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Pusa Road

2026-05-07T18:42:50Z

Pipingblog:

{{Short description|Road in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Pusa Road''' (Sadhu Vaswani Marg) is an arterial road and one of the major roads of [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Several prominent educational institutions and hospitals are located on the road. The neighbourhoods of [[Karol Bagh]] and [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]] are respectively on the northern and southern sides of the road. It forms part of the Patel Road - Pusa Road - Link Road corridor that connects West Delhi to Connaught Place. This is one of the busiest arterial routes in the city; according to a 2014 estimate, it carries 170,000 vehicles per day.<ref name="hindustantimesroy">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sidhartha |title=Chaos rules this commercial corridor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/chaos-rules-this-commercial-corridor/story-iUz8uCSKaeIHGDWyCL8YUK.html |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

Pusa Road takes its name from the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), formerly known as Pusa Institute, which is located at the western end of the road.<ref name="indianexpressiari">{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sukrita |title=Agri research institute shifted to Delhi: Behind Pusa Road name, link to 1934 Bihar earthquake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/agri-research-institute-shifted-to-delhi-behind-pusa-road-name-link-to-1934-bihar-earthquake-5759545/ |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Officially, the name was changed some years ago to Sadhu Vaswani Marg, but the old name continues to be in use.

Starting from the roundabout next to the IARI campus (Pusa Roundabout), where it meets with Patel Road, K. S. Krishnan Marg and Shankar Road, Pusa Road extends eastward, ending at a large roundabout where it meets with [[Arya Samaj Road]], Faiz Road, Link Road and [[Vandemataram Marg]]. The Blue Line of the [[Delhi Metro]] runs overhead along the entire length of the road. Two metro stations - [[Rajendra Place metro station|Rajendra Place]] and [[Karol Bagh metro station|Karol Bagh]] - are located on Pusa Road.

==History==
After 1911, when the capital of [[British India]] was moved from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]], the construction of the new capital began. Residents of villages in the area where [[New Delhi]] would come up were moved to [[Karol Bagh]], until then a wild and rocky area.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> This area is to the west of the walled city of Shahjahanabad, which was now referred to as [[Old Delhi]]. During the 1920s, Shahjahanabad had become overcrowded, and some of its inhabitants moved into the western suburbs.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Up to the early 1930s, the area to the south and south-west of Karol Bagh was not urbanised. All this changed in 1934, when [[1934 Nepal-India earthquake|a major earthquake]] hit parts of Nepal and Eastern India. The Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, located at Pusa in [[Bihar]], was severely damaged. The colonial administration decided to relocate the institute to Delhi. In 1936, Pusa Institute (as it was popularly called) was set up outside the urban limits of Delhi, on what used to be prime agricultural land.<ref name="indianexpressiari" /> The road which would provide access to Pusa Institute from the new capital city was built along the southern border of Karol Bagh, and naturally enough named Pusa Road.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

During the next two decades, Pusa Road was a destination for the elite mercantile class who didn't went into either Old Delhi or New Delhi. A number of large private residential buildings came up on the road, many of which still exist. These have been described as "desi bungalows", and have a unique niche in the historical and architectural history of the city and they are big, high value properties.<ref name="sarsonkekhetpusaroad">{{cite web |title=Old Delhi's Western Suburbs: Pusa Road |url=https://sarsonkekhet.in/2018/01/26/old-delhis-western-suburbs-pusa-road/ |website=sarsonkekhet.in |date=26 January 2018 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

After the independence of India and Partition in 1947, the city was flooded by refugees from what had now become Pakistan. Areas to the south of Pusa Road now began to be urbanised. West of the roundabout, [[Patel Nagar]] came up. Further west, [[Punjabi Bagh]] and other areas in what is today [[West Delhi]] began to be developed. The nature of Pusa Road changed as a consequence. It remains sought-after destination. For some years, until [[Chanakyapuri]] was ready for occupancy, Pusa Road was home to some foreign missions in the newly independent country.<ref name="indiahungary">{{cite book |last1=Kalmar |first1=Gyorgyi |title=India and Hungary: Decades of Cooperation |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hP4JAQAAIAAJ&q=pusa |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

In the mid to late 1950s, land on Pusa Road was allotted to a number of hospitals and schools. By 1975, most of them had completed construction, changing the look of the road. A number of institutions which help prepare aspirants for various competitive examinations also came up during this period.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In recent years, Pusa Road has become a very busy road since it forms part of the main corridor linking West Delhi to Connaught Place. The Delhi Urban Art Commission, in a recent report (2018), has taken note of the high volume of traffic at the Pusa Roundabout, especially on the Patel Road - Pusa Road alignment, and proposed major restructuring.<ref name="duacreport">{{cite web |title=Decongestion of Traffic Junctions |url=https://www.duac.org/site_content/attachments/Decongestion%20of%20Traffic%20junctions%20(2).pdf |publisher=Delhi Urban Art Commission |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

==Junctions==
There are two major junctions.
* From the first, Guru Ravi Das Marg extends northwards into Karol Bagh up to Dev Nagar.
* From the second, Sir Gangaram Hospital Marg goes in a south-westerly direction up to Shankar Road.

==Important places on the road==

===Educational institutions===
* [[Springdales School]], Pusa Road, is located at the eastern end of the road, at the intersection of Pusa Road and [[Vandemataram Marg]]. The school was founded in 1955 and moved to its present location in 1962.<ref name="springdales">{{cite web |title=The Springdales Schools - The Story of Springdales |url=http://springdales.com/ |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>
* St. Michael's Senior Secondary School, established in 1980,<ref name="stmichaels">{{cite web |title=St. Michael's Sr. Sec. School - History |url=https://www.stmichaelprd.in/page.php?menu_id=1704 |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> is located to the west of Springdales School.
* DTEA Senior Secondary School, Pusa Road, founded in 1953,<ref name="icbse-dtea">{{cite web |title=Pusa Road-DTEA Sr. Sec. School Delhi |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/pusa-road-dtea-sr-sec-school-p4y1e |website=icbse.com |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> is located to the west of St. Michael's School. It is the second of the [[Delhi Tamil Education Association Senior Secondary Schools|DTEA schools]].
* [[Ramjas School, Pusa Road]], is located further to the west. It was established by the Ramjas Foundation in 1971.<ref name="ramjaspus">{{cite web |title=Ramjas School, Pusa Road - About Us |url=http://www.ramjaspusa.com/aboutus.htm |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* IHM pusa, established in 1962,<ref name="institute of hotel management, pusa ">{{cite web |title=IHM Pusa - History |url=https://www.ihmpusa.in/page.php?menu_id=1704 |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>

===Hospitals===
* BLK Super-Speciality Hospital is a 650-bed hospital located at the junction of Pusa Road and Guru Ravi Das Marg. It was inaugurated in January 1959.<ref name="blklegacy">{{cite web |title=BLK Super-Speciality Hospital - Legacy |url=https://www.blkhospital.com/legacy.php |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
* City Hospital is a 120-bed hospital located at the intersection of Pusa Road and Sir Gangaram Hospital Marg.
* Kolmet Hospital is a 39-bed hospital located near Karol Bagh metro station. It was established in 1990.
* Jeewan Nursing Home and Hospital is located on the south side of Pusa Road, near Karol Bagh metro station. It was founded in 1948 and moved to its present location in 1956.<ref name="jeewanhospital">{{cite web |title=Jeewan Nursing Home and Hospital - About Us |url=https://jeewanhospitalpusaroad.com/about-us/ |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

===Commercial Complex===
* [[Rajendra Place]] is a multistoreyed commercial complex located on the northern side of Pusa Road.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://wikimapia.org/street/458451/Pusa-Road-Sadhu-Vasvani-Marg Pusa Road on Wikimapia]

{{coord missing|Delhi}}


[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]

S. N. Swamy (artist)

2026-05-07T10:26:05Z

Pipingblog: Stub

{{Short description|Indian artist (1911–1983)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Padmashree Singannachar Narasimha Swamy''' (1911 – 19 December 1983) was an Indian artist who lived and worked in India his whole life. An alumnus of Chamaraja Technical Institute, [[Mysore]] and Sir J.J School of Arts, [[Bombay]], Swamy, as affectionately referred to, moved around in high circles, with friendships with [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] (the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister of Independent India]]), [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Lord Mountbatten of Burma]] and the like. His paintings and other works of art can be found in various government offices, [[museums]] and personal collections around the world.

Born in Mysore, India, to a traditional family of artists, he took to art naturally as he was introduced to the field by his father "Swarnakala Nipuna" Singannacharya, who was a [[goldsmith]] of [[Mysore Palace]], by taking the young Swamy to his work. Starting his career with being the Mysore Palace photographer and later Mysore Palace artist he went on to being art director with [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] in prabhat studio, Pune, director of [[Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation]] and member of Central Lalitha Kala Academy and Central Sangeeth Kala Academy, [[New Delhi]]. His models for oil paintings range from the likes of Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Mahatma Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahatma Gandhi's painting by S.N.Swamy|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|work=Oil Paintings|publisher=Karunadu|access-date=12 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008075154/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> and so on. His passion was to do pencil sketches, which was his specialization, of world-renowned personalities and get them autographed by the subject. Some of the likes being [[Albert Einstein]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Einsteins autographed pencil sketch by S.N.Swamy|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/albert-einstein-4841248-details.aspx?intObjectID=4841248|publisher=christies|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> [[Winston Churchill]], [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]],<ref>{{cite web|title=David Low's autographed pencil sketch by S.N.Swamy|url=http://www.chrisbeetles.com/gallery/portraits/artist-portraits/portrait-david-low.html|work=Art|publisher=chrisbeetles|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124829/http://www.chrisbeetles.com/gallery/portraits/artist-portraits/portrait-david-low.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]], [[George Bernard Shaw]],<ref>{{cite web|title=George Bernard Shaw's autographed pencil sketch by S.N.Swamy|url=https://www.chrisbeetles.com/artists/swamy-s-n-1911-1983.html|work=Art|publisher=chrisbeetles|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> [[H. G. Wells]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/21029/lot/1442/wells-herbert-george-1866-1946-swamy-sn-portrait-signed-hg-wells-graphite-on-paper-95-x-7-inches/|title=Bonhams : WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE. 1866-1946. SWAMY, S.N. Portrait Signed (H.G. Wells), graphite on paper, 9.5 x 7 inches,|website=www.bonhams.com}}</ref> Bernard Montgomery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historical.ha.com/itm/autographs/u.s.-presidents/-bernard-montgomery-1st-viscount-montgomery-of-alamein-framed-sketch-signed-total-2-items-/a/692-36128.s|title = [Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein] Framed | Lot #36128}}</ref> Franklin D. Roosevelt,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/FDR_GLC00162.18_00001.jpg | format=JPG | title=Portret of Franklin D. Roosevelt | website=www.gilderlehrman.org}}</ref> etc.

He has received many awards in his recognition as an accomplished artist. In 1969 he was awarded the national award, [[Padma Shri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=1969-1969&Name=Singannachar%20Narasimha%20Swamy&Field=Art|title=Padma Awards | Interactive Dashboard}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in recognition of his contribution to the field of art and the State Lalitha Kala Academy award in November 1966. Some of his books which have been published are, Temple Sculptures of India, Messenger of Peace and Priyadarshini.

== Early life and family ==

S.N. Swamy was born in Mysore, India in 1911 as a single child to "Swarnakalanipuna" Singannacharya (1875-February 1967), a goldsmith and sculptor in the Mysore Palace, famous for his works of the Golden Howda and the Golden Throne at the Mysore Palace, and Thayamma. His father, Singannacharya, a master goldsmith and sculptor, is accredited with many a works of art which find a place of prominence in many palaces, temples and religious institutions around India. If his grandfather, Narasimhachar, also a goldsmith and sculptor at the Mysore Palace, is remembered for his creation of the golden umbrella adorning the deity at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupathi]], his granduncle, Singanna, is remembered for the silver bust of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] in Mysore Palace.

== Education ==

Swamy attended the Mission High School and completed his matriculation. Always accompanying his father to the palace and looking him work, Swamy started to sketch the sculptors and started assisting his father by sketching designs and figures. Seeing Swamy discontinue studies and his interest in art, Singannacharya joined him to the Chamaraja Technical Institution, Mysore in 1928 and saw him finish in 1932. In the Fine Arts section of the Mysore Dasara Exhibition 1931, an oil painting of S.N. Swamy, "Honored Old Age"(a study of an old lady in brick red saree and drab background) won the silver medal.

Once, on his ride on Irwin road in Mysore, the then Maharaja, Krishna Raja Wadeyar iv, who had watched Swamy sketching at the palace on a few occasions, saw him whiling away his time with friends. Upon seeing the Maharaja, Swamy ran inside his house and the Maharaja sent for him and advised him to not waste time and work at what he is good at. In response, Swamy drew a fine sketch of the Maharaja and received appreciation. Following which the Maharaja sponsored Swamy to do his master's degree in art at [[Sir J. J. School of Art|Sir. J.J. School of Arts]], Bombay, in 1934. At Sir. J.J. School of Arts, Swamy studied under the tutelage of the eminent art teacher, Durandhar. During this period, Swamy used to interact with well-known artists like Sir Desai, Haldankar, Sithawar, Karmarkar, A.X. Tendon, on a regular basis. He won the gold medal at the Shimla Art Exhibition for his series of paintings titled "My Model", the paintings was of a Maharastrian woman. Sometime later, paintings based on "My Model" by Swamy's friend, artist Mac Millian, won the award. In Mysore Dussera Art Exhibition Swamys "My Model" series won the S.B. Shastry memorial award. A painting done at this time titled "Figure from Life" is presently at the [[British Museum|British Museum, London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Painting by S.N.Swamy|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/figure-from-life-191155|work=[[Art UK]]|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>
He completed his studies at Sir J.J. School of Arts in 1938.

== Personal life ==

Swamy got married at the age of 13 years to Dodda Narasamma, aged 11 years. His father-in-law, T. Yelakapachar, was a very wealthy and famous man, being a palace contractor, who is credited along with his elder brother, T. Cheluvachar and father, Timmiachar for the construction of the Durbar Hall of the Mysore Palace. In 1928, Swamy became a father on the birth of a son S Chinna Krishna, and a few years later his second son N Vasudev was born.
Swamy used to live in his father's house on Irwin road, opposite to the five-faced Anjenaya temple. He later moved into "Dilkush Cottage", a palace bungalow on Hyder Ali road, previously occupied by eminent guests of the Maharaja, one of whom was the late singer Gauhar Jan.
In Dilkush Cottage, Swamy entertained guests such as, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Chief Ministers of Karnataka and many important people.

== Final years ==

Swamy kept on painting and sketching till his last years. He spent his last years in his Geetha mandir road residence, "Shree Nilaya". After the demise of his wife in 1982, he became very lonely and died in Holdsworth Memorial Hospital on 19 December 1983.

== List of paintings ==

Noteworthy among his many paintings are portraits of [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Edwina Mountbatten of Burma]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Oil Painting of Lady Edwina Mountbatten by *S.N.Swamy|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/lady-edwina-mountbatten-19011960-25566|work=[[Art UK]]|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> and Mahatma Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahatma Gandhi's painting by S.N.Swamy|url=https://www.unesco.org/artcollection/NavigationAction.do?idOeuvre=2122|work=Oil Painting|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>
His pencil sketch of Richard M. Nixon was used for the January 1969 cover of SPAN magazine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.isu.pub%2F180308061359-42381f2efce508cee7ffe1c7e49dc1e2%2Fjpg%2Fpage_1_thumb_large.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fspanmagazine%2Fdocs%2F01-1969-cr&docid=XNmXfeQ_5KjKMM&tbnid=2Nhs5pWAo2SD2M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiO2MyAhJbjAhXPT30KHQZzAYoQMwifAShRMFE..i&w=320&h=452&itg=1&bih=657&biw=1366&q=s.n.swamy%20paintings%20and%20sketches&ved=0ahUKEwiO2MyAhJbjAhXPT30KHQZzAYoQMwifAShRMFE&iact=mrc&uact=8 | title=S.n.swamy%20paintings%20and%20sketches – Google Search }}</ref> His sketch of Dwight D. Eisenhower is with the Smithsonian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/portraits/search?page=13&edan_q=Artists&edan_fq%5B0%5D=topic%3A%22Politics%22&edan_fq%5B1%5D=date%3A%221950s%22&edan_fq%5B2%5D=topic%3A%22Universities%22&edan_local=1|title=Request Rejected}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Swamy's gift of Sir Rabindranath Tagore's pencil sketch to George Bernard Shaw, still hangs in Shaw's residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/results?Maker=Padmashree+Singannachar+Narasimha+Swamy+(Mysore+1911+-+Mysore+1983)|title = Results, Maker: "Padmashree Singannachar Narasimha Swamy (Mysore 1911 – Mysore 1983)"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nt.global.ssl.fastly.net/images/1052188objectsinshawsstudyshawscorner.jpg?width=1920&auto=webp&crop=16:7 | title=Pictures, books and other objects above the mantelpiece in the study at Shaw's Corner | format=JPG | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624202529/https://nt.global.ssl.fastly.net/images/1052188objectsinshawsstudyshawscorner.jpg?width=1920&auto=webp&crop=16:7 | archive-date=2022-06-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.chrisbeetles.com/artists/swamy-s-n-1911-1983.html Chris Beetles Gallery]
* [https://www.unesco.org/artcollection/NavigationAction.do?idOeuvre=2122 S N Swamy - Gandhi Art]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swamy, SN}}
[[Category:Artists from Mysore]]
[[Category:Painters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]

Sitai Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:39:42Z

Pipingblog: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About| the assembly constituency in West Bengal|2. its namesake village|Sitai, Cooch Behar|3.its namesake community development block|Sitai}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sitai
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sitai.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sitai Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]
| constituency_no = 6
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Sangita Roy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 290,568
}}
'''Sitai''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 6 Sitai Assembly constituency covers [[Sitai (Community development block)|Sitai]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bara Atiabari I, Bara Atiabari II, Bara Soulmari, Bhetaguri II, Gitaldaha I, Gitaldaha II, Gosanimari I, Gosanimari II, Matalhat, Okrabari and Petla Putimari II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dinhata I (Community development block)|Dinhata I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Sitai Assembly constituency is part of No. 1 [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Dr. Md. Fazle Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Dipak Sengupta
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Dr. Md. Fazle Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Nripendra Nath Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Dr. Md. Fazle Haque]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Keshab Chandra Roy
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|2024^
|rowspan=2|[[Sangita Roy]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

* ^ [[by-election]]

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitai (SC)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sangita Roy]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 128188
|percentage = 48.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashutosh Barma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 125467
|percentage = 47.29
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Kumar Barma
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = 2105
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rabin Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3262
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1324
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=265319|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = Hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S256.htm

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Sitai<ref name="West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144039/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Sitai Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=Sitai Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S256.htm |access-date=22 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722141316/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S256.htm |archive-date=22 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sangita Roy]]
|votes = 165,984
|percentage = 76.08
|change = {{increase}}26.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Roy
|votes = 35,348
|percentage = 16.20
|change = {{decrease}}28.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harihar Roy Singha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,177
|percentage = 4.21
|change = {{increase}}2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Arun Kumar Barma
|votes = 3,319
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,317|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes= 130,636|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=215,145|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitai (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=6| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530050845/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=6| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 30 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Sitai| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jagadish Chandra Barma Basunia
|votes = 117908
|percentage = 49.42
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Roy
|votes = 107796
|percentage = 45.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Keshab Chandra Roy
|votes = 3964
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 238578
|percentage = 82.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Keshab Chandra Roy of Congress defeated his nearest rival Dipak Kumar Roy of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sitai (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=6| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530050845/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=6| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 30 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Sitai| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Keshab Chandra Ray
|votes = 79,791
|percentage = 46.63
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Roy
|votes = 78,214
|percentage = 45.71
|change = +1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brajo Gobinda Barman
|votes = 5,185
|percentage = 3.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhajan Biswas
|votes = 2,904
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Anil Chandra Barman Roy
|votes = 2,035
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Goutam Barman
|votes = 1,613
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tapas Barman
|votes = 1,220
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 171,102
|percentage = 81.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = - 2.29
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Dr. Md. Fazle Haque of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Sitai seat defeating his nearest rival Nripendra Nath Roy of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Nripendra Nath Roy of Forward Bloc defeated Dr. Md. Fazle Haque of Congress. In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Dr. Md. Fazle Haque, Independent, defeated Nripendra Nath Roy of Forward Bloc. Dipak Sengupta of Forward Block defeated Dr. Md. Fazle Haque of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Sushil Roy Sarkar of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp06.htm | title = 6 - Sitai Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Dr. Md Fazle Haque of Congress won the seat in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Pop Carn

2026-05-04T18:00:12Z

Pipingblog: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pop Carn.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| producer = Kameela Nassar
| writer = [[S. Ramakrishnan]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = Nassar
| story = Nassar
| based_on = 
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]|[[Simran (actress)#Early life and family|Jyothi Naval]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Dharan
| editing = S. Sathesh J. N. Harsha
| studio = Kana Film Makers
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|01|24}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pop Carn''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].<ref name="The Hindu 3">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=23 February 2006 |title=Nasser: a one-man industry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nasser-a-oneman-industry/article3182325.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918002139/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nasser-a-oneman-industry/article3182325.ece |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]],<ref name="Sify 1" /> and introduces Simran's younger sister Jyothi Naval.<ref name=":0" /> The title is short for "Pop Carnival" and a play on the word "[[popcorn]]",<ref name="The Hindu 1">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=23 January 2002 |title=Pop goes Nasser's carnival |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/01/23/stories/2002012300400200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219142013/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2002/01/23/stories/2002012300400200.htm |archive-date=19 February 2016 |access-date=7 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with a storyline focusing on why marriages between celebrities can suffer due to conflicts between egos.<ref name="Sify 2">{{Cite news |title=Nasser |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12572822&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415224946/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12572822&cid=2408 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2023, Nassar apologised for directing the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/nassar-apologises-for-his-mohanlal-starrer-pop-carn-mohanlal-is-someone-who-consistently-8882385/|title=Nassar apologises for his Mohanlal-starrer Pop Carn: 'Mohanlal is someone who consistently…'|date=8 August 2023|location=Kochi|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Popular music director Vikramaditya returns from a long sabbatical to work with a young music troupe and falls in love with a fusion dancer Jamuna. The two marry but fall apart due to their clashing artistic egos. Vikramaditya's daughter Megha attempts to reunite her father and mother, but fails. The rest of the movie shows how Vikramadithya and Jamuna reuniting which forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Vikramaditya
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Jamuna
* [[Simran (actress)#Early life and family|Jyothi Naval]] as Megha
* Kunal Shah as Satish
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as a dancer in Jamuna's troupe
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
* [[Pop Shalini]]
* [[K. Sivasankar]]
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
*Laxmi Ratten
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially set to be titled ''Theem Thari Kida''.<ref name="Nilacharal">{{Cite web |title=Cinebits |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c11.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234108/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/cinebit/c11.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=21 March 2012 |website=Nilacharal}}</ref> The film was launched by [[Sarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2001 |title=Sarika launches Pop Carn |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020131/113/1f4tp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031101154526/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/020131/113/1f4tp.html |archive-date=1 November 2003 |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=[[Yahoo Movies]]}}</ref> In July 2002 the film was reported as being "in the finishing stages."<ref name="The Hindu 2">{{Cite news |date=3 July 2002 |title=Simmering Simran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/03/stories/2002070300140200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128140244/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/03/stories/2002070300140200.htm |archive-date=28 November 2002 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Cinematography was initially supposed to be done by Sridhar and [[Vikram Dharma]] is the stunt master.<ref name="Sify 1" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and features seven tracks, the lyrics of which were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. Although the film's lead actor, Mohanlal, was said to sing one of the songs, titled "Amme Inge Vaa", it did not feature either in the soundtrack or in the film itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Lal sings in Nasser's Pop Corn |url=http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/snippets.asp?mon=11&yy=2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024906/http://www.india4u.com/kollywood/snippets.asp?mon=11&yy=2002 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=2009-04-18 |website=india4u.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Poovaitha Poovil" || Prasanna Rao, [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]] || 4:42
|-
| "Kathalaaki Kaninthathu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]] || 4:25
|-
| "Antha Semai Thurai" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 5:25
|-
| "Poovellam Paaraddum" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Pop Shalini]] || 1:38
|-
| "En Isaikku" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]] || 4:28
|-
| "Naan Vachen Lesa" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Vasundhara Das]] || 5:19
|-
| "Theme Music" || [[Instrumental]] || 3:04
|}

== Reception ==
Director Nassar predicted that ''Pop-Carn'' would be "a big hit",<ref name="The Hindu 4">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2002 |title=At home in every role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/11/stories/2002121100270200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313001312/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/11/stories/2002121100270200.htm |archive-date=13 March 2003 |access-date=8 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that ''Pop-corn'' "is modern family drama about relationships”, expanding that Nassar and Yuvan "created a new fusion music that’s elevated and uplifting."<ref name="Sify 1">{{Cite news |title=Pop-carn |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2423&id=11921472 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117140901/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2423&id=11921472 |archive-date=17 November 2003 |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath wrote in ''Chennai Online'', "While Nasser has been able to build up skillfully the relationship between the lead characters, the same cannot be said of his ''Pop Carnival'' scenes. Appalling are the flaws in the scripting and narration".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 February 2003 |title=Pop Carn |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov247.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030225114742/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov247.asp |archive-date=25 February 2003 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned Nassar for not maintaining tension in proceedings and also the usage of English dialogues. He praised Mohanlal's acting but panned his accented dialogue delivery and also praised Simran's acting though he appreciated the symbolisms used by director but questioned was it enough for the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=16 February 2003 |title=பாப் கார்ன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-16/page/64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240224015632/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-16/page/64/mode/2up |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> GU of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Nasser, who moves the story mainly on the powerful performance by the lead pair, gets stuck in the climax and without much help form the music composer, takes it to a messy ending".<ref>{{cite web |last=GU |date=16 March 2003 |title=Popcorn |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar16/filmr.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030814014641/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar16/filmr.asp |archive-date=14 August 2003 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "[..] Nasser fails to impress the audience with this `''Pop Carn''`. The screenplay is so bizarre that you wish Nasser had taken more care to make matters more simple, engaging and palatable!".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pop Carn |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12573026&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040131072459/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12573026&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=31 January 2004 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Nassar}}

[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nassar (actor)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Thamarai Kulam

2026-05-04T05:22:07Z

Pipingblog: Entry

{{short description|1959 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thamarai Kulam
| image = Thamarai Kulam poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| producer = S. R. Natarajan S. R. Veerabahu
| writer = S.R. Natarajan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
}}
| music = H. Padmanabha Sarma T. A. Mothi
| cinematography = S. R. Veerabahu
| editing =
| studio = Kalyani Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1959|4|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thamarai Kulam''''' ({{translation|Lotus Pond}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]], written by S. R. Natarajan and produced by him along with S. R. Veerabahu. The film stars features [[Sowcar Janaki]] and [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]. [[M. R. Radha]], N. N. Kannappa, [[K. Sarangapani]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]], [[Padmini Priyadarshini]], and [[Nagesh]] in his film debut play supporting roles. The film was released on 14 April 1959.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
A greedy [[zamindar]] bars the villagers from using Thamaraikulam, the village tank. Under the leadership of Chellaiah, the son of a landowner, the villagers organise a revolution. Chellaiah goes to [[Chennai|Madras]] to seek help from his friend Sekhar. A series of complications follow which include the heroine being kidnapped and tortured, and Sekhar murdered. How Chellaiah and the villagers solve these problems forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from ''The Hindu'':<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 May 2015 |title=Blast from the Past: Thamarai Kulam 1959 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-thamarai-kulam-1959/article7214015.ece |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161110071345/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-thamarai-kulam-1959/article7214015.ece |archive-date=10 November 2016}}</ref>
{{cast listing|
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[M. R. Radha]]
* [[N. N. Kannappa]]
* [[K. Sarangapani]]
* [[V. S. Raghavan]]
* [[Judo Rathnam|K. K. Rathnam]]
* [[S. A. Ashokan]]
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]]
* [[Nagesh]]
}}

== Production ==
''Thamarai Kulam'' was produced under the banner Kalyani Pictures. Writer S. R. Natarajan and cinematographer S. R. Veerabahu were the producers, and [[Muktha Srinivasan]] was director. [[Nagesh]], then a struggling actor, was noticed by Srinivasan during a play in [[Mylapore]]. Srinivasan, impressed with Nagesh's comic performance, hired him to act in another comic role in ''Thamarai Kulam'', for a salary of {{INR}}2500,<ref name="thehindu" /> though Nagesh revealed that the production company did not pay him the intended salary.<ref name="nag">{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=30 November 2003 |title=சொக்கு-மக்கு! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2003-11-30/kalki2003-11-30.pdf |access-date=29 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film thus became Nagesh's cinematic acting debut. S. M. Ramkumar and Kameswaran served as the dance choreographers. Shooting took place at the now non-existent Golden Studios.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by H. Padmanabha Sarma and T. A. Mothi. The playback singers were [[P. Susheela]], Mothi, [[P. Leela]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], S. C. Krishnan, A. P. Komala and ‘Nellore’ Janaki.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Release and reception ==
''Thamarai Kulam'' was released on 14 April 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1959 – தாமரை குளம் – கல்யாணி பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1959 – Thamarai Kulam – Kalyani Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161121154840/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails24.asp |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film, which was written with [[Left-wing politics|Leftist]] themes, was not well received by viewers because, according to historian [[Randor Guy]], "Tamil cinema was then dominated by movies of [[Sivaji Ganesan]] with accent on high-flown, alliterative dialogue".<ref name="thehindu" /> Nagesh's performance was panned by the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''.<ref name=nag /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=March 2009 |title=He made you weep while you laughed |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2022/he-made-you-weep-while-you-laughed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161121154914/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2022/he-made-you-weep-while-you-laughed.html |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=1 November 2016 |work=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref> Kanthan of the magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Srinivasan's direction and said the film could be watched once only for Radha's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=3 May 1959 |title=தாமரைக்குளம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-05-03/page/n23/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240129141914/https://archive.org/details/kalki1959-05-03/page/n23/mode/2up |archive-date=29 January 2024 |access-date=10 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=22–23 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Tellam Venkata Rao

2026-04-27T14:19:34Z

Pipingblog: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Tellam Venkata Rao
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|01|25}}
| birth_place = Chinabadevu, Dummugudem Mandal, [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<ref name="Bhadrachalam: A commitment to serving people">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |title=Bhadrachalam: A commitment to serving people |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/bhadrachalam-a-commitment-to-serving-people-831630 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work= |date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407152416/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/bhadrachalam-a-commitment-to-serving-people-831630 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| office =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| predecessor =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| constituency1 = [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]]
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Podem Veeraiah]]
| successor =
| occupation = Politician, Doctor
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| website =
| parents =
| spouse = Praveena
| children = Nikitha, Rishitha<ref name="Tellam Venkata Rao 2023 Election Affidavit">{{cite news |title=Tellam Venkata Rao 2023 Election Affidavit |url=https://m.sakshi.com/ts-elections-2023/assets/affidivits/Venkatrao-Thellam.pdf |accessdate=7 April 2024 |date=2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407155208/https://m.sakshi.com/ts-elections-2023/assets/affidivits/Venkatrao-Thellam.pdf |archivedate=7 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Dr. Tellam Venkata Rao''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] who is currently serving as a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] since 23 December 2023.<ref name="Doctors turn netas, 15 to enter Telangana House">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Doctors turn netas, 15 to enter Telangana House |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/docs-turn-netas-15-to-enter-house/articleshow/105739813.cms |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407151934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/docs-turn-netas-15-to-enter-house/articleshow/105739813.cms |archive-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

==Potitical career==
Tellam Venkata Rao started his political journey after resigning to his government medical post in 2014 and joined [[YSR Congress Party]] and contested as MP from [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]] and lost. He later joined [[TRS party]] and served as State Secretary of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]. Venkata Rao contested the 2018 assembly elections as a TRS candidate from [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam constituency]] and lost to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Candidate Podem Veeraiah with a margin of 11,785 votes. He quit the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi |Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS)]] and joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in July 2023 ahead of 2023 Assembly Elections and returned to the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] in August 2023 as he is not sure of getting ticket from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] for the Bhadrachalam seat.<ref name="Tellam Venkat Rao returns toBRS a month after joining Cong">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Tellam Venkat Rao returns toBRS a month after joining Cong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tellam-venkat-rao-returns-tobrs-a-month-after-joining-cong/articleshow/102817316.cms |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407151526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tellam-venkat-rao-returns-tobrs-a-month-after-joining-cong/articleshow/102817316.cms |archive-date=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="After short tryst with Congress, Ponguleti’s aide back in BRS fold">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |title=After short tryst with Congress, Ponguleti's aide back in BRS fold |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/18/after-short-tryst-with-congress-ponguletis-aide-back-in-brs-fold-2606330.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407153428/https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/18/after-short-tryst-with-congress-ponguletis-aide-back-in-brs-fold-2606330.html |archive-date=7 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Tellam Venkata Rao contested the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly election]] from the [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]] and won by a margin of 5,719 votes, defeating Congress candidate Podem Veeraiah.<ref name="Dr Tellam Venkata Rao Election Result 2023 LIVE: Bhadrachalam Result Tally Updates">{{cite news |title=Dr Tellam Venkata Rao Election Result 2023 LIVE: Bhadrachalam Result Tally Updates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/dr-tellam-venkata-rao-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a119e2023c004/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work= |date=2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407154934/https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/dr-tellam-venkata-rao-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a119e2023c004/ |archive-date=7 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He later joined the Ruling Congress party on 7 April 2024 in the presence of TPCC president and Chief Minister [[A.Revanth Reddy]] and Revenue Minister [[Ponguleti Srinivas Reddy]].<ref name="Lone BRS MLA in Khammam district joins Congress">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Lone BRS MLA in Khammam district joins Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lone-brs-mla-in-khammam-district-joins-congress/article68039258.ece |access-date=7 April 2024 |date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407151426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lone-brs-mla-in-khammam-district-joins-congress/article68039258.ece |archive-date=7 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Zorawar (tank)

2026-04-26T09:02:39Z

Pipingblog: Done

{{Short description|Indian light tank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Zorawar
| image = File:Zorawar Light Tank.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Zorawar Light Tank
| type = [[Light tank]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| origin = [[India]]

| used_by = [[Indian Army]] (intended)
| designer = * [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] KS Brar<ref name=":18" />
* [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]]
* [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| design_date = 2022–2024
| manufacturer = Larsen & Toubro
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2024–present
| number = 2 prototype<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Army: Indigenously Developed ‘Zorawar’ Light Tank to Begin Trials Later This Month |url=https://thewire.in/security/indigenously-developed-zorawar-light-tank-expected-to-begin-trials-later-this-month |access-date=29 September 2025 |publisher=thewire.in |date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
| crew = 3
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight = 25 tonnes
| clearance =
| armour =
| primary_weapon =
| engine = [[Cummins]] VTA903E-T760; 760 hp diesel engine<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />
| fuel_capacity =
| transmission = [[Renk]] HMPT-800<ref name=":80"/><ref name=":81" />
| suspension = [[Hydropneumatic suspension|Hydropneumatic]]
| speed = {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} {{convert|35-40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} cross country<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Light Tank Project Zorawar a Counter to China's Type 15 Deployment in the Himalayas |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/08/indias-light-tank-project-zorawar.html |website=Indian Defence News |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
| pw_ratio = 30-40 hp/tonne<ref>{{cite news |title=India unveils 'Zorawar' light tank |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-unveils-zorawar-light-tank |access-date=9 July 2024 |publisher=Janes |date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
| vehicle_range =
| is_UK = yes
| primary_armament = [[John Cockerill (company)|Cockerill]] [[105 mm calibre|105 mm]] high-pressure rifled gun in customized Cockerill 3105 Turret<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 'Zorawar' Light Tank, Designed For Operations On China Border, To Be Ready This Month For Trials In December |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/11/indias-zorawar-light-tank-designed-for.html |access-date=2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
| secondary_armament = * 1 × [[7.62 mm caliber|7.62 mm]] anti-air [[machine gun]] with [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] [[RCWS]]
* 2 × twin side-mounted [[Nag (missile)#Missiles|Nag Mk2]] /[[UAV]] launcher
* 16 × 81mm anti-thermal, anti-laser [[smoke grenade]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Battlefield Protection System |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_Aug_2016_WEB.pdf |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=81 mm Anti-thermal Anti-laser (AT-AL) Smoke Grenade |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/81-mm-anti-thermal-anti-laser-al-smoke-grenade |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Counter_unmanned_air_system|C-UAS system]]
}}

The '''Zorawar''' ({{Lit|Forceful}}) is a [[light tank]] developed for the [[Indian Army]]. The tank is designed and developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]], with [[Larsen & Toubro]] being the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation#Development cum Production Partner programme|development cum production partner]].<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" />

The Zorawar has been designed to have a high [[power-to-weight ratio]] along with substantial firepower, protection, surveillance and communication capabilities. It is tasked to provide versatility to execute operations in varying [[terrain]] against diverse threats and equipment profiles of its adversaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2022-08-26 |title='Zorawar' is India's answer to increased armoured threat on the Northern borders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Aug/26/zorawar-is-indias-answer-to-increased-armoured-threat-on-the-northern-borders-2491711.html |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
=== Former light tanks of India ===
The Indian Army has a history of using [[light tanks]] in the mountainous terrains during combat situations. The [[M3 Stuart|Stuart]] and [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] tanks of the [[254th Indian Tank Brigade]] were used during the [[Battle of Kohima]] in 1944. In [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1948]], the same tanks pushed back Pakistan forces in the [[Zoji La]]. In 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the Army deployed French-origin [[AMX-13]] tanks in the [[Battle of Gurung Hill]] near [[Pangong Tso]] and also in [[Bomdila]] and [[Dirang]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Again in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War|1971 Indo-Pakistan War]], the AMX-13 and Soviet [[PT-76]] tanks were deployed during the [[Battle of Garibpur]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

However, the Indian Army did not operate any light tank after the AMX-13 and PT-76 was retired from active service by 1989 and subsequently the PT-76 from reserved status in 2009.<ref name="Indian Army: Armoured Fighting Vehicles2">{{cite web |author= |date=22 May 2009 |title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site – PT-76 |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Armour/343-PT-76.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015329/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Equipment/Armour/343-PT-76.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Brimelow |first=Benjamin |date=2023-07-03 |title=India and China are buying new tanks designed to fight on one of the world's highest battlefields |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/india-china-buying-new-light-tanks-for-himalayan-mountain-warfare-2023-6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230703012335/https://www.businessinsider.com/india-china-buying-new-light-tanks-for-himalayan-mountain-warfare-2023-6 |archive-date=2023-07-03 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

India had taken several programmes since 1982 to develop an indigenous light tank to replace ageing light tanks. But the programmes failed.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" />

The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] also issued a [[request for information]] in 2009 for the requirement of 200 wheeled and 100 tracked light tanks. But this did not yield results.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2020-08-03 |title=Russia offers India Sprut lightweight tanks amid stand-off with China |url=https://theprint.in/defence/russia-offers-india-sprut-lightweight-tanks-amid-stand-off-with-china/473796/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Challenges at high altitudes ===
India's armoured inventory consists of [[Main battle tank|main battle tanks]] like the [[T-72]], [[T-90]], [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun Mk1 and Arjun Mk1A]] which weigh within the range {{Convert|43-68|t|lb|abbr=on}} and have a lower power to weight ratio which is unsuitable for deployment in high-altitude regions like [[Ladakh]]. By 2021, the Indian Army had deployed a squadron of 12 T-90 tanks as well as a [[K9 Thunder|K9 Vajra-T]]-equipped [[Self-propelled artillery|artillery]] regiment during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2020-07-27 |title=In China's troop movements in Ladakh's depth areas, a hint about its real plan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-moves-squadron-of-missile-firing-t-90-tanks-to-last-post-near-karakoram-pass/story-h4LtB6PZXtiYpMadupySlK.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=Hindustan Times |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-02 |title=K9-Vajra howitzer regiment inducted in Eastern Ladakh: Army chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/k9-vajra-howitzer-regiment-inducted-in-eastern-ladakh-army-chief/articleshow/86704860.cms |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By 2023, over 90 tanks and 330 [[BMP-2]]s were deployed to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Air Force airlifted over 68,000 soldiers to Ladakh in 2020 Galwan Valley clashes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-airlifted-over-68000-soldiers-to-ladakh-in-2020-galwan-valley-clashes-2420580-2023-08-14 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> But the rarefied air, lower [[air pressure]] reduces the effectiveness of conventional [[armoured fighting vehicles]] (like [[Main battle tank|MBT]], [[IFV]] or [[Self-propelled Howitzer]]) in such regions which face logistical and operational challenges. Such deployments required design changes and additional logistics pressures. In fact, the vehicles needed to switch on engine for up to 30 minutes every two to three hours to prevent engine freezing.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Varinder |date=2020-06-23 |title=Explained: Why high-altitude warfare is challenging, and how soldiers are trained |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-china-border-dispute-why-high-altitude-warfare-is-challenging-how-soldiers-are-trained-6471532/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Armoured vehicle require specific design modifications to operate at such regions. Such operational demands could easily fulfilled by light tanks. The [[PLAGF]] had deployed their [[Type 15 tank|Type 15 light tanks]] in the Ladakh region during the standoff for this reason.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |last2=Balasubramanian |first2=Shyam |date=30 January 2024 |title=Indian Army's China border watch awaits 'Zorawar' power punch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/indian-armys-china-border-watch-awaits-zorawar-power-punch-2495520-2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2021-04-23 |title=Army wants around 350 light tanks to sharpen its mountain warfare edge amid Ladakh stalemate |url=https://theprint.in/defence/army-wants-around-350-light-tanks-to-sharpen-its-mountain-warfare-edge-amid-ladakh-stalemate/644727/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The lack of an equivalent light tank led the Indian Army to initiate a new Indian Light Tank programme which resulted in Project Zorawar<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=2020-11-13 |title=Chinese military buildup at Eastern Ladakh includes over 300 tanks |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/chinese-military-buildup-at-eastern-ladakh-includes-over-300-tanks/681346 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> under the patronage of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant general]] Karanbir Singh Brar, who was the Director General of [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] during the development of this tank, who also led the Trial Team of first [[T-72]] Tanks to [[Ladakh]] in 1987. The tank is to be amphibious, airlift capable and also suitable for marshy and riverine terrain due to reduced nominal ground pressure.<ref name=":18"> {{Cite web |last= |date=27 December 2024 |title=Accelerating Self-Reliance: The Success Story Behind Zorawar’s High-Altitude Trials |url=https://bharatshakti.in/accelerating-self-reliance-the-success-story-behind-zorawars-high-altitude-trials/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |publisher=Bharat Shakti }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=12 December 2024 |title=Indian Light Tank achieves major milestone by firing a number of rounds accurately at High Altitude |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2083984 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India.}}</ref>

=== Namesake ===
The project is named after [[General]] [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria]], who led the [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria#Tibet expedition|1841 Military Expedition]] to [[Mount Kailash]] and [[Lake Manasarovar]] during the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=26 August 2022 |title=Indian Army to get light tank, 'Zorawar' soon |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-to-get-light-tank-zorawar-soon/2645647/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128223656/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indian-army-to-get-light-tank-zorawar-soon-2645647/ |archive-date=2023-11-28 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He is referred to by historians as the conqueror of [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet]] for his conquests of several kingdoms in the harsh conditions of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":15" />

== Design ==
[[File:Cockerill 105 HP Gun.jpg|thumb|A Cockerill 105 mm HP Gun made by Belgian company [[John Cockerill (company)|John Cockerill]] ]]
Zorawar is a 3-crew, 25-tonne light tank with amphibious capabilities. The tank will have a high [[power-to-weight ratio]] and can be transported by air, rail or road. The light tank has superior firepower, protection, surveillance and communication capabilities. The tank is designed to destroy armoured vehicles, low-flying helicopters, and bunkers.<ref name="X-270324" /> For long-term use, the tank has an integrated [[auxiliary power unit]] and composite rubber-band tracks with [[hydropneumatic suspension]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Zorawar Light Tank developed jointly by DRDO and L&T embodies spirit of Aatmanirbhar Bharat |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/zorawar-light-tank-developed-jointly-by-drdo-and-lampt-embodies-spirit-of-aatmanirbhar-bharat20250922204340/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=aninews.in |language=en}}</ref>

The tank will be equipped with [[artificial intelligence]], surveillance drones for enhanced situational awareness as well as [[loitering munition]]s. The tank has [[active protection system]] as a shield against modern [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-armour]] weaponry along with add-on modular armor blocks.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> [[MSME|MSMEs]] in [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], and [[Surat]] contributed to the project, and several of the tank's components were purchased locally. The gear mechanisms, rubber foundry, and cooling system for the tank were designed and constructed in India.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Ashish |date=2025-05-28 |title=India’s first AI-enabled light tank Zorawar to roll out from Gujarat soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-first-ai-enabled-light-tank-zorawar-to-roll-out-from-guj-soon/articleshow/121447751.cms |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Armament ===
Zorawar is to be equipped with a 105 mm calibre gun turret procured from [[John Cockerill (company)|John Cockerill]].<ref name=":5" /> The tank is also equipped with auto-loader and a remote-controlled [[7.62mm calibre]] machine gun. The tank can launch [[anti-tank guided missile|anti-tank guided missiles]] from the main gun as well as a twin side-mounted launcher on the left side.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> In October 2025, the tank's ability to fire [[Nag (missile)#Variants|Nag Mk2]] missiles in both direct and [[top-attack]] modes from the side launcher was demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-17 |title=Light tank fires Nag anti-tank missile |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/light-tank-fires-nag-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/124637649.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=DRDO's Zorawar Tank Successfully Test-Fires the Nag Mk-II ATGM with Astonishing Accuracy |url=https://defence.in/threads/drdos-zorawar-tank-successfully-test-fires-the-nag-mk-ii-atgm-with-astonishing-accuracy.15831/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Nakshab |date=2025-10-17 |title=India’s indigenous light tank ‘Zorawar’ successfully fires Nag-Mk II Missile {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.news9live.com/videos/india-videos/indias-indigenous-light-tank-zorawar-successfully-fires-nag-mk-ii-missile-watch-2897976 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-10-17 |title=Light tank fires Nag anti-tank missile |url=https://theprint.in/india/light-tank-fires-nag-anti-tank-missile/2766360/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

It also features two [[Safran]] Paseo [[Electro-optical targeting system|electro-optical systems]] for hunter-killer capabilities, [[Thermal imaging camera|thermal imaging]] and [[Laser rangefinder|laser rangefinders]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Sadham |first=Vinay |date=2024-07-07 |title=Zorawar Breaks Cover: India's Counter To China's Type 15 Tank |url=https://bharatshakti.in/zorawar-breaks-cover-indias-counter-to-chinas-type-15-tank/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref> The tanks are also reportedly equipped with [[C-UAS]] systems.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2025-04-15 |title=Army wants anti-drone systems integrated on its Russian tank fleets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-wants-anti-drone-systems-integrated-on-its-russian-tank-fleets/articleshow/120297070.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Zorawar has an 80mm modular armored plate on its lightweight, highly durable titanium body. The tank's [[AI]]-powered [[Fire-control system|fire control system]] enables it to recognize and lock onto targets automatically. The integrated [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Counter unmanned air system|counter unmanned air system]] is capable of autonomously detecting, tracking, and eliminating airborne threats.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" />

=== Engine ===
The Zorawar tank prototype utilises a [[Cummins]] VTA903E-T760 engine which generates a power output of {{Convert|760|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2023-11-18 |title=America's Cummins engine to power Zorawar tank after Germany fails to relax trade restrictions |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/americas-cummins-engine-to-power-zorawar-tank-after-germany-fails-to-relax-trade-restrictions/article67544664.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216181624/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/americas-cummins-engine-to-power-zorawar-tank-after-germany-fails-to-relax-trade-restrictions/article67544664.ece |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Bommakanti |first=Kartik |date=2024-07-15 |title=Indian Army's search for indigenous light tank: A step forward with Zorawar |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indian-army-s-search-for-indigenous-light-tank-a-step-forward-with-zorawar |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=orfonline.org}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=2024-07-07 |title=Zorawar Tank: Snubbed By Germany, India Unveils 'US Powered' Light Battle Tank To Challenge China At LAC |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/india-unveils-indigenous-light-tank-zorawar/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=eurasiantimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

When sanctioned in April 2023, Zorawar was supposed to be powered by an 800 hp engine supplied by [[MTU Friedrichshafen]], a subsidiary of [[Rolls-Royce]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

However, [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] could not deliver the engine until November 2023 though the engine was ready to be delivered by October 2022 due to the tough German export control regime. Following this, the developers switched to the American-origin Cummins engine. Larsen & Toubro purchased an engine directly from Cummins. The government also plans to ask engine manufacturer to set up an assembly or production line in India if the engine is chosen to power the production variant of the 354 tanks.<ref name=":12" />

Reports in July 2024 also suggested that Rolls-Royce has delivered MTU 8V199 engine for the light tank project. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] is also working on a project to develop an indigenous engine for production.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2024-07-08 |title=India represents a substantial opportunity for growth and expansion of our global supply chain |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/india-represents-a-substantial-opportunity-for-growth-and-expansion-of-our-global-supply-chain/article68377881.ece |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhayay |first=Prapti |date=2024-07-07 |title=India's indigenous light tank prototype Zorawar ready for rigorous testing |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-new-zorawar-light-tank-prototype-ready-for-rigorous-testing-drdo-and-lt-collaboration-738720 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=wionews.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Transmission ===
During the development of the Zorawar program, the transmission would be chosen between the Renk of Germany and British firm Allison.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2022-10-19 |title=MGS, Light Tank, WhaP: DRDO presents 3 'Make in India' successes at DefExpo |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mgs-light-tank-whap-drdo-presents-3-make-in-india-successes-at-defexpo-122101901283_1.html |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

The prototype of Zorawar light tank is equipped with a [[Renk|RENK America's]] HMPT-800 transmission,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2024-01-15 |title=With an eye on Ladakh, DRDO begins testing an indigenous light tank |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/with-an-eye-on-ladakh-drdo-begins-testing-an-indigenous-light-tank-124011500820_1.html |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":80">{{Cite web |first=Praveen |last=Mohan |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/praveen-mohan-20911b1_drdo-zorawar-indianlighttank-activity-7240628936945065985-7JiC |title= Praveen Mohan’s Post |publisher=[[LinkedIn]] }}</ref><ref name=":81">{{Cite web |title=HMPT Series Transmissions |url=https://www.renk.com/en/products/vehicles/transmissions/hmpt |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=renk.com |language=en}}</ref> an advanced hydrostatic/mechanical [[continuously variable transmission]] also used in the U.S. Army's [[Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle]] program.

== Development ==
In August 2020, Russia offered [[2S25 Sprut-SD]] light tanks to the Indian Army which was being evaluated. Indian Army also observed the performance of the tank during trials in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2021-12-09 |title=Russia to Pitch Lightweight 'Sprut' Tank to Indian Army |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/12/09/russia-sprut-tank-india/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Bikhchandani |first=Raghav |date=2022-03-04 |title=India gives nod for indigenous development of light tanks for mountain warfare |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-gives-nod-for-indigenous-development-of-light-tanks-for-mountain-warfare/857707/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] was in talks with [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] in 2020 and 2021 to develop a light tank version of the [[K9 Thunder|K9 Vajra-T]] howitzers which would weigh around {{Convert|30|t|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2021-02-18 |title=L&T delivers last K9 Vajra howitzer to Army, firm in talks with DRDO to convert it into tank |url=https://theprint.in/defence/lt-delivers-last-k9-vajra-howitzer-to-army-firm-in-talks-with-drdo-to-convert-it-into-tank/607527/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 23 April 2021, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] issued a [[Request for information|RFI]] to the industry for the requirement of 350 light tanks weighing about {{Convert|25|t|lb|abbr=on}} each. The tanks were required to be equipped for anti-armour, anti-air and anti-ground roles. The tanks were also required to be air transportable.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":8" />

On 3 March 2022, the Government gave in-principle approval for indigenous design and development of the Indian Light Tank for mountain warfare. The procurement is to be done under the 'Make-I' acquisition (Government-funded) category of the Defense Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, in line with the "[[Make in India]]" initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-03 |title=MoD accords in-principle approval to four projects under Make-I (Government Funded) & five under Make-II (industry-funded) categories of Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1802587 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-08-26 |title=Army accelerates procurement of light tank 'Zorawar' for LAC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-accelerates-procurement-of-light-tank-zorawar-for-lac/article65814103.ece |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

In September 2022, the General KS Brar finalised the General Staff Qualitative Requirements (GSQR) and approached the MoD for the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN). During AoN approval, General KS Brar was again made Chairman of this Committee to resolve the categorization between Make-I and D&D. Usually, the User (Indian Army) is not involved in the initial design stages of [[DRDO]] development projects. However General KS Brar, who had taken over as DG Armoured Corps in December 2020, decided to change the norm with his operational and technical expertise; a major departure from erstwhile projects such as development of the Arjun tank.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2022-08-26 |title=Eye on China threat, Army launches Project Zorawar to deploy light tanks for mountain warfare |url=https://theprint.in/defence/eye-on-china-threat-army-launches-project-zorawar-to-deploy-light-tanks-for-mountain-warfare/1101241/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-26 |title=Project Zorawar: Army to deploy light tanks in high-altitude areas in Northern sector |url=https://theprint.in/india/project-zorawar-army-to-deploy-light-tanks-in-high-altitude-areas-in-northern-sector/1102217/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It was also confirmed that L&T has been selected as the development partner of the Indian Light Tank which is to be rolled out by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=2022-09-20 |title=India's first Prototype Of 'Mountain Tank' To Be Rolled Out By 2023; L&T Says Selected As Development Partner |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indias-1st-prototype-of-mountain-tank-to-be-rolled-out-by-2023/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 18 October 2022, the concept of the tank was unveiled during DefExpo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Sakshi |date=2022-10-27 |title=India Unveils Zorawar Light Tank Concept at DefExpo; Can Delhi Overlook Russian Offer of Amphibious Tanks Amid China Tensions? |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-unveils-zorawar-light-tank-concept-at-defexpo-can-delhi-overlook-russian-offer-of-amphibious-tanks-amid-china-tensions/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=eurasiantimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1583445906049097729 |user=JenilP1819 |title=Zorawar Light Tank Model |date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref>

The project cost that was sanctioned stood at {{INRConvert|234.5|c|lk=on|year=2024}}. The project cost included the design and development of the tank and realisation of one prototype. The project included [[Larsen & Toubro]] as the lead systems integrator and several [[MSME]]s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Defence building light tank for Army, first prototype realised: Govt on Proj 'Zorawar' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-building-light-tank-for-army-first-prototype-realised-govt-on-proj-zorawar/articleshow/112047949.cms |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] received the order to build the prototype in April 2023. The development will include the expertise gained from the development of [[DRDO light tank|DRDO Light Tank]] and L&T's [[K9 Thunder]] production. The initial speculation of using the K9 chassis for the tank was negated out as that would increase the weight to at least 34 tonnes against the requirement of 25 tonnes.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2023-04-14 |title=L&T gets order to build prototype of light tank for Sino-India border |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mod-orders-l-t-to-build-light-tank-prototype-for-sino-india-border-123041400817_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626083414/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mod-orders-l-t-to-build-light-tank-prototype-for-sino-india-border-123041400817_1.html |archive-date=2024-06-26 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

As per reports in April 2023, in spite of the fact that the Army will initially procure of 354 units, the numbers may increase to 700 units in later stages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Ajeyo |date=2023-04-09 |title=Indian Army concerned over Chinese moves at LAC, may induct 700 Zorawar Light Tanks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/indian-army-concerned-over-chinese-moves-at-lac-may-induct-700-zorawar-light-tanks-12431122.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] has reportedly caused supply chain choke-points for defense components, specifically electrical, electronic, and engine components, delaying projects, according to an August 2023 report by ''[[The New Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-08-13 |title=Ukraine war delays India's tank project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/Aug/13/ukraine-wardelays-indias-tank-project-2604705.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, it was reported that the prototype is in the final stages of manufacturing at [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]'s AM Naik Heavy Engineering Complex at [[Hazira]], [[Gujarat]] and was expected to begin track trials by year-end. Then, the Army and DRDO would decide whether to proceed with the following desert trails and winter trials in Ladakh.<ref name=":12" />

On 7 July 2024, the first prototype of the tank was officially unveiled at the Heavy Engineering Complex of Larsen & Toubro. The roll out was done within 19 months of sanctioning the project. By then, the track trials were completed and certain design changes were made as per suggestions. The tank would now go for desert trials with the Army, followed by high-altitude trials in [[Ladakh]]. As per the current timeline, the tank will be inducted by 2027.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |last2=ThePrint |date=2024-07-06 |title=India's indigenous light tank 'Zorawar' unveiled, fastest product development by DRDO, L&T |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-indigenous-light-tank-zorawar-unveiled-fastest-product-development-by-drdo-lt/2163323/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-06 |title=Watch: DRDO unveils light battle tank Zorawar, developed to counter China in high-altitude areas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/watch-drdo-unveils-tests-light-tank-zorawar-developed-to-counter-china-in-high-altitude-areas/articleshow/111536291.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The realisation of the first prototype was also revealed to the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by the Minister of State for Defence [[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]] on 26 July 2024.<ref name=":6" />

On 6 January 2025, it was reported that the production of second prototype has commenced at L&T's Hazira facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Neha |date=2025-01-06 |title=Zorawar Light Tank: India’s Indigenous Solution for High-Altitude Warfare |url=https://pune.news/defence/zorawar-light-tank-indias-indigenous-solution-for-high-altitude-warfare-286276/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=pune.news |language=en}}</ref>

=== Trials ===
[[File:Zorawar Light Tank.webm|thumb|Zorawar LT firing main gun during preliminary automotive trials ]]

In January 2024, developmental or track trials of the tank prototypes began in [[Hazira]], [[Gujarat]], at the [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] facility where the prototypes were built. It is expected that the prototypes will be handed over to the Army by April 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=12 January 2024 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april20240112205536/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=ANI}}</ref>

On September 13, 2024, [[DRDO]] successfully completed the Zorawar LT's preliminary automotive trials at Mahajan Field Firing Range near [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=13 September 2024 |title=India's light tank Zorawar fires for the first time; key trials ahead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-light-tank-zorawar-fires-for-the-first-time-key-trials-ahead-101726244204386.html |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the desert terrain during the field trials, the light tank performed exceptionally well, effectively achieving all of the targeted goals. During the first phase, the tank met the necessary accuracy on pre-designated targets after undergoing a thorough evaluation of its firing performance.<ref name=":17">{{cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title=DRDO successfully conducts first phase of Developmental Field Firing Trials of Indian Light Tank 'Zorawar' |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2054675 |access-date=14 September 2024 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> According to the sources, the most important factor for a tank is precision, also known as FRHP (First Round Hit Probability) in technical parlance because it is necessary to hit the adversary first in modern warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-09-13 |title=India conducts successful field firing trials of its new indigenous light tank 'Zorawar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/13/india-conducts-successful-field-firing-trials-of-its-new-indigenous-light-tank-zorawar |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=India Conducts Successful Trials Of "Highly Versatile" Light Tank Zorawar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-conducts-successful-trials-of-highly-versatile-light-tank-zorawar-6559274 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref> The September trials was termed as the Phase 1 or Desert Trials of Zorawar.<ref name=":4" />

As per a report in October 2024, the next trials shall include missile firing. The developmental trials would be concluded by January 2025 after which the tank will be handed over to the Army for user trials. The user trials will take 12 to 18 months as the Army will test the tank's performance in summer, winter and high-altitude conditions. DRDO maintains that the tank will be inducted by 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=7 October 2024 |title=Indian Army rolls out its first overhauled T-90 'Bhishma' tank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-rolls-out-its-first-overhauled-t-90-bhishma-tank-101728313383363-amp.html |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[File:Zorawar high altitude firing trials.jpg|thumb|Zorawar LT was airlifted by [[Indian Air Force]] for high altitude trials]]
As of December 2024, the prototype is undergoing high-altitude trials in [[Nyoma]], [[Ladakh]] at altitudes of over {{Convert|4200|m|abbr=on}}. The tank successfully fired multiple rounds during the trials. The trials are being conducted under the criteria of its firepower, mobility and protection. The tank is also aimed to be amphibious for deployment in riverine regions, including the [[Pangong Tso]] in eastern Ladakh. The tank was airlifted to the high-altitude location by the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2024-12-11 |title=Indigenous Zorawar light tank undergoes trials in Ladakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indigenously-developed-zorawar-light-tank-indian-army-trials-ladakh-drdo-2647983-2024-12-11?utm_source=washare&utm_medium=socialicons&utm_campaign=shareurltracking |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2024-12-13 |title=Indian Light Tank completes high-altitude firing trial in major defence boost |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-light-tank-completes-high-altitude-firing-trial-in-major-defence-boost-2649138-2024-12-13 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The user trials of Zorawar tank by the Indian Army was expected in September 2025<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-11-13 |title=Army to test indigenously designed and developed light battle tank in 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-to-test-indigenously-designed-and-developed-light-battle-tank-next-year/articleshow/115228487.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2025-08-10 |title=Sukhoi-30-launched Brahmos was the primary offensive weapon in Op Sindoor: DRDO chief |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sukhoi-30-brahmos-operation-sindoor-drdo-chief-10179931/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> following conclusion of development or preliminary trials, which included mobility runs, basic firing of 105 mm gun and amphibians floatation trials. As reported on 7 September, the tank is expected to begin user trials with the Indian Army within weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Amidst India-China Thaw, Zorawar Light Tank To Begin Army Trials |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/amidst-india-china-thaw-zorawar-light-tank-to-begin-army-trials/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=livefistdefence.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Orders ==
By April 2023, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has also approved seven light tank regiments. Of this one regiment is to be delivered by [[Larsen & Toubro]] and the rest from another firm through competitive bidding process.<ref name=":5" />

An initial order for 59 tanks has been placed, which will be produced by Larsen & Toubro. The Indian Army will also be holding a competition for buying 295 light tanks, in which the Zorawar tank will take part in.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to reports that emerged in May 2024, [[Bharat Forge]] is also developing a light tank under 25 tonnes to compete with [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]'s Zorawar Tank in the Army's light tank programme.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Didmishe |first=Shashank |date=2024-05-14 |title='Developing under 25 tonnes light tank for Army' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/developing-under-25-tonnes-light-tank-for-army/articleshow/110098271.cms |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The purchase for a total of 354 tanks is expected to cost {{INRConvert|17500|c|lk=on|year=2024}}. The first batch of 59 batch is "reserved" for [[DRDO]] which includes L&T as the lead systems integrator. The rest of 295 tanks will be ordered and manufactured under Make-1 government funded category after a tendering process which will include L&T.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2024-09-13 |title=India begins preliminary trials of its new light tank Zorawar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-preliminary-tanks-trials-of-its-new-light-tank/articleshow/113328952.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As per a report in November 2024, the user trials by the Army in 2025 is to be followed by selection of 2 private companies for their prototype development based on Zorawar under the Futuristic Light Tank programme. Eventually, one of the designs will be selected for mass production after competitive trials.<ref name=":3" />

As early as May 2025, L&T began preparing to launch Zorawar, its first AI-enabled light tank, off the assembly line at its Hazira factory in Gujarat. The first phase of the Zorawar tank project will manufacture about 400 units, with a projected cost of {{INRConvert|70|c|lk=off}} per tank. The estimated number of tanks needed is around 1,000.<ref name=":19" />

In October 2025, it was reported that [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam]] is developing the Bharat tank under the Futuristic Light Tank programme. The development is expected to be completed within the year end while the prototype could be rolled out by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Ramakrishna |date=2025-10-10 |title=Prototype of India-made Bharat tank to be ready by 2026 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/prototype-of-india-made-bharat-tank-to-be-ready-by-2026-849119 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=dtnext |language=en}}</ref>

== Operators ==
=== Future operators ===
* {{IND}}
** [[Indian Army]] - 59 on order (1 regiment). 295 more planned (6 regiments).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

==See also==

===Contemporary competitors===
* {{lwc|2S25 Sprut-SD}}
* {{lwc|Type 15 tank}}, or VT-5 (export model)
* {{lwc|Tanque Argentino Mediano}}
* {{lwc|Kaplan MT / Harimau}}
* {{lwc|Sabrah light tank}}
* {{lwc|M10 Booker}}

===Historical Indian light tanks===
* [[DRDO light tank]] – prototype developed from {{lwc|BMP-2}} in the 1980s and 1990s.

===AFVs with similar firepower===
* {{lwc|K21}}
* {{lwc|M8 Armored Gun System}}
* {{lwc|General Dynamics Griffin}}
* {{lwc|Mobile Protected Firepower}}
* {{lwc|Combat Vehicle 90}}
* {{lwc|WPB Anders}}
* {{lwc|Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Light tanks of India]]
[[Category:Airborne tanks]]
[[Category:Fire support vehicles]]
[[Category:Light tanks of the post–Cold War period]]

Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians

2026-04-25T21:05:20Z

Pipingblog: stub

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
| native_name =
| image = Coolie Woman, Trinidad and Tobago, circa 1890.jpg
| caption = Indo-Trinidadian, late 19th century.
| regions = {{nbsp|2}}468,524 {{small|(2011 census)}} {{small|(plurality of the population)}}<ref name="auto2"/> {{small|Concentrated in the South, Central, and East of [[Trinidad]] with pockets in the [[East–West Corridor]], [[Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago|St. James]], and [[Diego Martin (region)|Diego Martin]]}}
| region1 = [[United States]]
| pop1 = 125,000
| ref1 = <ref name="scribd.com">{{Cite web |title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007 |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Scribd}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Canada]]
| pop2 = 100,000
| ref2 = <ref name="scribd.com" />
| region3 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop3 = 25,000
| ref3 = <ref name="scribd.com" />
| population =
| popplace =
| rels = '''Majority:''' [[File:Om.svg|18px]] [[Hinduism]] ~49.5% '''Minority:''' [[File:AP Icon.svg|20px]] [[Christianity]] {{·}} [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] {{·}} Others<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Trinidad and Tobago Population and Housing Census Demographic Report |url=https://cso.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2011-Demographic-Report.pdf |publisher=Central Statistical Office of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>
| langs = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]] [[Trinidad and Tobago#Trinidad and Tobago Creoles|Trinidadian and Tobagonian Creole]]
| related = [[Indo-Caribbean people]]{{·}}[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]{{·}}[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]{{·}}[[Indo-Guyanese]]{{·}}[[Indo-Surinamese]]{{·}}[[Indo-Jamaicans]]{{·}}[[Indian people]]{{·}}[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]{{·}}[[South Asian diaspora]]{{·}}[[Bihari diaspora]]{{·}}[[Tamil diaspora]]{{·}}[[Dougla people|Dougla]]
}}

'''Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians''' or '''Indian Trinidadians and Tobagonians''' are people from [[Trinidad and Tobago]] whose ancestors are of [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indian origin]] that came from [[India]] and the wider [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] beginning in 1845 during the period of colonization and [[Indian indenture system|indentureship]].

Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians are a subgroup of [[Indo-Caribbean people]], which is a subgroup of the wider [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]. Generally, most Indo-Trinidadians can trace their ancestry back to [[North India]] especially the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and [[Awadh]] regions of the present day Indian states of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], two states located in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plains]] of the [[Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers. However, some Indo-Trinidadians may trace their ancestry to other parts of South Asia, notably [[South India]], such as the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Indians first arrived in Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers from India through the [[Indian indenture system]] from 1845 till 1917, and some Indians and other South Asians, along with their families, later came as entrepreneurs, businesspeople, religious leaders, doctors, engineers, and other professional occupations beginning in the mid-20th century. Some Indo-Caribbean people from many other Caribbean nations, such as [[Guyana]], [[Grenada]], [[Martinique]], and [[Saint Croix]], also immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago.

Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians are the largest ethnic group in Trinidad and Tobago, identified by the official census, accounting for about 35.43% of the population in 2011.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter16.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227222826/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter16.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27 |access-date=2008-01-29}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:East Indian Women, Men and Children (13227675614).jpg|thumb|300px|Early East Indian indentured laborers in Trinidad.]]
Of 94,135 Indian immigrants to Trinidad, between 1874 and 1917, 50.7 percent were from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 24.4 percent hailed from [[Oudh State]], 13.5 percent were from [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar Province]] and lesser numbers from various other parts of the British Raj, such as the [[Madras Presidency]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Central Provinces]], [[Chota Nagpur Division]], [[Bombay Presidency]], and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref>Vertovec, 1992</ref> Out of 134,118 indentured labourers from India, 5,000 who left from the [[Chennai Port|Port of Madras]] distinguished themselves as "Madrasi" and the immigrants who left from the [[Port of Kolkata|Port of Calcutta]] distinguished themselves as "Kalakatiyas".

Many were people who were escaping [[poverty in India]] and seeking employment offered by the British for jobs either as indentured labourers, workers or educated servicemen, primarily, between 1845 and 1917.<ref>Under colonial rule, India's population provided the British Empire with a ready source of cheap and mobile labourers. Many Indians agreed to become indentured labourers to escape widespread poverty and famine in the 19th century. Some travelled alone; others brought their families to settle in the colonies they worked in.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian indentured labourers - The National Archives |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Nationalarchives.gov.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107185249/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm|archive-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>

The demand for Indian indentured labourers increased dramatically after the abolition of slavery in 1834. They were sent, sometimes in large numbers, to plantation colonies that produced high-value crops, such as sugar, in Africa and the Caribbean.

