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Monaco

2026-05-30T14:39:49Z

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{{Short description|Microstate in Western Europe}}
{{About|the city-state}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Monaco
| common_name = Monaco
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Principauté de Monaco}} {{resize|95%|{{native name|lij-MC|Prinçipatu de Mùnegu}}}} {{nativename|it|Principato di Monaco}}
| image_flag = Flag of Monaco.svg
| flag_size = 120
| image_coat = Great coat of arms of the house of Grimaldi.svg
| coa_size = 90
| national_motto = {{native phrase|la|{{noitalic|"}}Deo Juvante{{noitalic|"}} }} ({{Langx|en|"With God's Help"}})
| national_anthem = "{{lang|fr|{{noitalic|[[Hymne Monégasque|Inu Munegascu]]}}}}" ({{Langx|en|"Monégasque Hymn"}}) <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Monaco National Anthem.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = Monaco Europe Location.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey }}
| image_map2 =
| map2_width =
| capital = [[Monaco City|Monaco]] {{nowrap|([[city-state]])}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|43|52|N|07|25|12|E|type:city_region:MC|display=it}}
| largest_settlement = [[Monte Carlo]]
| largest_settlement_type = quarter
| official_languages = [[French language|French]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 May 2008 |url=http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&3Gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170607/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&3Gb |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Constitution de la Principauté |publisher=[[Council of Government (Monaco)|Council of Government]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| languages_type = [[Lingua franca|Common languages]]
| languages = {{hlist|[[Italian language|Italian]]|[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]] |[[Ligurian language|Ligurian]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|[[Monégasque people|Monégasques]] |[[French people|French]] |[[Italian people|Italians]] |[[Occitans]]}}
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 86.0% [[Christianity]]
** 80.9% [[Catholic Church in Monaco|Catholicism]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref name="MonacoReligion">.{{Cite web |title=Constitution de la Principaute |url=http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&3Gb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927091747/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/036c62fe5f92f2efc1256f5b0054fa42gb?OpenDocument&3Gb |archive-date=27 September 2011 |website=Principaute De Monaco: Ministère d'Etat |language=fr |quote=Art. 9. - La religion catholique, apostolique et romaine est religion d'Etat.}}</ref>
** 5.1% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|11.7% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|1.7% [[History of the Jews in Monaco|Judaism]]
|0.4% [[Islam]]
|0.2% other<ref name="Survey">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2017 |title=The Global Religious Landscape |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=2 October 2015}}</ref>}}
| demonym = {{unbulleted list|Monégasque<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monacodc.org/faqusa.html#spoken |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Embassy of Monaco in Washington D.C. |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>}}
| government_type = Unitary parliamentary semi-[[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Monaco|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]]
| leader_title2 = [[Minister of State (Monaco)|Minister of State]]
| leader_name2 = [[Christophe Mirmand]]
| legislature = [[National Council (Monaco)|National Council]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| established_event1 = [[House of Grimaldi]] (under the sovereignty of the [[Republic of Genoa]])
| established_date1 = 8 January 1297
| established_event2 = from the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]
| established_date2 = 17 May 1814
| established_event3 = from occupation of the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]]
| established_date3 = 17 June 1814
| established_event4 = [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]]
| established_date4 = 11 February 1861
| established_event5 = [[Constitution of Monaco|Constitution]]
| established_date5 = 5 January 1911
| area_km2 = 2.084<ref name="Territory_2025">{{cite web |url=https://en.gouv.mc/content/download/527825/6060305/file/Monaco%20en%20Chiffres%202025%20-%201.%20Territoire%20et%20Environnement.pdf |title=Chapitre 1 – Territoire et Environnement |work=Monaco en Chiffre 2025 |publisher=Institut Monégasque de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |language=fr |access-date=2025-07-30 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| area_rank = 194th 
| area_sq_mi = 0.80 
| percent_water = negligible<ref name="monacodata">{{cite web|title=Monaco in Figures 2024|url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Publications/Monaco-in-Figures-2024|website=monacostatistics.mc|publisher=[[Monaco Statistics]]|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 38,857<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=Population census|url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment/Population-census|website=monacostatistics.mc|publisher=[[Monaco Statistics]]|access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2025
| population_census_rank = 190th
| population_density_km2 = 18,446
| population_density_sq_mi = 47,775 
| population_density_rank = 1st 
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $8.924 billion<ref name="WF">{{cite web |title=EUROPE :: MONACO |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106062442/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |date=2 September 2025 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 165th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $270,100<ref name="WF"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $10.434 billion<ref name="WF"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $315,800<ref name="WF"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Monaco|+377]]
| cctld = [[.mc]]
| footnote_a = {{note|infoboxa}} Government offices are located in the [[Monaco-Ville]] quarter.
| footnote_b = {{note|infoboxb}} GDP per capita calculations include non-resident workers from France and Italy.
| map2_caption =
}}

'''Monaco''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Monaco.ogg|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|ə|k|oʊ}} {{respell|MON|ə|koh}}; {{IPA|fr|mɔnako|lang}}; {{IPA|it|ˈmɔːnako|lang}}; {{langx|lij-MC|Mùnegu}} {{IPA|lij|ˈmuneɡu|}}; {{langx|oc|Mónegue}} {{IPA|oc|ˈmuneɣe|}}}} officially the '''Principality of Monaco''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Principauté de Monaco}}; {{langx|lij-MC|Prinçipatu de Mùnegu|links=no}}; {{langx|lij|Prinçipato de Mónego}}; {{langx|oc|Principat de Mónegue}}; {{langx|it|Principato di Monaco}}.}} is a [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[city-state]] and [[European microstates|microstate]] in [[Western Europe]]. Situated on the [[French Riviera]], it is a [[Enclave and exclave|semi-enclave]] bordered by [[France]] to the north, east, and west, with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south; the [[Regions of Italy|Italian region]] of [[Liguria]] is about {{cvt|15|km}} east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ventimiglia - Principato di Monaco |url=https://www.distanza.org/Ventimiglia/Principato%20di%20Monaco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506080655/https://www.distanza.org/Ventimiglia/Principato%2520di%2520Monaco |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=www.distanza.org}}</ref> With a population of 38,423 living in an area of {{cvt|2.08|km2}}, Monaco is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second smallest]] sovereign state in the world, after [[Vatican City]], as well as the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated]]. It also has the world's shortest national coastline of any non-landlocked nation, at {{cvt|3.83|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco Statistics / IMSEE — Monaco IMSEE |url=http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130422/http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 August 2016 |work=Imsee.mc |language=fr}}</ref> Fewer than 10,000 of its residents are [[Monégasque people|Monégasque]] nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography / Population and employment / IMSEE - Monaco IMSEE |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment/Demography |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=www.monacostatistics.mc |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030095126/https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment/Demography |url-status=live }}</ref> Although [[French language|French]] is the [[official language]] of Monaco, [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]] are also widely spoken and understood.{{efn|For further information, see [[Languages of Monaco]].}}

Monaco is governed under a form of [[semi-constitutional monarchy]], with [[Prince Albert II]] as [[head of state]], who holds substantial political powers. The [[Minister of State (Monaco)|prime minister]], who is the [[head of government]], can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the [[Government of France]] before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=Communiqué de la Direction des Services Judiciaires |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Actualites/Communique-de-la-Direction-des-Services-Judiciaires |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217012051/https://www.gouv.mc/Actualites/Communique-de-la-Direction-des-Services-Judiciaires |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Government of Monaco |language=fr}}</ref> The [[House of Grimaldi]] has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297.<ref>In fact [[François Grimaldi|Francesco Grimaldi]], who captured [[Monaco-Ville|the Rock]] on the night of 8 January 1297, was forced to flee Monaco only four years after the fabled raid, never to come back. The Grimaldi family was not able to permanently secure their holding until 1419 when they purchased Monaco, along with two neighbouring villages, [[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]]. Source: {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Edwards |title=The Grimaldis of Monaco: The Centuries of Scandal – The Years of Grace |year=1992 |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] |isbn=978-0-688-08837-8}}</ref> The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861]], with Monaco becoming a full [[United Nations]] voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, notwithstanding two [[Military of Monaco|small military units]].

Monaco is recognised as one of the wealthiest and most expensive places in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1.25-mile waterfront stretch in Monaco that used to be the world's most expensive street looks no different from the rest of the city |website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-street-in-monaco-avenue-princesse-grace-2020-1 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112200105/https://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-street-in-monaco-avenue-princesse-grace-2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monaco Is The Most Expensive Place To Buy Property In The World |url=https://forbes.mc/article/monaco-is-the-most-expensive-place-to-buy-property-in-the-world |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529225530/https://forbes.mc/article/monaco-is-the-most-expensive-place-to-buy-property-in-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Its economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the [[Monte Carlo Casino]], and a [[Marseille–Ventimiglia railway|rail connection]] to Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montecarlolegend.com/monte-carlo-the-birth-of-a-legend/ |title=Monte Carlo: The Birth of a Legend |publisher=SBM Group |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050316/http://www.montecarlolegend.com/monte-carlo-the-birth-of-a-legend/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the wealthy. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, [[High value products|high-value-added]], non-polluting industries. Monaco is a [[tax haven]]; it has no personal [[income tax]] (except for French citizens) and [[Tax rates around the world|low business taxes]]. Over 30% of residents are millionaires,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beck |first=Katie |title=The country running out of space for its millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180206-the-country-running-out-of-space-for-its-millionaires |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=www.bbc.com |date=6 February 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035623/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180206-the-country-running-out-of-space-for-its-millionaires |url-status=live }}</ref> with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of [[money laundering]], and in June 2024 the [[Financial Action Task Force]] placed Monaco under increased monitoring to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bourgery-Gonse |first=Théo |date=23 January 2023 |title=Monaco's anti-money laundering system inadequate, risks name-and-shame |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/monacos-anti-money-laundering-system-inadequate-risks-name-and-shame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501035803/https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/monacos-anti-money-laundering-system-inadequate-risks-name-and-shame/ |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=[[Euractiv]] }}</ref><ref name="dw">{{cite news |title=Monaco added to money laundering 'gray list' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/monaco-added-to-money-laundering-gray-list/a-69507747 |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=June 28, 2024}}</ref>

