mor Baalma''
*''Saajan Chale Sasural''
*''URAL''
*''Tohse Pyar ba''

==2010s==

=== 2010 ===
*''[[Devra Bada Satawela]]''

=== 2011 ===
*''[[Deswa]]''
*''[[Elaan (2011 film)|Elaan]]''

=== 2012 ===
*''Sajan Chale Sasuraal''

=== 2013 ===
*''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Rajkumar]]''
*''[[Vaastav: The Reality|Tohara Ke Thok Deb]]''

=== 2014 ===
*''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]''
*''Adalat''
*''Aurat Khilona Nahi''
*''Baazigar''
*''Bedardi Balma''
*''Bitiya Sada Suhaghan Rah''
*''Charnon Ki Saugandh''
*''Chhapra Ke Prem Kahani''
*''Dariya Dil''
*''Deewangi Had Se''
*''Dil Lagal Dupatta Wali Se''
*''Ek Laila Teen Chhaila''
*''Nirahua Ek Sarfira''
*''Ham Ke Daru Naahi Mehraru Chaahi''
*''Hathkadi''
*''Hunterwali''
*''Insaf Ke Devi''
*''Inspector Chandani''
*''Jab Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya''
*''Jaaneman''
*''Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar''
*''Jaan Lebu Ka Ho''
*''Kachche Dhaage''
*''Kare La Kamaal Dharti Ke Lal''
*''Katta Tanal Dupatta Par''
*''Khoon Bhari Hamar Maang''
*''Laadla''
*''Maine Dil Tujhko Diya''
*''[[Nagina (2014 film)|Nagina]]''
*''Pratigya 2''
*''Pyaar Hoke Rahi''
*''Pyar Mohabbat Zindabad''
*''Raja Ji I Love You''
*''Saiyya Ji Dilwa Mangelein''
*''Sajna Mangiya Sajai Da Hamar''
*''Shola Shabanam''
*''Tere Naam''
*''Thok Deb''
*''Villain Ek Prem Kahani''
*''Yoddha''

=== 2015 ===
*''Baaj Gail Danka''
*''Bagawat''
*''[[Patna Se Pakistan]]''
*''Bin Bajawa Sapera''
*''Daroga Chale Sasuraal''
*''Dil Aur Deewar''
*''[[Dulaara (2015 film)|Dulara]]''
*''Hero No.1''
*''Jaan Tere Liye''
*''Lagi Naahi Chhute Rama''
*''Lagi Tohse Lagan''
*''Maai Ke Karz''
*''Pandit Ji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi 2''
*''Prashashan''
*''Rakht Boomi''
*''Saajan Ki Bahon Mein''
*''Saiyan Jigarbaaz''
*''Teri Meri Aashiqui''
*''Tohse Lagal Piritiya Hamaar''

=== 2016 ===
*''Babua''
*''Baghi Bhaile Sajna Hamaar''
* ''Ballia Ke Dabangai''
*''[[Dulhan Chahi Pakistan Se]]''
*''Tridev''
*''Truck Driver 2''
*''Mokama 0 km''
*''Aashik Aawara''
*''[[Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi]]''
*''Nirahua Chalal Sasural 2''
*''Aakhiri Rasta''
*''Ram Lakhan''

=== 2017 ===
*''Beta Hokhe Ta Aisan''
*''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]]''
*''[[Mai Sehra Bandh Ke Aaunga]]''
*''Yodhaa Arjun Pandit''
*''Aatankwadi''
*''Sarkar Raj''
*''Jila Champaran''
*''Nirahu Satal Rahe''
*''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]''
*''Hum Hai Hindustani''
*''Tere Jaisa Yaar Kahan''
*''Jigar''
*''Sipahi''
*''[[Tabadala]]''
*''[[Muqaddar (2017 film)|Muqaddar]]''
*''Challenge''
*''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''
*''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki''
*''[[Dhadkan (2017 film)|Dhadkan]]''
*''Kashi Amarnath''
*''Arjun'' with Mayur Kumar & Shreya Mishra

=== 2018 ===
{{Main|List of Bhojpuri films of 2018}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film
! Cast
|-
|''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 2]]''
|[[Pradeep Pandey|Pradeep Pandey "Chintu"]], Yash Kumar, Richa Dixit
|-
|''Karam Yug''
|Ritesh Pandey, Priyanka Pandit
|-
|''Wanted''
|[[Pawan Singh]], Akshara Singh
|-
|''Awara Balam''
|Arvind Akela "Kallu", Priyanka Pandit
|-
|''[[Dulhan Ganga Paar Ke]]''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
|''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]''
|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Amrapali Dubey]], [[Shubhi Sharma]]
|-
|''[[Sangharsh (2018 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
|''Raja Jani''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|-
|''Bairi Kangana 2''
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Kajal Raghwani]], [[Shubhi Sharma]]
|-
|''Goonghat Me Ghotala''
|Pravesh Lal Yadav, Mani Bhattacharya, Richa Dixit
|-
|''[[Maa Tujhe Salaam (Bhojpuri film)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]]''
|[[Pawan Singh]], [[Madhu Sharma]], Akshara Singh
|-
|''Mai Re Mai Hamka Uhe Laiki Chahi''
|[[Pradeep Pandey|Pradeep Pandey "Chintu"]], Priti Dhyani
|-
|''Chana Jor Garam''
|Pramod Premi Yadav, Aditya Ozha, Neha Shree
|-
|''[[Sanki Daroga]]''
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Anjana Singh]]
|-
|''[[Nagraj (film)|Nagraj]]''
|Yash Kumar, [[Anjana Singh]]
|-
|''Gangster Dulhaniya''
|Gaurav Jha, [[Nidhi Jha]]
|-
|''Munna Mawali''
|Pramod Premi Yadav, [[Poonam Dubey]]
|-
| ''[[Balam Ji Love You]]''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
|''[[Loha Pahalwan]]''
|[[Pawan Singh]]
|-
|''[[Dulhan Chahi Pakistan Se 2]]''
|[[Pradeep Pandey]], [[Rahul Dev]]
|-
|''[[Dabang Sarkar]]''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " |''[[Sakhi Ke Biyah]]''
|Sunil Sagar, [[Rani Chatterjee]]
|}

=== 2019 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film
! Cast
|-
|''[[Kasam Durga Ki]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Rani Chatterjee]]
*Manoj R. Pandey
*[[Gurleen Chopra]]
}}
|-
|''Lagal Raha Batasha''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Manoj Tiger]]
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
}}
|-
|''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
}}
|-
|''Mandir Wahi Banayenge''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pradeep Pandey]]
*[[Nidhi Jha]]
}}
|-
|''[[Sher E Hindustan]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
*[[Neeta Dhungana]]
}}
|-
|''[[Crack Fighter]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*[[Nidhi Jha]]
}}
|-
|''Special Encounter''
|{{flatlist|
*Rakesh Mishra
*Ritu Singh
*[[Seema Singh]]
}}
|-
|''Dahej Daanav''
|{{flatlist|
*Akhilesh Kumar
*Kalpana Shah
}}
|-
|''Saiyaan Ji Dagabaaz''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
*[[Anjana Singh]]
}}
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (2019 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
*[[Kajal Raghwani]]
}}
|-
|''[[Raja (2018 film)|Raja]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*Priti Biswas
}}
|-
|''[[Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*[[Kajal Raghwani]]
}}
|-
|''Jai Veeru''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
}}
|-
|''[[Kashi Vishwanath (film)|Kashi Vishwanath]]''
|{{flatlist|
*Ritesh Pandey
*[[Kajal Raghwani]]
}}
|-
|''Rani Weds Raja''
|{{flatlist|
*Ritesh Pandey
*[[Rani Chatterjee]]
}}
|-
|''[[Patthar Ke Sanam (Bhojpuri film)|Patthar Ke Sanam]]''
|{{flatlist|
*Arvind Akela "Kallu"
*Yamini Singh
*[[Awdhesh Mishra]]
}}
|-
|''[[Raajtilak]]''
|{{flatlist|
*Arvind Akela "Kallu"
*[[Sonalika Prasad]]
*[[Awdhesh Mishra]]
}}
|-
|''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*[[Madhu Sharma]]
*[[Mir Sarwar]]
}}
|-
|''[[Nayak (2019 film)|Naayak]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pradeep Pandey]]
*Pawani
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]]
}}
|-
|''Gunda''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Anjana Singh]]
*Vinod Yadav
*Sikandar Khan
*Gunjan Pant
}}
|-
|''[[Lallu Ki Laila]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
*[[Yamini Singh (Bhojpuri actress)|Yamini Singh]]
*Kanak Pandey
}}
|-
|''[[Baaghi- Ek Yoddha]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
*[[Kajal Raghwani]]
*Ritu Singh
}}
|-
|''[[Sher Singh (2019 film)|Sher Singh]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pawan Singh]]
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
}}
|-
|''[[Meri Jung Mera Faisla]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
*Moon Moon Ghosh
*[[Awdhesh Mishra]]
}}
|-
|''[[Vivah (2019 film)|Vivah]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Pradeep Pandey]]
*Sanchita Benarjee
}}
|-
|''[[Sabse Bada Champion]]''
|{{flatlist|
*[[Ravi Kishan]]
*[[Rakhi Sawant]]
*Raju Singh Mahi
}}
|}

== 2020s ==
*[[List of Bhojpuri films of 2020]]
*[[List of Bhojpuri films of 2021]]
*[[List of Bhojpuri films of 2022]]
*[[List of Bhojpuri films of 2023]]

==Other notable films==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Cast
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]''
|[[Nazir Hussain]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1963
| ''[[Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram]]''
|[[Nazir Hussain]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]
|-
| ''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]''
|[[Sujit Kumar]]
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Bhouji]]''
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Loha Singh]]''
|
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Dher Chalaki Jinkara]]''
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Balam Pardesia]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1981
| ''[[Chanwa Ke Take Chakor]]''
|
|-
| ''Saiyan Magan Pahelwani Mein''
|
|-
| ''[[Saiyan Tore Karan]]''
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Nadiya Ke Paar (1982 film)|Nadiya Ke Paar]]''
|[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Sadhana Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|1983
| ''[[Hamar Bhauji]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Chukti Bhar Senur]]''
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Roos Gailen Saiyen Hamaar]]''
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Sasura Bada Paisawala]]''
| [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[Pratigya (2008 film)|Pratigya]]''
| [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Pawan Singh]]
|-
| ''Khiladi No. 1''
| [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Pakhi Hegde]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Devra Bada Satawela]]''
| [[Pawan Singh]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Pradeep Pandey]] ("Chintu")
|-
|2011
|[[Deswa]]
|Ajay Kumar, [[Aarti Puri]]
|-
|2011
|[[Elaan (2011 film)|Elaan]]
|Joginder Tiwari, [[Rahul Roy]], [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Gajendra Chauhan]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rakhwala (2013 film)|Rakhwala]]''
| [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Devra Bhail Deewana]]''
| [[Pradeep Pandey]] ("Chintu"), [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Pakhi Hegde]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
| ''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]''
| [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Amrapali Dubey]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Dulaara (2015 film)|Dulara]]''
| [[Pradeep Pandey]] ("Chintu") [[Tanushree Chatterjee]]
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dulhan Chahi Pakistan Se]]''
| [[Pradeep Pandey]] ("Chintu"), [[Shubhi Sharma]] [[Tanushree Chatterjee]]
|-
| rowspan="8"|2017
| ''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna]]''
| [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
|''[[Dhadkan (2017 film)|Dhadkan]]''
|[[Pawan Singh]], Akshara Singh
|-
|''[[Tabadala]]''
|[[Pawan Singh]], [[Mohan Joshi]]
|-
|''Sarkar Raj''
|[[Pawan Singh]], [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]
|-
| ''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]''
|[[Pawan Singh]], [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]
|-
| ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''
| [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Amrapali Dubey]]
|-
| ''[[Mai Sehra Bandh Ke Aaunga]]''
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|-
| ''[[Muqaddar (2017 film)|Muqaddar]]''
| [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Kajal Raghwani]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"

|}

== See also ==
* [[Bhojpuri cinema]]
* [[List of Bhojpuri actors]]
* [[List of Bhojpuri actresses]]
* [[List of Bhojpuri singers]]

==References==
[https://upnewsp.com/duns-bhojpuri-movie-box-office-collection/ Duns bhojpuri movie Box Office Collection] | Day Wise & Worldwide | budget | hit or flop analysis?

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?language=Bhojpuri&&tv=on&&heading=10;Bhojpuri&&nav=/Sections/Languages/Bhojpuri/include-titles List of Bhojpuri films on IMDb]
* https://m.khaskhabar.com/news/bollywood-news-bhojpuri-film-bairy-suratiya-teaser-released-news-hindi-1-445183-KKN.html

{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{Film lists by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhojpuri films}}
[[Category:Cinema of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language films| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language|Bhojpuri]]

Harshita Gaur

2026-02-14T00:31:07Z

Pnbh11:

{{Short description|Indian actress (b. 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harshita Shekhar Gaur
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| image = Harshita Gaur snapped at the muhurat pooja of the movie Mirzapur (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gaur in 2025
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| known_for = ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''<br>''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
| spouse =
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Harshita Shekhar Gaur''' (born 12 October 1990)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title=I don't think Anurag can harass a woman: Harshita|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-don-t-think-anurag-can-harass-a-woman-harshita/story-t5oSoA7kNbOWtBm7H4v0sO.html|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actress known for her work on the youth-based show ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'', in which she played the lead role of Sanyukta Agarwal and Dimpy Pandit in the 2018 web series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sadda-haq-hottie-harshita-gaur-roped-in-for-vishwak-sens-remake-of-angamaly-diaries/articleshow/64700087.cms|title=Sadda Haq hottie Harshita Gaur roped in for Vishwak Sen's remake of Angamaly Diaries |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23 |last1=Nayak |first1=Elina Priyadarshini }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mirzapur-actress-harshita-gaur-web-series-have-a-great-scope-in-india/19986193|title=Mirzapur actress Harshita Gaur: Web series have a great scope in India|date=2018-11-19|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Harshita Gaur was born in [[New Delhi]] to a family of doctors. She completed her studies in engineering at [[Amity University, Noida]], where she also participated in drama and creative societies. She started her career as a model, and while she was still pursuing her engineering studies, she got an offer from ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'', which marked her television debut. She managed to act while finishing her studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/tv-masala/photo-gallery/hot-photoshoot-of-sadda-haq-fame-actress-harshita-gaur-see-viral-pics/326367|title='साड्डा हक' फेम इस एक्‍ट्रेस ने कराया हॉट Photoshoot, इंटरनेट पर आते ही मच गई सनसनी|website=hindi.timesnownews.com|language=hi|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123510/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/tv-masala/photo-gallery/hot-photoshoot-of-sadda-haq-fame-actress-harshita-gaur-see-viral-pics/326367|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1049525/Mirzapur-cast-Dimpy-Pandit-Harshita-Gaur-Amazon-series-India|title=Mirzapur cast: Who plays Dimpy Pandit? Who is Harshita Gaur?|last=Debnath|first=Neela|date=2018-11-23|website=Express.co.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

Gaur is also a trained [[Kathak]] dancer and has performed in stage shows across India. She has also performed in many commercials, including Dabur Vatika hair oil, Garnier light cream, and Sunsilk. Her latest commercial ad is for Renault Kwid. In 2018, she was hired for the role of 'Dimpy Pandit' in the [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] web series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' and was highly praised for her performance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/harshita-gaur-i-refused-to-get-out-of-my-house-for-days-and-also-stopped-meeting-people/articleshow/65551029.cms|title=Harshita Gaur: I refused to get out of my house for days and also stopped meeting people |website=The Times of India|date=27 August 2018 |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/television-news/sadda-haq-actress-harshita-gaur-reveals-that-she-suffered-depression-after-it-wrapped-up-the-show/articleshow/65561060.cms|title=Harshita Gaur : 'साड्डा हक' की हर्षिता गौर ने बताई डिप्रेशन की दुनिया में पहुंचने की कहानी|date=2018-08-27|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shocking-break-ups-of-tv-actors-here-the-list/ghulam-actor-param-singh-and-girlfriend-harshita-gaur-call-it-quits-after-four-years-of-being-together/photostory/65211111.cms|title=Ghulam actor Param Singh and girlfriend Harshita Gaur call it quits after four years of being together – Shocking break-ups of TV actors, here's the list|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/web-series-have-a-great-scope-in-india-says-mirzapur-actress-harshita-gaur/316788|title=Web series have a great scope in India, says Mirzapur actress Harshita Gaur {{!}} Bollywood News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 November 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> She is seen again in the second and third seasons of [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]].{{fact|date=December 2023}}