==Caste==
Many indentured labourers taken from British India came from marginalised and lower-caste backgrounds, including a significant number from the [[Chamar]] caste. Facing entrenched discrimination, poverty, and limited opportunities in India, they were often drawn by misleading promises of better livelihoods abroad. As a result, they formed an important yet frequently overlooked segment of the indentured workforce in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Origins of Girmityas |url=https://press.anu.edu.au//downloads/press/p212781/pdf/5.-Origins-of-the-Girmitiyas.pdf |access-date=4 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407000902/https://press.anu.edu.au//downloads/press/p212781/pdf/5.-Origins-of-the-Girmitiyas.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref>

===Impact of Girmit System on Caste Dynamics===
Although the Girmit system subjected all labourers, regardless of caste, to harsh and exploitative conditions, migration nonetheless offered many Chamars and other oppressed groups an opportunity to escape rigid caste hierarchies. Over time, they established new communities across the globe, reshaping social identities and forging resilience in the diaspora.<ref name=":1" />

==Religion==
{{Further|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha|Ramanandi Sampradaya|Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Caribbean Shaktism|Kabir panth|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association|Presbyterian Church in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Religion of Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! width="100pt" rowspan="2" | Religion
! colspan="2" | Census 1921{{efn|Percentages add up to more than 100% because many converts to Christianity answered twice as they still identified with their former religions of Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, or Zoroastrianism}}|| colspan="2" | Census 1931<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in the Indian-Trinidadian Community |url=http://www.trinbagopan.com/Landofbeginings9.html |website=www.trinbagopan.com}}</ref> || colspan="2" | Census 1970<ref>{{Cite web |title=c-c50.pdf |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c50.pdf}}</ref>|| colspan="2" | Census 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=2000 Census Data - Central Statistical Office |url=https://cso.gov.tt/census/2000-census-data/}}</ref>|| colspan="2" | Census 2011<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508024958/http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-08 |access-date=2015-07-13}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number || % || Number || % || Number || % || Number || % || Number || %
|-
|align=left|[[Hinduism]]||99,564||82||94,125||67.88||228,758||61.24||245,459||55.00||232,104||49.54
|-
|align=left|[[Islam]]||19,427||16||20,747||14.96||57,105||15.29||57,042||12.78||54,543||11.64
|-
|align=left|[[Presbyterianism]]||6,071||5||10,335||7.45||34,844||9.33||31,277||7.00||26,631||5.68
|-
|align=left|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]||4,857||4||8,469||6.11||33,312||8.92||31,823||7.13||30,350||6.48
|-
|align=left|[[Anglicanism]]||2,428||2||3,946||2.85||6,192||1.66||3,035||0.68||2,637||0.56
|-
|align=left|Other Christian denominations||-||-||433||0.31||191||0.05||34,491||7.73||58,782||12.55
|-
|align=left|[[Zoroastrianism]]||607||0.5||278||0.2||-||-||-||-||-||-
|-
|align=left|[[Buddhism]]||364||0.3||119||0.09||-||-||-||-||-||-
|-
|align=left|[[Sikhism]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||300||0.06
|-
|align=left|[[Trinidad Orisha]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||1,466||0.31
|-
|align=left|[[Rastafari]]||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||97||0.02
|-
|align=left|Other||- ||-||215||0.16||13,136||3.52||35,540||7.96||27,210||5.81
|-
|align=left|Not Stated||-||-||-||-||-||-||3,498||0.78||29,518||6.30
|-
|align=left|None||-||-||-||-||-||-||4,108||0.92||4,887||1.04
|-
|align=left|Total||colspan="2"|121,420||colspan="2"|138,667||colspan="2"|373,538||colspan="2"|446,273||colspan="2"|468,524
|}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Makeup of Indo-Trinidadians (2011)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 49.54
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 36.54
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 11.64
|color3 = Green
|label4 = Not Stated
|value4 = 6.3
|color4 = grey
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 5.87
|color5 = Khaki
|label6 = [[Irreligion|None]]
|value6 = 1.05
|color6 = black
|label7 = [[Sikhism]]
|value7 = 0.06
|color7 = yellow
}}

According to the most recent census (2011) conducted in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism is the religion followed by a plurality of Indo-Trinidadians. The breakdown of religious affiliation for Indo-Trinidadians is as follows<ref name="auto2" /> -
# [[Hinduism]] – 49.54%
# [[Islam]] – 11.64%
#[[Pentecostalism]]/[[Evangelicalism]]/[[Full Gospel]] – 9.67%
# [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] – 6.48%
# Not Stated – 6.30%
# Other – 5.81%
# [[Presbyterianism]]/[[Congregational church|Congregationalism]] – 5.68%
# [[Irreligion|None]] – 1.04%
# [[Spiritual Baptist]] – 0.96%
# [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] – 0.91%
# [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] – 0.73%
# [[Anglicanism]] – 0.56%
# [[Trinidad Orisha]] – 0.31%
# Other [[Baptists]] – 0.21%
# [[Sikhism]] – 0.06%<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sikhs of Trinidad |url=https://www.irasroom.org/circlingindia/the-sikhs-of-trinidad}}</ref>
# [[Methodism]] – 0.05%
# [[Rastafari]] – 0.02%
# [[Moravian Church]] – 0.007%

Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are represented by several sects, organizations and entities the largest of which is the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], a [[Sanātanī]] Hindu organization with [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]], [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]], [[Shaivism|Shaiva]], and [[Shaktism|Shaktist]] roots. Other Hindu organizations and sects include SWAHA International, [[Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Arya Samaj]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[Kabir panth]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]], the [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]], Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani), [[Aghor Yoga|Aughar (Aghor/Owghur)]], [[Caribbean Shaktism|Kali Mai (Madrasi)]], [[Kaumaram|Murugan (Kaumaram)]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement]], [[Divine Life Society]], [[Brahma Kumaris]], and Blue Star.<ref>{{Cite web |title=doc.pdf |url=http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024510/http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu sects in Trinidad and Tobago – Indo-Caribbean Publications |date=21 November 2010 |url=https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/}}</ref>

A majority of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Muslims are [[Sunni]], however,there are notable [[Shia]] and [[Ahmadiyya]] minorities. The major Muslim organisation representing Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association]] (ASJA). Other Islamic organizations include the Trinidad Muslim League, Darul Uloom, Ummah T&T, the Muslim Federation, and the Tackveeyatul Islamic Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosques (Masjid) and Muslim Organizations in Trinidad and Tobago | discover-tt.net |url=http://www.discover-tt.net/arts_and_culture/mosques_masjid_and_muslim_organizations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721091122/http://www.discover-tt.net/arts_and_culture/mosques_masjid_and_muslim_organizations.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 |access-date=2015-07-13}}</ref>

The [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community in Trinidad and Tobago, numbering at about 300, consists of the descendants of the few [[Punjabis]] who came during the indentureship period, [[Punjabi Sikhs]] who came in the twentieth and twenty-first century, and [[Sindhi Hindus]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]] who also came in the twentieth and twenty-first century and who are, in addition to being Hindu, [[Nanakpanthi]]s, followers of the Sikh [[Guru Nanak]]. The Sikhs have a [[gurdwara]] (temple) in [[Tunapuna]] dating back to 1929.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sikhism_in_Trinidad | title=Sikhism in Trinidad - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217143551/https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sikhism_in_Trinidad|archive-date=17 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iOaR1gZ2A8Y | title=Sikh Channel in Trinidad - Episode 01 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{multiple image |total_width=600
|title = Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Political Leaders
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Basdeo Panday with Mikko Pyhälä (Ambassador of Finland) (cropped).jpg
|caption1=[[Basdeo Panday]]
|image2=Kamla Persad-Bissesar 2013.jpg
|caption2=[[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]]
|image3=Rudranath Capildeo.jpg
|caption3=[[Rudranath Capildeo]]
|image4=BhadaseSaganMaraj.jpg
|caption4=[[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]]
}}

Most Indo-Trinidadians have traditionally given their political support to parties that opposed the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM) which has historically been perceived as a [[Christian]] [[Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Afro-Trinidadian]] dominated party.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/78/64/00001/democraticlaborp00malirich.pdf|title=Democratic Labor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103222024/https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/78/64/00001/democraticlaborp00malirich.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> Voting patterns among Indo-Trinidadians have also been influenced by religion. At times, non-Presbyterian Christian and Muslim Indo-Trinidadians have shown major support for the PNM due to concerns about the Indo-majority led political parties such as [[People's Democratic Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|PDP]], [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|DLP]], and [[United Labour Front|ULF]] that were felt to be Hindu and Presbyterian Indo-Trinidadian dominated parties.<ref name="auto1" /> With the advent of the [[National Alliance for Reconstruction|NAR]] and then the [[United National Congress|UNC]] this polarization by religion has been on the decline however its existence is still felt with the UNC fielding a Muslim candidate in every election for the San Juan/Barataria seat since 1995 owing to the presence of a large Indo-Trinidadian Muslim population within this constituency.

Notable Indo-Trinidadian politicians include:
*[[Basdeo Panday]] – first prime minister of Indo-Trinidadian descent and the first Hindu to hold the office
*[[Kamla Persad-Bissesar]] – first female prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago
*[[Noor Hassanali|Noor Mohamed Hassanali]] – first Muslim head of state in the Western Hemisphere and the first Muslim and Indo-Trinidadian to hold the office of President of Trinidad and Tobago (1987–1997)
*[[Christine Kangaloo]] – first female president of Trinidad and Tobago of Indo-Trinidadian descent
*[[Rudranath Capildeo]] – Leader of the opposition at the time of independence
*[[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]] – Leader of the Parliamentary wing (1958–1960)
*[[Ashford Sinanan]] – Opposition leader (1951–1956); West Indies Federation Opposition Leader (1958–1961)
*[[Rudranath Capildeo]] – party leader (1960–1969)
*Stephen Carpoondeo Maharaj – acting opposition leader (1963–1965)
*[[Simbhoonath Capildeo]] – opposition leader (1965)
*Vernon Jamadar – opposition leader (1965–1972); party leader (1969–1972)
*[[Adrian Cola Rienzi]] – mayor of [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]] and Member of the [[Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago|Legislative Council]] for [[Victoria County, Trinidad and Tobago|Victoria]] (1937–1944)
*[[Raffique Shah]] – opposition leader (1977–1978)
*[[Winston Dookeran]] – UNC party leader (2005–2006); COP party leader (2006–2011)
*[[George Fitzpatrick|George F. Fitzpatrick]] – first Indo-Trinidadian member of the [[Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago|Legislative Council]], nominated in 1912
*[[Sarran Teelucksingh]] – Member of the [[Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago|Legislative Council]] for [[Caroni County|Caroni]] (1925–1946); first Indo-Trinidadian elected to the Legislative Council, a predecessor of the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago
*[[Isaac Hyatali]] – first [[Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago|chief justice of Trinidad and Tobago]] of Indo-Trinidadian descent
*[[Satnarine Sharma]] – first [[Hindu]] chief justice of Trinidad and Tobago

==Culture==
Indo–Trinidadian and Tobagonians have retained their distinctive heritage and culture, while also functioning in a multicultural society. The [[Languages of Indian subcontinent|South Asian languages]] of their ancestors have largely been lost, although a number of these words have entered the Trinidadian vernacular language ([[Trinidadian Creole]]). [[India]]n movies, music, and cuisine have entered the mainstream culture of Trinidad and Tobago. [[Chutney music|Chutney]] and [[chutney soca]] music rivals [[Calypso music|calypso]] and [[soca music]] during the [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]] season.

===Holidays and festivals===
[[Diwali]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], and [[Indian Arrival Day]] are national holidays, and [[Holi|Phagwah/Holi]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Ram Navami|Ram Naumi]], [[Sita Navami|Sita Naumi]], [[Navratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Radhastami]], [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Jayanti]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Guru Purnima]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik Snan]], [[Ratha Saptami]], [[Karakattam#In Caribbean Shaktism|Karagam Puja]], [[Bhairava Ashtami|Kalbhairo Jayanti]], [[Mesha Sankranti]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Tulsi Vivah]], [[Gita Jayanti]], [[Datta Jayanti]], [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab|Gurpurab]], [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Purnima]], [[Ramadan]], [[Hosay]] ([[Ashura]]), [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Shab-e-barat]], [[Chaand Raat]], [[Islamic New Year]], and other [[Hindu holidays|Hindu]] and [[Muslim holidays]] are widely celebrated.

===Cuisine===
Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian cuisine is mostly derived from the [[Bhojpuri cuisine|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi cuisine|Awadhi]] cuisines of [[North Indian cuisine|North India]]. It has considerable [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian]], especially [[Tamil cuisine|Tamil]] and [[Andhra cuisine|Telugu]], influence on preparation and ingredients in the tropical environment of Trinidad and Tobago, which was similar to the tropical environment of South India, where a significant minority of Indians came from. There is also influence from other ethnic cuisines on the island such as [[Creole cuisine|Creole]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[West African cuisine|West African]], [[Indigenous cuisine of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[French cuisine|French]], [[British cuisine|British]], [[North American cuisine|North American]], [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]], [[Arab cuisine|Arab]], and [[Latin American cuisine|Latin American]] cuisines. It is unlike the mainstream [[Cuisine of India|Indian]]-[[South Asian cuisine|South Asia]] cuisines, which are mostly based on Punjabi, Rajasthani, Mughlai, Gujarati, Bengali, Udupi, and Tamil cuisines. This "mainstream" Indian cuisine was brought to the country by more recent immigrants and is termed as East Indian cuisine in Trinidad and Tobago, and is contrasted with the local Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian or local-Indian cuisine.

====Breakfast====
A traditional Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian breakfast consists of ''sada [[roti]]'', a type of unleavened bread made with flour, baking powder and water. The dough is rolled out and cooked on flat, cast-iron skillet, called a ''[[Tava|tawa]]''. The cooked dough is cut into quarters and served with a variety of fried vegetables, [[tarkari]]s or chokhas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival of the GIRMITIYAS Arrival Day {{!}} Indo American News |url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/festival-of-the-girmitiyas-arrival-day/ |access-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718213306/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/festival-of-the-girmitiyas-arrival-day/|archive-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> Sometimes ''fried bake'' is eaten instead and is made using with flour, baking powder and yeast and is then fried in oil. Usually breakfast is vegetarian, however [[Dried and salted cod|salt fish]] is sometimes added. Some breakfast dishes include [[Baingan bharta|''baigan chokha'']] (roasted and mashed [[eggplant]]), ''damadol chokha''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=Traditional Tomato Choka Recipe |url=https://zenhealth.net/traditional-tomato-choka-recipe/ |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=Zen Health |language=en-US}}</ref> (roasted and mashed [[tomatoes]]), ''pepper chokha'' (roasted and mashed peppers), ''[[Alu Bharta|aloo chokha]]'' (boiled, roasted, and mashed [[potato]]es), ''karaili chokha'' (roasted and mashed [[Momordica charantia|bittermelon]]), ''murtani'' or ''upar ghar'' (combination of roasted and mashed eggplant, tomato, pepper, and okra), fried or [[Curry|curried]] ''bodi'' ([[long bean]]s), fried or curried aloo (potatoes), fried or curried [[okra|ochro/bhindhi]] (okra), fried or curried ''seim'' ([[Lablab|hyacinth beans]]), fried or curried ''karaili'' (bittermelon), pumpkin or ''kohra'' ''tarkari'' (pumpkin simmered with spices and seasoning), fried or curried ''saijan'' ([[Moringa oleifera|drumstick]]), fried or curried ''lauki'' ([[Calabash|bottle gourd]]), ''bhaji'' (made with young [[taro|dasheen bush (taro)]] leaves, [[spinach]] leaves, saijan (drumstick) leaves, or [[Amaranthus spinosus|chaurai (spiny amaranth)]] leaves), and/or fried [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]].

====Street foods====
[[File:STAPP 066 Debe Street Food Stalls (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Food stalls in [[Debe]]]]

Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian foods like [[doubles (food)|doubles]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Neki |date=June 28, 2015 |title=Street food of Trinidad, Tobago gains popularity in South Florida |url=https://www.local10.com/news/street-food-of-trinidad-tobago-gains-popularity-in-south-florida |access-date=February 9, 2018 |website=WPLG |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626140851/https://www.local10.com/news/street-food-of-trinidad-tobago-gains-popularity-in-south-florida |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[aloo pie]],<ref name="Barbados Today 2017">{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2017 |title=Food in true Trini style |url=https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2017/09/02/food-in-true-trini-style/ |access-date=February 9, 2018 |website=Barbados Today |archive-date=July 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722045514/https://barbadostoday.bb/2017/09/02/food-in-true-trini-style/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[pholourie]], [[saheena]], baiganee, [[Vada (food)|bara]], and [[kachori]] are popular street foods throughout the country and are served with various [[chutney]]s, [[South Asian pickle|achars]], and pepper sauce. Doubles is made with two ''bara''s (flat fried dough) and [[Curry|curried]] ''channa'' ([[chickpea]]s) and is served with toppings, like [[Hot sauce|pepper sauce]], [[Kuchela (relish)|kuchela]], and [[tamarind]], [[mango]], [[Spondias dulcis|pommecythere]], [[cucumber]], [[coconut]] and [[culantro|bandhaniya]] chutneys. It is one of the most popular breakfast foods eaten on the islands; however, it is eaten at any time throughout the day. Another Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian street food that is popular is [[Roti (wrap)|roti]], which consists of [[roti]] (usually [[paratha]] or dhalpuri) that wraps curried vegetables, curried channa (chickpeas) and aloo (potatoes), curried chicken, curried shrimp, curried goat, curried duck, curried conchs, or any other spicy fillings. The town of [[Debe]] in southern Trinidad is a popular destination for these street foods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=Saheena, Baiganee and Kachori on the Debe Doubles Strip in T&T | Foodie Finds |url=https://www.foodienationtt.com/single-post/saheena-baiganee-and-kachori-on-the-debe-doubles-strip-in-t-t-foodie-finds}}</ref>

====Festival foods====
[[File:Divali meal.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Diwali]] meal consisting of curry channa and aloo, curried mango, bhaji, [[Kadhi|karhi]], rice and [[paratha]].]]

Traditional [[Diwali]] and other [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] and prayers foods include appetizers such as [[pholourie]], saheena, baiganee, [[Vada (food)|bara]], and [[kachori]]. Main dishes include [[roti]] (most commonly dalpuri and [[paratha]]) and [[Kadhi|karhi]] and rice served with condiments such as [[South Asian pickle|achar or anchar]], [[Kuchela (relish)|kuchela]], mother-in-law (pickled vegetables), [[pepper sauce]], and dishes such as [[Curry|curried]] mango, ''bhaji'' ([[Taro|dasheen bush]] or any spinach), pumpkin or kohra tarkari (pumpkin), curry channa and aloo ([[chickpeas]] and [[potatoes]]), fried or curried ''baigan'' ([[eggplant]]), fried or curried ''bodi'' ([[long bean]]s), fried or curried ''seim'' ([[Lablab|hyacinth beans]]), curry [[eddoe]]s (arui), curry chataigne or katahar ([[Artocarpus camansi|breadnut]]), and other [[tarkari]]es ([[vegetarian]] [[Curry|curries]]). Desserts include [[Suji ka Halwa|mohan bhog (parsad)]], [[Laapsi|lapsi]] and suhari, [[Barfi|burfi]], [[Shankarpali|khurma]], [[gulab jamun]], [[Peda|pera]], [[rasgulla]], batasa, [[gujiya]], [[Gulgula (doughnut)|gulgula]], roat, [[kheer|kheer (sweet rice)]], [[laddu]], and [[jalebi]]. It is traditionally served on a ''sohari'' (''[[Calathea lutea]]'') leaf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divali: Destination Trinidad and Tobago | Tours, Holidays, Vacations and Travel Guide |url=https://www.destinationtnt.com/events/divali/}}</ref>

Special [[Islamic holidays|Eid]], [[Hosay]], and other Muslim festival foods include [[curry goat]], curry channa and aloo, [[seviyan (food)|sawine]], [[Barfi|burfi]], [[rasgulla]], sirnee, [[Malida|maleeda]], and [[halwa]].

====Condiments====
[[File:FOOD Kuchela.jpg|thumb|[[Kuchela (relish)|Kuchela]] jars in a supermarket.]]

Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians accompany their meals with various condiments; these can include pepper sauces, chutneys, and pickles and are often homemade.

Pepper sauces are made by using [[scotch bonnet]] or other hot peppers, either minced or chopped, and added to vinegar or lime or lemon juice and sometimes pickled together with carrots, sour cherries, [[bitter melon]], or [[daikon]] (murai). ''Mother-in-law'' is another popular condiment, which is a coarsely chopped spicy medley of peppers, pimentos, carrots, bitter melon, and other spices.

[[Chutney]]s are popular as well and often include [[mango]], [[tamarind]], [[cucumber]], [[Spondias dulcis|pommecythère]], [[Eryngium foetidum|bandhaniya]], [[coriander|dhaniya]], [[Dillenia indica|chalta]], and [[Coconut chutney|coconut]]. They are most commonly eaten with [[Doubles (food)|doubles]], [[aloo pie]], [[saheena]], baiganee, [[kachori]], and [[pholourie]]. There are a variety of popular pickles known locally as ''[[Achaar (pickle)|achar]]'' or ''anchar'' which are commonly used. [[Kuchela (relish)|Kuchela]] a grated spicy version, usually made from mango but sometimes made from [[pommecythère]], the mango version being most popular. Other version of achars are made from mango, pommecythère, tamarind, [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]], [[lemon]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[chayote]], chalta, and [[Granny Smith|green apple]].

====Sweets and desserts====
[[List of Indian sweets and desserts|Indian sweets and dessers]] are commonplace in Trinidad and Tobago and are distributed especially at Indian weddings and religious events. They include [[kheer]] (sweet rice or ''meetha bhat''), [[seviyan (food)|sawine]], [[Shankarpali|khurma]], [[gulab jamoon]], [[Barfi|burfi]], roat, [[laddu]], [[jalebi]], [[halwa]], [[Suji ka Halwa|mohan bhog (parsad)]], sirnee, [[Laapsi|lapsi]] and suhari, [[rasgula]], [[Tilkut|tilly cake]], [[gulgula sweet|gulgula]], paynuse, [[Peda|pera]], [[modak]], [[gujiya]], and batasa.

===Dance===
[[Dance in India|Indian dance forms]] are prevalent among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen-Agostini |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Allen-Agostini |date=1 September 2008 |title=Rhythms of our people |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people |url-status=live |journal=Caribbean Beat |issue=93 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155237/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], and [[Bharatanatyam]] are the most popular [[Indian classical dance|Indian classical dance forms]] in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal |last=Gooptar |first=Primnath |title=THE FILMI INFLUENCE ON EAST INDIAN DRESS AND DANCE IN TRINIDAD |url=https://www.academia.edu/20207141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101717/https://www.academia.edu/20207141 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=www.academia.edu}}</ref> [[List of Indian folk dances|Indian folk dance]]s, such as [[Lavanda Naach|launda ke naach]], [[Bollywood dance|Bollywood dancing]], and [[Chutney music|chutney]] dancing are also popular Indian dance forms.<ref name="academia.edu" />

===Music===
{{main|Indo-Caribbean music}}

===Theatre===
[[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. [[Nautanki]]s and dramas such as ''[[Harischandra|Raja Harishchandra]]'', ''[[Nala|Raja Nal]]'', ''Raja Rasalu'', ''[[Shravana Kumara|Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar)]]'', ''[[Inder Sabha|Indra Sabha]]'', ''[[Prahlada|Bhakt Prahalad]]'', ''[[Lorikayan]]'', ''Gopichand'', and ''[[Alha-Khand]]'' were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TASSA THUNDER : Folk Music from India to the Caribbean | date=25 March 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLu0dXWslcg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jLu0dXWslcg |archive-date=2021-12-21 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ramlila|Ramleela]]'', the drama about the life of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Rama]], is largely popular throughout the country during the time between [[Navaratri|Sharad Navaratri]] and [[Vijayadashami]] leading up to [[Diwali]], with almost each locale having their own celebration. The Ramlila celebrations end with the burning of an [[effigy]] of [[Ravana]], the main antagonist of the ancient ''[[Ramayana]]'' and its 16th century vernacular variation, popular among Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago, the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''. ''[[Rasa Lila|Rasleela (Krishnaleela)]]'', the drama about the life of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]], is popular around the time of [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Ramleela | National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055324/https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/ |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMLEELA IN T&T – NRCTT Inc. |url=http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120170131/http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/ |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guardian |first=Trinidad |title=Ramleela on the rise |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.453545.298d63012f |website=www.guardian.co.tt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203131010/http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.453545.298d63012f|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

===Influence on Trinidad and Tobago===
The Indian–South Asian influence is very much noticeable in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as they are the largest ethnic groups in the country. [[Hindu temple|Mandirs]], [[Mosque|masijids]], jhandis ([[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[prayer flag]]s), Hindu schools, Muslim schools, [[roti]] shops and stalls, puja stores, Indian groceries/markets, and Indian clothing stores and expos dot the landscape of the country. Many businesses also bear names of Indian-South Asian origin. Many towns, settlements, villages, avenues, traces, and streets in Trinidad and Tobago are named after Indian cities and people, such as Calcutta Settlement, Madras Settlement, Delhi Settlement, Jai Ramkissoon Housing Settlement, Boodoosingh Village, Raghoo Village, Jaraysingh, Hasnalli, Hindustan Village, Patna Village, Gandhi Village, Kandahar Village, Cawnpore (Kanpur) Village, Nepal Village, Pahari Village, Abdul Village, Samaroo Village, Basta Hall, Gopaul Lands, Sumadh Gardens, Mohammed Ville, Gobin Village, Nancoo Village, Coromandel, [[Malabar Settlement|Malabar]], Matura (Mathura), Bangladesh, Morang Village, Chandanagore (Chandinagar), Sadhoowa, [[Divali Nagar]], Golconda, [[Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago|Barrackpore]], and [[Fyzabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legacy of our East Indian Ancestors, Names of Places in Trinidad of East Indian Origin - The Indian Caribbean Museum of Trinidad and Tobago |url=http://www.icmtt.org/index.php/information/print-resources/feature-articles/item/150-legacy-of-our-east-indian-ancestors |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=Icmtt.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531035152/http://www.icmtt.org/index.php/information/print-resources/feature-articles/item/150-legacy-of-our-east-indian-ancestors|archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Indian namesake! | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/opinion/indian-namesake-6.2.1532697.cf2b5c88ca#:~:text=One%20area%20of%20extensive%20development,were%20opened%20up%20for%20cultivation }}</ref> The holidays of [[Diwali]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], and [[Indian Arrival Day]] are [[Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago|national public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]] and [[Languages of South Asia|other South Asian languages]] has had a great influence on the [[Trinidadian English]] ''[[lingua franca]]''. Most people of South Asian descent in Trinidad and Tobago also speak a unique [[Hinglish]] [[Macaronic language|macaronic dialect]] of Trinidadian English and Trinidadian Hindustani and they incorporate more Hindustani vocabulary into their Trinidadian English dialect than other ethnic groups in the country. Trinidad Hindustani itself is a dying language in Trinidad; as auf 2003, there were only about 1,600 native speakers; another 14,000 spoke it as a second language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref>

==Notable persons==
{{Main|List of Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* [[Anglo-Indians]]
* [[Awadhi people]]
* [[Bengalis]]
* [[Bhojpuri people]]
* [[Chindians]]
* [[Chutney music]]
* [[Chutney parang]]
* [[Chutney soca]]
* [[Dougla people]]
* [[History of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[India–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]
* [[Indian Arrival Day]]
* [[Indian indenture system]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean music]]
* [[Indo-Guyanese]]
* [[Indo-Surinamese]]
* [[Pashtuns]]
* [[Pichakaree]]
* [[Soca music]]
* [[Tamil people]]
* [[Telugu people]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Indian diaspora in Trinidad and Tobago}}

==External links==

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Trinidadian And Tobagonian}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Trinidad and Tobago| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Human migration]]
[[Category:India–Trinidad and Tobago relations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the Caribbean]]

Ashish Jitendra Desai

2026-04-23T05:34:12Z

Pipingblog: Starting new info needs work

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of High Court of Kerala }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashish Jitendra Desai
| image = [[File:Photograph of justice Ashish Jithendra Desai.jpg|150px]]
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 22 July 2023
| term_end = 4 July 2024
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start1 = 26 February 2023
| term_end1 = 21 July 2023
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| term_start2 = 21 November 2011
| term_end2 = 25 February 2023
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|07|5|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
}}
'''Ashish Jitendra Desai '''(born 5 July 1962) is an Indian former judge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2023-02-24 |title=Breaking News, February 24 {{!}} HIGHLIGHTS |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/breaking-news-live-updates-russia-ukraine-war-congress-session-aap-bjp-councillors-clash-shelly-oberoi-pm-modi-meghalaya-visit-turkey-syria-earthquake-849832 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Indiatvnews |language=en}}</ref> He was the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Praisy |date=2024-07-04 |title="Will visit God's own country as tourist, not jurist": Kerala High Court Chief Justice AJ Desai retires |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-high-court-chief-justice-aj-desai-retires |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Bar and Bench |language=en}}</ref> He was [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gujarat High Court]] previously.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Justice Ashish Jitendra Desai appointed Acting Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-ashish-jitendra-desai-appointed-acting-chief-justice-gujarat-high-court |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Bar and Bench|date=24 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=Justice Ashish J Desai appointed Chief Justice of Kerala High Court |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/kerala/justice-ashish-j-desai-appointed-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court-2219590 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Justice Desai obtained an undergraduate degree in economics from [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]], and law degree from Sir L. A. Shah Law College, Ahmedabad. Initially, he worked at the law office of [[M. C. Bhatt]] and D. M. Bhatt. He practiced law first at City Civil and Sessions Court in Ahmedabad, then at Gujarat High Court. He became Additional Judge of High Court of Gujarat in 2011, and was confirmed as permanent judge in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Desai is acting Chief Justice of Guj HC |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/ashish-desai-is-acting-chief-justice-of-guj-hc/81851962.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=2023-02-24 |title=Justice Ashish Jitendra Desai Appointed As The Acting Chief Justice Of Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-ashish-jitendra-desai-appointed-acting-chief-justice-gujarat-high-court-222406 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Justice A J Desai appointed as acting Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2023/02/25/justice-a-j-desai-appointed-as-acting-chief-justice-of-gujarat-high-court/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VoI |first=Team |date=2023-02-24 |title=Justice Ashish Jitendra Desai To Be Gujarat HC Acting Chief Justice |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/justice-ashish-jitendra-desai-to-be-gujarat-hc-acting-chief-justice/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Vibes Of India |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Mandar, Ranchi

2026-04-22T04:10:00Z

Pipingblog: put up post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4632|N|85.0914|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4027
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Mandar block#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835214
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06531
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 78.62%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mandar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandar]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mandar''' is a village in the [[Mandar block|Mandar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10= Mandar (R)|shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|20|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Mandar is located at {{coord|23.4632|N|85.0914|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Mandar.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 7 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Mandar CD block are located at Mandar.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mandar had a total population of 4,027, of which 2,031 (50%) were males and 1,996 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 594. The total number of literate persons in Mandar was 2,699 (78.62% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 374167, page 238-239|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 39 (India)|National Highway 39]] (Ranchi-Daltonganj), an important roadway in Ranchi district, passes through Mandar.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 15 Transport| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
St. Anne's Intermediate College is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established 2013. It has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII. It has a playground, a library with 520 books, and has 20 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140404523/st-anne-s-intermediate-college-mandar.html | title = St. Anne's Intermediate College Mandar| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2006. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class 12. It has a library with 1,255 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140406305/kgbv-mander.html | title = KGBV Mandar | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

St. Xavier's High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1972. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. It has a play ground, a library with 1,500 books, and has a computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140404506/st-xavier-s-high-school-mander.html | title = St. Xavier's High School Mander | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

St. Anna High School is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1963. It has facilities for teaching from class VII to class X. It has a playground, a library with 1,030 books, and has 18 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140404525/st-anna-high-school-mandar-balika-unaided.html | title = St. Anna High School Balika Mandar Unaided | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

American Public High School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground a library with 200 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140404516/american-public-high-school-mandar.html | title = American Public High School Mandar | publisher = | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

Maulana Azad Academy is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2003. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. It has a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/ranchi/20140404518/maulana-azad-academy-mander.html | title = Maulana Azad Acadeny Mander | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranchi district]]

Thamizhachi Thangapandian

2026-04-21T23:43:25Z

Pipingblog: New

{{Short description|Indian politician and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sumathy (Thamizhachi Thangapandian)
| image = Thamizhachi Thangapandian.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sumathy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mallankinaru]], [[Ramanathapuram District]], [[Madras State]] (now in [[Virudhunagar District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Lyricist Writer Politician
| party = [[Image:Flag DMK.svg|24px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| prime_minister =
| constituency = [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| term_start = 24 May 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[J. Jayavardhan]]
| successor =
| years_active =
| spouse = C. Chandrasekar
| children = 2 daughters
| parents = [[V. Thangapandian]] (Father)
| relatives = [[Thangam Thennarasu]] (Brother)
| website = {{URL|https://ithamizhachi.com/}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4961
| awards = [[Pavendhar Bharathidasan Virudhu – 2009]]
}}

'''Thamizhachi Thangapandian''', also known as '''Sumathy''', is an Indian Tamil poet, lyricist, orator, politician and writer.<ref name=biodata>{{Cite web|url=https://ithamizhachi.com/biodata/|title=Dr.Thamizhachi Thangapandian|website=Thamizhachi|language=en-US|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], from [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]] constituency in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. She worked as a lecturer in [[English Language|English]] at [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]] before entering politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/meet-dmks-south-chennai-candidate-thamizhachi-thangapandian-lok-sabha-elections5673167/|title=People are ready for a change: Meet DMK's South Chennai candidate Thamizhachi Thangapandian|date=12 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5212|title=Sumathy Alias Thamizhachi Thangapandian (DMK): Constituency- Chennai South (Tamil Nadu) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=www.myneta.info|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

==Literature==
Source:<ref name=biodata/>

===Tamil===
* ''Enjottu Penn'', collection of poems published in International Tamil Literary Conference, Chennai (2004, Mithra Publications)
* ''Uravukal'' compiled by S. Ravikumar & T. Sumathy (2004, Archuna Publications)
* ''Vanapechi'', collection of poems (2007, Uyirmmai Publications)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/136967-now-thamizhachi-thangapandians-poems-availabe-in-english.html|title=ஆங்கிலத்தில் வெளியாகும் தமிழச்சி கவிதைகள் - now thamizhachi thangapandian's Poems available in English|first=V.S. |last=Saravanan |date=15 September 2018|website=vikatan.com/|language=ta|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
* ''Pecharavam Ketilaiyo'', compilation of interviews (2008, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Manjanathi'', collection of 70 poems (2009, Uyirmmai Publications)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20091228/1414178.html|title=Stalin releases book by late minister's daughter|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221857/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20091228/1414178.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Naveenathuvathai Kamban'' (2010, Annai Muthamizh Publications)
* ''Katru Konarntha Kadithangal, Kalamum Kavithaiyum, Soll Thodum Thoram, Pampadam'' (2010, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Aruhan'', collection of 39 poems (2011, Uyirmmai Publications)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=eventdetails.php?newsid=7073|title=Ayngaran International|website=www.ayngaran.com|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
* ''Mayileragu Manasu'', collection 13 articles (2012, Vikatan Publications; second edition in 2022)
* ''Manvasam'', collection of 30 articles (2013, Vikatan Publications; second edition in 2022)
* ''Avalukku Veyil Endru Peyar'', collection of 32 poems (2015, Uyirmmai Publications)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/photos/avalukku-veyil-endru-peyar-poonaigal-sorgathirkku-selvathillai-book-launch-photos/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430130442/https://silverscreen.in/photos/avalukku-veyil-endru-peyar-poonaigal-sorgathirkku-selvathillai-book-launch-photos/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2019|title=Avalukku Veyil Endru Peyar & Poonaigal Sorgathirkku Selvathillai Book Launch Photos|date=8 February 2016|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
* ''Poonaigal Sorgathirku Selvathillai'', collection of 56 review articles (2015, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Kallin Kadungobam'' ("The Rage of a Stone"), translation of Galician poems by [[Maria Reimondez]] into Tamil, via English (2017, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Nizhal Veli'', translation of Thangapandian's "Island to Island" into Tamil by Sa. Devadoss (2018, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Chottangal'', collection of 20 articles (2018, Thamizh Thisai Publications; second edition in 2022)
* ''Muttu Veedu'', collection of five short stories (2019, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Thamizhachi Thangapandiyanin Kavithai Veli'', collection of reviews of Thangapandian's works (2020, Uyirmmai Publications)
* ''Anbin Ulagu Eliyathu'', compilation of Thangapandian's interviews in various magazines (2023, Uyirmmai Publications)

===English===
* ''Island to Island: the Voice of Sri Lankan Australian Playwright, Ernest Thalayasingham Macintyre'' (2013, Emerald Publications)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2013/feb/24/lankas-soul-at-the-proscenium-453174.html|title=Lanka's soul at the proscenium|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 February 2013 |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
*''Internal Colloquies'', translation by C.T. Indra of selected poems from ''Vanapechi'' by Thangapandian (2019, Rubric Publishing)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cueing-in-readers-a-challenge/article26169730.ece|title=Cueing in readers a challenge|date=4 February 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 April 2019|others=Special Correspondent|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*''Birthing Hut and Other Stories'', English translation by Dr. V. Bharathi Harishankar from the collection of short stories ''Muttu Veedu'' by Thangapandian (2022, Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd)
*''The Throb of Silence,'' English translation by Dr. K. S. Subramanian of selected poems from Thangapandian's published collections (2023, Vitasta Publishing Pvt. Ltd)

=== Other Languages ===

* ''Internal Colloquies'', Hindi translation by Dr. Bina Biswas & Srishti Gupta of selected poems from ''Vanapechi'' by Thangapandian (2023, Rubric Publishing)
* ''Internal Colloquies'', Bengali translation by Dr. Bina Biswas of selected poems from ''Vanapechi'' by Thangapandian (2023, Rubric Publishing)

==Film career==

===As a lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! References
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Pisaasu]]'' || Pogum Paadhai ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyricaldelights.com/2015/01/23/pisaasu_poogum_paadhai/|title=[Pisaasu] Poogum paadhai|date=23 January 2015|website=Lyrical Delights|language=en-US|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/song-of-the-day-pogum-paadhai-from-pisaasu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506180532/https://silverscreen.in/news/song-of-the-day-pogum-paadhai-from-pisaasu/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2019|title=Song Of The Day: 'Pogum Paadhai' From 'Pisaasu'|date=20 September 2017|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Paris Paris]]'' || Annachi Kondadu ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/paris-paris-song-lyrical-annachi-kondadu/videoshow/67992619.cms|title=Paris Paris {{!}} Song Lyrical - Annachi Kondadu | newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 February 2019 | access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===As a dialogue writer===
Thangapandian wrote the dialogue for the movie ''[[Paris Paris]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/videos/paris-paris-teaser-starring-kajal-aggarwal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506180531/https://silverscreen.in/videos/paris-paris-teaser-starring-kajal-aggarwal/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2019|title=Paris Paris Teaser Starring Kajal Aggarwal|date=22 December 2018|website=Silverscreen.in|language=en-US|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/paris-paris-kajal-aggarwal-looks-gorgeous-as-parameshwari/articleshow/64958165.cms|title='Paris Paris': Kajal Aggarwal looks gorgeous as Parameshwari - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
She is one of the prominent woman leaders and orators in the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party. She contested in [[Indian general election, 2019]] from [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=13 New Faces, 2 Women In DMK List For Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/13-new-faces-2-women-in-dmk-list-for-lok-sabha-elections-2009021 |accessdate=12 April 2019 |work=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV |date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/tamil-nadu/news/thamizachis-clarity-wins-heart-on-streets/articleshow/68621683.cms|title=Lok Sabha elections: Thamizhachi Thangapandian's clarity wins heart on streets |date=29 March 2019|first=Neeraja |last=Ramesh |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref> Elected as [[Member of Parliament]], [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. T. Sumathy (a) Thamizhachi Thangapandian{{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dr-t-sumathy-thamizhachi-thangapandian|access-date=21 November 2021|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/MemberBioprofileBrief.aspx?mpsno=4961|access-date=21 November 2021|website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>

==Elections contested and results==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=180|Elections
!width=100|Constituency
!width=100|Party
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=100|Opposition Candidate
!width=100|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
|-
||[[Indian general election, 2019]]||[[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]] ||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||{{won}}|| 50.17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS223.htm?ac=3|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ||[[J. Jayavardhan]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]|| 26.88
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|Indian general election, 2024]]
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|47<ref>[https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS223.htm General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 3 - CHENNAI SOUTH (Tamil Nadu)]. ''Election Commission of India.'' June 2024</ref>
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|26.44
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9543928/ Tamizhachi Thangapandian-IMDB]
*[http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4961 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
*[https://ithamizhachi.com/ Thamizhachi Thangapandian Personal Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangapandian, Thamizhachi}}
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Malankara Church

2026-04-20T13:17:53Z

Pipingblog:

{{short description|Historic Indian Christian denomination}}
{{about|the historic Indian church|the rite employed|Malankara Rite}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{multiple issues|{{COI|date=April 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Peacock|date=December 2021}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=June 2022|reason=events discussed multiple times}}
{{overly detailed|date=June 2022}}}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Nasrani_cross.jpg
| icon_width = 200px
| icon_alt =
| name = Malankara Church
| image =
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| type = [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]]
| main_classification = [[Oriental Orthodox]]
| theology = [[Miaphysitism]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Metropolitan Bishop
| leader_name1 = [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
| division_type = Sub-divisions
| division = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church ]]<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church|title=Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|author=Thomas Joseph |year=2011}}</ref> [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koonammakkal|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Koonammakkal |editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDoyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 |title=Syro-Malabar History and Traditions|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |year=2013|pages=275–276|isbn=9783447068857}}</ref> [[Syro Malabar Church]] [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
| associations =
| area = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| language = [[Suriyani Malayalam]], [[Syriac language|Classical Syriac]], [[Malayalam]]
| liturgy = [[Antiochian Rite]]- [[Liturgy of Saint James]]
| headquarters = [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Pazhaya Seminary]]
| founder = [[Thomas the Apostle]] as per tradition.
| founded_date = 52 AD (tradition) 1665{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|pp=84, 86}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=361}}{{sfnp|Fernando| Gispert-Sauch |2004|p=79}}{{sfnp|Chaput|1999|pp=7–8}}
| separated_from = [[Church of the East]]<ref name="Charles George Herbermann">''Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines'', Volume 4 By Charles George Herbermann page 1180–1181.</ref>
| branched_from = [[Saint Thomas Christians]]{{efn|<ref>{{harvp|Fernando| Gispert-Sauch |2004|p=79}}. "The community of the St Thomas Christians was now divided into two: one group known as the "Roman Catholic Syrians/RCSC" remained in the new communion with the [[Latin Church|Western Church]] and in obedience to the Pope whose authority they recognized in the [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|archbishop of Goa]]. The 'Malankara Nazranies' stayed with Native head [[Mar Thoma I]] and eventually started relation with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch|West Syrian Church of Antioch]]."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Frykenberg|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 361]}}. "[[Mar Thoma I|His]] followers kept the ancient name ie 'Malankara Nazranies', as distinct from the 'Roman Catholic Syrians', the name by which the Catholic party became known."</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism|volume=2|author=Hans J. Hillerbrand |isbn=9781135960285|year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA811 |page=811|quote=those who rejected the Latin rite were known as the New Party, which later became the Jacobite Church}}</ref>}}
| separations =
| merger =
| merged_into = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]
| defunct =
| members = 
| logo =
}}
{{Nasrani people}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

The '''Malankara Church''', also known as '''Malankara Syrian Church''',{{sfnp|MacKenzie|1901|p=28}} was the unified body of ''[[Puthankoottukar|Puthankur]]'' [[Saint Thomas Christian]]s who claim origins from the missions of [[Thomas the Apostle]].
This oath was taken by a large section of the community in protest against Portuguese ecclesiastical domination under the [[Padroado]] system, particularly following the Latinizing measures imposed after the [[Synod of Diamper]]. The resistance was directed mainly against foreign control and the suppression of their [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac traditions]] rather than against [[Catholic theology|Catholic doctrine]] itself.

Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thoma, later known as [[Thoma I]], this group sought to preserve its autonomy and apostolic heritage. The [[Carmelites|Carmelite missionaries]] later attempted reconciliation with Rome , resulting in many returning to the [[Catholic Church|Catholic communion]]. The Puthankur faction eventually established ties with the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]] in 1665, adopting the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] liturgical and ecclesiastical tradition. This development shaped what later became known as the Malankara Syrian Church.

Over time, the Malankara Church experienced internal disputes regarding authority, theology, and relations with the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], leading to successive divisions. These divisions eventually gave rise to several present-day churches, including the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], the [[Saint Thomas Anglicans]] of the [[Church of South India]] and the [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Early history of Christianity in India==
{{further|Saint Thomas Christians}}

===Ecclesiastical Communion===
{{further|Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations}}
Historically, Malabar traded frequently with the nations of the [[Middle East]], and traders from [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Sasanian Empire|Persia]], and the [[Levant]] frequently visited Malabar for [[spice]]s. These groups included Arabs, Jews and also Christians, and the Christians who visited here maintained contact with the Malankara Church. As such the Church in India was in ecclesiastical communion with the [[Church of the East]], otherwise called the Persian church. The Malankara Church was headed by a Metropolitan consecrated from the Persian Church and ordinary administration of the Church was vested upon a local, dynastic archdeacon, who was referred to as the Head of the Malankara Christian community. (''Archdeacon'' is the highest rank for a cleric in the Church of the East after the rank of bishop.)<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Neill |author-link=Stephen Neill |date=2017|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |page=247 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521893329}}</ref>{{sfnp|Buchanan|1812|pp=107–123}}

===Cheppeds: Collection of deeds on copper plates===
The Rulers of [[Kerala]], in appreciation for their assistance, gave to the Malankara Nazranis, three deeds on copper plates. They gave the Nasranis various rights and privileges which were written on copper plates. These are known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam etc.{{sfnp|Pothan|1970|pp=32–33}}
*''Thomas of Cana copper plates'': Dated between 345 and 811 AD, Thomas of Cana (Knai Thoma), a merchant from Persian Mesopotamia, was granted a deed of socio-economic rights known today as the [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]] by the [[Chera]] Dynasty. Thoma's plates were recorded and translated in the 16th and 17th century by Portuguese officials. The plates are later noted to have disappeared while in the possession of the Portuguese and remain lost.
*''Tharissa palli Deed I'': In 849 AD, Perumal Sthanu Ravi Gupta (844–885) gave a deed to Isodatta Virai for Tharissa Palli (church) at Curakkeni Kollam. According to historians, this is the first deed in Kerala that gives the exact date.<ref>Sreedhara Menon, A. ''A Survey of Kerala History''.(Mal).Page 54.</ref>
*''Tharissa palli Deed II'': Continuation of the above, given after 849 AD.
*''Iravi Corttan Deed'': In 1225 AD, Sri Vira Raghava Chakravarti gave a deed to Iravi Corttan (Eravi Karthan) of Mahadevarpattanam in 774. Two [[Brahmin]] families are witness to this deed showing that Brahmins were in Kerala by the 8th century.

These plates detail privileges awarded to the community by the then rulers. These influenced the development of the social structure in Kerala and privileges, rules for the communities. These are considered as one of the most important legal documents in the history of [[Kerala]].<ref>NSC Network (2007), [http://nasrani.net/2007/02/16/the-plates-and-the-privileges/ ''The Plates and the Privileges of Syrian Christians'']</ref><ref>{{harvp|Brown|1982|pp=74–75, 85–90}}; {{harvp|Mundadan|1970|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvp|Pothan|1970|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}.</ref> Three of these are still in the [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|Orthodox Theological Seminary]] (Old Seminary) in Kottayam and two are at the Mar Thoma Church Headquarters in Tiruvalla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marthoma.in/the-church/heritage/|title=Heritage – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}</ref>

===Archdeacons===
The position of [[archdeacon]]{{Em dash}}the highest for clergy who are not a [[bishop]]{{Em dash}}had great importance in the church of India in the centuries leading up to the formation of an independent Malankara Church. Though technically subordinate to the metropolitan, the archdeacon wielded great ecclesiastical and secular power, to the extent that he was considered the secular leader of the community and served as effective head of the Indian Church in times when the province was absent a bishop. Unlike the metropolitan, who was evidently always an East Syriac sent by the patriarch, the archdeacon was a native Saint Thomas Christian. In the documented period, the position was evidently hereditary, belonging to the [[Pakalomattam]] family, who claimed a privileged connection to Thomas the Apostle.{{sfnp|Baum |Winkler |2003|p=52}}{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|pp=271–272}}

Details on the archidiaconate prior to the arrival of the Portuguese are elusive, but Patriarch [[Timothy I (Nestorian Patriarch)|Timothy I]] (780–823) called the Archdeacon of India the "head of the faithful in India", implying an elevated status by at least that time.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=271}} In the recorded period of its history, the office of archdeacon was substantially different in India than in the rest of the Church of the East or other Christian churches. In the broader Church of the East, each bishop was attended by an archdeacon, but in India, there was only ever one archdeacon, even when the province had multiple bishops serving it.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=272}}

Following the collapse of the Church of the East's hierarchy in most of Asia in the 14th century, India was effectively cut off from the church's heartland in Mesopotamia and formal contact was severed. By the late 15th century India had had no metropolitan for several generations, and the authority traditionally associated with him had been vested in the archdeacon.{{sfnp|Baum |Winkler |2003|p=105}} In 1491, the archdeacon sent envoys to the Patriarch of the Church of the East, as well as to the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic]] [[Pope of Alexandria]] and to the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]], requesting a new bishop for India. The Patriarch of the Church of the East [[Shem'on IV Basidi|Shemʿon IV Basidi]] responded by consecrating two bishops, Thoma and Yuhanon, and dispatching them to India.{{sfnp|Baum |Winkler |2003|p=105}} These bishops helped rebuild the ecclesiastical infrastructure and reestablish fraternal ties with the patriarchate, but the years of separation had greatly affected the structure of the Indian church. Though receiving utmost respect, the metropolitan was treated as the spiritual authority in his own diocese; the Archdeacon was firmly established as the real power in the Malankara community.{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=274}}

===Arrival of the Portuguese===
{{See also|Portuguese India}}
{{Further|Synod of Diamper}}
At the time the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in India in 1498, the Saint Thomas Christians were in a difficult position. Though prosperous owing to their large stake in the [[spice trade]] and protected by a formidable militia, the tumultuous political climate of the time had placed the small community under pressure from the forces of the powerful [[raja]]s of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], and the various smaller kingdoms in the area. When the Portuguese under [[Vasco da Gama]] arrived on the South Indian coast, the leaders of the Saint Thomas community greeted them and proffered a formal alliance to their fellow Christians.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=122–124}} The Portuguese, who had keen interest in implanting themselves in the spice trade and in expanding the domain of their bellicose form of Christianity, jumped at this opportunity.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=125–127}}

The Portuguese brought to India a particularly militant brand of Christianity, the product of several centuries of struggle during the [[Reconquista]], which they hoped to spread across the world.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=127}} Facilitating this objective was the ''[[Padroado Real]]'', a series of treaties and decrees in which the [[Pope]] conferred upon the Portuguese government certain authority in ecclesiastical matters in the foreign territories they conquered.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=127–128}} Upon reaching India the Portuguese quickly ensconced themselves in [[Goa]] and established a church hierarchy; soon they set themselves to bringing the native Christians under their dominion. Towards this goal, the colonial establishment felt it necessary to conduct the Saint Thomas Christians fully into the [[Latin Church]], both in bringing them into conformity with Latin church customs and in subjecting them to the authority of the [[Archbishop of Goa]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Following the death of Metropolitan Mar Jacob in 1552, the Portuguese became more aggressive in their efforts to subjugate the Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=130}} Protests on the part of the natives were frustrated by events back in the Church of the East's Mesopotamian heartland, which left them devoid of consistent leadership. In 1552, the year of Jacob's death, a [[Schism of 1552|schism in the Church of the East]] resulted in there being two rival patriarchates, one of which entered into communion with the [[Catholic Church]], and the other of which remained independent. At different times both patriarchs sent bishops to India, but the Portuguese were consistently able to outmaneuver the newcomers or else convert them to Latin Catholicism outright.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|pp=130–133}} In 1575 the Padroado declared that neither patriarch could appoint prelates to the community without Portuguese consent, thereby cutting the Thomas Christians off from their hierarchy.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=134}}

By 1599 the last Metropolitan, Abraham, had died, and the Archbishop of Goa, [[Aleixo de Menezes]], had secured the submission of the young Archdeacon George, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=208–210}} That year, Menezes convened the [[Synod of Diamper]], which instituted a number of structural and liturgical reforms to the Indian church. At the synod, the parishes were brought directly under the Archbishop's authority, certain "superstitious" customs were anathematized, and the traditional variant of the [[East Syriac Rite]], was purged of elements unacceptable by the Latin standards.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=214}} Though the Saint Thomas Christians were now formally part of the Catholic Church, the conduct of the Portuguese over the next decades fueled resentment in parts of the community, ultimately leading to open resistance.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}

==Coonan Cross and the independent church==
{{See also|Coonan Cross Oath}}
Over the next several decades, tensions seethed between the Latin prelates and what remained of the native hierarchy. This came to a head in 1641 with the ascension of two new protagonists on either side of the contention: Francis Garcia, the new Archbishop of Kodungalloor, and Archdeacon [[Mar Thoma I|Thomas]], the nephew and successor to Archdeacon George.{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=367}} In 1652, the escalating situation was further complicated by the arrival in India of a mysterious figure named [[Ahatallah]].{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=367}}{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=316}}

Ahatallah arrived in [[Mylapore]] in 1652, claiming to be a [[Patriarch of Antioch]].{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=317}} Ahatallah's true biography is obscure, but some details have been established. He appears to have been a [[Syriac Orthodox]] Bishop of Damascus and may have at one point entered into communion with Rome . He then returned to Syria in order to bring the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch [[Ignatius Hidayat Allah]] into communion with Rome. He had not accomplished this by the time Hidayat Allah died in 1639, after which point Ahatallah began claiming he was Hidayat Allah's rightful successor. In 1646, he was in [[Egypt]] at the court of the [[Coptic Pope]] [[Pope Mark VI of Alexandria|Mark VI]], who dispatched him to India in 1652, evidently in response to a request for aid from Archdeacon Thomas. Reckoning him an impostor, the Portuguese arrested him, but allowed him to meet with members of the Saint Thomas Christian clergy, whom he impressed greatly. The Portuguese put him on a ship bound for Cochin and Goa, and Archdeacon Thomas led his militia to Cochin demanding to meet with the Patriarch. The Portuguese refused, asserting that he was a dangerous invader and that the ship had already sailed on to Goa.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=317}}

Ahatallah was never heard from again in India, and rumours soon spread that Archbishop Garcia had disposed of him before he ever reached Goa.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}} Contemporary accounts allege that he was drowned in Cochin harbour, or even that the Portuguese burned him at the stake.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=368}} In reality, it appears that Ahatallah did in fact reach Goa, whence he was sent on to Europe, but evidently died in [[Paris]] before reaching Rome, where his case was to be heard.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}} In any event, Garcia's dismissive response to the Saint Thomas Christians' appeals only embittered the community further.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}

This was the last straw for the Saint Thomas Christians, and in 1653, Thomas and representatives of the community met at the Church of Our Lady in [[Mattancherry]] to take bold action. In a great ceremony before a crucifix and lighted candles, they swore a solemn oath that they would never obey Garcia or the Portuguese again, and that they accepted only the Archdeacon as their shepherd.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}} The Malankara Church and all its successor churches regard this declaration, known as the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}

===Later development===

[[File:Mar Thoma III.jpg|thumb|[[Mar Thoma III|Thoma III]], 3rd Malankara Metropolitan]]

The resistance to Portuguese ecclesiastical authority resulted in a formal rupture within the Saint Thomas Christian community. The first solemn protest took place in 1653, known as the Coonan Kurishu Satyam ([[Coonan Cross Oath]]). Under the leadership of [[Thoma I|Archdeacon Thoma]], the [[St. Thomas Christians]] publicly took an oath in [[Mattancherry]], Cochin that they would not obey the Portuguese Catholic bishops and the [[Jesuit]] missionaries. Unfortunately, there was no Metropolitan present in the Malankara Church at that time. In the absence of a bishop sympathetic to their cause, Archdeacon Thomas was in 1653 elevated to episcopal status by the laying on of hands of twelve priests at Alangad, taking the name Thoma I. This consecration was later questioned on canonical grounds by the Catholic faction.

Pope Alexander VII sent the Syrian bishop Joseph Sebastiani at the head of a Carmelite delegation who succeeded in convincing the majority of Saint Thomas Christians, including [[Parambil Mar Chandy|Palliveettil Chandy Kathanar]] and [[Kadavil Chandy Kathanar]]. The Catholic faction constantly challenged the legitimacy of the consecration of the archdeacon as Metropolitan by priests. This faction was led by Palliveettil Chandy, cousin of Thoma I, who was consecrated as a bishop in 1663 by Carmelite missionaries of the [[Catholic Church]]. He was supported by other prominent Saint Thomas Christian leaders including [[Kadavil Chandy|Kadavil Chandy Kathanar]] and Vengūr Givargis Kathanar. This made it essential to rectify the illegitimacy of the consecration of Archdeacon as Metropolitan. Episcopal consecration of Thoma I as a bishop was regularized in 1665 by [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]] Jerusalem Bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This led to the first permanent split in the Saint Thomas Christian community. Thereafter, the faction affiliated with the Catholic Church under Parambil Mar Chandy was designated the ''[[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)|Pazhayakoottukar]]'', or "Old Allegiance", while the branch affiliated with Mar Thoma was called the ''Puthenkoottukar'', or "New Allegiance".{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|pp=84, 86}}{{sfnp|Frykenberg|2008|p=361}}{{sfnp|Fernando| Gispert-Sauch |2004|p=79}}{{sfnp|Chaput|1999|pp=7–8}}

Thoma I with 32 churches (out of a total of 116) and their congregations were the body from which the Malankara Syrian Puthenkūr Churches originated. In 1665, Gregorios Abdul Jaleel, a bishop sent by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, arrived in India, and the Saint Thomas Christians under the leadership of the Archdeacon welcomed him.<ref>{{harvp|Buchanan|1811|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvs|txt|last=Menachery |year1=1973 |loc1={{page needed|date=August 2024}} |year2=1982 |loc2={{page needed|date=August 2024}} |year3=1998 |loc3={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvp|Podipara|1970|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvp|Brown|1982|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvp|Tisserant|1957|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}; {{harvp|Geddes|1694|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}};</ref><ref>Dr. Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India"</ref> The Gregorios Abdal Jaleel regularised the consecration of Archdeacon as Metropolitan of the Syriac Orthodox Church as per the apostolic standards of Kaiveppu (traditional legitimate way of laying hands by a valid Bishop). The 18th century saw the gradual introduction of West Syriac liturgy and script to the Malabar Coast, a process that continued through the 19th century.

==The Syriac Orthodox Communion==
[[File:Mor Osthatheos Sleebo.jpg|thumb|[[Osthathios Sleeba Of Arthat|Mor Osthatheos Sleebo]]]]
The arrival of Mar Gregorios in 1665, marked the introduction of [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] in India through the Malankara Church and valid [[bishopric]] of [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in India.
{{Quote box
|title = Letter of Patriarch Ignatios Abdal-Masih I to the faithful of Malabar
|quote = ''After greeting you with a holy kiss, let that, which we are relating to each one of you, be known to you, o brethren, my beloved, namely that the apostolate to you of Gregorios, that is, the venerable Abdal-Jaleel, was from the divine Providence, because you were not able to appoint and to consecrate for yourselves venerable bishops. Afterwards, you were in need and have already sent three times [envoys to us]. And we yielded [to your request] out of the love of Christ, and have sent to you our Fathers, our Father Mor Baselios, that is, Patriarch Yaldo, together with those who accompany him, not in order that he stays with you, but in order to fill your need and to consecrate for you venerable [bishops] and metropolitans. And after having fulfilled your requests, send them back to us. We do not want him to come to us after a long period, but after three years.''
|source = [http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/ragh/ccs/photoGallery/2008-07-24-Istvan/2008-07-24-Istvan.pdf MS Samanvaya Syr 18]
|fontsize = 18
|bgcolor =Cornsilk
|title_bg =BlanchedAlmond
|title_fnt = SaddleBrown
}}

Letter from [[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysious Punnathara]] (a nineteenth century prelate of the ''Malankara Syrian Church'') addressed to the head of the Anglican [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]], as translated from the Syriac original:
<blockquote>In the Name of the Eternal and Necessary Existence, the Almighty. Mar Dionysius, Metropolitan of the Jacobite-Syrians in Malabar, subject to the authority of our Father, Mar Ignatius, Patriarch, who presides in the Apostolic See of Antioch of Syria, beloved of the Messiah. Love from Christ, and from the People of all the Churches, to Lord Gambier, the illustrious, honour able, and renowned President... We, who are called Syrian-Jacobites, and reside in the land of Malabar, even from the times of Mar Thomas, the holy Apostle, until the wall of Cochin was taken in the reign of King Purgis, kept the True Faith according to the manner of the Syrian Jacobites, of real glory, without division or confusion. But, by the power of the Franks, our Jacobite Syrian Fathers and Leaders were prohibited from coming from Antioch: and, because we had no Leader and Head, we were like Sheep without a Shepherd; or, like Orphans and Widows, oppressed in spirit, without support or help. In the year of our Lord 1653, came our Spiritual Father, Mar Ignatius, the Patriarch, from Antioch to Malabar.... Again, in the year of our Lord 1753, came to us some holy Jacobite Syrian Fathers from Antioch, who turned us to our true ancient faith, and set up a High Priest for us.<ref>{{cite letter |via=The Missionary Register (v.10) |date=October 1822|author=Metropolitan of the Syriac Church (Punnathara Dionysious [Thoma XI]) |recipient=President and Members of the Society |title=Letter of the Syrian Metropolitan to the Society |pages=431–432 |translator=Professor Lee |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah6iqd&view=1up&seq=444&skin=2021}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1912, a Catholicate was instituted in Malankara by the Syriac Orthodox{{Verify spelling|date=June 2022|reason=capitalization?}} Patriarch [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II|Abdul Masih]], thereby starting a century of legal proceedings between factions of the church which supported the Catholicate, and those who opposed it on behalf of the claims that the Abdul Masih was excommunicated. Later, the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] established the office of Canonical [[List of Maphrians|Maphrianate of the East in India]] (now known as the [[Catholicos of India]]) of the [[Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]].

== Further history ==
[[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg |thumb|upright=1.8|History of the Saint Thomas Christians' divisions]]
In 1665, [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]], sent from Patriarch Ignatius Abdulmasih I, introduced West Syriac Rite in India.<ref name="Brock">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Thomas Christians |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians |access-date=26 January 2022 |last=Brock |first=Sebastian P. |author-link=Sebastian Brock |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |publisher=Gorgias Press}}</ref> By 1809, the Jacobite Syrians fully incorporated the [[West Syriac Rite|Antiochian Syriac Rite liturgy]] after the assembly of parish representatives met at Kandanad, Kerala and resolved to fully implement the move to West Syriac Rite through the declaration ''Kandanad Padiyola'', which had been already partially implemented by the same assembly in 1789 at Puthiyacavu.<ref>Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C. Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002, p. 97.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yakub III |first=Ignatius |title=ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സുറിയാനി സഭാ ചരിത്രം |date=2010 |publisher= |isbn= |location=Cheeramchira |page=210 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=History of the Syrian Church in India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=M. Kurian |last2=Thottappuzha |first2=Varghese John |date=6 October 2021 |title=മലങ്കര അസോസിയേഷൻ: 1653 മുതൽ 2020 വരെ |trans-title=Malankara Association: from 1653 to 2020 |url=https://www.ovsonline.in/?p=27876 |access-date= |website=www.ovsonline.in |publisher= |language=ml}}</ref>

The church of Saint Thomas Christians constituted a single church until the 16th century. It formed the community of the East Syriac [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|ecclesiastical province of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Antonio de Gouvea |title=Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India oriental |trans-title=Journey of the Archbishop of Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primate of Eastern India |year=1606 |location=Coimbra |publisher=D. Gomez Loureyro |oclc=458087197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaNQAAAAcAAJ |language=pt}}</ref>
This Church formed the ecclesiastical Province of India within the broader East Syriac Christian world and enjoyed considerable autonomy in its internal administration.

The arrival of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century introduced a new phase in the Church's history. Through the [[Synod of Diamper]], the local Church was brought into full and explicit communion with the [[Holy See|Apostolic See of Rome]] under the authority of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]. While the implementation of Latin disciplinary norms created tensions and led to certain disruptions in traditional practices, the communion with Rome was understood as a reaffirmation of Catholic unity rather than a break in apostolic continuity.

The [[Coonan Cross Oath|Coonan Cross Oath of 1653]] emerged amid administrative dissatisfaction and disputes over ecclesiastical governance, not as a rejection of [[Catholic theology|Catholic doctrine]] itself. In response, Rome sent [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] missionaries to restore order and regular canonical structures. Over time, the majority of Saint Thomas Christians reaffirmed their communion with Rome, forming what came to be known as the Paḻayakūr (Old Allegiance). This community constitutes the historical foundation of the Syro-Malabar Church.

A minority faction, seeking episcopal leadership outside Roman jurisdiction, aligned with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate]] in 1665 through the arrival of [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios Abdul Jaleel]]. This resulted in the gradual adoption of the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac liturgical tradition]] and [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite theological orientation]] among that group, forming the Puthenkūr (New Allegiance). This marked a significant liturgical and theological shift away from the [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac heritage]] that had historically characterized the Saint Thomas Christian Church.

The [[Syro-Malabar Church]], by contrast, preserved the East Syriac liturgical and spiritual patrimony that had shaped the Saint Thomas Christian tradition for centuries, while maintaining full communion with the [[Holy See|Apostolic See of Rome]]. Although the colonial period introduced certain Latin administrative and devotional influences, these did not fundamentally alter its East Syriac identity. From the nineteenth century onward, and especially in the twentieth century, sustained and deliberate efforts were undertaken to restore the authentic East Syriac liturgical tradition in fidelity to its historical roots.

At the same time, the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], in communion with the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], also preserves the East Syriac liturgical heritage in India and represents another continuation of that historic tradition outside Roman communion.

[[File:Sthathicon of Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasius.png|thumb|''[[Sthathicon]]'' of [[Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasius]], 1877]]

===Disputes and Court Cases===
Later, a number of splits happened among the Jacobite Syrians due to the influence of foreign missionaries and internal conflicts. In 1772, [[Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo|Baselios Shakrallah]], a Syriac Orthodox [[maphrian]], consecrated [[Abraham Mar Koorilos I|Kattumangatt Abraham Mar Koorilos]] as the Metropolitan against [[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Dionysius I]]. [[Abraham Mar Koorilos I]] led the faction that eventually became the [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]].{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=70}}{{sfnp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=92}}

From 1816 onwards, the Anglican [[Church Mission Society]] missionaries helped the Malankara Church, through their Help Mission.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=241–243, 246–251}} But on 16 January 1836, Metropolitan [[Dionysius IV of Cheppad]], convened a Synod at [[Mavelikara]], in protest against the interference of Anglicans in the affairs of the Malankara Church. There it was declared that Malankara Church would be subject to Syrian traditions and the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref>Cherian, Dr. C.V., ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262.</ref> The declaration resulted in the separation of the CMS missionaries from the communion with the Malankara Church.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=241–243, 246–251}}<ref name="Bayly1989">{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900 |date=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37201-5 |page=300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC |language=en}}</ref> However, a minority from the Malankara Church, who were in favour of the [[Reformation|Reformed]] ideologies of the missionaries, stood along with them and joined the [[Anglican Church]].{{sfnp|Neill|2002|pp=241–243, 246–251}}<ref name="Bayly1989" /> These [[Saint Thomas Anglicans]] became part of the [[Church of South India]], after the [[Indian independence day|Indian independence]] in 1947. So they are also called CSI Syrian Christians.<ref name="Encyclopedia1999">{{cite book |last1=Fahlbusch |first1=Erwin |last2=Lochman |first2=Jan Milic |last3=Bromiley |first3=Geoffrey William |last4=Mbiti |first4=John |last5=Pelikan |first5=Jaroslav |last6=Vischer |first6=Lukas |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |year=1999 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |pages=687–688 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |last2=Baumann |first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] |date=21 September 2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 |page=707 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |language=en}}</ref>

In the 19th century, a reform movement inspired by British missionaries led to the formation of the independent [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] under the leadership of the then Malankara Metropolitan, [[Mathews Mar Athanasius]]. Meanwhile, the majority of the members of the church, resisted the movement and strengthened their affiliation to the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch at the Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876.{{sfnp|MacKenzie|1901|p=42}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulanthuruthy Synod Decisions |url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/PARAVUR/mulunthuruthy_padiyola.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085241/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/PARAVUR/mulunthuruthy_padiyola.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=www.syriacchristianity.info}}</ref> They were led by [[Dionysious V|Pulikkootil Joseph Mar Dionysios]], who was consecrated by Patriarch [[Ignatius Peter IV|Ignatius Peter III]]. In 1875, Patriarch [[Ignatius Peter IV]] excommunicated [[Mathews Athanasius]], [[Thomas Athanasius]] and their followers from the Malankara Church.<ref name="Kanjamala">{{cite book |last1=Kanjamala |first1=Augustine |title=The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium |date=2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-63087-485-8 |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaENBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Future+of+Christian+Mission+in+India%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm+for+the+Third+Millennium+abraham+malpan&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fortescue1">{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=A. |title=The lesser eastern churches |date=1913 |publisher=London: Catholic Truth Society |isbn=978-1-177-70798-5 |pages=370–371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&q=lesser+eastern+churches+mar+thoma&pg=PA374 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AfonsoAV">{{cite book |last1=Afonso |first1=A. V. |title=Indian Christianity |date=2009 |publisher=Centre |isbn=978-81-87586-41-8 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5tAAQAAIAAJ&q=patriarch+peter+iii+excommunicate+mathews+athanasius |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Vadakkekara|2007|p=94}}. "In 1875 Patriarch Peter III Ignatius visited Malabar. Perceiving that his authority was getting steadily eroded because of the popularity of Mathew Mar Athanasius, the patriarch excommunicated him and his clique."</ref><ref name="PallathP">{{cite book |last1=Pallath |first1=Paul |title=The Catholic Church in India |date=2003 |publisher=Mar Thoma Yogam |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjQvAAAAYAAJ |language=en |quote=The Patriarch excommunicated Mathew Mar Athanasius and the pro-Anglican group from the Malankara Jacobite Church.}}</ref> The British colonial administration abstained from extending their crucial endorsement to any one faction, thereby disengaging themselves from local church matters. Thus, the rival parties had to settle their disputes, entirely by means of court litigations.<ref name="BaylyS">{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900 |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89103-5 |pages=285, 300–305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=Saints%2C+Goddesses+And+Kings+-+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GregoriosP1982">{{cite book |last1=Verghèse |first1=Paul |last2=Gregorios |first2=Paulos |title=The Orthodox Church in India: An Overview |date=1982 |publisher=Sophia Publications |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwLZAAAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=1876 Patriarch Peter tries to persuade British to declare Mar Dionysius V as lawful Metropolitan, since he had excommunicated Mathews Mar Athanasius. British refuse, withdraw recognition of Mar Athanasius and ask the Indian Christians to approach the civil courts to decide who is lawful Metropolitan.}}</ref>

[[Dionysious V]] and his supporters filed a case on 4 March 1879. (Case O.S. No. 439 of 1054) demanding the possession of the seminary and the control of assets of the Church. Thomas Athanasius was then the Metropolitan.