Monaco is among the 46 Member States which constitute the [[Council of Europe]]. It is not part of the [[European Union]] (EU), but [[Monaco–European Union relations|participates in certain EU policies]], including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the [[euro]] as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}} (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the [[Monaco Grand Prix]], one of the original Grands Prix of [[Formula One]]. The local motorsports association gives its name to the [[Monte Carlo Rally]], hosted in January in the [[French Alps]]. The principality has a club football team, [[AS Monaco]], which competes in French [[Ligue 1]] and has been [[List of French football champions|French champions]] on multiple occasions, as well as a basketball team, which plays in the [[EuroLeague]]. Monaco is a centre of [[marine conservation]] and research, being home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Monaco's Prince Albert II: Oceans are a 'family heritage,' with little time to save them |url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-02-13/an-interview-with-prince-albert-ii-of-monaco-on-the-state-of-the-planet |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925235323/https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2020-02-13/an-interview-with-prince-albert-ii-of-monaco-on-the-state-of-the-planet |url-status=live }}</ref> an [[Oceanographic Museum of Monaco|Oceanographic Museum]], and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] Marine Environment Laboratories, the only [[marine laboratory]] in the [[United Nations System|UN system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/icp20presentations/Swarzenski.pdf |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411083152/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/icp20presentations/Swarzenski.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Division of IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories (NAML) |url=https://www.iaea.org/about/organizational-structure/department-of-nuclear-sciences-and-applications/division-of-iaea-marine-environment-laboratories |website=www.iaea.org |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=18 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Monaco}}

Monaco was first mentioned by the Greek historian [[Hecataeus of Miletus]], who referred to it as "''Monoikos'', a [[Ligures|Ligurian]] town".<ref name=reinach>{{cite journal|last=Reinach|first=Salomon|year=1912|title=Le nom de Monaco|journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres|volume=56|issue=2|pages=98–100|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1912_num_56_2_72984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Müller|first=Karl|title=Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum|location=Paris|publisher=Ambroise Firmin Didot|date=1841|volume=1|page=2|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_y5pxAAAAIAAJ/page/n96}}</ref> [[Strabo]] referred to it as ''Monoikon [[wikt:λιμήν|limen]]'', explaining that ''Monoikos'' (Greek for "the solitary one") was another name for [[Heracles]], who had a temple here;<ref>{{cite book|translator-last=Jones|translator-first=Horace Leonard|title=Strabo, Geography|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2006|orig-date=1923|isbn=0-674-99056-0|volume=2|pages=266 f|url=https://archive.org/details/Strabo08Geography17AndIndex/Strabo%2002%20Geography%203-5/page/266}}</ref> it is possible, however, that it is an alteration of an older Ligurian name.<ref name=reinach/>

In 1191, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] granted Monaco to the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] in return for cracking down on pirates. By the early 1200s, the Genoese had built a castle on the rock and were utilizing the port. An ousted branch of a Genoese family, the [[House of Grimaldi|Grimaldis]], captured it in 1297 by posing as monks, but then had to contest it for a century before gaining official control. Though the [[Republic of Genoa]] would last until the 19th century, it allowed the Grimaldi family to keep Monaco. Likewise, both France and Spain left it alone for hundreds of years due to agreements with either of them, especially for defense. France annexed it in the [[French Revolution]] at the end of the 18th century, but after the defeat of Napoleon it was put under the care of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]].

In the 19th century, when [[Sardinia]] became a part of Italy, the region came under French influence but France allowed it to remain independent and it escaped being incorporated into Italy. However, it shrank considerably when it traded two nearby towns in exchange for sovereignty from France. Monaco relied on tourism from the late 19th century to remain financially solvent, and it was at this time the famous casino and hotels were established. Monaco was overrun by the [[Axis powers]] in the 1940s during the Second World War and for a short time was administered by Italy, then [[Nazi Germany]], before being liberated. Although the occupation lasted for just a short time, it resulted in the deportation of the [[Jews|Jewish]] population and execution of several [[French Resistance]] members from Monaco. Since then Monaco has been independent. It has taken some steps towards [[Microstates and the European Union|integration with the European Union]].

===Arrival of the Grimaldi family===
[[File:Raniero I de Mónaco.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes|Rainier I]], victor of the naval battle at [[Battle of Zierikzee|Zierikzee]] and first sovereign Grimaldi ruler of Monaco]]
Following a grant of land from Emperor [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]] in 1191, Monaco was refounded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa.<ref name="state1">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3397.htm |title=Monaco |work=State.gov |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814092549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3397.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monacolife.net/?content=articles&action=show&id=28 |title=Monaco Life |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024225/http://monacolife.net/?content=articles&action=show&id=28 |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco was first ruled by a member of the House of Grimaldi in 1297, when [[François Grimaldi|Francesco Grimaldi]], known as "''Malizia''" (translated from Italian either as "The Malicious One" or "The Cunning One"), and his men captured the fortress protecting the [[Rock of Monaco]] while dressed as [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[friar]]s – a ''monaco'' in Italian – although this is a coincidence as the area was already known by this name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/History |title=Monaco history |website=Visitmonaco.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091104/http://www.visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/History |url-status=live }}</ref>

Francesco was evicted a few years later by the Genoese forces, and the struggle over "the Rock" continued for another century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.montecarlosbm.com/sejour-luxe-monaco/monte-carlo/histoire/ |title=Histoire de Monaco, famille Grimaldi | Monte-Carlo SBM |work=Fr.montecarlosbm.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609075355/http://fr.montecarlosbm.com/sejour-luxe-monaco/monte-carlo/histoire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Grimaldi family was Genoese and the struggle was something of a family feud. The Genoese engaged in other conflicts, and in the late 1300s Genoa lost Monaco after fighting the [[Crown of Aragon]] over [[Corsica]].<ref name="explorethemed.com">{{cite web |url=http://explorethemed.com/AragonMed.asp?c=1 |title=The Mediterranean Empire of the Crown of Aragon |website=explorethemed.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204061004/http://explorethemed.com/AragonMed.asp?c=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aragon]] eventually became part of a united Spain, and other parts of the land grant came to be integrated piecemeal into other states. Between 1346 and 1355, Monaco annexed the towns of [[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]], increasing its territory by almost ten times.<ref name="explorethemed.com" />

===1400–1800===
[[File:Italia 1494-it.svg|thumb|Monaco (as part of the Republic of Genoa) in 1494]]
In 1419, the Grimaldi family purchased Monaco from the Crown of Aragon and became the official and undisputed rulers of "the Rock of Monaco". In 1612, [[Honoré II]] began to style himself "Prince" of Monaco.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monaco.me/ |title=Monaco – The Principality of Monaco |work=Monaco.me |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155700/https://monaco.me/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1630s, he sought French protection against the Spanish forces and, in 1642, was received at the court of [[Louis XIII]] as a "duc et pair étranger".<ref name="monacoangebote.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.monacoangebote.de/index.php?q=en/history |title=The History Of Monaco |work=Monacoangebote.de |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210501/http://www.monacoangebote.de/index.php?q=en%2Fhistory |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The princes of Monaco became vassals of the French kings while at the same time remaining sovereign princes. Though successive princes and their families spent most of their lives in [[Paris]], and intermarried with French and Italian nobilities, the House of Grimaldi is of Genoese origin. The principality continued its existence as a protectorate of France until the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history1.html |title=Monaco: History |work=monaco.mc |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629221745/http://www3.monaco.mc/monaco/info/history1.html |archive-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:County of nice.svg|thumb|A map of the [[County of Nice]] showing the area of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Italian kingdom of Sardinia]] annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860.]]
In 1793, Revolutionary forces captured Monaco and until 1814 it was occupied by the French (in this period much of Europe had been overrun by the French armies).<ref name="monacoangebote.de"/><ref name="Monte-carlo.mc">{{cite web |url=http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/important-dates/ |title=Important dates – Monaco Monte-Carlo |work=Monte-carlo.mc |date= |accessdate=28 May 2012 |archive-date=1 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501230623/http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/important-dates/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The principality was reestablished in 1814 under the Grimaldis. It was designated a protectorate of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815.<ref name="Monte-carlo.mc"/> Monaco remained in this position until 1860 when, by the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)|Treaty of Turin]], the Sardinian forces pulled out of the principality; the surrounding [[County of Nice]] (as well as [[Savoy]]) was ceded to France.<ref name="infoplease1">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859729.html |title=24 X 7 |work=Infoplease.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119091320/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859729.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco became a French protectorate once again. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.<ref name="miglioverde"/>

Before this time there was unrest in [[Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]], where the townspeople had become weary of heavy taxation by the Grimaldi family. They declared their independence as the [[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]], hoping for annexation by Sardinia. France protested. The unrest continued until [[Charles III, Prince of Monaco|Charles III of Monaco]] gave up his claim to the two mainland towns (some 95% of the principality at the time) that had been ruled by the Grimaldi family for over 500 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accesspropertiesmonaco.com/en/histoire |title=History of the Principality of Monaco – Access Properties Monaco – Real-estate Agency Monaco |publisher=Access Properties Monaco |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809043450/http://www.accesspropertiesmonaco.com/en/histoire |url-status=live }}</ref>

These were ceded to France in return for 4,100,000 francs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monacodc.org/monhistory.html |title=History of Monaco |work=Monacodc.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424212758/http://monacodc.org/monhistory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The transfer and Monaco's sovereignty were recognised by the [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]] of 1861. In 1869, the principality stopped collecting income tax from its residents — an indulgence the Grimaldi family could afford to entertain thanks solely to the extraordinary success of the casino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/principaute-monaco-monte-carlo/ |title=Histoire de la Principauté – Monaco – Mairie de Monaco|work=Monaco-mairie.mc |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603055329/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/principaute-monaco-monte-carlo |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This made Monaco a playground for the rich and a favoured place for them to live.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/monaco.htm |title=MONACO |work=Tlfq.ulaval.ca |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610183922/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/monaco.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Monaco um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Photochrom]] of Monaco circa 1900]]

Until the [[Monégasque Revolution]] of 1910 forced the adoption of the 1911 [[Constitution of Monaco]], the [[List of rulers of Monaco|princes of Monaco]] were [[Absolute monarchy|absolute rulers]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/2530539.stm |title=Monaco timeline |work=BBC News |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527123632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/2530539.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The new constitution slightly reduced the autocratic rule of the Grimaldi family and [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert I]] suspended it during the First World War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monégasque citizens demand end to absolute monarchy (Monégasque Revolution), 1910 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/mon-gasque-citizens-demand-end-absolute-monarchy-mon-gasque-revolution-1910 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu}}</ref>

In July 1918, a new [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]] was signed, providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, endorsed in 1919 by the [[Treaty of Versailles]], established that Monégasque international policy would be aligned with French political, military and economic interests. It also resolved the [[Monaco succession crisis of 1918|Monaco succession crisis]].