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Aman''
| Neha
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Falaknuma Das]]''
| Sakhi
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vishwak Sen says half of the shoot is completed for his upcoming directorial Falaknuma Das|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/vishwak-sen-says-50-of-shoot-is-completed-for-his-upcoming-falaknuma-das/articleshow/65355088.cms|access-date=2018-09-17}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanpuriye]]''
| Bulbul Tiwari
| Hindi
|[[Hotstar Specials]]
|<ref name="bsi">{{Cite web|title=Kanpuriye' to release on Hotstar on Oct 25|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/kanpuriye-to-release-on-hotstar-on-oct-25-119102301398_1.html|access-date=23 October 2019|website=Business Standard India |date=23 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Akasha Veedullo''
|
| Telugu
|Special Appearance
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aakasa Veedhullo Movie Review: A film for the youth|work=The Cinema Express|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/Sep/05/aakasa-veedhullo-movie-reviewa-film-for-the-youth-34441.html|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Nadaniyaan]]''
| Naina
| Episode 6
|
|-
| 2013–2016
| ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
| Sanyukta Aggarwal Shekhawat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/tv-masala/photo-gallery/hot-photoshoot-of-sadda-haq-fame-actress-harshita-gaur-see-viral-pics/326367|title=Sadda Haq fame Harshita Gaur's hottest pics |website=Times Now News|language=hi|access-date=2018-12-07|archive-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123510/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/tv-masala/photo-gallery/hot-photoshoot-of-sadda-haq-fame-actress-harshita-gaur-see-viral-pics/326367|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Contestant
| 2 seasons
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-cricket-league-tv-starts-its-official-cricket-league-2017351|title=Box Cricket League: TV starts its official cricket league!|date=10 September 2014|website=DNA India}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Black Coffee''
| Hemal
|
|
|-
| 2018–present
| ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
| Dimpy Pandit
| 3 seasons
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/web-series-have-a-great-scope-in-india-says-mirzapur-actress-harshita-gaur/3 |title=Web series have a great scope in India, says Mirzapur actress Harshita Gaur}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
| Mary Mascarenas
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/mirzapur-s-dimpy-aka-harshita-gaur-roped-in-for-sacred-games-2-1404294-2018-12-07 |title=Mirzapur's Dimpy aka Harshita Gaur roped in for Sacred Games 2 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=7 December 2018 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bribe''
| Padma Devi
|
|
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Puncch Beat]]''
| Divyanka Tripathi
| 2 seasons
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/harshita-gaur-takes-motivational-abs-lessons-from-co-star-priyank-sharma/articleshow/65911209.cms|title=Harshita Gaur takes motivational abs lessons from Priyank Sharma |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Love, Raddi''
|Sara Malick
|Hindi
|Short film
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Happily Ever After (2020 TV series)|Happily Ever After]]''
| Avni Mehndiratta Bagchi
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Jehanabad - Of Love & War]]''
| Kasturi Mishra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jehanabad Of Love and War Review: A love story brewing amidst rebellion stays authentic and honest in portrayal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jehanabad-of-love-and-war-review-a-love-story-brewing-amidst-rebellion-stays-authentic-and-honest-in-portrayal-2330012-2023-02-03 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=India Today |date=3 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Aukaat Se Zyada''
|Sanjana Verma
|Special appearance
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Agra Affair]]''
|Tanvi Sachdeva
|Season 1
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''Rehne Do Zara''
| [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
|<ref>{{cite AV media |url-status = live |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JeNE-twJQkM |archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeNE-twJQkM |title = Rehne Do Zara {{!}} Madhubanti Bagchi {{!}} Rohit Khandelwal {{!}} Harshita G {{!}} Anurag Saikia {{!}} Kunaal Vermaa |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Yeh Dil''
| [[Rochak Kohli]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hope-it-touches-more-hearts-harshita-gaur-on-mirzapur-3-924520.html|title=Hope it touches more hearts: Harshita Gaur on 'Mirzapur 3'|date=7 December 2020}}</ref>
|}

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaur, Harshita}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

2024 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-11T20:25:27Z

Pnbh11: adding initial post added tags

{{short description|Indian political election in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 1 June 2024
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh
| previous_year = 2019
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh
| seats_for_election = All 4 Himachal Pradesh seats in the Lok Sabha
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Himachal Pradesh
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Himachal Pradesh
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 71.45% ({{decrease}}0.97%)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in March 2023.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=135|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Anurag Thakur]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat1 = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]<br>(won)
| leader_since1 = 2021
| last_election1 = 69.11%, 4 seats
| seats1 = '''4'''
| seat_change1 = {{no change}}
| popular_vote1 = '''22,56,936'''
| percentage1 = '''56.44%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}}12.67%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Vikramaditya_Singh.jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=135|oLeft=20|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]<br>(Lost)
| last_election2 = 27.30%, 0 seat
| leader_since2 = 2022
| seat_change2 = {{no change}}
| seats2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 16,66,322
| percentage2 = 41.67%
| swing2 = {{increase}}14.37%
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Himachal Pradesh Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Himachal Pradesh
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held on 1 June 2024 in [[Himachal Pradesh]] to elect 4 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]], and the results were declared on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha Election in Himachal Pradesh 2024: Date, schedule, constituency details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-sabha-election-in-himachal-pradesh-2024-date-schedule-constituency-details/articleshow/108545457.cms |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Himachal politics: Reshuffle in BJP sparks discontent in run-up to 2024 LS elections|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjps-organisational-reset-in-himachal-pradesh-fuels-rift-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-elections-101690368205131.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|date=26 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP gearing up for 2024 LS elections in Himachal Pradesh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/bjp-gearing-up-for-2024-ls-elections/articleshow/97479885.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|date=31 January 2023}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#9ACD32|VII
|-
!Notification date
|7 May
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|14 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|15 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|17 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''1 June'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|4
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Anurag Thakur]]
|4
|-
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
|4
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
!1
|[[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajeev Bharadwaj
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anand Sharma]]
|-
!2
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)| Vikramaditya Singh]]
|-
!3
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anurag Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Satpal Singh Raizada]]
|-
!4
|[[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla (SC)]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vinod Sultanpuri]]
|}

==Survey and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h: Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Himachal Pradesh (4)}}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{formatnum:2256936}}
|56.44
|{{Decrease}} 12.67
|4
|4
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{formatnum:1666322}}
|41.67
|{{Increase}} 14.37
|4
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh#Others|Others]]
|{{formatnum:31820}}
|0.80
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:22822}}
|0.57
|
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!{{formatnum:3977900}}
!100%
!
!
!
! 4
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="Himachal Pradesh Election Result 2024: BJP secures all four seats in state">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=4 June 2024 |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Result 2024: BJP secures all four seats in state |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/himachal-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-bjp-congress-anurag-thakur-kangana-ranaut-sukhvinder-sukhu-anand-sharma-vikramaditya-singh-19422741.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627105341/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/himachal-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-bjp-congress-anurag-thakur-kangana-ranaut-sukhvinder-sukhu-anand-sharma-vikramaditya-singh-19422741.htm |archivedate=27 June 2024 |accessdate=27 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
|68.15 {{Decrease}}
|[[Rajeev Bhardwaj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,32,793
|61.03
|[[Anand Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|3,80,898
|36.74
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,51,895
|-
!2
|[[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
|73.97 {{Increase}}
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,37,022
|52.87
|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)| Vikramaditya Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,62,267
|45.51
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|74,755
|-
!3
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
|72.28 {{Decrease}}
|[[Anurag Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,07,068
|57.97
|[[Satpal Singh Raizada]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,24,711
|40.55
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,82,357
|-
!4
|[[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla (SC)]]
|71.70 {{Decrease}}
|[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,19,748
|53.58
|[[Vinod Sultanpuri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|4,28,297
|44.16
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|91,451
|}

==Assembly segments wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|2024 Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|thumb|200px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2022 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 61
| 25
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
| 7
| 40
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
! [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 0
| 3
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|68
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Jharkhand]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}

{{Himachal Pradesh elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s in Himachal Pradesh]]

Anshul Bhatt

2026-02-05T02:38:11Z

Pnbh11: adding a post basic info!

{{Short description|Indian bridge player (born 2008)}}
'''Anshul Bhatt''' (born October 2008) is a [[Contract bridge|bridge]] player from [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. He won three gold medals — in Pairs, Teams, and Overall Performance — at the 7th World Youth Transnational Bridge Championships held in [[Salsomaggiore Terme]], [[Italy]], in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |date=2022-09-01 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, bridge whiz and world champion at 13 |url=https://scroll.in/field/1031024/indias-anshul-bhatt-wins-three-gold-medals-at-world-youth-transnational-bridge-championships |website=Scroll.in |language=en |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhatt was born in October 2008 in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Devangshu |date=2018-05-23 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, a bridge champ at eight |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/meet-anshul-bhatt-a-bridge-champ-at-eight-118052300690_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>
He studied at Bombay Scottish School and later joined [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=How Anshul Bhatt became a world bridge champion at 13 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/anshul-bhatt-world-bridge-champion-13-101662929502785.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

Bhatt was introduced to card games by his grandparents at the age of four.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=How Anshul Bhatt became a world bridge champion at 13 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/anshul-bhatt-world-bridge-champion-13-101662929502785.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref> He later trained with Indian player Keyzad Anklesaria and Canadian coach Eric Kokish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |date=2022-09-01 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, bridge whiz and world champion at 13 |url=https://scroll.in/field/1031024/indias-anshul-bhatt-wins-three-gold-medals-at-world-youth-transnational-bridge-championships |website=Scroll.in |language=en |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

== Bridge career ==
Bhatt played his first tournament at the Indian Gymkhana in Mumbai in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Devangshu |date=2018-05-23 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, a bridge champ at eight |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/meet-anshul-bhatt-a-bridge-champ-at-eight-118052300690_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

At the 5th World Youth Bridge Championships in [[Lyon]], France (2017), he was the youngest participant, carried the flag at the opening ceremony, and won the [[WBF Youth Award|Joan Gerard Award]] for fair play and sportsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Joan Gerard Youth Awards |url=http://www.worldbridge.org/2013/12/20/the-joan-gerard-youth-awards/ |website=World Bridge Federation |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

He competed in Opatija, Croatia (2019), and returned at the 7th World Youth Transnational Championships in Salsomaggiore Terme, Italy (2022). There, he won gold medals in the U-16 Pairs (with Canadian partner Darwin Li), in the Teams event as captain of Team Blitz (with Li, Albert Pedmanson, and Jasper Vahk), and also secured the Overall gold medal for best performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |date=2022-09-01 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, bridge whiz and world champion at 13 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/meet-anshul-bhatt-bridge-whiz-and-world-champion-at-13-101662044966373.html |website=HindustanTimes.com |language=en |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

In December 2022, Bhatt was named joint Personality of the Year by the International Bridge Press Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 IBPA Awards |url=https://www.ibpa.com/archive/Awards/2022_IBPA_Awards.pdf |website=International Bridge Press Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910013009/https://www.ibpa.com/archive/Awards/2022_IBPA_Awards.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

Bhatt has also competed in the HCL International Bridge Championship, one of the richest bridge tournaments globally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-20 |title=Bridge is my first love: Anshul Bhatt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/bridge-is-my-first-love-anshul-bhatt/articleshow/96398962.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

In March 2023, [[Bill Gates]], also a bridge enthusiast, met Bhatt in Mumbai and publicly praised him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-07 |title=Bill Gates meets Anshul Bhatt, world’s youngest bridge champion from Mumbai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/bill-gates-meets-anshul-bhatt-worlds-youngest-bridge-champion-from-mumbai-3833434 |work=NDTV |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Bhatt received the Joan Gerard Award at the World Youth Bridge Championships in Lyon in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Joan Gerard Youth Awards |url=http://www.worldbridge.org/2013/12/20/the-joan-gerard-youth-awards/ |website=World Bridge Federation |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref> He went on to win three gold medals at the World Youth Transnational Championships in Salsomaggiore in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |date=2022-09-01 |title=Meet Anshul Bhatt, bridge whiz and world champion at 13 |url=https://scroll.in/field/1031024/indias-anshul-bhatt-wins-three-gold-medals-at-world-youth-transnational-bridge-championships |website=Scroll.in |language=en |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref> In the same year, he was named Personality of the Year by the International Bridge Press Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 IBPA Awards |url=https://www.ibpa.com/archive/Awards/2022_IBPA_Awards.pdf |website=International Bridge Press Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910013009/https://www.ibpa.com/archive/Awards/2022_IBPA_Awards.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Anshul}}
[[Category:Indian contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]

Shraddha Das

2026-02-03T09:57:12Z

Pnbh11: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shraddha Das
| image = Shraddha Das at Special-screening of Blue Planet II (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shraddha at special screening of [[Blue Planet II]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|03|04|df=yes}} or<br/> {{Birth date and age|1991|03|04|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[SIES College of Commerce and Economics]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Shraddha Das''' is an Indian actress and model who predominantly appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. She made her acting debut in the 2008 Telugu film ''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]'', and since then has worked across six different film industries throughout her career.

==Early life==
Shraddha Das was born on 4 March in 1987<ref name="DOB1987">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-shraddha-das-4-interesting-facts-about-the-arya-2-actress-you-probably-didnt-know/photostory/74459126.cms |title=Happy Birthday Shraddha Das: 4 interesting facts about the Arya 2 actress you probably didn't know |date=3 March 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> or 1991<ref name="DOB1991">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/actress-shraddha-das-set-sizzle-upcoming-bollywood-film/ |title=Actress Shraddha Das all set to sizzle in her upcoming Bollywood film |date=1 September 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to [[Bengali people|Bengali]] parents.<ref name=telegraphindia>{{cite news |author=Madhuparna Das |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100819/jsp/entertainment/story_12826694.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823061021/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100819/jsp/entertainment/story_12826694.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2010 |title=This film will make my life |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph (India)]] |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=6 March 2012 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 September 2023 |title=Actress Shraddha Das all set to sizzle in her upcoming Bollywood film : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/actress-shraddha-das-set-sizzle-upcoming-bollywood-film/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Sunil Das, is a businessman, who hails from [[Purulia]] and her mother, Sapna Das, is a doctor .<ref name=idle>(2009-04-23), [http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shraddhadas.html Shraddha Das interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042020/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shraddhadas.html |date=24 September 2015 }} Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref> She is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdPqfyDwOp8&app=desktop |title=I Have Taken Up Buddhism - Shraddha Das -- Guntur Talkies -- Talking Movies With iDream |last=iDream Telugu Movies |date=15 March 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182833/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdPqfyDwOp8&app=desktop |url-status=live}}</ref> She was brought up in Mumbai, where she completed her studies. Shraddha graduated from Ruia college and [[University of Mumbai]] at [[SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce]] with a Bachelor of Mass Media degree in journalism.<ref name=telegraphindia/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61853.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126100318/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/61853.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2010 |title=Shradda Das in Kannada - Kannada Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>

While doing her graduation she worked in theatres and attended workshops conducted by [[National School of Drama]] artists like [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Chittaranjan Giri]] and Salim Shah. She also appeared in print advertisements for [[United Spirits|McDowell's]], [[Aristocrat]] and over 400 catalogues before training at the Gladrags Academy.<ref name=idle/>

==Career==
Shraddha's debut release was the 2008 Telugu film ''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]''. After ''Target'', she quickly signed four Telugu films within six months:<ref name=idle/> ''18, 20 Love Story'', ''[[Diary (2009 film)|Diary]]'', ''Adhineta'' and [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]'s ''[[Arya 2]]'', which was her first high-profile project.

In 2010, Shraddha made her Bollywood debut in Sai Om Films' maiden venture ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'', directed by [[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]]. ''Lahore'' was the first film Shraddha acted in; she shot for the film during the final year of college, but delays meant that several other films of her released earlier.<ref name=idle/> Shraddha played a Pakistani psychiatrist in the film<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/29-shraddha-das-gupta-interview-031007.asp |title=Interview: Shraddha Das Gupta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122115845/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/29-shraddha-das-gupta-interview-031007.asp |archive-date=22 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and received critical acclaim for her performance. The film, which focuses on [[India–Pakistan relations]], was released in March 2010 and won awards at the 42nd WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival and the [[57th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/15/national-film-award-winners.htm |title=Big B, 3 Idiots win National Film Awards |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=28 September 2008 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122210/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/15/national-film-award-winners.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Her other three releases of the year, [[A. Karunakaran]]'s ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'', ''[[Maro Charitra (2010 film)|Maro Charitra]]'' produced by [[Dil Raju]], the remake of the [[Maro Charitra|1978 film of the same name]], and [[P. Vasu]]'s ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'', saw her playing leading roles. Due to her appearances in the sequels of ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (''Arya 2''), ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' (''Diary'') and ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (''Nagavalli''), Shraddha acquired the nickname "sequel queen".<ref name=telegraphindia/> Her second Hindi film was ''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]'' that released in 2011. In the next two years she appeared in one film each, ''[[Hosa Prema Purana]]'' and ''[[Dracula 2012]]'' which were her Kannada and Malayalam debut, respectively.