During the course of this litigation (1879–1889), answering a question Thomas Athanasius Metropolitan said,
{{Blockquote|The Episcopal throne of Patriarch is the throne of St. Peter, while the throne of Malankara Church is that of St. Thomas. Malankara Church is as old as the Church in Antioch, equal in status, and both are independent.}}

A meeting was convened by the Maharaja of [[Travancore]], before the final verdict was given, Athanasius testified that,
{{Blockquote|Malankara Church was never under any foreign rule and that he was unwilling to move away from the teachings or give the authority and the Church possessions to a foreign Patriarch.}}
The final verdict which came on 12 July 1889 from the Royal Court of Travancore, upheld the conservative position on the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]], as being the only competent ecclesiastical authority historically authorized to ordain and appoint bishops to the [[Malankara Metropolitan]].{{sfnp|Varghese|2008|pp=363–364}} The ruling declared [[Dionysious V]] the rightful Malankara Metropolitan owing to the acceptance by the vast majority of Malankara Christians and appointment by [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]]<ref name=Chitaley>{{cite book |author=D.V. Chitaley|date=1959|title=All India Reporter|page=39 |publisher=D.V. Chitaley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3xRAQAAIAAJ&q=malankara+orthodox+syrian+church+All+India+REporter}}</ref><ref name="G. Krishnan Nadar-82">{{cite book |author=G. Krishnan Nadar |date=2001 |title=Historiography and History of Kerala|page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXowAQAAIAAJ&q=jacobite+ |publisher=Learners' Book House}}</ref> wherefrom he received direct consecration.<ref name="MacKenzieGT">{{cite book |last1=MacKenzie |first1=Gordon Thomson |title=Christianity in Travancore |date=2018 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-0-343-33052-1 |pages=36–45, 89–90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkJ6vQEACAAJ&q=christianity+in+travancore+mackenzie |language=en}}</ref> The judgement also dismissed all claims of the reformists and their leader Thomas Athanasius to the Metropolitanate or its assets.<ref name="MacKenzieGT" /><ref name=Varghese-377-378>{{harvp|Varghese|2008|pp=377–378}}. "Under the influence of the British officers and the missionaries, the Government by Royal Proclamation recognised Mathews Mar Athanasius as Malankara Metropolitan."</ref><ref name="MoffettSH">{{cite book |last1=Moffett |first1=Samuel Hugh |title=A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II: 1500-1900 |date=2014 |publisher=Orbis Books |isbn=978-1-60833-163-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7gdBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia+1500-1900+abraham+malpan&pg=PT492 |language=en}}</ref> They separated and established the [[Protestant Eastern Christianity|Reformed]] [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].<ref name=Varghese-377-378/><ref name="MoffettSH"/> In the 1950s, a faction that demanded further conformity to Protestant doctrines, surfaced within the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. In 1961, they split and formed the [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]].<ref name="Kurien2017">{{cite book |last1=Kurien |first1=Prema A. |title=Ethnic Church Meets Megachurch: Indian American Christianity in Motion |date=20 June 2017 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0475-7 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1i1DgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Varghese|2008|pp=381–384}}

However this church underwent a further split in 1912 due to internal disputes and the question of autonomy.<ref name="G. Krishnan Nadar-82"/>{{sfnp|Gregorios |Roberson |2008|p=285}} The faction that supported the Patriarch of Antioch was known as ''Bava Kakshi'' (Patriarch faction), and those who supported the [[Malankara Metropolitan]] came to be called ''Methran Kakshi'' (bishop faction). The former came to be known as the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], which was incorporated into an arch-diocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church later, and the latter, initially known as the Malankara Yakkobaya Orthodox Syrian Church, which adopted the name of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Antony Korah |date=1993 |title=The Christians of Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=koorilos%20Paulose |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=97}}</ref> On 3 July 2017, the Supreme Court of India passed a judgement in favour of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church on the question of who is the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan and who has the authority to manage the affairs of the Malankara Church and its properties. It equivocally declared the 1934 Constitution of the Malankara Church a valid document to administer the church and ended the legal dispute among the two factions.<ref name=Chitaley/><ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Malankara church row: All you need to know about century-old dispute between Jacobite, Orthodox factions in Kerala |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/malankara-church-row-all-you-need-to-know-about-century-old-dispute-behind-high-drama-between-jacobite-orthodox-factions-in-kerala-7414211.html |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=FirstPost}}</ref>

== Modern descendants ==
The modern-day descendants of the Malankara Church are:
#[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] (MOSC): an Autocephalous Oriental Orthodox Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNEWA · Catholic Near East Welfare Association |url=https://cnewa.org/redirect-magazine.php?ID=9&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=hq&pageno=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991104050437/http://cnewa.org/ |archive-date=4 November 1999 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=cnewa.org}}</ref> headed by the [[Catholicos of the East]] and [[Malankara Metropolitan]] enthroned on the apostolic throne of [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]].
#[[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (JSCC) or Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church: the Indian branch of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] under the local jurisdiction of a [[List of Maphrians|maphrian (catholicos)]] titled the [[Catholicos of India]] and [[Malankara Metropolitan]].
#[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] or the Malankara Syrian Catholic Church: an autonomous ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[Eastern Catholic]] [[particular church]], in [[full communion]] with the [[Holy See]] and the worldwide [[Catholic Church]], with self-governance under the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|CCEO]].{{sfnp|Brown|1982|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}
#[[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] (MTC): an Independent and Autonomous [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Oriental Protestant]] Malankara church under the jurisdiction of the [[Marthoma Metropolitan]], seated on the [[Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas the apostle]]. The Church is in full communion with the [[Church of England]] and [[Anglican Communion|its communion]].<ref name="Leustean">{{cite book |last1=Leustean |first1=Lucian N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican |title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century |date=30 May 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81866-3 |page=568 |language=en |quote=The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.}}</ref><ref name="JamesonP">{{cite book |last1=Pallikunnil |first1=Jameson K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ&q=nature+and+identity+of+mar+thoma+church&pg=PT48 |title=The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-5246-7652-0 |pages=48, 53 |language=en |quote=Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it "a Protestant Church in an oriental grab."...As a reformed Oriental Church, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches. Therefore, there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West. As the Church now sees it, just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church, the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church. At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices, it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Thus, it is regarded as a "bridging Church".}}</ref><ref name="AnglicanCommunionSite">{{cite web |last1=Office |first1=Anglican Communion |title=Churches in Communion |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717092502/https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=www.anglicancommunion.org |language=en}}</ref>
#[[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]]: an Independent and Autocephalous church under the jurisdiction of its [[Thozhiyur Metropolitan]], also in communion with the Mar Thoma Church.
#[[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]]: an autonomous [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] church, headed by a presiding bishop.<ref name="Kurien2017" />
#[[Saint Thomas Anglicans]]: community of former Malankara Syrian Christians who belong to the [[Anglican Communion]], as members of the [[Church of South India]]. The CSI is in [[full communion]] with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<ref name="Encyclopedia1999" /><ref name="MeltonBaumann2010" />{{sfnp|Varghese|2008|pp=381–384}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px">
File:Old Karingachira Church.png|Old [[Karingachira Church]] which was seen by Anglican Missionary Dr. [[Claudius Buchanan]] in 1806
File:Syrian church at Kottayam, Bateman 1835.jpg|[[Kottayam Cheriapally]], 1835 pencil drawing
File:Mamodisa kalthotti.jpg|[[Baptismal font]] used in the Malankara Churches
File:Malankara Syrian Church Sunday School Text Book.jpg|Malankara Syrian Church Sunday School Text Book
</gallery>

==See also==

*[[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]
* [[Malankara Metropolitan]]
* [[List of Malankara metropolitans]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|author2-link=Dietmar W. Winkler |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |year=2003|location=London; New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon |isbn=9781134430192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Leslie |date=1982 |orig-date=1956 |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syriac Church of Malabar |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=repr.}}
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Claudius |author-link=Claudius Buchanan |date=1811 |title=Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages) |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qizRfJDBzhwC}}
* {{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Claudius |author-link=Claudius Buchanan |date=1812 |title=Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages) |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qAAAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |last1= Chaput|first1= Pascale|year= 1999 |title= La Double identité des chrétiens keralais : confessions et castes chrétiennes au Kerala (Inde du Sud) |trans-title=The Double Identity of Kerala Christians: Confessions and Christian Castes (South India)|journal= Archives de sciences sociales des religions|volume= 106|pages= 5–23|doi= 10.3406/assr.1999.1084|url= http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1999_num_106_1_1084#}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fernando |first1=Leonard |last2=Gispert-Sauch |first2=G. |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcnYAAAAMAAJ |title=Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670057696}}
* {{cite book |last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric |date=2008 |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-826377-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Geddes |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Geddes |date=1694 |title=A Short History of the Church of Malabar together with the Synod of Diamper |place=London}} Reproduced in full in {{harvp|Menachery |1998}}.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Gregorios |first1=Paulos |last2=Roberson |first2=Ronald G.| editor-first1=Erwin| editor-last1=Fahlbusch| editor-first2=Jan Milič| editor-last2=Lochman |editor-first3=John |editor-last3=Mbiti|editor-first4=Jaroslav |editor-last4=Pelikan |editor-first5=Lukas |editor-last5=Vischer |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |title=Syrian Orthodox Churches in India |volume=5 |isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC |access-date=29 March 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing |pages=285–286}}
* Hough, James (1893) "The History of Christianity in India".
* Joseph, T. K. (1955) ''Six St. Thomases of South India''. University of California.
*{{cite book|title=Christianity in Travancore|first=Gordon Thomson |last=MacKenzie|year=1901|publisher=Travancore Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/ChristianityInTravancore/page/n9/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=1973 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |location=Trichur |volume=2}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=1982 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |publisher=St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |location=Trichur |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=G. |date=1998 |title=The Indian Church History Classics, Vol. I: The Nazranies |place=Ollur |isbn=81-87133-05-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=2010 |title=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India |place=Ollur |volume=3}}
* {{cite book |last=Menachery |first=G. |date=2012 |title=India's Christian Heritage |publisher=The Church History Association of India |editor1=Oberland Snaitang |editor2=George Menachery |place=Dharmaram College, Bangalore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mundadan |first=A. Mathias |author-link=Mathias Mundadan |year=1970 |title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians |location=Bangalore |publisher=Dharmaram College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2002 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-89332-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC |access-date=18 February 2016}}
* {{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-54885-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|access-date=20 April 2010}}
*{{cite journal|title=Have the flames of Diamper destroyed all the old manuscripts of the Saint Thomas Christians?|last=Perczel |first=István |author-link=István Perczel|publisher=Gorgias Press |journal=The Harp|volume=20|isbn=9781611436549|year=2006 |editor1=Jacob Thekeparampil |editor2=Geevarghese Panicker |editor3=Abraham Kalakudi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333794581}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid J. |date=1970 |title=The Thomas Christians |place=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Tidd}} (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.)
* {{cite book |last=Pothan |first=S.G. |date=1970 |title=Syrian Christians of Kerala}}{{verify source|date=August 2024|reason=Could not find a source for tis year}}
* Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", ''The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.
* {{cite book |last=Tisserant |first=E. |date=1957 |title=Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day |others=Translated and edited by E. R. Hambye |place=Westminster, MD |publisher=Newman Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Vadakkekara |first=Benedict |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC |title=Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique |publisher=Media House |place=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7495-258-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Varghese |first1=Alexander P. |title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |year=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0903-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC}} pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA363 363–364], [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA377 377–378], [https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&pg=PA381 381–384].

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Eastern Christianity footer}}

[[Category:1665 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]

Akota Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:46Z

Pipingblog: Starting some post first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akota
| mla = Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:276031}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 143
}}
'''Akota''' is one of the 182 assembly constituencies of [[Gujarat]]. It is located in [[Vadodara district]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> This seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Vadodara Taluka (Part) – Vadodara Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 5, 6

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Saurabh Patel]] || [[File:Saurabh Patel (Dalal).JPG|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Seema Mohile]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Chaitanya Desai|Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai]]
|
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chaitanya Desai | Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,13,312
|percentage = 68.76
|change = +3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rutvij Dilipbhai Joshi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=35,559|percentage=21.58|change=-9.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shashank Rajesh Khare|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10,018|percentage=6.08|change=''New''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=47.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,794|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]:Akota<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Seema Mohile]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,09,244
|percentage = 65.38
|change = +0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjit Sharadchandra Chavan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,105
|percentage = 31.19
|change = +0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nikhil Yatin Patel
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 1,027
|percentage = 0.61
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,139
|percentage = 34.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,079
|percentage = 67.44
|change = -1.3
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:247729}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]:Akota<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3840-gujarat-2012/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Saurabh Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 95554
|percentage = 64.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalitbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45687
|percentage = 30.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49867
|percentage = 33.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147945
|percentage = 68.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vadodara district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|22.3|73.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

J. Nandakumar

2026-04-18T13:28:56Z

Pipingblog: stub

{{Short description|Indian political thinker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=February 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Nandakumar
| image = [[File:J Nandakumar.jpg|frameless|center|J. Nandakumar]]
| caption = J. Nandakumar
| birth_place = Kerala, India
| occupation = Political thinker, Author, RSS Pracharak
| organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)
| known_for = National Convenor of [[Prajna Pravah]]
}}

'''J. Nandakumar''' is an Indian political thinker, senior ''pracharak'' of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), author, and the National Convenor of '''[[Prajna Pravah]]'''. He is known for promoting a Bharat-centric intellectual framework and advocating for the decolonisation of India's educational and historical narratives.<ref>{{cite news |title=All religions have space in Bharat: Senior RSS pracharak J Nandakumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Sep/03/all-religions-have-space-in-bharatsenior-rss-pracharak-j-nandakumar-2611152.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
He frequently writes and speaks on Hindutva as a civilisational worldview and argues for the revival of Indian knowledge systems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Purposeful deconstruction contaminated India's history: Nandakumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Apr/29/purposeful-deconstructioncontaminated-indias-historyprajna-pravah-national-convenor-2447671.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
J. Nandakumar was born in Kerala and became associated with the RSS at a young age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indic Scholars: J Nandakumar |url=https://cisindus.org/indic-scholars.php |website=CIS Indus |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
Before taking on larger ideological responsibilities, he served as the editor of the Malayalam weekly ''[[Kesari (magazine)]]'', contributing to discussions on culture, society, and nationalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trustees – India Policy Foundation |url=https://www.ipf.org.in/encyc/2021/12/8/2_05_14_34_Trustees_1.pdf |website=Indian Policy Foundation |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== Activism ==
As National Convenor of Prajna Pravah, Nandakumar leads efforts to promote research and scholarship rooted in Indian civilisation and Indic knowledge traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indic Scholars: J Nandakumar |url=https://cisindus.org/indic-scholars.php |website=CIS Indus |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
He has criticised what he describes as distortions in Indian historiography and called for a civilisational reinterpretation of the past.<ref>{{cite news |title=All religions have space in Bharat: Senior RSS pracharak J Nandakumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Sep/03/all-religions-have-space-in-bharatsenior-rss-pracharak-j-nandakumar-2611152.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

In public lectures, he has asserted that Bharat is not a nation-state formed in 1947 but an eternal civilization with continuous cultural identity.<ref>{{cite news |title=India was not born in 1947, says RSS leader J Nandakumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/conclave-mumbai-2025/story/rss-leader-j-nandakumar-india-today-conclave-mumbai-bharat-rashtra-pm-modi-1947-british-nation-reconstructing-2793438-2025-09-25 |work=India Today |date=25 September 2025 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
He has also argued that the word “secular” in the Constitution is a Western import and should be reconsidered.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS ideologue calls secularism Western concept |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rss-ideologue-calls-secularism-western-concept-wants-it-removed-constitution-preamble-811224 |work=International Business Times |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mandali caste

2026-04-18T08:24:13Z

Pipingblog: put up a bio!

{{Short description|Community in India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

The '''Mandli''' are a [[Rajput]] community inhabiting the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandali (Caste)}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

AVP Research Foundation

2026-04-14T02:04:37Z

Pipingblog: Starting initial page more to come

{{Short description|Indian research department}}
{{fan POV|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = AVP Research Foundation
| logo =
[[File:AVP Research Foundation.png|200px]]
| founded = 2003
| former_name = AVT Institute for Advanced Research
| founder = [[P. R. Krishna Kumar]], K. G. Raveendran
| location = Coimbatore, India
| origins =
| key_people = {{unbulletedlist|[[P. R. Krishna Kumar]] (Chairman)|[[KG Raveendran]] (Vice-Chairman)|Somit Kumar (Director)}}
| region_served = India and overseas
| purpose = Ayurveda/Life Science Research
| website = [http://www.avpresearch.org/ www.avpresearch.org]
}}
The '''AVP Research Foundation''' (formerly known as AVT Institute for Advanced Research) was established in 2003 as a research department under The Ayurvedic Trust and became an independent not-for-profit research institution registered under section 25 of the [[Companies Act, 1956]] in 2012. The foundation is known for its excellence in clinical research on Ayurvedic medicines,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/coimbatore/32712734_1_ayurvedic-treatment-rheumatoid-arthritis-methotrexate | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-17/coimbatore/32712734_1_ayurvedic-treatment-rheumatoid-arthritis-methotrexate | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-04-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Research conducted by Kovai scientists on rheumatic patients shortlisted for prestigious award }}</ref> initiatives on practice based evidence,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nampoothiry |first=K Govindan |date=12 September 2008 |title=RUDRA: A new technology to examine patients |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rudra-a-new-technology-to-examine-patients/141137.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320032105/http://www.merinews.com/article/rudra-a-new-technology-to-examine-patients/141137.shtml |archive-date=2015-03-20 |website=Merinews}}</ref> developing research and education oriented software for Ayurvedic fraternity and its journal indexing service in Ayurveda.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Manohar|first=PR|author2=Eranezhath, SS|author3= Mahapatra, A|author4= Manohar, SR|title=Dhara: Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles.|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|date=April 2012|volume=3|issue=2|pages=97–101|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.96530|pmid=22707867|pmc=3371566 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
The AVP Research Foundation (AVP RF) was established in 2003 as AVT Institute for Advanced Research (AVTAR) under The Ayurvedic Trust to administer the research initiatives of the trust and Arya Vaidya Pharmacy|The Arya Vaidya Pharmacy (Cbe) Ltd. The trust in itself had pioneered in research on arthritis right from 1980s'<ref>{{cite web |last=G |first=Sangeetha |date=March 5, 2007 |title=Washington varsity takes up study on Ayurved |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/05ayur.htm |website=Rediff News}}</ref> and later the multifaceted trust established AVTAR to concentrate on research in Ayurveda. The department in recent times became an independent institution focusing on research and education in Ayurveda. The institution is steered by a research advisory board and function under a Director & Chief Scientific Officer appointed by the Board of Directors and the Governing Council.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://avpresearch.org/Research/Staff_Plan.html |title=Staff Plan |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414091722/http://avpresearch.org/Research/Staff_Plan.html |archive-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Activities==

=== Research ===
The foundation is engaged in basic and clinical research in Ayurveda, the clinical trial conducted at The Ayurvedic Trust in collaboration with [[UCLA Medical School]] on [[rheumatoid arthritis]] to see which works better for rheumatoid arthritis, Ayurveda or the Western drug methotrexate<ref>{{cite journal|last=Furst|first=DE |author2=Venkatraman, MM |author3=McGann, M |author4=Manohar, PR |author5=Booth-LaForce, C |author6=Sarin, R |author7=Sekar, PG |author8=Raveendran, KG |author9=Mahapatra, A |author10=Gopinath, J |author11=Kumar, PR|title=Double-blind, randomized, controlled, pilot study comparing classic ayurvedic medicine, methotrexate, and their combination in rheumatoid arthritis.|journal=Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|date=Jun 2011|volume=17|issue=4|pages=185–92|pmid=21617554|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e31821c0310|s2cid=14949859 }}</ref> was pronounced as a blue print on how clinical research can be done in [[complementary and alternative medicine]] by [[Edzard Ernst]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2236351.ece | title=U.S. Study shows efficacy of Ayurveda medicines in rheumatoid arthritis cure| journal=The Hindu| date=2011-07-17| last1=Rajagopal| first1=Shyama}}</ref> The Foundation is also engaged in research to establish evidence from on going clinical practices to substantiate the practice of Ayurveda by generating evidence on efficacy through [[practice-based evidence]]. It is also involved in [[basic research]] to elucidate the probably biochemistry behind classical Ayurvedic medicine practised in India for quite long period.

In 2020 Arya Vaidya Pharmacy has signed an MoU with Central Council for Research In Ayurveda Systems to conduct phase III Multi centric clinical trial on rheumatoid arthritis in Bengaluru and Mumbai.<ref name="AVP Reference1">{{cite news |title=AVP signs MoU with CCRAS for multi centric clinical trial on |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/avp-signs-mou-with-ccras-for-multi-centric-clinical-trial-on/1750503 |access-date=4 March 2021 |publisher=outlookindia |date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

In year 2017 AVP Research Foundation signed an MoU to conduct joint training programmes is USA in tie-up with South California University and in Korea through Indo-Korean collaborators.<ref name="AVP Reference2">{{cite news |title=AVP striving to promote ayurveda research |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/avp-striving-to-promote-ayurveda-research-117080401279_1.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

===Education===
AVP Research Foundation is engaged in education by providing ancillary courses on Ayurveda for students in Ayurveda from India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avpresearch.org/Research/Academics.html |title=Academics |website=avpresearch.org |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414094947/http://avpresearch.org/Research/Academics.html |archive-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Informatics===
The Foundation has an informatics department which has developed unique software and programs that assist researchers and practitioners in Ayurveda to generate and document their routine clinical practise.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eranezhath|first=S|title=Ayurveda poised for change, So is the 'Ancient Science of Life'.|journal=Ancient Science of Life|date=Jan 2011|volume=30|issue=3|pages=63–4|pmid=22557429|pmc=3336257}}</ref>

===Journals===
AVP Research Foundation manages largest number of scientific communications in Ayurveda with two research journals, Ancient Science of Life<ref>{{cite web |year= |title=Ancient Science of Life |url=http://ancientscienceoflife.org/ |website=Ancient Science of Life}}</ref> launched in 1981, which is now the largest [[PubMed]] indexed journal on Ayurveda and the first speciality research journal in Ayurveda titled ASL-Musculoskeletal Diseases<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msd.ancientscienceoflife.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2013 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160521222157/http://msd.ancientscienceoflife.org/ |archive-date=21 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> published in alliance with Medknow Publications.

=== Conferences===
AVP Research Foundation organises regular conferences, workshops and [[Continuing medical education|Continuing Medical Education]] programs in the field of Ayurveda. Insight Ayurveda is biennial conference on Ayurveda hosted by AVP Research Foundation.

=== Inter-disciplinary Research ===
Inter-disciplinary research bridging Ayurveda with modern sciences to elucidate the biochemistry behind the inherent theories in Ayurveda is also attempted at AVP Research Foundation.

=== Support for open access ===
The foundation supports open access of research and all the journals published from the institution are open to access free online. The database developed by the foundation attempts to make the data generated out of research in Ayurveda is available to larger circle of stakeholders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research Articles |url=http://dharaonline.org/Forms/Home.aspx |website=Dhara Online}}</ref> The institutions also involves in pursuing more journals to come forward to be open access. The institution also have made the classical texts of Ayurveda available in digital format which is also free to access.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ayutexts |url=http://ayutexts.dharaonline.org/ |website=ayutexts}}</ref>

=== Public engagement and outreach programs ===
The foundation is engaged in public out reach programs through regular medical camps on ano-rectal diseases and eye diseases.

== Awards ==
The research in the institution was recognised with Excellence in Integrative Medicine Research Award by the European Society of Integrative Medicine in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2013 |title=Arya Vaidya Pharmacy receives award from European Society of Integrative Medicine |url=http://pharma.financialexpress.com/latest-updates/1741-arya-vaidya-pharmacy-receives-award-from-european-society-of-integrative-medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310102541/http://pharma.financialexpress.com/latest-updates/1741-arya-vaidya-pharmacy-receives-award-from-european-society-of-integrative-medicine |archive-date=2014-03-10 |website=Express Pharma Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes established in 2003]]
[[Category:Biomedical research foundations]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic organisations]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Rabindra Narayan Behera

2026-04-11T20:14:32Z

Pipingblog: New...

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| born =
| birth_date = 12 March 1963
| birth_place = Hatasahi, Odisha
| constituency = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]], [[Odisha]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Sarmistha Sethi]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Dr Sharmila Behera
| parents = Harekrushna Behera, Saraswati
| children =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5595?from=members
| image = Rabindra Narayan Behera MP 2024.jpg
| caption = Official Portrait
}}

'''Rabindra Narayan Behera''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jajpur, Odisha Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Rabindra Narayan Wins by a Margin of 1587 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jajpur-odisha-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547871-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S188.htm Election commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behera, Rabindra Narayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chaman Arora

2026-04-08T00:26:16Z

Pipingblog: New New Pg

{{short description|Dogri writer and Sahitya Akademi Award recipient}}
'''Chaman Arora''' was an [[Dogri language|Dogri literature]] Indian writer. He was posthumously awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his short story collection ''Ik Hor Ashwthama'' in 2024.

== Early life and career ==
Arora was born on 19 February 1945 in Jammu. Arora served in the Agriculture Department and retired in 2003 as a District Agriculture Officer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/jammu/jammu-sahitya-akadmi-chunav-chaman-arora-jammu-news-c-10-jam1003-538322-2025-02-05 |title=चमन अरोड़ा को साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dogri.org/author/chaman-arora/ |title=Chaman Arora |publisher=Dogri.org |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
Chaman Arora was a prominent [[Dogras|Dogri]] writer associated with literary activities in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2024 for ''Ik Hor Ashwthama''.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2099736&reg=3&lang=2 |title=Chaman Arora awarded Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 in Dogri for his book “Ik Hor Ashwthama” |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Dogri language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.dogri.org/author/chaman-arora/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Chaman}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]

A. Raghava Reddy

2026-04-05T17:28:49Z

Pipingblog: Starting a post and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Raghava Reddy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|29|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member, [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = Kamalambuiammal
| successor1 = [[K. A. Vezhavendan]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Swatantra Party]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''A. Raghava Reddy''' was an [[India|Indian]] [[politician]] and former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] member. He belong to the area of Palavakkam of [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Being an affiliate of [[Swatantra Party]] Reddy successfully contested in [[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] assembly elections of Tamil Nadu at [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency]].<ref>Madras Legislative Assembly Who Who 1962. Madras-9: Legislative Assembly Department. April 1962. p. 161.</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== 1962 ===
{{transcluded section|source=Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|1962}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, A. Raghava}}
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Gudalur Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T10:13:09Z

Pipingblog: expanded layout further and added references

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{coord|11.50|N|76.50|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 109
| map_image = Constitution-Gudalur.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
| established = 1967
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = [[Pon Jayaseelan|Pon. Jayaseelan]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Gudalur
| electors = 183,888
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Gudalur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Nilgiris district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 109. It was created from changes made to the [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udagamandalam constituency]] in 1967 and was initially reserved for candidates from the [[Scheduled Castes]]. The reservation criteria ceased in 1977 but were reinstated for the [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011 elections]]. In between, the 2008 boundary changes had made it smaller.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/It-will-not-be-a-cakewalk-for-DMDK-DMK-in-Gudalur/article14677985.ece |title=It will not be a cakewalk for DMDK, DMK in Gudalur |first=D. |last=Radhakrishnan |date=10 April 2011 |access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. It comes under [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[K. H. Bomman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=3|[[K. Hutchi Gowder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[M. K. Kareem]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. R. Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[B. M. Mubarak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[A. Miller]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. Thiravidamani]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Pon Jayaseelan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|26.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|45.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.24}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Dravidamani]]|party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pon Jayaseelan]]|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karthikeyan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Deepak Sai Kishore |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =183888 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pon Jayaseelan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,496 |percentage=47.00% |change=9.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kasilingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,551 |percentage=45.58% |change=-1.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ketheeswaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,317 |percentage=5.33% |change=3.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Yogeswaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,173 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,017 |percentage=0.74% |change=-0.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Babu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=960 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,945 |percentage=1.42% |change=-8.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,240 |percentage=72.53% |change= -0.25% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=488 |percentage=0.36% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,221 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thiravidamani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,128 |percentage=47.39% |change=-11.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kalaiselvan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,749 |percentage=37.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Tamilmani |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,044 |percentage=6.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Parasuraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,548 |percentage=4.23% |change=0.95% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Karmegam |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,347 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,825 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugesan @ Murugesh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=684 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kamaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. Chenguttuvan |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,379 |percentage=10.21% |change=-13.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=131,095 |percentage=72.78% |change= 1.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,136 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thiravidamani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,871 |percentage=58.67% |change=6.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=39,497 |percentage=34.65% |change=29.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Anbarasan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,741 |percentage=3.28% |change=0.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,288 |percentage=2.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthilkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,588 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,374 |percentage=24.02% |change=9.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=159,402 |percentage=71.51% |change= 3.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,985 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramachandran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,147 |percentage=51.72% |change=18.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Miller]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,915 |percentage=37.61% |change=-19.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Krishnamurthy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,935 |percentage=5.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Kumaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,270 |percentage=2.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Johnson |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajammal |party=Independent politician |votes=828 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Devadass |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Duraiswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,232 |percentage=14.11% |change=-9.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=143,352 |percentage=68.04% |change= 8.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,699 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Miller]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,809 |percentage=57.43% |change=35.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pandiaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,116 |percentage=33.61% |change=-25.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. N. Nanjan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,091 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Bellie |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,860 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,407 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. E. M. Abdul Azeez |party=Independent politician |votes=1,092 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=840 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,693 |percentage=23.83% |change=-13.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,215 |percentage=59.93% |change= -4.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. M. Mubarak]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,565 |percentage=59.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Raju]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,660 |percentage=22.35% |change=-26.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Vasu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,978 |percentage=10.48% |change=-27.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Bhojan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,359 |percentage=4.33% |change=-2.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alwas |party=Janata Party |votes=1,115 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Santhanam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,006 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=433 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Sabiyulla |party=Independent politician |votes=416 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Chandramohan |party=Independent politician |votes=299 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ravindran |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,905 |percentage=37.08% |change=26.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,784 |percentage=64.90% |change= 0.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 199,758 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Raju]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,766 |percentage=48.46% |change=41.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Kamalatchan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=42,460 |percentage=37.57% |change=5.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammed P K|party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=7,618 |percentage=6.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Bhojan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,305 |percentage=6.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Narayanan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=310 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=192 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Asokan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=184 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,306 |percentage=10.89% |change=9.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,008 |percentage=64.38% |change= -8.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,632 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Kareem]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,147 |percentage=33.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Kamalatchan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=36,867 |percentage=32.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ballie |party=Communist Party of India |votes=19,324 |percentage=17.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Hutchi Gowder |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,446 |percentage=6.56% |change=-51.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,799 |percentage=5.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Bhoja |party=Independent politician |votes=3,932 |percentage=3.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. J. Cherian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palaniammal |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Bellarmin |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,280 |percentage=1.13% |change=-17.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=113,489 |percentage=73.25% |change= 1.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,479 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -24.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Hutchi Gowder]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,470 |percentage=57.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karuppusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,013 |percentage=39.67% |change=-18.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gangadharan |party=Independent politician |votes=584 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ameer Sabi |party=Independent politician |votes=562 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. I. Samsudeen |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Devadass |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,457 |percentage=18.13% |change=-2.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,783 |percentage=71.78% |change= 15.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,008 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Hutchi Gowder]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,780 |percentage=58.39% |change=32.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Narayanan Nair |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,636 |percentage=37.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,362 |percentage=3.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Bellie |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,144 |percentage=20.87% |change=20.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,990 |percentage=55.89% |change= -7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,612 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 32.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Hutchi Gowder]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,323 |percentage=26.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. I. Allapitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=14,963 |percentage=25.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kallan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,196 |percentage=17.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Hiria Gowder |party=Janata Party |votes=6,915 |percentage=11.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Baby |party=Independent politician |votes=5,364 |percentage=9.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gopalakrishnan Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=2,406 |percentage=4.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. J. Cherian Vakil |party=Independent politician |votes=1,107 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kuppuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,014 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Krishnan Kutty Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raman Kutty |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sivaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=188 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=360 |percentage=0.62% |change=-4.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,276 |percentage=63.53% |change= 8.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,409 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -19.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. H. Bomman]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=18,519 |percentage=45.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Putta |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,578 |percentage=40.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,648 |percentage=13.86% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,941 |percentage=4.76% |change=3.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,745 |percentage=55.36% |change= -7.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,325 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Gudalur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Nanjam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,675 |percentage=49.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bomman |party=Swatantra Party |votes=20,047 |percentage=47.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Madaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,266 |percentage=3.02% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=628 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,988 |percentage=63.07% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,434 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]

Sunny (singer)

2026-03-29T08:58:20Z

Pipingblog: minor improve references to improve readability additionally and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|South Korean and American singer (born 1989)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunny
| image = 220728 소녀시대 써니 Sunny (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| alt =
| caption = Sunny in July 2022
| birth_name = Susan Soonkyu Lee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Orange County, California]], U.S.<ref name="FamilySearch">{{cite web |title=Susan Soonkyu Lee|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VGDP-H4V |website=FamilySearch.org |accessdate=December 3, 2021 |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203103741/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VGDP-H4V|url-status=live|quote=Birthplace: Orange, California, United States}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
| other_names = Lee Soon-kyu
| citizenship = {{hlist|United States|South Korea}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|entertainer}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Lee Soo-man]] (uncle)}}
| agent = A2O
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| origin = [[Seoul]], South Korea
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2007–present
| label = {{hlist|[[SM Entertainment|SM]]|A2O}}
| current_member_of = {{hlist|[[Girls' Generation]]|[[Oh!GG|Girls' Generation-Oh!GG]]}}
| past_member_of = [[SM Town]]
| website = {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016203803/https://www.smtown.com/artist/musician/19 |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Official website}}
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto|child=yes|headercolor=transparent
| hangul = %이순규
| hangulstage = %_써니
}}
}}
'''Susan Soonkyu Lee<ref name="birth name1">{{cite web |title=The Birth of Susan Soonkyu Lee |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/susan_soonkyu_lee_born_1989_19290280 |website=[[California Birth Index]] |access-date=December 16, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809082252/https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/susan_soonkyu_lee_born_1989_19290280 |url-status=live }}</ref>''' (born May 15, 1989), known professionally as '''Sunny''', is a South Korean and American singer and entertainer based in [[South Korea]]. She debuted as a member of girl group [[Girls' Generation]] (and later its subgroup [[Oh!GG|Girls' Generation-Oh!GG]]) in August 2007, which went on to become one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most widely known girl groups worldwide. Apart from her group's activities, Sunny has participated in numerous side projects including original soundtracks, television variety shows, musical acting and radio hosting.

==Life and career==
===1989–2007: Early life and career beginnings===
Sunny was born on May 15, 1989, in [[Orange County, California]], United States.<ref name="FamilySearch">{{cite web |title=Susan Soonkyu Lee|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VGDP-H4V |website=FamilySearch.org |accessdate=December 3, 2021 |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203103741/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VGDP-H4V|url-status=live|quote=Birthplace: Orange, California, United States}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="past and present"/><ref name="birth name1">{{cite web |title=The Birth of Susan Soonkyu Lee |url=https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/susan_soonkyu_lee_born_1989_19290280 |website=[[California Birth Index]] |access-date=December 16, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809082252/https://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/susan_soonkyu_lee_born_1989_19290280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her family consists of her parents and two older sisters who are ten and fifteen years older than her. She and her sisters share the same birthday.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0003676070|script-title=ko:소녀시대 써니에게 5월15일이란…확률 13만분의 1|date=February 6, 2011|access-date=March 31, 2016|publisher=[[Newsis]]|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091923/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0003676070|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:소녀시대 써니에게 5월15일이란…확률 13만분의 1|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0003676070|publisher=[[Naver]]|date=February 6, 2011|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091922/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=003&aid=0003676070|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunny's paternal uncle is [[Lee Soo-man]], the founder of [[SM Entertainment]].<ref name="asiae24"/> While she was still an infant, her family moved to [[Kuwait]].<ref name="kbsworld24">{{cite web|script-title=ko:Invincible Youth 청춘불패 - Ep.15 : Lettuce patch planting, Mushroom cultivating|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-z2EuzMlaM|website=[[KBS World (TV channel)|KBS World]] on YouTube|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=March 31, 2016|time=53:08|format=Video upload|date=July 29, 2013|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-z2EuzMlaM|url-status=live}}</ref> After the outbreak of the [[Gulf War]], Sunny and her family returned to South Korea and settled in [[Jongno-gu, Seoul]].<ref name="kbsworld24"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/article/109/0002109946|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724123617/https://m.article/109/0002109946|script-title=ko:윤아-써니-찬성-온유-종현-가윤,생애첫투표|archive-date=July 24, 2024|website=Osen|date=July 2, 2010|access-date=July 5, 2021|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jh01.juginda5.com/80|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241029104558/https://jh01.juginda5.com/80|title=소녀시대 써니|archive-date=October 29, 2024|website=Amico|date=July 12, 2022|access-date=October 29, 2024|language=ko}}</ref> She attended Seoul Cheongun Elementary School, Paiwha Girls' Middle School and Paiwha Girls' High School.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hanryutimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=45879|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724123011/https://www.hanryutimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=45879|title=소녀시대 써니|archive-date=July 24, 2024|website=Hanryu Times|date=July 5, 2021|access-date=July 5, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> Sunny was influenced to become a singer by her father, who was in a college band.<ref name="chosun24"/> In 1998, Sunny joined SM Entertainment and became a trainee for five years. She transferred to Starworld agency, where her father worked as a manager, and was to debut in a duo group called [[Sugar (group)|Sugar]]. The group, however, never came to fruition.<ref name="asiae24">{{cite news|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2007113015350222567&nvr=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904123255/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2007113015350222567&nvr= |script-title=ko:소녀시대 써니 SM 이수만 친조카 '슈가 후속 그룹 멤버 될 뻔'|archive-date=September 4, 2011|website=[[Korea Economic Daily]]|date=November 30, 2007|access-date=March 31, 2016|language=ko}}</ref> In early 2007, singer [[Iconiq|Ayumi Lee]] convinced Sunny to rejoin SM Entertainment. She continued her training there and made her official debut as a member of [[Girls' Generation]] in August 2007.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:Talk 1, 토크, Lalala 20090625|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P82sC6X7vQc|website=[[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] on YouTube|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=April 3, 2016|time=3:20|format=Video upload|date=June 3, 2012|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P82sC6X7vQc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="past and present">{{Cite news|title=[Past And Present] Small But Cutest Girl, Sunny|last=Ahn|first=Woorim|work=BNT News|date=November 17, 2014|access-date=July 11, 2015|url=http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=14820|archive-date=December 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222858/http://www.bntnews.co.uk/app/news.php?nid=14820|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="chosun24">{{cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0000084242|script-title=ko:소녀시대 써니, '음악가 집안' 이수만 친조카 화제|date=December 3, 2007|publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|language=ko|access-date=March 31, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091921/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0000084242|url-status=live}}</ref> The group gained significant popularity with the release of their hit single "Gee" in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|first=Do-yeun|last=Kim|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/11/135_97862.html|title=Girls' Generation featured on Yale School of Art website|date=November 2, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2015|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]|archive-date=February 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227201232/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2011/11/135_97862.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2008–present: Acting and solo projects===
[[File:Sunny at 6th Asia Song Festival.jpg|thumb|upright|Sunny at the [[6th Asia Song Festival]] in 2009]]
Aside from Girls' Generation's activities, Sunny has participated in a number of side-projects. In early 2008, Sunny worked as a co-host of the Melon Chunji Radio with [[Super Junior]]'s [[Sungmin]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:Talk 2, 토크, Lalala 20090625|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkF8ZDW-Y4k|website=[[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] on YouTube|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=April 3, 2016|time=2:15|format=Video upload|date=June 3, 2012|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkF8ZDW-Y4k|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200806030819421002|script-title=ko:‘명품라이브' 써드코스트 방송 중 라이브 음원 요청 봇물|publisher=Newsen|date=June 3, 2008|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092048/https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200806030819421002|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2008, she contributed a solo song, "You Don't Know About Love" for the [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]'s drama ''[[Working Mom (TV series)|Working Mom]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yesasia.com/us/working-mom-ost-sbs-tv-drama/1011774336-0-0-0-en/info.html|title=YesAsia's ''Working Mom'' OST|publisher=[[YesAsia]]|date=August 28, 2008|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=April 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409180053/http://www.yesasia.com/us/working-mom-ost-sbs-tv-drama/1011774336-0-0-0-en/info.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, Sunny released two songs—a solo track "Finally Now" for the [[interactive movie]] ''[[Story of Wine]]'' and a duet "It's Love" for the [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]'s drama ''Heading to the Ground'', with Girls' Generation's member [[Kim Tae-yeon|Taeyeon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G0903050028|script-title=ko:노민우, 소시 써니와 함께한 발라드 공개|language=ko|publisher=Osen|date=March 5, 2009|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417041102/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G0903050028|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009092415432495225|script-title=ko:'맨땅에 헤딩' OST 태연-써니 '사랑인걸요' 인기 급상승|language=ko|publisher=Asia Economic|date=September 24, 2009|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225080610/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009092415432495225|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 2009 and 2010, Sunny was a co-host for [[SBS MTV|MTV Korea]] television music program ''The M'' with [[SS501]]'s [[Kim Hyung-jun]] and [[2AM (band)|2AM]]'s [[Im Seulong]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2009040712140695357&type=1&outlink=1|script-title=ko:'지' 활동마감 소녀시대, "요즘 이렇게 지내요~"|date=April 9, 2009|publisher=StarNews|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417013157/http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2009040712140695357&type=1&outlink=1|url-status=live}}</ref> She also joined the [[KBS2]]'s variety show ''[[Invincible Youth]]'' along with Girls' Generation member [[Kwon Yuri|Yuri]]. The reality program narrated a journey of a group of South Korean celebrities who were brought together to work and experience the agricultural and rural life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201005141851301002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007163925/http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201005141851301002 |script-title=ko:‘하차설 끝내 사실로..' 유리-써니-현아 19일 '청춘불패' 마지막 녹화|publisher=Newsen|date=May 14, 2010|archive-date=October 7, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> In March 2010, Sunny recorded "Your Doll" for the SBS's drama ''[[Oh! My Lady]]'' soundtrack—it became her first song to enter the [[Gaon Digital Chart]], at number 88.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1003220039|script-title=ko:소시 써니, '오 마이 레이디' OST 메인 타이틀 불러|publisher=Osen|date=2010|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416162811/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1003220039|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=14&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170443/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=14&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|title=Gaon Digital Chart - March 21—27, 2010 chart|publisher=[[Gaon Digital Chart]] (Korea Music Content Industry Association)|date=March 2010|archive-date=March 3, 2016|language=ko}}</ref>
[[File:Sunny at Angel Price Music Festival in April 2011 03.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Sunny performing at Angel Price Music Festival in 2011]]
During 2011 and 2012, she continued on with her participation in KBS2's ''[[Invincible Youth 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/foreign/starViewEng.html?no=2012070717155474923|title=SNSD's Suuny leaves Invincible Youth 2|publisher=StarNews|date=July 7, 2012|author=Park Young Woong|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221500/http://star.mt.co.kr/foreign/starViewEng.html?no=2012070717155474923|url-status=live}}</ref> She was praised by the director of the show as someone who has "intelligence", "great adaptability" and the ability to make other cast members get along well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2011121610380060767&type=1&outlink=1|script-title=ko:'청불2'CP "시청자의견 수용..시즌1과 비슷해질 것"|date=December 16, 2011|publisher=StarNews|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091939/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2011121610380060767&type=1&outlink=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2012, stepping into the field of [[voice-over]] for the first time, she was featured in the Korean-dubbed version of animated film ''[[The Outback (2012 film)|The Outback]]''. She voiced a koala character named Miranda. Sunny found the recording process to be initially difficult, stating that because Miranda was such a "charismatic" and "strong" character, it was hard to express "with just [her] voice" as it would have been "a different story if [she] was showing the actions". With the help of the director, however, she was able to finally "grasp the character".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cine21.com/news/view/mag_id/68723|script-title=ko:<코알라 키드: 영웅의 탄생>에 목소리 출연한 태민과 써니|publisher=[[Cine21]]|date=January 10, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091936/http://www.cine21.com/news/view/?mag_id=68723|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2012, Sunny became a host for [[SBS MTV]]'s television program ''Music Island''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://etv.sbs.co.kr/news/news_content.jsp?article_id=E10000501574|script-title=ko:'단독 MC' 써니, "유희열 선배가 롤 모델"|date=March 13, 2012|publisher=[[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416175011/http://etv.sbs.co.kr/news/news_content.jsp?article_id=E10000501574|url-status=live}}</ref> During the year, she also recorded two duets—the first song is titled "I Love You, I Love You", with [[Brown Eyed Girls]]' member [[Miryo]] while the other one is titled "It's Me", with [[f(x) (band)|f(x)]]'s [[Luna (South Korean singer)|Luna]] for the SBS's drama ''[[To the Beautiful You]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.segye.com/content/html/2012/02/01/20120201001206.html|script-title=ko:미료, 첫 솔로 "나르샤-'소시' 써니 피처링 관심"|date=February 1, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2016|publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]]|language=ko|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416012257/http://www.segye.com/content/html/2012/02/01/20120201001206.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=038&aid=0002291206|script-title=ko:'아그대' OST PART2, 소녀시대 써니-에프엑스 루나-샤이니 온유 참여|date=August 22, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2016|publisher=[[Hankook Ilbo]]|language=ko|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121304/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=038&aid=0002291206|url-status=live}}</ref> The songs debuted at number 56 and 25 on the [[Gaon Digital Chart]] and at number 51 and 16 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s K-pop Hot 100 chart, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=06&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312164328/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2012&targetTime=06&nationGbn=T|publisher=Gaon Digital Chart (Korea Music Content Industry Association)|title=Gaon Digital Chart: January 29 – February 4, 2012|archive-date=March 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193034/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|date=March 4, 2016|publisher=Gaon Digital Chart (Korea Music Content Industry Association)|title=Gaon Digital Chart: August 19—25, 2012|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D%3Dts_chart_artistname:Miryo%26f%5B1%5D%3Dss_bb_type:chart_item%26type%3D2%26artist%3DMiryo |title=Billboard Chart Search: Miryo |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240527193520/https://www.webcitation.org/6gTdF5eBf?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts%3Ff%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname:Miryo&f%5B1%5D=ss_bb_type:chart_item&type=2&artist=Miryo }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2012-09-08|title=Billboard: Korea K-pop Hot 100 - September 8, 2012|publisher=[[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]]|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=September 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908035547/http://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2012-09-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 2012–2013, Sunny was cast in her first musical, ''[[Catch Me If You Can (musical)|Catch Me If You Can]]'', based on the true story and life of a con man named [[Frank Abagnale]]. The story was turned famous by the 2002 movie [[Catch Me If You Can|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/musical-catch-me-if-you-can-6-casts-for-one-role-49037.html|title=Musical "Catch Me If You Can", 6 casts for one role|publisher=[[Hancinema]]|date=October 25, 2012|access-date=August 6, 2015|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121311/http://www.hancinema.net/musical-catch-me-if-you-can-6-casts-for-one-role-49037.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She played a character named Brenda, who is the girlfriend of the male lead. Her performance received favorable reviews. Shin Yeong-seon from ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'' noted on Sunny's ability to understand the character and praised her well-portrayal of Brenda's "exaggerated cuteness and flippant acting". Jang Kyungjin of 10asia enjoyed her singing, "While Sunny wasn't a member in her group who put her vocals forth, she showed her power through Brenda's 'Fly, Fly Away' with her clean, firm voice, showing her potential to the audience."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://media.daum.net/culture/art/view.html?cateid=1021&newsid=20120402031813123&p=chosun&mredirect=false|script-title=ko:'캐치미'의 다섯 색깔 공연(주인공 한 명에 엄기준·김정훈·박광현·규현·키 캐스팅)… 넘치고, 모자라고|publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=April 2, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091940/https://news.v.daum.net/v/20120402031813123|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/14303|script-title=ko:[뮤지컬전과] Special. 아이돌가수 편|work=10asia|publisher=[[Korea Economic Daily]]|date=May 6, 2012|access-date=April 2, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415104522/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/14303|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunny was nominated for the "Best New Actress" at the ''6th Musical Awards''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/themusicalawards/posts/346486088738369|title=The Musical Awards Nomination List|publisher=Facebook|date=May 8, 2012|language=ko|access-date=April 2, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091936/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthemusicalawards%2Fposts%2F346486088738369|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2013, Sunny released the song "The 2nd Drawer" for the [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]'s drama [[The Queen's Classroom (2013 TV series)|The Queen's Classroom]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=011&aid=0002346582|script-title=ko:소녀시대 써니, '여왕의 교실' OST에 참여 '13일 정오 공개'|date=June 13, 2013|publisher=[[Hankook Ilbo]]|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121322/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=011&aid=0002346582|url-status=live}}</ref> It debuted at number 76 on K-pop Top 100 Chart.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D%3Dts_chart_artistname:Sunny%26f%5B1%5D%3Dss_chart_search_title:%2ADrawer%2A%26f%5B2%5D%3Dss_bb_type:chart_item%26type%3D1%26artist%3DSunny%26title%3DDrawer |title=Billboard Chart Search: Sunny |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |access-date=April 3, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6gV32vuIt?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname:Sunny&f%5b1%5d=ss_chart_search_title:*Drawer*&f%5b2%5d=ss_bb_type:chart_item&type=1&artist=Sunny&title=Drawer |archive-date=April 3, 2016 }}</ref>

In March 2014, Sunny participated in the Korean-dubbed version of the animated film ''[[Rio 2]]''. She voiced Jewel, a female Spix's macaw. The director noted on her ability to not only deliver the lines, but also successfully expressed other sound effects, like breathing. In an interview, Sunny felt that the most appealing part of dubbing is the ability to go back to her childhood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.maxmovie.com/movie_info/sha_news_view.asp?menuCode=19&subMenuCode=1&mi_id=MI0100326634&contain&keyword&page=1|script-title=ko:인터뷰│<리오2> 써니 "동심으로 돌아가는 여행, 지루할 새가 없다"|date=April 21, 2014|publisher=MaxMovie|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423234723/http://news.maxmovie.com/movie_info/sha_news_view.asp?menuCode=19&subMenuCode=1&mi_id=MI0100326634&contain&keyword&page=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2014, Sunny was cast in her second musical, [[Singin' in the Rain (musical)|Singin' in the Rain]], based on the 1952 movie [[Singin' in the Rain|of the same name]]. Sunny played Kathy Selden, an aspiring actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140529000652|title=S.M.'s 'Singing in the Rain' trailer released|date=May 29, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2016|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|author=Ha Ji-won|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092015/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140529000652|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1404243623724057016|script-title=ko:'싱잉인더레인' 고전의 감동과 차별화된 사랑 노래 [리뷰]|work=TVDaily|publisher=ASia Economic|date=July 2, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415172338/http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1404243623724057016|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, her solo song, "First Kiss", was released as a part of musician Hwang Sung Je's ''Project Super Hero'' series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=465307&trackId=4534756|title=''Hwang Sung Je Project Super Hero'' 3rd Line Up|language=ko|publisher=[[Naver]]|date=November 20, 2014|access-date=November 25, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091954/https://vibe.naver.com/album/465307|url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2015, she became a cast member of the SBS's reality show ''[[Roommate (TV series)|Roommate]]''. The show featured a group of celebrities living together, sharing the house as well as household tasks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2014022508011878996&type=1&outlink=1|script-title=ko:'K팝스타3' 후속프로 '룸메이트' 확정..4월20일 첫방|date=February 25, 2014|work=Star Today|language=ko|access-date=March 9, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091957/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2014022508011878996&type=1&outlink=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/foreign/starViewEng.html?no=2014091112104000406|title='Girl's Generation"s 'Sunny' to join [Roommate] Season 2 as a new cast member|publisher=StarNews|date=September 11, 2014|author=Kim Youngjin|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091958/https://star.mt.co.kr/foreign/starViewEng.html?no=2014091112104000406|url-status=live}}</ref> During the same period, Sunny hosted the MBC radio show's ''FM Date''. She contributed her own self-written logo song for the show and also won the "Rookie Radio DJ Award" at the year-end [[MBC Entertainment Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1109850057|script-title=ko:써니, 직접 작사·작곡·가창 'FM데이트' 로고송 공개|date=May 12, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2016|language=ko|publisher=Osen|archive-date=April 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416192625/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1109850057|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140506000391|title=Girls' Generation's Sunny to host MBC radio 'FM Date'|author=Ha Ji-won|date=May 6, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2016|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091952/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140506000391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201511161720219005769_2|title=Sunny shares her thoughts on leaving 'FM Date'|author=Lee Hye-won|date=November 16, 2015|access-date=April 3, 2016|work=[[Kpop Herald]]|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091952/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201511161720219005769_2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="radioaward">{{cite news|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2014123018171624842&outlink=2&SVEC|script-title=ko:써니, 라디오 신인상 수상소감 "미안하고 감사해요"|publisher=Star News|language=ko|date=December 30, 2014|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091957/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2014123018171624842&outlink=2&SVEC=|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, Sunny's voice was featured on indie-band Roof Top House's debut single "Heart Throbbing".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201504171754590752781_2|title=Sunny to sing with rookie band|date=April 17, 2015|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|work=[[Kpop Herald]]|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091953/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201504171754590752781_2|url-status=live}}</ref> The song managed to enter Gaon Digital Chart at number 89.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402133944/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2015&targetTime=18&nationGbn=T|title=Gaon Digital Chart: April 19—25, 2015|work=[[Gaon Digital Chart]]|publisher=Music Industry Association of Korea|archive-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> In August-October 2015, she was a co-host for the short-lived [[JTBC]]'s variety show ''Serial Shopping Family''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201508231352566981802_2|title=SNSD Sunny reveals penchant for toys|publisher=[[The Korea Herald]]|work=[[Kpop Herald]]|date=August 23, 2015|author=Lim Jeong-yeo|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091954/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201508231352566981802_2|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sunny at Style Icon Asia 2016 02.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|upright|Sunny at Style Icon Asia in 2016.]]
In March 2016, it was revealed that Sunny would be a celebrity judge in the new show, Vocal War: God's Voice. The purpose of the show is to create a one-on-one vocal battle between veteran singers in Korea and talented amateur vocalists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soompi.com/2016/03/15/heo-young-ji-and-girls-generations-sunny-to-appear-on-new-variety-show/|title=Heo Young Ji and Girls' Generation's Sunny to Appear on New Variety Show|date=March 15, 2016|work=[[Soompi]]|access-date=April 6, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091957/https://www.soompi.com/article/833283wpp/heo-young-ji-and-girls-generations-sunny-to-appear-on-new-variety-show|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting from June 2016, Sunny joined the main cast of the JTBC variety show ''Cheonhajangsa (천하장사)'', a show featuring various traditional markets.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ko:[단독] 이규한·정진운·써니, 강호동 新예능 '천하장사' 합류|url=http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110416390|access-date=July 20, 2016|publisher=Osen|archive-date=July 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723075931/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110416390|url-status=live|date=May 16, 2016 }}</ref>

In August 2023, Sunny left SM after her exclusive contract with the company ended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001625242|last=Kim|first=Ye-na|title=SM "써니와 전속계약 종료, 새로운 길 응원" [공식입장]|trans-title=SM "End of exclusive contract with Sunny, cheer for a new path" [Official entrance]|publisher=X-ports News|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 8, 2023|access-date=August 8, 2023|language=ko|archive-date=August 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808004316/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001625242|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2025, A2O Entertainment announced that Sunny signed a contract, effective from 2024, to serve as a special trainer for its trainees. This new agency was established by her uncle, [[Lee Soo-man]], the former executive producer of [[SM Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://v.daum.net/v/20250409204836266|last=Yun|first=Ki-baek|title=소녀시대 써니, 이수만 회사에 새 둥지… "프로듀싱 훈련 중" [전문]|trans-title=Girls' Generation's Sunny, New Nest at Lee Soo-man's Company... "In Producing Training" [Full Text]|publisher=Edaily|via=Daum|date=April 9, 2025|access-date=April 10, 2025|language=ko|archive-date=April 10, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410040244/https://v.daum.net/v/20250409204836266|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{For|Sunny's work with [[Girls' Generation]]|Girls' Generation discography|Oh!GG#Discography}}
===Singles===
====As lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref name="Gaon">Gaon Digital Chart
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=14&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|script-title=ko:Your Doll - 2010년 14주차 Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415112715/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=14&hitYear=2010&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=06&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|script-title=ko:I Love You, I Love You - 2012년 06주차 Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312164328/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2012&targetTime=06&nationGbn=T|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|script-title=ko:It's Me - 2012년 35주차 Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=April 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415112847/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=35&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=02&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|script-title=ko:You Are A Miracle - 2014년 02주차 Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804224711/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=02&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|script-title=ko:Heart Throbbing - 2015년 18주차 Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=July 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705044406/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Heart Throbbing" {{small|(심쿵주의보)}} {{small|(with Rooftop House Studio)}}
| 2015
| 89
|
* KOR: 21,799<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2015년 18주차 Download Chart|quote=see #44|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=18&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221950/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2015&targetTime=18&nationGbn=T|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''Rooftop Project The 1st Album''<ref>Rooftop Project The 1st Album
*{{cite web|url=https://music.bugs.co.kr/album/498037|script-title=ko:옥탑방 프로젝트 The 1st Album - 심쿵주의보|date=April 21, 2015|publisher=Bugs|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091955/https://music.bugs.co.kr/album/498037|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=522459|script-title=ko:옥탑방 프로젝트 The 1st Album '심쿵주의보'|date=April 21, 2015|publisher=MusicNaver|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091956/https://vibe.naver.com/album/522459|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "U&I" {{small|(쟤 보지 마)}} {{small|(with [[Henry Lau|Henry]])}}
| 2017
| —
| {{N/a}}
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | {{small|"—" denotes releases that did not chart.}}
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:11em" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Time"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/time-feat-sunny-hyoyeon-taeyong/1434290366|title=Time (feat. SUNNY, HYOYEON, TAEYONG) - Single by Hitchhiker|date=August 29, 2018|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=August 30, 2018|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091955/https://music.apple.com/us/album/time-feat-sunny-hyoyeon-taeyong/1434290366|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(Hitchhiker featuring Sunny, [[Kim Hyo-yeon|Hyoyeon]] and [[Lee Tae-yong|Taeyong]])}}
| 2018
| {{Non-album single}}
|}

====Promotional singles====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:11em" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "First Kiss"
| 2014
| ''Hwang Soun Je Project Superhero 3rd Line Up''
|}

====Collaborations====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref name="Gaon" />
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|KOR Hot]] <ref name="Hot">Kpop Hot 100:
*The Korea K-Pop Hot 100 was interrupted as of the issuance date of July 16, 2014. On the issue dated May 29 to June 4, 2017, the chart was reinstated.
*{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2012-09-08|title=The 2nd Drawer - Korea K-Pop Hot 100 (September 8, 2012)|publisher=Billboard chart|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=August 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830084109/https://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2012-09-08|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2013-06-29|title=The 2nd Drawer - Korea K-Pop Hot 100 (June 29, 2013)|publisher=Billboard chart|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=August 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828010045/https://www.billboard.com/charts/k-pop-hot-100/2013-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name=kpophot100|The ''Billboard'' [[K-pop Hot 100]] chart launched in 2011 and was discontinued in 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467764/billboard-k-pop-hot-100-launches-sistar-is-no-1-on-new-korea-chart|title=Billboard K-Pop Hot 100 Launches; Sistar Is No. 1 on New Korea Chart|magazine=Billboard|date=August 25, 2011|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710051804/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467764/billboard-k-pop-hot-100-launches-sistar-is-no-1-on-new-korea-chart|archive-date=July 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On the issue dated May 29 – June 4, 2017, the chart was re-established.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-korea-relaunches-focus-k-pop-8077794/|title=Billboard Relaunches in Korea With Focus on K-Pop|magazine=Billboard|date=December 20, 2017|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710044748/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8077794/billboard-korea-relaunches-focus-k-pop|archive-date=July 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row" | "I Love You, I Love You" {{small|([[Miryo]] featuring Sunny)}}
| 2012
| 56 || 51
|
* KOR: 102,375<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2012년 06주차 Download Chart|quote=see #41|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=06&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928155911/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=06&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''MIRYO aka JOHONEY''
|}

====Soundtrack appearances====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref name="Gaon" />
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100|KOR Hot]] <ref name="Hot" />{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name=kpophot100}}
|-
! scope="row" | "You Don't Know About Love" {{small|(사랑을 몰라요)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=145657|script-title=ko:워킹맘 OST|date=August 8, 2008|publisher=Naver Music|access-date=August 30, 2018|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225091958/https://vibe.naver.com/album/145657|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2008
| — || —
| rowspan="4" {{N/a}}
| ''Working Mom OST''
|-
! scope="row" | "Finally Now"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=153887|script-title=ko:스토리 오브 와인 (Story Of Wine)|date=March 5, 2009|publisher=Naver Music|access-date=August 30, 2018|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092003/https://vibe.naver.com/album/153887|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| — || —
| ''Story of Wine OST''
|-
! scope="row" | "It's Love"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=162554|script-title=ko:맨땅에 헤딩 OST|date=September 30, 2009|publisher=Naver Music|access-date=August 30, 2018|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092005/https://vibe.naver.com/album/162554|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(사랑인걸요)}} {{small|(with [[Kim Tae-yeon|Taeyeon]])}}
| — || —
| ''Heading to the Ground OST''
|-
! scope="row" | "Your Doll" {{small|(그대 인형)}}
| 2010
| 88 || —
| ''[[Oh! My Lady|Oh! My Lady OST]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[To the Beautiful You (soundtrack)#It's Me|It's Me]]" {{small|(나야)}} {{small|(with [[Luna (South Korean singer)|Luna]])}}
| 2012
| 25 || 16
|
* KOR: 218,992<ref>Cumulative sales for "It's Me":
*{{cite web|script-title=ko:2012년 08월 Download Chart|quote=see #70|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=08&hitYear=2012&termGbn=month|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=October 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010183447/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=08&hitYear=2012&termGbn=month|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|script-title=ko:2012년 37주차 Download Chart|quote=see #60|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=37&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205405/http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=37&hitYear=2012&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''[[To the Beautiful You (soundtrack)|To the Beautiful You OST]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "The 2nd Drawer" (두 번째 서랍)
| 2013
| — || 76
|
* KOR: 30,346<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2013년 25주차 Download Chart|quote=see #66|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=25&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=July 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716192353/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=25&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''The Queen's Classroom OST''
|-
! scope="row" | "Odd Imagination"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.naver.com/album/index.nhn?albumId=2348595|script-title=ko:투유 프로젝트 - 슈가맨2 Part 6|date=February 26, 2018|publisher=Naver Music|access-date=August 30, 2018|language=ko|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092022/https://vibe.naver.com/album/2348595|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(with [[Henry Lau|Henry]])}}
| 2018
| — || —
| rowspan="3" {{N/a}}
| ''Two Yoo Project - Sugar Man 2 Part 6''
|-
! scope="row" | "Collar"<ref>{{cite web|title=보쌈-운명을 훔치다 OST Part.7|url=https://www.melon.com/album/detail.htm?albumId=10612870|website=[[Melon (online music service)|Melon]]|language=ko|access-date=May 22, 2021|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522141357/https://www.melon.com/album/detail.htm?albumId=10612870|url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(옷깃)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| — || —
| ''[[Bossam: Steal the Fate#Part 7|Bossam: Steal the Fate]]'' OST
|-
! scope="row" | "Your Bright Smile Is on the Clouds in the Sky" {{small|(너의 환한 미소가 하늘 구름 위에 있어)}}
| — || —
| ''[[Let Me Be Your Knight#Part 2|Let Me Be Your Knight]]'' OST
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center" | {{small|"—" denotes releases that did not chart.}}
|}

====Other appearances====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Sales
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3.5em;font-size:90%" | [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]] <ref name="Gaon" />
|-
! scope="row" | "3"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/3-feat-sunny-live/854905911?i=854905956|title=3 (feat. Sunny) [LIVE]|date=April 11, 2013|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=August 30, 2018|archive-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225092026/https://music.apple.com/us/album/3-feat-sunny-live/854905911?i=854905956|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name=|Song was released under [[Girls' Generation]], but is a solo track performed by Sunny.}}
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| —
| {{N/a}}
| ''2011 Girls Generation Tour (Live)''
|-
! scope="row" | "You Are A Miracle" {{small|(with various artists)}}
| 32
|
* KOR: 53,496<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:2014년 02주차 Download Chart|quote=see #24|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=02&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|work=Gaon Music Chart|publisher=Korea Music Content Industry Association|language=ko|access-date=September 6, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417162613/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=S1020&targetTime=02&hitYear=2014&termGbn=week|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ''SBS Gayo Daejun: Friendship Project''
|-
! scope="row" | "Sound of Your Heart" {{small|(너의 목소리)}} {{small|(with Steve Barakatt, as part of [[SM Town]])}}
| 2016
| —
| {{N/a}}
| ''[[SM Station Season 1 (album)|S.M. Station Season 1]]''
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center" | {{small|"—" denotes releases that did not chart.}}
|}

==Filmography==
{{See also|Girls' Generation filmography}}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[The Outback (2012 film)|The Outback]]''
| Miranda
| Voice-over for the Korean-dubbed version
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''[[I AM.|I AM. – SM Town Live World Tour in Madison Square Garden]]''
| Herself
| Biographical film of SM Town
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|title=Documentary Shows Top K-Pop Singers Behind the Scenes|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/05/02/2012050200829.html|access-date=May 4, 2012|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=May 2, 2012|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929084205/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/05/02/2012050200829.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Rio 2]]''
| Jewel
| Voice-over for the Korean-dubbed version
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| ''SMTown The Stage''
| Herself
| Documentary film of SM Town
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0000493101 |script-title=ko:'SM타운' 공연실황 다큐, 8월13일 국내개봉 확정 |website=Naver Entertainment |language=ko-kr |access-date=July 9, 2015 |archive-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130233552/http://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0000493101 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''[[Unstoppable Marriage (TV series)|Unstoppable Marriage]]''
| [[Bulgwang-dong]]'s Seven Princesses Gang
| Cameo (Ep. 64)
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2009
| ''[[Hilarious Housewives]]''
| rowspan="2" | Sunny
| Cameo (Ep. 126)
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''Sazae-san: Special 3''
| Cameo
| style="text-align:center" |
|}

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2009–2010
| ''The M''
| Co-host
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2009–2012
| ''[[Invincible Youth]]''
|Regular cast
| Season 1 (episodes 1–32, 37, 38, 51) Season 2 (episodes 1–31)
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
| ''Music Island''
| Main host
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Real Man (TV series)|Real Men]]''
| Narrator
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2014–2015
| ''[[Roommate (TV series)|Roommate]]''
| Regular cast
| Season 2
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| ''Shopping Family''
| rowspan="2" | Main host
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Star Advent''
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''Strong Man''
| rowspan="2" | Regular cast
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''Snowball Project''
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''Hyena on the Keyboard: Pilot''
| Main host
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''[[A Man Who Feeds The Dog#Season 2|A Man Who Feeds The Dog]]''
| Narrator
| Season 2
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2017–2018
| ''To You, From Me''
| rowspan="3" | Regular cast
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[Real Life Men and Women]]''
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''Love Translation''
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
| ''Supermodel 2018 Survival''
| Performance mentor
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2018–2019
| ''[[Video Star]]''
| rowspan="2"|Main host
| Season 2 (episodes 91–115)
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''Shall We Chicken?''
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2021–present
| ''Beauty and Luxury 6''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000495813|last=Woo|first=Bin|title=예능퀸' 소녀시대 써니, 못 하는 게 뭐야?|trans-title='Entertainment Queen' Sunny of Girls’ Generation, what can't you do?|publisher=Ten Asia|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 20, 2021|access-date=August 20, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=August 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820023424/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=312&aid=0000495813|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2021
| ''Spicy Girls''
| Cast member
|
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0012435824|title=김신영·유이·써니·최유정, 예능 '스파이시걸스' 출연|trans-title=Kim Shin-young, Uee, Sunny, Choi Yoo-jung to appear in the variety show 'Spicy Girls'|last=Lee|first=Jung-hyun|language=ko|date=June 3, 2021|access-date=June 3, 2021|via=Never|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603115727/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0012435824|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2024
| ''No Way Home''
| Main host
| with [[Hyoyeon]]
|style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=468&aid=0000900770|author=Shim Eun-kyung|title=[단독]소녀시대 써니X효연, 캠핑 떠난다…'노웨이홈' MC 발탁|trans-title=[Exclusive] Girls' Generation Sunny X Hyoyeon, going camping... Selected as 'No Way Home' MC|publisher=Sports Seoul|via=[[Naver]]|date=November 17, 2022|access-date=November 17, 2022|language=ko|archive-date=November 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117152419/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=468&aid=0000900770|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Web shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3| 2021
| ''Idea Panda''
|rowspan=3| Host
| with [[Lee Eun-ji (entertainer)|Lee Eun-ji]] and Kim Poong
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|last=Jin|first=Hyang-hee|title=김풍-소녀시대 써니-이은지, '아이디어판다' 3MC|trans-title=Kim Poong - Girls' Generation Sunny - Eunji Lee, 3MCs for 'Panda Ideas'|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=009&aid=0004809870|via=[[Naver]]|publisher=Star Today|date=June 16, 2021|access-date=June 16, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195940/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=009&aid=0004809870|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Legendary Trainee''
|
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000477497|last=Lee|first=Min-ji|title=전설의 연습생' 소녀시대 써니, 부캐 '순규'로 단독 MC 도전(공식)|trans-title='Legendary trainee' Girls’ Generation's Sunny, challenges solo MC as 'Soon-gyu' (official)|via=[[Naver]]|publisher=Newsen|date=August 10, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=August 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810035606/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000477497|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Love Catcher in Seoul''
|
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001655244|author=Oh Ji-won|title=티빙 새 연애 리얼리티 '러브캐처 인 서울', 장도연→써니 왓처 5인방 출격|trans-title=Teabing's new love reality 'Love Catcher in Seoul', Jang Do-yeon → Sunny Watcher 5 members sortie|publisher=[[YTN]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=October 21, 2021|access-date=October 21, 2021|language=ko|archive-date=June 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612010206/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001655244|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Radio shows===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''Melon Chunji Radio''
| Co-DJ
| with [[Super Junior]]'s [[Lee Sung-min (singer)|Sungmin]]
| style="text-align:center" |
|-
! scope="row" | 2014–2015
| ''[[HLKV-FM|MBC FM4U]]'s {{Ill|Sunny's FM Date|ko|FM 데이트}}''
| DJ
|
| style="text-align:center" |
|}

==Musical theatre==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can (musical)|Catch Me If You Can]]''
| Brenda Strong
|rowspan=2| Lead role
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Singin' in the Rain (musical)|Singin' in the Rain]]''
| Kathy Selden
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''Cafe-in ~Mr Sommelier Miss Barista''
|
| Lead role, Japanese musical
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by Girls' Generation}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Korea Musical Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2013
| Best New Actress
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can (musical)|Catch Me If You Can]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[MBC Entertainment Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2014
| Rookie Radio DJ Award
| ''Sunny's FM Date''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name=radioaward/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mnet 20's Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2010
| Hot Female Multitainer
| Sunny
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
|-
! scope="row" | Musical Awards
| style="text-align:center" | 2012
| Best New Actress
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can (musical)|Catch Me If You Can]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joynews24.com/view/656412|title='걸그룹' 이해리-써니-린아, '더 뮤지컬 어워즈' 신인상 '뜨거운 경합'|date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625142846/http://www.joynews24.com/view/656412|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016203803/https://www.smtown.com/artist/musician/19 |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Official website}} {{in lang|ko}}
* {{IMDb name|id=4227258}}

{{Girls' Generation}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Orange County, California]]
[[Category:American dance musicians]]
[[Category:American expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:American women pop singers]]
[[Category:American musicians of Korean descent]]
[[Category:American television hosts]]
[[Category:English-language South Korean singers]]
[[Category:Girls' Generation members]]
[[Category:Japanese-language South Korean singers]]
[[Category:Mandarin-language South Korean singers]]
[[Category:SM Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:South Korean female idols]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from California]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:American women television hosts]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]

College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru

2026-03-27T21:26:10Z

Pipingblog: New Article

{{Short description|College in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox University |
name = College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru|
| other_name = {{hlist|Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|CKP}}|
| former_name = Chitrakala Vidyalaya|
image_name = File:College of Fine Arts Logo.png|
type = Public|
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1964}} |
| founder = S. S. Kukke, M. Arya Murthy, M.S. Nanjunda Rao |
principal = |
city = [[Bangalore]] |
state = [[Karnataka]] |
country = [[India]] |
| coordinates = {{coord|12.903335|77.507299|type:edu_region:GB_dim:100|format=dec|display=inline,title}}|
campus = Urban|
colors = |
affiliations = [[Bengaluru City University]] |
website = http://thecfa.art/
|}}

'''College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru (CFA)''', earlier known as ''Chitrakala Vidyalaya'', is a fine arts college located at [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], affiliated to [[Bengaluru City University]]. It was established in the year 1964.<ref name="CFAhist"/>
This college offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses in fine arts.