[[File:Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace.jpg|upright|thumb|right|The [[Wedding of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and Grace Kelly|marriage]] of Hollywood actress [[Grace Kelly]] to [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]] brought media attention to the principality.]]

In 1943, the Italian Army [[Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II|invaded and occupied Monaco]], forming a [[Fascism|fascist]] administration.<ref name="monaco.alloexpat.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco.alloexpat.com/monaco_information/history_of_monaco.php |title=Monaco History, History of Monaco – Allo' Expat Monaco - World War II |work=Monaco.alloexpat.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162437/http://www.monaco.alloexpat.com/monaco_information/history_of_monaco.php |archive-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> In September 1943, after Mussolini's fall from power, the German [[Wehrmacht]] occupied Italy and Monaco, and the Nazi deportation of the Jewish population began. [[René Blum (ballet)|René Blum]], the prominent French Jew who founded the Ballet de l'Opéra in Monte Carlo, was arrested in his [[Paris]] home and held in the [[Drancy internment camp|Drancy]] deportation camp outside the French capital before being transported to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], where he was later murdered.<ref>Abramovici P. ''Un rocher bien occupé : Monaco pendant la guerre 1939–1945'' Editions Seuil, Paris 2001, {{ISBN|2-02-037211-8}}</ref> Blum's colleague [[Raoul Gunsbourg]], the director of the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]], helped by the [[French Resistance]], escaped arrest and fled to [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmeheust.free.fr/monacohistoire2.html |title=Monaco histoire |work=Tmeheust.free.fr |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518004243/http://tmeheust.free.fr/monacohistoire2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 1944, the Germans executed René Borghini, Joseph-Henri Lajoux and Esther Poggio, who were Resistance leaders.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

[[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III]], succeeded to the throne on the death of his grandfather, Prince [[Louis II, Prince of Monaco|Louis II]], in 1949, and ruled until 2005. On 19 April 1956, Prince Rainier married the American actress [[Grace Kelly]], an event that was widely televised and covered in the popular press, focusing the world's attention on the tiny principality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/monaco.htm |title=Monaco – Principality of Monaco – Principauté de Monaco – French Riviera Travel and Tourism |work=Nationsonline.org |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=18 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518103134/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/monaco.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 1962 amendment to the constitution abolished capital punishment, provided for [[women's suffrage]] and established a [[Supreme Court of Monaco]] to guarantee fundamental liberties.{{cn|date=December 2025}} In 1963, a crisis developed when [[Charles de Gaulle]] blockaded Monaco, angered by its status as a tax haven for wealthy French citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 1963 Franco-Monegasque tax treaty |url=https://www.valeri-agency.com/en/pages/1963-franco-monegasque-tax-treaty.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312175647/https://www.valeri-agency.com/en/pages/1963-franco-monegasque-tax-treaty.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1993, the Principality of Monaco became a member of the [[United Nations]], with full voting rights.<ref name="infoplease1"/><ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |title=Monaco|work= The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===21st century===

In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco specified that, should there be no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the principality would still remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defense is still the responsibility of France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe-cities.com/en/657/monaco/history/chronology/ |title=History of Monaco. Monaco chronology |work=Europe-cities.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210452/http://www.europe-cities.com/en/657/monaco/history/chronology/ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_military.html |title=Monaco Military 2012, CIA World Factbook |work=Theodora.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510082859/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_military.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:МОНАКО - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|250px|Prince's Palace of Monaco]]
On 31 March 2005, [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Rainier III]], who was too ill to exercise his duties, relinquished them to his only son and heir, Albert.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourmonaco.com/royal |title=Monaco Royal Family |work=Yourmonaco.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614130705/http://www.yourmonaco.com/royal |archive-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He died six days later, after a reign of 56 years, with his son succeeding him as [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]], [[Sovereign Prince of Monaco]]. Following a period of official mourning, Prince Albert II formally assumed the princely crown on 12 July 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palais.mc/monaco/palais-princier/english/h.s.h.-prince-albert-ii/biography/biography.391.html |title=Biography |work=Palais.mc |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115190516/http://www.palais.mc/monaco/palais-princier/english/h.s.h.-prince-albert-ii/biography/biography.391.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> in a celebration that began with a solemn Mass at [[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Monaco|Saint Nicholas Cathedral]], where his father had been buried three months earlier. His accession to the Monégasque throne was a two-step event with a further ceremony, drawing heads of state for an elaborate reception, held on 18 November 2005, at the historic [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Prince's Palace]] in [[Monaco-Ville]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montecarlosbm.com/luxury-trip-monaco/visit-monaco/monaco-history/ |title=History of Monaco, Grimaldi family |publisher=Monte-Carlo SBM |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412001225/http://www.montecarlosbm.com/luxury-trip-monaco/visit-monaco/monaco-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 August 2015, Albert II apologised for Monaco's role during World War II in facilitating the deportation of a total of 90 Jews and resistance fighters, of whom only nine survived. "We committed the irreparable in handing over to the neighbouring authorities women, men and a child who had taken refuge with us to escape the persecutions they had suffered in France," Albert said at a ceremony in which a monument to the victims was unveiled at the Monaco cemetery. "In distress, they came specifically to take shelter with us, thinking they would find neutrality."<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Carol J. |title=More than seven decades later, Monaco apologises for deporting Jews |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-monaco-jews-deportation-apology-20150827-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830235213/http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-monaco-jews-deportation-apology-20150827-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Monaco unanimously approved a modest [[Land reclamation in Monaco|land reclamation]] expansion intended primarily to accommodate desperately needed housing and a small green/park area.<ref name="rivieratimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rivieratimes.com/index.php/monaco-article/items/monaco-land-reclamation-project-gets-green-light.html |title=Monaco land reclamation project gets green light |work=rivieratimes.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002030/http://www.rivieratimes.com/index.php/monaco-article/items/monaco-land-reclamation-project-gets-green-light.html |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Monaco had previously considered an expansion in 2008, but had called it off.<ref name="rivieratimes.com" /> The plan is for about six [[hectare]]s (15 acres) of apartment buildings, parks, shops and offices to a land value of about 1 billion [[euro]]s.<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/monaco-1-billion-reclamation-plan-for-luxury-homes-district-1.635181/ |title=Monaco €1 billion reclamation plan for luxury homes district |author=Colin Randall |work=thenational.ae |date=23 May 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925142503/http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/property/monaco-1-billion-reclamation-plan-for-luxury-homes-district |url-status=live }}</ref> The development will be adjacent to the [[Larvotto]] district and also will include a small marina.<ref name="thenational.ae" /><ref name="mooringspot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mooringspot.com/anse-portier-marina-monaco-monte-carlo-new-berths |title=Monaco's New Marina, in 10 Years from now |work=mooringspot.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002029/http://www.mooringspot.com/anse-portier-marina-monaco-monte-carlo-new-berths |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There were four main proposals, and the final mix of use will be finalised as the development progresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/06/25/the-future-of-monaco-man-made-island-and-floating-formula-one-race-track/ |title=Forbes Life |work=forbes.com |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022948/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/06/25/the-future-of-monaco-man-made-island-and-floating-formula-one-race-track/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The name for the new district is [[Le Portier|Anse du Portier]].<ref name="mooringspot.com" />

On 29 February 2020, Monaco announced its first case of [[COVID-19]], a man who was admitted to the [[Princess Grace Hospital Centre]] then transferred to [[Nice University]] Hospital in France.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=GvtMonaco|author=Gouvernement Monaco|number=1233513588884676611|title=[#Coronavirus] Les autorités sanitaires de la Principauté ont été informées qu'une personne prise en charge dans la matinée et conduite au Centre Hospitalier Princesse Grace était positive au COVID 19.Son état de santé n'inspire pas d'inquiétude.|date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/sante/coronavirus-un-premier-cas-de-contamination-detecte-a-monaco-et-transfere-au-chu-de-nice-1866392.html|title=Coronavirus: un premier cas de contamination détecté à Monaco et transféré au CHU de Nice|language=fr|website=BFMTV|agency=Agence France-Presse|first=Jeanne|last=Bulant|date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229112259/https://www.bfmtv.com/sante/coronavirus-un-premier-cas-de-contamination-detecte-a-monaco-et-transfere-au-chu-de-nice-1866392.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 September 2020, the first Monégasque satellite, OSM-1 CICERO, was launched into space from [[French Guiana]] aboard a [[Vega (rocket)|Vega rocket]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.orbitalsolutions.mc/post/historical-launch-on-sept-2nd-2020-the-first-satellite-from-monaco-is-now-orbiting-the-earth |title=Historical launch on Sept. 2nd, 2020: The first satellite from Monaco is now orbiting the earth |first=Francesco M. |last=Bongiovanni |date=5 September 2020 |website=Orbital Solutions |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024003753/https://www.orbitalsolutions.mc/post/historical-launch-on-sept-2nd-2020-the-first-satellite-from-monaco-is-now-orbiting-the-earth |url-status=live }}</ref> The satellite was built in Monaco by Orbital Solutions Monaco.