After a year, Shraddha made her Bengali debut with ''[[The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)|The Royal Bengal Tiger]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40748224_1_shraddha-bengali-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-23/news-interviews/40748224_1_shraddha-bengali-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shraddha makes Bengali film debut}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131001/entertainment-tollywood/article/shraddha-upset-gag-order |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219044409/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/131001/entertainment-tollywood/article/shraddha-upset-gag-order |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=Shraddha upset with gag order |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> Later that year, she had two Hindi releases, the romantic comedy ''[[Lucky Kabootar]]'' and the widely publicised [[Vivek Agnihotri]] erotic thriller ''[[Zid (2014 film)|Zid]]'';{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} both films opened to mixed critical response,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Lucky-Kabootar/movie-review/27238686.cms |title=Lucky Kabootar Movie Review |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612094926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Lucky-Kabootar/movie-review/27238686.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-lucky-kabootar/15239060 |title=Movie Review: 'Lucky Kabootar' |work=Mid-Day |last=Shetty |first=Shakti |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211064939/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-lucky-kabootar/15239060 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |title=Zid Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/zid/movie-review/45281125.cms |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104185939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Zid/movie-review/45281125.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/687431 |title=Zid |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103032002/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/687431 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shraddha benefited from ''Zid'' and received more offers from Bollywood after its release.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news |title=Release of Zid boosted my Bollywood career: Shraddha Das |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/release-of-zid-boosted-my-bollywood-career-shraddha-das/article6801662.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206145623/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/release-of-zid-boosted-my-bollywood-career-shraddha-das/article6801662.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the release of ''Zid'', she made the headlines when she accused her co-star [[Mannara]] of injuring her during the shooting and hitting her while she was bound and gagged for a scene in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-das-i-developed-so-many-blood-clots-after-being-hit-by-mannara/99/ |title=Shraddha Das: I developed so many blood clots after being hit by Mannara |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323225051/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shraddha-das-i-developed-so-many-blood-clots-after-being-hit-by-mannara/99/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |author=Mehul S Thakkar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141119/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-will-never-try-again-bollywood%E2%80%99 |title=I will never try again in Bollywood |date=19 November 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030412/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141119/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-will-never-try-again-bollywood%E2%80%99 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/mannara-hit-me-on-my-chest-shraddha-das/ |title="Mannara hit me on my chest" – Shraddha Das |work=Movie Talkies |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626162602/https://www.movietalkies.com/news/mannara-hit-me-on-my-chest-shraddha-das/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Shraddha Das (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Shraddha Das]]
Shraddha has completed three Telugu films, ''Rey'', ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' and ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]''.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |title=Shraddha Das has a blast in Langkawi |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2014 |agency=TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shraddha-Das-has-a-blast-in-Langkawi/movie-review/45187867.cms}}</ref> In ''Rey'', she plays an American pop singer<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-12/news-interviews/30387549_1_shraddha-das-pop-singer-chiranjeevi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101043631/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-12/news-interviews/30387549_1_shraddha-das-pop-singer-chiranjeevi |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2014 |title=Shraddha to play a pop singer |agency=TNN |date=12 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> and she has stated that her role in the film "is almost on par with that of the hero" and that "There's a certain amount of eccentricity in my character".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Ive-learnt-to-say-no-to-roles-I-dont-like-Shraddha-Das/articleshow/30945798.cms |work=The Times of India |title=I've learnt to say 'no' to roles I don't like: Shraddha Das |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |agency=TNN |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226211042/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Ive-learnt-to-say-no-to-roles-I-dont-like-Shraddha-Das/articleshow/30945798.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Superstar Kidnap'' will see her in the role of a "powerful goon",{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} while ''Bandipotu'' will feature her in an item number. She has completed filming a Bollywood film, too, ''Chai Shai Biscuit'',<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2013 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-02/news-interviews/36702851_1_shraddha-das-sai-dharam-tej-telugu-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225202310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-02/news-interviews/36702851_1_shraddha-das-sai-dharam-tej-telugu-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Shraddha Das goes to Bollywood}}</ref> which she had signed before the release of ''Zid''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140124/jsp/t2/story_17857512.jsp#.Uw-9zPl5P_E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418074109/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140124/jsp/t2/story_17857512.jsp#.Uw-9zPl5P_E |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2014 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |title=Tollywood |date=24 January 2014}}</ref> As of early 2015, she is filming for two bilingual horror films, ''Ouija'',<ref name=timesofindia/> made in Telugu and Kannada, and ''Haunting of Bombay Mills'', made in Telugu and Hindi.<ref name=thehindu/> She has also been roped to feature in ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shraddha Das signed for Great Grand Masti |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/15929211/sorttype/What%27s_New/Shraddha-Das-signed-for-Great-Grand-Masti |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 August 2015 |date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826105331/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/15929211/sorttype/What%27s_New/Shraddha-Das-signed-for-Great-Grand-Masti |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Siddu from Sikakulam]]'' || Nisha || rowspan="6" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009 || ''[[Adhineta]]'' || Rajeshwari ||
|-
| ''Target'' || ||
|-
| ''18, 20 Love Story'' || Bharathi ||
|-
|''[[Diary (2009 film)|Diary]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Arya 2]]'' || Shanti ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010 || ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' || Ida || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Maro Charitra (2010 film)|Maro Charitra]]'' || Sandhya || rowspan="3" |Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
| ''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || Geeta ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011 || ''[[Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji]]'' || Gungun Sarkar || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' || Shalini || rowspan="2" |Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Mogudu (2011 film)|Mogudu]]'' || Jo ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2012 || ''[[Hosa Prema Purana]]'' || Sanjana || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dracula 2012]]'' || Taara || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)|The Royal Bengal Tiger]]'' || Nandini || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Kabootar]]'' || Kammo || rowspan="3" |Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Zid (2014 film)|Zid]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 || ''Chai Shai Biscuits'' || Vartika ||
|-
| ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]'' || Jenna || rowspan="3" |Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' ||Herself
| rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Superstar Kidnap]]'' || Goon
|-
| ''[[Ouija (2015 film)|Ouija]]'' || Maya || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Haunting of Bombay Mills'' || || rowspan="2" |Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016|| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' || Ruby Malhotra || Cameo
|-
|''[[Guntur Talkies]]''
|Revolver Rani
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]'' ||Herself
| Special appearance in the Song "Tingo Tingo"
|-
| ''[[Badsha – The Don]]''|| Priya ||Bengali ||[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|-
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' || Nisha ||Hindi ||
|-
| ''Aata'' || Kshetra ||Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Babumoshai Bandookbaaz]]'' || Yasmin ||Hindi ||
|-
|''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]''|| Malini ||Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018||''[[Teen Paheliyan]]'' || Damini ||Hindi ||Anthology film; ''Mirchi Malini'' segment
|-
|''Pure Soul'' || Shweta || [[English language|English]] || Short Film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Udgharsha]]''|| Krithika || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Hippi (film)|Hippi]]'' || Herself || Telugu || Cameo appearance
|-
| ''[[Panther: Hindustan Meri Jaan]]'' || Ziya ||Bengali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Ek Mini Katha]]'' ||Junior Guruji ||Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Kotigobba 3]]''|| Kangana || Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudeep is a director's delight: Shiva Karthik |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/oct/12/sudeep-is-adirectorsdelightshiva-karthik-2370481.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021143810/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/oct/12/sudeep-is-adirectorsdelightshiva-karthik-2370481.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nireekshana (2023 film)|Nireekshana]]'' || Police Officer || rowspan="2" | Telugu
| Only dubbed version released<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzcJIfv1pew|title=Latest Tamil Thriller Movie 2023 {{!}} Miratchi Full Movie 2K {{!}} Jithan Ramesh {{!}} Ena Saha {{!}} Shraddha Das|work=YouTube|date=27 July 2023|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228044554/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzcJIfv1pew&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Paarijatha Parvam]]''
|Parvaty
|Also sang "Rang Rang Rangeela (Female)".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150423/a-good-actor-doesnt-have-a-shelf-life-shraddha-das.html | title=A good actor doesn't have a shelf life: Shraddha das |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]| date=15 April 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Search: The Naina Murder Case]]''
|Raksha Patil
||Hindi
|TV series on [[JioHotstar]]
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{pending film|Arrdham}}|| TBA || Telugu || Filming
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3642275}}
* {{Instagram|id=shraddhadas43|name=Shraddha Das}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shraddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Buddhists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian former Hindus]]

Dhobitalao Assembly constituency

2026-01-26T17:22:44Z

Pnbh11: Made The Article And Citations.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhobitalao
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title=Archive Delimitation Orders |access-date=25 December 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| electors = 72,905
| mla = Popat Mohanlal Bhavanbhai
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Dhobitalao Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Narola Kailasnarayan Shivnarayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Popat Mohanlal Bhavanbhai
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhobitalao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Popat Mohanlal Bhavanbhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,259 |percentage = 60.10% |change={{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Chhajuram Gupta |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,853 |percentage = 21.06% |change={{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajda R. Gokuldas |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,627 |percentage = 15.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,406 |percentage = 39.03% |change= {{increase}}23.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,031 |percentage = 56.51% |change= {{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,905 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhobitalao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Popat Mohanlal Bhavanbhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,298 |percentage = 45.04% |change={{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. J. Shela |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 14,426 |percentage = 29.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. M. Chinai |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 5,213 |percentage = 10.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. S. Gupta |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,439 |percentage = 8.97% |change={{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babubhai Manilal Choksi |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,420 |percentage = 2.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,872 |percentage = 15.90% |change= {{decrease}}32.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,504 |percentage = 64.32% |change= {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,308 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhobitalao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shivarayan Kailas |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,144 |percentage = 63.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marutirao Namdeo Tanpure |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,661 |percentage = 15.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babubhai Manilal Choksi |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,798 |percentage = 12.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvindchandra Ambalal Trivedi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 3.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,483 |percentage = 48.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,981 |percentage = 52.37% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,857 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Ishqbaaaz

2026-01-20T00:27:53Z

Pnbh11: correct references after review and updated info

{{short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Titlecardofishqbaaaz.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br>[[Romantic comedy]]<br>[[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]<ref name="Ishqbaaaz online streaming on Hotstar">{{cite web|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/ishqbaaaz/9567|title=Ishqbaaaz online streaming on Hotstar|publisher=Hotstar|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083706/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/ishqbaaaz/9567|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Faizal Akthar
*Anand Jain
*Harneet Singh
*Divy Sharma
*Aparajita Sharma
*Mrinal Jha
*Abhijit Sinha
}}
| director = Lalit Mohan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nakuul Mehta]]
*[[Surbhi Chandna]]
*[[Kunal Jaisingh]]
*[[Shrenu Parikh]]
*[[Leenesh Mattoo]]
*[[Mansi Srivastava]]
*[[Niti Taylor]]
}}
| creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Sanjeev Srivastava
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 758
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Gorky M
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
*Karishma Bhutoria
}}
| cinematography = Rajan Singh
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camara]]
| runtime = 22 min approx
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2016|06|27}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2019|03|15}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ishqbaaaz-to-go-off-air-on-march-15-5607057/|title=Ishqbaaaz to go off air on March 15|website=The Indian Express|date=March 2019}}</ref>
| related = ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
| alt_name = ''Ishqbaaaz: Pyaar Ki Ek Dhinchak Kahaani''
| image_upright =
}}
'''''Ishqbaaaz''''' ({{translation|''Lovers''}}) (international title: '''''Game of Love''''') is an Indian romantic drama television series that aired from 27 June 2016 to 15 March 2019 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Boys-are-back/article14428060.ece|title=Boys are back|website=The Hindu|date=17 June 2016|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Rashi}}</ref> It initially starred [[Nakuul Mehta]], [[Surbhi Chandna]], [[Kunal Jaisingh]], [[Shrenu Parikh]], [[Leenesh Mattoo]] and [[Mansi Srivastava]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-video-after-confirming-surbhi-chandna-aka-anika-s-exit-gul-khan-now-bids-good-bye-to-the-super-six-of-ishqbaaz-2688890|title=Video: After confirming Surbhi Chandna aka Anika's exit, Gul Khan now bids good-bye to the 'Super Six' of 'Ishqbaaz'|website=Daily News Analysis|date=24 November 2018 }}</ref> In December 2018, the show took a generation leap and aired a new season, ''Ishqbaaz: Pyaar Ki Ek Dhinchak Kahaani'' starring [[Nakuul Mehta]] and [[Niti Taylor]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaaz-to-go-off-air-on-march-15-lead-actor-nakuul-mehta-writes-an-emotional-post/articleshow/68215133.cms|title=Ishqbaaz to go off air on March 15; lead actor Nakuul Mehta writes an emotional post - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kalyani Singh Oberoi, the matriarch of the family has two sons, Tej and Shakti. Tej is married to Jhanvi and they have three children, Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka. Shakti is married to Pinky and has a son, Shivaay, who is the eldest grandson.

This story is about the Oberoi brothers, Shivaay, Omkara and Rudra, friendship and romances.

Shivaay crosses paths with the self righteous Annika, who confronts him for trying to suppress the poor with the misuse money and lineage. To which, Shivaay gives her a bunch of cash. Presuming that he won the conversation, he moves to his car, only to face Annika breaking the glass of his windshield, and returning him the same bunch of cash, earning the nickname "Khidki-tod".

Surprised by the video showing all these incidents, Dadi, Omkara, and Rudra find Annika at the party they had organized for their grandfather's birthday. But Shivaay ignores her there because he has no knowledge about her bloodline or lineage.

Shivaay firmly believes that he has no time for love and hence plans to marry Tia Kapoor as a business deal. Dadi hires Anika as a wedding planner for Shivaay and Tia's upcoming wedding. At first, his relationship with Annika becomes more hostile due to misunderstandings.

After the misunderstandings are cleared, Shivaay starts to understand Annika and they develop feelings for each other. Unaware of the emotions, Shivaay still plans to marry Tia.

Daksh, Shivaay's childhood friend turns up at his door and falls for Annika at first sight, which soon turns into an obsession. Angered after being rejected twice, Daksh lies to Shivaay that Annika agreed to sleep with him for one night in exchange for money, leading Shivaay to hate her.

On Shivaay and Tia's wedding day it is revealed that she is already married to Robin. Due to turn of events Tia runs away from her wedding which leads to Shivaay forcibly marrying Annika.

Meanwhile, Omkara crosses paths with Ishana, who introduces herself as Bela to him. Ishana wanted to marry Omkara to gain all the wealth he has, and invents lies to gain his sympathy. Ishana tries to trick both of them but fails as the three Oberoi brothers try to expose her. Some time later, Riddhima lies and betrays Omkara and collaborates with his father to make Omkara the sole heir of the Oberoi empire. Disheartened, he breaks up with her.

In the meantime, Rudra has a chance encounter with the cute and sweet Soumya, who consoles him as Shivaay's life is in danger. Rudra starts to like Romi, a hot fresher and tries his best to win her. By chance, Soumya also comes to college and is happy to see a familiar face, only to be ignored by Rudra as she is a little fat and that would have reduced his reputation. Due to the turn of events, and under the influence of alcohol, Rudra and Soumya marry, which they decide to conceal and forget.

After a rocky start, Annika and Shivaay clear the misunderstandings between them and eventually fall in love. Together, they expose Tia's marriage and her mother, Mrs. Kapoor's, evil intentions. Later, Shivaay publicly accepts Annika as his wife.

Due to Priyanka's pregnancy, Shivaay fixes her wedding with a police officer, Ranveer Randhawa, who hated Priyanka as she was the reason his sister died. Kamini Khurana Randhawa, Ranveer's adoptive mother, enters. She has a past with Shivaay's father as Shakti is constantly teased by his brother about Kamini. Kamini and Ranveer have an evil plan. Meanwhile, Shivaay's doppelganger kidnaps him and takes his place in the Oberoi mansion. Suspicious, Annika discovers that he is not the real Shivaay, she rushes to find and save the real one.

Together, they expose the fake Shivaay, Mahi. Simultaneously they expose Ranveer and his foster mother, Kamini who is Shivaay's father's former girlfriend. It is revealed that Mahi is Kamini's illegitimate son with Shakti as she wants to use her son for Oberoi wealth. Afterwards, it's revealed that Priyanka is not pregnant.