==History==
The College of Fine Arts, Bengaluru was first established in 1964 as ''Chitrakala Vidyalaya'' under the guidance of the [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]].<ref name="CFAA"/> The institution was founded by Sri M Aryamurthy. Prof. M.S. Nanjunda Rao served as the founder secretary and first Principal. Sri S. S Kukke briefly assumed the role of Principal during it's early years. ''Chitrakala Vidyalaya'' was inaugrated in 1964 by Russian artist [[Svetoslav Roerich]].<ref name="CFAhist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece|title=An art haven like no other|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 May 2016|via=thehindu.com|access-date=24 March 2026 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324053653/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/chitrakala-parishath-an-art-haven-like-no-other/article8590355.ece |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref> The institution offered only a certification course, which later developed into a five-year diploma in the 1970s.<ref name="CFAA">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2013 |title=Aesthetics and art come alive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Nov/18/aesthetics-and-art-come-alive-538607.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324051138/https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Nov/18/aesthetics-and-art-come-alive-538607.html |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref>
In 1983, the College of Fine Arts was granted degree college status with affiliation to [[Bangalore University]] , offering [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] and [[Master of Fine Arts]].<ref name="CFA">{{cite web|url=https://thecfa.art/about|title=College of Fine Arts Bengaluru|language=en|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="CFAhist"/>

==Campus==
The college was initially located within the [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]] premises in Bengaluru. Due to the increasing student enrolment and space constraints, the campus was relocated to a hilly 14-acre campus on the Uttarahalli-Kengeri main road near [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]] on the southwestern edge of Bangalore City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Bigger, but is it better? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bigger-but-is-it-better/articleshow/49157418.cms |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323213205/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bigger-but-is-it-better/articleshow/49157418.cms |archive-date=23 March 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/chitrakala-parishath-set-to-open-rr-nagar-campus/article25921739.ece|title=Chitrakala parishath set to open R.R. Nagar campus|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2019|via=thehindu.com}}</ref>

In 2017, the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath announced plans to establish an evening fine arts college to cater to working professionals and students unable to attend daytime programmes. This institution later became the ''Bengaluru School of Visual Arts (Evening College)'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2017 |title=Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath to set up evening college for fine arts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/Nov/01/karnataka-chitrakala-parishath-to-set-up-evening-college-for-fine-arts-1688829.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304011129/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/Nov/01/karnataka-chitrakala-parishath-to-set-up-evening-college-for-fine-arts-1688829.html |archive-date=4 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="BSVA">{{cite web|url=https://thebsva.art/about/|title= Bengaluru School of Visual Arts|language=en|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Courses==

*Painting
*Sculpture
*Graphic Art
*Applied Art
*Art History
*Animation
*Ceramics

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and has been [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] accredited since 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecfa.art/info/naac_sub|title=NAAC accreditation|language=en|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Activities==
Students of the college participate in exhibitions, workshops and cultural events organized by the [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]], including the annual day-long art festival ''Chitra Santhe''
<ref name="Chitrasanthe">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Chitra Santhe to be held in Bengaluru on 27 March |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324092733/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/chitra-santhe-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-on-27-march-101646052566983.html |archive-date=24 March 2026 }}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Daisy Bopanna]], actress
*[[Disha Madan]], actress<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/611925/i-like-sharing-my-love.html |title='I like sharing my love for dance with others' |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323230652/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/611925/i-like-sharing-my-love.html |archive-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>
*[[Kenny Sebastian]], stand-up comedian <ref>{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Devarsi | title=Kenny Sebastian on his web series 'Die Trying', filmmaking dreams, and rockstar days | website=Scroll.in | date=18 February 2018 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/868979/kenny-sebastian-on-his-web-series-die-trying-filmmaking-dreams-and-rockstar-days | access-date=24 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720231531/https://scroll.in/reel/868979/kenny-sebastian-on-his-web-series-die-trying-filmmaking-dreams-and-rockstar-days |archive-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Mansore]], filmmaker, screenwriter, and lyricist<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2009 |title=Drawing on the lines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/Drawing-on-the-lines/article16854039.ece |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Renuka Kesaramadu]], painter and sculptor
*[[Roma Asrani]], actress <ref name="CFAA"/>
*[[Sangeetha Kadur]], artist
*[[Shashank (director)| Shashank]], director <ref name="CFAA"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://thecfa.art/

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]

Moksha

2026-03-26T10:17:33Z

Pipingblog:

{{short description|Spiritual liberation in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism}}
{{Other uses}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu term
| title = Moksha
| en = Emancipation, liberation, release
| sa = मोक्ष
| sa-Latn = mokṣa
| bn = মোক্ষ
| bn-Latn = mokkho
| as = মোক্ষ
| as-Latn = mokkho
| gu = મોક્ષ
| gu-Latn = mōkṣa
| hi = मोक्ष
| hi-Latn = mokṣa
| ur = موکش
| ur-Latn = mokash
| ma = मोक्ष
| ma-Latn = moksh
| jv = ꦩꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦱ
| jv-Latn = moksa
| kn = ಮೋಕ್ಷ
| kn-Latn = mōkṣa
| ml = മോക്ഷം
| ml-Latn = mōkṣaṁ
| ne = मोक्ष
| ne-Latn = mokṣa
| pa = ਮੋਖ / موکھ
| pa-Latn = mokh
| or = ମୋକ୍ଷ
| or-Latn = mokṣa
| ta = வீடுபேறு
| ta-Latn = vīdupēru
| te = మోక్షము
| te-Latn = mōkṣaṁu
| mr = मोक्ष
| mr-Latn = mokṣa
|ban=ᬫᭀᬓ᭄ᬲ|ban-Latn=moksa|ks=موکش|ks-Latn=mokṣ}}
{{Infobox Buddhist term
| title = Moksha
| si = මෝක්ෂ
| si-Latn = moksha
| th = โมกษะ
| th-Latn = moksa
| ja = 解脱
| ja-Latn = gedatsu
| ko = 해탈
| ko-Latn = haetal
| tl = moksha
| zh = 解脫
| zh-Latn = jiětuō
| vi = giải thoát
|vi-Hani= 解脫
}}
{{Hinduism}}{{Jainism}}
'''''Moksha''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|əʊ|k|ʃ|ə}},<ref>{{Cite OED|moksha|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> {{small|UK also}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|k|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{Cite Collins|moksha|access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref> {{langx|sa|मोक्ष}}, ''{{IAST|mokṣa}}''), also called '''''vimoksha''''', '''''vimukti''''', and '''''mukti''''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |title=''The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism'', ''vimoksha'' |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011614/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is a term in [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and [[Sikhism]] for various forms of emancipation, liberation, ''[[nirvana]]'', or release.<ref>John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192139658}}, p. 650</ref> In its [[soteriology|soteriological]] and [[eschatology|eschatological]] senses, it refers to freedom from ''[[saṃsāra]]'', the cycle of death and [[Reincarnation|rebirth]].{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=113}} In its [[epistemology|epistemological]] and psychological senses, ''moksha'' is freedom from ignorance: self-realization, self-actualization and self-knowledge.<ref>See:
* E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, {{ISBN|0-8153-3608-X}}, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;
* T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|978-0739106921}}, pp 89–102; Quote – "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self.";
* Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.), {{ISBN|978-0791446157}}, State University of New York Press, Chapter 10</ref>

In Hindu traditions, ''moksha'' is a central concept<ref>John Tomer (2002), Human well-being: a new approach based on overall and ordinary functionings, Review of Social Economy, 60(1), pp 23–45; Quote – "The ultimate aim of Hindus is self-liberation or self-realization (moksha)."</ref> and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims are ''[[dharma]]'' (virtuous, proper, moral life), ''[[artha]]'' (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and ''[[kama]]'' (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment).<ref>See:
* A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, {{ISBN|9789993624318}}, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142;
* A. Sharma (1999), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229 The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism], The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;
* Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, {{ISBN|0-415-17281-0}}, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443;
* The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/kamasutraofvatsy00vatsuoft#page/8/mode/2up The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana], University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8</ref> Together, these four concepts are called the [[Puruṣārtha]] in Hinduism.<ref>See:
* Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in [[Julius Lipner]] (Editor) – The Fruits of Our Desiring, {{ISBN|978-1896209302}}, pp 11–21;
* Karl H. Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807792}}, pp. 1–29</ref>

In some schools of Indian religions, ''moksha'' is considered equivalent to and used interchangeably with, other terms such as ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', ''[[kaivalya]]'', ''apavarga'', ''mukti'', ''nihsreyasa'', and ''nirvana''.<ref>The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: "Vimoksha [解脱]" (Skt.; Jpn. ''gedatsu''). Emancipation, release, or liberation. The Sanskrit words vimukti, mukti, and ''moksha'' also have the same meaning. ''Vimoksha'' means release from the bonds of earthly desires, delusion, suffering, and transmigration. While Buddhism sets forth various kinds and stages of emancipation, or enlightenment, the supreme emancipation is nirvana, a state of perfect quietude, freedom, and deliverance. See [http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 ''The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism'', ''vimoksha''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011614/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=2602 |date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> However, terms such as ''moksha'' and ''nirvana'' differ and mean different states between various schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.<ref name=dltc>See:
* Loy, David (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23 (1), pp 65–74;
* T. Chatterjea (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, {{ISBN|978-0739106921}}, pp 89; Quote – "In different philosophical systems moksa appears in different names, such as apavarga, nihsreyasa, nirvana, kaivalya, mukti, etc. These concepts differ from one another in detail."</ref> The term ''nirvana'' is more common in Buddhism,<ref>Peter Harvey (2013), An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, {{ISBN|978-0521859424}}, Cambridge University Press</ref> while ''moksha'' is more prevalent in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Knut Jacobsen, in The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9966-0}}, pp 74–83</ref>

== Etymology ==

''Moksha'' is derived from the Sanskrit root word, ''{{IAST|muc}}'', which means to free, let go, release, liberate. According to [[Jain]] scriptures, it is a combination of two Sanskrit words, ''moh'' (attachment) and ''kshay'' (its destruction).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moksha {{!}} Derived from the Sanskrit word muc ("to free")|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/moksha-Indian-religion|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

== Definitions ==

The definition of ''moksha'' varies between various schools of Indian religions.<ref>M. Hiriyanna (2000), The essentials of Indian philosophy, {{ISBN|978-8120813304}}, pp 50–52</ref> ''Moksha'' means freedom, liberation, but ''from what'' and ''how'' is where the schools differ.<ref name=danielingalls/> ''Moksha'' is also a concept that means liberation from rebirth or ''[[saṃsāra]]''.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=113}} For example, some traditions posit ethical action as the means to ''moksha'', while others point to devotion or meditation.<ref name="Brittanica">[[Patrick Olivelle]] (2012), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387852/moksha "Moksha (Indian religions)"]</ref> This liberation can be attained while one is on earth (''jivanmukti''), or eschatologically (''karmamukti'',{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=113}} ''[[Videha mukti|videhamukti]]'').
=== Eschatological sense ===

''Moksha'' is a concept associated with ''saṃsāra'' (birth-rebirth cycle). ''Samsara'' originated with religious movements in the first millennium BCE.<ref name="Brittanica"/> These movements such as Buddhism, Jainism and new schools within Hinduism, saw human life as bondage to a repeated process of rebirth. This bondage to repeated rebirth and life, each life subject to injury, disease and aging, was seen as a cycle of suffering. By release from this cycle, the [[suffering]] involved in this cycle also ended. This release was called ''moksha'', ''[[nirvana]]'', ''[[kaivalya]]'', ''mukti'' and other terms in various Indian religious traditions but as per Hindu scripture veda one can attain ''mokhsha'' by giving up shadripu ( kama, lobha, krodha, moha, mada and matsarya).<ref>R.C. Mishra, Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, [[Psychology & Developing Societies]], Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp 23, 27</ref> A desire for the release from pain and suffering seems to lie at the root of striving for moksha, and it is commonly believed that moksha is an otherworldly reality, only achievable at the end of life, not during.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=R.C |title=Moksha and the Hindu World View |publisher=New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications |year=2013 |pages=21–42}}</ref> However, there is also a notion that ''moksha'' can be achieved during life in the form of a state of liberation, known as [[Jivanmukta|jivan-mukti]], although this is still reliant on personal and spiritual endeavours attributed to attaining moksha.<ref name=":0" />

[[Eschatology|Eschatological]] ideas evolved in Hinduism.<ref>N. Ross Reat (1990), The Origins of Indian Psychology, {{ISBN|0-89581-924-4}}, Asian Humanities Press, Chapter 2</ref> In earliest Vedic literature, heaven and hell sufficed [[soteriology|soteriological]] curiosities. Over time, the ancient scholars observed that people vary in the quality of virtuous or sinful life they lead, and began questioning how differences in each person's ''[[Punya (Hinduism)|puṇya]]'' (merit, good deeds) or ''pāp'' (demerit, sin) as human beings affected their afterlife.<ref>See:
* Simon Brodbeck (2011), Sanskrit Epics: The Ramayana, Mahabharata and Harivamsa, in Jessica Frazier (Editor) – The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies, {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9966-0}}, pp 83–100
* J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 33–40</ref> This question led to the conception of an afterlife where the person stayed in heaven or hell, in proportion to their merit or demerit, then returned to earth and were reborn, the cycle continuing indefinitely. The rebirth idea ultimately flowered into the ideas of ''saṃsāra'', or transmigration – where one's balance sheet of ''[[karma]]'' determined one's rebirth. Along with this idea of ''saṃsāra'', the ancient scholars developed the concept of ''moksha'', as a state that released a person from the ''saṃsāra'' cycle. ''Moksha'' release in eschatological sense in these ancient literature of Hinduism, suggests [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|van Buitenen]],<ref name=jabvb>J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 33–40</ref> comes from self-knowledge and consciousness of oneness of supreme soul.

=== Epistemological and psychological senses ===

Scholars provide various explanations of the meaning of ''moksha'' in epistemological and psychological senses. For example, Deutsche sees ''moksha'' as transcendental consciousness, the perfect state of being, of self-realization, of freedom and of "realizing the whole universe as the Self".<ref>E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, {{ISBN|0-8153-3608-X}}, Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360</ref>

''Moksha'' in Hinduism, suggests [[Klaus Klostermaier]],<ref name="klausklost">Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 63, 70</ref> implies a setting-free of hitherto fettered faculties, a removing of obstacles to an unrestricted life, permitting a person to be more truly a person in the full sense; the concept presumes an unused human potential of creativity, compassion and understanding which had been blocked and shut out. ''Moksha'' is more than liberation from a life-rebirth cycle of suffering (''samsara''); the Vedantic school separates this into two: ''jivanmukti'' (liberation in this life) and ''videhamukti'' (liberation after death).<ref>see:
* M. von Brück (1986), Imitation or Identification?, Indian Theological Studies, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp 95–105
* Klaus Klostermaier, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan., 1985), pp. 61–71</ref> ''Moksha'' in this life includes psychological liberation from ''adhyasa'' (fears besetting one's life) and ''avidya'' (ignorance or anything that is not true knowledge).<ref name=klausklost/>

==== As a state of perfection ====

[[File:Gajendra Moksha print.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Gajendra Moksha]] (pictured) is a symbolic tale in [[Vaishnavism]]. The elephant Gajendra enters a lake where a crocodile (Huhu) clutches his leg and becomes his suffering. Despite his pain, Gajendra constantly remembers Vishnu, who then liberates him. Gajendra symbolically represents human beings, Huhu represents sins, and the lake is saṃsāra.]]
Many schools of Hinduism according to [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel Ingalls]],<ref name=danielingalls/> see ''moksha'' as a state of perfection. The concept was seen as a natural goal beyond ''dharma''. ''Moksha'', in the epics and ancient literature of Hinduism, is seen as achievable by the same techniques necessary to practice ''dharma''. Self-discipline is the path to ''dharma'', ''moksha'' is self-discipline that is so perfect that it becomes unconscious, second nature. ''Dharma'' is thus a means to ''moksha''.<ref>see:
* Karl Potter, Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1958), pp. 49–63
* Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 41–48</ref>

The [[Samkhya]] school of Hinduism, for example, suggests that one of the paths to ''moksha'' is to magnify one's ''[[sattva]]m''.<ref>One of three qualities or habits of an individual; sattvam represents spiritual purity; sattvic people, claims Samkhya school, are those who see world's welfare as a spiritual principle. See cited Ingalls reference.</ref><ref name=dhhi45>Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 45–46</ref> To magnify one's ''sattvam'', one must develop oneself where one's ''sattvam'' becomes one's instinctive nature. Many schools of Hinduism thus understood ''dharma'' and ''moksha'' as two points of a single journey of life, a journey for which the ''[[viaticum]]'' was discipline and self-training.<ref name=dhhi45/>
== History ==

The proto-concept that first appears in the ancient Sanskrit verses and early Upanishads is ''mucyate'', which means "freed" or "released". In the middle and later Upanishads, such as the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad|Svetasvatara]] and [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad|Maitri]], the word ''moksha'' appears and begins becoming an important concept.<ref name=danielingalls/><ref>see:
* Klaus Klostermaier (1985), Mokṣa and Critical Theory, Philosophy East and West, 35 (1), pp 61–71
* Roeser, R.W. (2005), An introduction to Hindu Indiaís contemplative psychological perspectives on motivation, self, and development, in M.L. Maehr & S. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in Motivation and Achievement, Volume 14: Religion and Motivation. Elsevier, pp. 297–345</ref>

The [[Katha Upanishad]],<ref>Sometimes called Katha Upanishad – for example, by Max Muller, Nakhilananda</ref> a middle Upanishadic-era script dated to the second half of the first millennium BCE, is among the earliest expositions about ''saṃsāra'' and ''moksha''. In Book I, Section III, the legend of boy Nachiketa queries [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the lord of death to explain what causes ''saṃsāra'' and what leads to liberation.<ref>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-0842616454}}, pp 269–290</ref> Naciketa inquires: what causes sorrow? Yama explains that suffering and ''saṃsāra'' results from a life that is lived absent-mindedly, with impurity, with neither the use of intelligence nor self-examination, where neither mind nor senses are guided by one's ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atma]]'' (soul, self).<ref name=oxfordatmandef>'''[a]''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230210157/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman Atman], Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), '''Quote''': "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul"; '''[b]''' John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192800947}}, See entry for Atman; '''[c]''' WJ Johnson (2009), ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198610250}}, See entry for Atman (self).</ref><ref name=3defsatman>'''[a]''' David Lorenzen (2004), ''The Hindu World'' (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415215277}}, pages 208–209, '''Quote''': "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself".; '''[b]''' Richard King (1995), ''Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791425138}}, page 64, '''Quote:''' "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of atman with Brahman". '''[c]''' Chad Meister (2010), ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195340136}}, page 63; '''Quote''': "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of ''Atman'' (soul) and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten avatars of Vishnu."</ref> Liberation comes from a life lived with inner purity, alert mind, led by ''buddhi'' (reason, intelligence), realization of the Supreme Self (''purusha'') who dwells in all beings. Kathaka Upanishad asserts knowledge liberates, knowledge is freedom.<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-0842616454}}, pp 283–289</ref><ref>S. Nikhilananda, ''The Principal Upanishads'', Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486427171}}, pp 63–84</ref> Kathaka Upanishad also explains the role of yoga in personal liberation, ''moksha''.

The [[Svetasvatara Upanishad]], another middle-era Upanishad written after ''Kathaka Upanishad'', begins with questions such as why is man born? what is the primal cause behind the universe? what causes joy and sorrow in life?<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-0842616454}}, pp 301–326</ref> It then examines the various theories, that were then existing, about saṃsāra and release from bondage. Svetasvatara claims<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-0842616454}}, pp 316, 319–325</ref> that bondage results from ignorance, illusion or delusion; deliverance comes from knowledge. The Supreme Being dwells in every being, he is the primal cause, he is the eternal law, he is the essence of everything, he is nature, he is not a separate entity. Liberation comes to those who know Supreme Being is present as the Universal Spirit and Principle, just as they know butter is present in milk. Such realization, claims Svetasvatara, come from self-knowledge and self-discipline; and this knowledge and realization is liberation from transmigration, the final goal of the Upanishad.<ref>Paul Deussen, ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-0842616454}}, pp 305–306, 322–325</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| footer = The Hindu goddess of knowledge, learning and creative arts, [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], is sometimes depicted alongside a swan, which is a symbol of spiritual perfection, liberation and moksha.<ref name=jbrl>see:
* John Bowker (1998), ''Picturing God'', Series Editor: Jean Holm, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1855671010}}, pp 99–101;
* Richard Leviton (2011), ''Hierophantic Landscapes'', {{ISBN|978-1462054145}}, pp 543</ref> The symbolism of Sarasvati and the swan is that knowledge and moksha go together.
| image2 = SwansCygnus olor edit2.jpg
| width2 = 229
| image1 =
| width1 = 94
}}
Starting with the middle Upanishad era, ''moksha'' – or equivalent terms such as ''mukti'' and ''kaivalya'' – is a major theme in many [[Upanishad]]s. For example, Sarasvati Rahasya Upanishad, one of several Upanishads of the [[Bhakti yoga|bhakti school]] of Hinduism, starts out with prayers to Goddess Sarasvati. She is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, learning and creative arts;<ref name=jbrl/> her name is a compound word of ''sara''<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=sAra&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 सार] Sanskrit English Dictionary, Germany</ref> and ''sva'',<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=sva&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 स्व] Sanskrit English Dictionary, Germany</ref> meaning "essence of self". After the prayer verses, the Upanishad inquires about the secret to freedom and liberation (mukti). Sarasvati's reply in the Upanishad is:

{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
It was through me the Creator himself gained liberating knowledge,
I am being, consciousness, bliss, eternal freedom: unsullied, unlimited, unending.
My perfect consciousness shines your world, like a beautiful face in a soiled mirror,
Seeing that reflection I wish myself you, an individual soul, as if I could be finite!

A finite soul, an infinite Goddess – these are false concepts,
in the minds of those unacquainted with truth,
No space, my loving devotee, exists between your self and my self,
Know this and you are free. This is the secret wisdom.
</poem>
| 2=Sarasvati Rahasya Upanishad|3=Translated by Linda Johnsen<ref>Linda Johnsen (2002), ''The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe'', {{ISBN|978-0936663289}}, pp 51–52; for Sanskrit original see: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/allfilelist.html सरस्वतीरहस्योपनिषत्] sarasvatIrahasya</ref>
}}

=== Evolution of the concept ===
It is unclear when the core ideas of samsara and ''moksha'' developed in ancient India. Patrick Olivelle suggests these ideas likely originated with new religious movements in the first millennium BCE.<ref name="Brittanica" /> The concepts of ''mukti'' and ''moksha'', suggests [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]],<ref name="jabvb" /> seem traceable to yogis in Hinduism, with long hair, who chose to live on the fringes of society, given to self-induced states of intoxication and ecstasy, possibly accepted as medicine-men and "sadhus" by ancient Indian society.<ref name="danielingalls" /> ''Moksha'' to these early concept-developers, was the abandonment of the established order, not in favor of anarchy, but in favor of self-realization, to achieve release from this world.<ref>J.A.B. van Buitenen, in Roy Perrett (Editor) –'' Theory of Value'', Volume 5, {{ISBN|0-8153-3612-8}}, Taylor & Francis, pp 25–32</ref>

The concept of ''moksha'', according to [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel Ingalls]],<ref name=danielingalls/> represented one of the many expansions in Hindu Vedic ideas of life and the afterlife. In the Vedas, there were three [[Ashrama (stage)|stages]] of life: studentship, householdship and retirement. During the Upanishadic era, Hinduism expanded this to include a fourth stage of life: [[Sannyasa|complete abandonment]]. In Vedic literature, there are three modes of experience: waking, dream and deep sleep. The Upanishadic era expanded these modes to include ''turiyam'' – the stage beyond deep sleep. The Vedas suggest three goals of man: [[kama]], [[artha]] and [[dharma]]. To these, the Upanishadic era added ''moksha''.<ref name=danielingalls>Daniel H. H. Ingalls, "Dharma and Moksha", ''Philosophy East and West'', Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 41–48</ref>

The acceptance of the concept of ''moksha'' in some schools of [[Hindu philosophy]] was slow. These refused to recognize ''moksha'' for centuries, considering it irrelevant.<ref name=danielingalls/> The Mimamsa school, for example, denied the goal and relevance of ''moksha'' well into the 8th century AD, until the arrival of a Mimamsa scholar named [[Kumarila]].<ref>see:
* M. Hiriyanna (1952), [[:iarchive:Mysore.Hiriyanna-The.Quest.After.Perfection|The Quest After Perfection]], Kavyalaya Publishers, pp 23–33
* John Taber, "The significance of Kumarila's Philosophy", in Roy Perrett (Ed) – ''Theory of Value'', Vol 5, {{ISBN|978-0815336129}} pp. 113–161
* Okita, K. (2008), "Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta: Interaction and Continuity", ''The Journal of Hindu Studies'', 1(1–2), pp 155–156</ref> Instead of ''moksha'', the Mimamsa school of Hinduism considered the concept of heaven as sufficient to answer the question: what lay beyond this world after death. Other schools of Hinduism, over time, accepted the ''moksha'' concept and refined it over time.<ref name=danielingalls/>

[[File:Silhouette yoga.png|thumb|220px|Mokṣha is a key concept in [[Yoga]], where it is a state of "awakening", liberation and freedom in this life.<ref>see:
* [[Mircea Eliade]] (1958, Reprinted: 2009), ''Yoga: Immortality and Freedom'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, pp 33–34;
* Sarah Strauss (2005), ''Positioning Yoga'', Berg/Oxford International, {{ISBN|1-85973-739-0}}, pp 15</ref>]]

In its historical development, the concept of ''moksha'' appears in three forms: Vedic, yogic and bhakti.

In the Vedic period, ''moksha'' was ritualistic.<ref name="jabvb" /> Mokṣa was claimed to result from properly completed rituals such as those before ''Agni'' – the fire deity. The significance of these rituals was to reproduce and recite the cosmic-creation event described in the Vedas; the description of knowledge on different levels – ''adhilokam'', ''adhibhutam'', ''adhiyajnam'', ''adhyatmam'' – helped the individual transcend to moksa. Knowledge was the means, the ritual its application.

By the middle to late Upanishadic period, the emphasis shifted to knowledge, and ritual activities were considered irrelevant to the attainment of ''moksha''.<ref name="amalinar">Angelika Malinar (2011), in [[Jessica Frazier]] (ed.), ''The Bloomsbury companion to Hindu studies'', {{ISBN|978-1-4725-1151-5}}, Chapter 4</ref> [[Yoga|Yogic]] ''moksha''<ref name="jabvb" /><ref>Knut Jacobson, in Jessica Frazier (Editor), ''Continuum companion to Hindu studies'', {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9966-0}}, pp 74–82</ref> replaced Vedic rituals with [[personal development]] and meditation, with hierarchical creation of the ultimate knowledge in self as the path to ''moksha''. Yogic ''moksha'' principles were accepted in many other schools of Hinduism, albeit with differences. For example, [[Adi Shankara]] in his book on ''moksha'' suggests:
{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
अर्थस्य निश्चयो दृष्टो विचारेण हितोक्तितः |
न स्नानेन न दानेन प्राणायमशतेन वा || १३ ||

By reflection, reasoning and instructions of teachers, the truth is known,
Not by ablutions, not by making donations, nor by performing hundreds of breath control exercises. || Verse 13 ||
</poem>
| 2=[[Vivekachudamani]]|3=8th Century AD<ref>See:
* John Richards (Translator), Vivekachudamani, {{ISBN|978-0979726743}} (2011 Edition);
* Madhavananda's [[:iarchive:vivekachudamanio00sankrich|translation of Vivekachudamani]] published in 1921, Himalayan Series 43;</ref>

}}
Bhakti ''moksha'' created the third historical path, where neither rituals nor meditative self-development were the way, rather it was inspired by constant love and contemplation of God, which over time results in a perfect union with God.<ref name=jabvb/> Some Bhakti schools evolved their ideas where God became the means and the end, transcending ''moksha''; the fruit of bhakti is bhakti itself.<ref>Klaus Klostermaier (1986), "Contemporary conceptions among North Indian Vaishnavas", in Ronald Neufeldt (Editor) – ''Karma and Rebirth Post Classical Developments'', {{ISBN|978-0873959902}}, State University of New York Press, Chapter 5</ref> In the history of Indian religious traditions, additional ideas and paths to ''moksha'' beyond these three, appeared over time.<ref>D. Datta (1888), "Moksha, or the Vedántic Release", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', New Series, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1888), pp. 513–539</ref>

=== Interpretations in relation to Dharma ===

==== Nagarjuna's challenge ====

''Dharma'' and ''moksha'', suggested [[Nagarjuna]] in the 2nd century, cannot be goals on the same journey.<ref name="dhhi46">Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 46</ref> Reason being, ''dharma'' requires worldly thought, but ''moksha'' is unworldly bliss. Thus, "How can the worldly thought-process lead to unworldly understanding?", asked Nagarjuna.<ref name="dhhi46" /> Karl Potter explains the answer to this challenge as one of context and framework, the emergence of broader general principles of understanding from thought processes that are limited in one framework.<ref>Karl Potter, Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1958), pp. 49–63</ref>

==== Adi Shankara's challenge ====

[[Adi Shankara]] in the 8th century AD, like Nagarjuna earlier, examined the difference between the world one lives in and ''moksha'', a state of freedom and release one hopes for.<ref name="dhhi47">Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 47</ref> Unlike Nagarjuna, Shankara considers the characteristics between the two. The world one lives in requires action as well as thought; our world, he suggests, is impossible without ''vyavahara'' (action and plurality). The world is interconnected, one object works on another, input is transformed into output, change is continuous and everywhere. ''Moksha'', suggests Shankara,<ref name="klausklost" /> is a final perfect, blissful state where there can be no change, where there can be no plurality of states. It has to be a state of thought and consciousness that excludes action.<ref name="dhhi47" /> He questioned: "How can action-oriented techniques by which we attain the first three goals of man (''kama'', ''artha'' and ''dharma'') be useful to attain the last goal, namely ''moksha''?"

Scholars<ref>see:

* Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Dharma and Moksha, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp 41–48
* R Sinari (1982), The concept of human estrangement in plotinism and Shankara Vedanta, in "Neoplatonism and Indian thought", Ed: R.B. Harris, Albany, NY, pp 243–255
* R.K. Tripathi (1982), Advaita Vedanta and Neoplatonism, in "Neoplatonism and Indian thought", Ed: R.B. Harris, Albany, NY, pp 237; also see pp 294–297 by Albert Wolters</ref> suggest Shankara's challenge to the concept of ''moksha'' parallels those of [[Plotinus]] against the [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], with one important difference:<ref name="dhhi47" /> Plotinus accused the Gnostics of exchanging an [[anthropocentrism|anthropocentric]] set of [[virtue]]s with a [[Theocentricism|theocentric]] set in pursuit of [[salvation]]; Shankara challenged that the concept of ''moksha'' implied an exchange of anthropocentric set of virtues (''dharma'') with a blissful state that has no need for values. Shankara goes on to suggest that anthropocentric virtues suffice.

==== The Vaisnavas' challenge ====

Vaishnavas (followers of Vaishnavism, a ''[[Bhakti yoga|bhakti]]'' school of Hinduism) suggest that ''dharma'' and ''moksha'' cannot be two different or sequential goals or states of life.<ref name="dhhi48">
Daniel H. H. Ingalls, "Dharma and Moksha", ''Philosophy East and West'', Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. – Jul., 1957), pp. 48
</ref>
Instead, they suggest God should be kept in mind constantly to simultaneously achieve ''dharma'' and ''moksha'', so constantly that one comes to feel one cannot live without God's loving presence. This school emphasized love and adoration of God as the path to "moksha" (salvation and release), rather than works and knowledge. Their focus became divine virtues, rather than anthropocentric virtues. [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel Ingalls]]<ref name="dhhi48" /> regards Vaishnavas' position on ''moksha'' as similar to the Christian position on salvation, and Vaishnavism as the school whose views on ''dharma'', ''karma'' and ''moksha'' dominated the initial impressions and colonial-era literature on Hinduism, through the works of Thibaut, [[Max Müller]] and others.

==Synonyms==

The words ''moksha'', nirvana (''nibbana'') and [[kaivalya]] are sometimes used synonymously,<ref>For example, the Adhyatma Upanishad uses all three words nirvana, kaivalya and ''moksha'' (Verses 12, 16, 69, 70); K.N. Aiyar (Transl. 1914), [[:iarchive:thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft|Thirty Minor Upanishads]], University of Toronto Robart Library Archives, Canada, pp 55–60</ref> because they all refer to the state that liberates a person from all causes of sorrow and suffering.<ref>A. Sharma, The realization of Kaivalya in the Poetry of Les A Murray: An Indian Perspective, Explorations in Australian Literature, {{ISBN|978-8176257091}}, Chapter 18, pp 187</ref><ref name=pjaini/> However, each concept differs in the details.<ref name=dltc/> Nirvana, a concept common in Buddhism, rests on the premise that all experienced phenomena are [[anatta|not self]]; while ''moksha'', in Hinduism, begins with the acceptance of a self.<ref name=davidloy>David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23(1), pp 65–74</ref><ref name=brianmorris3>'''[a]''' {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|page=51}} '''[b]''' {{cite book|author=Gadjin M. Nagao|title=Madhyamika and Yogacara: A Study of Mahayana Philosophies|date=January 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-cHxL1ews0C |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1406-5|pages=177–180}} '''[c]''' {{cite book|author=Brian Morris |title=Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cmg9BQAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=PM Press |isbn=978-1-60486-093-1 |pages=74 }}</ref> Nirvana starts with the premise that there is no Self, ''moksha'' on the other hand, starts with the premise that everything is the Self; there is no consciousness in the state of nirvana, but everything is One unified consciousness in the state of ''moksha''.<ref name=davidloy/>

Kaivalya, a concept akin to ''moksha'', rather than nirvana, is found in some schools of Hinduism such as the Yoga school. Kaivalya is the realization of aloofness with liberating knowledge of one's self and disentanglement from the muddled mind and cognitive apparatus. For example, [[Patanjali]]'s Yoga Sutra suggests:

{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
After the dissolution of avidya (ignorance),
comes removal of communion with material world,
this is the path to Kaivalyam.
</poem>
| 2=[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutra]] (Sadhana Pada)|3=2:24–25<ref>For Sanskrit version: Sadasivendra Sarasvati (1912), [[:iarchive:YogaSutraVritti|Yoga Sutra]]; For English version: Charles Johnston (1912), [[:iarchive:yogasutrasofpata00pata|yogasutrasofpata00pata]] Yoga Sutra of Patanjali; For secondary peer reviewed source, see: Jeffrey Gold, Plato in the Light of Yoga, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jan., 1996), pp. 17–32; A. Sharma, The Realization of Kaivalya, in Explorations in Australian Literature, {{ISBN|978-8176257091}}, Chapter 18</ref>
}}

Nirvana and ''moksha'', in all traditions, represent resting in one's true essence, named ''[[Purusha]]'' or Atman, or pointed at as Nirvana, but described in a very different way. Loy has argued that there is not a difference in experience between nirvana in Buddhism and moksha in Advaita Vedanta.<ref name="pjaini" /><ref name="davidloy" /> Some scholars, states Jayatilleke, assert that the Nirvana of Buddhism is same as the [[Brahman]] in Hinduism, a view other scholars and he disagree with.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|page=96}}</ref> Buddhism rejects the idea of [[Brahman]], and the metaphysical ideas about soul (atman) are also rejected by Buddhism, while those ideas are essential to ''moksha'' in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|pages=96–97}}</ref> In Buddhism, nirvana is 'blowing out' or 'extinction'.<ref>{{cite book|author=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Facets of Buddhist Thought: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOtoBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|isbn=978-955-24-0335-4|page=90}}</ref> In Hinduism, ''moksha'' is 'identity or oneness with Brahman'.<ref name=brianmorris3/> Realization of ''anatta'' (anatman) is essential to Buddhist nirvana.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Southwold |title=Buddhism in Life: The Anthropological Study of Religion and the Sinhalese Practice of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/budhisminlife0000unse|url-access=registration |year=1983|publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-0971-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/budhisminlife0000unse/page/209 209]–210}}</ref><ref name=suehamilton20/><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey |editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|page=36}}</ref> Realization of ''atman'' (atta) is essential to Hindu ''moksha''.<ref name=suehamilton20>{{cite book|author=Sue Hamilton |title=Early Buddhism: A New Approach : the I of the Beholder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pE9lwuScpWwC |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1280-9|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=392, 292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Yong Zhao |author2=Jing Lei |author3=Guofang Li |title=Handbook of Asian Education: A Cultural Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irqsAgAAQBAJ |year=2010|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1-136-72129-8|pages=466 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== Hinduism ==

Different traditions of Hinduism use varying terms for ''moksha''. For example, ''Keval jnana'' or ''[[kaivalya]]'' ("state of Absolute"), ''Apavarga'', ''Nihsreyasa'', ''Paramapada'', ''Brahmabhava'', ''Brahmajnana'' and ''Brahmi sthiti''. There is difference between these ideas, as explained elsewhere in this article, but they are all [[soteriology|soteriological]] concepts of various Indian religious traditions.

A second point of difference among traditions is whether ''moksha'' can be experienced while alive, or only after death.<ref name=asharma>A. Sharma (2000), Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195644418}}, pp 117</ref> The Nyaya, Vaisesika and Mimamsa traditions consider ''moksha'' as possible only after death.<ref name="asharma" /><ref>Note: Each school has a different meaning for ''moksha''. For example, Mimamsa school considers ''moksha'' as release into ''svarga'' (heaven), it does not recognize samsara; while Nyaya school considers ''moksha'' as linked to samsara and a release from it; See: [[:iarchive:mimamsasutra00jaimuoft|The Purva-Mimamsa Sutra of Jaimini]], Transl: M.L. Sandal (1923), Chapter II, Pada I and Chapter VI, Pada I through VIII; Also see Klaus Klostermaier, A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, Chapter 26</ref> Samkhya and Yoga schools consider ''moksha'' as possible in this life. In the Vedanta school, the Advaita sub-school concludes ''moksha'' is possible in this life,<ref name="asharma" /> while Dvaita, Visistadvaita, Shuddhadvait sub-schools of Vedanta tradition believes that ''moksha'' is a continuous event, one assisted by loving devotion to God, that extends from this life to post-mortem. Beyond these six orthodox schools, some heterodox schools of Hindu tradition, such as Carvaka, deny there is a soul or after life ''moksha''.<ref>see:
*Miller, A. T. (2013), A review of "An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge, and Freedom", Religion, 43(1), 119–123.
*Snell, M. M. (1894). Hinduism's Points of Contact with Christianity. IV. Salvation. The Biblical World, 4(2), pp 98–113</ref>

Paul Deussen interprets the Maitrayana Upanishad's teaching on ''moksha'' to come neither from the Vedanta school's doctrine (the knowledge of one's own Self as the Supreme Soul) nor from the Samkhya school's doctrine (distinction of the Purusha from what one is not), but from Vedic studies, observance of the ''Svadharma'' (personal duties), sticking to ''Asramas'' (stages of life).<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pp 340-1</ref>

=== Nyaya ===
The Nyaya school does not take ''moksha'' to be a state of bliss, but only a complete absence of suffering.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mookerjee |first=Satkari |title=The Buddhist philosophy of universal flux: an exposition of the philosophy of critical realism as expounded by the school of Dignāga |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0737-2 |edition=Repr., 1. ed. publ. by Univ. of Calcutta, 1935 |location=Delhi}}</ref>

=== Sāmkhya and Yoga ===

[[:no:Knut A. Jacobsen|Knut Jacobsen]] suggests that both Sāmkhya and Yoga systems of religious thought are ''mokshaśāstras'', systems of salvific liberation and release.<ref name=kjacobson>Knut Jacobson, in Jessica Frazier (Editor), Continuum companion to Hindu studies, {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9966-0}}</ref> Sāmkhya is a system of interpretation, primarily a theory about the world. Yoga is both a theory and a practice. Yoga gained wide acceptance in ancient India, its ideas and practices became part of many religious schools in Hinduism, including those that were very different from Sāmkhya. The eight limbs of yoga can be interpreted as a way to liberation (''moksha'').<ref name=kjacobson/><ref name=kjjf/>

In Sāmkhya literature, liberation is commonly referred to as ''kaivalya''. In this school, kaivalya means the realization of ''purusa'', the principle of consciousness, as independent from mind and body, as different from ''prakrti''. Like many schools of Hinduism, in Sāmkhya and Yoga schools, the emphasis is on the attainment of knowledge, ''vidyā'' or ''jñāna'', as necessary for salvific liberation, ''moksha''.<ref name=kjacobson/><ref name=jgold>Jeffrey Gold, Plato in the Light of Yoga, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jan., 1996), pp. 20–27</ref> Yoga's purpose is then seen as a means to remove the ''avidyā'' – that is, ignorance or misleading/incorrect knowledge about one self and the universe. It seeks to end ordinary reflexive awareness (''cittavrtti nirodhah'') with deeper, purer and holistic awareness (''asamprājñāta samādhi'').<ref name=kjjf>Knut Jacobsen (2011), in Jessica Frazier (Editor), The Bloomsbury companion to Hindu studies, {{ISBN|978-1-4725-1151-5}}, pp 74–82</ref><ref>R. Sinari, The way toward Moksa, in Murty et al. (Editors) – Freedom, Progress & Society, {{ISBN|81-208-0262-4}}, pp 45–60</ref> Yoga, during the pursuit of ''moksha'', encourages practice (''abhyāsa'') with detachment (''vairāgya''), which over time leads to deep concentration (''samādhi''). Detachment means withdrawal from outer world and calming of mind, while practice means the application of effort over time. Such steps are claimed by Yoga school as leading to samādhi, a state of deep awareness, release and bliss called ''kaivalya''.<ref name=kjacobson/><ref name=jgold/>
[[File:The Muktinath Temple.jpg|thumb|226x226px|[[Muktinath|Muktinath Temple]] ('Lord of liberation or Moksha) at [[Mustang District|Mustang, Nepal]] - a pilgrimage place for [[Hindus]] and [[Buddhists]].]]
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Three of four paths of spirituality in Hinduism. Each path suggests a different way to ''moksha''.
| image1 = Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg
| alt1 = Jñāna marga
| caption1 = Jñāna yoga
| width1 = 110
| image2 = Russian Hare Krishnas singing on the street.jpg
| alt2 = Bhakti marga
| caption2 = Bhakti yoga
| width2 = 100
| image3 = People of Varanasi 006.jpg
| alt3 = Rāja yoga
| caption3 = Rāja marga
| width3 = 100
}}

Yoga, or ''mārga'' (meaning "way" or "path"), in Hinduism is widely classified into four spiritual approaches.<ref>See:
* John Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, see articles on bhaktimārga, jnanamārga, karmamārga;
* Bhagwad Gita (The Celestial Song), Chapters 2:56–57, 12, 13:1–28
* Feuerstein, Georg (2003), The deeper dimension of yoga: Theory and practice, Shambhala, {{ISBN|1-57062-935-8}};
* D. Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Cultural Psychology, in [[Anthony J. Marsella]] (Series Editor), International and Cultural Psychology, Springer New York, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, pp 93–140</ref> The first mārga is [[Jñāna Yoga]], the way of knowledge. The second mārga is [[Bhakti Yoga]], the way of loving devotion to God. The third mārga is [[Karma Yoga]], the way of works. The fourth mārga is [[Rāja Yoga]], the way of contemplation and meditation. These mārgas are part of different schools in Hinduism, and their definition and methods to ''moksha''.<ref>H. Negendra (2008), Int Journal of Yoga, Jul–Dec, 1(2), pp 43–44</ref> For example, the Advaita Vedanta school relies on Jñāna Yoga in its teachings of ''moksha''.<ref name=edav>Eliot Deutsch, Advaita Vedanta: A philosophical reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824802714}}, pp 104–106</ref> The ''marga''s need not lead to all forms of moksha, according to some schools of Hinduism. For example, the [[Ekasarana dharma]] denies the ''sayujya'' form of mukti, where the complete absorption in God deprives ''jiva'' of the sweetness and bliss associated with ''bhakti''. [[Madhavdev|Madhavadeva]] begins the [[Naam Ghosa|Namghoxa]] by declaring his admiration for devotees who do not prefer ''mukti''.<ref>{{Harv|Sarma|1966|pp=41–42}}</ref>

=== Vedanta ===
{{Main|Vedanta}}

Vedanta traditions share an understanding of ''moksha'' as not merely an absence of suffering, but a positive experience of ''ananda'', or bliss.<ref>see:

*David White (1960), Moksa as value and experience, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 9, No. 3/4 (Oct., 1959 – Jan., 1960), pp. 153, 157, 158</ref> However, the specifics of understanding ''moksha'' vary in each of the more than seventeen sub-schools of Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gautama (auth.) |url=http://archive.org/details/gautama-auth.-dastri-m.-phillips-s.-trans.-eds.-2017.-the-nyaya-sutra-selections |title=The Nyaya Sutra; Selections With Early Commentaries. |last2=Dastri |first2=Matthew & Phillips |date=2017 |pages=156}}</ref>

==== Advaita Vedanta ====
The [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] tradition considers ''moksha'' achievable by removing [[Avidya (Hinduism)|avidya]] (ignorance) by knowledge. ''Moksha'' is seen as a final release from illusion, and through knowledge (''anubhava'') of one's own fundamental nature, which is [[Satcitananda]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brodd |first=Jeffrey |title=World Religions |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88489-725-5 |location=Winona, MN}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The description comprises the three [[Sanskrit]] words ''sat-chit-ananda'':
* ''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|sat]]'' सत् ([[wikt:present participle|present participle]]); [Sanskrit root ''as'', "''to be''"]:{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} "Truth", "Absolute Being",<ref name="Maharishi">[http://www.bienfaits-meditation.com/en/maharishi/videos/sat-cit-ananda Maharishi's Teaching, ''Meaning of the word "Satcitananda" (Sat Chit Ananda)'']</ref> ''Sat'' describes an essence that is pure and timeless, that never changes.<ref name="Maharishi" />
* ''[[Cit (consciousness)|cit]]'' चित् ([[noun]]): "consciousness",<ref name="Maharishi" /> "true consciousness",<ref>{{cite web |title=Sat-Cit-Ananda Eternity Knowledged and Bliss, Kala Material Time, Form |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/satcitananda-eternity#:~:text=Saccid%C4%81nanda%2C%20Satchidananda%2C%20or%20Sat%2D,%2C%20consciousness%2C%20and%20bliss%20respectively.&text=The%20Supreme%20Personality%20ofGodhead%20is%20sac%2Dcid%2Dananda%2Dvigraha. |website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT |access-date=3 November 2020 |date=8 March 2010}}</ref> "to be consciousness of",<ref name="SDchit">{{Cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+chit&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=Sanskrit Dictionary, ''chit'' |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510035740/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+chit&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "to understand",<ref name="SDchit" /> "to comprehend".<ref name="SDchit" />
* ''ānanda'' आनन्द (noun): "bliss",<ref name="Maharishi" /> "true bliss",{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} "happiness",<ref name="SDananda" /> "joy",<ref name="SDananda" /> "delight",<ref name="SDananda" /> "pleasure"<ref name="SDananda">{{Cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+ananda&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=Sanskrit dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, ''ananda'' |access-date=20 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701064641/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+ananda&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Advaita holds there is no being/non-being distinction between ''Atman'', ''[[Brahman]]'', and ''[[Paramatman]]''. True knowledge is a direct, permanent realization that the Atman and Brahman are one. This realization instantly removes ignorance and leads to ''moksha'', and is considered timeless, eliminating the cycle of birth and death (''samsara'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Chandradhar |url=http://archive.org/details/indianphilosophyacriticalsurveychandradharsharmaseeadvaitastudies_202003_756_t |title=Indian Philosophy A Critical Survey |pages=274–275}}</ref> Advaita Vedanta emphasizes [[Jnana Yoga]] as the means of achieving ''moksha''.<ref name="edav" /> Bliss, claims this school, is the fruit of knowledge (vidya) and work (karma).<ref>Karl Potter (2008), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta Up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils, Volume 3, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp 213</ref> If a desire for unity with Brahman is strong enough, moksha is considered achievable while alive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Betty |first=Stafford |date=2010-07-01 |title=Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2010.484955 |journal=Asian Philosophy |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=216 |doi=10.1080/09552367.2010.484955 |issn=0955-2367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Shankara takes desire for ''moksha'' itself to be a state of ''moksha''.<ref name=klausklost/> A guru, being the instrument to achieve ''moksha'', is key.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus |date=1985 |title=Mokṣa and Critical Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398681 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=63 |doi=10.2307/1398681 |jstor=1398681 |issn=0031-8221|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Those who are on their path to ''moksha'' (samnyasin), suggests [[Klaus Klostermaier]], are quintessentially free individuals, without craving for anything in the worldly life, thus are neither dominated by, nor dominating anyone else.<ref name=klausklost/>

[[Vivekachudamani]], which literally means "Crown Jewel of Discriminatory Reasoning", is a book devoted to moksa in Advaita Vedanta philosophy. It explains what behaviors and pursuits lead to ''moksha'', as well what actions and assumptions hinder ''moksha''. The four essential conditions, according to Vivekachudamani, before one can commence on the path of ''moksha'' include (1) ''vivekah'' (discrimination, critical reasoning) between everlasting principles and fleeting world; (2) ''viragah'' (indifference, lack of craving) for material rewards; (3) ''samah'' (calmness of mind), and (4) ''damah'' (self restraint, [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]]).<ref>D. Datta (1888), Moksha, or the Vedántic Release, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct., 1888), pp. 516</ref> The ''Brahmasutrabhasya'' adds to the above four requirements, the following: ''uparati'' (lack of bias, dispassion), ''titiksa'' (endurance, patience), ''sraddha'' (faith) and ''[[samadhana]]'' (intentness, commitment).<ref name=edav/>

It explains one of many meditative steps on the path to ''moksha'', as:

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Beyond caste, creed, family or lineage,
That which is without name and form, beyond merit and demerit,
That which is beyond space, time and sense-objects,
You are that, God himself; Meditate this within yourself. ||Verse 254||
</poem>|Vivekachudamani|8th Century CE<ref>Many verses from Vivekachudamani expound on “Tat tvam asi” phrase such as the verse above. For other verses, and translation, see:
* John Richards (Translator), Vivekachudamani, {{ISBN|978-0979726743}} (2011 Edition);
* Madhavananda's [[:iarchive:vivekachudamanio00sankrich|translation of Vivekachudamani]] published in 1921, Himalayan Series 43;</ref>}}

==== Dvaita ====
The [[Dvaita]] (dualism) traditions define ''moksha'' as the loving, eternal union with God and considered the highest perfection of existence. Dvaita schools suggest every soul encounters liberation differently.<ref>Betty, Stafford. "Dvaita, Advaita, And Viśiṣṭadvaita: Contrasting Views Of Mokṣa." Asian Philosophy 20.2 (2010): 215–224. Academic Search Elite. Web. 24 Sept. 2012.</ref> Dualist traditions (e.g. [[Vaishnava]]) see God as the object of love, for example, a personified monotheistic conception of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] or [[Adishakti]]. By immersing oneself in the love of God, one's [[karma]]s slough off, one's illusions decay, and truth is lived. Both the worshiped and worshiper gradually lose their illusory sense of separation and only One beyond all names remains. This is salvation to dualist schools of Hinduism. Dvaita Vedanta emphasizes [[Bhakti Yoga]] as the means of achieving ''moksha''.<ref>N.S.S. Raman (2009), Ethics in Bhakti Philosophical Literature, in R. Prasad – A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals, {{ISBN|978-8180695957}}, Chapter 19</ref>

==== Vishishtadvaita ====
The [[Vishistadvaita]] tradition, primarily propounded by [[Ramanuja]], defines avidya and ''moksha'' differently from the Advaita tradition. To Ramanuja, avidya is a focus on the self, and vidya is a focus on a loving god. The Vishistadvaita school argues that other schools of Hinduism create a false sense of agency in individuals, which makes the individual think oneself as potential or self-realized god. Such ideas, claims Ramanuja, decay to materialism, hedonism and self worship. Individuals forget ''Ishvara'' (God). Mukti, to Vishistadvaita school, is release from such avidya, towards the intuition and eternal union with God.<ref>Abha Singh (October 2001), Social Philosophy of Ramanuja: its modern relevance, ''Indian Philosophical Quarterly'', Vol. 28, No. 4, pp 491–498</ref> While the ''jiva'' attains equality with Brahman in ''moksha'', it still retains its individuality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |url=http://archive.org/details/vaisnavismitsphilosophytheologyandreligiousdisciplinesmsrinivasachari2000 |title=Vaisnavism Its Philosophy Theology And Religious Discipline SM Srinivasa Chari 2000 |publication-date= |pages=122}}</ref>

=== Mokṣha in this life ===

Among the Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta schools of Hinduism, liberation and freedom reached within one's life is referred to as ''jivanmukti'', and the individual who has experienced this state is called ''[[jivanmukta]]'' (self-realized person).<ref>see:
* Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2706-4}};
* Norman E. Thomas (April 1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Volume 16, Number 2, pp 149–160</ref> Dozens of Upanishads, including those from middle Upanishadic period, mention or describe the state of liberation, ''jivanmukti''.<ref>See for example Muktika Upanishad, Varaha Upanishad, Adhyatma Upanishad, Sandilya Upanishad, [[Tejobindu Upanishad]], etc.; in K.N. Aiyar (Transl. 1914), [[:iarchive:thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft|Thirty Minor Upanishads]], University of Toronto Robart Library Archives, Canada</ref><ref>[[Paul Deussen]], [[:iarchive:philosophyupani00deusgoog|The philosophy of the Upanishads]], Translated by A.S. Geden (1906), T&T Clark, Edinburgh</ref> Some contrast ''jivanmukti'' with ''videhamukti'' (''moksha'' from samsara after death).<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 1 & 2, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1467-7}}</ref> Jivanmukti is a state that transforms the nature, attributes and behaviors of an individual, claim these ancient texts of Hindu philosophy. For example, according to Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad, the liberated individual shows attributes such as:<ref>see:

K.N. Aiyar (Transl. 1914), [[:iarchive:thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft|Thirty Minor Upanishads]], University of Toronto Robart Library Archives, Canada, pp 140–147
* S. Nikhilananda (1958), Hinduism : Its meaning for the liberation of the spirit, Harper, {{ISBN|978-0911206265}}, pp 53–79;
* Andrew Fort (1998), Jivanmukti in Transformation, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-3904-6}}</ref>
* He is not bothered by disrespect and endures cruel words, treats others with respect regardless of how others treat him;
* When confronted by an angry person he does not return anger, instead replies with soft and kind words;
* Even if tortured, he speaks and trusts the truth;
* He does not crave for blessings or expect praise from others;
* He never injures or harms any life or being (ahimsa), he is intent in the welfare of all beings;<ref>see also Sandilya Upanishad for ahimsa and other virtues; Quote: "तत्र हिंसा नाम मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः सर्वभूतेषु सर्वदा क्लेशजननम्"; Aiyar translates this as: He practices Ahimsa – no injury or harm to any living being at any time through actions of his body, his speech or in his mind; K.N. Aiyar (Transl. 1914), [[:iarchive:thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft|Thirty Minor Upanishads]], University of Toronto Robart Library Archives, Canada, pp 173–174</ref>
* He is as comfortable being alone as in the presence of others;
* He is as comfortable with a bowl, at the foot of a tree in tattered robe without help, as when he is in a mithuna (union of mendicants), grama (village) and nagara (city);
* He doesn't care about or wear ṣikha (tuft of hair on the back of head for religious reasons), nor the holy thread across his body. To him, knowledge is sikha, knowledge is the holy thread, knowledge alone is supreme. Outer appearances and rituals do not matter to him, only knowledge matters;
* For him there is no invocation nor dismissal of deities, no mantra nor non-mantra, no prostrations nor worship of gods, goddess or ancestors, nothing other than knowledge of Self;
* He is humble, high-spirited, of clear and steady mind, straightforward, compassionate, patient, indifferent, courageous, speaks firmly and with sweet words.

When a Jivanmukta dies he achieves Paramukti and becomes a Paramukta. Jivanmukta experience liberation while alive and also after death i.e., after becoming paramukta, while Videhmukta experiences liberation only after death.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

=== Mokṣa in Balinese Hinduism ===

Balinese Hinduism incorporates ''moksha'' as one of five [[tattva]]s. The other four are: ''brahman'' (the one supreme god head, not to be confused with Brahmin), ''atma'' (soul or spirit), [[karma]] (actions and reciprocity, causality), ''samsara'' (principle of rebirth, reincarnation). ''Moksha'', in Balinese Hindu belief, is the possibility of unity with the divine; it is sometimes referred to as nirwana.<ref>Balinese Hindus spell words slightly differently from Indian Hindus; tattva in India is spelled tattwa in Bali, nirvana in India is spelled nirwana in Bali, etc.</ref><ref name=anettheim>Anna Nettheim (2011), [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10091/SOURCE02 Tattwa are the words of the world: Balinese narratives and creative transformation], Ph.D. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia</ref>

== Buddhism ==
{{Buddhism}}
{{Main|Nirvana|Rebirth (Buddhism)}}

In [[Buddhism]] the term "moksha" is uncommon, but an equivalent term is ''vimutti'', "release". In the suttas two forms of release are mentioned, namely ''ceto-vimutti'', "deliverance of mind," and ''panna-vimutti'', "deliverance through wisdom" (insight). ''Ceto-vimutti'' is related to the practice of dhyana, while ''panna-vimutti'' is related to the development of insight. According to Gombrich, the distinction may be a later development, which resulted in a change of doctrine, regarding the practice of [[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]] to be insufficient for final liberation.<ref>Gombrich, ''The Conditioned genesis of Buddhism'', chapter four: "How Insight Worsted Concentration"</ref>

With release comes Nirvana (Pali: Nibbana), "blowing out", "quenching", or "becoming extinguished" of the fires of the passions and of self-view.<ref name="Collins2010p63">{{cite book|author=Steven Collins |title=Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88198-2 |pages=63–64, 33–34, 47–50, 74–75, 106 }}</ref><ref>Gombrich, "What the Buddha thought"</ref> It is a "timeless state" in which there is no more [[Samsara|becoming]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Collins |title=Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5pshUYiUVwC |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88198-2 |page=31}}, '''Quote:''' "This general scheme remained basic to later Hinduism, to Jainism, and to Buddhism. Eternal salvation, to use the Christian term, is not conceived of as world without end; we have already got that, called samsara, the world of rebirth and redeath: that is the problem, not the solution. The ultimate aim is the timeless state of ''moksha'', or as the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it, nirvana."</ref>

Nirvana ends the cycle of ''[[Dukkha]]'' and rebirth in the six realms of [[saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]].<ref name="Gethin1998p74"/>{{refn|group=note|name="Nirodha"|Ending rebirth: * Graham Harvey: "The Third Noble Truth is nirvana. The Buddha tells us that an end to suffering is possible, and it is nirvana. Nirvana is a "blowing out," just as a candle flame is wxtinguished in the wind, from our lives in samsara. It connotes an end to rebirth"{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} * Spiro: "The Buddhist message then, as I have said, is not simply a psychological message, i.e. that desire is the cause of suffering because unsatisfied desire produces frustration. It does contain such a message to be sure; but more importantly it is an eschatological message. Desire is the cause of suffering because desire is the cause of rebirth; and the extinction of desire leads to deliverance from suffering because it signals release from the Wheel of Rebirth."{{sfn|Spiro|1982|p=42}} * John J. Makransky: "The third noble truth, cessation (''nirodha'') or nirvana, represented the ultimate aim of Buddhist practice in the Abhidharma traditions: the state free from the conditions that created samsara. Nirvana was the ultimate and final state attained when the supramundane yogic path had been completed. It represented salvation from samsara precisely because it was understood to comprise a state of complete freedom from the chain of samsaric causes and conditions, i.e., precisely because it was unconditioned (''asamskrta'')."{{sfn|Makransky|1997|p=27-28}} * Walpola Rahula: "Let us consider a few definitions and descriptions of Nirvana as found in the original Pali texts [...] 'It is the complete cessation of that very thirst (tanha), giving it up, renouncing it, emancipation from it, detachment from it.' [...] 'The abandoning and destruction of craving for these Five Aggregates of Attachment: that is the cessation of ''dukkha''. [...] 'The Cessation of Continuity and becoming (''Bhavanirodha'') is Nibbana.'"{{sfn|Rahula|2007}}}} It is part of the [[Four Noble Truths]] doctrine of Buddhism, which plays an essential role in Theravada Buddhism.{{Sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=73–76}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jay L. Garfield|author2=William Edelglass|title=The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0iMBtaSlHYC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532899-8 |pages=206–208 }}</ref> Nirvana has been described in Buddhist texts in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, ''[[nirvana]]'', highest happiness, bliss, fearless, freedom, dukkha-less, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, indescribable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Collins |title=Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2go_y5KYyoC |year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-57054-1 |pages=191–233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Harvey |title=The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78336-4 |pages=198–226}}</ref> It has also been described as a state of release marked by "emptiness" and realization of ''[[anatta|non-Self]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mun-Keat Choong|title=The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC |year=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1649-7|pages=21–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gananath Obeyesekere |title=The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB1Q0aWJpO8C |year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15362-1 |pages=145–146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Conze |title=Buddhism: Its Essence and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwXCAgAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-17023-7 |pages=125–137 }}</ref> Such descriptions, states Peter Harvey, are contested by scholars because nirvana in Buddhism is ultimately described as a state of "stopped consciousness (blown out), but one that is not non-existent", and "it seems impossible to imagine what awareness devoid of any object would be like".{{Sfn|Harvey|2013|pp=75–76}}<ref name="Gethin1998p74">{{cite book|author=Rupert Gethin |title=The Foundations of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe|url-access=registration |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-160671-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/74 74]–84}}</ref>

== Jainism ==
{{Jainism}}
{{Main|Moksha (Jainism)}}

In [[Jainism]], ''moksha'' and ''nirvana'' are synonymous.<ref name=pjaini>{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =81-208-1691-9 }}: ''"Moksa and Nirvana are synonymous in Jainism".'' p.168</ref><ref>Michael Carrithers, Caroline Humphrey (1991) ''The Assembly of listeners: Jains in society'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521365058}}: ''"Nirvana: A synonym for liberation, release, moksa."'' p.297</ref> Jaina texts sometimes use the term ''Kevalya'', and call the liberated soul as ''Kevalin''.<ref name=pauldundastjp104/> As with all Indian religions, ''moksha'' is the ultimate spiritual goal in Jainism. It defines ''moksha'' as the spiritual release from all karma.<ref name=pauldundastjp104>{{cite book|author= Paul Dundas|title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0415266055 |pages= 104–105 }}</ref>

Jainism is a [[Sramana|Sramanic]] non-theistic philosophy that believes in a metaphysical permanent self or [[soul]] often termed ''[[Jīva (Jainism)|jiva]]''. Jaina believe that this soul is what transmigrates from one being to another at the time of death. The ''moksa'' state is attained when a soul (''[[Ātman (Jainism)|atman]]'') is liberated from the cycles of deaths and rebirths (''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]''), is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a ''[[siddha]]''.{{Sfn|Jaini|1980|pp=222–223}} In Jainism, it is believed to be a stage beyond ethical perfection, states [[Paul Dundas]], because they can perform physical and mental activities such as teach, without accruing karma that leads to rebirth.<ref name=pauldundastjp104/>

Jaina traditions believe that there exist ''Abhavya'' (incapable), or a class of souls that can never attain ''moksha'' (liberation).{{Sfn|Jaini|1980|p=226}}<ref name=pauldundastjp104/> The ''Abhavya'' state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act,{{Sfn|Jaini|1980|p=225}} but Jaina texts also polemically applied ''Abhavya'' condition to those who belonged to a competing ancient Indian tradition called ''[[Ājīvika]]''.<ref name=pauldundastjp104/> A male human being is considered closest to the apex of ''moksha'', with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through asceticism. The ability of women to attain ''moksha'' has been historically debated, and the subtraditions with Jainism have disagreed. In the [[Digambara]] tradition of Jainism, women must live an ethical life and gain karmic merit to be reborn as a man, because only males can achieve spiritual liberation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffery D Long|title=Jainism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36|year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-656-7|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name=harveyp182>{{cite book|author=Graham Harvey |title=Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93690-8|pages=182–183}}</ref> In contrast, the [[Śvētāmbara]] tradition has believed that women too can attain ''moksha'' just like men.<ref name=harveyp182/><ref>{{cite book|author= Paul Dundas|title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0415266055 |pages= 55–59 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Padmanabh S.|last=Jaini|title=Collected Papers on Jaina Studies|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1691-6|page=169}}</ref>

According to Jainism, purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=6}}{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} ''Samyak darśana'' (Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (''jīva'');{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=141–147}} ''Samyak jnana'' (Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the ''tattvas'';{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 200}} and ''Samyak charitra'' (Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 200}} Jain texts often add ''samyak tap'' (Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha).{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=7}} The four jewels are called ''moksha marg''.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}} According to Jain texts, the liberated pure soul (''Siddha'') goes up to the summit of universe (''[[Siddhashila]]'') and dwells there in eternal bliss.{{sfn|Jain|1992|p=282–283}}

== Sikhism ==
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The concept of mukti ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਮੁਕਤੀ) exists in [[Sikhism]] and refers to spiritual liberation.<ref name=teece17/> Most scholars describe the Sikh concept of mukti as the state that breaks the cycle of rebirths,<ref name=teece17>Geoff Teece (2004), Sikhism: Religion in focus, {{ISBN|978-1-58340-469-0}}, page 17</ref> though in practice, several verses exist that cast doubt on the reincarnation cycle.<ref>[http://www.srigurugranth.org/0748.html Guru Granth Sahib] P748, 4.6.53</ref> Mukti is obtained ''gurprasadi'' or "by God's grace", states Singha.<ref name=hssingha54>HS Singha (2009), Sikhism: A Complete Introduction, Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170102458}}, pages 53–54</ref>

{{Blockquote|<poem>
I do not seek power, and I do not seek liberation. My mind is in love with Your Lotus Feet.
[[Brahma]], [[Shiva]], the [[Siddha]]s, the [[Muni (saint)|silent sages]] and [[Indra]] - I seek only the Blessed Vision of my Lord and Master’s [[Darshan (Indian religions)|Darshan]].
I have come, helpless, to Your Door, O Lord Master; I am exhausted – I seek the Sanctuary of the [[Gurmukh|Saints]].
Says [[Guru Nanak|Nanak]], I have met my Enticing Lord God; my mind is cooled and soothed – it blossoms forth in joy.
</poem>|[[Guru Granth Sahib]]|P534<ref name=hssingha54/><ref>[http://www.srigurugranth.org/0534.html Guru Granth Sahib] P534, 2.3.29</ref>}}

Singha believes that Sikhism recommends [[Naam Japo|Naam Simran]] as the way to mukti, which is meditating and contemplating the [[Nāma|''Naam'']],<ref name=teece17/><ref name=hssingha54/> but other ways exist.

== See also ==
* [[Henosis]]
* [[Sallekhana]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{lacking ISBN|section|date=December 2023}}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001a |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2}}.
* {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-2756-8}}.
* {{Citation | last =Harvey | first =Graham | year =2016 | title =Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices | publisher =Routledge}}.
* {{Citation | last =Harvey | first =Peter | year =2013 |title =An Introduction to Buddhism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=S. A. |title=Reality: English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi |date=1992 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=Jwalamalini Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra |date=2011 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=978-81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url={{Google books|zLmx9bvtglkC|plainurl=yes}} |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
* {{citation |first=Padmanabh |last=Jaini |editor=Wendy Doniger |title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C |year=1980|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03923-0 }}.
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }}.
* {{Citation | last =Makransky | first =John J. | year =1997 | title =Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet | publisher =SUNY}}.
* {{Citation | last =Rahula | first =Walpola | year =2007 | title =What the Buddha Taught | publisher =Grove Press}}.
* {{Citation | last =Sarma | first =S N | year =1966 | title =The Neo-Vaisnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam | publisher =Gauhati University| isbn = 978-8173310263}}.
* {{Citation | last =Sharma | first =Arvind | year =2000 | title =Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction | publisher =Oxford University Press |isbn =978-0195644418}}.
* {{Citation | last =Spiro | first =Melford E. | year =1982 | title =Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes | publisher =University of California Press}}.

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Huxley |first=Aldous |title=Moksha: Aldous Huxley's Classic Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience |year=1999 |editor1=Michael Horowitz |editor2=Cynthia Palmer |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=1594775176}}.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Death in Hinduism}}
{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Heaven}}
{{Soteriology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moksha| ]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Puruṣārthas]]
[[Category:Shabda]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]
[[Category:Salvation]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Mystical union]]

Sengunthar

2026-03-24T16:42:14Z

Pipingblog: quick update

{{Short description|Hindu caste of Kaikolar warriors and textile merchants}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Sengunthar
| image = Veerabahu navaveerargal painting.jpg
| caption = [[Virabahu]] and 8 other Navaveerargal under Lord [[Kartikeya]] on the wall of [[Chidambaram temple]]
|kula_daivat = [[Kartikeya]]<ref name="Mines 16">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=62–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mines|first=Mattison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7YwDwAAQBAJ&q=Kaikkoolars+consider+murugan+their+caste+god&pg=PA113|title=Public Faces, Private Lives: Community and Individuality in South India |date=1994|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520084797 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ramaswamy 1985 47">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaikkolars+murugan |title=Textiles and weavers in medieval South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |page=47|isbn=978-0-19-561705-4 }}</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| populated_states = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|related=[[Kaikala|Kaikalas of Andhra]]|notable_members=[[List of Sengunthars]]|kula_devi=[[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi Amman]],<ref name="Ramaswamy 1985 47">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaikkolars+murugan |title=Textiles and weavers in medieval South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |page=47|isbn=978-0-19-561705-4 }}</ref> [[Angala Devi|Angalamman Parameswari]]|feudal_title=[[Mudaliar]], Cholagangan, Brahmmarayan, Vijayarayan}}
'''Sengunthar''' ({{IPA|tt|sɛŋkʊnʈɻ|}}), also known as the '''Kaikolar''' and '''Senguntha [[Mudaliar]],''' is a caste commonly found in the Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the country of [[Sri Lanka]]. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], they are known as [[Kaikalas|Kaikala or Karikala Bhaktulu]], who consider the early Chola emperor [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]] as their hero.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYBtdZSrP4uO+ploAhiJHMALWmHIwbzS8Il37YLL3Fb0FHfWDHzP7c |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref> They were [[warrior]]s of [[Chola]]s and traditionally [[textile]] [[merchant]]s or [[silk]] [[Weaving|weavers]] by occupation.{{sfn|Mines|1984|p=11}} [[Ottakoothar]], a 12th-century court poet and rajaguru of [[Cholas]] under the reigns of [[Vikrama Chola]], [[Kulothunga II|Kulothunga Chola II]], and [[Rajaraja II|Rajaraja Chola II]] is also a part of this caste. They were a part of the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ayyavolu 500 merchant guild]] during the Chola period which played a significant role in the [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Chola invasion of Srivijaya empire]].{{sfn|Mines|1984|p=11}} In the olden days in India, Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title [[Mudaliar]] for their bravery.<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&q=Senkuntar+India+warriors+given+title+Mutaliyar+their+bravery&pg=PA188 |title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology) |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977) |year=1977 |isbn=9027979596 |pages=188}}</ref> In the early thirteenth century, after the fall of [[Chola Empire]], a large number of Kaikolars migrated to [[Kongu Nadu]] from [[Tondaimandalam]] and started doing weaving and textile businesses as their full time profession due to their oath to only serve Chola emperors. In the present day, most of the textile businesses in Tamil Nadu are owned by Senguntha Mudaliars. The majority of Sengunthars are sub-divided into numerous clans based on a [[patrilineal]] lineage known as Koottam or Gotra.