==Geography==
{{See also|Land reclamation in Monaco}}
[[File:Monaco satellite map.png|thumb|right|Satellite view of Monaco, with the France–Monaco border shown in yellow]]

Monaco is a sovereign [[city-state]], with five quarters and ten wards,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monaco.me/monaco/monaco-districts/ |title=Monaco Districts |work=Monaco.me |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322150014/http://monaco.me/monaco/monaco-districts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> located on the [[French Riviera]] in [[Western Europe]]. It is bordered by France's [[Alpes-Maritimes]] department on three sides, with one side bordering the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Its centre is about {{cvt|16|km}} from [[Italy]] and only {{cvt|13|km}} northeast of [[Nice]].<ref name="cia"/>

It has an area of {{cvt|2.1|km²}}, or {{cvt|208|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, and a population of 38,400,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |title="monaco statistics pocket" / Publications / IMSEE - Monaco IMSEE |first=Government of |last=Monaco |website=Monacostatistics.mc |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130422/http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |url-status=live }}</ref> making Monaco the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-smallest]] and the most [[List of countries by population density|densely populated country in the world]].<ref name="cia" /> The country has a [[land border]] of only {{cvt|5.47|km}},<ref name="auto" /> a [[coastline]] of {{cvt|3.83|km}}, a [[Maritime boundary|maritime claim]] that extends {{cvt|22.2|km|mi|1}}, and a width that varies between {{cvt|1700|and|349|m}}.<ref name="about">{{cite web |url=http://mapofeurope.com/monaco/ |title=Geography and Map of Monaco |work=mapofeurope.com |access-date=11 September 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911223740/http://mapofeurope.com/monaco/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="visitmonaco">{{cite web |url=http://visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/Geography/Monaco%27s-Areas |title=Monaco's Areas / Monaco Official Site |work=Visitmonaco.com |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210456/http://visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/Geography/Monaco%27s-Areas |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Moneghetti.JPG|thumb|right|Lamarck intersection, Les Moneghetti]]
[[Jurassic]] [[limestone]] is a prominent bedrock which is locally [[karst]]ified. It hosts the ''Grotte de l'Observatoire'', which has been open to the public since 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-263819.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515035613/https://www.mindat.org/loc-263819.html |archive-date=15 May 2024 |title=Observatoire Cave, Monaco |website=Mindat.org |publisher=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy |url-status=live}}</ref>

The highest point in the country is at the access to the ''Patio Palace'' residential building on the [[Chemin des Révoires]] (ward [[Jardin Exotique, Monaco|Jardin Exotique]]) from the D6007 (''Moyenne Corniche'' street) at {{cvt|164.4|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>''Highest point at ground level (Access to Patio Palace on D6007)'' {{cite web |url=http://www.gouv.mc/content/download/175997/2030403/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202014.pdf |publisher=Monaco Statistics – Principality of Monaco |title=Monaco Statistics pocket – Edition 2014 |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217010344/http://www.gouv.mc/content/download/175997/2030403/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The lowest point in the country is the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/highlow.htm |title=Highest and lowest points in countries islands oceans of the world |work=Worldatlas.com |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824111026/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/highlow.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Saint-Jean brook is the longest flowing body of water, around {{cvt|0.19|km|m mi ft|abbr=on}} in length, and Fontvieille is the largest lake, approximately {{cvt|0.5|ha|acre}} in area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&cp=5&gs_id=28&xhr=t&q=monaco&safe=off&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1366&bih=704&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl |title=Monaco |work=Google Maps |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104442/https://www.google.com/gen_204?v=3&s=tactile&action=vtworker&srt=743&tbsrt=809&tran=15&conn=onchange&ei=lB5pYsXKBMOdkPIPh-mgsAc&cad=vws:3797.9049999266863,cr:wccf10,ct:2,jsv:20220424.0,cz:14,w:1055,h:19555,sc:0,drv:m&e=10202786,10202788,10203448,10203487,10203489,10203509,10203568,10203575,10204034,10204121,10204178,10204258,10204417,10204423,10204507,10204517,10204520,10204567,10204686,10204729,10204732,10204743,10204811,10205027,10205070,10205123,10205201,10205262,10205270,10205334,10205340,1381033,1368782,1368785,4592408,45359068,1375050,4536287&atyp=csi&rt=noop.0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco's most populated ''quartier'' is [[Monte Carlo]], and the most populated ward is [[Larvotto]].<ref name="Recensement"/>

With the inauguration of [[Le Portier]] in 2024, Monaco's total area grew to {{cvt|2.08|km²}} or {{cvt|208|ha|acre|abbr=off}};<ref name="Recensement"/> subsequently, new plans were approved to extend the district of Fontvieille by {{cvt|0.08|km²}} or {{cvt|8|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, with land [[Reclaimed land|reclaimed]] from the Mediterranean Sea. Land reclamation projects include extending the district of Fontvieille.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Henry |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/monaco/6894991/Monaco-to-build-into-the-sea-to-create-more-space.html |title=Monaco to build into the sea to create more space |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=22 March 2012 |location=London |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710014335/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/monaco/6894991/Monaco-to-build-into-the-sea-to-create-more-space.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OpenDoc">{{cite web |author=Robert Bouhnik |url=http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/3952ae296ac3807cc1256f73002bd426gb?OpenDocument&6Gb&Count=10000 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220003236/http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/3952ae296ac3807cc1256f73002bd426gb?OpenDocument&6Gb&Count=10000 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2012 |title=Home > Files and Reports > Public works(Gb) |work=Cloud.gouv.mc |date=19 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://royalopinions.proboards.com/index.cgi?action=display&board=currentmonaco&thread=192&page=5 |title=Royal Opinions – Social, Political, & Economical Affairs of Monaco |work=Royalopinions.proboards.com |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127134633/http://royalopinions.proboards.com/index.cgi?action=display&board=currentmonaco&thread=192&page=5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Extension">{{cite web |author=Robert BOUHNIK |url=http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/1ddf179c1910b5fbc1256fc60036dcc6gb?OpenDocument&Count=10000&InfoChap=%20Files%20and%20Reports&InfoSujet=2002%20Archives%20-%20Extension%20of%20%22La%20Condamine%20Port%22&6Gb |title=Home > Files and Reports > Public works > 2002 Archives — Extension of "La Condamine Port"(Gb) |work=Cloud.gouv.mc |date=19 October 2010 |access-date=22 March 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.econostrum.info/Monaco-remet-sur-le-tapis-le-projet-d-extension-en-mer_a9166.html |title=Monaco remet sur le tapis le projet d'extension en mer |work=Econostrum.info |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070020/http://www.econostrum.info/Monaco-remet-sur-le-tapis-le-projet-d-extension-en-mer_a9166.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There are two [[port]]s in Monaco, Port Hercules and Port Fontvieille.<ref name="Presentation">{{cite web |url=http://www.ports-monaco.com/lang-en.html |title=Presentation |work=Ports-monaco.com |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620235447/http://www.ports-monaco.com/lang-en.html |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There is a neighbouring French port called [[Cap d'Ail]] that is near Monaco.<ref name="Presentation"/> Monaco's only [[natural resource]] is [[fishing]];<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/nyIYViMSlOE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130706120331/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyIYViMSlOE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyIYViMSlOE |title=Prince Albert of Monaco interview on fishing issues |publisher=YouTube |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=22 March 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> with almost the entire country being an [[urban area]], Monaco lacks any sort of commercial [[agriculture|agriculture industry]].

A small residential expansion, [[Le Portier]] was opened in 2024, and additionally a new [[esplanade]] was added at Larvatto beach which also had some maintenance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.savills.mc/landing-pages/mareterra-land-extension.aspx | title=Mareterra Land Extension Monaco | le Portier Cove New Development | Savills Monaco | date=24 July 2017 }}</ref>

Many neighbourhoods are shared between Monaco, the immediately uphill French town of [[Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes|Beausoleil]], the northeast parts of [[Cap-d'Ail]], and the Figuièra area in [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin]], forming a [[transborder agglomeration]] with approximately 55,000 residents.