Omkara marries Gauri Kumari Sharma, but hates her and the concept of love (their story is shown more in the spinoff series Dil Boley Oberoi). At a party, Rudra falls in love with Bhavya, an undercover ACP on a mission. She later uses him for her mission, Rudra and Bhavya fake a marriage just so she can hide in the Oberoi mansion.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Nakuul Mehta]] in a [[Dual role|double role]] as
** Shivaay Singh Oberoi: Shakti and Pinky's son; Abhay's brother; Tej and Jhanvi's nephew; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's cousin; Kalyani's grandson; Anika's husband; Shivaansh and Shivani's father; Mannat's father-in-law
** Shivaansh Singh Oberoi: Shivaay and Anika's son; Shivani's brother; Abhay, Omkara, Gauri, Rudra, Bhavya, Ranveer and Priyanka's nephew; Radhika and Dhruv's cousin; Shakti and Pinky's grandson; Kalyani's great-grandson; Mannat's husband
* [[Surbhi Chandna]] as Anika Singh Oberoi: Harshvardhan's daughter; Gauri's sister; Shivaay's wife; Shakti and Pinky's daughter-in-law; Abhay's sister-in-law; Shivaay's wife; Shivaansh and Shivani's mother; Mannat's mother-in-law
** [[Nitanshi Goel]] as Child Anika Singh Oberoi
* [[Niti Taylor]] as Mannat Singh Oberoi: Shivaansh's wife; Shivaay and Anika's daughter-in-law; Shivani's sister-in-law; Shivaansh's wife
* Pal John as Shivani Singh Oberoi: Shivaay and Anika's daughter; Shivaansh's sister; Abhay, Omkara, Gauri, Rudra, Bhvya, Ranveer and Priyanka's niece; Radhika and Dhruv's cousin; Shakti and Pinky's granddaughter; Kalyani's great-granddaughter;
* [[Avinash Mishra]] as Abhay Singh Oberoi: Shakti and Pinky's son; Shivaay's brother; Tej and Jhanvi's nephew; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's cousin; Shivaansh, Shivani, Radhika and Dhruv's uncle; Kalyani's grandson
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Omkara Singh Oberoi: Tej and Jhanvi's son; Rudra and Priyanka's brother; Shakti and Pinky's nephew; Shivaay and Abhay's cousin; Shivaansh, Shivani and Dhruv's uncle Kalyani's grandson; Gauri's husband; Radhika's father
* [[Shrenu Parikh]] as Gauri Singh Oberoi: Harshvardhan's daughter; Anika's sister; Omkara's wife; Tej and Jhanvi's daughter-in-law; Rudra and Priyanka's sister-in-law; Omkara's wife; Radhika's mother
* Sharain Khanduja as Radhika Singh Oberoi: Omkara and Gauri's daughter; Abhay, Shivaay, Anika, Rudra, Bhavya, Ranveer and Priyanka's niece; Shivaansh, Shivani and Dhruv's cousin; Tej and Jhanvi's granddaughter; Kalyani's great-granddaughter
* [[Leenesh Mattoo]] as Rudra Singh Oberoi: Tej and Jhanvi's son; Omkara and Priyanka's brother; Shakti and Pinky's nephew; Shivaay and Abhay's cousin; Shivaansh, Shivani and Radhika's uncle; Kalyani's grandson; Bhavya's husband; Dhruv's father
* [[Mansi Srivastava]] as Bhavya Singh Oberoi: Rudra's wife; Tej and Jhanvi's daughter-in-law; Omkara and Priyanka's sister-in-law; Rudra's wife; Dhruv's mother
* Abhishek Singh Pathania as Dhruv Singh Oberoi: Rudra and Bhavya's son; Abhay, Shivaay, Anika, Omkara, Gauri, Ranveer and Priyanka's nephew; Shivaansh, Shivani and Radhika's cousin; Tej and Jhanvi's grandson; Kalyani's great-grandson
* Subha Rajput as Priyanka Singh Randhawa: Tej and Jhanvi's daughter; Omkara and Rudra's sister; Shakti and Pinky's niece; Shivaay and Abhay's cousin; Shivaansh, Shivani, Radhika and Dhruv's aunt; Kalyani's granddaughter; Ranveer's wife
* [[Ayush Anand]] as Ranveer Singh Randhawa: Police officer and former ACP; Priyanka's husband; Tej and Jhanvi's son-in-law; Omkara and Rudra's brother-in-law; Priyanka's husband

===Recurring===
* [[Navnindra Behl]] as Kalyani Singh Oberoi: [[Matriarchy|matriarch]] of Oberois family; Shakti and Tej's mother; Pinky and Jhanvi's mother-in-law; Shivaay, Abhay, Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's grandmother; Shivaansh, Shivani, Radhika and Dhruv's great-grandmother
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Shakti Singh Oberoi: Kalyani's son; Pinky's husband; Shivaay and Abhay's father; Anvika's father-in-law; Shivaansh and Shivani's grandfather
* Nitika Anand as Pinky Singh Oberoi: Shakti's wife; Shivaay and Abhay's mother; Anvika's mother-in-law; Shivaansh and Shivani's grandmother
* [[Mahesh Thakur]] as Tej Singh Oberoi: Kalyani's son; Jhanvi's husband; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's father; Gauri, Bhavya and Ranveer's father-in-law; Radhika and Dhruv's grandfather
* Mrinal Deshraj as Jhanvi Singh Oberoi: Tej's wife; Omkara, Rudra and Priyanka's mother; Gauri, Bhavya and Ranveer's mother-in-law; Radhika and Dhruv's grandmother
*[[Nitin Bhatia]] as Nandi "Muthu Swami Iyer": Gauri's sworn brother
*[[Aryan Prajapati]] as Sahil Trivedi: Anika's adopted brother
*Vishavpreet Kaur / Shraddha Kaul as Roop Singh Oberoi
*[[Nikitin Dheer]] as Veer Singh Oberoi: Roop's son
*[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Dolly Singh Oberoi "Buamaa": Ratan's mother
*Naman Mukul as Mr. Khanna: Oberoi family's bodyguard
*Anup Ingale as Khanna Jr. - Khanna's son, Shivaansh's bodyguard and friend
*[[Amrapali Gupta]] as Kamini:
* Anisha Hinduja as Shobhana Kapoor:
*[[Rishika Mihani]] as Monali Pratap Chauhan: Veer's fake wife
*[[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Maadhuri: a police inspector
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Kaali Thakur: a landowner and don of Bareilly, Gauri's ex-fiancé
*[[Anjali Mukhi]] as Nayantara: a bar dancer, Annika's fake mother
*[[Shaleen Malhotra]] as Siddharth Vikram Rana: Vikram and Ketaki's son, Mallika's fiancé, Shivaay's business rival (2016)
*[[Naved Aslam]] as Vikram Rana: Ketaki's husband, Siddharth's father (2016)
*[[Manasi Salvi]] as Ketaki Rana: Vikram's wife, Siddharth's mother (2016)
*[[Aashish Kaul]] as Mr. Chhabra: Mrs. Chabra's husband, Dev and Reyaan's father (2016)
*Anandi Tripathi as Mrs. Chhabra: Mr. Chabra's wife, Reyaan's mother, Dev's step-mother (2016)
*Hiten Meghrajani as Reyaan Chhabra: Mr. Chabra and Mrs. Chabra's son, Dev's half-brother, Saumya's ex-boyfriend (2016)
*Ish Thakkar as Dev Chhabra: Mr. Chabra's son, Mrs. Chabra's step-son, Reyaan's half-brother, Priyanka's ex-fiancé (2016)
*TBA as Zakir: Shivaay's friend (2017)
*[[Zain Imam]] as Mohit Malhotra, Nancy's husband, Shivaay's ex-friend (2018)
*[[Mandana Karimi]] as Nancy Malhotra - Mohit's wife (2018)
*Prakhar Toshniwal as Viraj (2018)
*[[Kiran Janjani]] as Abhimanyu Raheja (2018)
*[[Srishty Rode]] as Fiza Khan (2018)
*[[Ankit Siwach]] as Farhan Khan (2018)
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as Jay Kothari: Priyanka's husband (2018)
*Veena Mehta as Kalyani's older sister (2018–2019)
*Abhishek Tewari as Nikhil: Anika's ex-fiancé (2018)
*Saransh Verma as Avi: Shivaansh's manager and friend (2018–2019)
*[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Nandini Dixit: the police commissioner, Shivaansh's mother-figure (2018)
*Manisha Singh Chauhan as Asiya: Shivaansh's publicist and friend (2018–2019)

===Guests===
*[[Shivangi Joshi]] as Naira Singhania Goenka, to advertise wedding Sequence
*[[Mohena Singh]] as Keerti Goenka Singhania, to avertise wedding Sequence
*[[Arjun Bijlani]] as Raghav, special appearance
*[[Drashti Dhami]] as Naina, special appearance
*[[Barun Sobti]] as Advay Singh Raizada - Shivaay's close friend, a special appearance to promote his show ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]'' (2017)
*[[Kriti Sanon]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]] to promote their film ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'' (2017)
*[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] as himself, a special appearance for Shivaay-Anika's Haldi ceremony (2017)
*Aakriti Sharma as Kullfi, a special appearance to promote her show ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'' (2018)
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Hansa Parekh, to promote her new show ''[[Khichdi (2018 TV series)|Khichdi Returns]]'' (2018)

==Production==
On 18 June 2018, a reboot version, ''Ishqbaaaz: Redux'', was launched with a new love story of the leads from the beginning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishqbaaaz to present Shivaay and Anika's new love story |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ishqbaaaz-to-present-shivaay-and-anika-new-love-story-5220345/ |access-date=23 June 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
Owing to its declining viewership ratings, it took a leap in December 2018 which starred [[Nakuul Mehta]] and Manjiri Pupala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/actress-manjiri-pupala-to-romance-nakuul-mehta-in-ishqbaaz-post-leap-1398952-2018-11-29|title=Actress Manjiri Pupala to romance Nakuul Mehta in Ishqbaaz post leap|website=India Today|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109081147/https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/actress-manjiri-pupala-to-romance-nakuul-mehta-in-ishqbaaz-post-leap-1398952-2018-11-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> As it failed to increase the ratings, Pupala's character was turned negative, resulting in her resignation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ishqbaaaz-nakuul-mehtas-former-leading-lady-manjiri-pupala-aka-acp-aditi-confirms-quitting-the-show-926537|title=Manjiri Pupala aka ACP Aditi CONFIRMS quitting Nakuul Mehta's 'Ishqbaaaz'!|website=Abp Live|date=23 February 2019 }}</ref> Eventually, [[Niti Taylor]] was hired to play Mannat Kaur Khurana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kaisi-yeh-yaariaan-star-niti-taylor-to-make-tv-comeback-with-ishqbaaz-details-inside-1430401-2019-01-14|title=Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan star Niti Taylor to make TV comeback with Ishqbaaz. Details inside|website=India Today|date=14 January 2019 }}</ref> The expected ratings were not delivered and it went off air on 15 March 2019.<ref name=":0" />

==Spin-off==

''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'', premiered on 13 February 2017. The show focused on the lives of Omkara and Rudra. It is the first Indian soap to have a spin-off. On 7 July 2017, ''Dil Boley Oberoi'' ended and the storyline was merged into ''Ishqbaaaz''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/indian-television-first-spin-off-show-dil-bole-oberoi-ishqbaaaz-television-news/18389162|title=Indian television's first spin-off show 'Dil Bole Oberoi' to go off air?|date=3 July 2017 }}</ref> In ''Dil Boley Oberoi'', [[Shrenu Parikh]] was introduced as Kunal Jaisingh's character's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/02/viewers-get-to-see-more-of-oberoi-family-with-star-plus-spin-off-stunt/|title=Viewers get to see more of Oberoi family with Star Plus' spin-off stunt|date=28 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ishqbaaaz<br/>Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sanjeev Srivastava
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album Artwork
| released = 7 August 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]]<br>Soundtrack
| length = 38:38
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]<br>Screen Journal<br>[[SoundCloud]]
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Sanjeev Srivastava
| type = Album
| prev_title = [[Revolver Rani#Soundtrack|Revolver Rani]]
| prev_year = 2014
| title = Ishqbaaaz (soundtrack)
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala#Music|Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
}}
The ''Ishqbaaaz'' soundtrack was written by Shaheen Iqbal and composed by Sanjeev Srivastava. Sanjeev Srivastava had composed the original songs and background score for the show. The original version of the album was released on 7 August 2016. "O Jaana", the theme song of the serial was performed by Pamela Jain and Bhaven Dhanak.

"O Saathiya", the theme song of [[Dil Boley Oberoi]], the album released on 1 May 2017. Firstly, the song was made for Omkara and Ishana, but after Ishana left, the song was not used at Ishqbaaaz. When Dil Boley Oberoi aired on, the female version by Pamela Jain was released, but now it also used on this show for Omkara and Gauri, after merging with Ishqbaaaz.
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Ishqbaaaz: Tracklisting
| title1 = O Jaana
| note1 = Female
| extra1 = Pamela Jain
| length1 = 04:24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjsGqRtQIFU|title=Ishqbaaz - O Jaana New Song Female Version Full|last=Screen Journal|date=23 August 2018 |access-date=2 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title2 = O Jaana
| note2 = Male
| extra2 = Bhaven Dhanak
| length2 = 04:25<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcF8zMAP6p0|title=Ishqbaaz - O Jaana New Song Male Version Full|last=Screen Journal|date=25 August 2018 |access-date=2 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title3 = O Jaana
| note3 = Duet
| extra3 = Bhaven Dhanak & Pamela Jain
| length3 = 04:23
| title4 = O Jaana
| note4 = Acoustic
| extra4 = Bhaven Dhanak & Pamela Jain
| length4 = 02:30
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Dil Boley Oberoi: Tracklisting
| title1 = O Saathiya
| note1 = Female
| extra1 = Pamela Jain
| length1 = 06:55
| title2 = O Saathiya
| note2 = Male
| extra2 = Bhaven Dhanak
| length2 = 07:00<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih2hJ8XWA9g|title=O Saathiya Jo Na Keh Sake Tum Ishqbaaz - Dil Bole Oberoi - Ishkara Full Song - Kunal Jaisingh|last=Screen Journal|date=15 August 2016 |access-date=2 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title3 = O Saathiya
| note3 = Duet
| extra3 = Bhaven Dhanak & Pamela Jain
| length3 = 06:58<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e-Gty3ePF0|title=O Saathiya - Ishqbaaz Song - Rikara Romance - Omkara and Gauri - Shrenal - Screen Journal|last=Screen Journal|date=3 February 2018 |access-date=2 February 2019|via=YouTube}}</ref>
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Special: Tracklisting
| title1 = Lafzon Ka Ye Rishta Nahi
| note1 = Family Song
| extra1 = Various Artists
| length1 = 02:00
}}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Ishqbaaz''
| 27 June 2016
| [[StarPlus]]
| 15 March 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Satyam Shivam Sundaram''
| 7 August 2017
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 23 April 2020
| Remake
|}

==Awards==
[[File:Surbhi Chandna.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Surbhi Chandna]] and [[Nakuul Mehta]] who played the roles of Anika and Shivaay]]

=== Asian Viewers Television Awards ===
{{Main|Asian Viewers Television Awards}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
|2016
|Best Actor
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2016-winners-list/|title=AVTA 2016: Winners list|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=26 November 2016|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|Best Actor
|Nakuul Mehta
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2017/asian-viewers-television-awards-2017-winners-list-bigg-boss-ishqbaaz-nakuul-surbhi-bag-awards-270061.html|title=Asian Viewers Television Awards 2017 Winners List: Bigg Boss & Ishqbaaz Bag Awards (PICS)|date=5 December 2017|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|Surbhi Chandna
|-
|Soap Of The Year
|[[4 Lions Films]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Best Actress
|Surbhi Chandna
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bizasia-live-at-avta-2018-london/|title=AVTA 2018: Winners list|date=15 December 2018|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Soap of the Year
|4 Lions Films
|}

=== Gold Awards ===
{{Main|Gold Awards}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Best Actor (Jury)
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-gold-awards-2017-winners-list/|title=ZEE Gold Awards 2017: Winners list|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|work=BizAsiaLive |date=5 July 2017|language=en-GB|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Onscreen Couple
|[[Nakuul Mehta]] and [[Surbhi Chandna]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-gold-awards-2018-winners-list/|title=ZEE Gold Awards 2018: Winners list|date=19 June 2018|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Stellar Performer of the Year (Female)
|[[Surbhi Chandna]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Kunal Jaisingh]]
|}

===Kalakar Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
|2019
|Best Actor
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fuzionproductions.com/kalakar-awards-2019-heres-the-winners-list-in-pics/|title=Kalakar Awards 2019 : Here's The Winners List – In Pics! {{!}} Fuzion Productions|last=Ravi|first=Surya|date=21 January 2019|language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125215426/https://www.fuzionproductions.com/kalakar-awards-2019-heres-the-winners-list-in-pics/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Indian Television Academy Awards ===
{{Main|Indian Television Academy Awards}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor - Popular]]
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-helly-shah-smriti-irani-ekta-kapoor-lifetv-1080588-2017-11-06|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Helly Shah win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
|[[ITA Award for Best Serial - Popular|Best Serial - Popular]]
|[[4 Lions Films]]
|-
|2018
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress - Popular]]
|[[Surbhi Chandna]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-divyanka-tripathi-harshad-chopda-win-big-1407672-2018-12-12|title=ITA Awards 2018 winners list: Surbhi Chandna, Divyanka Tripathi, Harshad Chopda win big|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|}

=== Indian Telly Awards ===
{{Main|Indian Telly Awards}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|[[Nakuul Mehta]]
|<ref name="ITA2019 winners">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Winners list|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=20 March 2019|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|[[Kunal Jaisingh]]
|<ref name="ITA2019 winners" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/tv/ishqbaaaz/9567 Ishqbaaaz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083706/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/ishqbaaaz/9567 |date=11 September 2018 }} Streaming on [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|5919914}}
*{{TV Guide|946451}}
{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{4 Lions Films}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]

Indian Army Corps of Engineers

2025-12-31T12:52:17Z

Pnbh11: improved article

#REDIRECT [[Corps of Engineers (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Tariq Yunus

2025-11-26T19:28:26Z

Pnbh11:

{{Short description|Indian actor (194?–1994)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}{{notability|Biography|date=July 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tariq Yunus
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1946|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1994|8|26|1946|10|16}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| birthname =
| years_active = 1969–1994
| spouse = {{marriage|Sultana Abdullah|1989|end=divorced}}
| children =
}}

'''Tariq Yunus''' (16 October 1946{{efn|This date of birth is most commonly given yet some sources like his obituary in ''[[The Guardian]]'' list it as 23 March 1940.}} – 26 August 1994) was an Indian actor known for his role as chef Alaudin in television sitcom ''[[Tandoori Nights]]''.