==Etymology==
The name ''Kaikkolar'' comes from the words ''kai'' (hand) and ''kol'' (a shuttle used in looms). The appended ''-ar'' means ''people''.<ref name="Mines2">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=54–55}}</ref> ''Kaikkolar'' can also mean men with stronger arms.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA491 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |first=Sailendra Nath |last=Sen |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-12241-198-0 |page=491}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pTXAAAAMAAJ|title=Religion and Society in South India: a volume in honour of Prof. N. Subba Reddy, V. Sudarsen, G. Prakash Reddy, M. Suryanarayana|first1=Sudarsen|last1=V|first2=G. Prakash|last2=Reddy|first3=Suryanarayana|last3=M|year=1987 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|page=97|isbn=9788170184355 }}</ref>

''Sengunthar'' means ''red spear people'', which is a reference to Lord [[Murugan]], who is also known as the red god. According to legends, there were nine commanders called ''Navaveerargal'' in Murugan's army, and Sengunthars descended from them.<ref name="Mines2"/>

In ancient times they were also known as ''Kaarugar'' (weaver), Thanthuvayar (weaver), ''Senguntha padaiyar'' (soldiers), ''Senaithalaivar'' (army commander) and ''Kaikolar'' (weaver).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjtAAAAMAAJ&q=+diwakaram |title=Textiles and weavers in medieval South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985|isbn=978-0-19-561705-4 }}</ref>

Sengunthars were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&q=Senkuntar+India+warriors+given+title+Mutaliyar+their+bravery&pg=PA188 |title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology)|first=Kenneth|last=David|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977)|year=1977|pages=188|isbn=9027979596}}</ref> The 12th century Chola emperor's court poet and minister [[Ottakoothar]]'s Itti Elupatu, a panegyric on the bravery and prowess of arms of Kaikkola warriors, says they were known as [[Mudaliar]]s during the [[Later Chola|Imperial Chola]] period.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML8yAAAAMAAJ&q=அவர்+வழியில்+தோன்றினமையால்+செங்குந்தர்களுக்கு+முதலியார்|title=Oṭṭakkūttar pāṭalkaḷum viḷakkamum|trans-title=Critical interpretation of the poems of Otṭạkkūttar, 12th century Tamil poet|first=Civa|last= Kan̲n̲iyappan̲|publisher= Mullai Nilaiyam|year=1996|pages=51|language=ta|quote=சூலமும் மழுவும் கொண்ட சிவபெருமானவர். அதனால் அவருடைய பெயர் முதலியார் என்பது. அவர் வழியில் தோன்றினமையால் செங்குந்தர்களுக்கு முதலியார் என்ற பெயரைக் கொடுத்து அப்பெயராலேயே வழங்கப்படுகின்றது}}</ref>

''Mudali'' means ''first'', suggesting that the title bearer is of the first-ranked among people.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India|last=Barnett|first=Marguerite Ross|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-40086-718-9|page=236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|page=229}}</ref> They also used the title ''Nayanar'' after their names.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century |first=Markus |last=Vink |publisher=Brill |year=2005 |isbn=9789004272620|page=218}}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
In mythology, [[Shiva]] was enraged against the giants who harassed the people of the earth and sent forth six sparks of fire from his eyes. His wife, [[Parvati]], was frightened, and retired to her chamber and dropped nine beads from her anklets while doing so. Shiva converted the beads into nine females, who each birthed one hero. These nine heroes (Navaveerargal), namely [[Veerabaahu|Virabahu]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|page=231}}</ref> Virakesari, Viramahendrar, Viramaheshwar, Virapurandharar, Viraraakkathar, Viramaarthandar, Viraraanthakar and Veerathirar, with the god of war [[Subrahmanya|Kartikeya]] at their head, marched in command of a large force and destroyed the demons. The Sengunthar claim to be the descendants of these warriors. After killing the demon, the warriors were told by Shiva that they must adopt a profession which would not involve the destruction or injury of any living creature. They were trained in weaving. Chithira Valli, the daughter of Virabahu, one of the nine heroes, married King Musukuntha Chola. The descendants of the nine heroes and King Musukuntha are claimed to be the first generation of Sengunthars.<ref name="Mines2"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&q=Mucukuntan |first=Rajeshwari |last=Ghose|title=The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|pages=78–82 |year=1996 |isbn=9788120813915 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>

===Chola period===
The earliest literary evidence about Sengunthars occurs in ''Adhi Diwakaram'', a Tamil lexicon written by Sendan Diwakarar. This dictionary, probably from the 8th century CE, refers to them as weavers and army commanders, which may be indicative of their dual role in society at that time.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Textiles and Weavers in Medieval South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=15 |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |year=1985|isbn=978-0-19-561705-4}}</ref>

''Cholan Poorva Pattayam'', a copper-plate inscription, reveals information about [[Karikala Chola]], the conquest of the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] region, and the settling of the colonies with various occupational castes like Sengunthars. During this period, Sengunthars received the title of Samaya Senapati, meaning commander or head.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001946468201900103|title=Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History. The Indian Economic & Social History Review.|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |year=1982|volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=47–62|doi=10.1177/001946468201900103|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Inscriptions from the 11th century suggest that by the time of the [[Chola dynasty]], the Sengunthar had already developed its involvement in weaving and trading, together with a role in military matters that was probably necessary to protect those interests. They were a part of the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ayyavole 500 trading group]] during the Chola period. There are also references in the 12th century suggesting they had armies and that some specific people were assigned to act as bodyguards for the Chola emperors. Such historical records emphasise their military function, with the poet Ottakoothar glorifying them and suggesting that their origins lay with the armies of the gods.<ref name="sinopoli">{{cite book |title=The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c.1350–1650 |first=Carla M. |last=Sinopoli |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9781139440745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3nHg-eKWuIC&pg=PA188 |page=188}}</ref>

They were militarized during the [[Imperial Cholas|Imperial Chola]] period, when some of them held the title ''Brahmadaraya'' or ''Brahmmarayan'', which was usually reserved for high-ranking Brahmin officials in the Chola government. They had also used the title 'Chola Gangan' from the evidence "''Kaikolaril Kali Avinasi Yaana Ellam Valla Chola Gangan''", which was only used by the royal families of the chola dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|title=Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture : Professor Srinivasa Sankaranarayanan festchrift|author=S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary|publisher=Harman Pub. House |year=2000|page=114}}</ref>

Some were chieftains and commanders-in-chief of the later Cholas. Kaikkolar commanders-in-chief were known as ''Samanta Senapathigal''<ref name="manickam" /> or ''Senaithalaivar''.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA83 |title=India Before Europe |first= Catherine |last=Asher |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780521809047}}</ref><ref name="manickam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTRuAAAAMAAJ&q=terinja+kaikkolar |title=Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400 |first=V. |last=Manickam |publisher=Makkal Veliyeedu |year=2001}}</ref>

In the early thirteenth century a large number of Kaikolars migrated to [[Kongu Nadu]] from [[Tondaimandalam]]<ref name="Ramaswamy 66">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&q=Kaikkolar|title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=172–174|isbn=9781351558259 }}</ref> after the fall of the [[Chola Empire]].

===Vijayanagara period===
After the 13th century, Sengunthars became associated with weaving completely.<ref name="Ramaswamy 1985">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Textiles and weavers in medieval South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985}}{{Page needed|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Mines3">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984}}</ref><ref name="de Neve 2005">{{cite book |title=The Everyday Politics of Labour: Working Lives in India's Informal Economy |first=Geert |last=de Neve |publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2005 |isbn=9788187358183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppbkEJAEVCIC}}{{page needed|date=November 2013}}</ref> During the reign of [[Sadasiva Raya]] in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the priests of the Brahmapuriswara temple made an agreement that they would cultivate certain lands of the Kaikkolar regiment.<ref name="Ramaswamy 198522">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Textiles and weavers in medieval South India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985}}{{Page needed|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Kumar22">Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947 By Deepak Kumar{{full citation needed|date=November 2013}}</ref>

In 14th century, Kottaiyannan Mudaliar, a chieftain who was ruling [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]] and surrounding regions fought against Muslim invaders when they invaded south India. [[Chandramathi Mudaliar]] was a 17th-century [[Tamils|Tamil]] chieftain and ruler of south [[Kongu Nadu]] (Erode region) who fought many battles against the [[Madurai Nayak]].

Sengunthars attained positions of responsibility at the two major [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temples of [[Srirangam]] and [[Tirupati]]. In Tirupati, they were in charge of distributing the consecrated food offerings to the worshippers. Many Sengunthar families were rich enough to contribute both land and gold to temples.

In the 16th century, some of the Sengunthar migrated to Kerala from Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Ramaswamy 66" />

Multiple clans of Sengunthars were appointed as poets for 24 provinces of [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu Mandalam]] for their proficiency in the Tamil language. These poets were granted rights over land, tax, and ritual privilege during festive occasions for their service.<ref>{{cite book |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |editor= Vijaya Ramaswamy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |pages=28–33 |isbn=9781351558259 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&dq=sengunthar+bank&pg=PA30 }}</ref>

==Traditions and festivals==
Among Sengunthars, abstaining from alcohol and sex is valued. Meat eating, blood sacrifice, spirit possession, and the worship of small gods are all prominent.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Models of Caste and the Left-Hand Division in South India |first=Mattison |last=Mines |date=August 1982 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=467–484 |doi=10.1525/ae.1982.9.3.02a00020 |jstor=643998 }}</ref> Sengunthars practice both vegetarian and non-vegetarian traditions.<ref name="Mines 5">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=15}}</ref>

Each family (kulam) of the Sengunthar had their own ''Kula Deivam'' (deity). Sengunthars share [[Murugan]] as a common deity and additionally have any one of several other deities, such as [[Ankalamma|Angalamman]] or Ambayamman.<ref name="Mines 16">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=62–64}}</ref>

The ''Sura Samharam'' festival is a traditional ritual where Sengunthars dress as the lieutenants of [[Karthikeya]] and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/001946468201900103 |title=Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=19 |pages=47–62 |year=1982 |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Vijaya |s2cid=145467633 }}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
Sengunthars have rights to hold festivals at [[Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple]] at [[Palani]], the third of the six abodes of Lord Murugan because they are descendants of the nine original heroes who helped Lord Murugan at the battle of [[Sura Samhaaram|Sura Samharam]]. During the festival, according to a traditional ritual, Sengunthars dress as the nine lieutenants of [[Murugan]] and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran in the temple.
[[File:Palani Hill Temple.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Shri Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu]]

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
In Andhra Pradesh, Sengunthars are also known as [[Kaikalas|Kaikalas or Karikala Bhakthulu]]. They consider the early Chola emperor [[Karikala Chola]] as their hero. Karikala Chola is said to have conquered the Andhra region around the 3rd century CE and converted forest lands in the state into agricultural lands. There is a bronze statue of Karikala Chola and a [[Satram]] in his name at [[Srisailam]]. The Kaikalas form a part of the ''Thathayagunta Gangamma Jatara'', the annual folk festival held at [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]].

=== Sri Lanka ===
In the flag hoisting ceremony at the [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple]], the Sengunthar families who were military heroes in the old [[Jaffna Kingdom]] have rights to bring out the temple flag and carry it at the Sura Samharam festival. During the flag ceremony, the houses of Sengunthars are decorated with curtains which have pictures of the rooster, the vehicle of Lord Murugan.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dr. Kumar Vadivel |title=Water cutting ceremony of the Nallur Kandasamy temple |language=en |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]] |publisher=Ministry of Hindu Religious Affairs, Sri Lanka |location=Nallur, Sri Lanka |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=32283 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nallur Kandasamy Temple festival begins |language=en |work=[[TamilNet]] |location=Nallur, Sri Lanka |url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=15598 |access-date=10 August 2005}}</ref>

[[File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Kandaswamy Kovil in Nallur, Sri Lanka]]

==Subgroups==
There are subgroups of the caste based on their traditions.

===Siru Thaali Kaikolar===
Siru Thaali Kaikolar, also known as Saami Katti Kaikolars, are characterized by a lingam tied to their arm, a custom that is now defunct.<ref name="Mines 8">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=172}}</ref> Women of this subclass wear small size of the [[Mangala sutra|Mangala Sutra]]. Due to this, the Mangala Sutra is also called a Thali, from the name of the subclass.<ref name="Mines 7">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=24–25}}</ref> They are mainly found in the [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Salem district|Salem]] and [[Namakkal]] districts.<ref name="Mines 9">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=169}}</ref>

===Perun Thaali Kaikolar or Kongu Kaikolar===
Perun Thaali Kaikolars are also known as Kongu Kaikolars and Vellai Seelai Kaikkolars. Women of this section wear a big size of the Mangala Sutra or Thali. Widows belonging to this sub-class wear white [[sari]]s. They are mainly found in [[Coimbatore]] and the Bhavani River Belt in [[Erode]].

===Rattukaara Kaikolar===
Rattukaarar, also known as Rendukaarar, are traditional [[carpet]] makers. They are mainly found in the western region of Tamil Nadu in the [[Chola Nadu]].<ref name="Mines 7"/>

===Thalaikooda Mudaliyar===
Thalaikooda Mudaliyar are originally from Koorainaadu in the [[Tanjore]] district of Chola Nadu.<ref name="Mines 10">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=27}}</ref> Today, they can be found in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="Martinson">{{cite journal |title=Models of Caste and the Left-Hand Division in South India |first=Mattison |last=Mines |date=August 1982 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=477|doi=10.1525/ae.1982.9.3.02a00020 |jstor=643998 }}</ref>

=== Maduraiyar ===
Maiduraiyars are from [[Pandya Nadu]]. They wear the [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi Sundareswarar]] [[Thaali|thali]].

== Current status ==
Sengundhars are a relatively high ranking caste who are close in the status to the [[Vellalar]]s.<ref name="Mines22">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=13}}</ref> They are currently listed as a [[Backward Class]] (BC) in both [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], where they are provided certain reservations in education and public employment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm|title= List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu|publisher= Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/kerala.html|title=Central list of backward classes|publisher= Government of India}}</ref>

The Government of [[Kerala]] has not listed the Sengunthar community in the state's Backward Class list. According to the Kerala government's official stance, Sengunthars are not considered socially or economically backward. However, the Kaikolan community is mentioned in the Other Backward Castes list for both state and central-level reservations in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bcdd.kerala.gov.in/en/communities/state-obc-list/ |title=State list of Other Backward Classes in Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bcdd.kerala.gov.in/en/communities/central-obc-list/ |title=Central list of Other Backward Classes in Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

==Literary references==
*''Senguntha Prabanda Thiratu''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/SenguntharPrabanthaThiratu |title=Senguntha Prabandha Thiratu |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> is a collection of various literary works written about Kaikkolars. It was originally published by Vannakkalanjiyam Kanji Shri Naagalinga Munivar in 1926 and republished in 1993 by Sabapathi Mudaliar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hj0eAAAAIAAJ&q=sengunta|title=The Indian Economic and Social History Review-Delhi School of Economics|date=1982|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=October 2018}} The collection contains:
*''Senkunthar Pillai Tamizh'' by Gnanaprakasa Swamigal, Tirisirapuram Kovintha Pillai and Lakkumanaswami. A collection of songs about the Sungunthars, taken from palm-leaf manuscripts, that was first published in the 18th century in Kanchipuram
*''Eetti Ezhubathu'', the main literary work about Sengunthars. It comprises poetry by Ottakkoothar written in the 12th century CE during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola II]]. It describes the mythical origin of Sengunthar, expeditions of Sengunthar chieftains and also praises the 1008 Kaikolar who were beheaded trying to enable it to be written.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA188 |title=Tamil literature – Kamil Zvelebil |year= 1975|access-date=4 December 2011|isbn=978-9004041905 |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |publisher=BRILL }}</ref>
*''Ezhupezhubathu'', a sequel to ''Eetti Ezhubathu'' written by Ottakkoothar. In this work, he prays the goddess Saraswathi to reattach the heads of the 1008 Sengunthars to their respective bodies.
*''Kalipporubathu'', a collection of ten stanzas compiled by [[Kulothunga Chola III]]. These stanzas were written after ''Ezhupezhubathu'' to express joy when the 1008 heads were reattached. These stanzas include the songs who witnessed it in the court of Raja Raja II including himself which was later compiled by his successor Kulothunga Chozha III
*''Thirukkai Vazhakkam'', which describes the good deeds of Sengunthars and their Saivite religious principles. It was written by Puhalendi.
*''Sengunthar Silaakkiyar Malai'' was written by Kanchi Virabadhra Desigar. It describes the legends and eminent personalities of the Sengunthar community.

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}
*[[Adaviyar]]
*[[Padmashali]]
*[[Tanti]]
*[[Kaikalas]]
*[[Salagama]]
*[[Pattusali]]
*[[List of Sengunthars]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Mines |first=Mattison |year=1984 |title=The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521267144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y089AAAAIAAJ}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Tamil revivalism in the 1930s |first=Eugene F. |last=Irschick |year=1986}}
*{{cite book |title=Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795–1895 |first=Eugene F. |last=Irschick |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780520914322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEOfHfUFTkC}}
*{{cite book |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience |first1=Jan |last1=Lucassen |first2=Leo |last2=Lucassen |publisher=BRILL |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-00427-136-4}}

{{refend}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

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| url = {{URL|https://www.newslaundry.com/|newslaundry.com}}
| commercial =
| type =
| registration =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| language_count = 2
| content_license =
| programming_language=
| owner =
| author =
| editor =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2012|2|6|df=yes}}
| revenue =
| alexa =
| name = ''Newslaundry''
| logocaption =
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Abhinandan Sekhri]]|[[Madhu Trehan]]|Prashant Sareen}}
| current_status = Active
| num_users = 50,000+ paying subscribers (as of July 2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wan-ifra.org/2024/07/user-centric-innovation-drives-subscriptions-at-newslaundry/|title=User-centric innovation drives subscriptions at Newslaundry|first=Neha|last=Gupta|date=4 July 2024|website=WAN-IFRA}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''''Newslaundry''''' is an Indian [[media watchdog]]<ref>References for the term:
*{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54688795 |title=Indian brands reckon with a new challenge: hate |date=30 October 2020 |website=[[BBC]] |publisher=BBC.com |access-date=9 February 2022 |quote= |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209084328/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54688795 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web|last=Sachdev|first=Alisha|date=9 April 2018|title=How Fake News Spreads in India|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/how-fake-news-spreads-in-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705055607/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/how-fake-news-spreads-in-india/|archive-date=5 July 2020|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|access-date=5 August 2020|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 August 2019|title=Study finds SC and ST journalists missing from Indian media|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/study-finds-sc-and-st-journalists-missing-from-indian-news-media/cid/1695824|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824133044/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/study-finds-sc-and-st-journalists-missing-from-indian-news-media/cid/1695824|archive-date=24 August 2020|website=[[Telegraph India]]|access-date=5 August 2020|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 August 2019|title=English newspapers are worse than Hindi on representing Dalit, Adivasi writers: Oxfam India report|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/caste/oxfam-india-report-media-representation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812144818/https://caravanmagazine.in/caste/oxfam-india-report-media-representation|archive-date=12 August 2020|website=[[The Caravan (magazine)|The Caravan]]|language=en|access-date=5 August 2020|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|date=2013-11-07|title=The family feud which is gripping India's media: Editor of 'The Hindu' newspaper resigns|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/the-family-feud-which-is-gripping-indias-media-editor-of-the-hindu-newspaper-resigns-8925384.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322141312/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/the-family-feud-which-is-gripping-indias-media-editor-of-the-hindu-newspaper-resigns-8925384.html|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> that provides media critique, reportage and satirical commentary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dRee392IRS2yrektH1CsHL/The-third-wave-of-digital-news.html|title=The third wave of digital news|first=Venkatesh|last=Upadhyay|date=21 July 2013|website=Livemint|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116200637/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dRee392IRS2yrektH1CsHL/The-third-wave-of-digital-news.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was founded in 2012 by [[Abhinandan Sekhri]], [[Madhu Trehan]] and Prashant Sareen, all of whom earlier worked in print or television journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php/|title=Can the digital revolution save Indian journalism?|website=Columbia Journalism Review|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806032523/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php|url-status=live}}</ref> It is regarded as the first subscription-based news platform in India,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indian Entrepreneurial Journalism|first1=Summer|last1=Harlow|first2=Monica|last2=Chadha|date=26 April 2019|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=20|issue=6|pages=891–910|doi=10.1080/1461670X.2018.1463170|s2cid=150110223}}</ref> operating solely on revenue from public subscriptions rather than donations or advertisements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wezx5YVSz0kIE6EOxU5ZhL/The-big-digital-paywall-question.html|title=The big digital paywall question|first=Shuchi|last=Bansal|date=27 October 2016|website=mint|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411073404/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wezx5YVSz0kIE6EOxU5ZhL/The-big-digital-paywall-question.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
Newslaundry does not rely on advertisement for its revenue, and claims to be solely reliant on subscriptions for their income. The subscriptions allows users access to all stories and podcasts, such as ''NL Hafta'' and ''Let's Talk About'', interactions with the Newslaundry team and subscriber only events and discord server.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Newslaundry. Sabki dhulai. You watch. We're watching.|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/subscription|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604044511/https://www.newslaundry.com/subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/depth-and-breadth-how-news-organisations-navigate-trade-offs-around-building-trust-news | title=Depth and breadth: How news organisations navigate trade-offs around building trust in news | access-date=9 February 2022 | archive-date=9 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209084051/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/depth-and-breadth-how-news-organisations-navigate-trade-offs-around-building-trust-news | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/world/asia/india-modi-media.html|title=India's News Upstarts Challenged Modi. New Rules Could Tame Them.|first1=Mujib|last1=Mashal|first2=Hari|last2=Kumar|work=The New York Times |date=27 March 2021|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

In addition to ground reporting and satirical commentary, Newslaundry hosts many podcasts dedicated to politics, culture and entertainment such as the flagship current affairs podcast ''NL Hafta'' and ''Awful and Awesome''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asiasociety.org/india/asia-society-staff-picks-podcasts-quarantined-soul | title=Asia Society Staff Picks: Podcasts for the Quarantined Soul | access-date=9 February 2022 | archive-date=9 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209083823/https://asiasociety.org/india/asia-society-staff-picks-podcasts-quarantined-soul | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wezx5YVSz0kIE6EOxU5ZhL/The-big-digital-paywall-question.html|title=The big digital paywall question|first=Shuchi|last=Bansal|date=27 October 2016|website=Livemint|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411073404/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wezx5YVSz0kIE6EOxU5ZhL/The-big-digital-paywall-question.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/908291/why-the-indian-podcasting-industry-needs-more-high-quality-crap-in-2019|title=Why the Indian podcasting industry needs more 'high-quality crap' in 2019|first=Rohan|last=Venkataramakrishnan|website=Scroll.in|date=6 January 2019 |access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928141047/https://scroll.in/article/908291/why-the-indian-podcasting-industry-needs-more-high-quality-crap-in-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Newslaundry has developed shows such as ''Clothesline'' (hosted by Madhu Trehan, currently on hiatus), ''Ye Bhi Theek Hai'' (hosted by [[Kunal Kamra]] and [[Sanjay Rajoura]]), ''TV Newsance'' (hosted by Manisha Pande), ''Back in Time'', and ''NL Tippani'' (hosted by Atul Chaurasia) – all of which either probe and critique the Indian media through satire or explore socio-political issues in depth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tv-today-network-takes-newslaundry-to-court-seeks-2-crore-plus-damages-7591458/ | title=TV Today Network takes Newslaundry to court, seeks Rs 2 crore in damages | date=26 October 2021 | access-date=28 October 2021 | archive-date=28 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028064232/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tv-today-network-takes-newslaundry-to-court-seeks-2-crore-plus-damages-7591458/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2015, executive editor Manisha Pande and Sandeep Pai reported on how politicians misuse the [[public sector undertakings in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ramnath-goenka-awards-reporters-who-won-in-print-television-and-digital-media-3739210/|title=RNG Awards: Winners in Print, Television and Digital media|date=6 November 2016|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503130643/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ramnath-goenka-awards-reporters-who-won-in-print-television-and-digital-media-3739210/|url-status=live}}</ref> Their work won the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]] for investigative reporting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rng-excellence-in-journalism-awards-2015-full-list-of-winners-3733730/|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards 2015: Full list of winners|date=3 November 2016|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124151404/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rng-excellence-in-journalism-awards-2015-full-list-of-winners-3733730/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''WAN-IFRA Digital Media Awards Worldwide (2024):'''

The Newslaundry app was honored as the 'Best Innovative Digital Product' at the World Association of News Publishers' Digital Media Awards Worldwide. The jury commended the app for prioritizing user-centric strategies in a subscription-based model. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Neha |date=2024-07-04 |title=User-centric innovation drives subscriptions at Newslaundry |url=https://wan-ifra.org/2024/07/user-centric-innovation-drives-subscriptions-at-newslaundry/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=WAN-IFRA |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Lawsuits ==

=== BCCL defamation lawsuit ===
On 19 January 2021, the [[The Times Group|Bennett, Coleman, and Company Limited]] (BCCL), also commonly known as The Times Group, filed a ₹100 crore civil defamation suit against Newslaundry in the Bombay High Court. The suit alleged that Newslaundry had defamed the director of the BCCL [[Vineet Jain]], as well as Rahul Shivshankar and Navika Kumar, who are the editors of their news channel [[Times Now]]. It claimed that an episode of Newslaundry's ''TV Newsance'' uploaded on 10 October 2020,<ref>{{Citation|title=Toadies Banega Tu? {{!}} TV Newsance Episode: 107| date=10 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CzgJdE5xls|language=en|access-date=2021-03-17|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203042348/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CzgJdE5xls|url-status=live}}</ref> which criticised the news channel for its coverage of the arrest of actress [[Rhea Chakraborty]], was "''beyond the realm of satire, parody or spoof''" and "''false, baseless and highly defamatory''". It further also claimed that the video uploaded on their channel on 27 November 2020 titled ''Explained: How to rig TRP''<ref>{{Citation|title=EXPLAINED: BARC's TV audience measurement system is rotten {{!}} NL Cheatsheet| date=26 November 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWD8oLd4s1g|language=en|access-date=2021-03-17|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015919/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWD8oLd4s1g|url-status=live}}</ref> defamed and maligned the images of Shivashankar and Kumar.

Newslaundry responded to this suit by claiming that the legal notices was an attempt to silence criticism<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Times Group files Rs 100-crore defamation case against 'Newslaundry' for videos on TV anchors|url=https://scroll.in/latest/986456/times-group-files-rs-100-crore-defamation-case-against-newslaundry-for-videos-on-tv-anchors|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Scroll.in|date=10 February 2021 |language=en-US|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311112048/https://scroll.in/latest/986456/times-group-files-rs-100-crore-defamation-case-against-newslaundry-for-videos-on-tv-anchors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=Times of India parent company sues media watchdog Newslaundry for $13.7 million|url=https://cpj.org/2021/01/times-of-india-parent-company-sues-media-watchdog-newslaundry-for-13-7-million/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Committee to Protect Journalists|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225082014/https://cpj.org/2021/01/times-of-india-parent-company-sues-media-watchdog-newslaundry-for-13-7-million/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Times Group sends notice to Newslaundry for Rs 100 crore, unfazed NL does a takedown of notice|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/times-group-sues-newslaundry-rs-100-crore-unfazed-nl-does-takedown-notice-140041|access-date=2021-03-17|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222133039/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/times-group-sues-newslaundry-rs-100-crore-unfazed-nl-does-takedown-notice-140041|url-status=live}}</ref> and also said that "''no one including media should be above scrutiny''".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hakim|first=Sharmeen|date=2021-02-09|title='No One Including Media Should Be Above Scrutiny': Newslaundry Responds to Times Group's Rs 100 Cr Defamation Suit|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/newslaundry-defamation-times-group-times-now-bombay-high-court-100cr-169582|access-date=2021-06-05|website=livelaw.in|language=en|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605080140/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/newslaundry-defamation-times-group-times-now-bombay-high-court-100cr-169582|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== TV Today Group lawsuit ===
On 26 October 2021, the [[India Today Group]] who run the English channel [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] and Hindi channel [[Aaj Tak]] filed a ₹2,00,00,100 civil defamation suit against Newslaundry in the Delhi High Court. The group also claimed that Newslaundry was "piggybacking" on the network and violating its copyright and that Newslaundry has harmed the channel's reputation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-26|title=TV Today network sues Newslaundry in defamation case, seeks Rs. 2 crore {{!}} Web News Observer|url=https://webnewsobserver.com/2021/10/26/tv-today-network-sues-newslaundry-in-defamation-case-seeks-rs-2-crore/|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Web News Observer|language=en-US}}</ref>

The lawsuit sought to remove 34 articles published on the Newslaundry website and 65 videos on the portal's YouTube channel. Furthermore, the suite seeks to remove similar content from Newslaundry's social media on [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]]. The group also struck their YouTube channel was with fifty three copyright strikes which led to five videos being taken down and their channel being frozen for a period of three weeks where Newslaundry was barred from uploading any new videos.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=India Today Group files Rs 2 crore suit against 'Newslaundry' for defamation, copyright infringement|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1008626/india-today-group-files-rs-2-crore-suit-against-newslaundry-for-defamation-copyright-infringement|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Scroll.in|date=26 October 2021 |language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028064003/https://scroll.in/latest/1008626/india-today-group-files-rs-2-crore-suit-against-newslaundry-for-defamation-copyright-infringement|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to this, Newslaundry co-founder [[Abhinandan Sekhri]] in a statement made to [[Scroll.in]] claimed that the case was frivolous. He said:{{blockquote|"It is alarming that these [organisations] are considered the high priests of independent news, free speech and freedom of the press. Now we know why the press and media has come to this stage.... Because of people like the ones in the management of India Today who think that this is a sensible lawsuit. If I were to review a book and I took a paragraph from it, no one goes around accusing me of copyright infringement of the book, but if someone critiques these news channel...since they are not used to being critiqued, they suddenly say that it is copyright infringement.... When we are calling something out, we have to show what we are calling out."<ref name=":0" />}}Newslaundry has contested that Section 52 of the [[Indian Copyright Act]] provides for six exceptions one of which is to criticise or review the original content, and hence claimed that this suit is frivolous as it falls outside the purview of copyright.<ref name=":0" />

In another statement made to the [[Indian Express]], Abhinandan Sekhri said: {{blockquote|"What is alarming to me is that these are the people who are supposed to stand up for a free press and freedom of speech. India Today, which prides itself as a self-congratulatory, fantastic news brand, if this is their understanding of free press and freedom of speech, it explains the dismal state of media."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=TV Today Network takes Newslaundry to court, seeks Rs 2 crore in damages|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tv-today-network-takes-newslaundry-to-court-seeks-2-crore-plus-damages-7591458/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028064232/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/tv-today-network-takes-newslaundry-to-court-seeks-2-crore-plus-damages-7591458/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== Sakal Group lawsuit ===
On 16 September 2020, the [[Sakal Media Group|Sakal Media group]] filed a ₹65 crore defamation notice on Newslaundry for news reports they published and FIR is against the reporter as he used Sakal's trademark logo. Newslaundry published news on 11 June 2020 about employment terminations of employees in [[Sakaal Times|Sakal Times]] happened in May 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Prateek|title='They wanted to get rid of us': Over 50 people laid off as Sakal Times closes down|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/11/they-wanted-to-get-rid-of-us-over-50-people-laid-off-as-sakal-times-closes-down|access-date=2021-11-25|website=Newslaundry|date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004005342/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/06/11/they-wanted-to-get-rid-of-us-over-50-people-laid-off-as-sakal-times-closes-down|url-status=live}}</ref> later [[Sakal Media Group]] legal department cleared the FIR, filed on 16 September, was only against the reporter for [[Trademark infringement|Trademark Infringement]] in his story and not against Newslaundry. Further investigation is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=As Sakal Group files FIR against Newslaundry reporter, portal alleges 'personal vendetta'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/as-sakal-group-files-fir-against-newslaundry-reporter-portal-alleges-personal-vendetta-6931488/|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125065105/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/as-sakal-group-files-fir-against-newslaundry-reporter-portal-alleges-personal-vendetta-6931488/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.newslaundry.com/}}
{{Media of India}}

[[Category:Journalism in India]]
[[Category:Indian journalism organisations]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian websites]]
[[Category:News websites]]
[[Category:Podcasting companies]]
[[Category:Publications established in 2012]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]

Pea

2026-03-19T17:32:09Z

Pipingblog: Revised content for better accuracy

{{short description|Species of plant with edible seeds}}
{{About|one species of plant and its variations}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Pea
|image = Peas in pods - Studio.jpg
|image_caption = Peas are stored in the pod.
|image2 = Doperwt rijserwt peulen Pisum sativum.jpg
|image2_caption = Pea plant
|taxon = Lathyrus oleraceus
|authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]] (1779)<ref name = powo/>
|synonyms={{collapsible list|bullets=true
|title=Synonymy
|''Lathyrus schaeferi'' {{small|Kosterin (2017)}}
|''Pisum abyssinicum'' {{small|A.Braun (1841)}}
|''Pisum album'' {{small|Garsault (1764), opus utique rej.}}
|''Pisum arvense'' {{small|L. (1753)}}
|''Pisum baclium'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum biflorum'' {{small|Raf. (1810)}}
|''Pisum borussicum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum chlorospermum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum coccineum'' {{small|Medik. (1787)}}
|''Pisum coerulescens'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum commune'' {{small|Clavaud (1884)}}
|''Pisum elatius'' {{small|M.Bieb. (1808)}}
|''Pisum elatum'' {{small|Ser. (1825)}}
|''Pisum excorticatum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum fertile'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum granulatum'' {{small|J.Lloyd (1844)}}
|''Pisum hortense'' {{small|Asch. & Graebn. (1910)}}
|''Pisum humile'' {{small|Mill. (1768)}}
|''Pisum humile'' {{small|Boiss. & Noë (1856), nom. illeg.}}
|''Pisum jomardii'' {{small|Schrank (1805)}}
|''Pisum leptolobum'' {{small|Rchb. (1832)}}
|''Pisum macrocarpum'' {{small|Ser. ex Schur (1866)}}
|''Pisum macrospermum'' {{small|Steud. (1841)}}
|''Pisum oleraceus'' var. ''govorovii'' {{small|Golodk. (1935)}}
|''Pisum praecox'' {{small|Steud. (1841)}}
|''Pisum prolificum'' {{small|Steud. (1841)}}
|''Pisum pumilio'' {{small|(Meikle) Greuter (1973)}}
|''Pisum quadratum'' {{small|(L.) Rchb. (1832)}}
|''Pisum ramulare'' {{small|Rchb. (1832)}}
|''Pisum roseum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum rugosum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum saccharatum'' {{small|Rchb. (1832)}}
|''Pisum sativum'' {{small|L. (1753)}}
|''Pisum sibiricum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum smyrnense'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum syriacum'' {{small|C.O.Lehm. ex El-Gadi & al. (1987), nom. superfl.}}
|''Pisum tetragonum'' {{small|Pasq. (1867)}}
|''Pisum thebaicum'' {{small|Willd. (1814)}}
|''Pisum transcaucasicum'' {{small|(Govorov) Stankov (1949), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum tuffetii'' {{small|R.Lesson (1835)}}
|''Pisum umbellatum'' {{small|(L.) Mill. (1768)}}
|''Pisum uniflorum'' {{small|Moench (1794)}}
|''Pisum variegatum'' {{small|C.Presl (1826)}}
|''Pisum viride'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
|''Pisum vulgare'' {{small|J.Jundz. (1830)}}
|''Pisum zeylanicum'' {{small|Steud. (1841), not validly publ.}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:501912-1 ''Lathyrus oleraceus'' Lam.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</ref>
}}

'''Pea''' is a [[Legume|pulse]] or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the [[seed]] or sometimes the [[Glossary of plant morphology#Fruit types|pod]] of this [[flowering plant]] species. Peas are eaten as a vegetable.

[[Carl Linnaeus]] gave the species the scientific name '''''Pisum sativum''''' in 1753 (meaning [[Sativum|cultivated]] pea). Some sources now treat it as '''''Lathyrus oleraceus''''';<ref name="powo" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaefer |first1=Hanno |last2=Hechenleitner |first2=Paulina |last3=Santos-Guerra |first3=Arnoldo |last4=de Sequeira |first4=Miguel Menezes |last5=Pennington |first5=R Toby |last6=Kenicer |first6=Gregory |last7=Carine |first7=Mark A |date=2012 |title=Systematics, biogeography, and character evolution of the legume tribe Fabeae with special focus on the middle-Atlantic island lineages |journal=[[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=250 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-250 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3547781 |pmid=23267563|bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..250S }}</ref> however the need and justification for the change is disputed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Noel |last2=Smýkal |first2=Petr |last3=Maxted |first3=Nigel |last4=Coyne |first4=Clarice |last5=Domoney |first5=Claire |last6=Burstin |first6=Judith |last7=Bouchenak-Khelladi |first7=Yanis |last8=Chayut |first8=Noam
|date=2024 |title=The Taxonomic Status of Genera within the Fabeae (Vicieae), with a Special Focus on ''Pisum'' |journal=[[Diversity (journal)|Diversity]] |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |page=365 |doi=10.3390/d16070365 |bibcode=2024Diver..16..365E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The name "Pea" is also used to describe other edible seeds from the [[Fabaceae]] such as the [[pigeon pea]] (''Cajanus cajan''), the [[cowpea]] (''Vigna unguiculata''), the seeds from several species of ''[[Lathyrus]]'', and [[Swainsona formosa|Sturt's desert pea]] (''Swainsona formosa'').

Each pod contains several seeds (peas), which can have green or yellow [[cotyledons]] when mature. Botanically, pea pods are [[fruit]],<ref>Rogers, Speed (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IEGqWXgcmQEC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169 ''Man and the Biological World''] Read Books. pp. 169–170. {{ISBN|978-1-4067-3304-4}}. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.</ref> since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a "pea" flower.

Peas are [[annual plant]]s, with a [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] of one year. They are a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. The average pea weighs between {{convert|100|and(-)|360|mg|grain|frac=2|abbr=off}}.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/pea.html |title=Pea|website=Purdue.edu |access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref> The immature peas (and in [[snow pea]]s and [[snap pea]]s the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the [[split pea]] shelled from a matured pod. These are the basis of [[pease porridge]] and [[pea soup]], staples of [[medieval cuisine]]; in Europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of [[Early modern European cuisine|early modern cuisine]].

== Description ==
[[File:Doperwt rijserwt bloemen Pisum sativum.jpg|thumb|Flowers]]
[[File:Pisum sativum MHNT.BOT.2010.12.9.jpg|thumb|Ripe pods dehiscing to shed ripe seeds ([[MHNT]])]]

A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diggers.com.au/shop/product/S167/Pea%20Golden%20Podded.aspx |title=Pea Golden Podded|publisher=The Diggers Club|location=Australia |access-date=2018-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126035837/http://www.diggers.com.au/shop/product/S167/Pea%20Golden%20Podded.aspx |archive-date=2012-01-26 }}</ref> or infrequently purple<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glallotments.co.uk/Peas.aspx|title=Purple podded peas|website=Glallotments.co.uk|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318123440/http://glallotments.co.uk/Peas.aspx|archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> pod-shaped [[vegetable]], widely grown as a cool-season crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, with the plants growing best at temperatures of {{convert|13|to|18|C|F}}. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical [[climate]]s, but do grow well in cooler, high-elevation, tropical areas. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4g9kgNSlOUC&pg=PA120|title=Crop Plant Anatomy|date=21 August 2017|publisher=CABI|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781780640198}}</ref>

Peas have both low-growing and [[vine|vining]] cultivars. The vining cultivars grow thin [[tendril]]s from leaves that coil around any available support and can climb to be {{convert|1|to|2|m|ft|0}} high. A traditional approach to supporting climbing peas is to thrust branches pruned from [[tree]]s or other woody plants upright into the soil, providing a lattice for the peas to climb. Branches used in this fashion are called '''pea sticks'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/grow-your-own/vegetables/peas|title=How to grow peas|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> or sometimes '''pea brush'''. Metal fences, [[twine]], or netting supported by a frame are used for the same purpose. In dense plantings, peas give each other some measure of mutual support. Pea plants can [[self-pollinate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/drypea.html|title=Dry Field Pea|website=Purdue.edu|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref>

=== Genome ===
The pea [[karyotype]] consists of seven [[chromosome]]s, five of which are [[acrocentric]] and two [[submetacentric]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=T. H. N. |last2=Poyser |first2=S. J. |date=2002 |title=An integrated and comparative view of pea genetic and cytogenetic maps |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=17–25 |bibcode=2002NewPh.153...17E |doi=10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00302.x |issn=1469-8137 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite its scientific popularity, its relatively large genome size (4.45[[gigabase|Gb]]) made it challenging to sequence compared to other legumes such as ''[[Medicago truncatula]]'' and [[soybean]]s. The International Pea Genome Sequencing Consortium was formed to develop the first pea [[reference genome]], and the draft assembly was officially announced in September 2019. It covers 88% of the genome (3.92Gb) and predicted 44,791 gene-coding sequences. The pea used for the assembly was the inbred French cultivar "Caméor".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kreplak |first1=Jonathan |last2=Madoui |first2=Mohammed-Amin |last3=Burstin |first3=Judith |date=September 2, 2019 |title=A reference genome for pea provides insight into legume genome evolution |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=51 |issue=9 |pages=1411–1422 |doi=10.1038/s41588-019-0480-1 |pmid=31477930 |bibcode=2019NaGen..51.1411K |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2022, a pea [[Pan-genome|pangenome]] was published.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Tao |last2=Liu |first2=Rong |last3=Luo |first3=Yingfeng |last4=Hu |first4=Songnian |last5=Wang |first5=Dong |last6=Wang |first6=Chenyu |last7=Pandey |first7=Manish K. |last8=Ge |first8=Song |last9=Xu |first9=Quanle |last10=Li |first10=Nana |last11=Li |first11=Guan |last12=Huang |first12=Yuning |last13=Saxena |first13=Rachit K. |last14=Ji |first14=Yishan |last15=Li |first15=Mengwei |date=October 2022 |title=Improved pea reference genome and pan-genome highlight genomic features and evolutionary characteristics |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1553–1563 |doi=10.1038/s41588-022-01172-2 |issn=1061-4036 |pmc=9534762 |pmid=36138232 |bibcode=2022NaGen..54.1553Y }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[Carl Linnaeus]] gave the species the scientific name '''''Pisum sativum''''' in 1753 (meaning [[Sativum|cultivated]] pea). Some sources now treat it as '''''Lathyrus oleraceus''''',<ref name="powo" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaefer |first1=Hanno |last2=Hechenleitner |first2=Paulina |last3=Santos-Guerra |first3=Arnoldo |last4=de Sequeira |first4=Miguel Menezes |last5=Pennington |first5=R Toby |last6=Kenicer |first6=Gregory |last7=Carine |first7=Mark A |date=2012 |title=Systematics, biogeography, and character evolution of the legume tribe Fabeae with special focus on the middle-Atlantic island lineages |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=250 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..250S |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-250 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3547781 |pmid=23267563 |doi-access=free}}</ref> although the need and justification for this change is disputed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ellis |first1=Noel |last2=Smýkal |first2=Petr |last3=Maxted |first3=Nigel |last4=Coyne |first4=Clarice |last5=Domoney |first5=Claire |last6=Burstin |first6=Judith |last7=Bouchenak-Khelladi |first7=Yanis |last8=Chayut |first8=Noam |date=2024 |title=The Taxonomic Status of Genera within the Fabeae (Vicieae), with a Special Focus on ''Pisum'' |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |page=365 |doi=10.3390/d16070365 |bibcode=2024Diver..16..365E |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''pea'' originates from the [[Latin]] word {{Lang|la|pisum}},<ref>{{L&S|pisum|ref}}</ref> which is the [[Latinisation (literature)|latinisation]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{Lang|grc|πίσον}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|pison}}), neuter variant form of {{Lang|grc|πίσος}} ({{Lang|grc-latn|pisos}}) 'pea'.<ref>{{LSJ|pi/sos1|πίσος|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|pea}}</ref> It was adopted into [[English language|English]] as the [[noun]] ''pease'' (plural ''peasen''), as in [[pease pudding]]. However, by analogy with other plurals ending in ''-s'', speakers began construing ''pease'' as a [[plural]] and constructing the singular form by dropping the ''-s'', giving the term ''pea''. This process is known as [[back-formation]].<ref>{{Cite OED|pea|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref>

== Varieties ==
[[File:Peas in pods 2016 G1.jpg|thumb|A basket of pea pods]]
=== Garden peas ===
There are many varieties ([[cultivar]]s) of garden peas. Some of the most common varieties are listed here. ''PMR'' indicates some degree of [[powdery mildew]] resistance; ''afila'' types, also called semi-leafless, have clusters of tendrils instead of leaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nwrec.hort.oregonstate.edu/pea-w.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403002740/http://nwrec.hort.oregonstate.edu/pea-w.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-04-03|title=Peas-Western Oregon, Commercial Vegetable Production Guides|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> Unless otherwise noted these are so called dwarf varieties which grow to an average height of about 1&nbsp;m. Giving the vines support is recommended, but not required. Extra dwarf are suitable for container growing, reaching only about 25&nbsp;cm. Tall varieties grow to about 2&nbsp;m with support required.<ref>{{cite web |title=Growing Peas the Right Way |url=https://www.grit.com/farm-and-garden/growing-peas-ze0z1305zsau |website=Grit |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>
* Alaska, 55 days (smooth seeded)
* Tom Thumb / Half Pint, 55 days ([[Heirloom plant|heirloom]], extra dwarf)
* Thomas Laxton (heirloom) / Laxton's Progress / Progress #9, 60–65 days
* Mr. Big, 60 days, 2000 [[All-America Selections|AAS]] winner
* Little Marvel, 63 days, 1934 AAS winner
* Early Perfection, 65 days<ref>{{cite web | title = Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America | url = http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/peagreenal.html|website=Cuke.hort.ncsu.edu|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref>
* Kelvedon Wonder, 65 days, 1997 [[Award of Garden Merit|RHS AGM]] winner<ref>Kelvedon Wonder is popular in the United Kingdom, but uncommon elsewhere.</ref>
* Sabre, 65 days, PMR
* Homesteader / Lincoln, 67 days (heirloom, known as ''Greenfeast'' in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]])
* Miragreen, 68 days (tall climber)
* Serge, 68 days, PMR, afila
* Wando, 68 days
* Green Arrow, 70 days
* Recruit, 70 days, PMR, afila<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purelineseed.com/seeds/peas/late-season-varieties/recruit-peas|title=Recruit Peas|publisher=Pure Line Seeds|access-date=February 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217052339/http://purelineseed.com/seeds/peas/late-season-varieties/recruit-peas|archive-date=February 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Tall Telephone / Alderman, 75 days (heirloom, tall climber)

{{anchor|Sugar}}
=== Edible-pod peas ===
[[File:Peas for stir fry.jpg|thumb|upright|Handful of pea pods for a [[stir fry]]]]

Some peas lack the tough membrane inside the pod wall and have tender edible pods,<ref name="Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie-1883">{{cite wikisource|title=Les_Plantes_potagères|wslanguage=fr|author=Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie|year=1883|chapter=Pois}}</ref> allowing them to be eaten whole. There are two main types:<ref>{{Citation|last1=Myers|first1=James R.|title=Origin, History, and Genetic Improvement of the Snap Pea (Pisum sativum L.)|date=2010-06-22|work=Plant Breeding Reviews|pages=93–138|editor-last=Janick|editor-first=Jules|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470650196.ch3|isbn=978-0-470-65019-6|last2=Baggett|first2=James R.|last3=Lamborn|first3=Calvin}}</ref>
* [[Snow pea]]s have flat pods with thin pod walls. Pods and seeds are eaten when they are very young.
* [[Snap pea]]s (also known as sugar snap peas) have rounded pods with thick pod walls. Pods and seeds are eaten before maturity.

The name '''sugar pea''' can include both types<ref name="Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie-1883" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Arthey |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d13ew2Du-gEC&pg=PA36 |title=Vegetable Processing |last2=Dennis |first2=Colin |date=1991-01-15 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-19859-8 |language=en}}</ref> or be synonymous with either snow peas or snap peas in different dictionaries.<ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sugar+pea|title=sugar pea|encyclopedia=TheFreeDictionary.com|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> The term '''mangetout''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ̃|ʒ|ˌ|t|uː}}; from {{langx|fr|pois mange-tout}}, 'eat-all pea') is generally used in British English to refer to the snow pea specifically,<ref>{{Cite news |title=mangetout |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mangetout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125074114/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mangetout |archive-date=2023-11-25 |access-date=2025-08-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangetout definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mangetout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428223132/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mangetout |archive-date=2021-04-28 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> but may also refer to a snap pea, especially when used in other contexts.

Snow peas and snap peas both belong to Macrocarpon Group,<ref name=JMS>{{Cite web|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv109|title=Pea, Snap—Pisum sativum L. (Macrocarpon group)|last=Stephens|first=James M.|date=2018-11-05|website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214125729/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv109|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/snow+pea|title=Definition of SNOW PEA|encyclopedia=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> a [[cultivar group]] based on the variety ''Pisum sativum'' var. ''macrocarpum'' [[Ser.]] named in 1825.<ref name="Candolle-1825">{{Cite book|last=Candolle|first=Augustin Pyramus de|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7151|title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta|date=1825|publisher=Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz|volume=2|location=Paris}}</ref> It was described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the original publication.
==={{Anchor|Field pea|Field peas}}Field peas===
[[File:Blauwschokker Kapucijner rijserwt Pisum sativum.jpg|thumb|upright|Pod 'Blue Schokker']]
[[File:Blauwschokker Kapucijner rijserwt bloem Pisum sativum.jpg|thumb|upright|Field pea plant in bloom]]

The '''field pea''' is a type of pea sometimes called ''Pisum sativum'' subsp. ''arvense'' (L.) Asch. It is also known as dun (grey-brown) pea, Kapucijner pea, or Austrian winter pea, and is one of the oldest domesticated crops, cultivated for at least 7,000 years. Field peas are now grown in many countries for both human consumption and stockfeed. There are several cultivars and colors including blue, dun (brown), maple and white. This pea should not be confused with the [[cowpea]] (''Vigna unguiculata'') which is sometimes called the "field pea" in warmer climates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Field pea, (Pisum sativum)|url=http://www.pulseaus.com.au/Fieldpea.aspx|publisher=Pulse Australia|access-date=2019-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104115649/http://www.pulseaus.com.au/Fieldpea.aspx|archive-date=2013-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=French|first=Bob|title=Crop management Growing field pea|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/fcp/lp/southern_pulse_manual_ch2.pdf|publisher=Australia, Dept. of Agriculture and Food|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403092440/https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/fcp/lp/southern_pulse_manual_ch2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is a climbing annual legume with weak, viny, and relatively succulent stems. Vines often are {{convert|120-150|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} long, but when grown alone, field pea's weak stems prevent it from growing more than {{convert|45-60|cm|ft|frac=2|abbr=on}} tall. Leaves have two leaflets and a tendril. Flowers are white, pink, or purple. Pods carry seeds that are large (seed densities of {{convert|4000|/lb|/kg|order=flip|abbr=on|disp=or}}), nearly spherical, and white, gray, green, or brown. The root system is relatively shallow and small, but well nodulated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sattell|first=R|title=Field Pea|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/15224/em8698.pdf|publisher=Oregon State U.}}</ref>

The field pea is a cool-season legume crop that is grown on over {{convert|25|e6acre|e6ha|order=flip|abbr=off|sigfig=2}} worldwide. It has been an important [[grain legume]] crop for millennia, seeds showing domesticated characteristics dating from at least 7,000 years ago have been found in archaeological sites around what is now [[Turkey]]. Field peas or "dry peas" are marketed as a dry, shelled product for either human or [[livestock]] food, unlike the garden pea, which is marketed as a fresh or canned vegetable. The major producing countries of field peas are Russia and China, followed by Canada, Europe, Australia and the United States. Europe, Australia, Canada and the U.S. raise over {{convert|1.8|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=off|sigfig=2}} and are major exporters of peas. In 2002, there were approximately {{convert|120000|ha|acre|sigfig=2}} of field peas grown in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|last=McKay|first=Kent|title=Field Pea Production|url=http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/pulse-info/resources-pdf/Fieldpea%20production%20guide.pdf|publisher=North Dakota State University|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010235504/https://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/pulse-info/resources-pdf/Fieldpea%20production%20guide.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The wild pea is restricted to the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and the Near East. The earliest archaeological finds of peas date from about [[Neolithic|10'000 B.C.]] [[Near East]] and [[History_of_Central_Asia#Prehistory|Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trněný |first1=Oldřich |last2=Brus |first2=Jan |last3=Hradilová |first3=Iveta |last4=Rathore |first4=Abhishek |last5=Das |first5=Roma R. |last6=Kopecký |first6=Pavel |last7=Coyne |first7=Clarice J. |last8=Reeves |first8=Patrick |last9=Richards |first9=Christopher |last10=Smýkal |first10=Petr |date=2018-11-06 |title=Molecular Evidence for Two Domestication Events in the Pea Crop |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=535 |doi=10.3390/genes9110535 |doi-access=free |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=6265838 |pmid=30404223|quote=1.Introduction - Archaeological evidence dates the origin of cultivated pea 10,000 BC in the Near East [12,40] and Central Asia [10,41]. }}</ref> In Egypt, early finds date from {{Circa|4800}}–4400&nbsp;BC in the [[Nile Delta]] area, and from c. 3800–3600&nbsp;BC in Upper Egypt. In northern Europe, specifically Fennoscandia, findings of pea data back to 4000 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hagenblad |first1=Jenny |last2=Boström |first2=Erik |last3=Nygårds |first3=Lena |last4=Leino |first4=Matti W. |date=February 2014 |title=Genetic diversity in local cultivars of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) conserved 'on farm' and in historical collections |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10722-013-0046-5 |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=413–422 |doi=10.1007/s10722-013-0046-5 |bibcode=2014GRCEv..61..413H |issn=0925-9864}}</ref> The pea was also present in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in the 5th millennium BC. Farther east, the finds are younger. Peas were present in [[Afghanistan]] c.&nbsp;2000&nbsp;BC, in [[Harappan civilization]] around modern-day [[Pakistan]] and western- and northwestern [[India]] in 2250–1750&nbsp;BC. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, this [[Pulse (legume)|legume crop]] appears in the [[Ganges Basin]] and southern India.<ref>Zohary, Daniel and Hopf, Maria (2000). ''Domestication of Plants in the Old World'', third edition. Oxford: University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-850356-9}}. pp. 105–107.</ref>

== Cultivation ==
[[File:2DU Kenya 84 (5367322092).jpg|thumb|Woman picking peas in [[Mount Kenya]] region]]

=== History ===
In early times, peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds.<ref>Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, ''A History of Food'', 2nd ed. 2009:38ff.</ref> From plants growing wild in the Mediterranean Basin, constant selection since the [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithic dawn of agriculture]]<ref>Peas have been found in the Neolithic site of Abeurador in the south of France (Toussaint-Samat).</ref> improved their yield.

Peas are mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]'s ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]''. The Greeks and Romans were cultivating this legume from around 500 BC to 400 BC, with vendors in the streets of [[Athens]] selling hot pea soup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch52.html|title=Peas: History, Uses, Folklore, Growing, Nutrition, Purchasing, Preparation, Recipe: Pease Porridge Hot, Pease Porridge Cold|access-date=February 20, 2007|publisher=Vegetarians in Paradise: A Los Angeles Vegetarian Web Magazine|author=Zel and Reuben Allen|archive-date=April 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427183359/http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch52.html|url-status=dead}}: "vendors in the streets of [classical] Athens were selling hot pea soup."</ref>

In the early 3rd century BC, [[Theophrastus]] mentions peas among the [[Pulse (legume)|legumes]] that are sown late in the winter because of their tenderness.<ref>Theophrastus, ''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]'', VIII.i.4.</ref>
[[File:Dried Green Peas.jpg|thumb|upright|Dried green peas]]
In the first and second centuries BC, [[Cato the Elder]] and [[Varro]] both mention peas in their respective works [[De agri cultura]] and [[De re rustica (Varro)|De re rustica]].<ref>Hooper, William Davis & Ash, Harrison Boyd: ''Marcus Porcius Cato, On agriculture; Marcus Terentius Varro, On agriculture'' Volume 283 of Loeb classical library. Loeb classical library. Latin authors. Harvard University Press, 1934. Pages 141, 257, 299, 465.</ref> It is also mentioned frequently in [[Apicius|de re coquinaria]] by [[Apicius (2nd century AD)|Apicius]] and occurs in many different recipes.

In the [[Middle Ages]], field peas are constantly mentioned, as they were the staple that kept [[famine]] at bay, as [[Charles the Good]], count of [[Flanders]], noted explicitly in 1124.<ref>Edict quoted in Michel Pitrat and Claude Four, ''Histoires de légumes: Des origines à l'orée du XXIe siècle'', "Le pois au cours des siècles" :353.</ref>

Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of [[Early Modern Europe]]. In England, the distinction between ''[[#Field peas|field peas]]'' and ''[[#Garden peas|garden peas]]'' dates from the early 17th century: [[John Gerard]] and [[John Parkinson (botanist)|John Parkinson]] both mention garden peas.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} [[#Edible-pod peas|Snow and snap peas]], which the French called {{lang|fr|mange-tout}}, because they were eaten pods and all, were introduced to France from the market gardens of [[Holland]] in the time of [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV]], through the French ambassador. Green peas were introduced from [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] to the court of [[Louis XIV]] in January 1660, with some staged fanfare. A [[hamper]] of them was presented before the King. They were shelled by [[Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons|the Savoyan comte de Soissons]], who had married a niece of [[Cardinal Mazarin]]. Little dishes of peas were then presented to the King, the Queen, Cardinal Mazarin and Monsieur, the king's brother.<ref>An account is in Toussaint-Samat.</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2017}} Immediately established and grown for earliness warmed with [[manure]] and protected [[Greenhouse|under glass]], they were still a luxurious delicacy in 1696, when [[Mme de Maintenon]] and [[Mme de Sevigné]] each reported that they were "a fashion, a fury".<ref>Quoted by Michel Pitrat and Claude Four.</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2017}}

The first ''sweet tasting pea'' was developed in the 18th century by amateur plant breeder Thomas Edward Knight of Downton, near Salisbury, England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pea Facts |url=https://peas.org/pea-facts/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Yes Peas!}}</ref> Modern [[split pea]]s, with their indigestible skins rubbed off, are a development of the later 19th century. The first pea harvesting machine ("pea viner") able to shell peas through impact was invented around 1890 by [[John Alexander Chisholm]].

=== Harvesting ===
Large-scale commercial harvesting of peas without edible pods can be accomplished using specialized pea harvester machines (also called ''pea viners'') that strip them from their vines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wigdahl |first1=Nicholas |title=Exotic and unusual harvesters – peas, beans and spinach |url=https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/exotic-unusual-harvesters-peas-beans-spinach |website=Farmers Weekly |date=26 February 2016 |publisher=MA Agriculture Ltd, a Mark Allen Group company |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

By contrast, the two edible-pod pea varieties snow peas<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watson |first1=Andrew |last2=Yousiph |first2=Amira |last3=Liew |first3=Edwar |last4=Duff |first4=John |last5=Brown |first5=Lee |last6=Snudden |first6=Meryl |last7=Church |first7=Caroline |last8=Martin |first8=Heidi |title=Fusarium wilt of snow peas. |url=https://ausveg.com.au/app/data/technical-insights/docs/VG05029%20Final%20Report.pdf |website=AUSVEG |publisher=NSW Department of Industry and Investment |access-date=25 June 2025 |page=15}}</ref> and snap peas<ref name="snap-pea-robot-poc">{{cite journal |last1=Tejada |first1=V. F. |last2=Stoelen |first2=M. F. |last3=Kusnierek |first3=K. |last4=Heiberg |first4=N. |last5=Korsaeth |first5=A. |title=Proof-of-concept robot platform for exploring automated harvesting of sugar snap peas |journal=Precision Agriculture |date=1 December 2017 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=952–972 |doi=10.1007/s11119-017-9538-1 |bibcode=2017PrAgr..18..952T }}</ref> are still usually picked by hand. A prototype for an automated snap pea harvester was being researched in 2017.<ref name="snap-pea-robot-poc" />

=== Grading ===
Pea grading involves sorting peas by size, in which the smallest peas are graded as the highest quality for their tenderness.<ref name="Sivasankar">Sivasankar, B. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tbxGHBUY0BcC&pg=PA175 ''Food Processing and Preservation'']. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 175–177. {{ISBN|8120320867}}</ref> Brines may be used, in which peas are floated, from which their density can be determined.<ref name="Sivasankar" />
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"
|+ Green pea production {{small|2023, tonnes}}
|-
|{{CHN}} ||11,821,097
|-
|{{IND}} ||6,592,000
|-
|{{PAK}} ||401,866
|-
|{{FRA}} ||268,200
|-
|{{USA}} ||237,270
|-
|{{ALG}} ||211,552
|-
|{{UK}} ||155,616
|-
|'''World''' ||'''21,484,769'''
|-
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Green pea production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Pests and diseases ===
{{Main|List of pea diseases}}

A variety of diseases affect peas through a number of [[pathogen]]s, including insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=D. J. |url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A1167.pdf |title=Handbook of pea diseases |publisher=University of Wisconsin - Extension |year=1976}}</ref> In particular, virus disease of peas has worldwide economic importance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagedorn |first=Donald J. |title=Virus Diseases of Pea, ''Pisum sativum'' |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |year=1974 |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |page=7}}</ref> Additionally, the diseases limiting to global yield potential of pea are members of the pea root rot complex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rubiales |first1=Diego |last2=Barilli |first2=Eleonora |last3=Rispail |first3=Nicolas |date=2023-09-18 |title=Breeding for Biotic Stress Resistance in Pea |journal=Agriculture |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1825 |doi=10.3390/agriculture13091825 |bibcode=2023Agric..13.1825R |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0472|hdl=10261/336464 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Additionally, insects such as the pea leaf weevil (''[[Sitona lineatus]]'') can damage peas and other pod fruits. The pea leaf weevil is native to Europe, but has spread to other places such as [[Alberta, Canada]]. They are about {{convert|3.5-5.5|mm|in|frac=64|abbr=on}} long and are distinguishable by three light-coloured stripes running length-wise down the [[thorax]]. The weevil [[larva]]e feed on the [[root nodule]]s of pea plants, which are essential to the plants' supply of [[nitrogen]], and thus diminish leaf and stem growth. Adult weevils feed on the leaves and create a notched, "c-shaped" appearance on the outside of the leaves.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barkley |first=Shelley |date=2007-05-02 |title=Pea Leaf Weevil |url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm11287 |access-date=2009-04-05 |work=Agriculture and Rural Development website |publisher=Government of Alberta}}</ref>

The [[Cydia nigricana|pea moth]] can be a serious pest producing caterpillars that resemble small white maggots in the pea pods. The caterpillars eat the developing peas making them unsightly and unsuitable for culinary use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pea moth |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=660 |access-date=21 February 2021 |publisher=Royal horticultural Society}}</ref> Prior to the use of modern insecticides, pea moth caterpillars were a very common sight in pea pods.

==Production==
{{owidslider
|start = 2023
|list = Template:OWID/pea production#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:pea production, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Pea production]]
|startingView = World
}}

In 2023, world production of green peas was 21.5 million [[tonne]]s, led by China and India with 86% of the total when combined (table).

== Potential adverse effects ==
Some people experience [[allergic reaction]]s to peas, with [[vicilin]] or convicilin as the most common allergens.<ref name="Sanchez-Monge2004">{{cite journal |last=Sanchez-Monge |first=R. |author2=G. Lopez-Torrejon |author3=C. Y. Pascual |author4=J. Varela |author5=M. Martin-Esteban |author6=G. Salcedo |year=2004 |title=Vicilin and convicilin are potential major allergens from pea |journal=Clinical & Experimental Allergy |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=1747–1753 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02085.x |issn=0954-7894 |pmid=15544600 |s2cid=24690605}}</ref>

{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Peas, green, raw (fresh)
| image = (Pisum sativum), A pea is a most commonly green.JPG
| kJ = 339
| water = 79 g
| protein = 5.42 g
| fat = 0.4 g
| carbs = 14.45 g
| fiber = 5.1 g
| sugars = 5.67 g
| calcium_mg = 25
| iron_mg = 1.47
| magnesium_mg = 33
| phosphorus_mg = 108
| potassium_mg = 244
| sodium_mg = 5
| zinc_mg = 1.24
| manganese_mg = 0.41
| vitC_mg = 40
| thiamin_mg = 0.266
| riboflavin_mg = 0.132
| niacin_mg = 2.09
| vitB6_mg = 0.169
| folate_ug = 65
| vitA_ug = 38
| betacarotene_ug = 449
| lutein_ug = 2477
| vitE_mg = 0.13
| vitK_ug = 24.8
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170419/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

== Uses ==

=== Nutrition ===
Raw green peas are 79% water, 14% [[carbohydrate]]s, 5% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and contain negligible [[fat]]. In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g|oz|abbr=off|frac=2}}, raw green peas supply {{convert|339|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]], and are a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[vitamin C]], [[vitamin K]], and [[thiamine]], with several [[B vitamins]] and [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]] in moderate amounts (10–18% DV) (table).

=== Culinary ===
In modern times peas are usually boiled or [[steamed]], which breaks down the cell walls and makes them taste sweeter and the nutrients more [[Bioavailability|bioavailable]]. Along with [[broad bean]]s and [[lentil]]s, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>{{Citation
|last1=Bianchini |first1=F. |last2=Corbetta |first2=F. |year=1976 |title=The Complete Book of Fruits and Vegetables |place=New York |publisher=Crown |isbn=978-0-517-52033-8 |page=40}}</ref> By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hedrick |first=U.P. |year=1919 |chapter=Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants |title=Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1919 II |place=Albany |publisher=J.B Lyon Company, State Printers |chapter-url=http://food.oregonstate.edu/glossary/p/pplant189.html |access-date=Feb 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718234523/http://food.oregonstate.edu/glossary/p/pplant189.html |archive-date=July 18, 2011 }}</ref> New cultivars of peas were developed by the English during this time, which became known as "garden" or "English" peas. The popularity of green peas spread to [[North America]]. [[Thomas Jefferson]] grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kafka |first=B. |year=2005 |title=Vegetable Love |place=New York |publisher=Artisan |isbn=978-1-57965-168-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/vegetablelove00kafk/page/297 297] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vegetablelove00kafk/page/297 }}</ref> With the invention of canning, peas were one of the first vegetables to be canned.{{sfn|Bitting|1909|p=5}}

[[File:Chinese Chawal in Basmati.jpg|thumb|Peas in [[fried rice]]]]
Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with [[butter]] or [[spearmint]] as a side dish vegetable. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in [[pot pie]]s, salads and [[casserole]]s. Pod peas ([[snow pea]]s and [[snap pea]]s) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in [[American Chinese cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pccnaturalmarkets.com/health/Food_Guide/Snow_Peas.htm|title=Product how-to guides|work=PCC Natural Markets}}</ref> Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly, are best preserved by drying, [[canning]] or [[freezing]] within a few hours of harvest.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1|contribution=Peas |title=Glossary: BBC Good Food |publisher=BBC |contribution-url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/peas |access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

Dried peas are often made into a [[soup]] or simply eaten on their own. In [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]] and some [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, including [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Malaysia]], peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as [[snack]]s. In the Philippines, peas, while still in their pods, are a common ingredient in viands and [[pansit]]. In the UK, dried yellow or green split peas are used to make [[pease pudding]] (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. In North America, a similarly traditional dish is split [[pea soup]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://whatscookingamerica.net/soup/split-pea-soup.htm
| title = Classic Split Pea Soup History and Recipe
| last = Stradley
| first = Linda
| date = n.d.
| website = What's Cooking America
| publisher =
| access-date = 10 November 2023
| quote = }}</ref>

Pea soup is eaten in many other parts of the world, including [[northern Europe]], parts of [[middle Europe]], [[Russia]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lansbladet.se/vasterbotten/tidningen/200803/pdf/18.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229225644/http://www.lansbladet.se/vasterbotten/tidningen/200803/pdf/18.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2016|title=lansbladet.se|date=29 December 2016|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

In [[India]], fresh peas are used in various dishes such as ''[[aloo matar]]'' (curried potatoes with peas) or ''[[mattar paneer]]'' ([[paneer]] cheese with peas), though they can be substituted with frozen peas as well. Peas are also eaten raw, as they are sweet when fresh off the bush. Green peas known as hasiru batani in [[Kannada]] are used to make curry and gasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udupi-recipes.com/2014/05/potato-pea-curry-batani-gasi-recipe-chapati-side-dish.html|title=Batani Gasi Recipe|date=19 May 2014|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> Split peas are also used to make ''[[dal]]'', particularly in [[Guyana]], and [[Trinidad]], where there is a significant population of [[Indian people|Indians]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In [[Chinese cuisine]], the tender new growth [leaves and stem] {{Lang|zh-latn|dou miao}} ([[:zh:豆苗|豆苗]]; {{Lang|zh-latn|dòu miáo}}) are commonly used in stir-fries. Much like picking the leaves for tea, the farmers pick the tips off of the pea plant.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In [[Greece]], [[Tunisia]], [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]], and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with lamb and potatoes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In [[Hungary]] and [[Serbia]], pea soup is often served with [[dumpling]]s and spiced with hot [[paprika]].<ref name="hung_Gree">{{Cite web |title=Green Pea Soup, Hungarian - Soups - Recipes |last=László |first=Vida |work=hungarianpaprika.net |access-date=11 December 2019 |url= https://hungarianpaprika.net/en/recipes-page-10/soups-blogcat-2/green_pea_soup__hungarian-blog-3/}}</ref><ref name="hung_Hung">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Pea Soup – Borsóleves |work=Hungarian Tidbits |date=15 September 2013 |access-date=11 December 2019 |url= https://www.hungariantidbits.com/hungarian-pea-soup-borsoleves/}}</ref><ref name="just_Hung">{{Cite web |title=Hungarian Pea Soup with Nokedli |work=Just a Taste |date=21 January 2009 |access-date=11 December 2019 |url= https://www.justataste.com/hungarian-pea-soup-with-nokedli/}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, dried, rehydrated and mashed [[marrowfat peas]], or cooked green split peas, known as [[mushy peas]], are popular, originally in the north of England, but now ubiquitously, and especially as an accompaniment to [[fish and chips]] or [[meat pie]]s, particularly in [[fish and chip shop]]s. [[Sodium bicarbonate]] is sometimes added to soften the peas. In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the pea to be Britain's seventh favourite culinary vegetable.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/23/britishidentity.foodanddrink | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Onions come top for British palates | first=Martin | last=Wainwright | date=2005-05-23}}</ref>

Processed peas are mature peas which have been dried, soaked and then heat treated (processed) to prevent spoilage—in the same manner as [[Pasteurization|pasteurizing]]. Cooked peas are sometimes sold dried and coated with [[wasabi]], [[salt]], or other spices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hesca.org/nutrition/are-wasabi-peas-good-for-you/ |title=Are Wasabi Peas Good For You |last=Enders |first=Missy |website=The Healthy & Smart Choice Advocates |publisher=HESCA |access-date=June 24, 2018 |date=2016-10-03 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072436/http://www.hesca.org/nutrition/are-wasabi-peas-good-for-you/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In North America [[pea milk]] is produced and sold as an alternative to [[cow milk]] for a variety of reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/what-is-pea-milk|title=If You Like Almond Milk, You'll Love...Pea Milk?|last=Vrabel|first=Jeff|date=2016-07-10|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Wasabi peas - Massachusetts.jpg|[[Wasabi]] peas
File:Fish and chips at Sainsbury's Low Hall, Chingford, London.jpg|[[Fish and chips]] with peas
File:Pea soup 2.jpg|[[Pea soup]]
File:Aloo Matar.JPG|[[Aloo mutter]]
File:Matar Panir mit Chapati - Mutter Paneer with chapati.jpg|[[Matar paneer]] with [[chapati]]
</gallery>

=== Pea sprouts ===
{{Main|Pea shoots}}

[[File:Dao miao, snow pea shoots-sprouts.jpg|thumb|Pea sprouts]]
In East Asia, pea sprouts or shoots ({{lang|zh|豆苗}}; {{lang|ko|완두순}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fooddb.com.hk/chi_fruit.php?id=15&type=1 |work=香港食物規格資料庫網站 |title=莖葉類蔬菜: 豆苗 |trans-title=Stem and Leaves Vegetables: Pea Sprouts |access-date=2021-03-05 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804133755/http://www.fooddb.com.hk/chi_fruit.php?id=15&type=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> were once dedicated cuisine{{Clarify|reason=what does dedicated mean here?|date=January 2024}} when the plant was less highly available. Today, when the plant can be easily grown, fresh pea shoots are available in supermarkets or may be grown at home.