[[File:Monaco depuis since 1861.png|thumb|center|upright=5|<div style="text-align: center;">Land reclamation in Monaco since 1861</div>]]

===Climate===
Monaco has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''), with strong maritime influences, with some resemblances to the [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa''). As a result, it has balmy warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The winters are very mild considering the city's latitude, being as mild as locations located much further south in the [[Mediterranean Basin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/monaco/weather-climate-geography |title=Monaco weather, climate and geography |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821004256/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/monaco/weather-climate-geography |archive-date=21 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cool and rainy interludes can interrupt the dry summer season, the average length of which is also shorter. Summer afternoons are infrequently hot (indeed, temperatures greater than {{cvt|30|°C|°F|disp=or}} are rare) as the atmosphere is temperate because of constant sea breezes. On the other hand, the nights are very mild, due to the fairly high temperature of the sea in summer. Generally, temperatures do not drop below {{cvt|20|°C}} in this season. In the winter, frosts and snowfalls are extremely rare and generally occur once or twice every ten years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montecarlodailyphoto.com/2009/12/snow-in-casino-square.html |title=Snow in Casino Square! |publisher=Monte Carlo Daily Photo |date=19 December 2009 |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210455/http://www.montecarlodailyphoto.com/2009/12/snow-in-casino-square.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/Weather |title=Monaco – Weather / Monaco Official Site |publisher=Visitmonaco.com |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616130146/http://www.visitmonaco.com/us/About-Monaco/Weather |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 February 2018, both Monaco and [[Monte Carlo]] experienced snowfall.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pictures: French Riviera hit by snowfall |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180226/in-pictures-french-riviera-in-the-snow |newspaper=The Local France |date=26 February 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018 |archive-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150347/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180226/in-pictures-french-riviera-in-the-snow |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Monaco (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1966–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 19.9
| Feb record high C = 23.2
| Mar record high C = 25.6
| Apr record high C = 26.2
| May record high C = 30.3
| Jun record high C = 32.5
| Jul record high C = 34.4
| Aug record high C = 34.5
| Sep record high C = 33.1
| Oct record high C = 29.0
| Nov record high C = 25.0
| Dec record high C = 22.3
| year record high C = 34.5
| Jan high C = 13.0
| Feb high C = 13.0
| Mar high C = 14.9
| Apr high C = 16.7
| May high C = 20.4
| Jun high C = 23.7
| Jul high C = 26.6
| Aug high C = 26.9
| Sep high C = 24.0
| Oct high C = 20.6
| Nov high C = 16.5
| Dec high C = 13.9
| year high C = 19.2
| Jan mean C = 10.2
| Feb mean C = 10.2
| Mar mean C = 12.0
| Apr mean C = 13.8
| May mean C = 17.5
| Jun mean C = 20.9
| Jul mean C = 23.8
| Aug mean C = 24.2
| Sep mean C = 21.1
| Oct mean C = 17.9
| Nov mean C = 13.8
| Dec mean C = 11.2
| year mean C = 16.4
| Jan low C = 7.4
| Feb low C = 7.4
| Mar low C = 9.1
| Apr low C = 10.9
| May low C = 14.6
| Jun low C = 18.0
| Jul low C = 21.0
| Aug low C = 21.4
| Sep low C = 18.3
| Oct low C = 15.2
| Nov low C = 11.2
| Dec low C = 8.5
| year low C = 13.6
| Jan record low C = -3.1
| Feb record low C = -5.2
| Mar record low C = -3.1
| Apr record low C = 3.8
| May record low C = 7.5
| Jun record low C = 9.0
| Jul record low C = 10.5
| Aug record low C = 12.4
| Sep record low C = 10.5
| Oct record low C = 6.5
| Nov record low C = 1.6
| Dec record low C = -1.0
| year record low C = -5.2
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 67.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 48.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 41.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 71.3
| May precipitation mm = 49.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 32.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 13.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 26.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 72.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 128.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 103.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 88.8
| year precipitation mm = 743.6
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 6.0
| Feb precipitation days = 4.9
| Mar precipitation days = 4.5
| Apr precipitation days = 7.3
| May precipitation days = 5.5
| Jun precipitation days = 4.1
| Jul precipitation days = 1.7
| Aug precipitation days = 2.5
| Sep precipitation days = 5.1
| Oct precipitation days = 7.3
| Nov precipitation days = 7.1
| Dec precipitation days = 6.5
| year precipitation days = 62.4
| Jan humidity = 71.0
| Feb humidity = 71.6
| Mar humidity = 72.6
| Apr humidity = 75.6
| May humidity = 78.7
| Jun humidity = 80.5
| Jul humidity = 78.8
| Aug humidity = 77.0
| Sep humidity = 73.8
| Oct humidity = 75.9
| Nov humidity = 72.0
| Dec humidity = 71.3
| year humidity =
| Jan sun = 149.8
| Feb sun = 158.9
| Mar sun = 185.5
| Apr sun = 210.0
| May sun = 248.1
| Jun sun = 281.1
| Jul sun = 329.3
| Aug sun = 296.7
| Sep sun = 224.7
| Oct sun = 199.0
| Nov sun = 155.2
| Dec sun = 136.5
| year sun = 2574.7
| source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227004241/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_99138001.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2018 |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_99138001.pdf |title=Monaco (99) |work=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=fr |access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>
| source 2 = Monaco website (sun only),<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302082530/http://www.visitmonaco.com/fr/Pratique/Climat|archive-date=2 March 2018 |url=http://www.visitmonaco.com/fr/Monaco-Pratique/Climat |title=Climatological information for Monaco |publisher=Monaco Tourist Authority |language=fr |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref> Weather.Directory (humidity)<ref name="Weather.Directory">
{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/mc/monaco
|title= Monaco Weather & Climate Guide
|access-date= 9 Sep 2025
|website= Weather.Directory}}</ref>
| date = September 2010
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Monaco
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|13.4}}"|13.4 (56.2)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|13.0}}"|13.0 (55.5)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|13.4}}"|13.4 (56.1)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|14.6}}"|14.6 (58.4)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|18.0}}"|18.0 (64.3)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|21.8}}"|21.8 (71.3)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|23.1}}"|23.1 (73.6)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|23.6}}"|23.6 (74.4)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|22.2}}"|22.2 (71.9)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|19.6}}"|19.6 (67.2)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|17.4}}"|17.4 (63.3)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|14.9}}"|14.9 (58.9)
|style="{{Weather box/colsea|17.9}};border-left-width:medium"|17.9 (64.3)
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/monaco/monaco-climate |title=Monaco, Monaco – Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024246/http://www.weather-atlas.com/en/monaco/monaco-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Government and politics==
===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of Monaco}}

[[File:Logo Gouvernement Princier Monaco.svg|thumb|right|Logo of the princely government of Monaco|194x194px]]
[[File:Prince Albert II of Monaco at the Enthronement of Naruhito (1).jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II]] [[Prince of Monaco]]]]
Monaco has been governed under a [[constitutional monarchy]] since 1911, with the [[Prince of Monaco|Sovereign Prince of Monaco]] as [[head of state]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3397.htm |title=Monaco |website=State.gov |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814092549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3397.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] consists of a [[Minister of State (Monaco)|Minister of State]] as the [[head of government]], who presides over the other five members of the [[Council of Government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-iq.com/politics |title=Politics |publisher=Monaco-IQ |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406122848/http://www.monaco-iq.com/politics |url-status=live }}</ref> Until 2002, the Minister of State was a French citizen appointed by the prince from among candidates proposed by the Government of France; since a constitutional amendment in 2002, the Minister of State can be French or Monégasque.<ref name="state1" /> Since July 2025, the office is held by [[Christophe Mirmand]].

Under the 1962 [[Constitution of Monaco]], the prince shares his [[veto]] power with the [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] [[National Council (Monaco)|National Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/Countries/Monaco/government |title=Monaco: Government |website=GlobalEdge.msu.edu |date=4 October 2004 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710022946/http://globaledge.msu.edu/Countries/Monaco/Government |url-status=live }}</ref> The 24 members of the National Council are elected for five-year terms; 16 are chosen through a majority electoral system and 8 by proportional representation.<ref name="freedomhouse1">{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/monaco |title=Monaco |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115151511/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/monaco |archive-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> All legislation requires the approval of the National Council. Following the [[2023 Monegasque general election]], all 24 seats are held by the pro-monarchist [[Monegasque National Union]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schminke |first1=Tobias Gerhard |title=Single alliance wins all seats in 'historic' Monaco election |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/single-alliance-wins-all-seats-in-historic-monaco-election/ |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=Euractiv |date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209190534/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/single-alliance-wins-all-seats-in-historic-monaco-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The election system has often resulted in lopsided victories in terms of seats won by parties, well out of proportion with the received votes: In the [[2013 Monegasque general election]], the [[Horizon Monaco]] and [[Union Monegasque]] parties got 50.34% and 38.99% of the votes respectively, but got 20 and 3 seats each. [[Freedom House]] ranked Monaco 60th of 207 countries in 2024, deducting many points for having both an unelected political head of state and an unelected head of government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/monaco/freedom-world/2024|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|title=Monaco - Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

The principality's city affairs are managed by the [[Municipality of Monaco]]. The municipality is directed by the [[Communal Council of Monaco|Communal Council]],<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.monacohebdo.mc/4786-deux-listes-pour-une-mairie |title=Deux listes pour une mairie |work=Monaco Hebdo |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510034909/http://www.monacohebdo.mc/4786-deux-listes-pour-une-mairie |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which consists of 14 elected members and is presided over by a [[List of mayors of Monaco|mayor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/elus-monaco/ |title=Les élus |author=Mairie de Monaco |work=La Mairie de Monaco |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063156/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/elus-monaco/ |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Georges Marsan]] has been mayor since 2003. Unlike the National Council, communal councillors are elected for four-year terms<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/mairie-monaco/le-conseil-communal/ |title=Le Conseil Communal – Mairie de Monaco |work=La Mairie de Monaco |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116232740/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/mairie-monaco/le-conseil-communal/ |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and are strictly [[non-partisan]]; [[Opposition (politics)|oppositions]] inside the council frequently form.<ref name="autogenerated3" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nicematin.com/article/actualites/elections-communales-a-monaco-vingt-quatre-candidats-en-lice.460784.html |title=Élections communales à Monaco: vingt-quatre candidats en lice |work=nicematin.com |access-date=15 April 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606193455/http://www.nicematin.com/article/actualites/elections-communales-a-monaco-vingt-quatre-candidats-en-lice.460784.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Members of the judiciary of Monaco are appointed by the Sovereign Prince. Key positions within the judiciary are held by French magistrates, proposed by the Government of France. Monaco currently has three [[examining magistrate]]s.<ref>[http://www.justice.gouv.fr/organisation-de-la-justice-10031/la-justice-a-monaco-23315.html La justice à Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202233638/http://www.justice.gouv.fr/organisation-de-la-justice-10031/la-justice-a-monaco-23315.html |date=2 December 2021 }}: "Les deux chefs de la cour d'appel, le premier président et le procureur général, sont des magistrats français."</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
[[File:MonacoLibreDeDroits.jpg|thumb|In the centre is [[La Condamine]]. At the right with the smaller harbour is [[Fontvieille, Monaco|Fontvieille]], with [[Rock of Monaco|The Rock]] (the old town, fortress, and [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|Palace]]) jutting out between the two harbours. At the left are the high-rise buildings of [[Saint Roman (community)|La Rousse/Saint Roman]].]]
[[File:Monaco2021OSM.png|thumb|Enlargeable, detailed map of Monaco]]
Monaco is the [[list of sovereign states and dependencies by area|second-smallest country by area]] in the world; only [[Vatican City]] is smaller.<ref>{{cite web |last=Robertson |first=Alex |url=http://www.gadling.com/2012/02/01/the-10-smallest-countries-in-the-world/ |title=The 10 smallest countries in the world |website=Gadling.com |date=1 February 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811231740/http://gadling.com/2012/02/01/the-10-smallest-countries-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco is the most [[list of countries and territories by population density|densely populated]] country in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/popdensity.htm |title=Population Density |website=Geography.About.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201132604/http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/popdensity.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The state consists of only one [[municipality]] (''commune''), the [[Municipality of Monaco]]. There is no geographical distinction between the State and City of Monaco, although responsibilities of the government (state-level) and of the municipality (city-level) are different.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-consulate.com/index.php/about/history/ |title=History « Consulate General of Monaco |website=Monaco-Consulate.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610201643/http://www.monaco-consulate.com/index.php/about/history/ |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the constitution of 1911, the [[principality]] was subdivided into three municipalities:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jci-ec2013.com/en/about/monaco-monte-carlo/general-presentation.html |title=About Monaco |publisher=JCI EC 2013 |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115095412/http://www.jci-ec2013.com/en/about/monaco-monte-carlo/general-presentation.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