== Early life ==

Born in India (his brother being the politician [[Kunwar Khalid Yunus]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/kunwarkhalidyun/status/1126412137197395968 |title=@KunwarKhalidYun at Twitter |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404101358/https://twitter.com/kunwarkhalidyun/status/1126412137197395968}}</ref>) but moved to Pakistan following [[Partition of India|partition]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A lesson for Karan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939170025/ |date=6 March 1973 |accessdate=26 November 2025 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |page=2}}</ref> Yunus gained his first acting part in a children's play for local radio and began to work regularly for this media. He joined a theatrical group run by the Arts Council while at college studying Geology.<ref>https://www.infotextmanuscripts.org/webb/webb_round_deca.pdf ''Decameron '73'' programme, The Round House</ref>

Two months before he was due to take his Geology Degree exams in 1962, Yunus headed to Britain in the hope of making his fortune. Arriving with only £10 in his pocket, he had to get a job helping a milkman.<ref name="sunil">{{cite news |title=Sunil lands in trouble |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/790672725/ |date=16 April 1988 |accessdate=9 June 2025 |work=[[Derby Telegraph|Derby Evening Telegraph]] |page=13}}</ref> Living on his wits, he became a professional card player.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Working the Passage from India |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/260558503/ |date=15 September 1994 |accessdate=9 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |page=38}}</ref>

== Career ==

Without any proper training, Yunus began to work as an extra which led to having parts in ''[[The Wednesday Play]]'', ''[[Crown Court (TV series)|Crown Court]]'', ''[[Sykes (TV series)|Sykes]]'', ''[[Father Brown (1974 TV series)|Father Brown]]'', ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'', ''[[Angels (TV series)|Angels]]'', the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' classic ''[[The Robots of Death]]'', ''[[The Professionals (TV series)|The Professionals]]'', ''[[Strangers (1978 TV series)|Strangers]]'', ''[[Terry and June]]'', ''[[The Dick Emery Show]]'', ''[[Hammer House of Horror]]'', ''[[Shoestring (TV series)|Shoestring]]'', ''[[Minder (TV series)|Minder]]'', ''[[The Bill]]'', ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'', ''[[Inspector Morse (TV series)|Inspector Morse]]'' and ''[[House of Cards (British TV series)|House of Cards]]''. Along the way, he achieved bigger and more regular roles such as playing a con-man in ''A Passage to India'' (for ''[[Play for Today]]''), Jashir Singh Mahail in Birmingham-based drama series ''[[Gangsters (TV series)|Gangsters]]'', Dr. Khan in ''[[We'll Think of Something]]'' and Harry Patel in ''[[News at Twelve]]''.

Film roles included ''[[East of Elephant Rock]]'', ''[[Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse]]'', ''[[The Golden Lady]]'', ''[[Ashanti (1979 film)|Ashanti]]'', ''[[Who Dares Wins (film)|Who Dares Wins]]'', ''[[A Talent for Murder]]'', ''[[The Fourth Protocol (film)|The Fourth Protocol]]'', ''[[Partition (1987 film)|Partition]]'', ''[[The Deceivers (film)|The Deceivers]]'' and ''[[Scandal (1989 film)|Scandal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1d446bb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063745/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1d446bb|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2017|title=Tariq Yunus|website=BFI}}</ref>

The 1988 ''[[Screen Two]]'' play ''Lucky Sunil'' was inspired by Tariq's tales when he first came to London, with the actor co-starring in the production.<ref name="sunil"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Will He Be a Law Maker or Breaker |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/806890462/ |date=15 April 1988 |accessdate=9 June 2025 |work=[[Perthshire Advertiser]] |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A passage to England |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/807143214/ |date=16 April 1988 |accessdate=9 June 2025 |work=[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]] |page=15}}</ref>

Later in life, Yunus concentrated more on writing and developing his own projects, which led him back to his native India but still continued to act.<ref name="guardian"/> For many years, he was a founder member of [[Equity (British trade union)|Equity]]'s Afro-Asian Committee, promoting the careers of actors from other ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Equity gives film a stormy passage |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/259549403/ |date=18 August 1983 |accessdate=9 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |page=22}}</ref>

==Death==

While directing a play at Bombay's [[Prithvi Theatre]] in 1994, Yunus died from a heart attack whilst suffering with typhoid in the house of his friend [[Jalal Agha]], the son of Bollywood actor [[Agha (actor)|Agha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Khalid |author1-link=Khalid Hasan |title=Remembrances |year=2001 |publisher=Vanguard |isbn=9694023521 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=tariq+yunus+died |language=en}}</ref> (However, his obituary claims he died in hospital.) He is buried in Karachi.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1970|| ''[[Figures in a Landscape (film)|Figures in a Landscape]]'' || Soldier #5 ||
|-
|1978|| ''[[East of Elephant Rock]]'' || Inti ||
|-
|1978|| ''[[Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse]]'' || Black Doctor ||
|-
|1979|| ''[[Ashanti (1979 film)|Ashanti]]'' || Faid ||
|-
|1979|| ''[[The Golden Lady]]'' || Vishanya ||
|-
|1982|| ''[[Who Dares Wins (film)|Who Dares Wins]]'' || Terrorist #1 ||
|-
|1984|| ''[[A Talent for Murder]]'' || Rashi || TV movie
|-
|1987|| ''[[The Fourth Protocol (film)|The Fourth Protocol]]'' || Immigration Officer ||
|-
|1987|| ''[[Partition (1987 film)|Partition]]'' || ||
|-
|1988|| ''[[The Deceivers (film)|The Deceivers]]'' || Feringea ||
|-
|1989|| ''[[Scandal (1989 film)|Scandal]]'' || Ayub Khan ||
|-
|1993|| ''[[Bedardi]]'' || Mehta ||
|-
|1994|| ''Bollywood'' || || (final film role)
|}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0950987}}
*{{IMDb name|6484565|Tariq Yunis}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yunus, Tariq}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Moortidevi Award

2025-11-25T06:50:32Z

Pnbh11: basic adjusted intro for clarity also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian literary award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Moortidevi Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]
| firstawarded = 1983 (Instituted in 1961)
| lastawarded = 2019
| reward = {{INRConvert|4|l}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 30
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[C. K. Nagaraja Rao]]
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}

The '''Moortidevi Award''' is an Indian literary award annually presented by the [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], a literary and research organisation.<ref name=moorti>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/awards/moortidevi-award|title=Moortidevi Award|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|access-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530023119/http://www.jnanpith.net/awards/moortidevi-award|archive-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> The award is given only to Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]], and in English,{{efn|name=lang|The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Malayalam]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Santali language|Santhali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|title=The Constitution of India: Eighth Schedule|access-date=28 May 2016|page=1|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>}} with no posthumous conferral or self nomination.<ref name=proposal>{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/Proposal%20Form%20for%2029th%20%20Moortidevi%20Award.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232738/http://jnanpith.net/sites/default/files/Proposal%20Form%20for%2029th%20%20Moortidevi%20Award.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Proposal for the 29th Moortidevi Award|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|date=10 August 2015|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

From 2003, the award was given to the authors for their "contemplative and perceptive work" and consisted of a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|₹]]1 [[lakh]] (US$1,600), a citation plaque, a shawl, and a statue of [[Saraswati]], the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom.<ref name="yr2003">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Moortidevi-Awards-for-two-writers/articleshow/38495816.cms|title=Moortidevi Awards for two writers|date=24 February 2003|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230050344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Moortidevi-Awards-for-two-writers/articleshow/38495816.cms|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Odia">{{cite news|title=Moortidevi Award for Haraprasad Das|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Moortidevi-Award-for-Haraprasad-Das/articleshow/22244628.cms|access-date=17 December 2015|date=3 September 2013|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924205826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Moortidevi-Award-for-Haraprasad-Das/articleshow/22244628.cms|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-basant-panchami-2017-why-we-celebrate-this-festival-694639|title=Happy Basant Panchami 2017: Why We Celebrate This Festival|publisher=NDTV|date=31 January 2017|access-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052506/http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-basant-panchami-2017-why-we-celebrate-this-festival-694639|archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> The cash prize was raised to {{INRConvert|2|l}} in 2011 and to {{INRConvert|4|l}} in 2013.<ref name="Raghuvansh">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/hamid-ansari-presents-moortidevi-award-to-dr-raghuvansh-news-national-lfqvukjejig.html|title=Hamid Ansari presents 'Moortidevi Award' to Dr. Raghuvansh|website=[[Sify]]|date=16 May 2011|access-date=29 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226070732/http://www.sify.com/news/hamid-ansari-presents-moortidevi-award-to-dr-raghuvansh-news-national-lfqvukjejig.html|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Y2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/moortidevi-award-for-c-radhakrishnan/article6113763.ece|title=Moortidevi Award for C. Radhakrishnan|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2014|access-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083155/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/moortidevi-award-for-c-radhakrishnan/article6113763.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> The first recipient of the award was the [[Kannada]] writer [[C. K. Nagaraja Rao]] who was honoured in 1983 for his novel, ''Pattamahadevi Shantala Devi'', which was published in four volumes.<ref name="yr2003" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.iima.ac.in/public/download/hindi.pdf|title=List of Hindi Books|publisher=Vikram Sarabhai Library-IIM|access-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712193315/http://library.iima.ac.in/public/download/hindi.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017}}</ref>

No awards were given in 1985 and between 1996 and 1999. The award has been conferred upon 31 writers including one female author: In 1991, Odia academic and writer [[Pratibha Ray]] became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1985 novel ''Yajnasani''.{{Sfn|Tiwari|2005|p=108}} Ray and [[Nirmal Verma]] have won both the Moortidevi as well as the [[Jnanpith Award]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=96155|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|date=22 May 2013|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610212433/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=96155|archive-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/11/stories/0211000b.htm|title=Nirmal Verma, Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award|date=11 March 2000|access-date=20 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083155/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/11/stories/0211000b.htm|archive-date=3 February 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> As of 2019, Hindi writer and professor, [[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]] is the most recent recipient of the award.<ref name=tiwari>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-professor-vishwanath-tiwari-received-the-murti-devi-award-of-jnanpith-19821456.html|title='अस्ति और भवति को सम्मान मिलने से आह्लादित हैं साहित्य अकादमी के पूर्व अध्यक्ष प्रो. विश्‍वनाथ तिवारी|language=Hindi|work=Dainik Jagran|date=7 December 2019|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref>

Three recipients of Moortidevi Award -- [[Pratibha Ray]] (1991), [[Nirmal Verma]] (1995), and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]] (2009) -- went on to win the [[Jnanpith Award]], considered the highest Indian literary honor, in 2011, 1999, and 2019, respectively.

==Background==
[[File:As Director, Bharatiya Jnanpith at Murthy Devi Award ceremony.jpg|thumb|Moortidevi Award Ceremony presided over by President S. D Sharma.]]
The [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]], a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] of the [[Sahu Jain family]], conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages".<ref name=Jnan>{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|title=Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith|access-date=28 May 2016|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309070110/http://jnanpith.net/awards/jnanpith-award|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=298}} In November that year, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain, along with [[Kaka Kalelkar]], [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]], [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]], [[Jainendra Kumar]], [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]], Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain, presented the initial draft to the then [[President of India]]—[[Rajendra Prasad]] who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad|All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.<ref name=Jnan/> The award is given in the memory of Moortidevi, mother of Sahu Jain, and was first presented in 1983.<ref name=moorti/>

==Selection process==
Only the work of a living author, published at least one year and at the most ten years before the relevant award year, is considered. The Selection Committee is free to consider any other works besides the proposals submitted to it. No award may be declared for a year if the selection committee does not find any work measuring up to the required standard.<ref name=moorti/> The nominations for the award are received from several literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages. Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages.<ref name=proposal/>

The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms at most. The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English.<ref name=moorti/>

==Recipients==
[[File:CK Nagaraja Rao.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[C. K. Nagaraja Rao]] was the first recipient of the award.|alt=An image of C.K Nagaraja Rao.]]

[[File:Pratiba Ray 2010.JPG|thumbnail|upright|[[Pratibha Ray]] is the only female recipient of the award.|alt=An image of Pratibha Ray.]]