=== Manufacturing ===
==== Frozen peas ====
[[File:Frozen peas.JPG|right|thumb|Frozen green peas]]

In order to freeze and preserve peas, they must first be grown, picked, and shelled. Usually, the more tender the peas are, the more likely that they will be used in the final product. The peas must be put through the process of freezing shortly after being picked so that they do not spoil too soon. Once the peas have been selected, they are placed in ice water and allowed to cool. After, they are sprayed with water to remove any residual dirt or dust that may remain on them. The next step is [[blanching (cooking)|blanching]]. The peas are boiled for a few minutes to remove any enzymes that may shorten their shelf life. They are then cooled and removed from the water. The final step is the actual freezing to produce the final product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Frozen-Vegetable.html|title=How frozen vegetable is made - production process, making, used, processing, product, industry, machine|work=madehow.com}}</ref> This step may vary considerably; some companies freeze their peas by air blast freezing, where the vegetables are put through a tunnel at high speeds and frozen by cold air. Finally, the peas are packaged and shipped out for retail sale.

=== Science ===
In the mid-19th century, Austrian monk [[Gregor Mendel]]'s observations of pea pods led to the principles of [[Mendelian genetics]], the foundation of modern [[genetics]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nasmyth, K |title=The magic and meaning of Mendel's miracle|journal=Nat Rev Genet|volume=23|pages=447–452|year=2022|issue=7 |doi=10.1038/s41576-022-00497-2|pmid=35595848 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio105/Spring15/Lecture2/Rediscovery%20of%20Mendel.pdf|title=The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work |publisher=General College, University of Minnesota|journal=Bioscene|volume=27|number=2|date=May 2001|first=Randy|last=Moore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216153032/http://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio105/Spring15/Lecture2/Rediscovery%20of%20Mendel.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> He ended up growing and examining about 28,000 pea plants in the course of his experiments.<ref name=h2g2>{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/dna/h2g2/A6257865|title=h2g2 - The Garden Pea - Edited Entry|first=Not Panicking|last=Ltd|website=H2g2.com|date=December 2005 |access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

Mendel chose peas for his experiments because he could grow them easily, pure-bred strains were readily available,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ellis, T.H.N.|author2= Hofer, J.M.I.|author3= Swain, M.T.|author4= Van Dijk, P.J.|title= Mendel's pea crosses: varieties, traits and statistics|journal=Hereditas|volume=156|issue=33 |year=2019|page= 33|doi=10.1186/s41065-019-0111-y|doi-access= free|pmid= 31695583|pmc= 6823958}}</ref> and the structure of the flowers protect them from cross-pollination, and cross pollination was easy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/browse/ | title=ESP Classical Genetics }}</ref> Mendel cross-bred tall and dwarf pea plants, green and [[yellow pea]]s, purple and white flowers, wrinkled and smooth peas, and a few other traits. He then observed the resulting offspring. In each of these cases, one trait is dominant and all the offspring, or Filial-1 (abbreviated F1) generation, showed the dominant trait. Then he allowed the F1 generation to self pollinate and observed their offspring, the Filial-2 (abbreviated F2) generation. The F2 plants had the dominant trait in approximately a 3:1 ratio. He studied later generations of self pollinated plants, and performed crosses to determine the nature of the pollen and egg cells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Experiments in Plant Hybridization|year=1865|author=
Gregor Mendel|url=http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/gm-65-a.pdf}}</ref>

Mendel reasoned that each parent had a 'vote' in the appearance of the offspring, and the non-dominant, or [[Dominance (genetics)|recessive]], trait appeared only when it was inherited from both parents. He did further experiments that showed each trait is separately inherited. Unwittingly, Mendel had solved a major problem with [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[theory of evolution]]: how new traits were preserved and not blended back into the population, a question Darwin himself did not answer. Mendel's work was published in an obscure Austrian journal and was not rediscovered until about 1900.<ref name=mendel>{{cite web|url=http://naturalselection.0catch.com/Files/gregormendel.html|title=Gregor Mendel - Father of Genetics|website=naturalselection.0catch.com|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905152043/http://naturalselection.0catch.com/Files/gregormendel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Nitrogen fixation ===
[[File:Snow pea flowers.jpg|thumb|upright|Pea flowers]]
Peas, like many legumes, contain [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] bacteria called ''[[Rhizobia]]'' within [[root nodule]]s of their [[root|root systems]]. These bacteria have the special ability to [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen ({{chem2|N2}}) into [[ammonia]] ({{chem2|NH3}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm|title=Biological Sciences|website=Biology.ed.ac.uk|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214211/http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/archive/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The chemical reaction is:
:{{chem2|N2 + 8H+ + 8e- -> 2NH3 + H2}}
Ammonia is then converted to another form, [[ammonium]] ({{chem2|NH4+}}), usable by (some) plants, by the following reaction:
:{{chem2|NH3 + H+ -> NH4+}}
The root nodules of peas and other legumes are sources of nitrogen that they can use to make [[amino acid]]s, constituents of proteins. Hence, legumes are good sources of [[plant protein]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lawrence|first1=John M.|last2=Grant|first2=D. R.|date=September 1963|title=Nitrogen Mobilization in Pea Seedlings. II. Free Amino Acids|journal=Plant Physiology|volume=38|issue=5|pages=561–566|issn=0032-0889|pmid=16655833|pmc=549973|doi=10.1104/pp.38.5.561 |bibcode=1963PlanP..38..561L }}</ref>

When a pea plant dies in the field, for example following the [[harvest]], all of its remaining nitrogen, incorporated into [[amino acid]]s inside the remaining plant parts, is released back into the [[soil]]. In the soil, the amino acids are converted to nitrate ({{chem2|NO3-}}), that is available to other plants, thereby serving as fertilizer for future crops.<ref>Postgate, J (1998). Nitrogen Fixation, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Smil, V |year=2000 |title=Cycles of Life |publisher=Scientific American Library}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Black-eyed pea]]
* [[Black pea]]
* [[Chickpea]]
* [[Cowpea]]
* [[Dixie lee pea]]
* [[Snap pea]]
* [[Snow pea]]
* [[Sweet pea]]
* [[Cydia nigricana|Pea moth]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* European Association for Grain Legume Research (AEP). ''Pea''. https://web.archive.org/web/20061017214408/http://www.grainlegumes.com/default.asp?id_biblio=52 .
* Hernández Bermejo, J. E. & León, J., (1992). ''Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective'', Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E00.HTM Contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132601/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0646e/T0646E00.HTM |date=6 November 2018 }}
* Muehlbauer, F. J. and Tullu, A., (1997). ''Pisum sativum L.'' Purdue University. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/pea.html Pea]
* Oelke, E. A., Oplinger E. S., et al. (1991). ''Dry Field Pea''. University of Wisconsin.[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/drypea.html Dry Field Pea]
* {{cite book | last=Bitting | first=A.W. | title=The Canning of Peas: Based on Factory Inspection and Experimental Data | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | series=Bulletin (United States. Bureau of Chemistry) | year=1909 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QPZRbOtApEC | access-date=2024-05-06}}

==External links==
{{Cookbook|Pea}}
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Pisum.html Sorting Pisum names]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PISA6 USDA plant profile]
* [https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/dri-calculator Foodcomp]

{{Taxonbar|from2=Q25237|from=Q109902416}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Lathyrus|oleraceus]]
[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plant models]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Founder crops]]
[[Category:Plants with compound leaves]]

Rasam (film)

2026-03-18T12:24:57Z

Pipingblog: Stub...

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rasam
| image = Rasam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajeev Nath]]
| producer = Group 10
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Rajeev Nath]]
*Sudip Kumar
}}
| story = Sudip Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
*Nedumudi Venu
*[[Varuna Shetty]]
*[[Satheesh Menon]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Job Kurian 
'''Score:''' Vishwajith
| cinematography = Krish Kamal
| editing = Babu Ratnam
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Group Ten Entertainments Pvt. Ltd
*Chaya Films
}}
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments|Maxlab Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|1|23}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Rasam''''' ({{Translation|Taste}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film based on food, tastes, restaurants and catering services. The film was directed and co-written by [[Rajeev Nath]]. [[Nedumudi Venu]], Rajeev Nath and Sudip Kumar co-written the screenplay of the story written by Sudip.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam film 'Rasam', shot in Qatar to release soon|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/malayalam-film-rasam-shot-in-qatar-to-release-soon/|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] in lead alongside Nedumudi Venu, [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and [[Varuna Shetty]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal Joins The Sets Of Rasam|url=https://realtime.rediff.com/news/realtime/Mohanlal-Joins-The-Sets-Of-Rasam/3a7876cbf04ad92e|publisher=rediff|access-date=2014-01-30|date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal Joins The Sets Of Rasam|url=http://kerala.indiaeveryday.in/news-mohanlal-joins-the-sets-of-rasam-1183-6377820.htm|publisher=indiaeveryday|access-date=2014-01-30|date=13 January 2014|archive-date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018231430/http://kerala.indiaeveryday.in/news-mohanlal-joins-the-sets-of-rasam-1183-6377820.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[principal photography]] commenced on 8 January 2014 at [[Doha]]. Filming underway at the locations in Doha, [[Dubai]], [[Qatar]], [[Kochi]], [[Ottapalam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. ''Rasam'' released on 23 January 2015<ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam film shot in Qatar to release soon|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/malayalam-film-shot-qatar-release-soon-092220767.html|agency=Yahoo! [[Maktoob]] News|date=4 January 2015|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rasam-review-round-mohanlal-indrajith-starrer-fails-impress-critics-621615|title = 'Rasam' Review Round Up: Mohanlal-Indrajith Starrer Fails to Impress Critics|last = Nicy|date = 27 January 2015|agency = [[International Business Times]]}}</ref>

==Plot summary==

The film takes place in [[Doha]] where Shekhar Menon, a business tycoon arranges his daughter's wedding to be done in a traditional [[Kerala]] style feast. Actor [[Mohanlal]] invites Valliyottu Thirumeni to take up the catering for the wedding reception of the star's close friend Shekhar Menon's daughter Janaki. Vasudevan, Balu and team fly to Doha. But circumstances force Balu to take over from his father. As the name suggests, food forms the central character in the film.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/rasam-From-January-23rd.-malayalam-news-123148 'Rasam' from 23 January.]</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mohanlal]] as Himself (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Bala Shankar
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Valliyottu Thirumeni
* [[Varuna Shetty]] as Janaki Menon
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as VK Shekhar Menon
* [[Jagadish]] as Abdu
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Govindan Nair
* [[Mythili]] as Shahida
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Bala's mother and Thirumeni's wife
* Rajesh Rajan as Job
* Dileep Shankar as Jacob Tharakan
* Albert Alex as Josemon
* Satheesh Menon as Family Doctor
* Nihal Pillai as Manu
* Bindu K Menon as Menon's wife and Janaki's mother

==Casting==
[[Mohanlal]] was signed in a cameo role as himself. In the film, he appeared as the friend of a leading businessman in Dubai. "Mohanlal has a pivotal role in ''Rasam'' as he is the one who mentors Indrajith in his work at the wedding in Dubai", says Rajeev.<ref>{{cite web| title=Mohanlal and Indrajith together again| url=http://www.nowrunning.com/mohanlal-and-indrajith-together-again/84620/story.htm| publisher=nowrunning.com| date=29 November 2013| access-date=10 October 2014| archive-date=17 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082939/http://www.nowrunning.com/mohanlal-and-indrajith-together-again/84620/story.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Indrajith plays Balu, a Namboothiri cook who runs a restaurant in [[Kerala]]. Balu is a [[B. Tech.|B. Tech]] and [[MBA]] degree holder. He follows his father, a popular cook who is invited to Doha to do catering service for a marriage ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rasam Synopsis | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/14583/malayalam/rasam/preview.htm | publisher=nowrunning.com | access-date=10 October 2014 | archive-date=17 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082850/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/14583/malayalam/rasam/preview.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Varuna Shetty]] was cast as the heroine, her debut film in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web | title=Varuna Shetty to be the heroine in 'Rasam' | url=http://www.nowrunning.com/varuna-shetty-to-be-the-heroine-in-rasam/89995/story.htm | publisher=nowrunning.com | date=10 February 2014 | access-date=10 October 2014 | archive-date=17 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082511/http://www.nowrunning.com/varuna-shetty-to-be-the-heroine-in-rasam/89995/story.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> She does the role of Janaki, daughter of a Dubai-based businessman. It is her wedding which centres the main plot in the film. Her father calls renowned chefs from Kerala to make a traditional Sadya for her wedding. [[Mythili]] is the other female lead in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/malayalam/news/varuna-shetty-to-pair-opposite-to-indrajith-in-rasam.html|title = Varuna Shetty To Pair Opposite To Indrajith In 'Rasam'|date = 6 February 2014|access-date = 11 October 2014|publisher = indiancinemagallery.com}}</ref> Nihal Pillai is playing a villain role in the film.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-was-in-awe-of-Mohanlal-but-was-never-intimidated-by-him/articleshow/45433484.cms I was in awe of Mohanlal but was never intimidated by him]</ref>

==Filming==
The [[principal photography]] began on 8 January 2014 at [[Doha]]. The shooting was held in the restaurant ''Spice Boat'', which is indeed the hotel owned by [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]'s mother [[Mallika Sukumaran]]. The crew returned from Doha only by 13 January. The rest of the shoot progressed in [[Ottappalam]]. A [[Thiruvathirakkali]] of 300 artists was shot in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohanlal Joins The Sets Of Rasam|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/mohanlal-joins-sets-of-rasam-malayalam-movie-129215.html|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=9 January 2014}}</ref> The film was shot in and around the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] regions. The shooting in Dubai was wrapped in two weeks and return to shoot in Ottapalam.<ref>{{cite web|title='Rasam' started rolling|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/rasam-started-rolling/88087/story.htm|publisher=nowrunning.com|access-date=10 October 2014|date=9 January 2014|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217024044/http://www.nowrunning.com/rasam-started-rolling/88087/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May, the film completed its shoot in Doha, Dubai, [[Kochi]], and Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|title='Rasam' shooting completed|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/rasam-shooting-completed/94917/story.htm|publisher=nowrunning.com|date=8 May 2014|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217023954/http://www.nowrunning.com/rasam-shooting-completed/94917/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Rasam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Job Kurian]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=11|s=25}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = Job Kurian
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack consists of 3 songs composed by [[Job Kurian]] and sung by [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kavalam Sreekumar]] and Job Kurian himself. Lyrics are penned by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/15-Malayalam_Movie_Songs/273100-Rasam__2014_/#/album/15-Malayalam_Movie_Songs/273100-Rasam__2014_/|title=Rasam (2014) Soundtrack|publisher=Musicindiaonline|access-date=2014-05-09|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231434/http://mio.to/album/15-Malayalam_Movie_Songs/273100-Rasam__2014_/#/album/15-Malayalam_Movie_Songs/273100-Rasam__2014_/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Rasam'' makes the debut of musician turned composer Job Kurian. Previously he had co-composed the background score of a Kannada film. K. S. Chithra had sung a traditional Thiruvathira song and Kavalam Sreekumar sung a fun song on the occasion of a feast. Job Kurian's is a travel track in the drum and base genre with Indian elements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview with job Kurian|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Interview-with-job-Kurian/articleshow/31209059.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:25
| title1 = Dhanumasa Palazhi
| lyrics1 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Sarasa Sarasaro
| lyrics2 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
| extra2 = Kavalam Sreekumar
| length2 = 3:16
| title3 = Mayamo Marimayamo
| lyrics3 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
| extra3 = Job Kurian
| length3 = 4:14
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4384456}}

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Films shot in Qatar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajeevnath]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Indian vulture crisis

2026-03-15T04:26:00Z

Pipingblog: formatting fix

{{short description|Ecological crisis in Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:White-rumped_vulture_(Gyps_bengalensis)_Photograph_by_Shantanu_Kuveskar.jpg|thumbnail|The white-rumped vulture, one of the species devastated in the crisis]]
[[File:Mixed flock of White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) & Indian vulture (Gyps indicus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|thumb|A flock of endangered white-rumped and Indian vultures]]

Nine species of [[Old World vulture|vulture]] can be found living in [[India]], but most are now [[Endangered species|endangered]] after a rapid and major population collapse exceeding 99.5% in recent decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |title=IUCN red list
|publisher=IUCN |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |archive-date=June 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sospecies.org/sos_projects/birds/vultures_india/|title=Conserving South Asia's Threatened Vultures|publisher=Save Our Species|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913040348/http://www.sospecies.org/sos_projects/birds/vultures_india/}}</ref> In the early 1980s, three species of ''[[Gyps]]'' vultures (the [[white-rumped vulture]], the [[long-billed vulture]] and the [[slender-billed vulture]]) had a combined estimated population of 40 million in South Asia, while in 2017 the total population numbered only 19,000 (6,000, 12,000, and 1,000 respectively).

A major contributing factor in declining populations of vultures is believed to be the widespread use of drugs such as [[diclofenac]], a [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]] (NSAID) once commonly given to livestock. The drug is believed to have been passed onto the vultures through the flesh of dead cattle who were given diclofenac in their last days of life, which then causes [[kidney failure]] in vultures.<ref name="Cam">{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2022/09/28/south-asian-vultures-and-diclofenac/|title=South Asian vultures and diclofenac|author1=Ian Burfield|author2=Chris Bowden|date=28 September 2022|publisher=Cambridge University|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> Data modelling revealed that a tiny proportion (about 0.8%) of livestock carcasses containing diclofenac can cause significant crashes in vulture populations.<ref name="Gu">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/19/india-critically-endangered-vultures-wild-release-aoe|title=Born to be wild: India's first captive-bred endangered vultures set free|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Kamakshi Iyer|date=19 August 2021|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

Without vultures, a large number of animal carcasses were left to rot, posing a serious risk to human health by providing a potential breeding ground for infectious germs and proliferation of pests such as rats.<ref name="Catastrophic collapse of Indian whi">{{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=V. |last2=Pain |first2=D.J. |last3=Cunningham |first3=A.A. |last4=Donald |first4=P.F. |last5=Prakash |first5=N. |last6=Verma |first6=A. |last7=Gargi |first7=R. |last8=Sivakumar |first8=S. |last9=Rahmani |first9=A.R. |name-list-style=amp |title=Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed ''Gyps bengalensis'' and long-billed ''Gyps indicus'' vulture populations |journal=Biological Conservation |date=2003|volume=109|issue=3 |pages=381–390 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00164-7|bibcode=2003BCons.109..381P }}</ref> The loss of vultures also resulted in a substantial increase in the population of [[feral dog]]s, whose bites are the most common cause of human [[rabies]]. The feral dog population in India increased by at least 5 million, resulting in over 38 million additional dog bites and more than 47,000 extra deaths from rabies, costing $34 billion in economic impact.<ref name="Cam"/>

Veterinary usage of diclofenac has been banned in India since 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/Complete-list-of-344-drugs-banned-by-the-Ministry-of-Health-Family-welfare_pg|title=Diclofenac Ban|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225073724/https://www.nhp.gov.in/Complete-list-of-344-drugs-banned-by-the-Ministry-of-Health-Family-welfare_pg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4vultures.org/2017/11/04/the-sanitary-workers-get-some-backup-in-india/|title=Indian courts ban multi-dose vials of Diclofenac – another step in the right direction to save Southern Asia vultures from extinction|date=4 November 2017|website=Vulture Conservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=25 June 2020|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430223911/https://www.4vultures.org/2017/11/04/the-sanitary-workers-get-some-backup-in-india/}}</ref> [[Meloxicam]], another NSAID, which is rapidly metabolized and harmless to vultures, has been suggested as an acceptable substitute for diclofenac.<ref name="Science Direct">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1532045618301935|title=Percentage of faecal excretion of meloxicam in the Cape vultures (Gyps corprotheres)|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology |date=1 January 2019|volume=215 |pages=41–46 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.001 |access-date=23 August 2023 |last1=Adawaren |first1=Emmanuel Oluwasegun |last2=Mukandiwa |first2=Lillian |last3=Chipangura |first3=John |last4=Wolter |first4=Kerri |last5=Naidoo |first5=Vinny |pmid=30336288 |hdl=2263/67172 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In addition, various conservation schemes are in place to help recover the vulture population.<ref name="Pr">{{cite news|last=Kinver|first=M. |title=Project targets 2016 for Asian vultures release|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25963100|access-date=2 February 2014 |newspaper=BBC News|date=31 Jan 2014}}</ref> The population is recovering slowly and the decline has been significantly arrested in India, Pakistan and Nepal following a strict ban on the drugs causing harm to the vultures.<ref name="BL">{{cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/indian-vulture-gyps-indicus/details|title=Indian Vulture factsheet|access-date=25 August 2023|publisher=birdlife.org}}</ref><ref name="Cam"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/madhya-pradesh-s-vulture-population-increases-62867|title=Madhya Pradesh's vulture population increases|author=Rajat Ghai|date=17 January 2019|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Vultures in [[India]] live in communities and are generally very dependent on human activities. [[Hinduism]], which represents about 79.8% of the country's population according to the 2011 Census,<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion Census 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |year=2011}}</ref> is particularly favorable to vultures. [[Cows in Hinduism|Cows are considered sacred]] by the majority of [[Hindus]], so cow meat is generally not consumed by many Hindus due to religious beliefs. This results in cow carcasses being left to be fed on by vultures. Of the estimated 500 million [[cattle]] in India, only 4% were destined for consumption by humans as meat.<ref>ILC 2003, projection based on Animal Husbandry Statistics, Government of India.</ref><ref>FAO, 2003</ref> Due to their [[Zoroastrian]] beliefs, India's [[Parsis]] relied mainly on vultures to eat corpses left in [[Tower of Silence|Towers of Silence]].<ref name="Atlantic2001"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Without vultures, fate of Parsi 'sky burials' uncertain |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/4/7/without-vultures-fate-of-parsi-sky-burials-uncertain |work=Al Jazeera |author=Baba Umar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402062127/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/4/7/without-vultures-fate-of-parsi-sky-burials-uncertain |date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vultures constituted the natural animal disposal system, processing carcasses, and nearly 15,000 vultures have been observed at the carcass depositories in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]].{{sfn|Greenwood|1938|p=234}}

==Decline==
In the 1990s, a decrease in the number of vultures was noted by Vibhu Prakash of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]], who had monitored vulture populations at [[Keoladeo National Park]].{{sfn|Rana|Prakash|2003|p=116–117}}{{sfn|Prakash|1988|p=614–615}} Parsis in [[Mumbai]] started to notice in the early 1990s that there were fewer birds at the Towers of Silence in Mumbai.<ref name="Atlantic2001">{{cite magazine |url-status=live |title=India's Disappearing Vultures |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/indias-disappearing-vultures/302278/ |magazine=The Atlantic |author=Stephen Bodio |date=September 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002033654/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/indias-disappearing-vultures/302278/ |archive-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Villagers in [[northern India]] started to notice the declining vulture population in the mid-1990s.<ref name="Vanishing"/> As the decline accelerated, the international scientific community attempted to investigate the cause of such decline. However, it was not easy to examine this issue because vultures could not legally be killed for scientific study in India, and freshly dead animals had become extremely rare, a situation exacerbated by the extremely hot weather in India, where temperatures before the monsoon routinely exceed {{convert|40|C|F}}. In 2002, ''National Geographic'' reported that scientists were "not sure" of the reason for the 95% population decline.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|last=Research Correspondence staff|date=July 2002|title=Ask Us|page=3|work=National Geographic}}</ref> Andrew Cunningham of the [[Zoological Society of London]] found that the usual suspects of [[pesticide poisoning]], industrial pollutants or bacteria did not show anything abnormal in the vultures he could examine, and suspected a new type of toxin exposure.<ref name="Vanishing">{{Citation|author=McGrath, Susan|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-vanishing-145631290/?all|title=The Vanishing|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|date=1 February 2007}}</ref>

==Causes==
In 2003, after research on the possible [[virus|viral]] causes of the decline, the culprit was discovered by Lindsay Oaks and his team at [[The Peregrine Fund]] to be diclofenac.{{sfn|Oaks|Donahoe|Rurangirwa|Rideout|2004|p=630}} [[Diclofenac]] is a common [[anti-inflammatory]] [[drug]] administered to livestock and is used to treat the symptoms of [[inflammation]], [[fevers]] and/or pain associated with disease or wounds. It was widely used in India beginning in the 1990s. The drug is fatal to vultures, however, and a vulture is exposed to a mortal dose of diclofenac on eating from the carcass of an animal that had been treated with diclofenac recently.{{sfn|Oaks|Donahoe|Rurangirwa|Rideout|2004|p=5909–5912}} A simulation model demonstrated that if only 1% of carcasses were contaminated by diclofenac, Indian vulture populations would fall by between 60% and 90% annually, while a study of carcasses showed that about 10% were contaminated.{{sfn|Green|Newton|Shultz|Cunningham|2004|p=793–800}}

A genus of vultures called ''[[Gyps]]'' was the most affected by diclofenac.{{sfn|Johnson|Lerner|Rasmussen|Mindell|2006|p=65}} The population of the [[white-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis'') fell 99.7% between 1993 and 2002. The populations of the [[Indian vulture]] (''[[Gyps indicus]]'') and the [[slender-billed vulture]] (''[[Gyps tenuirostris]]'') fell 97.4%. The percentages differ slightly because the white-rumped vulture is more sensitive to diclofenac than the other two species, but all three are in danger of extinction.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diclofenac effect| pmc=1618889 | pmid=17148382 | doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0425| volume=2| issue=2 | date=June 2006| journal=Biol. Lett.| pages=279–82 | last1 = Swan | first1 = GE | last2 = Cuthbert | first2 = R | last3 = Quevedo | first3 = M |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Two other species of ''Gyps'', the [[Himalayan vulture]] (''[[Gyps himalayensis]]'') and the [[Eurasian griffon]] (''[[Gyps fulvus]]''), have been less affected, the Eurasian griffon because it only winters in India and has a much smaller initial population, and the Himalayan vulture, with a similarly small population, because it is exclusively mountain-dwelling.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimmett |first1=Richard |last2=Inskipp |first2=Carol |last3=Inskipp |first3=Tim |title=Birds of the Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-6265-1 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvY0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |language=en}}</ref>

==Consequences==
By removing all [[carrion]], vultures had helped decrease pollution and the spread of diseases and had suppressed undesirable mammalian scavengers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prakash|first1=V. |last2=Bishwakarma|first2=M. C. |last3=Chaudhary |first3=A. |last4=Cuthbert |first4=R. |last5=Dave |first5=R. |last6=Kulkarni |first6=M. |last7=Kumar |first7=S. |last8=Paudel |first8=K. |last9=Ranade |first9=S. |name-list-style=amp |date=2012 |title=The Population Decline of Gyps Vultures in India and Nepal Has Slowed since Veterinary Use of Diclofenac was Banned |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e49118 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049118 |pmc=3492300 |pmid=23145090 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...749118P|doi-access=free }}</ref> The sudden collapse of the natural animal disposal system in India has had multiple consequences negatively impacting public health.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The sudden demise of Indian vultures killed thousands of people |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/08/22/the-sudden-demise-of-indian-vultures-killed-thousands-of-people |access-date=23 August 2023|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> A vulture's [[metabolism]] is a true "dead-end" for pathogens, but dogs and rats become carriers of the pathogens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/48899-vultures-bacteria-microbiome.html|title=Vultures bacteria biome|date=25 November 2014|publisher=livescience.com|access-date=18 February 2016}}</ref> Without vultures a large number of animal carcasses were left to rot, posing a serious risk to human health by providing a potential breeding ground for infectious germs and by enhancing the proliferation of pests such as rats.<ref name="Catastrophic collapse of Indian whi"/>

The diseases carried by these mammals from rotting carcasses are indirectly responsible for thousands of human deaths.{{sfn|Rana|Prakash|2003|p=116}} The carcasses formerly eaten by vultures rot in village fields, which also contaminates water sources. The loss of vultures has also resulted in a substantial increase in the population of feral dogs, whose bites are the most common cause of human [[rabies]]. The feral dog population in India increased by at least 5 million, resulting in over 38 million additional dog bites and more than 47,000 extra deaths from rabies, costing $34 billion in economic impact.<ref name="Cam"/><ref>{{citation |author=Sudarshan MK |title=Assessing burden of rabies in India |work=WHO sponsored national multi-centric rabies survey |year=2004 |publisher=Assoc Prev Control Rabies India}}</ref> On average, it was estimated that human [[mortality rate]]s increased by more than 4% during the period of 2000 to 2005, when the vulture population reached its lowest levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voxdev.org/topic/energy-environment/how-human-and-ecosystem-health-are-intertwined-evidence-vulture-population-collapse-india|title=How human and ecosystem health are intertwined: Evidence from vulture population collapse in India|date=15 January 2023|access-date=23 August 2023|publisher=Voxdev|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826131057/https://voxdev.org/topic/energy-environment/how-human-and-ecosystem-health-are-intertwined-evidence-vulture-population-collapse-india}}</ref>

The people of the [[Zoroastrianism|Parsi]] community in India leave their dead exposed in high towers called [[Towers of Silence]] in order for the vultures to feed. Due to the decline in vulture population, they have been forced to drop these ancient customs for reasons of hygiene, since now bodies take six months to disappear.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/26/death-city-lack-vultures-threatens-mumbai-towers-of-silence|title=Death in the city: How a lack of vultures threatens Mumbai's 'Towers of Silence'|date=26 January 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

==Reaction==
[[File:Diclofenac.jpg|thumb|150px|Diclofenac available in 2009]]

=== Diclofenac regulation ===
Following the findings on [[diclofenac]], the drug was banned for veterinary use in India on March 11, 2006; [[Nepal]] followed suit in August and [[Pakistan]] in October. [[Bangladesh]] banned it in 2010. A replacement drug was quickly developed and proposed after tests on vultures in captivity: [[meloxicam]]. Meloxicam, an NSAID that is rapidly metabolized and harmless to vultures, was suggested as an acceptable substitute for diclofenac.<ref name="Science Direct"/> Pharmaceutical companies were encouraged to increase their production of meloxicam in an effort to bring the cost closer to that of diclofenac. In 2015, the government of India ordered the vial size of the human drug to be reduced to 3ml to avoid misusing them for veterinary use.<ref name="Gu"/>

Some other drugs developed as alternatives to diclofenac—[[aceclofenac]], [[ketoprofen]] and [[nimesulide]]—have also been shown to be toxic to vultures.<ref name="Tri"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug debacle: Diclofenac was not the last threat for India's vultures |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/drug-debacle-diclofenac-was-not-the-last-threat-for-india-s-vultures-82075 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref> Diclofenac for human use was still being diverted into veterinary uses through illegal sale of multidose vials intended for humans for use in cattle in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Galligan |first1=Toby H. |last2=Mallord |first2=John W. |last3=Prakash |first3=Vibhu M. |last4=Bhusal |first4=Krishna P. |last5=Alam |first5=A. B. M. Sarowar |last6=Anthony |first6=Fergus M. |last7=Dave |first7=Ruchi |last8=Dube |first8=Alka |last9=Shastri |first9=Kartik |last10=Kumar |first10=Yogesh |last11=Prakash |first11=Nikita |last12=Ranade |first12=Sachin |last13=Shringarpure |first13=Rohan |last14=Chapagain |first14=Devendra |last15=Chaudhary |first15=Ishwary P. |date=September 2021 |title=Trends in the availability of the vulture-toxic drug, diclofenac, and other NSAIDs in South Asia, as revealed by covert pharmacy surveys |journal=Bird Conservation International |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=337–353 |doi=10.1017/S0959270920000477 |s2cid=225272971 |issn=0959-2709|doi-access=free }}</ref> The ban was strengthened by the ban of vials larger than a single human dose (3 ml) in 2015, but vials are still manufactured illegally. While the ban on diclofenac has been successful in Nepal and Bangladesh, it is still widely available in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite ban, vulture-killing drug diclofenac widely sold for veterinary use in India |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/despite-ban-vulture-killing-drug-diclofenac-widely-sold-veterinary-use-india |access-date=7 July 2023|website=Research Matters |language=en}}</ref> A study published in 2020 showed that meloxicam was the most common veterinary NSAID in Nepal in 2017 (89.9%). Although diclofenac was almost entirely absent from pharmacies in Bangladesh, there was a higher proportion of sales of ketoprofen compared to meloxicam in 2018, despite the partial ban on ketoprofen by the Bangladeshi government in 2016.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021, [[tolfenamic acid]] was identified as another alternative that is safe for vultures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/2nd-vulture-safe-veterinary-pain-killer-drug-identified/articleshow/86101660.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|title=2nd vulture-safe veterinary pain-killer drug identified|author=Vijay Pinjarkar|date=11 September 2021|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

Despite the regulation of Indian access to diclofenac, vultures have continued to die of diclofenac poisoning. In a study of corpses collected between 2011 and 2014, 14 out of 29 white-backed vultures and 9 out of 12 Himalayan griffons had high enough levels of diclofenac in their kidney tissue that it is likely diclofenac poisoning was their cause of death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nambirajan |first1=Kanthan |last2=Muralidharan |first2=Subramanian |last3=Roy |first3=Aditya A. |last4=Manonmani |first4=S. |date=February 2018 |title=Residues of Diclofenac in Tissues of Vultures in India: A Post-ban Scenario |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=292–297 |doi=10.1007/s00244-017-0480-z |issn=1432-0703 |pmid=29159701 |bibcode=2018ArECT..74..292N |s2cid=46827639}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are indications that the diclofenac ban has decreased the speed of decline.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Vibhu |last2=Bishwakarma |first2=Mohan Chandra |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Anand |last4=Cuthbert |first4=Richard |last5=Dave |first5=Ruchi |last6=Kulkarni |first6=Mandar |last7=Kumar |first7=Sashi |last8=Paudel |first8=Khadananda |last9=Ranade |first9=Sachin |last10=Shringarpure |first10=Rohan |last11=Green |first11=Rhys E. |date=2012 |title=The population decline of Gyps vultures in India and Nepal has slowed since veterinary use of diclofenac was banned |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e49118 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049118 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3492300 |pmid=23145090 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...749118P |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Despite the vulture crisis, diclofenac remains available in other countries including many in Europe.<ref name="European Parliament">{{cite web |title=E-010588/2015: answer given by Mr Andriukaitis on behalf of the Commission |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2015-010588&language=EN |website=European Parliament |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> It was controversially approved for veterinary use in [[Spain]] in 2013 and continues to be available, despite Spain being home to around 90% of the European vulture population and an independent simulation showing that the drug could reduce the population of vultures by 1–8% annually. Spain's medicine agency presented simulations suggesting that the number of deaths would be quite small.<ref name="Cattle drug threatens thousands of vultures">{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Rachel |title=Cattle drug threatens thousands of vultures |url=http://www.nature.com/news/cattle-drug-threatens-thousands-of-vultures-1.19839 |journal=Nature |year=2016 |doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19839 |s2cid=75173071 |access-date=2 May 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref> New sanitary regulation laws regarding animal carcass disposal in Spain also reduce the amount of available food for vultures while adding to costs and [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morales-Reyes |first1=Zebensui |last2=Pérez-García |first2=Juan M. |last3=Moleón |first3=Marcos |last4=Botella |first4=Francisco |last5=Carrete |first5=Martina |last6=Lazcano |first6=Carolina |last7=Moreno-Opo |first7=Rubén |last8=Margalida |first8=Antoni |last9=Donázar |first9=José A. |date=2015-01-15 |title=Supplanting ecosystem services provided by scavengers raises greenhouse gas emissions |journal=Scientific Reports |language=En |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=7811 |doi=10.1038/srep07811 |pmid=25589381 |pmc=4295086 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5E7811M |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

===Conservation===
Captive-breeding programmes for the Indian vulture are started to help recover its numbers. As the vultures are long lived, slow breeding and notoriously difficult to breed in captivity, the programmes are expected to take a long time. The captive-bred birds will be released to the wild when the environment is clear of diclofenac.

In 2002, the [[Zoroastrianism|Parsi]]s asked the [[International Centre for Birds of Prey]] for assistance with vulture breeding.<ref name="auto"/>

In 2014, [[Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction]] announced that they would start releasing captive-bred birds into the wild by 2016.<ref name="Pr"/> In 2016, [[Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore|Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre]] in [[Pinjore]] released captive bred vultures into the wild as part of Asia's first vulture re-introduction program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia's first vulture re-introduction programme launched in Haryana|date=3 June 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/haryana/story/asias-first-vulture-re-introduction-programe-launched-in-haryana-12287-2016-06-03}}</ref> Small numbers of birds have bred across peninsular India, in [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/longbilled-vultures-sighted-after-40-years/article5322851.ece|title=Long-billed Vulture sighted after 40 years|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2013 |first = P. |last = Oppili|access-date = 11 August 2014}}</ref> Three more breeding centers have been set up in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in addition to four smaller facilities in collaboration with zoos.<ref name="Gu"/>

In 2020, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of Government of India launched a Vulture Action Plan 2020–25. It aims to step up conservation measures and set up a mechanism to ensure that toxic drugs other than diclofenac are also banned for veterinary use.<ref name="Tri">{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/diclofenac-threat-to-7-vulture-species-477388|title=Diclofenac threat to 7 vulture species|publisher=Tribune India|date=7 February 2023|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[African vulture crisis]]
* [[Critically Endangered]]
* [[Eliminate Sparrows campaign]] – 1955-1960 Chinese government campaign encouraging the extermination of sparrows

* [[African cheetah translocation to India|Big cat conservation in India - Cheetah, Leopard, Lion, Snow leopard, Tiger]]

* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[Wildlife of India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0425|title=Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures|year=2006|last1=Swan|first1=G. E|last2=Cuthbert|first2=R.|last3=Quevedo|first3=M.|last4=Green|first4=R. E|last5=Pain|first5=D. J|last6=Bartels|first6=P.|last7=Cunningham|first7=A. A|last8=Duncan|first8=N.|last9=Meharg|first9=A. A|last10=Lindsay Oaks|first10=J|last11=Parry-Jones|first11=J.|last12=Shultz|first12=S.|last13=Taggart|first13=M. A|last14=Verdoorn|first14=G.|last15=Wolter|first15=K.|journal=Biology Letters|volume=2|issue=2|pages=279–282|pmid=17148382|pmc=1618889 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-65|year=2006|last1=Johnson|first1=Jeff A|last2=Lerner|first2=Heather RL|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Pamela C|last4=Mindell|first4=David P|title=Systematics within ''Gyps'' vultures: a clade at risk|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=6|page=65|pmc=1569873 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1128/JCM.42.12.5909-5912.2004|title=Identification of a Novel Mycoplasma Species from an Oriental White-Backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)|year=2004|last1=Oaks|first1=J. L.|last2=Donahoe|first2=S. L.|last3=Rurangirwa|first3=F. R.|last4=Rideout|first4=B. A.|last5=Gilbert|first5=M.|last6=Virani|first6=M. Z.|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=42|issue=12|pmid=15583338|pmc=535302|pages=5909–5912}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rana|first1=G.|last2=Prakash|first2=V.|year=2003|title=Cannibalism in Indian White-backed Vulture ''Gyps bengalensis'' in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=100|issue=1}}
* {{cite journal|last=Prakash|first=Vibhu|year=1988|title=Indian Scavenger Vulture feeding on a dead White-backed Vulture(''Gyps bengalensis'')|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=85|issue=3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Greenwood|first=J. A. C.|year=1938|title=Strange accident to a Vulture|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=40|issue=2}}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00954.x|title=Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent|year=2004|last1=Green|first1=Rhys E.|last2=Newton|first2=IAN|last3=Shultz|first3=Susanne|last4=Cunningham|first4=Andrew A.|last5=Gilbert|first5=Martin|last6=Pain|first6=Deborah J.|last7=Prakash|first7=Vibhu|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=41|issue=5|pages=793–800|doi-access=free|bibcode=2004JApEc..41..793G }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://save-vultures.org/ Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150722223425/http://www.vulturerescue.org/ Vulture Rescue]
*[https://peregrinefund.org/projects/asian-vultures The Peregrine Fund - Asian Vulture Crisis]
*[http://bnhs.org/bnhs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135:vulture-programme&catid=80:research&Itemid=522 Bombay Natural History Society - Vulture Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040625/http://bnhs.org/bnhs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135:vulture-programme&catid=80:research&Itemid=522 |date=2018-12-27 }}

{{Vulture}}

[[Category:Endangered animals]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in India]]
[[Category:Birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds and humans]]
[[Category:Vultures]]
[[Category:Endangered fauna of Asia]]

Mahindra Bolero Neo

2026-03-11T03:28:00Z

Pipingblog: put up post

{{Distinguish|Mahindra Bolero}} {{Infobox automobile
| name = Mahindra Bolero Neo
| manufacturer = [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited]]
| production = {{unbulleted list
| 2015–2020 (TUV300)
| 2021–present (Bolero Neo)
}}
| model_years =
| assembly = India: [[Maharashtra|Chakan]]; [[Nasik]]
| class = [[Mini SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]
| layout = {{unbulleted list
| [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
}}
| related = {{unbulleted list
| [[Mahindra Scorpio]]
| [[Mahindra Bolero]]
}}
| engine = {{unbulleted list
| 1.5 L mHawk [[Straight-3|I3]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
| 2.2 L (Bolero Neo Plus) ''[[PSA EW/DW engine#DW12|DW12 mHawk]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]] [[diesel engine|diesel]]
}}
| transmission = {{unbulleted list
| 5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| 5-speed [[automated manual transmission|automated manual]]
}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|105.51|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| length = {{convert|157.28|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| width = {{convert|72.24|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| height = {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| weight = {{convert|3637|lb|abbr=on}}
| predecessor = [[Mahindra Quanto]]
| caption = Mahindra TUV300 (2016-2019)
| image = Mahindra TUV 300 Chennai 2016 (2).JPG
}}

The '''Mahindra Bolero Neo''' (Formerly '''Mahindra TUV 300''') is an [[SUV]] manufactured by the Indian automaker [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] since 2015.

==History==
First announced by Mahindra & Mahindra in August 2015 as TUV 300, the [[microsite]] of the vehicle went live by the same month. The vehicle was officially launched on September 10, 2015 in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is built on the same [[Automobile platform|platform]] as the [[Mahindra Scorpio]]. It employs the same mHawk engine series as the XUV500 and Scorpio but with a smaller [[engine displacement]] resulting in a lower [[engine power]] and [[torque]].<ref name="Brochure & specifications">{{cite news|url=http://www.mahindratuv300.com/pdf/tuv300_brochure.pdf|title=Brochure & specifications|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=TUV300 official website|archive-date=27 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927003857/http://www.mahindratuv300.com/pdf/tuv300_brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Microsite for TUV300 goes live">{{cite news|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/microsite-for-the-mahindra-tuv300-goes-live/22658/|title=Microsite for TUV300 goes live|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=Zig wheels}}</ref><ref name="TUV300 set for Sep launch">{{cite news|url=http://www.motorscribes.com/Articles/mahindra-tuv300-set-for-september-10-launch|title=TUV300 set for Sep launch|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=Motor Scribes|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040047/https://www.motorscribes.com/Articles/mahindra-tuv300-set-for-september-10-launch|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Mahindra launches new body-kit for TUV 300">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cd/mahindra-launches-a-new-rugged-body-kit-for-tuv-300-115091600769_1.html|title=Mahindra launches new body-kit for TUV 300|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="TUV 300 launched in Madhya Pradesh">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/automobiles/mahindra-tuv300-launched-in-madhya-pradesh/136629/|title=TUV 300 launched in Madhya Pradesh|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref name="M & M lacunhes TUV300 in Madhya Pradesh">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/uvs/mahindra-mahindra-launches-tuv300-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/48983295.cms|title=M & M launches TUV300 in Madhya Pradesh|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TUV300 vs XUV500">{{cite news|url=http://www.carwale.com/comparecars/mahindra-tuv300-vs-mahindra-xuv500/?car1=4244&car2=4085|title=TUV300 vs XUV500|accessdate=16 September 2015|publisher=Car Wale}}</ref>
==Design==
The Bolero Neo was Mahindra's attempt to create a more modernised Bolero which was a proven car but with dated design and equipment.{{according to whom|date= July 2025}} It was designed by Mahindra's Design Studio in Mumbai, with the product engineering being done at [[Mahindra Research Valley]] in [[Chennai]]. Hence, it carries some design elements from the [[Mahindra Bolero|Bolero]]. However, the boxy design of the Bolero was modified to create a swept back design to give the car an aerodynamic look. It is rumoured that one of the first prototypes of the TUV300 crashed into a tree branch that was lying low above a road, and the resultant bend in the pillars and roof inspired the designers to achieve the quirky design where the [[Pillar (car)|A, B and C Pillars]] are swept back to a high angle while the D Pillar remains vertical. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=New Mahindra TUV300 to launch in September |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/upcoming-launches/story/new-mahindra-tuv300-to-launch-in-september-286197-2015-08-03 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This quirky design was not widely accepted, which led to mediocre sales of the TUV300 while its product predecessor Bolero still had consistently strong sales.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Mahindra TUV 300 Chennai 2016 (3) (cropped).JPG|Rear view
</gallery>

==Variants==
TUV300 was available in manual transmission and an [[automated manual transmission]] (AMT) known as ''Autoshift''. There were in total seven trim levels available. Five trim levels use a manual transmission, while the last two uses an automated manual transmission. The manual transmission models have a power output of {{convert|85|PS|bhp kW|0|abbr=on}} whereas the Autoshift models have a power output of {{convert|82|PS|bhp kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Brochure & specifications"/> The T10 and T8 models feature a power output of {{convert|101|PS|bhp kW|0|abbr=on}}. Later updated Bolero Neo is Available in Manual Transmission only. The Bolero Neo has 3 Variants N4, N8 and N10R and N10(O) with an optional pack.

==Bolero Neo Plus==
On June 20, 2018, the TUV300 Plus was launched. It was an extended variant of the TUV300 with nine seats instead of seven, with the vehicle length stretched to {{Convert|4,440|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. It is powered by a larger 2.2-litre mHawk 120 engine that produces {{convert|122|PS|bhp kW|0|abbr=on}}, 21 PS up on the standard TUV300. On April 16, 2024, Mahindra relaunched TUV300 Plus as Bolero Neo Plus with certain upgrades such as a 9 inch [[In-car entertainment|infotainment system]].

=== 2025 facelift ===
The '''Mahindra Bolero Neo''' facelift was launched alongside the updated [[Mahindra Bolero]] on '''6 October 2025'''. The compact ladder-frame SUV continues to use the 1.5-litre '''mHawk100''' diesel engine, producing {{cvt|100|PS|bhp kW|0}} and {{cvt|260|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque, available with either a five-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission.

The facelifted Neo is offered in five variants — '''N4''', '''N6''', '''N8''', '''N10''', and '''N10(O)''' — with prices ranging from ₹8.49 lakh to ₹11.99 lakh (ex-showroom, India).<ref name="CarwaleNeo">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero Neo Facelift Launched in India at Rs 8.49 Lakh |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/2025-mahindra-bolero-neo-launched-at-rs-849-lakh/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=CarWale}}</ref>

Exterior changes include a new horizontal chrome-slatted grille, revised bumpers with silver skid inserts, 16-inch dark-grey alloy wheels, and additional colour options such as '''Jeans Blue''' and '''Concrete Grey''', with dual-tone roof options available on select trims.<ref name="CardekhoNeoImages">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Here’s a Closer Look at 2025 Mahindra Bolero Neo in 12 Real-Life Images |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/heres-a-closer-look-at-2025-mahindra-bolero-neo-in-12-reallife-images-35136.htm |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=CarDekho}}</ref>

The interior now features a 9-inch touchscreen [[In-car entertainment|infotainment]] system with [[Android Auto]] and [[Apple CarPlay]], a [[Sony]] six-speaker audio setup, and dual-tone interior themes in Mocha Brown or Lunar Grey.<ref name="AutocarNeo">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Five Things to Know About the 2025 Mahindra Bolero Neo |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/5-things-to-know-about-the-2025-mahindra-bolero-neo-437617 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> Other features include [[cruise control]], Type-C [[USB port]]s, and [[leatherette]] upholstery. The Bolero Neo continues to offer side-facing third-row seats, maintaining a seven-seat configuration.

Standard safety features include dual airbags, ABS with EBD, corner braking control, rear parking sensors, and a reverse camera. Electronic stability control and additional airbags are not yet available.<ref name="NDTVNeoSpec">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=2025 Mahindra Bolero Neo: Variant-Wise Features Explained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/2025-mahindra-bolero-neo-variant-wise-features-explained-9411916 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=NDTV Auto}}</ref>

==Safety==
The Bolero Neo for India received 1 star for adult occupants and 1 star for toddlers from [[Global NCAP]] 2.0 in 2024 (similar to [[Latin NCAP]] 2016):<ref>{{Cite web| title=Mahindra BOLERO NEO | url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/6627365deae2d611b4741e87/1713845856150/Mahindra-Bolero-Neo-fact-sheet-2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508184345/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5fb4ea8933ae6c208c3dac41/t/6627365deae2d611b4741e87/1713845856150/Mahindra-Bolero-Neo-fact-sheet-2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>

{{Global NCAP
|year=2024
|region=India
|description=Mahindra Bolero Neo
|reference_code=Mahindra-Bolero-Neo-fact-sheet-2024.pdf
|adult_stars=1
|adult_points=20.26
|child_stars=1
|child_points=12.71
}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Cars}}
* [[Mahindra XUV700]]
* [[Mahindra XUV300]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Mahindra Bolero Neo|Mahindra TUV300}}
* {{Official website|https://auto.mahindra.com/suv/bolero-neo/NEO.html}}

{{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}

[[Category:Mahindra vehicles|TUV300]]
[[Category:Mini sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:2020s cars]]

Sabuj Dwiper Raja

2026-03-07T06:33:59Z

Pipingblog: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sabuj Dwiper Raja
| image = Sabuj Dwiper Raja (1979) film poster.jpeg
| caption = ''Sabuj Dwiper Raja'' poster
| director = [[Tapan Sinha]]
| producer = [[Children's Film Society, India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabuj Dwiper Raja |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTQ2MA==}}</ref>
| story = [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Subuj diper raja |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.87subujdiperraja}}</ref>
| screenplay = [[Tapan Sinha]]
| based_on = ''[[Kakababu#Adventures of Kakababu Sontu|Sabuj Dwiper Raja]]'' by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Samit Bhanja]]|[[Lily Chakravarty]]|[[Biplab Chatterjee]]|[[Rabi Ghosh]]|Arun Mukherjee|[[Nirmal Kumar]]}}
| music = Tapan Sinha, Aloke Nath De
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|08|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 109 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/be/Sabuj-Dwiper-Raja-2011/9765400275 |title=SABUJ DWIPER RAJA(1979) |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218094838/http://www.nthwall.com/be/Sabuj-Dwiper-Raja-2011/9765400275 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sabuj Dwiper Raja''''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃɔbuɟ d̪bipɛr rad͡ʒa}}; {{Translation|'''''The King of the Green Island'''''}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action-adventure film]] written and directed by [[Tapan Sinha]]. Produced by [[Children's Film Society, India]], the film is based on [[Kakababu|the 1976 eponymous novel]] by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], from his [[Kakababu|Kakababu series]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.induna.com/1000008744-productdetails/|title=Sabuj Dwiper Raja / Ek Tukro Chand / Kakababu Here Gelen|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sabuj-dwiper-raja-movie/14343|title=Sabuj Dwiper Raja (1979 - Bengali)|access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> It stars [[Samit Bhanja]] as Kakababu, alongside Arunava Adhikari as Shontu, while Ramen Roy Chowdhury, [[Biplab Chatterjee]], [[Kalyan Chatterjee]], Arun Mukherjee and Asim Dutta play other supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.induna.com/1000000755-productdetails/|title=Sabuj Dwiper Raja|access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nthwall.com/be/Sabuj-Dwiper-Raja-2011/9765400275|title=SABUJ DWIPER RAJA(1979)|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218094838/http://www.nthwall.com/be/Sabuj-Dwiper-Raja-2011/9765400275|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first screen adaptation of a Kakababu novel, it follows Kakababu and Shontu to the [[Andaman Islands]], in order to stop a criminal gang from stealing a powerful energy source from a meteorite located in the territory of the indigenous [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] tribe, who are protected by a former freedom fighter. Predominantly shot in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]], with portions in [[Kolkata]], the film was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] at that time. Bimal Mukherjee and Subosh Roy handled its cinematography and editing respectively. Music of the film was composed by Sinha himself, along with Aloke Nath De.

''Sabuj Dwiper Raja'' was theatrically released on 17 August 1979, to positive reviews. Emerged as a box-office success, the film attained a [[Cult following|cult status]] over the years.

==Synopsis==
A criminal gang led by notorious smuggler Panja is set to steal a secret source of energy that emanates from a [[meteorite]] that has landed on a remote area of [[Andaman Islands]]. They know that the local Jarawa tribe have no idea of its value. A patriot, Mr. Gunada Talukdar, flees from the notorious [[Cellular Jail]] during the [[British Raj]]. He reaches the island and is later chosen as King of the tribals.

Thirteen-year-old Santu joins his uncle Raja Roychoudhury alias Kakababu who is sent on behalf of the Intelligence to survey the island. The two leave Calcutta by ship for the Andaman Islands. Santu's sharp eye soon detects that the criminals are on board. Santu is instrumental in helping his uncle prevent the dastardly plot the criminals are about to carry out. Kakababu and Santu went to the alienated island of [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawas]] ignoring the government restrictions.

In the meantime Panja and his henchmen were captured by Jarwas while they were trying to steal the power energy. Kakababu recognised the leader of the Jarawa, the old man as Mr. Talukdar, and after a short fight with Panja's gang they returned to the mainland with the help of police.

==Cast==
*[[Samit Bhanja]] as [[Kakababu|Raja Roy Chowdhury]] / [[Kakababu]], an [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] agent
*Arunava Adhikari as Shontu, Kakababu's nephew and assistant
*Ramen Roy Chowdhury as Verma
*[[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Kalyan Karmakar / Kalla
*[[Kalyan Chatterjee]] as Rajveer Singh
*Arun Mukherjee as Adhir Dasgupta
*[[Rabi Ghosh]] as Bhupe da
*[[Nirmal Kumar]] as Superintendent of Police
*Asim Dutta as Panja
*Debatosh Ghosh as Gunada Talukder
*Nipu Mitra as Shibcharan
*[[Lily Chakravarty]] as Shontu's Mother

==Reception==
Although questionable on the ground of showing the Jarawa tribal-folk just as the colonial British government would specifically mark out the then resident Indian population-groups as uncivilized, belligerent sub-human '[[natives]]', the film gained considerable popularity by synthesizing educative knowledge-bits for young filmgoers (and their parents), exotic adventure and [[patriotism]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[http://www.gomolo.com/sabuj-dwiper-raja-movie/14343 Sabuj Dwiper Raja]'' at Gomolo
* {{IMDb title|0926332}}

{{Kakababu}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1973 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films set in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]

{{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:1979 action films]]
[[Category:1979 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1979 adventure films]]
[[Category:1970s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1970s action thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1970s crime action films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language detective films]]

Pakala mandal

2026-03-05T13:14:38Z

Pipingblog:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakala mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|25|51|N|79|6|43|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|p=3}}
| area_total_km2 = 182
| population_total = 56667
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pp=5, 8}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 56667
| mapframe = yes
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]]
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]
}}

'''Pakala mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tirupati revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]].

== History ==
Pakala mandal was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-26 |title=Nivar impact: Water touches precarious levels in Chittoor reservoirs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nivar-impact-water-touches-precarious-levels-in-chittoor-reservoirs/article33187819.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The mandal is bounded by [[Chandragiri mandal|Chandragiri]], [[Irala mandal|Irala]], [[Penumuru mandal|Penumuru]], [[Pulicherla mandal, Chittoor district|Pulicherla]] and [[Puthalapattu mandal|Puthalapattu]] mandals.<ref name="map">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Part-III District and Sub-district [Mandals] Guntur to Chittoor [7 Districts] |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223154356/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |publisher=[[Census of India]] |page=472}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Pakala mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|84.76}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|13.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|1.16}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.23}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pp=30, 32, 34}}|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Pakala mandal had a total population of 56,667 with 28,025 male population and 28,642 female population with a density of {{Pop density|56667|182|km2|prec=0}}. It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1022. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 13,122 and 1,474 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 75.16% with 84.08% among males and 66.54% among females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/Download/Publications/DHB/Chittoor%20-%202018.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics Chittoor district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=XXXIII, 3, 5, 8, 15, 17, 30, 32, 34, 62 |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=XXXIII, 3, 5, 15, 17|page=}}

== Administration ==
Pakala mandal is a part of the [[Tirupati revenue division]].<ref name=":1" /> The headquarters are located at [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]].<ref name="map" />

== Politics ==
Pakala mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Chittoor district|7 mandals]] under [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency]], which in turn is a part of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal has 40,655 eligible voters with 20,064 male and 20,591 female voters.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=XXXIII}} [[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]] is representing the Chandragiri constituency as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]] is representing the Chittoor constituency as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. D. Rangarajan |date=24 May 2019 |title=Crushing defeat for TDP in Naidu’s home turf of Chittoor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crushing-defeat-for-tdp-in-naidus-home-turf-of-chittoor/article27240545.ece |access-date=25 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Mangla (film)

2026-03-04T09:32:14Z

Pipingblog: put up article!

{{Short description|2025 Indian Marathi-language biographical drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangla
| image = Mangla film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Aparana Hosing
| producer = Aparana Hosing Yashna Murli Mohan Poojary Milind Phodkar
| writer = '''Story and Screenplay:''' Saurabh Choudhary '''Dialogue:''' Prathmesh Shivalkar
| based_on = ''Seerat'' by Mangala Kapoor
| starring = Shivali Parab [[Shashank Shende]] [[Alka Kubal]]
| narrator =
| music = Santanu Ghatak
| cinematography = Arun Varma
| editing = Rahul Bhatankar
| studio = Rash Production Pvt. Ltd. Fakt Ani Fakt Entertainment
| distributor = Sunshine Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|01|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}'''''Mangla''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Biographical-drama|biographical drama film]] based on the life of [[acid attack]] survivor Dr. Mangala Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Apurva |date=2024-07-18 |title=Mangala Movie : कधीही न ऐकलेली 'मंगला'च्या ॲसिड अटॅकची कथा रूपेरी पडद्यावर दिसणार, पाठमोरी असलेली अभिनेत्री कोण ? |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/mangala-marathi-movie-motion-picture-release-who-will-play-lead-role-in-the-movie-cb99 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref> Directed and co-produced by Aparana Hosing, the film is also produced by Yashna Murli, Mohan Poojary, and Milind Phodkar under the banners of Rash Production Pvt. Ltd. and Fakt Ani Fakt Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जाधव |first=अपूर्वा |date=2024-07-16 |title=सुप्रसिद्ध गायिकेवर झालेल्या ऍसिड अटॅकची गोष्ट 'मंगला' सिनेमातून प्रेक्षकांना करणार थक्क! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/mangala-marathi-movie-motion-picture-release-who-will-play-lead-role-in-the-movie-entertainment-news-1298577 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=सकाळ डिजिटल |date=2024-07-19 |title=Mangala Marathi Movie: 'मंगला'द्वारे उलगडणार एका गायिकेचा थक्क करणारा प्रवास... |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/mangala-marathi-movie-lady-singer-journey-acid-attack-ras-production-aparna-hoshing-motion-poster-release-alaka-kubal-shashank-shende-psg03 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> The film features Shivali Parab in the lead role, portraying a character inspired by Kapoor, alongside [[Shashank Shende]] and [[Alka Kubal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Mangla Teaser : नशिबात लिहिलेलं मरण हेच नशीब बदलणार का?; शिवाली परबच्या चित्रपटाच्या टीझरने वाढवली उत्सुकता! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mangla-marathi-movie-teaser-out-shivali-parab-movie-teaser-increased-curiosity-141730540000758.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The film delves into the remarkable journey of an acid attack survivor who overcame adversity, shedding light on her struggles during a time when no laws existed to address acid attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=सकाळ |date=2024-09-11 |title=Mangla Movie: पाठमोरी बसलेली ती गायिका कोण ? अनुत्तरित प्रश्न उलगडला, वेगळ्या धाटणीच्या चित्रपटातून शिवालीची एंट्री |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/hasyajatra-fame-shivali-parab-new-movie-mangla-about-acid-attack-singer |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 17 January 2025. Upon release, it received critical acclaim for its performances, writing, and music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2025-01-17 |title='MANGLA' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 17 January, 2025 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/mangla-marathi-review-17-january-2025/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in 1975, the film tells the inspiring story of a woman who, after surviving a brutal acid attack, refuses to be defined by society’s rejection and instead pursues her passion for music. Despite facing challenges in education and employment due to her disfigured face, Mangla’s unwavering dedication to classical music drives her to earn a PhD and become a respected music teacher. Her powerful voice, often compared to that of [[Lata Mangeshkar]], helps her rise above the prejudice she encounters. Mangla’s journey is a profound testament to the strength of the human spirit, proving that true beauty lies in resilience and talent.

== Cast ==

* Shivali Parab as Mangla Deshpande<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम शिवाली परब मोठ्या पडद्यावर झळकणार, लालबागचा राजाच्या चरणी सिनेमाचे पोस्टर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-shivali-parab-movie-mangla-poster-released-at-lalbaugcha-raja-hrc-97-4586916/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Mukund Deshpande
* [[Alka Kubal]] as Suhasini Deshpande<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title="बऱ्याच नायिका मी किती सुंदर…", अलका कुबल यांनी 'मंगला' सिनेमासाठी केलं शिवाली परबचं कौतुक; म्हणाल्या… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-actress-alka-kubal-praise-to-shivali-parab-for-work-on-mangla-movie-pps-98-4761224/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* Adit Bhilare as Kailash
* Vishal Rathod
* Sanjeev Kumar Patil as Manohar
* Neeil Rajurikar as Shankar
* Sarika Jadhav as professor
* Vaishnavi Sanas as professor's daughter

== Production ==
The film was officially announced in July 2024 with a poster featuring a girl seen from behind, along with a [[tanpura]], a traditional musical instrument.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaikwad |first=Tejashree |date=2024-07-18 |title=Mangala Movie: कधी न ऐकलेल्या गायिकेच्या अ‍ॅसिड अटॅकची कथा 'मंगला' मधून येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/unheard-story-of-the-acid-attack-on-the-singer-will-be-seen-in-film-mangla |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=marathi.freepressjournal.in |language=mr}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
On 8 September 2024, the team unveiled the film's poster featuring Shivali Parab at [[Lalbaugcha Raja]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिनेमात प्रमुख भूमिकेत दिसणार शिवाली परब, लालबागच्या राजाच्या चरणी केलं चित्रपटाच्या पोस्टरचं अनावरण |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/shivali-parab-release-her-mangala-movie-poster-at-lalbaugcha-raja/articleshow/113184225.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Initially, the film was set to release on 10 January 2025, coinciding with the release of [[Subodh Bhave]]'s ''[[Sangeet Manapmaan|Sangeet Manpamaan]]'', but the release date was later postponed to 17 January 2025, a week later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Mangla : 'मंगला'वरील अ‍ॅसिड हल्ल्यातील गूढ नेमकं काय? 'या' दिवशी रिलीज होणार शिवाली परबचा चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shivali-parab-starrer-mangla-marathi-movie-release-date-announces-film-will-go-on-floor-on-10-january-2025-141728119708833.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2024-11-01 |title="माझं नशीब म्हणजेच माझं मरण…" शिवाली परबच्या 'मंगला'चा टीझर रिलीज; ॲसिड हल्ल्याचं गुपित उलगडणार-Navarashtra (नवराष्ट्र)- Marathi News {{!}} shivali parab starrer mangla marathi movie teaser released on social media |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/shivali-parab-starrer-mangla-marathi-movie-teaser-released-on-social-media-678803.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Kalpeshraj Kubal, a critic from ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'', gave ''Mangala'' 3 out of 5 stars, praising the film overall. He said, "Films that inspire us to see life from a new perspective deserve to be experienced, and Mangala is undoubtedly one of them."<ref>{{Cite web |title=चेहऱ्यावर उमटलेले मंगल सूर! कसा आहे शिवाली परबचा 'मंगला' सिनेमा? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mangla/moviereview/117349893.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Santosh Bhingarde of ''[[Sakal]]'' highlighted the performances, music, and writing as the film’s strongest aspects and wrote, "Although there are some flaws in this film, it is better to ignore it considering this serious incident."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2025-01-18 |title=Marathi Movie Review : मंगला - हृदयस्पर्शी आणि संवेदनशील घटनेवर बेतलेला चित्रपट |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/shivali-parab-alka-kubal-and-shashank-shende-starrer-mangala-marathi-movie-review-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|34930449}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Acid attack victims]]
[[Category:Biographical films about singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language films based on actual events]]

Kandam Becha Kottu

2026-03-04T09:24:06Z

Pipingblog: cleanup formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kandam Becha Kottu
| image = Kandam-Vacha-Kottu.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer = [[K. T. Muhammed]] T. Muhammad Yusuf
| narrator =
| starring = [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Prem Nawas]] [[Aranmula Ponnamma]]
| music = [[Baburaj]]
| cinematography = T. M. Sundarababu
| editing = Balu
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1961|8|24}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kandam Becha Kottu''''' ({{translation|The Patched-up Coat}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film directed and produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] under the banner of [[Modern Theatres]]. It stars [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Prem Nawas]] in the lead roles, along with [[T. S. Muthaiah]], [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] and [[Ambika Sukumaran]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1961.htm|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1961|publisher=PRD, [[Government of Kerala]]|access-date=2009-10-07}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film deals with the negative effects of the [[dowry system in India]] through customs of the [[Islam in India|Muslim community]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254473/|title=Kandam Bacha Kotte (1961)|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref>

''Kandam Becha Kottu'' was based on a popular novel by T. Muhammad Yusuf. Sundaram had earlier produced and directed [[Malayalam cinema]]'s first talkie ''[[Balan (film)|Balan]]'' (1938). The film was initially planned to be [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]'s directorial debut. However, when Sundaram decided to shoot the film in colour, which would be much more expensive than planned, he decided to direct the film himself. The screenplay of the film was written by [[K. T. Muhammed]] in the [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikodan dialect]]. The film's music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]], while the cinematography was done by T. Sundarababu.<ref>T. E. Vasudevan, P. Zakir Hussain (June 2014). [http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/2837 "സിനിമയില്‍ സത്യമില്ല സകലതും അഭിനയമാണ്"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712011013/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/2837|date=12 July 2014}}. ''Madhyamam Weekly''. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref>

''Kandam Becha Kottu'' was released on 24 August 1961 to high expectations. The film was the first [[Colour film|colour]] film and [[Eastmancolor]] film in Malayalam. The film was a huge box office success, running for weeks in packed theatres. The film received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Certificate of Merit for Second Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] at the [[9th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film180659.htm|title=Kandam Bacha Coat|publisher=citwf.com|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Alikoya Haji
*[[Prem Nawas]] as Ummer
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Mammadikka
*[[Ambika Sukumaran]] as Kunju Bivi
*[[Pankajavalli]] as Kadeeja
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Amina
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Hassan
*[[Kedamangalam Sadanandan]] as Avaran
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Minnal Moideen
*[[Bahadoor]] as Khader
*[[Nilambur Ayisha]] as Bethatha
*Chandni as Beechipathu
*Kottayam Chellappan
*Omana
*Muttathara Soman
{{colend}}

==Crew==
{{colbegin}}
* director - [[T. R. Sundaram]]
* producer - Modern Theatres
* writer - K. T. Muhammed -T. Muhammad Yusuf
* music - Baburaj
* Art Direction - A.J.Dominic
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aananda Saamraajyathil" || [[P. Leela]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Aatte Potte Irikkatte" || P. Leela, [[M. S. Baburaj]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Allaavin Thiruvullam" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Ennittum Vannillallo" || P. Leela || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Kandam Bechoru Kottaanu" || M. S. Baburaj, [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 6 || "Maappila Puthumaappila" || P. Leela, Kamukara || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 7 || "Puthan Manavatti" || P. Leela, Gomathy Sisters || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 8 || "Sindabad" || Mehboob || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 9 || "Thekkunnu Vanna Kaatte" || P. Leela || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==Reception==
The film was a big box office success and ran for weeks in packed theatres.

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[9th National Film Awards|1961]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Certificate of Merit for Second Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0254473|Kandam Bacha Kotte}}
*http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=89
* [http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=52072 ''Deshabhimani'' article on the Golden Jubilee of the film]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111113065654/http://www.madhyamam.com/news/131531/111109 ''Madhyamam'' article on the Golden Jubilee of the film]

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}
{{Modern Theatres}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Sundaram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]

Gangothri (film)

2026-03-03T21:16:06Z

Pipingblog: general expanded references per sources and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|1997 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gangothri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[S. Anil|S. Anil Kumar]]
| producer = S. Satheesh
| writer = Shaji Pandavath
| screenplay = Shaji Pandavath
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] [[Thilakan]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Rajan P. Dev]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| studio = Golden Movies
| distributor = Golden Movies
| released = {{Film date|1997|5|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Gangothri''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[P. Anil]] and produced by S. Satheesh. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Thilakan]], [[Ratheesh]] and [[Rajan P. Dev]]. The film has musical score by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. It marked the Malayalam debut of Roja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3021|title=Gangothri|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1865 |title=Gangothri |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027151633/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1865 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/gangothri-malayalam-movie/ |title=Gangothri |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=spicyonion.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027153928/http://spicyonion.com/title/gangothri-malayalam-movie/ |archive-date=27 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> The film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Political War''.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/GU2Olgrk_pI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200301133343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU2Olgrk_pI Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU2Olgrk_pI| title = POLITICAL WAR {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SURESH GOPI {{!}} ROJA {{!}} TELUGU MOVIE ZONE | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Plot==
Adv. Sarathchandran fights against corruption, and criminal activities of politicians Krishnadas and Tripadi for dismantling their power.