*[[Monaco-Ville]], the old city and seat of government of the principality on a rocky promontory extending into the Mediterranean, known as the [[Rock of Monaco]], or simply "The Rock";
*[[Monte Carlo]], the principal residential and resort area with the [[Monte Carlo Casino]] in the east and northeast;
*[[La Condamine]], the southwestern section including the port area, [[Port Hercules]].

The municipalities were merged into one in 1917,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monte Carlo |url=https://jdtcujk.blogspot.com/2018/12/monte-carlo.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Monte Carlo |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815003428/https://jdtcujk.blogspot.com/2018/12/monte-carlo.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{how|date=May 2019}} and they were accorded the status of ''[[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Wards]]'' or ''Quartiers'' thereafter.

*[[Fontvieille, Monaco|Fontvieille]] was added as a fourth ward, a newly constructed area claimed from the sea in the 1970s;
*[[Les Moneghetti|Moneghetti]] became the fifth ward, created from part of La Condamine;
*[[Larvotto]] became the sixth ward, created from part of Monte Carlo;
*[[Saint Roman (community)|La Rousse/Saint Roman]] (including Le Ténao) became the seventh ward, also created from part of Monte Carlo.

Subsequently, three additional wards were created, but then again were dissolved in 2013:

*[[Saint Michel, Monaco|Saint Michel]], created from part of Monte Carlo;
*[[La Colle, Monaco|La Colle]], created from part of La Condamine;
*[[Les Révoires]], also created from part of La Condamine.

Most of Saint Michel became part of Monte Carlo again in 2013. La Colle and Les Révoires were merged the same year as part of a redistricting process, where they became part of the larger [[Jardin Exotique, Monaco|Jardin Exotique ward]]. An additional ward was planned by new land reclamation to be settled beginning in 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.west8.nl/projects/landscape/cape_grace_monaco/ |title=West 8 Urban Design & Landscape Architecture / projects / Cape Grace, Monaco |website=West8.nl |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630200229/http://www.west8.nl/projects/landscape/cape_grace_monaco/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> but Prince Albert II announced in his 2009 New Year Speech that he had ended plans due to the economic climate at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoutmonaco.com/monaco-property/articles/tourodeon2 |title=The new Monaco skyline |publisher=CityOut Monaco |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011020551/http://cityoutmonaco.com/monaco-property/articles/tourodeon2 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prince Albert II in mid-2010 firmly restarted the programme.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Henry |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/monaco/6894991/Monaco-to-build-into-the-sea-to-create-more-space.html |title=Monaco to build into the sea to create more space |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=28 May 2012 |location=London |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710014335/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/monaco/6894991/Monaco-to-build-into-the-sea-to-create-more-space.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cityoutmonaco.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoutmonaco.com/monaco-property/articles/monacoprince |title=Prince speaks of future developments |publisher=CityOut Monaco |date=29 December 2009 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011043404/http://cityoutmonaco.com/monaco-property/articles/monacoprince |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Traditional quarters and modern geographic areas====
The four traditional ''quartiers'' of Monaco are [[Monaco-Ville]], [[La Condamine]], [[Monte Carlo]] and [[Fontvieille, Monaco|Fontvieille]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Larvotto |title=Dictionary – Definition of Larvotto |website=Websters-Online-Dictionary.org |date=1 March 2008 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530230643/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Larvotto |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[suburb]] of [[Les Moneghetti|Moneghetti]], the high-level part of La Condamine, is generally seen today as an effective fifth ''Quartier'' of Monaco, having a very distinct atmosphere and topography when compared with low-level La Condamine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmonaco.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=16 |title=Tourist Board Official Website |website=Visitmonaco.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114152614/http://www.visitmonaco.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Wards====
[[File:Monaco, administrative divisions - colored.svg|thumb|[[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Wards]] of Monaco]]
For town planning purposes, a sovereign ordinance in 1966 divided the principality into reserved sectors, "whose current character must be preserved", and [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]]. The number and boundaries of these sectors and [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]] have been modified several times. The latest division dates from 2013 and created two reserved sectors and seven wards. A new 6-hectare neighbourhood, [[Le Portier]], has been built by land reclaimed from the sea and was opened in December 2024. It was attached to the ward of [[Larvotto]].<ref name="Territory_2025"/>

{| class="wikitable centre"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Wards !! scope="col" colspan="2" |Area
|-
! scope="col" |in [[Hectare|ha]] !! scope="col" |in %
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#efefef;"|'''Reserved Sectors'''
|-
| [[Monaco-Ville]] || Secteur réservé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:19.6}} || align="right" |9.4 %
|-
| [[Ravin de Sainte-Dévote]] || Secteur réservé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:2.3}} || align="right" |1.1 %
|-
|colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#efefef;"|'''Wards'''
|-
| [[Monte-Carlo]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:43.7}} || align="right" |21.0 %
|-
| [[Fontvieille, Monaco|Fontvieille]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:33.0}} || align="right" |15.8 %
|-
| [[La Condamine]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:29.6}} || align="right" |14.2 %
|-
| [[Larvotto]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:27.5}} || align="right" |13.2 %
|-
| [[Jardin Exotique, Monaco|Jardin Exotique]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:23.5}} || align="right" |11.3 %
|-
| [[La Rousse]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:17.7}} || align="right" |8.5 %
|-
| [[Les Moneghetti]] || Quartier ordonnancé
| align="right" |{{formatnum:11.5}} || align="right" |5.5 %
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
| align="right" |{{formatnum:208.4}} || align="right" |100 %
|-
! colspan="4" aligh="right" | Source: {{Cite web |url=https://en.gouv.mc/content/download/527825/6060305/file/Monaco%20en%20Chiffres%202025%20-%201.%20Territoire%20et%20Environnement.pdf |title=Chapitre 1 – Territoire et Environnement |work=Monaco en Chiffre 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
|}

''Note: for statistical purposes, the Wards of Monaco are further subdivided into 178 [[city block]]s (îlots), which are comparable to the [[census block]]s in the United States''.<ref name="Recensement" />

*Another possibility was Fontvieille II Development to commence in 2013<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |author=Nom (obligatoire) |url=http://www.monacohebdo.mc/9156-extension-en-mer-fontvieille-ou-larvotto |title=Extension en mer: Fontvieille ou Larvotto ? |website=Monacohebdo.mc |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011101/http://www.monacohebdo.mc/9156-extension-en-mer-fontvieille-ou-larvotto |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UORSzFBv1tAC&q=%22Fontvieille+II%22&pg=PA51 |title=Seizing the Future |isbn=9781412833851 |last1=Zey |first1=Michael G. |year=1994 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104018/https://books.google.com/books?id=UORSzFBv1tAC&q=%22Fontvieille+II%22&pg=PA51 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{main|Foreign relations of Monaco}}

{{further|France–Monaco relations|Monaco–European Union relations|Monaco–Russia relations|Monaco–United States relations}}
[[File:Monacoc1890.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rock of Monaco]] in 1890]]
[[Honoré II, Prince of Monaco]] secured recognition of his independent [[sovereignty]] from [[Spain]] in 1633, and then from [[Louis XIII]] of France by the [[Treaty of Péronne (1641)]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Monaco made a special agreement with France in 1963 in which French customs laws apply in Monaco and its territorial waters.<ref name="state.gov"/> Monaco uses the [[euro]] but is not a member of the European Union.<ref name="state.gov"/> Monaco shares a {{cvt|6|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} border with France but also has about {{cvt|2|km|mi|1|adj=mid|abbr=off}} of coastline with the Mediterranean sea.<ref name="Monaco">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |title=The World Factbook |work=cia.gov |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two important agreements that support Monaco's independence from France include the [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]] of 1861 and the [[Monaco succession crisis of 1918#French treaty of 1918|French Treaty of 1918]] (see also [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]). The United States CIA Factbook records 1419 as the year of Monaco's independence.<ref name="Monaco"/>