[[File:The Vice-President, Sahitya Akademi, Shri Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari addressing at the Writers’ Meet, in New Delhi on February 15, 2012.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari]] is the most recent recipient of the award.|alt=an image of Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, and language<ref name=laureates>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/page/moortidevi-laureates|title=Moortidevi Laureates|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|access-date=19 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219215302/http://www.jnanpith.net/page/moortidevi-laureates|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1983<br/>{{small|(1st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. K. Nagaraja|Rao}}
| ''Pattamahadevi Shantala Devi''
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="yr2003"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1984<br/>{{small|(2nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virendra Kumar|Sakhlecha}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/entertainment/437209/bharatiya-jnanpith-second-moorti-de.html |title=Bharatiya Jnanpith second moorti devi literary award |work=The Times Group |date=27 April 1986 |access-date=18 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125019/http://www.timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/entertainment/437209/bharatiya-jnanpith-second-moorti-de.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1986<br/>{{small|(3rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kanhaiyalal|Sethia}}
| —
| {{sort|Rajasthani|[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{Sfn|Thukral|2017|p=5}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1987<br/>{{small|(4th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manubhai|Pancholi}}
| ''Zer To Pidha Chhe Jani Jani''
|{{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{Sfn|Vol|1987|p=37}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1988<br/>{{small|(5th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishnu|Prabhakar}}
| —
|{{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sfn|Vipāsā|2009|page=40}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1989<br/>{{small|(6th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vidya Niwas|Mishra}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{Sfn|India|1992|page=1004}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1990<br/>{{small|(7th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Munishree|Nagraj}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=laureates/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1991<br/>{{small|(8th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pratibha|Ray}}
| ''Yagnaseni''
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Odia"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1992<br/>{{small|(9th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuber Nath|Rai}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sfn|Maheshwari|1999|page=192}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1993<br/>{{small|(10th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shyamacharan|Dubey|Shyama Charan Dube}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=proposal/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1994<br/>{{small|(11th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivaji|Sawant}}
| ''Mrityunjay''
| {{sort|Marathi|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="yr2003"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1995<br/>{{small|(12th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nirmal|Verma}}
| ''Bharat aur Europe: Pratishruti ke Shetra''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="yr2003"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2000<br/>{{small|(13th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Govind Chandra|Pande}}
| ''Sahitiya Saundarya aur Sanskriti''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="yr2003"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2001<br/>{{small|(14th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rammurti|Tripathi}}
| ''Shriguru Mahima''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="yr2003"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2002<br/>{{small|(15th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yashdev|Shalya}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=laureates/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2003<br/>{{small|(16th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kalyan Mal|Lodha}}
| —
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=laureates/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2004<br/>{{small|(17th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Narayan|Desai}}
| ''Maroon Jeewan Aaj Mari Vaani''
| {{sort|Gujarati|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Desai">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narayan-desai-to-be-awarded-1091767 |title=Narayan Desai to be awarded |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 April 2007 |access-date=18 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115641/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narayan-desai-to-be-awarded-1091767 |archive-date=23 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2005<br/>{{small|(18th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rammurti|Sharma}}
| ''Bharatiya Darshan Ki Chintadhara''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Desai"/>
|-
|style="text-align:center" | 2006<br/>{{small|(19th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishna Bihari|Mishra}}
| ''Kalpataru ke Utsav Leela''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/34267/moily-gets-moortidevi-award.html|title=Moily gets Moortidevi Award|publisher=4 November 2009|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093145/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/34267/moily-gets-moortidevi-award.html|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2007<br/>{{small|(20th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Veerappa|Moily}}
| ''Shri Ramayana Mahanveshanam''
| {{sort|Kannada}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Moortidevi-Award-for-Veerappa-Moily/articleshow/5700182.cms|title=Moortidevi Award for Veerappa Moily|date=19 March 2010|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204102733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Moortidevi-Award-for-Veerappa-Moily/articleshow/5700182.cms|archive-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2008<br/>{{small|(21st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raghuvansh|Raghuvansh}}
|''Paschimi Bhautik Samskriti Ka Utthan Aur Patan''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Raghuvansh"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2009<br/>{{small|(22nd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akkitham Achuthan|Namboothiri}}
| Various poems
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Moortidevi-Award-for-Akkitham/article15524205.ece|title=Moortidevi Award for Akkitham|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2011|access-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083155/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Moortidevi-Award-for-Akkitham/article15524205.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2010<br/>{{small|(23rd)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gopi Chand|Narang}}
| ''Urdu Ghazal aur Hindustani Zehn-o Tahzeeb''
| {{sort|Urdu}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/reclaiming-the-ghazals-space/article4109813.ece|title=Reclaiming the ghazal's space|last=Bhattacharya|first=Budhaditya|work=The Hindu|date=19 November 2012|access-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203083155/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/reclaiming-the-ghazals-space/article4109813.ece|archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2011<br/>{{small|(24th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulab|Kothari}}
| ''Ahmev Radha, Ahmev Krishnah''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=99123|title=Vice President Calls upon People to Stay Connected with their Cultural Roots|work=Press Information Bureau|date=4 September 2013|access-date=18 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094622/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=99123|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2012<br/>{{small|(25th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Haraprasad|Das}}
| ''Vamsha''
| {{sort|Odia|[[Odia language|Odia]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Odia"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2013<br/>{{small|(26th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C.|Radhakrishnan}}
| ''Theekkadal Katanhu Thirumadhuram''
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="Y2013"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2014<br/>{{small|(27th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishwanath|Tripathi}}
| ''Vyomkesh Darvesh''
| {{sort|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|title=Moortidevi Award for Hindi author Vishwanath Tripathi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/moortidevi-award-for-hindi-author-vishwanath-tripathi-115062600913_1.html|access-date=17 December 2015|date=26 June 2015|work=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112014431/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/moortidevi-award-for-hindi-author-vishwanath-tripathi-115062600913_1.html|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2015<br/>{{small|(28th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kolakaluri|Enoch}}
| ''Ananta Jeevanam''
| {{sort|Telugu|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/award-for-kolakaluri-enoch/article8291319.ece|title=Award for Kolakaluri Enoch|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202204403/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/award-for-kolakaluri-enoch/article8291319.ece|archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2016<br/>{{small|(29th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. P. Veerendra|Kumar}}
| ''Hymavathabhoovil''
| {{sort|Malayalam}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/m-p-veerendra-kumar-to-get-30th-moortidevi-award-on-march-4-880732-2017-02-23|title=M P Veerendra Kumar to get 30th Moortidevi Award on March 4|work=India Today|date=23 February 2017|access-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727125705/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/m-p-veerendra-kumar-to-get-30th-moortidevi-award-on-march-4/1/890218.html|archive-date=27 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 2017<br/>{{small|(30th)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joy|Goswami}}
| ''Du Dondo Phowara Matro''
| {{sort|Bengali|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=joy>{{cite news|title =Bengali poet Joy Goswami to get 31st Moortidevi Award|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/bengali-poet-joy-goswami-to-get-31st-moortidevi-award-1112052-2017-12-15|work=India Today|date=15 December 2017|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>
|-

| style="text-align:center" | 2019<br/>{{small|(31st)}}
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishwanath Prasad|Tiwari}}
| ''Asti Aur Bhavti''
| {{sort|Hindi|Hindi}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name=tiwari/>
|-
|}

==Moortidevi recipients by language==
Out of twenty-three eligible languages, the award has been presented for works in ten languages. The 31 Moortidevi awardees from 1983 to 2019 wrote in the following languages:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Language
! Number
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 17
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| 3
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 2
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| 2
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| 2
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| 1
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 1
|-
| [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| 1{{Efn|The 1986 awardee [[Kanhaiyalal Sethia]] wrote in [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], which is not included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 1
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| 1
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| 0
|-
| [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
| 0
|-
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| 0
|-
| [[English language|English]]
| 0
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| 0
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| 0
|-
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| 0
|-
| [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]
| 0
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| 0
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| 0
|-
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| 0
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| 0
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| 0
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[Jnanpith Award]], another annual literary award, regarded as the highest Indian literary honor and also conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.
* [[Saraswati Samman]], a similar literary award in Indian languages conferred by the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAc-7MEyrJgC&q=no+moortidevi+award+in+1985&pg=PA108|title=Indian Fiction in English Translation|last=Tiwari|first=Shubha|year=2005|page=108|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist.|isbn=978-81-269-0450-1}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA298 | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|last=Datta|first=Amaresh| year=1987|page=298|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpYqDwAAQBAJ&q=kanhaiyalal+sethia+won+moortidevi+award+for&pg=PA5|title=Rajasthan District Factbook : Churu District: District level socio-economic data of Churu District, Rajasthan|last=Thukral|first=R. K.|page=5|publisher=Datanet India Pvt. Ltd.|year=2017|isbn=978-93-805-9037-0}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8xAQAAIAAJ&q=manubhai+pancholi+moortidevi+award|title=Indian Newsmagazine|volume=29|year=1987|ref={{sfnref|Vol|1987}}}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ-tj4Va4asC&q=vishnu+prabhakar+moortidevi+award+in+1988|title=Vipāsā, Volumes 138–141|publisher=Bhāshā evam Saṃskr̥ti Vibhāga|year=2009|ref={{sfnref|Vipāsā|2009}}}}
*{{cite book|title=India: A Reference Annual|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|year=1992|ref={{sfnref|India|1992}}}}
*{{cite book|first=Suresh|last=Maheshwari|title=Lalita nibandhakāra Kuberanātha Rāya: vyaktitva-kr̥titva kī lalita ālocanā|publisher=Bhavana Prakashan|year=1999|pages=192|isbn=978-81-7667-000-5}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302045419/http://www.jnanpith.net/awards/moortidevi-award Official website]

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1983]]

Dhanotu, Kangra district

2025-11-10T02:52:57Z

Pnbh11:

{{Short description|Village in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Dhanotu''' is a village in the [[Kangra district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/himachal-pradesh/kangra/shahpur/chari-dhanotu.html |title=Chari Dhanotu Village in Shahpur (Kangra) Himachal Pradesh |website=Villageinfo.in |date= |accessdate=2016-11-05}}</ref> It is 13 km from [[Dharamshala]] bus stand and 9 km from Dharamsala airport. Primarily known for growing rice, wheat, corn and lychee farms, it is the farm country of Dharamsala area. At any given time, it is 6 degrees Celsius warmer than Dharamsala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/chari-dhanotu/3019022/november-weather/3019022 |title=Chari Dhanotu November Weather 2016 - AccuWeather Forecast for Himachal Pradesh India |website=Accuweather.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-05}}</ref>

==Climate==
At 770m (2,525 ft) elevation, Dhanotu is located in the Kangra Valley, at the base of the Dhauladhar Mountains in the Lesser Himalayas. It is classified as a Himalayan Wet Temperate Biome, characterized by heavy rain fall and Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Hill Deciduous Forests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/106395/8/08_chapter-2.pdf |title=Shodhganga |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |date= |accessdate=}}</ref>

It is a key habitat to [[flying fox]] and many species of migratory birds, including the [[sarus crane]] - the tallest flying bird in the world. The sarus crane can be seen from spring through fall in the marshes and river beds surrounding Dhanotu village.

Geologically, Dhanotu sits on non-conglomerated glacial out-wash, dropped by ancient glaciers which melted or washed down from high up in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] range.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Kangra district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]

Srivaikuntam

2025-10-25T00:14:47Z

Pnbh11: started a stub w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| other_name = Thiruvaikuntam
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.62|N|77.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 17
| population_total = 16214
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Srivaikuntam
}}
'''Srivaikuntam''', also referred to as '''Thiruvaikuntam''', is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the banks of the river [[Thamirabarani]].

Thiruvaikuntam has a temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]], known as Srivaikuntanathan or as Tiruvaikuntapati, with a lofty gopuram. The Thiruvenkadam Udaiyar Mandapam is rich with sculptures of [[Yalli (motif)|''yalli'']], elephants and warriors. The Ekadasi Mandapam, which is opened on Vaikunta Ekadasi days, contains sculptures. During the period of conflict between the [[East India Company]] forces and [[Veera Pandiya Kattabomman]], the temple served as a fort. The Kailasanathaswamy temple is another important temple and contains six inscriptions of the times of Kattabomman.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Geography==
Srivaikuntam is located at {{Coord|8.63115|N|77.9095017|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 17 [[metre]]s (55 [[foot (length)|feet]]). The town is located on the north bank of the [[Tamirabarani]] river. It is 30 km east of [[Tirunelveli]], 30 km west of [[Tiruchendur]] and 39 km from Tuticorin.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Srivaikuntam had a population of 16,214. Males constituted 48% of the population and females 52%. Tiruvaikuntam had an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 81%, and female literacy was 72%. In Srivaikuntam, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age. The city and its surroundings has a considerable population of Appanad [[Maravars]] and Brahmins (notably [[Iyengar]]s).

==Landmarks==
[[File:Srivaikundam Temple.jpg|thumb|alt=text|The ''[[rajagopuram]]'' of [[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple|Kallapiran temple]]]]
*[[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]] (Vishnu temple; One of the ''[[Nava Tirupati]]'')
*[[Kailasanathar Temple, Srivaikuntam]] (Shiva temple; One of the ''[[Nava Kailasam]]'')
[[File:SrivaikundamSivanTempleFrontView.jpg|thumb|Front view of the Srivaikuntam [[Kailasanathar Temple, Srivaikuntam|Kailasanathar temple]]]]

==Festivals==
*Fifth day festival every year April mid (in the [[Tamil month]] of ''[[Chithirai]]'')
*Ninth day [[Car festival]] every year April mid (in the Tamil month of ''Chithirai'')
*[[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Vaikunta Ekadashi]] between December and January
*Kuruz Kovil (RC Church) Festival from 16 July to 25 July

==Transport==
Bus services are conducted from [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tiruchendur]] and Thoothukudi through Srivaikuntam. There is a railway station at Tiruvaikuntam. Nearest air services are 24.6 km away at Thoothukudi.

==Education==
*Arulmighu Kumara Gurupara Swamigal Arts College, Srivaikuntam
*Arulmighu Kumara Gurupara Swamigal Public Library, Srivaikuntam
*Sri Kumara Gurupara Swamikal Hr Sec School, Srivaikuntam
*Arulmigu Kumara Gurupara Swamikal Government Girls Hr. Sec. School, Srivaikuntam
*TV RamaSubbier Krishnammal Hindu Vidyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Srivaikuntam
*Hajji Miyan Abdul Cader Middle School, Srivaikuntam
*SDA Mat Hr Sec School, Srivaikuntam
*Sri Kumara Gurupara swamigal primary school, Srivaikuntam
*St James Matriculation School, Srivaikuntam
*Ulagammalanni Niyabahartha Middle School, Srivaikuntam

== See also ==
* [[Athur, Thoothukudi|Authoor]]
* [[Maranthalai]]
* Pudukkudi West
* [[Umarikadu]]
* [[Vazhavallan]]
* [[Vittilapuram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thoothukudi district]]

Jim Vickers

2025-10-18T06:18:43Z

Pnbh11: minor edit

{{short description|Indian hurdler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jim Vickers
| birth_name = James Henry Vickers
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = Track and field
| event = 110 metres hurdles
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = 7 December 1922
| birth_place = [Bandikui] British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|12|6|1922|12|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Brisbane]], Australia
| height =
| weight =
}}

'''James Henry "Jim" Vickers''' (7 December 1922 – 6 December 2016)<ref name="Olympedia">{{Olympedia|71453}}</ref> was an Indian [[hurdling|hurdler]]. He competed in the [[Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|men's 110 metres hurdles]] at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/jim-vickers-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061450/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/vi/jim-vickers-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Jim Vickers Olympic Results |access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vickers, Jim}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian men hurdlers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

A. J. Thomas (poet)

2025-10-16T15:54:40Z

Pnbh11: adding a stub added tags!

{{short description|Indian poet writing in English (born 1952)}}
{{distinguish|A. J. Thomas Jr.|A. J. Thomas (American football)}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''A. J. Thomas''' (born 10 June 1952) is an Indian poet, translator and editor writing in [[English language|English]]. He is best known as editor of ''[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]'', the bimonthly English journal of [[Sahitya Akademi]] (India's National Academy of Letters) which he edited till 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.littlemag.com/about/about.html|title = The Little Magazine - About TLM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inclusiveplanet.com/en/group/564091 |title=Indian literature | inclusive planet |access-date=2014-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603065813/http://www.inclusiveplanet.com/en/group/564091 |archive-date=2011-06-03 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Thomas was born in Mount Illickan valley of [[Western Ghats]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bati |first=Diya |title=A. J. Thomas |url=https://hindijivanparichya.blogspot.com/2020/09/a-j-thomas.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Biography of in Hindi}}</ref> His childhood was spent in Mechal, [[Kottayam]]. In 1976 he took up employment with [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]].<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, he came in contact with internationally renowned writers like [[Dominique Lapierre]], [[Angus Wilson|Sir Angus Wilson]], [[Salman Rushdie]], and Indian writers like [[Pritish Nandy]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] who inspired him.

== Literary works ==
Thomas has translated poetry, fiction, drama and non-fiction from [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] to English. His first book of note was ''Bhaskara Pattelar and Other Stories,'' a translation of [[Paul Zacharia]]'s stories. This was a recreation of the original with [[Gita Krishnankutty]] and Zacharia as contributors.<ref name=":0" />

Thomas's literary works have appeared in poetry anthologies like ''[[The Dance of the Peacock]]: An Anthology of English Poetry from India'',<ref name="brook">{{cite news|last1=Grove|first1=Richard|title=The Dance of the Peacock:An Anthology of English Poetry from India|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|access-date=5 January 2015|issue=current|publisher=Hidden Brook Press, Canada|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929050126/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> featuring 151 Indian English poets, edited by Vivekanand Jha and published by Hidden Brook Press, [[Canada]].<ref name="press">{{cite web |last1=Press |first1=Hidden Brook |title=Hidden Brook Press |url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com |access-date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Hidden Brook Press}}</ref> and ''Converse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians'' (2022) edited by Sudeep Sen and published by Pippa Rann Books, [London].