==Cast==
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Adv. Sarathchandran
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Nandana Menon
*[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Gopika Iyer
*[[Thilakan]] as Justice Ramaiyer
*[[Ratheesh]] as S. Krishnadas
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police#India|DCP]] Alexander [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Adv. Nambiar
*[[Sathyapriya]]
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Devarayar
*Kitty as Bhuvaneswar Tripadi
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[Hemanth Ravan]] as Mirza Kasim
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Adv. Krishnan Kartha
*[[Krishnakumar]] as Salim, Sarath's assistant
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Mukundan Menon
*[[Chali Pala]] as Maheedran
*Nandhu

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] and the lyrics were written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chaandni Chaandni" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] || 04:10
|-
| 2 || "Chaandni Chaandni" || K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Gireesh Puthenchery || 04:15
|-
| 3 || "Dhinna Dhinna" || [[Krishnachandran]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || Gireesh Puthenchery || 04:19
|-
| 4 || "Kunjikuyil Paattil" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || Gireesh Puthenchery || 05:20
|-
| 5 || "Manjumalar Kunkumam" || K. S. Chithra || Gireesh Puthenchery || 01:04
|-
| 6 || "Manjumalar Kunkumam" || K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra || Gireesh Puthenchery || 04:01
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333482|Gangothri}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 action thriller films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

2021 Indian Premier League final

2026-03-02T04:55:03Z

Pipingblog: Starting the info v1

{{short description|Cricket match}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2021 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2021 Indian Premier League]]
| team1 = Chennai Super Kings
| team2 = Kolkata Knight Riders
| team1score = 192/3
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 165/9
| team2overs = 20 overs
| details = Chennai Super Kings won by 27 runs
| date = 15 October 2021
| stadium = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[Dubai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Faf du Plessis]] (CSK)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| attendance = 18,453
| television =
| previous = [[2020 Indian Premier League final|2020]]
| next = [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]]
}}

The '''2021 Indian Premier League final''' was played on 15 October 2021 at the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]] in UAE.<ref name="IPL returns">{{Cite press release |title=BCCI announces schedule for remainder of VIVO IPL 2021 in UAE |date=25 July 2021 |publisher=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/238275/bcci-announces-schedule-for-remainder-of-vivo-ipl-2021-in-uae |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=IPLT20.com}}</ref> It was a [[Day/night cricket|Day/Night]] [[Twenty20]] match, which decided the winner of [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual Twenty20 tournament in India. Originally scheduled to be held on 30 May 2021 at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]], the tournament, along with the final, was suspended in May 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=IPL 2021 suspended as Covid count increases |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-suspended-as-covid-count-increases-1262269 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title=IPL 2021 suspended indefinitely; Saha, Mishra test positive |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117360/saha-tests-positive-for-covid-19-srhvmi-set-to-be-rescheduled |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> and was relocated to the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="IPL returns" /> [[Chennai Super Kings]] won the match by 27 runs beating [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], to win their fourth IPL title.<ref name="4CSK">{{Cite web |title=Faf du Plessis and bowlers stifle KKR to seal CSK's fourth IPL title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-1254117/match-report |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Background==
On 7 March 2021, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced the full schedule for the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2021 to kick off on April 9; will be played across six Indian cities |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-to-kick-off-on-april-9-will-be-played-across-six-indian-cities-1254052 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307082654/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-to-kick-off-on-april-9-will-be-played-across-six-indian-cities-1254052 |archive-date=7 March 2021 }}</ref> Six venues were chosen, with the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]] hosting 12 matches including the [[2021 Indian Premier League#Playoffs|playoffs]] and the final. After the relocation to UAE, [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]], which was also the host of the [[2020 Indian Premier League final|2020 final]], was chosen to host the final on 15 October.<ref name="IPL returns" />

==Road to the final==
{{small|Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League 2021 – Fixtures and Results |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/match-results |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>}}

{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
!vs
!colspan="3"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|League Stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254059 10 April 2021]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254060 11 April 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254065 16 April 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254062 13 April 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254069 19 April 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254067 18 April 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254072 21 April 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 4
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254072 21 April 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254076 25 April 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 5
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254075 24 April 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254080 28 April 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 6
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254078 26 April 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254084 01 May 2021]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 7
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254082 28 April 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254104 19 September 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 8
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254087 20 September 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254113 24 September 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 9
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai Indians]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254096 23 September 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254098 26 September 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 10
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254098 26 September 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254091 30 September 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 11
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254092 28 September 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254089 02 October 2021]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 12
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254102 01 October 2021]
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254110 04 October 2021]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 13
|style="text-align:left"|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254109 03 October 2021]
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab Kings]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254094 07 October 2021]
|Lost
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 14
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254106 07 October 2021]
|Won

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|Playoff stage
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 1
!
!colspan="3"|Eliminator
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/game/1254114 10 October 2021]
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 15
|style="text-align:left"|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1254115 11 October 2021]
|Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="3"|
!
!colspan="3"|Qualifier 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|
|
|
|
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|
|
|
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 16
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1254116 13 October 2021]
|Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="7"|2021 Indian Premier League final
|}

===Group stage===
The Chennai Super Kings started their campaign with a 7-wicket loss against [[Delhi Capitals]] in [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaw, Dhawan make light work of 188 chase |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116997/prithvi-shaw-shikhar-dhawan-make-light-work-of-188-chase-delhi-capitals |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> They went on to win five consecutive matches, before their run was brought to an end by [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollard, the bowler, makes the difference in a battle of big batting bullies |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117331/pollard-the-bowler-makes-the-difference-in-a-battle-of-big-batting-bullies |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> CSK started the UAE leg of the tournament with four wins, but lost their final three group matches. They ended the group stage with 9 wins and 5 losses, finishing second in the table behind Delhi Capitals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KL Rahul smashes six-studded 98* to keep Punjab Kings' dreams alive (just about) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-punjab-kings-53rd-match-1254094/match-report |access-date=14 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Kolkata Knight Riders started with a 10-run win over [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana, Tripathi, Prasidh star in KKR's opening win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-3rd-match-1254060/match-report |access-date=14 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> but won only one of their next six games in India. In the UAE leg, Kolkata started with a 9-wicket win over [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. They won four of their remaining six matches and ended the group stage with 7 wins and 7 losses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinical Knight Riders in line for final playoff spot after Royals demolition job |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-rajasthan-royals-54th-match-1254106/match-report |access-date=14 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Kolkata qualified as the fourth placed team after [[Mumbai Indians]] failed to beat Hyderabad by the required margin on the last day of the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Indians fail to qualify despite big win over Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2021-mi-vs-srh-mumbai-indians-fail-to-qualify-despite-big-win-over-sunrisers-hyderabad/articleshow/86884270.cms |access-date=14 October 2021 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

===League stage matches between finalists===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 April 2021
| time = 19:30
| night = yes
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 220/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 202 (19.1 overs)
| motm = [[Faf du Plessis]] (Chennai)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-chennai-super-kings-15th-match-1254072/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| result = Chennai won by 18 runs
}}

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 September 2021
| time = 15:30
| daynight = yes
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 171/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 172/8 (20 overs)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Chennai)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-38th-match-1254098/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| result = Chennai won by 2 wickets
}}

Chennai won both the games played between the sides in the group stage, first one by 18 runs in [[Mumbai]] on 21 April,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepar Chahar makes it CSK's night despite stunning Andre Russell and Pat Cummins counterattacks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-chennai-super-kings-15th-match-1254072/match-report |access-date=14 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and second one by 2 wickets in [[Abu Dhabi]] on 26 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadeja magic takes CSK back to first spot with last-ball win over KKR |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-38th-match-1254098/match-report |access-date=14 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Playoffs===
In the playoffs, Chennai Super Kings, as the second-placed team, played in the first qualifier against Delhi in [[Dubai]], whereas Kolkata Knight Riders played in the eliminator against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 October 2021
| round = '''Qualifier 1'''
| time = 19:30
| night = yes
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 173/6 (19.4 overs)
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| result = Chennai won by 4 wickets
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-chennai-super-kings-qualifier-1-1254114/full-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 October 2021
| round = '''Eliminator'''
| time = 19:30
| night = yes
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 138/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 139/6 (19.4 overs)
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| result = Kolkata won by 4 wickets
| motm = [[Sunil Narine]] (Kolkata)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-eliminator-1254115/full-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

Chennai qualified directly for the final, and Kolkata advanced to the second qualifier to play against the Capitals.
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 October 2021
| round = '''Qualifier 2'''
| time = 19:30
| night = yes
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 135/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 136/7 (19.5 overs)
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| result = Kolkata won by 3 wickets
| motm = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] (Kolkata)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-qualifier-2-1254116/full-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

Kolkata beat Delhi and qualified for their first final since [[2014 Indian Premier League final|2014]], and their third final overall.

==Match==
=== Match officials ===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.

=== Summary ===
[[Eoin Morgan]] of the Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to put the opposition, Chennai Super Kings to bat.<ref name="scorecard">{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Super Kings vs KKR Final 2021 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/chennai-super-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-final-1254117/full-scorecard |access-date=15 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The Super Kings scored a total of 192 runs in their 20 overs, with [[Faf du Plessis]] scoring the highest with 86 runs from 59 balls. Chasing 193 runs for victory, the Knight Riders fell short and scored 165 runs in 20 overs for the loss of 9 wickets. [[Shardul Thakur]] was the highest wicket taker taking 3 wickets for 38 runs. The Super Kings won their fourth Indian Premier League Championship by winning the game by 27 runs. Du Plessis was declared as the player of the match.<ref name="scorecard" />

=== Chennai Super Kings Innings ===
Batting first, the Super Kings had Indian batsman [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and South African batsman [[Faf du Plessis]] open the innings. In the first powerplay consisting of the mandatory six overs, the pair put on a total of 50 runs and remained unbeaten, with Gaikwad at 26 and du Plessis at 22 runs. The pair put on an additional 11 runs in the next two overs to reach a total of 61 runs at the first strategic timeout during which Gaikwad surpassed [[KL Rahul]] as holder of the Orange Cap. Du Plessis continued his fine form and brought up his 50 from 35 balls, including two sixes and five fours. Gaikwad was the first wicket to fall, when he was out caught by [[Shivam Mavi]] off the bowling of [[Sunil Narine]] scoring a total of 32 runs, bringing former Indian batter [[Robin Uthappa]] to the crease. Du Plessis and Uthappa put on a total of 63 runs for the second wicket before Uthappa was out leg before wicket to Narine for a score of 31, at a strike rate of over 200. The Super Kings brought up their 150 runs at the end of the 17th over. English cricketer [[Moeen Ali]] joined du Plesis to contribute a quickfire 37 from 20 balls. The team went on to score 192 for the loss of 3 wickets, with du Plessis being out caught by [[Venkatesh Iyer]] at [[Long on|long-on]] off the bowling of Mavi at the last ball of the innings. Ali remained unbeaten. Narine was the pick of the bowlers taking a total of 2 wickets conceding 26 runs, while Mavi took 1 wicket for 32 runs.<ref name="scorecard" />

=== Kolkata Knight Riders Innings ===
Chasing a total of 193 to win from 20 overs, the Knight Riders opened with [[Shubman Gill]] and [[Venkatesh Iyer]].<ref name="scorecard" /> The duo got off to a healthy start scoring a total of 55 runs in the first mandatory power play of six overs. The pair scored an additional four runs at the end of 7 overs when the Super Kings brought in their first strategic time out, with Gill unbeaten at 23 and Iyer unbeaten at 34. Iyer went on to bring up his 50 from 31 balls with a total of 3 sixes and 5 fours. However, the flow was interrupted when Iyer was dismissed by [[Shardul Thakur]] with [[Ravindra Jadeja]] taking a simple catch at deep cover for a lofted shot by Iyer. This triggered a fall of wickets, with Thakur claiming [[Nitish Rana]] off the very next ball, caught by du Plesis. Knight Riders lost the next four wickets having added only 27 runs, ending at 120 runs for the loss of 6 wickets during the next strategic time out taken at the end of the 15th over. New Zealand all-rounder [[Lockie Ferguson]] and Indian bowler [[Shivam Mavi]] mounted a late resistance, but, was not sufficient to get the team to the winning score. Knight Riders ended the innings at 165 runs for the loss of 9 wickets enabling a Super Kings win by 27 runs.<ref name="scorecard" /> Thakur was the pick of the bowlers taking 3 wickets while conceding 38 runs, while [[Josh Hazlewood]] and Jadeja took 2 wickets each.<ref name="scorecard" />

Faf du Plesis was declared the player of the match in what was also his 100th game in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="4CSK" /> This was the Chennai Super Kings' fourth Indian Premier League championship victory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajad |first=Kal |date=15 October 2021 |title=Chennai Super Kings beat Kolkata Knight Riders in final to win fourth title |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/58929602 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref>

{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match60}}

===Scorecard===
{{small|Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="scorecard" />}}

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Chennai Super Kings innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || c Mavi b Narine || 32 || 27 || 118.51
|-
| [[Faf du Plessis]] || c Iyer b Mavi || 86 || 59 || 145.76
|-
| [[Robin Uthappa]] || lbw b Narine || 31 || 15 || 206.66
|-
| [[Moeen Ali]] || not out || 37 || 20 || 185.00
|-
| [[Ambati Rayudu]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[MS Dhoni]]* {{dagger}} || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Dwayne Bravo]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Shardul Thakur]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Deepak Chahar]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| [[Josh Hazlewood]] || did not bat || || ||
|-
| Extras || (1 [[Bye (cricket)|b]], 1[[Leg bye|lb]], 1[[No-ball|nb]], 3[[Wide (cricket)|wd]]) || 6 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs, 9.60 runs per over) || '''192/3'''|| colspan="2" |
|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–61 (Gaikwad, 8.1 overs), 2–124 (Uthappa, 13.3 overs), 3–192 (du Plessis, 19.6 overs)

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Kolkata Knight Riders bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 3 || 0 || 33 || 0 || 11.00
|-
| [[Shivam Mavi]] || 4 || 0 || 32 || 1 || 8.00
|-
| [[Lockie Ferguson]] || 4 || 0 || 56 || 0 || 14.00
|-
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || 4 || 0 || 38 || 0 || 9.50
|-
| [[Sunil Narine]] || 4 || 0 || 26 || 2 || 6.50
|-
| [[Venkatesh Iyer]] || 1 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 5.00
|}

{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Kolkata Knight Riders innings
|-
! [[Batsman]]
! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of dismissal]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|Strike rate]]
|-
| [[Shubman Gill]] || lbw b Chahar || 51 || 46 || 118.60
|-
| [[Venkatesh Iyer]] || c Jadeja b Thakur || 50 || 32 || 156.25
|-
| [[Nitish Rana]] || c du Plessis b Thakur || 0 || 1 || 0.00
|-
| [[Sunil Narine]] || c Jadeja b Hazlewood || 2 || 2 || 100.00
|-
| [[Eoin Morgan]]* || c Chahar b Hazlewood || 2 || 4 || 50.00
|-
| [[Dinesh Karthik]] {{dagger}} || c Rayudu b Jadeja || 9 || 7 || 128.57
|-
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || lbw b Jadeja || 0 || 1 || 0.00
|-
| [[Rahul Tripathi]] || c Ali b Thakur || 2 || 3 || 66.67
|-
| [[Lockie Ferguson]] || not out || 18 || 11 || 163.64
|-
| [[Shivam Mavi]] || c Chahar b Bravo || 20 || 13 || 153.85
|-
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || not out || 0 || 0 || -
|-
| Extras || (1[[No-ball|nb]], 8[[Wide (cricket)|wd]]) || 9 || colspan="2" |
|-
| '''Totals''' || (20 overs, 8.25 runs per over) || '''165/9'''|| colspan="2" |
|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1–91 (Iyer, 10.4 overs), 2–93 (Rana, 10.6 overs), 3–97 (Narine, 11.3 overs), 4–108 (Gill, 13.2 overs), 5–119 (Karthik, 14.5 overs), 6–120 (Shakib, 14.6 overs), 7–123 (Tripathi, 15.4 overs), 8–125 (Morgan, 16.3 overs), 9–164 (Mavi, 19.5 overs)
{| class=wikitable style="width: 60%;"
|+ Chennai Super Kings bowling
|-
! width="25%" | [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Maidens]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket]]s
! Economy
|-
| [[Deepak Chahar]] || 4 || 0 || 32 || 1 || 8.00
|-
| [[Josh Hazlewood]] || 4 || 0 || 29 || 2 || 7.25
|-
| [[Shardul Thakur]] || 4 || 0 || 38 || 3 || 9.50
|-
| [[Dwayne Bravo]] || 4 || 0 || 29 || 1 || 7.25
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || 4 || 0 || 37 || 2 || 9.25
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.iplt20.com/match/2021/60 Match Centre] at IPLT20.com
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214 Series home] at ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''

{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Premier League final, 2021}}
[[Category:2021 in Emirati cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket|Premier League Final]]
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League|Final]]
[[Category:2020s in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals|2021]]
[[Category:October 2021 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Dubai]]

Binoranjan Oinam

2026-03-02T00:38:33Z

Pipingblog: New A Post

{{Short description|Indian writer and filmmaker from Manipur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Binoranjan Oinam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Binoranjan Oinam
| education =
| occupation = Writer, Lyricist, Filmmaker
| years active =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Imphal, [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| height =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''''Binoranjan Oinam''''' ({{Script|Mtei|''ꯕꯤꯅꯣꯔꯟꯖꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ''}}) is an Indian writer, lyricist and filmmaker from [[Manipur]]. He is known for his writings in [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri films]], like ''[[Tomthin Shija]]'', ''[[Aliyah (2018 film)|Aliyah]]'', ''Akangba Nachom'' and ''[[Langdai Ama]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Binoranjan Oinam received Best Director at 9th Brahmaputra Film Festival 2024|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Binoranjan_Oinam_received_Best_Director_at_9th_Brahmaputra_Film_Festival_2024|access-date=2025-11-03|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Subhadrika|date=2025-03-15|title=Binoranjan Oinam's powerful storytelling and fabulous performances set Langdai Ama apart when portraying the narrative of a dysfunctional family|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Mar/15/binoranjan-oinams-powerful-storytelling-and-fabulous-performances-set-langdai-ama-apart-when-portraying-the-narrative-of-a-dysfunctional-family|access-date=2025-11-03|website=Indulgexpress|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Admin|first=IT Web|date=2025-05-14|title=Lakshmipriya Devi's Boong and Binoranjan Oinam's Langdai Ama to be screened in Habitat Film Festival, New Delhi|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/other-news/lakshmipriya-devis-boong-and-binoranjan-oinams-langdai-ama-to-be-screened-in-habitat-film-festival-new-delhi/|access-date=2025-11-03|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

Binoranjan Oinam has scripted films like ''[[Eikhoi Pabunggi]]'', ''[[Tomthin Shija]]'', ''[[Aliyah (2018 film)|Aliyah]]'', ''[[Ichadi Manini]]'' and ''[[Akangba Nachom]]''. He has also written screenplays for feature films ''Khudi'' and ''[[Rongdaife]]''. In 2024, he debuted as a filmmaker with the feature film ''[[Langdai Ama]]'', which was also scripted by him. It was screened at the 9th [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] and 17th Habitat Film Festival 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Accolades ==

Oinam was honoured with different titles at film awards and festivals.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 9th [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] 2024
| Best Director
| rowspan="2"|''[[Langdai Ama]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2024-12-09|title=Bodo film 'Bibo Binanao', director Binoranjan Oinam win top honours at Brahmaputra Valley film fest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bodo-film-bibo-binanao-director-binoranjan-oinam-win-top-honours-at-brahmaputra-valley-film-fest-101733744421165.html|access-date=2025-11-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-12-09|title=Bodo film 'Bibo Binanao', director Binoranjan Oinam win top honours at Brahmaputra Valley film fest|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bodo-film-bibo-binanao-director-binoranjan-oinam-win-top-honours-at-brahmaputra-valley-film-fest/articleshow/116141550.cms|access-date=2025-11-03|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-10|title=Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival 2024 concludes, Kenny Basumatary bags Best Feature Film award|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/brahmaputra-valley-film-festival-2024-concludes-kenny-basumatary-bags-best-feature-film-award-1135519-2024-12-10|access-date=2025-11-03|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd North East India Film Festival, Manipur]]
| Best Screenplay
| {{won}}
| <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-18|title=Manipuri Film "Oitharei" Wins Best Feature Film at 2nd North East India Film Festival 2025|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/manipuri-film-oitharei-wins-best-feature-film-at-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-2025|access-date=2025-11-03|website=The Sentinel|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2025-02-17|title=Manipur: 2nd North East India Film Festival Concludes With Awards And Cultural Performances - Northeast Today|url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipur-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-concludes-with-awards-and-cultural-performances/|access-date=2025-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 11th MANIFA 2023
| Best Screenplay
| ''[[Akangba Nachom]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Akangba Nachom awarded best film of the year|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/24/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-23-Akangba-Nachom-directed-by-Inaocha-Khundrakpam-has-been-awar.html|access-date=2025-11-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2016
|''[[Eikhoi Pabunggi]]''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[Tomthin Shija]]''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|''Speedbreaker''
|Story, screenplay
|-
|2018
|''[[Aliyah (2018 film)|Aliyah]]''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|2019
|''[[Ichadi Manini]]''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Khudi''
|Screenplay
|-
|''Rongdaife''
|Screenplay
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''Akangba Nachom''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|''Nongallamdaisida''
|Screenplay
|-
|2024
|''[[Langdai Ama]]''
|Story, screenplay, director
|-
|rowspan="4"|Upcoming
|''Aroiba Wayel''
|Story, screenplay, director
|-
|''Etinpham''
|Story, screenplay, director
|-
|''Ashithong Achangthong''
|Story, screenplay, lyricist
|-
|''Yaisa Returns''
|Story, screenplay, director
|}

== See also ==
* [[Oinam family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8322476}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oinam, Binoranjan}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Tibetans in India

2026-02-25T00:18:12Z

Pipingblog:

{{Ethnic group
| native_name = རྒྱ་གར་ནང་གི་བོད་མི།
| native_name_lang = bo
| flag = Flag of Tibet.svg
| flag_caption = Flag of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] and the [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] people
| population = 83,799
| total_ref = <ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |title=Language |year=2011 |website=Census of India}}</ref>
| languages = [[Tibetic languages]] and [[Hindi]]
| religions = [[Buddhism]], minority [[Bon]], [[Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]], [[Bhotia people|Bhotia]], [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]], [[Tamang people|Tamang]], [[Gurung people|Gurung]], [[Ladakhi people|Ladakhi]], [[Ngalop people|Ngalop]], [[Sharchop people|Sharchop]], and other [[Sino-Tibetan]] people
}}

Tibetans in [[India]] constitute one of the largest Tibetan exile communities in the world. Following the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]] against [[History of Tibet (1950–present)|Chinese rule]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and thousands of Tibetans sought refuge in India. Since then, India has remained the primary host for Tibetan exiles, providing them with asylum and settlement opportunities. The Tibetan government-in-exile, known as the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], operates from [[Dharamshala]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Background ==
The Tibetan presence in India dates back centuries, given the special relation both share due to [[Buddhism]], but the modern migration began in [[1959 Tibetan uprising|1959]], when the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and thousands of Tibetans fled Tibet after the Chinese government suppressed the Lhasa Uprising.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |title=A History of Modern Tibet, volume 2: The Calm before the Storm: 1951–1955 |date=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93332-3 |location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> The [[Government of India]], led by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] to the Dalai Lama and his followers, allowing them to establish the [[Tibetan Government-in-Exile]] in [[Dharamshala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].

Between 1959 and 1963, around 80,000 Tibetans settled in India, with the Indian government providing land for their rehabilitation in states such as Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tibetan Refugees in India and Rehabilitation Policy, 2014 – GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/tibetan-refugees-in-india-and-rehabilitation-policy-2014/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref> Subsequent waves of Tibetan refugees arrived during the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976) and later in the 1980s and 1990s due to continued repression in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McConnell |first=Fiona |title=Rehearsing the state: the political practices of the Tibetan government-in-exile |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley/Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-66123-9 |series=RGS-IBG Book Series |location=Chichester, UK Malden, MA}}</ref>

== Settlements ==
Tibetans in India primarily reside in over 35 designated settlements across various states. The largest Tibetan communities are found in:

* [[Dharamshala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] – Headquarters of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile and home to the Dalai Lama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=smartcast |url=https://www.htsmartcast.com/society-culture-podcasts/waking-up-closer-to-tibet/largest-tibetan-settlements-in-india |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.htsmartcast.com}}</ref>
* [[Bylakuppe]], [[Karnataka]] – One of the largest Tibetan settlements, home to several monasteries and institutions.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mundgod]], [[Karnataka]] – A major settlement with monastic centers.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Majnu-ka-tilla]], [[Delhi]] – A well-known Tibetan refugee colony in India's capital.<ref name=":0" />

The [[2011 census of India]] recorded 83,799 Tibetans in India.

The settlements outside [[Indian Himalayan Region]] falls in [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] ([[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]), [[Odisha]] ([[Gajapati district|Chandragiri]]), [[Chhattisgarh]] ([[Mainpat]]) and [[Delhi]].

== Legal status ==
Tibetans in India hold a unique legal status. While they are not [[Indian citizenship|Indian citizens]], they are issued [[Identity Certificate (India)|Identity Certificates]] by the Indian government, which function as travel documents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tla_en_admin |title=Legal Overview of the Status of Tibetans in India – Tibetan Legal Association |url=https://tibetanlegalassociation.org/en/legal-overview-of-the-status-of-tibetans-in-india/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Until recently, Tibetans faced challenges in obtaining Indian passports, but a 2017 Delhi High Court ruling allowed Tibetans born in India between 1950 and 1987 to claim Indian citizenship under the Citizenship Act of 1955.<ref>Namgyal Dolkar v. Union of India.</ref> However, many Tibetans remain stateless, as acquiring Indian citizenship requires them to relinquish their refugee benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2024-06-11 |title=The 'Stateless' Status of Tibetans in India – SMA Legal |url=https://www.smalegal.in/home/the-stateless-status-of-tibetans-in-india |access-date=2025-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Culture and religion ==
Tibetans in India have preserved their cultural and religious traditions. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] plays a central role in community life, with major monasteries such as [[Namdroling Monastery]] in Karnataka and [[Tawang Monastery]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] serving as cultural hubs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Tibetan assimilation of Buddhism: conversion, contestation, and memory |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513122-2 |editor-last=Kapstein |editor-first=Matthew T. |location=New York}}</ref> Institutions such as the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala work to preserve Tibetan literature, history, and philosophy.

[[Losar|Losar (Tibetan New Year)]] and the Dalai Lama’s birthday are widely celebrated in Tibetan settlements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shakya |first=Tsering |title=The dragon in the land of snows: a history of modern Tibet since 1947 |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Compass |isbn=978-0-14-019615-3 |location=New York, N.Y}}</ref> Traditional Tibetan arts, including [[Thangka]] painting and opera, are also maintained through community efforts and educational programs.

== Language ==
{{Main|Tibetic languages}}
[[File:TAR-TAP-TAC.png|thumb|Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within [[China]]]]
[[File:チベット人の物売りnepal・Img188.jpg|thumb|Tibetan peddler living in [[Nepal]]]]
The Tibetic languages ({{bo|t=བོད་སྐད།}}) are a cluster of mutually unintelligible [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]], including the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and [[Baltistan]], [[Ladakh]], Nepal, [[Sikkim]], and Bhutan. [[Classical Tibetan]] is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] literature. <ref name="Thurgood LaPolla 2016 p.">{{cite book |last1=Thurgood |first1=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDglDwAAQBAJ |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |last2=LaPolla |first2=R.J. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-39949-2 |series=Routledge Language Family Series |page= |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> The [[Central Tibetan language]] (the dialects of [[Ü-Tsang]], including [[Lhasa]]), [[Khams Tibetan]], and [[Amdo Tibetan]] are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Jirel language|Jirel]], and [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] are considered to be separate languages.<ref name="Smith 2016 p. 85">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77eKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |title=China's Frontier Regions: Ethnicity, Economic Integration and Foreign Relations |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-85772-945-3 |page=85 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

== Economy and education ==
Many Tibetans in India are engaged in [[handicraft]]s, [[agriculture]], and small businesses. The [[Carpet weaving]] industry, in particular, is a significant source of income for Tibetan refugees. Others operate restaurants, hotels, and travel businesses catering to tourists interested in Tibetan culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abélès |first=Marc |title=The Politics of Survival |last2=Kleinman |first2=Julie |date=2010 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9077-0 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Benjamin |series=Public planet books |location=Durham |editor-last2=Gaonkar |editor-first2=Dilip Parameshwar |editor-last3=Kramer |editor-first3=Jane}}</ref>

Education has been a major focus of the Tibetan exile community. The [[Central Tibetan School Administration]], set up in 1961, oversees schools dedicated to Tibetan children’s education. The Dalai Lama Institute for Higher Education and the Sarah College for Higher Tibetan Studies provide higher education opportunities.<ref>{{Citation |last=Oha |first=Obododimma |title=Language, Exile and the Burden of Undecidable Citizenship: Tenzin Tsundue and the Tibetan Experience |date=2008-01-01 |work=Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities |pages=81–98 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401205924/B9789401205924-s006.xml |access-date=2025-03-06 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789401205924_006 |isbn=978-94-012-0592-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ladakhi people]]
* [[Sikkimese people]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Sudhir (powerlifter)

2026-02-20T23:20:42Z

Pipingblog: Done

{{Short description|Indian Para powerlifter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sudhir
| image = Sudhir (powerlifter) at interaction with the PM on 13 August 2022.jpg
| caption =
| ethnicity =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sonipat, Haryana, India
| height = {{convert|1.67|m|}}<ref>{{cite news |title=SUDHIR |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/sudhir/ffc77390-e984-4479-ae38-dd64270e4b61 |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]] |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212421/https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/sudhir/ffc77390-e984-4479-ae38-dd64270e4b61 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| weight = {{convert|86|kg|lbs}}
| sport = [[Paralympic powerlifting|Para Powerlifting]]
| event = Men's Heavyweight
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Paralympic powerlifting|Para Powerlifting]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{flag|India|}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Para powerlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's heavyweight|Heavyweight]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|Up to 80 kg}}
}}
'''Sudhir''' (born 27 October 1994) is an Indian [[Paralympic powerlifting|Para powerlifter]]. He won the gold medal at the [[Para powerlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/PWL/2022-08-04/PWLMHEAVYWT-00050-----------------__C73_1.0.pdf |title=Para Powerlifting – Men's Heavyweight – Final Results |date=4 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games|BOCCG]] |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804211024/https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/PWL/2022-08-04/PWLMHEAVYWT-00050-----------------__C73_1.0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

He is a six-time Indian national champion in para powerlifting and was also a bronze medalist at the [[2018 Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games 2022: Who is Sudhir, India's 1st ever para-powerlifting gold medallist |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2022-who-is-sudhir-india-s-1st-ever-para-powerlifting-gold-medallist-2493439.html |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012115640/https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/commonwealth-games-2022-who-is-sudhir-india-s-1st-ever-para-powerlifting-gold-medallist-2493439.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhir}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian powerlifters]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in powerlifting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in powerlifting]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Powerlifting-bio-stub}}

2023 Indian Racing League

2026-02-18T12:07:27Z

Pipingblog:

{{Short description|Indian motor racing championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Motorsport season
|series = Indian Racing League
|year = 2023
|previous = 2022
|previouslink = 2022 Indian Racing League
|subheader =Entrant Champion: No. 24 Goa Aces [[Raoul Hyman]] & Sohil Shah Teams' Champion: Bangalore Speedsters
|footer = {{small|Support series:}} [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]
}}

The '''2023 Indian Racing League''' was a [[single seater]] [[Auto racing|motor racing]] championship held across [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rpplind.com/irll.html|title=Indian Racing League|publisher=RPPL Motorsports|accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref> The season was heavily disrupted by [[Cyclone Michaung]] making landfall at the Indian east coast.

After three of the planned four rounds were held, the season was concluded early, with the No. 24 Goa Aces car piloted by [[Raoul Hyman]] and Sohil Shah winning the Entrant Championship and the Bangalore Speedsters victorious in the Teams' Championship

==Teams and drivers==
All drivers competed with single-seater [[Wolf GB08|Wolf GB08 Thunder]] cars, fitted with a {{cvt|215|bhp|kW}} [[Aprilia]] engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhadra |first=Akaash |title=Formula Regional Indian and Formula 4 are the first FIA-sanctioned championships in India to qualify for Formula 1 super license points |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/formula-regional-indian-and-formula-4-the-first-fia-sanctioned-championships-in-india |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 87%;"
! Team
! {{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
! Driver
! Rounds
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| rowspan="3" align="center" |1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cycx6XXBxcw/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Álvaro Parente]]<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CydNY9MhjVr/}}</ref>
|1
|-
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Neel Jani]]<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CydbLHHB3ED/}}</ref>
|2–3
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |9
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras<ref>{{cite news |date=3 November 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CzLvUJHB61Q/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anindith Reddy]]<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyckLfQh0_8/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Godspeed Kochi]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |2
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyPsM7jBgs7/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyQHq8LO0C6/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |5
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyP571jh1Cr/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyQVbIAhiwV/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |6
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nicole Havrda]]<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cyi5TKBBgmQ/}}</ref>
|1–2
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cyid7oWh_Wy/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |33
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cyiz0s_BKPF/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyiQOKrhvjZ/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |7
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyS6OfsBVrN/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amir Sayed<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CySe0eUhGXb/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |24
|{{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CySsdkZOcI6/}}</ref>
|All
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CySQ_-IBcRs/}}</ref>
|All
|-
| rowspan="4" | Bangalore Speedsters
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 16
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwin Datta<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyVDh7lBJSi/}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Webb]]<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyVRRHvOp9g/}}</ref>
| All
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 70
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyU1y5kB6FC/}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sarah Moore (racing driver)|Sarah Moore]]<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyVe__theK9/}}</ref>
| All
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" | {{Tooltip|18|Ran No. 86 in round one.}}
| {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Mitchell Gilbert]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyfkcGKO_KP/|title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT|publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]|date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cy_SpGgB_8F/}}</ref>
| All
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |22
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyfI_vFBfIL/|title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT|publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]|date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Chloe Chong]]<ref name="Chong">{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CyfyOISBmxM/|title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT|publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]|date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
| 2–3
|}

=== Team changes ===
Chennai Turbo Riders were initially confirmed to be re-named "Chennai Supersonics", but the "Turbo Riders" moniker was later reinstated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CzLJyfXhF7i/|title=ANNOUNCEMENT - TEAM NAME CHANGE|publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]|date=3 November 2023}}</ref>

===Driver changes===
[[Oliver Webb]] was the only returning driver at Bangalore Speedsters. [[Bianca Bustamante]], Rishon Rajeev, Anshul Gandhi and Webb's substitute driver Yash Aradhya all left the team. The team signed [[2022 W Series|W Series]] driver [[Sarah Moore (racing driver)|Sarah Moore]] and MRF F2000 drivers Kyle Kumaran and Ashwin Datta to replace them.

Chennai Turbo Riders replaced their Indian drivers. Parth Ghorpade, Vishnu Prasad and his injury substitute Sandeep Kumar were replaced by [[2022–23 MRF Formula 2000 season|2022–23 MRF F2000]] champion and runner-up [[Sai Sanjay]] and Mohamed Ryan. Kumar moved to Speed Demons Delhi as a last-minute replacement for [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]], who moved to the [[2023 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]], whilst [[2023 F1 Academy season|F1 Academy]] driver [[Chloe Chong]] replaced Célia Martin as original signing [[Belén García]] did not compete.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cy5ezgChMEZ/|title=📢 DRIVER ANNOUNCEMENT|publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]|date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

[[Raoul Hyman]] rejoined Goa Aces after having to sit out the second half of the 2022 season to conduct [[Super Formula Championship|Super Formula]] testing. This saw his replacement, [[Kevin Mirocha]], leave the series.

British GT driver Jordan Albert, who was entered for reigning Teams' Champion [[Godspeed Kochi]] for the cancelled opening round of the 2022 season, did not return to the series.

Hyderabad Blackbirds announced GT driver [[Álvaro Parente]] for the first half of the season, replacing Thomas Canning. [[Neel Jani]] is expected to return to the team in the second half having contested most of the 2022 season. [[Lola Lovinfosse]] was originally confirmed to be competing for the team, but was replaced with Laura Camps Torras the day before the season started.

==Calendar==
All events were held in India and were run in tandem with the F4 Indian Championship.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" | No.
! Circuit
! Date
! Map of circuit locations
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
!R1
| rowspan="4" | {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]], [[Irungattukottai]]}} {{small|(Full layout)}}
| 4 November
| rowspan="6" |{{Location map+|India|caption=|width=250|float=right|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0025 |long=79.985833 |label='''[[Madras International Circuit|Irungattukottai]]''' |position=left}}
}}
|-
!R2
|5 November
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
!R1
| 1 December
|-
!R2
|2 December
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
!R1
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]], [[Irungattukottai]]}} {{small|(Short layout)}}
| 9 December
|-
!R2
|10 December
|}

===Calendar changes===
Duplicate rounds in Hyderabad and Irungattukottai were initially dropped in favour of new races at the [[Buddh International Circuit]] and a new street circuit around [[The Island, Chennai|Island Grounds]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=New Chennai street circuit to host F4 India night race |publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar India]] |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/new-chennai-street-circuit-to-host-f4-india-night-race-429063}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FMSCI: 2023 Provisional Calendar of Events |url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/calendar.of_.events.2023-UD-27.09.23.pdf}}</ref> An updated calendar was released later on that dropped the planned round at Buddh International Circuit in favor of a second round at Irungattukottai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Racing League Official on Instagram: "Save the dates" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cy3Ej54BzP9/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> In the week leading up to the opening round, the first round was announced to also be moved to Irungattukottai because of the code of conduct surrounding elections in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Indian Racing League on X: "Press release" |url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1719339007580991593?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=X}}</ref> Because of concerns regarding the arrival of [[Cyclone Michaung]] in the area, the penultimate round at Irungattukottai was postponed on short notice, with two more races to be added over the weekend at Chennai to compensate for it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: "Event Update" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0YS1mVL8KX/?hl=de |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> This event did not come about, also because of the cyclone, with all races instead held at Madras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2023-12-06 |title=Indian F4 round three cancelled, round four relocated due to wet weather |url=https://formulascout.com/indian-f4-round-three-cancelled-round-four-relocated-due-to-wet-weather/113911 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> After six of the planned eight races were held over three weekends at Madras, the season was concluded early.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Indian Racing League Official on X: "🚨Announcement🚨 Round 3 of the Indian Racing League will conclude the championship for 2023." |url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1734440556288467358 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=X}}</ref>

===Format changes===
Unlike the previous season, two qualifying sessions and two races were held per event – with the "feature race" including driver swaps discontinued. Two drivers were entered in each car, with each driver contesting one of the two event days – consisting of one 20-minute practice session, one 10-minute qualifying session and a 25-minute + 1 lap race per day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Racing Festival 2023 - Hyderabad |url=https://insider.in/indian-racing-festival-04-nov-2023-hyderabad/event |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=insider.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Season summary==
The 2023 season began as the 2022 season left off – under a cloud of mismanagement, as the first round had to be relocated from the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]] to the [[Madras International Circuit]] less than a week before the start of the season due to the knock-on effects of the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. The first race of the season was postponed by a day due to torrential rain, with Kochi's Ruhaan Alva claiming a lights-to-flag victory as Hyderabad's reigning champion [[Akhil Rabindra]] crashed with Alva's teammate Alister Yoong on the opening lap. Bangalore's [[Sarah Moore (racing driver)|Sarah Moore]] became the series' first female race winner in the wet second race, following both Goa's pole-sitter Sohil Shah and Kochi's [[Nikhil Bohra]] spinning out of the lead early in the race before Bohra punted Goa's Gabriela Jílková out of the race lead on the final lap.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title=Election issue leads to Indian F4 relocating this week’s inaugural round |url=https://formulascout.com/election-issue-leads-to-indian-f4-relocating-this-weeks-inaugural-round/112810 |publisher=Formula Scout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Moore shines in Indian Racing League |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/nov/09/sarah-mooreshines-in-indian-racing-league-2631262.html |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The second round was heavily disrupted by bad weather - originally, the weekend was supposed to be a double round with four races, but after multiple delays, only two races were held. Goa's [[Raoul Hyman]] dominated the first day, claiming pole position by over 1.3 seconds and leading the first race from start to finish. Bangalore's [[Oliver Webb]] was his closest opposition, but did not attack him. Hyderabad's [[Akhil Rabindra]] came third. Bohra took pole position for the second race, where the start was aborted when Bangalore's Ashwin Datta stalled. Bohra pulled away at the restart, with only Chennai's [[Jon Lancaster]] managing to stay close to him, but the Brit was unable to get into the lead. Rabindra completed the podium, while Moore in fourth was able to consolidate a three-point championship lead over Lancaster and [[Sai Sanjay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=RACERS |date=2023-12-02 |title=Sarah Moore claims another top-5 in Indian Racing League |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/sarah-moore-claims-another-top-5-in-indian-racing-league |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref>

As Cyclone Michaung then hit India, the third round was relocated from Chennai to Madras. Shah earned pole position for the first race, defended his lead at the start and led until he made a mistake and ran off track. This promoted Bohra into the lead and he did not look back from then on, taking the win. Hyderabad's Anindith Reddy came second, while Lancaster had a brilliant race, starting last and finishing on the podium after overtaking Jílková at the final corner. Webb took pole position for the second race, but Hyman took the lead through the first corner. He held on all throughout the race to win, thereby allowing him and Shah to take the championship lead. Webb had to be content with second, while Hyderabad's Neel Jani came third. As the final two planned races of the season were cancelled, Hyman and Shah took the championship title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RACERS |date=2023-12-09 |title=IRL: Gabriela Jílková close to a podium finish in Round 3 race 1 |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/irl-gabriela-j%C3%ADlkov%C3%A1-close-to-podium-finish-in-round-3-race-1 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=RACERS |date=2023-12-10 |title=Laura Camps secures another top-10, Chloe Chong gets first point in IRL |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/laura-camps-secures-another-top-10-chloe-chong-gets-first-point-in-irl |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref>

While the season started with little information given by official sources regarding topics like the sporting format, coverage improved throughout the season. The heavy, short-term disruptions posed by the landfall of Cyclone Michaung were handled and communicated well. Still, the reduction from a planned eight-race schedule across three locations down to six races at a single venue hurt the championship, and a champion confirmed away from the track through cancellation of the rest of the rounds is never a good look.

==Results and standings==
===Results summary===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
!colspan=2| Round
! Circuit
! [[Pole position]]
! [[Fastest lap]]
! Winning driver
! Winning team
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
! R1
| rowspan="6" | [[Madras International Circuit]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sarah Moore (racing driver)|Sarah Moore]]
| Bangalore Speedsters
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
! R1
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
! R1
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Webb]]
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
|}

===Championship standings===

==== Scoring system ====
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!Race Position
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''1st''' 
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | '''2nd''' 
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | '''3rd''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''4th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''5th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''6th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''7th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''8th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''9th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''10th''' 
|'''Pole'''
|'''{{tooltip|FL|Fastest lap}}'''
|-
!Points
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |25
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |18
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |15
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |12
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |10
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |1
|1
|1
|}
Drivers sharing a car add the points they get in their respective races to a shared total.

==== Entrant championship ====
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Pos
! rowspan="2" |Entrant
! rowspan="2" | Drivers
! colspan="2" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1]]
! colspan="2" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2]]
! colspan="2" | [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3]]
! rowspan="2" | Pts
|-
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 24 [[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | ''2''
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''''1'''''
|
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | ''1''
! rowspan="2" | 87
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | '''Ret'''
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''''8'''''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 33 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | ''2''
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|
! rowspan="2" | 83
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 2 [[Godspeed Kochi]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | ''4''
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
|
! rowspan="2" | 79
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 8
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|-
! rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 70 Bangalore Speedsters
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
! rowspan="2" | 78
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Sarah Moore (racing driver)|Sarah Moore]]
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 5
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 16 Bangalore Speedsters
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwin Datta
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" | DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 10
|
! rowspan="2" | 58
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Webb]]
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | '''2'''
|-
! rowspan="3" | 6
| rowspan="3" align="left" |No. 1 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
|
! rowspan="3" | 56
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|POR}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
| style="background:#ffffff;" | WD{{ref|3|1}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Neel Jani]]
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|-
! rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 7 [[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|
! rowspan="2" | 42
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Amir Sayed
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 8
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
|-
! rowspan="2" | 8
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 9 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 9
! rowspan="2" | 38
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anindith Reddy]]
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 9
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 5 [[Godspeed Kochi]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''1'''
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 9
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
! rowspan="2" | 28
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" | 10
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 18 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Mitchell Gilbert]]
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
! rowspan="2" | 28
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 8
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 11
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 22 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 7
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
! rowspan="2" | 25
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Chloe Chong]]
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 10
|-
! rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" align="left"|No. 6 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nicole Havrda]]
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 10
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 7
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 9
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 8
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Entrant
! rowspan="2" |Drivers
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|MIC1]]
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|MIC2]]
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|MIC3]]
|}

*{{note|3|1}} – Parente qualified and Rabindra raced.

==== Teams' championship ====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Driver
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC1]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC2]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC3]]
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
|align=left rowspan=2| Bangalore Speedsters
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2'''
!rowspan=2| 136
|-
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 6
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Goa Aces JA Racing|Goa Aces]]
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1''
!rowspan=2| 129
|-
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#efcfff;"| '''Ret'''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| '''''8'''''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''4''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
!rowspan=2| 107
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
!rowspan=2| 4
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| ''2''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
!rowspan=2| 90
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
!rowspan=2| 89
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|-
!rowspan=2| 6
|align=left rowspan=2| [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
!rowspan=2| 58
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Driver
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|IRU1]]
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|IRU2]]
! colspan="2" |[[Madras International Circuit|MIC3]]
|}
| valign="top" |{{Motorsport driver results legend}}
'''Bold''' – Pole

''Italics'' – Fastest Lap
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rpplind.com/ Promoters website]

[[Category:Indian Racing League]]
[[Category:2023 in motorsport|Indian Racing League]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian motorsport|Indian Racing League]]

V. Ganapati Sthapati

2026-02-12T03:18:56Z

Pipingblog: small changes

{{Short description|Indian temple architect (1927–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = V. Ganapati Sthapati
| image = Ganapathi_sthapathi_2014-04-27_08-33.JPG
| image_size = 150 px
| birth_date = 30 September 1927
| birth_place = Pillayarpatti, [[Karaikudi]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = 5 September 2011 (aged 84)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164259/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/architecht-ganapati-sthapati-passes-away/813693.html ibnlive.in]</ref>
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| field = Architect, temple builder, sculptor, author
| movement = Founded the "Vaastu Vedic Trust" and "Vaastu Vedic Research Foundation" for the development and globalization of [[Vaastu Shastra]].
| works = Architecture and Sculpture
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}

'''Vaidyanatha<ref>Variations of the name "Vaidyanatha" which have been observed in the literature include: Vaithyanadhan, Vaithyanatha, and Vaithyanathan.</ref> Ganapati Sthapati''' (1927 – 5 September 2011) was a ''[[Sthapati]]'' (temple architect and builder) and head of the College of Architecture and Sculpture in the [[Vastu Shastra]] tradition ascribed to the sage [[Mamuni Mayan]].

==Biography==
[[Image:Iraivan4.jpg|thumb|x216px|right|Conception for Iraivan Temple, Kauai, Hawaii, by V. Ganapati Sthapati]]
Sthapati was born in 1927 to sculptor Vaidyanatha Sthapati and Velammal in Pillayarpatti, a village near [[Karaikudi]], Tamil Nadu, India.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Sthapati attended Dr. Alagappa Chettiar College, [[Karaikudi]], and graduated with a degree in mathematics. After his graduation, he became a ''Sthapati'' at [[Palani Murugan Temple]], [[Palani]], Tamil Nadu, India. He resigned this post after the death of his father, who had served as principal of the School of Architecture and Sculpture at [[Mamallapuram]] from 1957 to 1960. He succeeded his father as the Principal of the Government College of Architecture and Sculpture, TN, India.
From the 1980s, Sthapati campaigned to restore and elevate the status of traditional [[Hindu architecture]] in modern Indian society, by affiliating courses to the [[University of Madras]] and offering degree courses, bringing about a revival of [[Vastu Shastra]].
After retirement from government service, he established the Vaastu Vedic Trust and the Vaastu Vedic Research Foundation, aimed at research, development, and globalization of [[Vaastu Shastra]]. He was also the head of the professional guild named "V. Ganapati Sthapati & Associates."
<ref name="self">{{cite web|url=http://www.vastuved.com/life.htm |work=Vaastu Vijnani Dr. Ganapati Sthapati |title=Dr. V. Ganapati Sthapati |publisher=Dr. V. Ganapati Sthapati & Associates |access-date=27 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726093148/http://www.vastuved.com/life.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 }}</ref>

==Major works==

=== Architecture and sculpture ===
[[Image:Thiruvalluvar Statue at Kanyakumari 02.jpg|thumb|right|Thiruvalluvar Statue.]]
Sthapati served as architect for several buildings and sculptures, including the following:
*Sculpture of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet and saint [[Thiruvalluvar]]—[[Thiruvalluvar Statue]] at the southern tip of India at [[Kanyakumari]], TN, India (measuring 133 feet (40.5 m) in elevation and weighing 4000 tons<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jayalalithaa-plans-Rs-100-crore-statue-for-Mother-Tamil/articleshow/20058508.cms|title=Jayalalithaa plans Rs 100-crore statue for Mother Tamil|website=The Times of India|date=15 May 2013 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>).
*Design and Construction of University buildings including the Administrative block and library for [[Tamil University]] in [[Tanjore]].
*Design and Construction of [[Valluvar Kottam]] in [[Chennai]], TN, India.
*Granite sculpture of the [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]]—heroine of the Tamil epic [[Silappathikaram]], erected in an Art Gallery in Poompuhar, [[Chennai]], TN, India.
*The Rajagopuram of Sri Rama Temple and Sri Ganesh Shiva Durga Temple at [[The Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago]] complex [[Lemont, Illinois|Lemont]], Illinois, United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://htgc.org/test/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=31|title=Temple History|page=1|work=Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago|access-date=27 August 2010|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111106/http://htgc.org/test/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Sri Murugan Temple, Nadi-Fiji islands.
*The San Marga [[Iraivan Temple]], [[Kauai]], Hawaii.
*[[Sri Siva Vishnu Temple|Sri Shiva Vishnu Temple]] – Maryland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssvt.org/about/history.asp|title=Sri Siva Vishnu Temple|website=ssvt.org|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110927/https://ssvt.org/about/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Design of [[Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)|Great Buddha]] statue, [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rebirth of Bodh Gaya: Buddhism and the Making of a World Heritage Site |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meA5DwAAQBAJ |first=David |last=Geary |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780295742380 |page=68}}</ref>

Projects in India and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROJECTS OF DR. STHAPATI |url=https://www.vastuved.com/projects-of-dr-sthapati |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Vastu Vedic Trust |language=en}}</ref>

== As an author ==
Sthapati has authored a number of books on the science and technology of [[Vastu Shastra]] and has conducted over 80 seminars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Hindu temples in North America : a celebration of life|last=Mahalingum.|first=Kolapen|date=c. 2002|publisher=Hindu University of America|others=Kolapen, Sañjay., Hindu University of America., Council of Hindu Temples of North America.|isbn=9780971631007|edition= 1st|location=Orlando, Fla.|oclc=79385539}}</ref> He formed a publishing house called Dakshinaa Publishing house to publish and market books related to Vastu Shastra and architecture. His critically acclaimed book, Building architecture of Sthapatya veda attracted the attention of Scholars, architects and engineers of India and abroad.<ref name=":0" />

*{{cite book|title=Building architecture of Stha-patya Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yMJPwAACAAJ&q=ganapati+sthapati|year=2005|publisher=Dakshinaa Pub. House}}
*''Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda, Illustrations Volume II''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vastuved.com/dakshine-publishing-home/|title=Daskhinaa publishing house {{!}} Vastu Vedic Trust|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019074052/http://vastuved.com/dakshine-publishing-home/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=The scientific edifice of Brihadeeswara temple, Tanjore Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=562HNgAACAAJ&q=The+scientific+edifice+of+Brihadeeswara+temple,+Tanjore+Tamilnadu|publisher=Dakshinaa Pub. House|location=[[Chennai]], India|oclc=297209860}}
*{{cite book|title=Significance of vimānam & gopuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cifNgAACAAJ&q=Significance+of+vima%CC%84nam+%26+gopuram|publisher=Dakshinaa Pub. House|location=[[Chennai]], India|oclc=297209865}}
*[http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 ''Shiva Vishnu Temple Complex: Concept and Design''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 |date=17 December 2018 }}
*''[http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 Quintessence Of Sthapatya Veda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 |date=17 December 2018 }}'' <ref name=":0" />
*''[http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 The Scientific Edific of Brihadeeswara Temple, Tanjore, Tamilnadu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 |date=17 December 2018 }}''
*''[http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 Who Created God?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 |date=17 December 2018 }}'' <ref name=":0" />
*''[http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 The Colossal Statue Of Ayyan Thiruvalluvar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1 |date=17 December 2018 }}''

He has authored countless other books including ''Iconometry, Temples of Space Science: The Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda''<ref>{{cite book|first=V. Ganapati|last= Sthapati|title=The Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda|publisher=Dakshinaa|year=2004|asin=B0006E8WGY }}</ref> and ''Commentary on Mayan's Aintiram''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sabharathnam|first= S.P.|title= Mayan's Aintiram : With Tamil texts of Mayan and paraphrasing with English translation|publisher=Vaastu Vedic Research Foundation|year= 1997|asin=B000P6J8SY }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1|title=Vedic Books: Search Results: Dr. V. Ganapati Sthapati|website=vedicbooks.net|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111053/http://www.vedicbooks.net/advanced_search_result.php?keywords=Dr.+V.+Ganapati+Sthapati&search_in_description=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
Sthapati has earned a number of titles and awards including and not limited to:

* [[Padma Bhushan]] (the third highest civilian award in India) in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012658391100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011649/http://hindu.com/2009/01/26/stories/2009012658391100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2009|title=List of Padma awardees 2009|date=26 January 2009|page=1|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vastuved.com/press%26media.htm|work=Vaastu Shastra|title=Press & Media|publisher=Dr. V. Ganapathi Sthapati & Associates|access-date=27 August 2010|archive-date=27 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727012437/http://www.vastuved.com/press%26media.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Doctorate Degree conferred by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University in the [[Netherlands]] – 1995<ref name=":0" />
* [[Honorary fellowship]] by the [[Indian Institute of Architects]] in 1993<ref name=":0" />
* The National Award for Master Craftsmanship from the [[President of India]] – 1973<ref name=":0" />

=== Other awards ===

* Kalaignar Award (Murasoli Trust)Presented by [[M. Karunanidhi|Dr. Kalaignar]] in 29 January 2005<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ebuild.in/v-ganapati-sthapati-awards-and-services|title=Awards & Services – V. Ganapati Sthapati|website=ebuild.in|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110926/https://ebuild.in/v-ganapati-sthapati-awards-and-services|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Muttiah Chettiar Award<ref name=":1" />
* Kapilavanar Award – Thirukovilur<ref name=":1" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
Image:Tiruvalluvar statue LIC.jpg|133-foot-tall sculpture (40.5 m.) of the Tamil poet and saint [[Thiruvalluvar Statue]], in Kanyakumari, India.
Image:Valluvar Kottam Edit1.JPG|[[Valluvar Kottam]], designed and constructed by V. Ganapati Sthapati, in Chennai, India
Image:Iraivan4.jpg|Artist's conception for [[Iraivan Temple]], on the Hawaiian island of Kauai.
Image:Iraivan2.jpg|Detail of Iraivan Temple.
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/02/20/stories/2009022051200100.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090223181608/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/02/20/stories/2009022051200100.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 February 2009|title=Sculpting a success story|last=Subramaniam|first=T.S.|date=20 February 2009|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 August 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|V. Ganapati Sthapati}}
* [http://www.vastuved.com/profile.html Profile at vastuved.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726031946/http://vastuved.com/profile.html |date=26 July 2010 }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[S. M. Ganapathy]]
* [[Muthiah Sthapati]]
* [[Vidyasankar Sthapathy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sthapati, V. Ganapati}}
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Artists from Tamil Nadu]]

Ranaditya Satya

2026-02-12T03:06:57Z

Pipingblog: Done...

{{Short description|Ruler in what is now Pakistan}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rāṇādityā Satyā
| title =
| image = Sind. Rana Datasatya. 5th-6th century AD.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Rāṇāditya Satya, 5th-6th century CE Sind mint. Portrait of the ruler on the model of [[Peroz I]], faced by Sun symbol. On the reverse, Sasanian-style fire with legend: {{center|[[File:Rannaditya Satya.jpg|200px|Rannaditya Satya]] [[File:Gupta_allahabad_r.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad nn.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad di.png|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tya.png|15px]] [[File:Gupta allahabad s.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad tya.png|15px]] ''Rāṇāditya Satya''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tandon |first1=Pankaj |title=TWO NEWLY-IDENTIFIED HUN KINGS AND A HOARD FROM PUSHKALAVATI |journal=Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society |date=2019 |issue=237 |pages=8-9 |url=https://coinindia.com/HunKings.pdf}}</ref>}}
| reign = 5-6th century CE
| coronation =
| full name = Rāṇā Dityāsatyā
| predecessor = Rulers of [[Sasanian Sindh]]
| successor = Caliphs of the [[Sind (caliphal province)|Caliphal Province of Sind]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|}}
'''Rāṇādityā Satyā''' (formerly read '''Raṇa Datasatya''' on his coins), was a ruler in [[Sindh]], modern-day Pakistan, probably {{circa}} 480 CE.<ref name="NS"/>

His coins employ a sun symbol together with the portrait of the ruler, and have on the reverse a fire altar of the type seen on Sasanian coinage, in which the traditional attendants of Sasanian coinage are replaced by a legend in [[Brahmi script]]. The legend in Brahmi reads ''Rāṇādityā Satyā''.<ref name="NS">{{cite book |last1=Schindel |first1=Nikolaus |last2=Alram |first2=Michael |last3=Daryaee |first3=Touraj |last4=Pendleton |first4=Elizabeth |title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702105 |pages=128–129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqONDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BS">{{cite journal |last1=Senior |first1=Bob |title=Some new coins from Sind|journal=Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter |date=1996 |volume=149 |page=6 |url=https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_149.pdf}}</ref>

The coins of Rāṇāditya Satya are considered as modelled on the coins of [[Peroz I]], particularly from the portrait type.<ref name="NS"/>

These coins are the latest known of the series of [[Sasanian coinage of Sindh|Sasanian-type "coinage of Sindh"]], which were minted in the area of [[Sindh]] in modern [[Pakistan]], from [[Multan]] to the mouth of the [[Indus River]], on the model the coinage of [[Sasanian Empire]] rulers [[Shapur II]] down to [[Peroz I]], and are covering approximately the period from 325 to 480 CE.<ref name="NS"/><ref name="RCS">{{cite journal |last1=Senior |first1=R.C. |title=The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest |journal=Oriental Numsmatic Society |date=1991 |volume=129 |issue=June–July 1991 |pages=3–4 |url=https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_129.pdf}}</ref> Sasanian rulers from the reign of [[Shapur I]] did claim control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions. Shapur I installed his son [[Narseh]] as "King of the Sakas" in the areas of Eastern Iran as far as Sindh.<ref name="RCS"/>

This type of coinage disappeared with the [[Sind (caliphal province)|Arab conquest]] of Sindh, in the 8th century CE.<ref name="RCS"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hephthalites]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Sindh]]

Bengaluru Suburban Railway

2026-02-09T04:43:29Z

Pipingblog: Starting some info and citations

{{short description|Under-construction suburban rail network in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox public transit
| name = Bengaluru Suburban Railway
| native_name = Beṅgaḷūru upanagara railu sēve
| image = File:Kride logo.png
| imagesize = 100px
| alt =
| caption =
| owner = Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Karnataka) Limited [https://kride.in/about/ K-RIDE]
| area served = [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bengaluru Metropolitan Region]]
| locale = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| transit_type = [[Commuter rail|Suburban rail]]
| lines = 4
| line_number = '''''Under construction''''' 
{{RouteBox|Sampige|Sampige line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}}|black}} {{RouteBox|Mallige|Mallige line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}}|black}} {{RouteBox|Parijaata|Parijaata line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Parijaata}}}} {{RouteBox|Kanaka|Kanaka line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Kanaka}}}}
| stations = 69
| daily-ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive =
| website = [https://kride.in/ K-RIDE]
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2027|3}}<ref name="deadline">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Railways to construct new terminal at Devanahalli; Bengaluru suburban rail corridor deadline pushed to 2027 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/railways-new-terminal-devanahalli-bengaluru-suburban-rail-corridor-deadline-pushed-2027-9783585/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| operator = Bengaluru Suburban Rail Company Limited
| vehicles =
| system_length = {{convert|160.457|km|mi}}
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| map = [[File:Bengaluru Suburban Rail Transit Diagram.svg|center]]
| map_state = Default: collapsed
}}

The '''Bengaluru Suburban Railway''' is an under-construction [[Commuter rail|suburban rail]] network for the city of [[Bengaluru]] in [[Karnataka]]. Since the first proposal in 1983, several others were made but to no avail until a revised proposal of length {{cvt|161|km}} was approved in the 2019 Railway Budget. The network is set to have four lines in total with two of them planned to open by December 2026.

The four lines of Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project (BSRP) are named after regional flowers in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''Sampige'' (''[[Magnolia champaca]]''), ''Mallige'' ([[Jasmine]]), ''Parijaata'' (''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]'') and ''Kanaka'' (''[[Crossandra infundibuliformis]]''). When abbreviated, they form the Kannada word 'Sa-m-par-ka' which means connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2021|first1=Christin Mathew|last1=Philip|title=Bengaluru suburban rail corridors likely to be named after flowers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-corridors-likely-to-be-named-after-flowers/articleshow/81368480.cms|access-date=10 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bengaluru Suburban Railway's Kanaka Line under-construction.jpg|thumb|Construction activities of [[Kanaka line]] near Dooravani Nagara in East Bengaluru.]]

There have been a total of six proposals with the RITES (2018) proposal being approved in 2019 after a few amendments. The construction works for the project commenced in 2022 on the two priority lines, Mallige (line 2) and Kanaka (line 4) which are planned to be operationalised by the end of 2026. The remaining two lines, Sampige (line 1) and Parijaata (line 3) are planned to be opened by 2028.

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Map of Bengaluru's urban rail network with operational, under-construction and planned lines of [[Namma Metro]] and Bengaluru Suburban Railway.
| image1 = NammaMetroUptoPh-3withKannada.png
| width1 = 130
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Geographic map
| image2 = Bengaluru Urban Rail Transit Diagram.svg
| width2 = 142
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Transit diagram
}}

== History ==
=== Background ===
Unlike [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]] which had India's earliest and extensive suburban railway network, Bengaluru did not except for a single rail service in 1963 for [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] employees to commute from [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] to [[Vimanapura]] railway station. The city's first ever suburban railway proposal was dated to early 1960s in the form of a circular railway connecting existing Bengaluru Central, Cantonment and Bengaluru East railway stations with new railway line and stations in Dommaluru, Koramangala, Jayanagara, Banashankari and back to Bengaluru Central.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 November 2024 |publisher=New Indian Express |title=Circular rail plan around Bengaluru proposed in the sixties stuns citizens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/26/circular-rail-plan-around-bengaluru-proposed-in-the-sixties-stuns-citizens}}</ref>

In 1983, a formal suburban rail system for the city had first been proposed by a team from [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] under then Railway Minister [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]] and Member of Parliament representing Bengaluru. Their recommendation had been to invest in three suburban rail lines and a {{cvt|58|km}} ring railway. The package was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|650|c|year=1983}} spread over a 25-year period.<ref name=background>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Bengaluru Suburban Railway: A Connected And Efficient Transport System To Ease Traffic - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/bengaluru-suburban-railway-a-connected-and-efficient-transport-system-to-ease-traffic/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S. |date=2020-10-09 |title=From 1983, it's been a long journey for fruition of suburban rail project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Oct/09/from-1983-its-been-a-long-journey-for-fruition-of-suburban-rail-project-2207833.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 1993, Minister of Railways, India C. K. Jaffer Sharief influenced the State of Karnataka to establish a committee to look into mass rapid transit for the city. This committee recommended essentially the same put forward by Southern Railway in 1983 and the same circular railway. Both in 1983 and 1993 the proposal was rejected by then Prime Minister of India.<ref name=background/>

=== Early proposals ===
In 2007, [[RITES]] (Rail Indian Technical and Economic Services) was commissioned by the Government of Karnataka to conduct a CTTP (Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Plan) for the city of Bengaluru. Their report called for ten suburban rail routes totalling {{cvt|204|km}}. As per the report, suburban rail (along existing rail routes) would have cost much less than mass rapid transit system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore CTTP 2007 |url=https://praja.in/kn/book/export/html/343 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=praja.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
|+ 2007 proposal
! Line
! Length (km)
|-
| Kengeri – KSR Bengaluru
| 13
|-
| KSR Bengaluru – Whitefield
| 24
|-
| KSR Bengaluru – Baiyappanahalli via Lottegollahalli
| 23
|-
| Lottegollahalli – Yelahanka Junction
| 7
|-
| Banaswadi – BMR Boundary
| 29
|-
| Kengeri – BMR Boundary
| 9
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction – BMR Boundary
| 14
|-
| BMR Boundary – Hosur
| 12
|-
| BMR Boundary – Ramanagara
| 23
|-
| BMR Boundary – Tumakuru
| 50
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''204'''
|}

[[File:CRS route map - Schematic.jpg|left|thumb|Proposal made by Praja in 'Call To Action' report (July 2010)]]
[[File:Bangalore Suburban Rail Network1.png|left|thumb|Existing and proposed rail network]]

In July 2010, a proposal was made by [[Praja Bangalore]] in a 'Call To Action' report. This plan was supported & presented at the center for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning (CisTup), [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bengaluru. The proposal had suggested a 376 km network around three hubs ([[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur Junction]], Benniganahalli & [[Yelahanka Junction railway station|Yelahanka Junction]]) with 42 new stations.<ref name="cta_2010">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Commuter Rail - Call To Action - Reprint 2 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Rail Transport {{!}} Sustainable Transport |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/35799171/Bengaluru-Commuter-Rail-Call-to-Action-Reprint-2 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
|+ 2010 proposal
! Line
! Length (km)
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction – Yelahanka Junction – Devanahalli – Chikkaballapura
| 60
|-
| Benniganahalli – Thanisandra – Yelahanka Junction – Doddaballapura
| 37
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction – Benninganahalli – Anekal Road – Hosur
| 66
|-
| Tumakuru or Nelamangala – Yeshwanthpura Junction – Benniganahalli
| 83
|-
| Yelahanka Junction – Benniganahalli – Whitefield – Malur – Bangarpet
| 80
|-
| Yelahanka Junction – Yeshwanthpura Junction – KSR Bengaluru – Kengeri – Ramanagara
| 50
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''376'''
|}

In November 2011, RITES conducted a feasibility study exclusively for suburban rail services in Bengaluru and submitted their final report to the Directorate of Urban Land Transport (DULT) in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |author=Aparajita Ray |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/bangalore/32298430_1_commuter-rail-feasibility-study-rites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112112327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/bangalore/32298430_1_commuter-rail-feasibility-study-rites |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2014 |title=RITES sent commuter rail feasibility study to DULT |date=18 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The 179-page report studied all existing routes totalling 440.8 km of the rail network in and around the city, and development of suburban rail services over three phases.<ref name="rites_2012">{{cite web|author=Suchith Kidiyoor|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_440-km-commuter-rail-network-planned-in-karnataka_1762943 |title=440-km commuter rail network planned in Karnataka |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

The state government led by Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] approved the suburban rail project on 5 July 2013 and announced it in the 2013-14 state budget that he presented on 9 July 2013.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/archive/02750/Rail_Budget_2016_s_2750656a.pdf ref]>{{cite news |author=Chitra V. Ramani |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/green-signal-for-suburban-train-system/article4909629.ece |title=Green signal for suburban train system |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> The budget proposed the setting up of the Bengaluru Suburban Rail Corporation Limited (BSRCL), a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to implement the project estimated to cost {{INRConvert|8759|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bangalore-suburban-rail-a-kharge-siddu-dream/articleshow/21049188.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730130717/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/bangalore/40553536_1_detailed-project-report-underbridges-railway |url-status=live |archive-date=30 July 2013 |title=Bangalore suburban rail a Kharge-Siddu dream |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/govt-to-set-up-spv-to-implement-bangalore-suburban-rail-system-113071200594_1.html |title=Govt to set up SPV to implement Bangalore suburban rail system |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=12 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> In the 2016-17 Railway budget, Union Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] announced a partnership with Karnataka government for a ₹9,000 crore suburban rail network for Bengaluru, but did not allocate any funds.<ref name="Phase 1 feasible" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 September 2015|title=State seeks Centre's nod for suburban rail project|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/state-seeks-centres-nod-for-suburban-rail-project/article7687205.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
|+ 2012 proposal
! From
! To
! Distance (km)
|-
| KSR Bengaluru
| Mandya
| 92.88
|-
| KSR Bengaluru
| Yeshwanthpura Junction
| 5.35
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction
| Tumakuru
| 64.00
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction
| Yelahanka Junction
| 12.45
|-
| Yelahanka Junction
| Baiyappanahalli
| 19.23
|-
| Yeshwanthpura Junction
| Baiyappanahalli
| 16.12
|-
| Yelahanka Junction
| Doddaballapura
| 20.72
|-
| Yelahanka Junction
| Chikkaballapura
| 46.05
|-
| Baiyappanahalli
| Hosur
| 48.59
|-
| KSR Bengaluru
| Baiyappanahalli
| 10.76
|-
| Baiyappanahalli
| Bangarpet Junction
| 59.45
|-
| Soladevanahalli
| Kunigal
| 45.2
|-
| colspan="2" |Total
| 440.8
|}

=== Final revision and approval ===
On 3 February 2016, the state government proposed a modified version of the original RITES plan. This seemed to kick-start the project with a ₹1,000 crore investment to connect Mandya with Kengeri, Whitefield with [[Baiyyappanahalli railway station|Baiyappanahalli]] and [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] with [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwanthpura Junction]]. The state government had released 100 crore towards the same.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suburban rail gets a push, railways to link 4 stations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/nov/17/suburban-rail-gets-a-push-railways-to-link-4-stations-1539543.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> The state appointed RITES again to study the feasibility of the project, and the latter's survey deemed the project as feasible.<ref name="Phase 1 feasible">{{cite news|title=Phase 1 of suburban rail network feasible: George|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Phase-1-of-suburban-rail-network-feasible-George/articleshow/55472267.cms|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2016 }}</ref> However, Railways stated that the proposed Phase Two of the project (linking Tumakuru and Yeshwanthpur not feasible.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whitefield-Byappanahalli suburban rail link okayed|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/581507/whitefield-byappanahalli-suburban-rail-link.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

In November 2018, RITES prepared a revised plan for a {{cvt|161|km}} network which was again amended in August 2019 to reduce costs. Out of 82 stations, 29 stations were shelved, route length reduced to {{cvt|148|km}} and the cost lowered to ₹16,000 crores. This was finally approved by Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RITES submits revised DPR of Bengaluru Suburban Rail project|url=http://www.railnews.in/rites-submits-revised-dpr-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project/}}</ref> On 7 October 2020, the project was approved by Prime Minister's Office and the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (headed by the Prime Minister).<ref>{{Cite web|title=K-RIDE floats Land Survey Tender for Bengaluru Suburban Rail|date=27 February 2020|url=https://railwaysyearbook.com/2020/02/27/k-ride-floats-land-survey-tender-for-bengaluru-suburban-rail/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=K-RIDE begins survey process for suburban rail project|date=27 February 2020|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/k-ride-begins-survey-process-for-suburban-rail-project-808479.html}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
[[File:System map.jpg|thumb|Map of Bengaluru Suburban Railway project with construction details.]]
A joint venture between Government of Karnataka and Ministry of Railways named K-RIDE was set up to boost rail infrastructure projects such as BSRP in the state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://kride.in/about/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=KRIDE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2019|title=Suburban rail SPV to take shape in a month|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/suburban-rail-spv-to-take-shape-in-a-month-744984.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the organisation had kick-started the Suburban project by calling tenders for Land Survey, hiring staff etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tender for Land Survey floated|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-rail-tender-for-land-survey-floated/articleshow/74323157.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Preparatory works begin for suburban rail project|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/feb/27/preparatory-works-begin-for-suburban-rail-project-2109171.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2019|title=Long-pending Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project, worth Rs 17,000 crore awaits clearance from Centre; details here|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/long-pending-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-worth-rs-17000-crore-awaits-clearance-from-centre-details-here/1786467/|access-date=29 September 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="fm_clearance">{{Cite web|title=With Finance Ministry Clearing Bangalore Suburban Project, K-Ride Starts Hiring Engineers|date=27 June 2020|url=https://railwaysyearbook.com/2020/06/27/with-finance-ministry-clearing-bangalore-suburban-project-k-ride-starts-hiring-engineers/}}</ref> Two priority lines; Mallige and Kanaka were taken up first as per Government of Karnataka's advice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Real Estate News, Information & Trends 2021|url=https://realtybeat.in/bengaluru-two-suburban-corridors-to-benefit-5-3-lakh-passengers/|access-date=10 July 2021|website=realtybeat.in}}</ref> On 20 June 2022, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[foundation stone]] for the start of construction of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone for Bengaluru Suburban Rail project on June 20 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-on-june-20-7956483/ |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-and-lays-the-foundation-stone-of-multiple-rail-and-road-infrastructure-projects-worth-over-rs-27000-crore-in-bengaluru/|title=PM inaugurates and lays the foundation stone of multiple rail and road infrastructure projects worth over Rs 27000 crore in Bengaluru|publisher=PM India|date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