[[File:Ambassade de Monaco en France, 22 boulevard Suchet, Paris 16e.jpg|thumb|right|Embassy of Monaco, Paris, France]]
France and Italy have embassies within Monaco, while most other nations represented via [[foreign relations of Monaco|operations in Paris]].<ref name="embassypages.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.embassypages.com/monaco |title=Monaco – Embassies and Consulates |work=embassypages.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715235200/http://www.embassypages.com/monaco |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Privacy And Power">{{cite AV media|title=Privacy And Power: A year In The Life Of Prince Albert Of Monaco|publisher=Java Films|location=France}}</ref> There are about another 30 or so [[consulates]].<ref name="embassypages.com"/> By the 21st century Monaco maintained embassies in Belgium (Brussels), France (Paris), Germany (Berlin), the Vatican, Italy (Rome), Portugal (Lisbon),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/La-Diplomatie-et-la-Presence-Internationale/Relations-bilaterales/Tous-les-Pays/Portugal |title=Portugal: Représentation de la Principauté de Monaco auprès de la République portugaise |language=fr |publisher=Government of Monaco |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308042340/https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/La-Diplomatie-et-la-Presence-Internationale/Relations-bilaterales/Tous-les-Pays/Portugal |url-status=live }}</ref> Spain (Madrid), Switzerland (Bern), United Kingdom (London) and the United States (Washington).<ref name="embassypages.com"/>

{{as of|2000}}, nearly two-thirds of the residents of Monaco were foreigners.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Monaco.aspx |title=Monaco |encyclopedia=encyclopedia.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721072424/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Monaco.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the immigrant population was estimated at 60%<ref name="Monaco"/> It is reported to be difficult to gain citizenship in Monaco, or at least in relative number there are not many people who do so. In 2015, an immigration rate of about 4 people per 1,000 was noted, or about 100–150 people a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html |title=The World Factbook |work=cia.gov |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905103734/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The population of Monaco went from 35,000 in 2008 to 36,000 in 2013, and of that about 20 per cent were native Monegasque<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populationfun.com/monaco-population/ |title=Monaco |work=populationfun.com |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011101/http://www.populationfun.com/monaco-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (see also [[Nationality law of Monaco]]).

A recurring issue Monaco encounters with other countries is the attempt by foreign nationals to use Monaco to avoid paying taxes in their own country.<ref name="Monaco"/> Monaco actually collects a number of taxes including a 20% VAT and 33% on companies unless they make over 75% of their income inside Monaco.<ref name="Monaco"/> Monaco does not allow dual citizenship but does have multiple paths to citizenship including by declaration and naturalisation.<ref name="Residency">{{cite web |url=http://flagtheory.com/monaco-residency/ |title=Principality of Monaco |work=flagtheory.com |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819092553/http://flagtheory.com/monaco-residency/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases the key issue for obtaining citizenship, rather than attaining residency in Monaco, is the person's ties to their departure country.<ref name="Residency"/> For example, French citizens must still pay taxes to France even if they live full-time in Monaco unless they resided in the country before 1962 for at least 5 years.<ref name="Residency"/> In the early 1960s there was some tension between France and Monaco over taxation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance-watch.org/hot-topics/blog/1074-lesson-from-history-monaco-crisis |title=Lessons from history – The Monaco crisis from 1962–1963 and the emancipation of tax havens |author=Charlotte Geiger |work=finance-watch.org |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011100/http://www.finance-watch.org/hot-topics/blog/1074-lesson-from-history-monaco-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are no border formalities entering or leaving France. For visitors, a souvenir [[passport]] stamp is available on request at Monaco's tourist office. This is located on the far side of the gardens that face the Casino.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;line-height:1.2"
|-valign="bottom"
! Microstate
! [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreement]]
! [[Eurozone]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The euro outside the euro area |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)]] |url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/world/outside_euro_area/index_en.htm |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707110725/http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/world/outside_euro_area/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[Schengen Area]]
! [[Internal Market|EU single market]]
! [[European Union Customs Union|EU customs territory]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=rt/rt_EUCustomsUnion.html&docType=main&languageId=EN |title=EU Customs Union |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052718/http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=rt%2Frt_EUCustomsUnion.html&docType=main&languageId=EN |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! [[European Union Value Added Tax Area|EU VAT area]]<ref name="VAT">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/travellers/within_eu/faq_1179_en.htm |title=Taxation and Customs Union – Within the EU |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111165632/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/travellers/within_eu/faq_1179_en.htm |archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
! [[Dublin Regulation]]
|-
|{{MCO}} ([[Monaco–European Union relations|relations]])
|{{No|Negotiating}}<ref name=AANEG>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I100473 |title=RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028044928/https://audiovisual.ec.europa.eu/en/video/I-100473 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Yes|[[Monegasque euro coins|Yes]]}}{{efn|[[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Monetary agreement with the EU]] to issue euros|name=euros}}
|{{Partial|De facto}}{{efn|Although not a contracting party to the [[Schengen Agreement]], has an [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|open border with France]] and Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of France.<ref name=obstacles>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2012:0388:FIN:EN:HTML |title=Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas |date=2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000800/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2012:0388:FIN:EN:HTML |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41998D0019:EN:HTML |title=The Schengen acquis – Decision of the Executive Committee of 23 June 1998 on Monegasque residence permits |date=22 September 2000 |access-date=9 September 2012 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002029/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41998D0019:EN:HTML |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|{{Partial}}{{efn|Through an agreement with France<ref>[http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/11/st11/st11466.en11.pdf EU relations with the Principality of Andorra, the Republic of San Marino and the Principality of Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031072159/http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/11/st11/st11466.en11.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}: "If France adopts internal legislation transposing EU directives in certain areas covered by bilateral Agreements with Monaco, the Principality directly applies the French legislation in certain areas"</ref>}}
|{{Yes}}{{efn|Through an [[Franco-Monegasque Treaty|agreement]] with France. Part of the EU Customs territory, administered as part of France.<ref name=obstacles/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/faq/faq_1178_en.htm |title=Taxation and Customs – FAQ |publisher=[[European Commission]] |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608000239/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/faq/faq_1178_en.htm |archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:302:0001:0050:EN:PDF |title=Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |date=19 October 1992 |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113232/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:302:0001:0050:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=euterritory/>|name=France}}
|{{Yes}}{{efn|Also part of the EU excise territory<ref name=euterritory>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf |title=Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries |publisher=[[European Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504214400/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|Through an agreement with France. Administered as a part of France for taxation purposes.<ref name="VAT"/><ref name=obstacles/><ref name=euterritory/><ref name="excise">{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:009:0012:0030:EN:PDF |title=COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2008/118/EC of 16 December 2008 concerning the general arrangements for excise duty and repealing Directive 92/12/EEC |date=14 January 2009 |access-date=10 September 2012 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111211629/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:009:0012:0030:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|{{No}}
|-
|}

====Twin cities====
Monaco's [[Twin towns and sister cities|twin cities]] are:
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ostend]], [[Belgium]] since 1958<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deplate.be/trefwoorden/jumelage-oostende-monaco-1958|title=JUMELAGE OOSTENDE MONACO (1958) | deplate.be|website=www.deplate.be|access-date=17 March 2025|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409095032/https://www.deplate.be/trefwoorden/jumelage-oostende-monaco-1958|url-status=dead}}</ref>
||
* {{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau, China]] since 1992
||
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucciana]], [[Corsica]], [[France]] since 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2019/09/monaco-celebrates-the-10th-anniversary-of-its-twinning-with-lucciana/|title=Monaco celebrates the 10th anniversary of its twinning with Lucciana|date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
||
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Campagna]], [[Campania]], [[Italy]] since 2015
|}

===Security and military===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Monaco|Military of Monaco}}

[[File:The Palace Guards.jpg|thumb|Palace guards in Monaco]]
The wider defence of the nation is provided by France. Monaco has no navy or air force, but on both a per-capita and per-area basis, Monaco has one of the largest police forces (515 police officers for about 38,000 people) and police presences in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/information/safety/ |title=Security in Monaco |website=Monte-carlo.mc |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506013905/http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/information/safety/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its police includes a special unit which operates patrol and surveillance boats jointly with the military. Police forces in Monaco are commanded by a French officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Le-Gouvernement/Departement-de-l-Interieur/Direction-de-la-Surete-Publique/Division-de-Police-Maritime-et-Aeroportuaire |title=Division de Police Maritime et Aéroportuaire |language=fr |website=Gouv.mc |date=16 August 1960 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001240/http://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Le-Gouvernement/Departement-de-l-Interieur/Direction-de-la-Surete-Publique/Division-de-Police-Maritime-et-Aeroportuaire |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is also a small [[Military of Monaco|military force]]. This consists of a bodyguard unit for the prince and his [[Prince's Palace of Monaco|palace]] in [[Monaco-Ville]] called the [[Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince]] (Prince's Company of Carabiniers);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palais.mc/monaco/palais-princier/english/sovereign-house/the-palace-guards/the-palace-guards.453.html |title=The Palace Guards – Prince's Palace of Monaco |website=Palais.mc |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423061945/http://www.palais.mc/monaco/palais-princier/english/sovereign-house/the-palace-guards/the-palace-guards.453.html |archive-date=23 April 2012}}</ref> together with the militarised, armed fire and civil defence corps ([[Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers de Monaco|Sapeurs-Pompiers]]) it forms Monaco's total forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pompiers.gouv.mc/321/wwwnew.nsf/1909!/x1Fr?OpenDocument%261Fr |title=Présentation |publisher=Corps des sapeurs-pompiers de Monaco |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206010807/http://www.pompiers.gouv.mc/321/wwwnew.nsf/1909!/x1Fr?OpenDocument&1Fr |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> The Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince was created by [[Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco|Prince Honoré IV]] in 1817 for the protection of the principality and the princely family. The company numbers exactly 116 officers and men; while the [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[soldier]]s are local, the officers have generally served in the [[French Army]]. In addition to their guard duties as described, the carabiniers patrol the principality's beaches and coastal waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Le-Gouvernement/Departement-de-l-Interieur/Compagnie-des-Carabiniers-du-Prince |title=Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince |language=fr |website=Gouv.mc |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205223110/http://www.gouv.mc/Gouvernement-et-Institutions/Le-Gouvernement/Departement-de-l-Interieur/Compagnie-des-Carabiniers-du-Prince |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Monaco}}

[[File:Hotel de Paris - panoramio (6).jpg|thumb|''Hotel de Paris'' lobby ceiling: Monaco draws tourists with its late 19th- and early-20th-century buildings and glamor.]]