== Awards and recognition ==
Thomas has received more recognition for literary translation. He won Katha award for his translation of Paul Zacharia's story "Salam America". The verse-fiction ''Ujjaini'', based on the life of Kalidasa by O. N. V. Kurup, the doyen of Malayalam poetry, in Thomas's translation, won critical acclaim. For translating the novel ''Keshavan’s Lamentions,'' by veteran Malayalam novelist M. Mukundan, he won the [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] 2007. According to [[Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan]], the Indian Literature Golden Jubilee Awards of [[Sahitya Akademi]] were the original brain child of A. J. Thomas.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pradhan|first1=Tapan Kumar|title=Kalahandi - The Untold Story|date=12 July 2020|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtTLzQEACAAJ|publisher=Kohinoor Books|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> Thomas was the chief editor of [[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] till 25 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=A J Thomas - Biography|url=https://thomasaj.in/ |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, A. J.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]

Somanna

2025-10-06T03:23:54Z

Pnbh11: started basic stub from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Somanna
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|06|01}}
| known_for = Tribal rights activism
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}
'''Somanna''' (born June 1, 1957) is an Indian [[Social work|social worker]] from [[Karnataka]], known for his work in uplifting the [[Jenu Kuruba]] tribal community, a [[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group]] (PVTG) of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-25 |title=Crusader for tribal rights, plastic surgeon who made a mission out of personal tragedy in Padma Awards list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/crusader-for-tribal-rights-plastic-surgeon-who-made-a-mission-out-of-personal-tragedy-in-padma-awards-list/article67777661.ece |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, in 2024 in the field of social work.<ref name="PIB2024">{{cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=Padma Awards 2024 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life and background ==
Somanna was born on June 1, 1957 in the [[Jenu Kuruba]] community in [[Mysuru district]], Karnataka.<ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera">{{cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=Mysuru's Somanna, who has won Padmashri award, is 'Kaatera' of real life |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/padma-shri-awardee-from-mysuru-makes-community-proud-2865739 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He hails from Althalhundi Moththa tribal hamlet and resides in Moththa tribal hamlet of Naganahalli Gram Panchayat in [[Heggadadevanakote|H.D. Kote taluk]].<ref name="StarOfMysorePadma">{{cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=Tribal welfare worker Somanna from H.D. Kote gets Padma Shri |url=https://starofmysore.com/tribal-welfare-worker-somanna-from-h-d-kote-gets-padma-shri/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=Star of Mysore}}</ref><ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" /> He studied up to the fourth standard.<ref name="ETVBharatJourney">{{cite web |date=26 January 2024 |title=Serf-turned tribal activist receives Padma Shri: Somanna's inspiring journey |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/padma-shri-award-serf-turned-tribal-activist-somanna-enn24012605778 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri — SHRI SOMANNA |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/2024117.pdf |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}</ref>

Somanna was the ninth child of his parents, Kunnaiah and Basamma, and witnessed many of his elder siblings dying due to diseases.<ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" /> For 16 years, Somanna worked as a bonded labourer until the [[Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976|Bonded Labour Abolition Act of 1976]] brought an end to his servitude.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Padma Shri for bonded labourer-turned-activist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/padma-shri-for-bonded-labourerturnedactivist-mysuru-somanna/articleshow/107159298.cms |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Following the implementation of the [[Land reform in India|Land Reforms Act]], he successfully fought to secure 31 guntas of land for himself in 1980.<ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" />

His wife, Rajamma, died on 7 January 2024, shortly before the announcement of his Padma Shri award.<ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" /> They have two sons and two daughters.<ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" />

== Activism ==
Somanna has dedicated over four decades, beginning around 1978, to the welfare and rights of the Jenu Kuruba tribe and other tribal communities in Karnataka.<ref name="PIB2024_detail">{{cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Padma Awards: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri - TinkerChild |url=https://www.tinkerchild.com/post/padma-awards-2024 |access-date=19 May 2024 |quote=He is tirelessly working for upliftment of Jenu Kuruba tribe for over 4 decades. He helped in acquiring title deeds to ensure the legal recognition and protection of more than 500 tribal communities residing in forest areas.}}</ref><ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" /> His work has focused on securing land rights, preventing displacement, promoting education, and conserving the environment.<ref name="ETVBharatJourney" /> A significant part of his activism involved helping tribal families obtain legal title deeds to their land, thereby ensuring their security and rights within forest areas. He is credited with assisting over 500 tribal communities or families in this endeavor.<ref name="PIB2024_detail" /><ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" /> In the 1990s, Somanna played a crucial role in protesting against the construction of a five-star resort in the ecologically sensitive zone of [[Nagarhole National Park]]. He has been a vocal advocate for the effective implementation of the [[Forest Rights Act|Forest Rights Act, 2006]].<ref name="StarOfMysoreFRA">{{cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=Padma Shri Awardee Somanna calls for effective implementation of Forest Rights Act |url=https://starofmysore.com/tag/somanna/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=Star of Mysore}}</ref>

Somanna co-founded the Budakattu Krushikara Sangha (Tribal Agriculturists' Association) in 1981,<ref name=":0" /> which has been a platform for championing tribal land rights, education, healthcare, and livelihood, alongside environmental conservation.<ref name="StarOfMysoreFelicitated">{{cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=Padma Shri Somanna felicitated |url=https://starofmysore.com/padma-shri-somanna-felicitated/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=Star of Mysore}}</ref> He has also collaborated with organizations like 'Aadivaasigala Munnata Sangha of Kerala' and represented the tribal community of India at an international conference in the [[Philippines]] in 1991.<ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" /><ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" />

Somanna has also contributed to raising awareness about tribal issues through literature. He has co-authored four novels with Ksheera Sagar, including ''Jene Nee Aakashada Aramaneye'', which was later adapted into the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''Kanneri,'' in which Somanna also acted.<ref name=":1" /> Other books include ''Aadivasigala Makkala Vidyaabhyaasa'' (Tribal Children's Education).<ref name="StarOfMysorePadma" /><ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* [[Padma Shri]] (2024)<ref name="PIB2024" />
* Valmiki Award (2023) by the Government of Karnataka for his contributions to tribal welfare<ref name="DeccanHeraldKaatera" />

Reportedly, Somanna was unfamiliar with the Padma Shri award but viewed it as encouragement to continue his fight for the rights of tribal communities.<ref name="ETVBharatJourney" /><ref name="HansIndiaUnassuming">{{cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Unassuming Padma Shri awardee yet to realise 'prestigious recognition' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/unassuming-padma-shri-awardee-yet-to-realise-prestigious-recognition-854454 |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Hans India}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)

2025-08-28T07:57:02Z

Pnbh11: started new data w/ refs...

{{short description|Tamil-language family drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Siva Manasula Sakthi serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on = [[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]
| writer =
| director = Bashir
| starring = {{plainlist|Vikram Shri <br> Tanuja Gowdaa <br> Rithika <br> Issac Varkees}}
| theme_music_composer =
| editor =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 355
| list_episodes =
| producer = Raj Velu
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 21–22 minutes per episode
| company = A Tele Factory
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2019|01|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|03|14}}
| related = [[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]
| channel = [[Vijay TV]]<br>[[Vijay TV|Vijay TV HD]]
| screenplay =
}}

'''''Siva Manasula Sakthi''''' ({{translation|''Sakthi Is in Siva's Heart''}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series]starring Vikram Shri and Tanuja Gowda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLEpRg6-Z2E|title=Upcoming New Vijay TV Serial "Siva Manasula Sakthi"|website=You Tube |date=9 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/vijay-tv-to-launch-new-fiction-siva-manasula-sakthi-from-jan-21-94088.html|title=Vijay TV to launch new fiction 'Siva Manasula Sakthi' from Jan 21|website=Exchange4media |date=18 January 2019 }}</ref> The series is the official remake of [[Hindi]] drama ''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-daily-soap-siva-manasula-sakthi-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/67591638.cms|title=New daily soap 'Siva Manasula Sakthi' to premiere soon|date=18 January 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> It replaced the slot of ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-siva-manasula-sakthi-crosses-100-episodes/articleshow/69412915.cms|title=TV serial Siva Sakthi crosses 100 episodes|website=Times of India|date=20 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/siva-manasula-sakthi-promo/1000229925|title=Siva Manasula Sakthi first promo|website=Hotstar}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Sakthi (Thanuja Gowda) marries Siva (Vikram Shri) with the purpose of winning her ancestral property back from him. With external forces working against them, will they ever find love in their hateful relationship forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Vikram Shri as Shiva
* Tanuja Gowda as Sakthi
* Veena Ponnappa as Bairavi

===Supporting===
* Abinavya (Abirami) as Sathya
* Fauzil Hidayah as Aasha
* Janani Pradeep as Nithya
* Sai Gayatri Bhuvanesh as Rekha
* Raghul Kanagaraj as Maruthi
* Premalatha as Shiva's mother
* Prakash Rajan as Durga's husband
* Manikandan as Kannan, Rekha's love interest
* Ganesh as Siddhu, Sathya's love interest
* Ranjini as Durga
* Sathya as Rajan, Bhairavi's husband (Antagonist)
* [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Rajalakshmi, Sakthi's grandmother
* [[K. Natraj]] as Ramamoorthy
* Issac Varkees as Sivanyanam Thambiyyar
* Yogesh Gopi as Doctor Aakash, Sivananyam's son
* [[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]] as Archana, Sivananyam's daughter
* Thanuja Krishnappa as Deivanayaki, Sivanyanam's sister (Antagonist)
* Sangeetha as Bhavani, Sivanyanam's wife

===Former Cast===
* Nithyalakshmi as Sathya
* Anirudh as Aditya
* Sanjay as Young Shiva
* VJ Pappu as Sakthi's love interest
* Girish as Senathipathi (Shiva's father)

==Casting==
[[Kannada]] television actress Thanuja Gowda was selected to play female lead role as Sakthi. [[Kannada]] actor Vikram Shri makes his Tamil serial debuts male lead as Siva. Official teaser has been released in YouTube on 9 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ChVVPxA8yo|title=சிவா மனசுல சக்தி விரைவில்|access-date=2018-12-24|language=ta}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]'' <br> तू सूरज मैं सॉंझ, पियाजी
|3 April 2017
|[[StarPlus]]
|1 June 2018
|Original
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Ardhangini (2018 TV series)|Ardhangini]]'' <br> অর্ধাঙ্গিনী
|8 January 2018
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|18 November 2018
| rowspan="3" |Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye]]'' <br> ಸರ್ವಮಂಗಳ ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯೇ
|30 July 2018
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|3 April 2020
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Siva Manasula Sakthi'' <br> சிவா மனசுல சக்தி
|30 January 2019
|[[Star Vijay]]
|14 March 2020
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10196048}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Moyna, Purba Medinipur

2025-08-04T09:43:26Z

Pnbh11: correct information to improve readability and fixed typos

{{About|the village in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake community development block|Moyna (community development block)|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Moyna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Other uses|Moyna (disambiguation){{!}}Moyna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moyna
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|14|00.0|N|87|47|00.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Midnapore district|East Midnapore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3,695
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Moyna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Moyna]]
| website = {{URL|eastmidnapore.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Moyna''' is a village in [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Tamluk subdivision]] of the [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], the ancient or even the medieval history of Moyna or Moynagarh is mired in controversy and uncertainties. Some enthusiasts of local history believe that Moyna was the birth-place and capital of [[Gourangapur#History|Lau Sen]]. The question that comes up in this regard is that Lau Sen's existence is yet to be established historically. He remains a mythical king. Similarly, there are various complications about the origin of the name. Setting aside these controversies, we can take up certain points from comparatively more recent history.<ref name="binoyghosh" />

In the 15th century, during the [[Islamic rule of India|Islamic rule]], Gobardhanananda Samanta, a [[Mahishya]] chieftain, founded the Moyna ''raj'' family. He was a sixth generation descendant of Kalindiram Samanta, who was a feudal chief of ''Bhanu Deva'' of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. He was the commander of the stronghold of ''Balisita'' in [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur|Sabang]].<ref name=":0" />

During the rule of Govardhananda there was a dacoit named Sridhar Hui, with a [[Robin Hood]] image. The Utkal king could not collect any rent from Sri Dhar, and Gobardhanananda Samanta also failed to pay his rent on time. He was imprisoned by the Utkal king but Gobardhanananda Samanta's passion for music charmed him and he was released with due honours. He ultimately succeeded in eliminating Sridhar. Consequently, his descendants ruled the kingdom with the royal title of "[[Bahubalindra Royal Family|Bahubalindra]]", granted to them by the Utkal kings. <ref name="binoyghosh">Ghosh, Binoy, West ''Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part II, 1976 edition, page 186, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Midnapore.in-Royal Families of Midnapore |url=https://midnapore.in/royal_families_sabang.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=midnapore.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Senapati and Das |first=Uma and Dulal Krishna |title=মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী-জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2020 |pages=72 to 73 |language=Bengali |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali Biographical Century}}</ref>

Chandrabhanu, the great grandson of Govardhananda was initiated into the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya vaishnav]] faith by Rasikananda of the [[Gopiballavpur|Gopiballavpur Goswami]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map|width=320|height=350|zoom=10|coord={{coord|22|17|0|N|87|47|0|E}}|float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Tamluk subdivision of East Midnapore district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|0|N|87|55|12|E}}|label-pos1=left|label1=Tamluk|numbered1=M|mark-title1=[[Tamluk]] (M)|label-color1=#800000|label-size1=13|mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|35|N|87|42|0|E}}|label-pos2=right|label2=Panskura|numbered2=M|mark-title2=[[Panskura]] (M)|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|5|N|87|52|12|E}}|label-pos3=right|label3=Kolaghat|numbered3=CT|mark-title3=[[Kolaghat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000|mark-coord4={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|53|35|E}}|label-pos4=right|label4=Amalhara|numbered4=CT|mark-title4=[[Amalhara]] (CT)|shape-color4=#C40000|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|20|N|87|50|37|E}}|label-pos5=left|label5=Mihitikri|numbered5=CT|mark-title5=[[Mihitikri]] (CT)|shape-color5=#C40000|mark-coord6={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|51|4|E}}|label-pos6=left|label6=Kharisha|numbered6=CT|mark-title6=[[Kharisha]] (CT)|shape-color6=#C40000|mark-coord7={{coord|22|24|30|N|87|52|42|E}}|label-pos7=right|label7=Kakdihi|numbered7=CT|mark-title7=[[Kakdihi]] (CT)|shape-color7=#C40000|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|40|N|87|52|7|E}}|label-pos8=left|label8=Shantipur|numbered8=CT|mark-title8=[[Shantipur, East Midnapore]] (CT)|shape-color8=#C40000|mark-coord9={{coord|22|19|30|N|87|48|50|E}}|label-pos9=left|label9=Anantapur|numbered9=CT|mark-title9=[[Anantapur, East Midnapore ]] (CT)|shape-color9=#C40000|mark-coord10={{coord|22|19|12|N|87|49|48|E}}|label-pos10=right|label10=South Baguan|numbered10=CT|mark-title10=[[South Baguan]] (CT)|shape-color10=#C40000|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|57|N|87|47|43|E}}|label-pos11=right|label11=Goasafat|numbered11=CT|mark-title11=[[Goasafat]] (CT)|shape-color11=#C40000|mark-coord12={{coord|22|7|30|N|87|48|43|E}}|label-pos12=right|label12=Kotbar|numbered12=CT|mark-title12=[[Kotbar]] (CT)|shape-color12=#C40000|mark-coord13={{coord|22|5|10|N|87|52|19|E}}|label-pos13=right|label13=Erashal|numbered13=CT|mark-title13=[[Erashal]] (CT)|shape-color13=#C40000|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|45|N|87|52|41|E}}|label-pos14=left|label14=Chatara|numbered14=R|mark-title14=[[Chatara]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000|mark-coord15={{coord|22|28|5|N|87|41|14|E}}|label-pos15=right|label15=Shyamsundarpur Patna|numbered15=R|mark-title15=[[Shyamsundarpur Patna]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000|mark-coord16={{coord|22|25|28|N|87|44|21|E}}|label-pos16=left|label16=North Mechogram|numbered16=R|mark-title16=[[North Mechogram]] (R)|shape-color16=#C40000|mark-coord17={{coord|22|21|38|N|87|53|30|E}}|label-pos17=left|label17=Janu Basan|numbered17=R|mark-title17=[[Janu Basan]] (R)|shape-color17=#C40000|mark-coord18={{coord|22|14|0|N|87|47|0|E}}|label-pos18=left|label18=Moyna|numbered18=R|mark-title18=Moyna, East Midnapore (R)|shape-color18=black|label-size18=13|label-color18=black |mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|19|N|87|55|8|E}}|label-pos19=left|label19=Nandakumar|numbered19=R|mark-title19=[[Nandakumar, East Midnapore]] (R)|shape-color19=#C40000|mark-coord20={{coord|22|5|31|N|87|51|22|E}}|label-pos20=left|label20=Chandipur|numbered20=R|mark-title20=[[Chandipur, East Midnapore ]] (R)|shape-color20=#C40000|mark-coord21={{coord|22|16|42|N|87|54|11|E}}|label-pos21=left|label21=Chak Srikrishnapur|numbered21=R|mark-title21=[[Chak Srikrishnapur]] (R)|shape-color21=#C40000|mark-coord22={{coord|22|10|30|N|87|53|47|E}}|label-pos22=left|label22=Bhabanipur|numbered22=R|mark-title22=[[Bhabanipur, East Midnapore]] (R)|shape-color22=#C40000|mark-coord23={{coord|22.3923|N|87.9426|E}}|label23=Rupnarayan|label-color23=#77A1CB|label-angle23=80|label-pos23=right|label-size23=10|mark-size23=0|mark-title23=none|mark-coord24={{coord|22|27|5|N|87|44|10|E}}|label-pos24=left|label24=South Maynadal|numbered24=H|mark-title24=[[South Maynadal]] (H)|shape-color24=#AA6666|mark-coord25={{coord|22|26|15|N|87|44|49|E}}|label-pos25=left|label25=East Gopalpur|numbered25=H|mark-title25=[[East Gopalpur]] (H)|shape-color25=#AA6666}}