During November 2021, tenders were called for the elevated viaduct portion of corridor 2 (Mallige line). However, there was a delay in awarding the tender due to land acquisition issues, railway land transfer, approval by IR, formalities etc. Meanwhile, a consortium of Egis, Louis Berger & AECOM JV won bid and were appointed General Consultants in February 2022. The tender for Mallige line was awarded to L&T in August 2022 for 8 km of elevated viaduct. Construction began in mid-2023 after all hurdles were removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction work begins for Mallige Line of Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project |url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/construction-work-begins-for-mallige-line-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=L&T Wins Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project's Viaduct Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/03/21/lt-wins-bengaluru-suburban-rail-projects-viaduct-work/#:~:text=Larsen%20&%20Toubro%20today%20emerged%20as,will%20connect%20Benniganahalli%20and%20Chikkabanavara. |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tender for construction of corridor 4 (Kanaka line) was awarded to [[Larsen & Toubro]] in August 2023. As of August 2023, tender for corridor 1 (Sampige line) was under preparation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T wins Rs 1,040 cr contract for part of Bengaluru suburban rail project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/l-t-wins-rs-1-040-cr-contract-for-part-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-123123000752_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230182332/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/l-t-wins-rs-1-040-cr-contract-for-part-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-123123000752_1.html |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Talks surfaced regarding shelving of corridor 3 (Parijaata line) as it ran parallel along the existing [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple line]] of Namma Metro, in response the state minister for railways stated that corridor 2 and 4 were a priority. Further he added that corridor 1 and 3 presented their own sets of challenges involving a lot of technical, infrastructural and administrative work which K-RIDE currently does not possess.<ref name="2&4_priority">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Bengaluru Suburban Railway Project: ‘Corridors 2 and 4 are priority now,’ says minister V Somanna amid talks on axing Corridor 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-suburban-railway-project-9692659/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Network ==
===Existing regional services===
[[Indian Railways|Indian Railway's]] [[South Western Railway zone]] currently operates its regional services with [[MEMU]] and [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU]] trains originating from [[Bengaluru]] to [[Hosur]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Jolarpettai]], [[Tumkur]], Marikuppam near [[Kolar Gold Fields]], [[Bangarapet]], [[Hindupur]], [[Mysore]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Kuppam]] and [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2020|title=Railways to restart skeletal suburban train services in and around Bengaluru|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/railways-restart-skeletal-suburban-train-services-and-around-bengaluru-138972|access-date=4 December 2020|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Hosur, Dharmapuri and Jolarpettai are across the state border in Tamil Nadu. Hindupur and Kuppam are across state border in Andhra Pradesh, while Tumakuru, Bangarapete, Mysuru, Marikuppam, Kolar and Hassan are in Karnataka.}}{{efn|Service to and from Hassan, Hindupur, Hosur, Dharmapuri and Tumakuru are operated from Yeshavantapur Junction, while services to Mysore, Kolar, Marikuppam, Kuppam, Bangarapet and Jolarpettai are from Bengaluru City and Bengaluru Cantonment.}}

=== Overview ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:center; style="
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Under Construction
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening date
|-
!rowspan="1"| 1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}};text-align: center;" | [[Mallige line|'''Mallige''']]
|Benniganahalli
|Chikkabanavara
|14
|{{Cvt|25.07|km|}}
|2027
|-
!rowspan="1"| 2
| style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Kanaka}};text-align: center;" | [[Kanaka line|'''Kanaka''']]
|Heelalige
|Rajanukunte
|19
|{{Cvt|46.24|km|}}
|2027
|-
! colspan="4" |
!64
!{{Cvt|71.31|km|}}
!
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Approved
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Status
|-
!1
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}};text-align: center;" | [[Sampige line|'''Sampige''']]
|KSR Bengaluru
|Devanahalli
|15
|{{Cvt|41.48|km|}}
| rowspan="2" |In Tendering
|-
!1A
|Airport Trumpet
|KIAL
|2
|{{Cvt|5.50|km|}}
|-
! rowspan="1" |2
| style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Parijaata}};text-align: center;" | [[Parijaata line|'''Parijaata''']]
|Kengeri
|Whitefield
|14
|{{Cvt|35.52|km|}}
|Approved
|-
! colspan="4" |
!64
!{{Cvt|82|km|}}
!
|-
|}

=== Sampige (Line 1 & 1A) ===
{{Main|Sampige line}}
After the inauguration of the international airport in 2008, a suburban rail link to it was first mooted in 2010 with the Yeshawanthapura Junction – Devanahalli – Chikkaballapura line.<ref name="cta_2010"/> Later in 2012, the RITES proposal consisted Yelahanka Junction – Doddaballapura line that passed within 6 km of the international airport. A branch line reaching airport was also part of the proposal.<ref name="rites_2012"/>

The corridor 1 of the project named Sampige line, connected [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] railway station with [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapura junction]], Yelahanka, Airport Trumpet interhcnage and [[Devanahalli]]. However, the branch line towards Kempegowda International Airport termed 1A was added later.<ref name="fm_clearance"/> In July 2024, K-RIDE issued tenders for the {{cvt|41.4|km}} long line in two packages. The {{cvt|17.63|km}} long KSR Bengaluru to Yelahanka C1A and {{cvt|23|km}} long Yelahanka to Devanhalli C1B, including a {{cvt|5.5|km}} branch line towards the airport respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K-RIDE sets ball rolling for suburban railway line from Majestic to Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/k-ride-sets-ball-rolling-for-suburban-railway-line-from-majestic-to-bengaluru-airport-3125386 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, C1A remained in the tendering phase while C1B was under planning phase after the government prioritised the works for corridor 2 and 4.<ref name="2&4_priority"/>

=== Mallige (Line 2) ===
{{Main|Mallige line}}
The work on the {{cvt|28.72|km}} long Mallige line connecting [[Baiyappanahalli railway station|Baiyappanahalli]] railway station with [[Chikkabanavara]] via Banaswadi, Nagawara, Hebbala and Yeshavanthapura began in 2022, marking the commencement of the city's long-awaited suburban railway project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Bengaluru: Byappanahalli-Chikkabanavara suburban rail corridor work to commence in a month; work order issued to L&T |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-byappanahalli-chikkabanavara-suburban-rail-corridor-work-to-commence-in-a-month-work-order-issued-to-lt/articleshow/93956518.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kidiyoor |first=Suchith |date=2022-10-09 |title=Preliminary works of Bengaluru suburban rail project begin near Hebbal Railway Station |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/preliminary-works-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-begin-near-hebbal-railway-station/article65989527.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A minor amendment to the line was made later with termination at Benniganahalli instead of Baiyappanahalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka govt sets 2028 deadline for entire Bengaluru suburban rail project |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/karnataka-govt-sets-2028-deadline-for-entire-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-11163431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909154154/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/karnataka-govt-sets-2028-deadline-for-entire-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-11163431.html |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier set to be operational by the end of 2026,<ref name="dec26_deadline">{{Cite web |title=Half of Bengaluru Suburban Railway Project will be ready by Dec 2026, says Somanna |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/half-of-bengaluru-suburban-railway-project-will-be-ready-by-dec-2026-says-somanna-3183057 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> the deadline has been pushed to March 2027.<ref name="deadline"/>

=== Parijaata (Line 3) ===
{{Main|Parijaata line}}
The {{cvt|35.2|km}} long Parijaata line is planned to connect Whitefield with Kengeri via Krishnarajapura, Benniganahalli, [[Bengaluru Cantonment railway station|Bengaluru Cantonment]] and KSR Bengaluru. However, there were talks of shelving the line as it ran parallel along the existing Purple line of Namma metro. But minister for state railways V Somanna responded that the line was being shifted below the list of priorities with line 2 and 4 placed above.<ref name="2&4_priority"/>

=== Kanaka (Line 4) ===
{{Main|Kanaka line}}
Following Mallige line, pre-construction works on the {{cvt|47.7|km}} long Kanaka line began in 2024 a year after tender works for the same were awarded to Larsen & Toubro. The line with 23 stations will connect [[Heelalige]] with Rajanakunte via [[Marathalli]], Benniganahalli, Thanisandara and Yelahanka railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K-RIDE calls tenders for construction of 18 stations on Kanaka Line |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/k-ride-calls-tenders-for-construction-of-18-stations-on-kanaka-line-3124540 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Along with Mallige line, it has also been set with a deadline of March 2027.<ref name="deadline"/>

== Finances ==
On 1 February 2020, finance minister, [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] mentioned in her budget that the project would be implemented at cost of ₹18,600 crores. The central government would provide 20% of the equity and facilitate external assistance up to 60 per cent of the project cost.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2020-02-01 |title=Budget 2020: Full text of Nirmala Sitharaman's budget speech |url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/budget-2020-full-text-of-nirmala-sitharaman-s-budget-speech-11580547114996.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417222012/https://www.livemint.com/budget/news/budget-2020-full-text-of-nirmala-sitharaman-s-budget-speech-11580547114996.html |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Though approved in principle by Government of India, budget allocations have been paltry over the last few years as only token amounts have been allocated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2020|first=Christin Mathew |last=Philip|title=Rs 18,600-cr Bengaluru suburban rail gets just Rs 1 crore in Pink Book|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rs-18600-cr-bengaluru-suburban-rail-gets-just-rs-1-crore-in-pink-book/articleshow/73967725.cms|access-date=29 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Budget 2020: Push to Bengaluru suburban rail project will boost urban transport in Karnataka|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobility/budget-2020-push-to-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-will-boost-urban-transport-in-karnataka/73866937|access-date=29 September 2020|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en}}</ref> The State Government commenced providing budgetary support for the suburban rail project & ₹500 crores were allocated in the 2020-21 budget.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2020|title=Karnataka Budget: Rs 500 crore for Bengaluru suburban railway comes as a saving grace|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/karnataka-budget-rs-500-crore-for-bengaluru-suburban-railway-comes-as-a-saving-grace-811004.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mooted-37-yrs-ago-148km-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-wins-nod/articleshow/78544898.cms|title = Suburban Rail Project Bangalore: Mooted 37 yrs ago, 148km Bengaluru suburban rail project wins nod | Bengaluru News |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=8 October 2020 }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Stations ===
The stations are planned to act as integrated commercial hubs with many of them to be built as intermodal integration hubs where commuters can switch easily with other modes of transport like Metro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=South Western Railway Feasibility Study for Bengaluru Suburban Rail Corridors Final Report |url=https://kride.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Detailed-Project-Report-BSRP.pdf |website=RITES Ltd}}</ref> The stations are set to have [[automated fare collection]] system and [[Platform screen doors]] as seen in Metros.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-rail-to-offer-metro-like-facilities-launch-only-by-2026/articleshow/72152174.cms|title=Bengaluru suburban rail to offer Metro-like facilities; launch only by 2026 | Bengaluru News |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2019 }}</ref> K-RIDE plans to evolve a total of 57 stations into integrated commercial hubs ('Smart Station Hubs') where people can work, park, shop, eat and trade.<ref name="bsrp_infra">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-and-how-will-it-help-people-living-in-and-around-the-city-7378128/|title = Explained: What is the Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project, and how will it help people living in and around the city?|publisher=Indian Express|date = 30 June 2021}}</ref>

=== Rolling stock and depot ===
[[File:New Delhi Metro.jpg|thumb|BEML developed RS-13 series Electric multiple unit trainset on Delhi metro. The similar trainset has been recommended for the Bengaluru's suburban railway.]]

The project report suggests that [[Electric multiple unit]]s (RS 13 series), used in [[Delhi Metro]] and manufactured at M/s [[BEML]], [[Bengaluru]], are the most suitable trains for the Bengaluru Suburban Railway System. Two depots were initially planned at Jnanabharathi (56.9 acres) and near Devanahalli at Akkupete (61.2 acres). Neither of these are on the priority Corridors 2 and 4. Hence, feasibility for a depot at Huskuru along Corridor-4 (Kanaka Line) was being explored. Subsequently (in January 2023), the depot at Jnanabharathi was cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-24 |title=K-RIDE scraps Jnanabharathi suburban depot plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/k-ride-scraps-jnanabharathi-suburban-depot-plan/articleshow/87877887.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A depot is planned at Soladevenahalli on 52.2 acres. In December 2024, two bidders emerged for the Soladevanahalli Depot of Mallige line. Additionally, a tender notice for Akkupete (Devanahalli) Depot of Sampige and Kanaka lines was pending.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=KPC & URCC Bid for Bengaluru Suburban Rail's Soladevanahalli Depot |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/12/12/kpc-urcc-bid-for-bengaluru-suburban-rails-soladevanahalli-depot/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Integration ===
Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Bengaluru provides a roadmap for integrated public transport experience that includes [[Transit-oriented development]] for the suburban rail network and inter-modal connection with other public transit modes of the city such as Metro and Bus network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-draft-comprehensive-mobility-plan-cmp-projects-elevated-corridors-suburban-rail-39460|title = Bengaluru's Draft Mobility Plan in a nutshell: Elevated corridors get Rs 18,480 crore|date = 18 December 2019}}</ref> [[Bicycle-sharing system|Public Bicycle Sharing]] (PBS) and the Shared Micro-Mobility System initiatives have been launched to provide last mile connectivity to suburban rail stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-dult-bicycle-sharing-network-trin-trin-initiative-7510767/|title = DULT calls operators to set up bicycle sharing network under 'Trin Trin' initiative in Bengaluru|date = 16 September 2021}}</ref> Approaches to suburban train stations will be provided from all directions. The project is not only being restricted to the development of the station but also on traffic circulation and road improvement plan, easy switch to other public transport, widening of approach roads and ramp based multi-level access.<ref name="bsrp_infra"/>

== Future expansion ==
K-RIDE has plans for future expansion of the network towards satellite cities and towns around Bengaluru. After [[South Western Railway zone]] rejected {{cvt|452|km}} expansion proposed in 2023, a new limited {{cvt|146|km}} expansion plan to integrate the network with the proposed circular rail was being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru suburban rail's Phase 2 to cover 146 km, to link proposed circular rail |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-suburban-rail-s-phase-2-to-cover-146-km-to-link-proposed-circular-rail-12901112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613111231/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-suburban-rail-s-phase-2-to-cover-146-km-to-link-proposed-circular-rail-12901112.html |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ K-RIDE's future expansion plan
! Line
! From
! To
! Distance
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}};text-align: center;" | [[Sampige line|'''Sampige''']]
| [[Devanahalli]]
| [[Chikkaballapur|Chikkaballapura]]
| {{cvt|18|km}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}};text-align: center;" | [[Mallige line|'''Mallige''']]
| [[Chikkabanavara]]
| [[Kunigal]]
| {{cvt|50|km}}
|-
| [[Chikkabanavara]]
| [[Dobbaspet]]
| {{cvt|36|km}}
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Parijaata}};text-align: center;" | [[Parijaata line|'''Parijaata''']]
| [[Kengeri]]
| Hejjala
| {{cvt|11|km}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Kanaka}};text-align: center;" | [[Kanaka line|'''Kanaka''']]
| [[Heelalige railway station|Heelalige]]
| [[Anekal]] Road
| {{cvt|11|km}}
|-
| Rajanukunte
| Oddarahalli
| {{cvt|20|km}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
! {{cvt|146|km}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
** [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
** [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
** [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kride.in/sub-urban-rail-project/ K-RIDE]
* [http://praja.in/en/nammarailu Lobby group for commuter rail in Bangalore]
* [http://praja.in/~bangalore/blog/murali772/2009/01/25/drms-presentation-regarding-commuter-rail-etc Presentation by Divisional Rly Manager]
* [http://praja.in/en/blog/silkboard/2010/05/09/report-bangalore-local-train-ride-meet CRS Bengaluru Ride and Meet]

{{Suburban railways in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Suburban rail in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]

Madhupal

2026-02-08T00:50:06Z

Pipingblog: update layout for consistency to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhupal
| image = Actor_Madhupal.jpg
| caption = Madhupal at IFFK 2017 [[IFFK]] in Thiruvananthapuram
| birth_date = {{Start date and age|1963|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Film director, actor, producer, screenwriter, writer
}}
'''Madhupal Kannambathu''' is an Indian actor, director, and screenwriter who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Madhupal made his acting debut with ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' in 1994 and his directorial debut with ''[[Thalappavu]]'' (2008), which was about [[Arikkad Varghese]] and won several awards in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/22936/ |title=സംവിധായകന്റെ തലപ്പാവ്‌, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063631/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/22936/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Biography==

Madhupal is a native of [[Kozhikode]] and took post graduation in commerce. His association with cinema dates back to when he was a child in [[Palakkad]]. His father, Chengalath Madhava Menon, ran a movie theatre. Madhupal is also a short story writer in Malayalam. He has acted in more than 90 films in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi, including lead roles. His short stories have been translated into English, Hindi, and Tamil, and have appeared in publications like ''Mathrubhumi'', ''Madhyamam'', and ''Bhashaposhini'' magazines. He started his career in film as an assistant director to eminent film makers like [[Bharath Gopi]] and [[Rajiv Anchal]]. Madhupal assisted Rajiv Anchal in ''Butterflies'', ''Kashmeeram'', ''Guru'' (which won national awards and was the only entry to the Academy Awards from India in the year 1997), ''Made in USA'' (which had [[R. Madhavan]] in the lead), ''Nothing But Life'' (English, shot in Las Vegas) and the eminent actor Bharath Gopi in the film ''[[Yamanam]]'' (which won a National Award in 1991). He turned actor in ''Kashmeeram''. It was a negative role and more of such roles came his way after that. He won the Critic's Award for Best Debutante Actor for his role in the film ''Kashmeeram'' and the Second Best Actor for his role of Hari in the series on ''MT Kathakal'', called ''Kazhcha'', telecast on Amritha TV. He assisted [[Jude Attipetty]] in the direction of ''Shararandal'', a 13-part serial, written by National Award-winning writer [[P. F. Mathews]]. He also wrote the screenplay and dialogue for the Malayalam movie ''Bharatheeyam'', which was released in 1997. Films he has acted in include ''Kashmeeram'' (1994), ''Soosanna'', ''Agnisakshi'', ''Guru'', ''Made in USA'', ''Rishivamsam'', ''Vardhakyapuraanam'', ''Ravanaprabhu'', ''Twenty-Twenty'', ''Freekick'' (Hindi), ''Nothing but Life'' (English), and ''Oru naal Oru Kanavu'' (Tamil). His first directorial venture was for television (''Akaasaththile Paravakal'', telecast on Kairali Channel). ''[[Thalappavu]]'' was his big screen directorial debut; the film received the Kerala State Best Debutante Director Award and various other awards. Madhupal has ventured more and more into the world of letters and has published seven collections of short stories. He became engaged in several projects to help those affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]; he is associated with Santhigiri Ashram, Thiruvananthapuram as Assistant General Convener Advisory Committee. He is a former Member of Kerala Chalachithra Academy (the organizers of IFFK), Member of Kerala Folklore Academy (Kerala state Govt. organisation) and Kerala Children's Film Society (Kerala state government organisation). His second film, ''Ozhimuri'' (''A Document of Separation''), was selected for Indian Panorama 2012 and the International Film Festival of Kerala 2012. ''Ozhimuri'' won the Kerala State Second Best Movie Award.

Madhupal is a member of the board of directors of the Kerala State Film Development Corporation (KSFDC).

Now Madhupal is appointed as the Chairman of The Kerala State Cultural Activists Welfare Fund Board

==Personal life==
Madhupal is married to Rekha. He has two daughters, Madhavi and Meenakshi. His father, Chengalath Madhava Menon, was from [[Kannur]], and his mother, Kannambath Rugmani Amma, is a native of Kozhikode. He is the eldest child of his parents, followed by three brothers and a sister. He now lives in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with his family.

==Awards and recognitions==
* Kerala State Television Awards 2018 for Best Director (''Kaligandaki'')
* Kerala State Government Film Award for Second Best Film of the Year 2012 (''Ozhimuri'')
* Best Film 2012 Pearl Award Qatar Kerala Film Producers (''Ozhimuri'')
* Best Director Award Jaihind Television 2012 (''Ozhimuri'')
* Best Director Award Doordharsan Nirav (''Ozhimuri'')
* Second Best Film Kerala Film Critics Award 2012 (''Ozhimuri'')
* Best Actor Special Jury National Award Government of India to Lal (''Ozhimuri'')
* Director of Excellence Award from Indonesia Film Festival 2013 film (''Ozhimuri'')
* Kerala State Government Television Awards for Best Director 2012 (''Daivaththinu Swantham Devootty'')
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director]] Kerala State Government (''[[Thalappavu]]'')
* Best Director 2008 Kerala Film Critics Award 2008 (''[[Thalappavu]]'')
* Best Director 2008 Sohan Antony Memorial Award 2008 (''[[Thalappavu]]'')
* Best Debut Director 2008 Jesy Foundation Award (''[[Thalappavu]]'')
* Best Debut Director 2008 ALA Award (''[[Thalappavu]]'')
* Best Director 2001 TV Serial Aakaasaththile Paravakal Kerala Film Critics Award
* Best Director 2001 TV Serial Malayalam Television Viewers Association Award

;Awards for published books
* Kairaly Atlas Saahithya Award 2006 for the story "Velicham Nizhanlinu Velippedum" (published in ''Bhaashaaposhini'')
* Vaikom Muhamed Basheer Puraskaram 2019 to the book ''Katha'' 2019 published by Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakaranasamgham NBS Kottayam
* Indian Truth Sahithya Puraskaram 2019 to the book ''Katha'' Published by NBS Kottayam

==Filmography==

===As an actor===
==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' || Aashiq Quais ||
|-
| ''[[Vardhakya Puranam]]'' || Vysaakhan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1995 || ''[[Ezharakoottam]]'' || Balu || First lead role
|-
| ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Willy ||
|-
| ''[[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Sreeragam]]'' || Gopu ||
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]'' || Nazar ||
|-
| ''Arabia'' || Salim||
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Reji ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1996 || ''Mr. Clean'' || Harikrishnan ||
|-
| ''Ishtamanu Nooruvattom'' || Manu||
|-
| ''[[Kanchanam]]'' || Siddhu ||
|-
| ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Mayooranritham]]'' || Jayadevan||
|-
| ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]'' || Ajith ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]]'' || Indrajith ||
|-
| ''Pallivathuckal Thommichan'' || Sunny||
|-
| ''Ammuvinte Aangalamar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]]'' || Johnnie ||
|-
| ''Excuse Me Ethu Collegila'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1997 || ''Snehadoothu'' || Mahendran ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukil Pambaram]]'' || Chithrapuram Mohana Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || Moosa Settu's son ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' || Ramanagan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1998 || ''Bharatheeyam'' || Jose the father of Sheenaz ||
|-
| ''Aaghosham'' || Titto ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || Sreeharan||
|-
| ''[[Sooryavanam]]'' || Syam ||
|-
| ''[[Samaantharangal]]'' || Jamal ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1999 || ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]'' || Poojari ||
|-
| ''[[Stalin Sivadas]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''Rishivamsham'' || ||
|-
| ''Captain'' || David ||
|-
| ''[[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]'' || Dinesh ||
|-
| ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agni Sakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Devan Thampuran ||
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2000 || ''[[Mister Butler]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Ival Draupadi]]'' || Ameer Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Ashique ||
|-
| ''[[Pilots (film)|Pilots]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Susanna (2000 film)|Susanna]]'' || Rameshan ||
|-
| ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Parel Pappachan ||
|-
| ''[[Dada Sahib]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2001 || ''Goa'' || Simon ||
|-
| ''Chandanamarangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Nalacharitham Nalam Divasam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raavanaprabhu]]'' || Hari Narayanan || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Ee Naadu Inale Vare]]'' || T. K. Vijayan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2002 || ''Kayamkulam Kanaran'' || ||
|-
| ''Kanal Kireedam'' || ||
|-
| ''Desam'' || Vijayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''Kanmashi'' || ||
|-
| ''Chirikkudukka'' || Nandakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Stop Violence]]'' || Antony ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2003 || ''Achante Kochumolu'' || Chandu ||
|-
| ''[[Saphalam]]'' || Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Company Manager ||
|-
| ''Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu'' || Suresh ||
|-
| ''[[Margam (film)|Margam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' || Benny Kompanakkaattil ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''Maratha Naadu'' || Majeed ||
|-
| ''Thalamelam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nothing but Life]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2005 || ''Isra'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''Deepangal Sakshi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Made in USA (2005 film)|Made in USA]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' || Sekhar || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Five Fingers (2005 film)|Five Fingers]]'' || Sunnychan ||
|-
| ''Lessons'' || Father ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2006 || ''[[Eakantham]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Pratheesh Nambiar ||
|-
| ''[[Prajapathi]]'' || Vijayan - Film Director ||
|-
| ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || Siddarthan ||
|-
| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || ''Valmeekam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Pradeep ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || Divakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' || Dr. Ajayaghosh ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''Kovalam'' || Ali Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Shekharan Kutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Parayan Marannathu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Dineshan ||
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Kadaksham]]'' || Padmanabhan Thampi ||
|-
| ''[[Nakharam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Athe Mazha Athe Veyil]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''Red Alert'' || ||
|-
| ''Little Master'' || ||
|-
| ''Aakasmikam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2013 || ''[[Tourist Home (film)|Tourist Home]]'' || Mammotty ||
|-
| ''Teens'' || ||
|-
| ''Radio Jockey'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || Dr. Sukumaran Nair ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2015 || ''[[Saradhi]]'' || JP ||
|-
| ''[[Haram (film)|Haram]]'' || Dr. John ||
|-
| ''Perithondhan'' || ||
|-
| ''Saigal Padukayanu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''White Paper'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' || Ambanattil Rahim Haji ||
|-
| rowspan=2 |2018 || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Pretham 2]]'' || Mathew Emmanuel ||
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Paapam Cheyyathavar Kalleriyatte]]'' || George ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kaalchilambu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' || Dr. Muralidharan ||
|-
| 2022 || ''In'' || D.Y.S.P. Ayyappan K ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nila (2023 film)|Nila]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/|title=Nila review: This well-intentioned movie from director Indu Lakshmi celebrates womanhood|first=Arjun|last=Ramachandran|date=26 March 2023|website=The South First}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || Fr. Thomas ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer 'Anweshippin Kandethum' to hit screens on Feb 9 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/tovino-thomas-starrer-anweshippin-kandethum-to-hit-screens-on-feb-9-2825210 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nadikar]]'' || Director S. Sasi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino's Nadikar Thilakam shoot completed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/06/tovinos-nadikar-thilakam-shoot-completed-51010.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sree Muthappan'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=Jamalinte Punjiri To Sree Muthappan, 3 Malayalam Films Releasing This Week |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jamalinte-punjiri-to-sree-muthappan-3-malayalam-films-releasing-this-week-8923270.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]''||Edakkal Rajavu||<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Ajayante Randam Moshanam: Tovino Thomas-Krithi Shetty's fantasy drama goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ajayante-randam-moshanam-tovino-thomas-krithi-shetty-fantasy-drama-goes-on-floors-8202651/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || {{Pending film| Haal}} || {{TBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-24 |title=Shane Nigam-starrer Haal announces release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/24/shane-nigam-starrer-haal-announces-release-date |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As a dubbing artist===
# ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' (1999) for Riyaz as Unnikrishna Varma Thampuran

===As a director===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thalappavu]]'' || Kerala State Film Award for Best Debutant Director Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Film Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Director Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Scriptwriter Amateur Little Theatre Award for Best Debutant Director Sohan Antony Memorial Film Award for Best Director 
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ozhimuri]]'' || Selected for Indian Panorama - 43rd IFFI 2012 Selected for Indian Panorama - 17th IFFK 2012 Kerala State Government Film Award Second Best Film Award 2012 Kerala Film Producers Association - Pearl Award 2013 Best Film and Best Actor Director of Excellence from Indonesia Film Festival 2013 Jaihind Television Film Award 2013 Best Director DadaSahab Phalke Janambhumi Purasakar Noteworthy Film 6th Nashik International Film Festival 2014 
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || Segment: Oru Rathriyude Kooli
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Best Actress Award Nimisha Sajayan Kerala State Film Award
|}

==Published works==
* ''Ee Jeevitham Jeevichu Theerkkunnathu''
* ''Hebrewil Oru Premalekhanam''
* ''Jainimettile Pashukkal'' (co-authored with Joseph Marien)
* ''Pranayinikalude Uthyaanavum Kumbasaarakoodum''
* ''Kadal Oru Nathiyude Kathhayaanu''
* ''Madhupaalinte Kathhakal'' (2010, published by Mathrubhumi Books)
* ''Facebook'' (novel) (2012, published by Mathrubhumi Books)
* ''Vaakkukal Kelkkaan Oru Kaalam Varum'' - Memories (2015, published by Green Pepper Books)
* ''Avan (Maar) Jaaraputhran'' (short story collection, 2016, published by DC Books Kottayam, Second edition published by Mathrubhumi books 2020)
* "Katha" 2019 published by - Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakaranasamgham NBS Kottayam
* "Pallaand Vaazhka My Micro Kathakal" 2021 (published by Paper Publica Thiruvananthapuram)
* "Athbuthangal kaanum jeevithaththil" short stories 2022 (published by Macbeth publication, Calicut)
* "Irukarakalkkidayil oru Buddhan" short stories 2023 (published by Mathrubhumi books)

== Television serials==
; As actor
*''Pavitra Jaililanu'' (Asianet)
*''Dream City'' (Surya TV)
*''Sree Mahabhagavatham'' (Asianet)
*''Rachiyamma'' (Dooradarshan)
*''Niramala'' (Dooradarshan)
*''Deivathinte Swantham Devootty'' (Mazhavil Manorama)
*''Kali Gandaki'' (Amrita TV)
*''CBI Diary'' (Mazhavil Manorama)
; As director
*''Aakasaththile Paravakal'' (Kairali)
*''Deivathinte Swantham Devootty'' (Mazhavil Manorama)
*''Kali Gandaki'' (Amrita TV)
*''Jeevithanizhalpaadukal Vaikomk'' Muhammed Basheer's novel for PRD Kerala State
*'' M K Sanoo A documentary for PRD Kerala State''

==Other works==
He acts as a judge on the popular reality show ''Yuvatharam'', telecast on [[Jaihind TV]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Madhupal}}
* {{IMDb name|1004639}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Madhupal&limit=64 Madhupal at MSI]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100619003417/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/madhupaal.html 'Cinema of Malayalam' profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406100912/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/03/stories/2006030301070200.htm A new chapter]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Iti Tyagi

2026-02-07T22:56:28Z

Pipingblog: new

{{short description|Indian designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Iti Tyagi
| image = Iti Tyagi (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = receiving the 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = fashion designer using cement in her work
| education = [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]
| employer =
| occupation = designer
| title =
| spouse = Somesh Singh
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Iti Tyagi''' is an Indian designer and [[social entrepreneur]]. In 2015, she set up Craft Village which aims to connect artisans making [[handicrafts]] directly with buyers and patrons. She received the 2018 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in recognition for her work empowering women.

== Early life ==
Iti Tyagi studied Fashion Design and Clothing Technology at the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]].<ref name="ST">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=Craft Cues |url=http://www.bindugopalrao.com/iti-tyagi-founder-of-india-craft-week-icw/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=Sakal Times |date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050959/http://www.bindugopalrao.com/iti-tyagi-founder-of-india-craft-week-icw/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then studied [[interior design]] at the KLC School of Design in London.<ref name="FE-cement">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Indrani |title=Storytelling with cement: Designers are increasingly experimenting with cement |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/designers-increasingly-experimenting-with-cement-creating-masterpieces/1489902/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217121515/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/designers-increasingly-experimenting-with-cement-creating-masterpieces/1489902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Tyagi is a designer in the fields of metalwork, woodwork, [[glassblowing]] and embroidery, and is also interested in [[sustainable development]].<ref name="AA">{{cite news |title=Concrete love |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/261117/concrete-love.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Asian Age |date=26 November 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218152337/https://www.asianage.com/life/art/261117/concrete-love.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017 and 2018, her work was featured in two Craft Béton luxury collections centred around the use of cement.<ref name="ADI-cement">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Devanshi |title=Let's talk about Bauhaus: new interpretations of cement |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/let-talk-bauhaus-new-interpretations-cement/#s-cust0 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=Architectural Digest India |date=12 May 2017 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930054257/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/let-talk-bauhaus-new-interpretations-cement/#s-cust0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IT-Stone">{{cite news |last1=Kale |first1=Ridhi |title=Set in stone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20180122-design-cement-art-1143846-2018-01-12 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218152348/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20180122-design-cement-art-1143846-2018-01-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> This resulted in a 2020 partnership to source producers making items for Craft Béton's Delhi gallery.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Chitra |title=Who says cement is grey and stodgy? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/who-says-cement-is-grey-and-stodgy/article30877722.ece |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927175632/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/who-says-cement-is-grey-and-stodgy/article30877722.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, she exhibited a table made from cement in the [[Louis Quinze]] style.<ref name="FE-cement"/> She has also worked with the [[National Institute of Design]] and the [[Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India|Entrepreneurship Development Institute]].<ref name="ST" />

She began the social enterprise Craft Village with her husband Somesh Singh in 2015, aiming to put people making [[handicrafts]] directly in contact with buyers,<ref name="ADI">{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Avantikar |title=Delhi: Here's a recap of India Craft Week that celebrated traditional craft practitioners from across the country |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/delhi-heres-a-look-back-at-india-craft-week-that-celebrated-traditional-craft-practitioners-from-across-the-country/#s-cust0 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=Architectural Digest India |date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924151317/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/delhi-heres-a-look-back-at-india-craft-week-that-celebrated-traditional-craft-practitioners-from-across-the-country/#s-cust0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BWB" /> thus helping rural artisans to meet urban patrons.<ref name="Express">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=Craft Village has been established to bridge the gap between rural and urban communities: Iti Tyagi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/kalamkari-kalamkari-artists-art-and-craft-india-craft-week-iti-tyagi-5475331/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2018 |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210092133/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/kalamkari-kalamkari-artists-art-and-craft-india-craft-week-iti-tyagi-5475331/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also set up India Craft Week, International Craft Day and the International Craft Awards.<ref name="BWB" /> The Indian handicrafts industry is expected to be worth $60 billion by the year 2024, and in the 2018–2019 financial year, the revenue of Craft Village was {{₹|{{crore |2.67}}|2019}}.<ref name="BWB">{{cite news |last1=BW Online Bureau |title=Making Of A Craft Ecosystem |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Making-Of-A-Craft-Ecosystem/14-03-2020-186190/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=BW Businessworld |date=14 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314171519/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Making-Of-A-Craft-Ecosystem/14-03-2020-186190/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Through Craft Village, Tyagi trained handicrafts workers from [[Balakatti]], [[Firozabad]], [[Kutch]], [[Moradabad]] and [[Saharanpur]].<ref name="Statesman" />

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Tyagi designed cement fabric [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) suits for health professionals which are made from 50% natural and 50% synthetic materials. These suits have less environmental impact when disposed of, since normal suits are 100% synthetic.<ref name="YH">{{cite news |last1=Kashyaap |first1=Sindhu |title=How Delhi's Craft Village is ensuring COVID warriors have 'concrete' PPE amidst the pandemic |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/delhi-craft-village-ensuring-covid-235000726.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=Yahoo News |date=19 July 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719231650/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/delhi-craft-village-ensuring-covid-235000726.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The third edition of India Craft Week went online for 2020.<ref name="Express-online">{{cite news |title=Delhi's India crafts week goes digital amid coronavirus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/may/01/delhis-india-crafts-week-goes-digital-amid-coronavirus-2137767.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615050409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/may/01/delhis-india-crafts-week-goes-digital-amid-coronavirus-2137767.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021 Indian Craft Week returned to being an in person event at the British Council Building and the Bikaner House in New Delhi.It was arranged in partnership with the [[British Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=16 Feb 2021|title=RARE India partners with the India Craft Week 2021|url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/13569-rare-india-partners-with-the-india-craft-week-2021|journal=Hotelier India}}</ref>

== Animal rights ==
Tyagi founded the group Pet Parents Association which promotes the rights of pets and their owners. She was motivated by her experiences as a dog owner living in [[Gurugram]] and [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |last1=Saksena |first1=Shalini |title=Women of substance |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/sunday-edition/women-of-substance.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Pioneer |date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127010636/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/sunday-edition/women-of-substance.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The group cares for stray dogs, promotes animal welfare and represents owners in disagreements with [[resident welfare association]]s.<ref name="Pioneer" /><ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Tuli |first1=Aanchal |title=A daily battle faced by pet owners in Gurgaon – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/pets/A-daily-battle-faced-by-pet-owners-in-Gurgaon/articleshow/35677084.cms |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2014 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418150301/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/pets/A-daily-battle-faced-by-pet-owners-in-Gurgaon/articleshow/35677084.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Recognising her work empowering women, President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presented Tyagi with the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] on [[International Women’s Day]] in 2019.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |last1=Staff writer |title=Iti Tyagi honoured with Nari Shakti Puraskar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/iti-tyagi-honoured-nari-shakti-puraskar-1502738080.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=The Statesman |date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218152337/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/iti-tyagi-honoured-nari-shakti-puraskar-1502738080.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After receiving it she said "I urge every woman to come out of their shells and to break the stereotype".<ref name="Statesman" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagi, Iti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]

Jerdon's courser

2026-02-06T19:52:59Z

Pipingblog: creating

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = JC PJ.jpg
| image_caption = [[Camera trap]] photograph
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn | author = BirdLife International | year = 2017 | title = ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' |amends=2016 | volume = 2017 | article-number = e.T22694103A117189206 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22694103A117189206.en }}</ref>
| genus = Rhinoptilus
| species = bitorquatus
| authority = ([[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1848) <ref>Blyth, J. A. S., XVII:254</ref>
| synonyms = ''Cursorius bitorquatus'' ''Macrotarsius bitorquatus''
| range_map = Rhinoptilus_bitorquatus_range.png
| range_map_caption = Specimen records in grey and current distribution in red.
}}

'''Jerdon's courser''' ('''''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''''') is a nocturnal bird belonging to the [[pratincole]] and [[courser]] family [[Glareolidae]] endemic to India. The bird was discovered by the surgeon-naturalist [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] in 1848 but not seen again until its rediscovery in 1986.<ref name=redisc>{{cite journal|author=Bhushan, B |year=1986 |title= Rediscovery of the Jerdon's Courser ''Cursorius bitorquatus''|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 83|pages=1–14}}</ref>

This [[courser]] is a [[restricted-range endemic]] found locally in [[India]] in the [[Eastern Ghats]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is currently known only from the [[Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Sri Penusila Narasimha Wildlife Sanctuary]] where it inhabits sparse [[scrubland|scrub]] [[forest]] with patches of bare ground.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Central Deccan Plateau Dry Deciduous Forests |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/central-deccan-plateau-dry-deciduous-forests/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=One Earth |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:RhinoptilusBitorquatusSeebohm.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Painting by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]]]]
It is an unmistakable compact courser, with two brown breast-bands. It has a yellow base to the black [[Beak|bill]], a blackish crown, broad buff [[supercilium]], and an orange-chestnut throat patch. A narrow white crown stripe runs on top of the head. In-flight it shows a mostly black tail and a prominent white wing bar. It is crepuscular and vocal at dawn and dusk with a series of staccato ''Twick-too...Twick-too... Twick-too'' or ''yak-wak.. yak-wak'' calls. The notes are repeated at the rate of about 1 per second and uttered 2 to 16 times and several birds in the vicinity may join in the calling.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jeganathan, P. Wotton, S. R.|year=2004|title= The First Recordings Of Calls Of The Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' (Blyth), Family Glareolidae. |journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume= 101|issue=1|pages=26–28}}</ref>

Jerdon described the Telugu name of the species as ''Adavi wuta-titti'' meaning "Jungle empty-purse".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerdon, TC|year=1864|title=The Birds of India. Vol. 3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein03jerd/page/628 628]–629|url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiabein03jerd|publisher=Calcutta : Printed for the Author by the Military Orphan Press}}</ref> This name may however have been in error since [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]] and [[Hugh Whistler]] found villagers mystified by the name when they searched for the species near [[Borgampad]] and Nelipaka during the Hyderabad state survey of 1931.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ali, Sálim |author2=Whistler, H.|year=1934|title=The Hyderabad State ornithological survey|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=37|issue=2|pages=425–454}}</ref> Recent researchers have noted the local name as ''Kalivi kodi''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent |journal=Buceros |author=Anonymous |year=1998 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20(1).pdf |pages=53–109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401015111/http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-01 }}</ref>

The only known egg of the bird is preserved at the [[Zoology Building|Zoology Museum, University of Aberdeen]]. The egg was collected by Ernest Gilbert Meaton, a vet working at [[Kolar Gold Fields]], in the year 1917.<ref name="anh" />[[File:Jerdon's Courser Egg cropped.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jerdon's courser egg displayed in Zoology Museum, University of Aberdeen.]]
== Distribution and habitat ==
It is endemic to southern India, where it is principally known from southern Andhra Pradesh. It has an extremely limited geographical range being known from the Godaveri river valley near Sironcha<ref>{{cite journal|title=[Letters]|url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8455756 |pages=461–464| author=Blanford, W.T.|journal=Ibis|series=2|volume=3|issue= 4 | year=1867|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1867.tb06444.x}}</ref> and Bhadrachalam, and from the Cuddapah and Anantpur areas in the valley of the Pennar River. An egg, probably collected within 100 km of Kolar in 1917, was positively identified as belonging to this species using DNA sequence comparison.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|title=The discovery of the egg of Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' (Blyth, 1848)| volume=109| issue=3| year=2013|author1=Knox, AG |author2=S.B. Piertney }}</ref><ref name=anh>{{cite journal|title=The first egg of Jerdon's courser Rhinoptilus bitorquatus and a review of the early records of this species|journal=Archives of Natural History |volume=41|issue=1|year=2014| pages=75–93 |doi=10.3366/anh.2014.0211|last1=Knox |first1=Alan G. }}</ref> It is mostly active at dusk and during the night. It was first recorded in the mid 19th century; it was then considered to be extinct for more than 80 years, until it was rediscovered in 1986 at Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh. In Maharashtra it was reported at "24 km east of Sironcha, near the Godavari river, three birds, undated (Blanford 1867, 1869), and sometime in the 20-year period before 1935 (D'Abreu, 1935)".<ref>{{cite journal|author=D'Abreu, EA |year=1935|title= A list of the birds of the Central Provinces| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=38|issue=1|pages=95–116}}</ref> The species was known from specimens collected at a few locations in eastern peninsular India and the currently known population is extremely restricted in range. Studies in this region using sand strips to detect footprints suggest that their preferred habitat has tall bushes at a density of 300 to 700 per hectare.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jeganathan P |author2=R E Green |author3=K Norris |author4=I N Vogiatzakis |author5=A Bartsch |author6=S R Wotton |author7=C G R Bowden |author8=G H Griffiths |author9=D. Pain |author10=A R Rahmani |year=2004|title= Modelling habitat selection and distribution of the critically endangered Jerdon's courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' in scrub jungle: an application of a new tracking method|journal= Journal of Applied Ecology |volume= 41|issue=2|pages=224–237|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00897.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhushan, Bharat |year=1986| title= Photographic record of the Jerdon's or Double-banded Courser ''Cursorius bitorquatus''| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=83|issue=4|pages=159–162}}</ref>

==Taxonomy ==
The species was first collected by [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] from somewhere in the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The specimen was presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal where the curator, [[Edward Blyth]] described it, naming it as ''Macrotarsius rhinoptilus''. These collections were moved to the Indian Museum in 1866 following a financial crisis. Some specimens had been mounted and exhibited for the public but John Anderson moved the type specimens for safe storage in 1872. The type specimens used by Blyth were catalogued but the specimen used by Blyth was already missing. A second catalogue by W.L. Sclater in 1892 also failed to list the specimen. The type specimen is therefore presumed lost. A second specimen collected by Jerdon was obtained by [[Hugh Edwin Strickland|Strickland]] and is now in the collection of the Cambridge University. This specimen was examined by Strickland who used the new genus and combination, ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''. The label written by [[Alfred Newton]] notes the location as "Madras" and date as 1846. During this period Jerdon is thought to have received specimens from near Nellore or Cuddapah. A third specimen in Jerdon's collection was acquired by Thomas Campbell Eyton and then to Henry Baker Tristram, and the specimen is now at National Museums Liverpool. Several other specimens exist in collections but a neotype, replacement for the type specimen, has not been suggested.<ref name=anh /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sclater, WL.|year=1892|title=On the Indian Museum and its collection of birds.|journal=Ibis|volume=6|pages=65–87|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16188138|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919x.1892.tb01187.x}}</ref>

== Status ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = JerdonsCourserCall.jpg
| alt1 = Electronic call player
| caption1 = Electronic player for remembering the call
| image2 = Call of JC by Jegan.ogg
| alt2 = Recording of the call
| caption2 = Recording of Jerdon's courser calls
| total_width =
}}
This bird was known only from a few historical records and was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1986. It was rediscovered by Bharat Bhushan, an ornithologist at the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] who made use of local trappers to capture a specimen. Prior to its rediscovery it was thought to be a diurnal bird.<ref name=redisc /> It remains critically endangered due to [[habitat destruction|loss of habitat]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ripley, S. D. |author2=B. M. Beehler |year=1989|title=Systematics, biogeography, and conservation of Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''|journal=Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology |volume=21|issue=2 |pages=165–174|doi=10.3312/jyio1952.21.165|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is nocturnal in habit and presumed to be insectivorous. Being a rare bird, nothing is known yet about its behaviour and nesting habits.

Population estimates for the bird range from between 50 and 249. Recent studies have made use of techniques such as [[camera trap]]ping and carefully placed strips of fine sand to record footprints from which estimates of population density are made.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jeganathan, P.|author2=R. E. Green|author3=C. G.R. Bowden|author4=K. Norris|author5=D. Pain|author6=A. R. Rahmani|name-list-style=amp|year=2002 |title= Use of tracking strips and automatic cameras for detecting critically endangered Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' in scrub jungle in Andhra Pradesh, India|journal= Oryx|volume= 36|issue=2|pages= 182–188|doi=10.1017/s003060530200025x|doi-access=free}}</ref> The known world population of the species is restricted to a very small region and attempts have been made to find new areas by distributing pictures and small electronic call players to people in neighbouring regions that share similar habitats.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mukherjee, Sarah|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3593287.stm|title='Voice box' to track Indian bird|publisher=BBC, UK | date=2004-04-02 | access-date=2010-05-06}}</ref> Searches during 2008 in its former habitat near Sironcha in Gadchiroli district in eastern Maharashtra failed to find the birds.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kasambe, R.|author2=Pimplapure, A.|author3=Thosar, G.|name-list-style=amp |year=2008| title= In search of Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' in Vidarbha, Maharashtra|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume=48|issue=6|pages=89–91}}</ref>

In 1988 the [[Indian Postal Service]] released a stamp to commemorate the rediscovery.

In 2022, the central government sanctioned Rupees 50 lakh to study the bird. The money is said to be used for installing CCTV cameras and sound recording equipment to track its movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=S Nagaraja |date=2022-04-10 |title=Centre sanctions Rs 50 lakhs for study on Jerdon's courser in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/10/centre-sanctions-rs-50-lakhs-for-study-on-jerdons-courser-in-andhra-pradesh-2440263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628064047/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/10/centre-sanctions-rs-50-lakhs-for-study-on-jerdons-courser-in-andhra-pradesh-2440263.html |archive-date=2022-06-28 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In August 2025 birders located the bird outside [[Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary|Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary]] and recorded calls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-04 |title=Dream come true – Jerdon's Courser discovered outside Lankamalla after 125 years – on the first day of our trip! |url=https://harryfication.wordpress.com/2025/09/04/dream-come-true-jerdons-courser-discovered-outside-lankamalla-after-125-years-on-the-first-day-of-our-trip/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Harryfication - Birding & Beyond |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Threats ==
[[File:Bronx zoo jerdon's courser plank.jpg|thumb|200px|Photo showing a tombstone erected for Jerdon's courser in an exhibition area at the Bronx Zoo because it was assumed to be extinct.]]
The construction of the [[Somasilla Dam]] led to the residents of 57 villages being relocated into the region where the courser was rediscovered. These areas of [[Lankamala]], [[Palakonda]] and [[Seshachalam]] were previously not well populated. With the rising population, there was increased livestock pressures and firewood extraction. In addition, extensive quarrying threatens the habitat. The scrub habitat preferred by the bird has declined due to increased agricultural activity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Senapathi, D|author2=I N Vogiatzakis|author3=P Jeganathan|author4=J A Gill|author5=R E Green|author6=CGR Bowden|author7=A R Rahmani|author8=D. Pain|author9=K Norris|name-list-style=amp|title= Use of remote sensing to measure change in the extent of habitat for the critically endangered Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus'' in India|journal=Ibis|volume=149|issue=2|pages=328–337|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00634.x|year=2007}}</ref>
In December 2005, the only known location for the species was threatened by the [[Telugu Ganga project]], a scheme to supply water to the city of [[Chennai]]. Legal action led to the diversion of the canal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/08/jerdons_courser.html|title= Canal diverted to save Jerdon's Courser|year=2008|publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> The area has however continued to be threatened by illegal construction work and activity related to a project proposed to link the rivers of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/mar/env-courser.htm |title=Illegal construction threatens Courser |year=2006|author=Kohli, Kanchi|publisher=Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeganathan, P.|author2=Rahmani, A.R.|author3=Green, R.E.|name-list-style=amp|year=2005 |title= Construction of Telugu-Ganga Canal in and around two protected areas in Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Immediate threat to the world population of the critically endangered Jerdon's Courser ''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''. Survey Report. |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.|url= https://archive.org/details/CanalAndTheCourser}}</ref> The construction of the canal could also lead to increased agricultural activity and habitat changes.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|title=Quantification of threats and suggested ameliorative measures for the conservation of the critically endangered Jerdon's Couser and its habitat| volume=105|issue=1|year=2008|pages=73–83|author=Jeganathan, P|author2=A R Rahmani|author3=R E Green|author4=K Norris|author5=I N Vogiatzakis|author6=C Bowden|author7=Debbie Pain|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies|Rhinoptilus bitorquatus}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3182&m=0 BirdLife International: Jerdon's courser]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012827/http://orientalbirdimages.org/birdimages.php?p=1&action=birdspecies&Bird_ID=928&Bird_Family_ID=&pagesize=1 Photographs]}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1267955}}

[[Category:Rhinoptilus|Jerdon's courser]]
[[Category:Birds of South India]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of India]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1848|Jerdon's courser]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Blyth|Jerdon's courser]]

MIBOR (Indian reference rate)

2026-01-21T05:46:13Z

Pipingblog: put up pg

{{Short description |Indian inter-bank daily reference rate }}

The '''Mumbai Interbank Outright Rate''' ('''MIBOR''') is the [[overnight interest rate]] or [[reference rate]] based on the averaged [[interest rate]]s at which Indian [[bank]]s borrow [[unsecured loan|unsecured]] [[funding|funds]] from counterparties in the [[Indian rupee]] [[wholesale]] [[money market]] (or [[interbank market]]).
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/mibor-rate/ |title=MIBOR (Mumbai Inter-Bank Offered Rate) |publisher=[[Corporate Finance Institute]] |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref> The rate was originally published by the ''Fixed Income Money Market and Derivative Association of India'' (FIMMDA) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE). This was moved to a dedicated organisation, ''Financial Benchmarks India Private Ltd'' (FBIL) in 2015 which is jointly owned by FIMMDA, the Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India (FEDAI) and the [[Indian Banks' Association]] (IBA).<ref name="rbi1"></ref> The rate is based on similar rates in London such as [[Libor]] and [[Euribor]].

The MIBOR is used as a bench mark rate for majority of financial derivative deals struck for [[interest rate swap]]s, [[forward rate agreement]]s, Floating Rate Debentures and [[term deposit]]s in India. The rate is fixed on the basis of volume based weighted average of traded rates from 9{{Space}}am to 10{{Space}}am each morning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lms.indianeconomy.net/glossary/mumbai-inter-bank-offer-rate-mibor/ |title=Mumbai Inter-Bank Offer Rate (MIBOR) |date=November 4, 2017 |publisher=IndianEconomy.net}}</ref>

== History ==
In the mid 1990s, the Committee for the Development of the Debt Market had studied and recommended the development of a benchmark rate for the call money markets in India. Accordingly, [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) developed and launched the NSE ''Mumbai Inter-Bank Bid Rate'' (''MIBID'') and NSE Mumbai Inter-bank Offer Rate (MIBOR) for the overnight money market on June 15, 1998. The success of the Overnight NSE MIBID MIBOR encouraged the Exchange to develop a benchmark rate for the term money market. NSE launched the 14-day NSE MIBID MIBOR on November 10, 1998, and the longer term money market benchmark rates for 1 month and 3 months on December 1, 1998. Further, the exchange introduced a 3 Day FIMMDA-NSE MIBID-MIBOR on all Fridays with effect from June 6, 2008, in addition to existing overnight rate.

Fixed Income Money Market and Derivative Association of India (FIMMDA) has been in the forefront for creation of benchmarks that can be used by the market participants to bring uniformity in the market place. To take the process of development further, FIMMDA and NSE have taken the initiative to co-brand the dissemination of [[reference rate]]s for the Overnight Call and Term Money Market using the current methodology behind NSE – MIBID/MIBOR. The product was rechristened as 'FIMMDA-NSE MIBID/MIBOR'. The 'FIMMDA-NSE MIBID/MIBOR' is now jointly disseminated by FIMMDA as well as NSEIL through their websites and other means and simultaneous dissemination of the information would be as per international practice.<ref name="rbi1">{{cite news |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=34344 |title=RBI announces Revised Methodology for Overnight MIBID/MIBOR from July 22, 2015 |date=July 2, 2015 |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Euribor]]
* [[TIBOR]]
* [[Prime rate]]
* [[TED spread]]
* [[Libor-OIS spread]]
* [[LIBID]]
* [[MIBOR (disambiguation)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* NSE Wholesale debt market link - https://web.archive.org/web/20061113122251/http://www.nse-india.com/content/debt/debt_statistics.htm
* Today's MIBOR MIBID values - https://web.archive.org/web/20050208173517/http://www.nse-india.com/marketinfo/eod_information/bidbor.jsp

{{Reference rates}}

[[Category:Reference rates]]

Sathyaseelan

2026-01-10T00:49:30Z

Pipingblog: New

{{short description|1936 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathya Seelan
| native_name = சத்திய சீலன்
| director = B. Sampath Kumar
| producer = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| story = L. Rajamanickam
| screenplay = L. Rajamanickam
| starring = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] M. S. Devasena L. Narayana Rao
| cinematography = Sailen Bose
| music = Janakai Kavikunjaram
| studio = Thyagaraja Talkie Film Co.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1936}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Sathyaseelan''''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சத்தியசீலன்) is a 1936 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language film]] directed by B. Sampathkumar and produced by [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar|M.K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], starring [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], M.S. Devasena, S.D. Subbulakshmi, [[S. S. Mani Bhagavathar|S.S. Mani Bhagavathar]]. It was the first film that Thyagaraja Bhagavathar produced himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331064107/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails9.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 March 2018|title=1936 வெளியான படங்களின் விபரம்{{!}} Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra {{!}}|website=www.lakshmansruthi.com|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.venpura.com/movie/SathyaSeelan-1936|title=Sathya Seelan Tamil Movie (1936) - Venpura|website=www.venpura.com|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyonion.com/movie/sathya-seelan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111000739/http://spicyonion.com/movie/sathya-seelan/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 January 2014|title=Sathya Seelan|website=Spicyonion.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/m-k-thyagaraja-bagavathar|title=திரையுலகம் மறந்த முன்னோடிக்கலைஞர்! எம்.கே.தியாகராஜ பாகவதர்!|website=nakkheeran|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

== Cast ==

Cast according to the song book<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP689-27-1-1 |title=Sathya Seelan |publisher=Sri Nilayam Press, Periya Kadai Veethi, Thiruchirappalli |year=1936 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] as Sathya Seelan
* M. Ramaswamy Iyer as King Vikrama Singam
* T. S. Somasundaram as Nithyanandar
* M. P. Mohan as Prathapuradhran
* L. Narayana Rao as Dharmadhan
* L. Rajamanickam as Vimalanathan
* P. S. Kasilingam as Chandamaruthan
* M. Muthuramalingam as Kunju
* K. R. Mani Iyer as Veerabhadran
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* M. S. Devasena as Premavathi
* G. Padmavathi Bai as Queen Vedavalli
* T. V. Kanthimathi Bai as Kuyili
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
Bhagavathar was producer of this film. The total cost of the film is Rs 52,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2018/11/01111622/MK-Thyagaraja-Bhagavathar.vpf|title=மக்கள் மனம் கவர்ந்த 'ஏழிசை மன்னர்'|date=2018-11-01|website=Dailythnathi.com|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Janakai Kavikunjaram<ref name="song book" />
| title7 =
| extra1 = [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
| total_length =
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| length6 =
| title1 = Sollu Pappa
| title6 =
| length5 =
| title5 =
| length4 =
| title4 =
| length3 =
| title3 =
| length2 =
| title2 =
| length1 = 3:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{Cite book|last=Dhananjayan|first=G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|year=2014|author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Janakai Kavikunjaram]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Adithya Srinivasan

2025-12-31T23:20:03Z

Pipingblog: Starting new info initial version

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Adithya Srinivasan
| image = Adithya Srinivasan Profile.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|6|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Classical Music|Classical]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[World music|World]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| label = Independent
| website = {{url|adithyasrinivasan.com}}
}}

'''Adithya Srinivasan''' is an Indian singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2012/06/13&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar02000&ViewMode=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219173252/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2012/06/13&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar02000&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=Bangalore Mirror / Music : Ghazal is the future |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=13 June 2012 |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skore.in/post/66190554996/we-talked-to-the-rising-star-of-ghazal-aditya |title=The Score Magazine / Ek Garam Chai with |publisher=The Score Magazine |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020411/http://skore.in/post/66190554996/we-talked-to-the-rising-star-of-ghazal-aditya |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref> He is best known for his award winning [[ghazals]], and international singles in [[classical music|classical]], [[pop music|pop]], and [[World music|world]] music genres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/adithya-srinivasan/599803506 |title=iTunes USA Artist Page / Adithya Srinivasan| publisher=Apple Inc. |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>{{Advert inline|date=November 2014}} His notable performances include sharing stage space with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and opening for [[Ghulam Ali (Ghazal singer)|Ghulam Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/76220059 |title=Adithya Srinivasan Opening Act Ghulam Ali – Live in Concert / Music : Adithya Srinivasan Opening Act Ghulam Ali – Live in Concert |publisher=Imagine Events|date=8 April 2012 |accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref>

== Music career ==
Adithya's tribute to 6 ghazals originally rendered by [[Mehdi Hassan]], [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] and [[Pankaj Udhas]] won him the Singer of the Year Silver Award from Swar [[Switzerland]].

Adithya's first international single, Gham-e-Duniya, written by the [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]] poet [[Mirza Ghalib]], featuring a [[Miss Universe]] finalist, earned a 5-star rating on [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iTunes]], and went viral on [[YouTube]].

In 2014, Adithya featured [[Grammy]] nominated pianist Jonathan Wesley and flautist Parth Chandiramani for Tu Hi Dilruba, landing a consideration in the 57th [[Grammy]] Awards ballot, and a Silver Award in the [[Southeast Asian]] VIMA Music Awards.

Adithya collaborated with [[Massachusetts]] based composer Sonaljit and Hollywood screen & stage actress Yanna Fabian for Devanke in 2015, landing a consideration in the 58th [[Grammy]] Awards ballot, a nomination in the 3rd Radio City Freedom Awards, and a Judge's Special Award in the [[Southeast Asian]] VIMA Music Awards.

In 2017, Adithya released Aarzu, an all acoustic ghazal written by [[Daagh Dehlvi]]. The single featured musicians from across [[India]], and was mastered by [[The Beatles]]’ [[Grammy]] winning engineer at the [[Abbey Road Studios]], [[United Kingdom]].

Adithya was featured on [[Grammy]] winning composer [[Laura Sullivan (composer)|Laura Sullivan]]'s single 900 Voices.

In 2020, Adithya's music also served as the main theme song in [[Saad Khan]]'s film Loneliness, based on an account of the prevalent national [[social distancing]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==Corporate career==
Adithya studied [[leadership]] at [[Harvard Business School]] and [[business analytics]] at the [[Singapore Management University]] in collaboration with [[The Wharton School]]. He has worked in [[strategy]] and [[business development]] across [[Singapore]] and The [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130721/entertainment-tvmusic/article/words-ghalib |title=Deccan Chronicle / Music : From the words of Ghalib ... |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 June 2013 |accessdate=4 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002513/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130721/entertainment-tvmusic/article/words-ghalib |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2013/04/02&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Pc00206&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235906/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2013/04/02&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Pc00206&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2013 |title=Bangalore Mirror / Music : Singers Bond |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=2 April 2013 |accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2013/07/09&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00204&ViewMode=HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235649/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=BGMIR/2013/07/09&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00204&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2013 |title=Bangalore Mirror / Music : Going Viral |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=9 July 2013 |accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2014%2F04%2F14&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&ViewMode=GIF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424204826/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2014%2F04%2F14&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2014 |title=Bangalore Mirror / Music : Made Here, Mastered Elsewhere |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=9 July 2013 |accessdate=4 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/3004185 |title=Indian Express / Music : B'lore singer to send track for Grammys | publisher=Indian Express |date=17 June 2014 |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mzqentertainment.com/ |title=MzQ! Entertainment / Indian digital commerce boutique | publisher=GoDaddy/Weebly |date=4 August 2014 |accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donateasy.com/|title=Donateasy / philanthropic dot-com enterprise | publisher=GoDaddy/Weebly |date=19 July 2014 |accessdate=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=124716 |title=Donateasy / Goodwill Hunting |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 October 2014 |accessdate=27 October 2014 }}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Family-records-single-to-allay-sons-fears/articleshow/48240805.cms|title=Family records single to allay son’s fears | publisher=Times Bangalore Mirror |date=28 July 2015 |accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/adithya-srinivasan-journey-as-a-singer/article7173450.ece|title=The techie sings a new tune | publisher=The Hindu |date=28 July 2015 |accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvima.com/2016/05/02/vima-music-awards-final-nominees/ |title=VIMA MUSIC AWARDS Final Nominees |publisher=VIMA MUSIC AWARDS |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=2 May 2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sg.linkedin.com/in/adithyasrinivasan |title=Adithya Srinivasan LinkedIn |publisher=LinkedIn |date=30 May 2016 |accessdate=30 May 2016 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=January 2026|reason=Twelve citations for a two-sentence paragraph seems like an attempt to manuafacture Wikipedia notability.}}

== Discography ==
*2011: ''Ghazal Ka Mausam – A Tribute to the Legends''
*2012: ''Kaash Aisa Koi Manzur Hota''
*2013: ''Gham e Duniya''
*2014: ''Tu Hi Dilruba''
*2015: ''Devanke''
*2016: ''Signature''
*2017: ''Aarzu''
*2021: ''Ghazal Ke Ishaare (Unreleased)''
*2023: ''Aayiram (Unreleased)''
*2024: ''Sri Hari Stotram''
*2025: ''Sri Hanuman Chalisa''


== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Work
!Award
!Result
|-
|2014
|Ghazal Ka Mausam – A Tribute to the Legends
|Swar Switzerland Award for Singer of the Year
|Silver Award
|-
|-
|2014
|Tu Hi Dilruba
|57th Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance
|First round Ballot
|-
|-
|2015
|Devanke
|58th Grammy Award for Record of The Year
|First round Ballot
|-
|-
|2016
|Devanke
|3rd Radio City Award for Best Indie Collaboration of The Year
|Nominated
|-
|-
|2016
|Devanke
|VIMA Southeast Asia Music Award for Best Indian Song
|Judge's Special Award
|-
|-
|2016
|Tu Hi Dilruba
|VIMA Southeast Asia Music Award for Best Indian Song
|Judge's Special Award
|-
|-
|2017
|Tu Hi Dilruba
|VIMA Southeast Asia Music Award for Best Pop Song
|Silver Award
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.adithyasrinivasan.com Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Adithya}}
[[Category:Male ghazal singers]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Singapore Management University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Anna Nagar railway station

2025-12-20T10:38:40Z

Pipingblog: general added details based on references and added references per sources

{{Short description|Railway station in Anna Nagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Anna Nagar
| native_name = <hr/>Naduvankkarai
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Anna Nagar]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|5|54|N|80|12|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]] line of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] 
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 2003
| closed = 2007
| rebuilt = Demolished for Railway yard in 2019
| electrified = 2003
| accessible =
| code = ANNG
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = Closed
| map_locator =
}}

'''Anna Nagar railway station''' (station code: ANNG) is one of the two, now defunct, railway stations of the extended southern arm of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam Junction|Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]], the other being [[Padi railway station]]. It served the neighbourhood of [[Anna Nagar]], a suburb of [[Chennai]]. The station is located on Thirumangalam road, a road that connects Anna Nagar West with [[Villivakkam]], near New Avadi Road, away from the commercial centre of the neighbourhood. An NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]],<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=9 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> it is being maintained by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF), the premier production unit of the Indian railways.<ref name="Hindu_ToBecomeSocialHub">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Padi railway station to become social hub soon
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 13 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/padi-railway-station-to-become-social-hub-soon/article24412502.ece
| access-date = 14 July 2018}}</ref> now this railway station is completely demolished in 2019 and converted into a Railway Yard for long distance trains.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhavan |first=D. |date=2019-10-05 |title=Defunct Anna Nagar station turns into a railway yard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/defunct-anna-nagar-station-turns-into-a-railway-yard/article29603691.ece |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
In 2003, a 3.09 km-long railway line, initially used by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) at [[Perambur]] for moving newly built coaches from shell to furnishing division of the factory, was strengthened at a cost of {{INR}} 72.9 million for operating passenger services. Two new stations, namely, Padi and Anna Nagar, were built and 13 existing bridges were renovated and the work was completed in five months. The railway station and the EMU services were inaugurated by the then Union Minister of State for Railways, [[A. K. Moorthy]].<ref name="Hindu_AnnaNagarOnRailMap">{{cite news
| last = Vydhianathan
| first = S.
| title = Anna Nagar put on rail map
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 3 October 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/03/stories/2003100310140300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031012005540/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/03/stories/2003100310140300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 12 October 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref> Between 2003 and 2007, five suburban trains were being run from Anna Nagar to [[Chennai Beach]] via {{stnlnk|Villivakkam}}. In 2007, the service was discontinued due to construction of a rotary at the Padi junction replacing the level-crossing. Though the rotary was completed in 2009, services were not restored. However, in 2011, the railways planned to resume services in this section as a feeder service with six-car EMUs.<ref name="TOI_TrainServiceFromAnnaNagarToResume">{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Train service from Anna Nagar to resume
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 18 February 2011
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Train-service-from-Anna-Nagar-to-resume/articleshow/7518360.cms
| access-date = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref>

The tracks and land on which the station is built were originally owned by the ICF. When the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] intended to operate trains to Padi and Anna Nagar stations, the ICF handed over the land to the Southern Railway. When the train services were withdrawn in 2007, the ICF reclaimed the land from the zonal railway. The tracks and the stations are now used by the ICF for moving spare parts to the manufacturing unit and back.<ref name="DC_ICFTestingTrack">{{cite news
| last = Baraasu
| first = J. M. Rudhran
| title = Anna Nagar-Padi line to turn ICF testing track
| newspaper = The Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 18 November 2017
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/181117/anna-nagar-padi-line-to-turn-icf-testing-track.html
| access-date = 14 July 2018}}</ref> The lines will be used to test semi-high speed coaches running up to 160 km per hour.<ref name="DC_ICFTestingTrack"/>

==Patronage==
The service, however, had a low patronage. The average daily counter collection at the station was about {{INR}} 450, with just about 50 passengers. The monthly revenue never exceeded {{INR}} 15,000.<ref name="Hindu_LaunchedWithFanfareButLanguishing">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Launched with fanfare, but languishing today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 25 September 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092515590400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502083855/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/25/stories/2006092515590400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 May 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 24 Dec 2012}}</ref>

However, unlike the rest of the Chennai Suburban Railway network, there is only one line in this section. In addition, the traffic congestion resulting due to closure of a gate near the Padi railway station limits the operation to five pairs of EMU services between [[Chennai Beach]] and Anna Nagar.<ref name="Hindu_AnnaNagarOnRailMap"/>

In a response to a public interest litigation filed in June 2013, the Railways announced that "the decision to discontinue operations at Anna Nagar station was made due to financial considerations. The per-day expense for operating train services between Villivakkam and Anna Nagar costs about {{INR}}30,000, while the income was only a few hundreds."<ref>{{cite news
| agency = TNN
| title = No services at Anna Nagar railway station due to poor patronage, HC told
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 25 April 2014
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/No-services-at-Anna-Nagar-railway-station-due-to-poor-patronage-HC-told/articleshow/34175037.cms
| access-date = 1 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2003]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Memorials to C. N. Annadurai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 2007]]

Palakollu mandal

2025-11-28T01:51:39Z

Pipingblog: Done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palakollu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5333|N|81.7333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Palakollu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 67.52
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 258,625
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|pages=404|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 37, AP 38
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Palakollu mandal''' is one of the 46 [[mandal]]s in the [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4988-palacole-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Palacole Mandal - West Godavari|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref> The headquarters is located at [[Palakollu]] City. The mandal is bordered by [[Yelamanchili mandal]] in the north, [[Narasapuram mandal]] in the east, [[Poduru mandal]] in the south and [[Veeravasaram mandal]] in the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in West Godavari district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/WestGodavari.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=4 November 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429220632/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/westgodavari.html|archivedate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has a population of 258,625 in 48,377 households. The total population consists of 125,535 men and 5,872 women with a sex ratio of 1,010 women per 1000 men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Andhra_Pradesh/West_Godavari/Palakollu|title=Palakollu mandal population|publisher=India Growing|accessdate=6 November 2017}}{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> 12,044 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 6,172 are boys and 6,064 are girls with a sex ratio of 951 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 82.99% with 97,653 literates, of which 50,723 are men and 46,930 are women.

The majority of the population is identified as Scheduled Caste with a population of 27,110, whereas those identified as Scheduled Tribe number 1,218.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/Palacole-mandal-west-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4988|title=Palacole Censusindia.in|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Work Profile ===

As per the report published by Census India in 2018, 154,149 people are engaged in work activities out of a total population of 258,625. 98,647 workers describe their work as main work, 2,389 as cultivators, 20,355 as agricultural labourers, 2,371 in the household industry and 23,532 involved in other works. Of these, 5,502 are marginal workers.<ref name="population" />

== Administration ==

Palakollu mandal is administered under [[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref> of [[Narsapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=30}}</ref> and is one of the twelve mandals that fall under the [[Narasapuram revenue division]].

== City and villages ==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 20 settlements, Witch is Includes 1 City 3 [[Out Growth|out growths]] and 17 villages. In Palakollu Mandal.
Palakollu Rural, Poolapalli, and Ullamparru Full OG's to Palakollu (M). Palakollu Rural is the largest and [[Chandaparru]] is the smallest village in terms of population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vlist.in/sub-district/04988.html|title=Villages in Palakollu mandal|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:750px;|
#Agarru
#Aratlakatla
#Ballipadu
#Chandaparru
#Chintaparru
#Dagguluru
#Digamarru
#Gorintada
#Kapavaram
#Lankalakoderu
#[[Palakollu]] (M)
#Palakollu Rural (OG)
#Palamuru
#Pedamamidipalle
#Poolapalli (OG)
#Sivadevunichikkala
#Tillapudi
#Ullamparru (OG)
#Varidhanam
#Velivela
}}

Note:
:M-[[Municipality]]
:(OG) denotes an [[Out Growth]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref>

== Education ==

The mandal plays a major role in the education of rural students in the nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by the government in aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=4 November 2017|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archivedate=27 December 2015}}</ref> As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 19,727 students enrolled in over 149 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|access-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=4 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020147/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getMandalReportsList&dist=2815&distname=WEST%20GODAVARI|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Eluru]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Palakollu]]
[[Category:Mandals in West Godavari district]]