===Physical geography===
The [[Keleghai River|Keleghai]] flows on the south of Moyna. On the north flows the [[Kangsabati|Kasai]], Baksui and Panchtui. In the olden days, many of these rivers joined and flew into the sea, which was not very far off from the port city of Tamluk. Sabang is in the west and Tamluk is on the east. The area had come up from the sea and was called ‘Moynachar’. During the rule of the Utkal Raj, it was called a ‘chaura’ or island-like area.<ref name=binoyghosh/>

===Police station===
Moyna police station has jurisdiction over [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] CD block. Moyna police station covers an area of 147 km<sup>2</sup> with a population of 196,903. It is located in Anandapur Mouza.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 10 November 2016 |url-status = usurped |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archivedate = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moyna PS |url=http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/MOYNA |accessdate=10 November 2016 |publisher=East Midnapore District Police}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of this CD block are located at South Moyna.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: East Midnapore |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=Map of East Midnapore with CD block HQs and Police Stations |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
94.08% of the population of Tamluk subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 5.92% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the second lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in East Midnapore district, just above Egra subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 East Midnapore |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date=21 January 2019 |accessdate=20 April 2019 |work=Table 2.2 |publisher=Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] South Moyna had a total population of 3,695 of which 1,971 (53%) were males and 1,724 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 319. The total number of literates in South Moyna was 3,062 (90.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 10 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Gar Moyna Block Primary Health Centre, PO Moyna (with 15 beds) is the main medical facility in Moyna CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Ramchandrapur (with 2 beds) and Arangkianara (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 27 March 2019}}</ref>

==Moyna picture gallery==
===Moynagarh Island===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Moyna Garh island at Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 02.jpg
File:Moyna Garh island at Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg
File:Moyna Garh island at Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 06.jpg
</gallery>

===Lokeswara Shiva temple===
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Lokeswara Shiva Temple at Moyna Garh at Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 03.jpg
File:Lokeswara Shiva Temple at Moyna Garh at Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 08.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Bahubalindra Royal Family]]
* [[Mahishya]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Moyna, Purba Medinipur}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

Narayan Dharap

2025-07-29T04:55:45Z

Pnbh11: Added entry

{{Short description|Marathi Writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=mr|otherarticle=नारायण धारप|date=October 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata
| fetchwikidata = ALL
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|08|18|1925|08|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known for = [[Horror fiction]], [[weird fiction]]
| occupation = Writer
}}

'''Narayan Dharap''' (27 August 1925 – 18 August 2008) was an Indian writer, primarily of [[horror fiction]] in the [[Marathi language]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bookstruck.app |title=Narayan Dharap |url=https://web.bookstruck.in/book/show/1778 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=bookstruck.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayan Dharap |url=http://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_author.cgi?authorId=a96657&lang=marathi |website=rasik.com |language=mr |access-date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302082731/https://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_author.cgi?authorId=a96657&lang=marathi |url-status=dead }}</ref> He wrote more than 100 books and was the first Marathi author to bring [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]] to Marathi readers.<ref name=":0" /> He was also a writer of [[Science fiction in India|science fiction]] and [[Marathi theatre|drama]].

Dharap earned a B.Sc. (Chemistry) degree from [[Mumbai University]] and had lived in Africa for some time for work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=समर्थ' गेले! |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3386915.cms |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He died in [[Pune]] on 18 August 2008 due to [[pneumonia]], having suffered from [[Respiratory disease|lung disease]] for some time.

== Work ==
The main characters which can be found often in his stories or novels are: Samartha, Appa Joshi, Krishnachandra, Pant and Jaidev. There are assorted stories as well, in which there can be individual heroes/heroines who overcome a situation, sometimes with a little external help, sometimes without it. Most of his stories feature a great battle between [[good and evil]], usually concluding with [[good]] triumphant. Dharap's stories also come from [[Marathi culture]]. The general characteristics of Dharap's books include "a victory of good over evil", "origination of the concepts in the book from Marathi culture", "keeping the story away from any kind of [[Sex in Indian entertainment|sexual references]] (which is considered an important factor in any "[[Genre fiction|popular]]" horror or [[Suspense fiction|suspense literature]])", "despite the books being of the horror genre, keeping the contents away from any kind of gore or offense against '[[Aesthetic taste|good taste]]'".{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Horror writing is still not seen with the reverence the way other types of writings are seen in [[Marathi literature]]. Narayan Dharap is loved by most Marathi readers who have some interest in the horror genre. He wrote some strikingly original stories based on [[weird fiction]] in Marathi, also he introduced fictional mythologies in Marathi horror literature for the first time.

Some of Dharap's novels and stories were inspired from contemporary American authors including [[Stephen King]], typically in the area of plot and geography. "Shapath" was a short story inspired by King's [[It (novel)|''It'']] and "[[Gramma (short story)|Gramma]]". "Gramma" was also adapted by Dharap into the short story "Aaji", published in the [[short story collection]] ''Anolkhi Disha 3'', "Aaji" along with "Bali" another short from the collection ''Padchhaya'' served as a basis for the 2018 Indian horror film ''[[Tumbbad]]''.

== Characters ==

* '''Samartha''': Samartha is one of the main characters that can be found in many of Dharap's novels. He is a powerful [[saint]]-like person, who helps people out of difficult situations involving bad [[Supernatural|supernatural powers]]. He himself is a possessor of great supernatural power, which he has earned with great efforts. He is generally assisted by '''Appa Joshi''', who is a [[Everyman|common man]] with a good heart and highly esteems Samartha.
* '''Krishnachandra''': Like Samartha, Krishnachandra too is a possessor of great supernatural powers, which he uses to help people in trouble (again with bad supernatural powers/ possessors of those powers/people helping these bad powers). However, unlike Samartha, he enjoys worldly pleasures as well. He is sometimes assisted by a character called '''Omkar'''.
* '''Pant''': Pant is another character that can be found in a couple of Dharap's stories. However, he doesn't appear in as many books as Samartha and Krishnachandra do. He is a great [[Tantra|Tantrik]], whose prayer room can appear anywhere he wants. There are some brutal forces hidden behind the statues of various animals in those rooms, which help him to fight against brutal evil in the story.
* '''Jaidev''': Jaidev is an [[occult]]ist with supernatural powers. He uses his divine abilities to help people and cure them from the attacks of evil forces. His appearance is very similar to Samartha.

== Bibliography ==
;Novels
* ''Samartha'' (1968)
* ''Kata'' (1970)
* ''Angarika'' (1976)
* ''Chaya'' (1971)
* ''Samarthanchi Sahase'' (1970)
* ''Ubhe Adave Dhage'' (1969)
* ''Krishna'' (1971)
* ''Samarthanchi Shakti'' (1972)
* ''Kajli'' (1970)
* ''Bujagavane'' (1971)

; Short story collections
*''Anolkhi Disha'' (adapted into a television series of the [[Anolkhi Disha|same name]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=महेश कोठारे बनले मालिका दिग्दर्शक |trans-title=Mahesh Kothare becomes serial director |url=http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20111208/5644160921067763888.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208233404/http://esakal.com/esakal/20111208/5644160921067763888.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
** ''Anolkhi Disha 1''
** ''Anolkhi Disha 2''
** ''Anolkhi Disha 3''
* ''Padchhaya''

;Short stories
* "Krishnachandra"
* "Samarthachiya Sevaka"
* "Chetakeen"
* "Dast"
* "Samarthancha Prahar"
* "Shapath" (inspired by [[Stephen King]]'s [[It (novel)|''It'']] and "[[Gramma (short story)|Gramma]]")
* "Sathe"
* "Fayakas"
* "Aaji" (from the collection ''Anolkhi Disha 3'', based on King's "Gramma" and adapted into the 2018 horror film ''[[Tumbbad]]'')
* "Bali" (from the collection ''Padchhaya'', adapted into the 2018 horror film ''Tumbbad'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://akshardhara.com/search?q=narayan+dharap&options%5Bprefix%5D=last Narayan Dharap] at Akshar Dhara

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharap, Narayan}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian horror writers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Stephen King]]
[[Category:Cthulhu Mythos writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]

Ishwar Singh (politician, born 1926)

2025-07-12T14:16:27Z

Pnbh11: started first bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (1926–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{cleanup|reason=sources; tone; general organisation|date=November 2011}}
}}

'''Chaudhary Ishwar Singh''' (5 November 1926 – 1998) was a leader of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and served as the speaker of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana Vidhan Sabha]] from 1991 to 1996. He was elected as MLA for four times by the electorates of [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]] constituency of [[Haryana]]. He is well known for his contribution to uplift the poor and oppressed people in the society and for uplifting girls to get higher education by building 3 degree colleges in the constituency of Pundri.

==Background==
Chaudhary Ishwar Singh was born on 5 November 1926 in the house of a poor farmer of village Staundi of Karnal District, Haryana. He received early education in his native village and then moved to Panipat from where he came out in his matriculation examination with flying colors. Then he moved to Rohtak and obtained his degree in Bachelors of Arts. to obtain his license of teaching degree he moved to Meerut. During his stay at these centers of learning certain incidents occurred which in a way determined the future course of Chaudhary Ishwar Singh's life. His teachers were very much impressed by his learning habits and took keen interest in grooming him into a great scholar. This quest of his knowledge took him to different places which left indelible imprint on his adolescent and young formative mind. During his student days he went through the teachings and message of Swami Vivekananda which provided Chaudhary Ishwar Singh with a purpose for social action, although he could not have stimulus of a personal contact with the Swami. He decided to mitigate the social evils illiteracy, poverty and hunger which affected the rural people. After he obtained hi L.T Degree, instead of competing for any lucrative government jobs he chose to join the teaching profession which suited his temperament and qualifications as he considered it a noble profession to serve the community. In his very first attempt he was selected by the interview board and the education department issued him appointment letter for the post of social studies teacher and posted him at Government High School, [[Samalkha]] (Karnal). Though his academic quest came to an end with his joining first as a teacher and then in active politics yet his quest for learning remained a lifelong passion for him.

==Political career==
Chaudhary Ishwar Singh impressed the people of [[Kaul Village|Kaul]] with his sincerity and desire to work for the betterment of the community. He was also a great orator and words flowed easily from his tongue. He often used to talk about the great ancient history of [[Kaul Village|Kaul]]. There is a very ancient fort in the village and Chaudhary Ishwar Singh Dhakla often said that this was the place where the wheel of [[Karna]]'s chariot got stuck during his final fight against [[Arjuna|Arjun]] in [[Mahabharat]].

Chaudhary Ishwar Singh was elected to the Haryana Assembly as an independent candidate for the first time in 1968 and then again in 1972, 1982 and 1991 on Congress party ticket. He was a man of vision and was very instrumental in setting up many educational institutions. He served as the Speaker of the Haryana [[Vidhan Sabha]] from 1991 to 1996 under the last [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] government of Haryana.<ref>"Kuldip Sharma said '''Ishwar Singh''' was a man of vision and instrumental in setting up many educational institutions", "Tributes paid to Ishwar Singh", An article in The Tribune, Tuesday, 6 November 2007, Chandigarh, India [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071106/haryana.htm#16]</ref>

==Social contribution==
He wielded tremendous influence due to his closeness to [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], the stalwart [[Bishnoi]] leader and Chief Minister of Haryana on several occasions. Apart from that, Ishwar Singh Ji did a lot of social work. He ensured the opening of many educational institutions in his constituency of [[Pundri]]. He also had a power station built close to the village of Kaul. He stressed on women education. He always said that "if a male is educated a family will be educated but if a female will educated the whole society will be educated". In this context he established three women colleges named as Ch. Ishwar Singh Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Fatehpur-Pundri (Kaithal) www.ciskmv.org in 1984, and Ch. Ishwar Singh Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Dhand-Dadwana (Kaithal), Ch. Ishwar Singh Mahila Shikshan Mahavidyalaya, Fatehpur-Pundri (Kaithal) in 1994. These colleges imparting higher education to the girls of about sixty villages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chaudhary Ishwar}}
[[Category:People from Karnal district]]
[[Category:People from Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1968–1972]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1991–1996]]

Rav River

2025-05-15T17:37:22Z

Pnbh11: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Rav
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length_km = 25
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= [[Arabian Sea]]
| discharge2_min =
| discharge2_avg =
| discharge2_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location = [[India]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Arabian Sea]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
'''Rav River''' is a river in western [[India]] in [[Gujarat]] whose origin is Near Lilpar village. Its [[drainage basin]] has a maximum length of 25 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 126 km2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rav River|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=2152&lang=English|publisher=guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, [[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Parapsilorhynchus discophorus

2024-12-26T18:06:00Z

Pnbh11: new post

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Parapsilorhynchus
| species = discophorus
| authority = [[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1921)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Parapsilorhynchus discophorus''''', commonly known as the '''Ratnagiri minnow''', is indigenous to India.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Parapsilorhynchus|species= discophorus| month = February | year = 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Talwar, P. K.|author2=Jhingran, A. G.|date=1991|title=Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries|volume=1|publisher=A. A. Balkema|place=Rotterdam|page=541}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q959690}}

[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sunder Lal Hora]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1921]]
[[Category:Parapsilorhynchus|d]]

{{Labeoninae-stub}}

Bhalewadi

2024-08-31T10:19:13Z

Pnbh11: added intro for clarity

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhalewadi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhalewadi''' is a village in the [[Karmala Taluka|Karmala taluka]] of [[Solapur district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state, India.

==Demographics==
Covering {{convert|598|ha|acre}} and comprising 192 households at the time of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], Bhalewadi had a population of 1094. There were 572 males and 522 females, with 148 people being aged six or younger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Maharashtra Series 28, Part XII District Census Handbook Solapur Primary Census Abstract |page=114 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Maharashtra |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2730_PART_B_DCHB_%20SOLAPUR.pdf |accessdate=2018-01-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Villages in Karmala taluka]]

{{Solapur-geo-stub}}

Chirakkal Mahadeva temple

2024-08-31T07:22:59Z

Pnbh11: Made New Location V1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Chirakkal Mahadeva temple
| image = Chirakkal Mahadeva Temple Puliyanam Top View.JPG
| caption = Chirakkal Mahadeva temple, Angamaly
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Chirakkal Mahadeva temple, [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.203558|N|76.355321|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| location = [[Puliyanam]], [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 40.47
| deity = [[Shiva|Mahadeva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]
| temple_quantity = One
}}

'''Chirakkal Mahadeva temple''' in [[Kerala]], [[India]] is the 108th Shiva temple in India. The main deity in this temple is [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] and He is in Rowdra bhavam in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirakkal - Mahadeva Temple |url=https://shaivam.org/temples-lord-shiva-temples-of-india/chirakkal-mahadeva-temple/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref>
== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of {{coord|10.203558|N|76.355321|E}} in [[Puliyanam]] village of [[Angamaly]] neighbourhood of [[Ernakulam district]] in the state of Kerala in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Chirakkal Mahadeva temple |url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/chirakkal-mahadeva-temple-history-address/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=templesinindiainfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirackal Mahadevar Temple, Angamaly - Cosmo View |url=https://cosmoview.in/index.php/en/temples/temples-of-south-india/kerala/chirackal-mahadevar-temple-angamaly |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=cosmoview.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]

First Lady of India

2022-12-22T05:38:12Z

Pnbh11: added basic pg more to come!

#REDIRECT [[First ladies and gentlemen of India]]

Postpaid

2022-07-25T02:34:09Z

Pnbh11: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Postpaid mobile phone]] {{R from merge}}

Angaadi

2022-07-20T20:04:38Z

Pnbh11: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Angadi (film)]]

Bhavans Varuna Vidhyalaya

2022-07-08T16:22:24Z

Pnbh11: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bhavan's Varuna Vidyalaya]]