Monaco has the world's highest [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] at US$185,742, [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|PPP-adjusted GDP per capita]] at $132,571 and [[List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita|GNI per capita]] at $183,150.<ref name="unsd">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/monaco |title=The World Bank Group |publisher=[[The World Bank Group]] |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915204038/https://data.worldbank.org/country/monaco |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402032202/http://databank.worldbank.org/databank/download/GNIPC.pdf Gross national income per capita 2010, Atlas method and PPP]. World Bank</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://monacodc.org/economy.html |title=Business And Economy |publisher=Monacodc.org |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723034530/http://monacodc.org/economy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an [[List of countries by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] of 2%,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html |title=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821073349/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2129.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> with over 48,000 workers who commute from France and Italy each day.<ref name="Recensement">{{cite web |url=http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/64a1643c86f9f661c12575ae004cc473/$FILE/ATTW9ZI8/Recensement2008_p8-9.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67zk5DtcP?url=http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/64a1643c86f9f661c12575ae004cc473/$FILE/ATTW9ZI8/Recensement2008_p8-9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2012 |title=Plan General De La Principaute De Monaco |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref> According to the [[CIA World Factbook]], Monaco has the world's [[List of countries by poverty|lowest poverty rate]]<ref name="theodora"/> and the highest number of millionaires and billionaires per capita in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alleyne |first=Richard |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1565068/Prince-Albert-We-want-more-for-Monaco.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1565068/Prince-Albert-We-want-more-for-Monaco.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Prince Albert: We want more for Monaco |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=4 October 2007 |access-date=22 March 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> For the fourth year in a row, Monaco in 2012 had the world's most expensive real estate market, at $58,300 per square metre.<ref>{{cite web |author=Katya Wachtel |url=https://www.privatebank.citibank.com/pdf/wealthReport2012_lowRes.pdf |title=The Wealth Report 2012 |publisher=Citi Private Bank |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820211152/https://www.privatebank.citibank.com/pdf/wealthReport2012_lowRes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Robert Frank |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2012/03/28/the-most-expensive-real-estate-in-the-world/ |title=The Most Expensive Real-Estate in the World |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304222211/http://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2012/03/28/the-most-expensive-real-estate-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Julie Zeveloff |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-real-estate-markets-2013-3 |title=Here Are The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets |work=Business Insider |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309085940/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-real-estate-markets-2013-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the average price went down in 2020, to an average price of $53,378 per square metre, Monaco remains one of the most expensive places in the world to buy property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Guy |title=Building Wealth In Monaco: How To Buy A Luxury Residential Property |url=https://www.forbesglobalproperties.com/trends/building-wealth-in-monaco-how-to-buy-a-luxury-residential-property |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=Forbes Global Properties |date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420113944/https://www.forbesglobalproperties.com/trends/building-wealth-in-monaco-how-to-buy-a-luxury-residential-property |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2024, Monaco allows Visa-free travel from 86 countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/monaco-is-surging-the-tourism-industry-with-new-visa-free-travel-for-86-countries-including-south-korea-uk-and-usa/ | title=Monaco is Surging the Tourism Industry with New Visa Free Travel for 86 Countries Including South Korea, UK and USA - Travel and Tour World | date=20 July 2024 }}</ref>

The world's most expensive apartment is located in Monaco, a penthouse at the [[Odeon Tower]] valued at $335 million according to ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Guy |title=Inside the World's Most Expensive Apartment: A $335 Million Penthouse in Monaco's Tour Odeon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/guymartin/2016/10/11/yours-for-335-million-in-monaco-the-five-floor-31500-square-foot-penthouse-atop-la-tour-odeon/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=Forbes |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181557/https://www.forbes.com/sites/guymartin/2016/10/11/yours-for-335-million-in-monaco-the-five-floor-31500-square-foot-penthouse-atop-la-tour-odeon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state retains monopolies in numerous sectors, including tobacco and the postal service. The telephone network ([[Monaco Telecom]]) used to be fully owned by the state. Its monopoly now comprises only 45%, while the remaining 55% is owned by [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] (49%) and [[Compagnie Monégasque de Banque]] (6%). Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Monaco004.jpg|thumb|[[Fontvieille, Monaco|Fontvieille]] and its harbour]]
Monaco is not a member of the [[European Union]], but is very closely linked via a customs union with France. As such, its currency is the same as that of France, the [[euro]]. Before 2002, Monaco minted its own coinage, the [[Monégasque franc]]. Monaco has acquired the right to mint [[euro coins]] with [[Monegasque euro coins|Monegasque designs]] on its national side.

Monaco has become a major banking centre, holding over €100 billion worth of funds.<ref>{{cite web |author=Robert BOUHNIK |url=http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/607f54a31a14184fc1256a130075eb71gb?OpenDocument&6Gb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711135421/http://cloud.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/607f54a31a14184fc1256a130075eb71gb?OpenDocument&6Gb |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Home > Files and Reports > Economy(Gb) |publisher=Cloud.gouv.mc |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=22 March 2012 }}</ref> Banks in Monaco specialise in providing private banking, asset and wealth management services.<ref name="thebanks">{{cite news |url=https://thebanks.eu/articles/banks-in-Monaco |title=Banks in Monaco |newspaper=Thebanks.eu |date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031114/https://thebanks.eu/articles/banks-in-Monaco |url-status=live }}</ref> The principality has successfully sought to diversify its economic base into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries, such as cosmetics.{{failed verification|date=May 2021|reason='Biothermics' do not appear in the linked page.
Biotherm is a subsidiary of L'Oréal who made skin care products in Monaco until 2011: was this talking about them?}}<ref name="theodora">{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_economy.html |title=Monaco Economy 2012, CIA World Factbook |publisher=Theodora.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510082911/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_economy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Tourism===
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One of Monaco's main sources of income is tourism. Each year many foreigners are attracted to its casinos and pleasant climate.<ref name="visitmonaco"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/Countries/Monaco/economy |title=Monaco: Economy >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge |publisher=Globaledge.msu.edu |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207032241/http://globaledge.msu.edu/Countries/Monaco/economy |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022 there were about 300,000 international tourist arrivals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Tourism Data Dashboard {{!}} Key Indicators |url=http://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=www.unwto.org |language=en}}</ref> Monaco is the only place in Europe where credit card points are not redeemable. Hotel points are not able to be accumulated nor are transactions recorded, allowing for an increase in privacy that is sought by many of the locals.

===Gambling industry===
[[File:Le casino de Monte-Carlo.JPG|thumb|[[Monte Carlo Casino]]]]

The plan for casino gambling was drafted during the reign of [[Florestan I, Prince of Monaco|Florestan I]] in 1846. Under Louis-Philippe's [[Petite bourgeoisie|petite-bourgeois]] regime a dignitary such as the [[Monarchy of Monaco|Prince of Monaco]] was not allowed to operate a gambling house.<ref name="state1"/> All this changed in the dissolute [[Second French Empire]] under [[Napoleon III]]. The [[House of Grimaldi]] was in dire need of money.

The towns of [[Menton, France|Menton]] and [[Roquebrune-Cap-Martin|Roquebrune]], which had been the main sources of income for the Grimaldi family for centuries, were now accustomed to a much-improved [[standard of living]] and lenient taxation thanks to the Sardinian intervention and clamoured for financial and political concession, even for separation. The Grimaldi family hoped the newly legal industry would help alleviate the difficulties they faced, above all the crushing debt the family had incurred, but Monaco's first casino would not be ready to operate until after [[Charles III, Prince of Monaco|Charles III]] assumed the throne in 1856.

The grantee of the princely concession (licence) was unable to attract enough business to sustain the operation and, after relocating the casino several times, sold the concession to French casino magnates [[François Blanc|François]] and Louis Blanc for 1.7 million francs.

The Blancs had already set up a highly successful casino (in fact the largest in Europe) in [[Bad Homburg|Bad-Homburg]] in the Grand Duchy of [[Hesse-Homburg]], a small German principality comparable to Monaco, and quickly petitioned Charles III to rename a depressed seaside area known as "Les Spelugues (Den of Thieves)" to "Monte Carlo (Mount Charles)."<ref name="Craps">{{cite web |url=http://www.crapsdicecontrol.com/monte_carlo.htm |title=History of Monte Carlo Casino |publisher=Craps Dice Control |access-date=28 April 2012 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430065735/http://www.crapsdicecontrol.com/monte_carlo.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> They then constructed their casino in the newly dubbed "Monte Carlo" and cleared out the area's less-than-savoury elements to make the neighbourhood surrounding the establishment more conducive to tourism.
[[File:Monte Carlo Casino, Monaco - interior- (2) (32774947955).jpg|thumb|Atrium in Monte Carlo Casino]]
The Blancs opened [[Le Grand Casino de Monte Carlo]] in 1858 and the casino benefited from the tourist traffic the newly built French railway system created.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iptv.org/series.cfm/9038/rick_steves_europe/ep:504 |title=Rick Steves' Europe: Little Europe: San Marino, Monaco, Vatican City, Liechtenstein, and Andorra |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114170925/http://www.iptv.org/series.cfm/9038/rick_steves_europe/ep:504 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the combination of the casino and the railroads, Monaco finally recovered from the previous half-century of economic slump and the principality's success attracted other businesses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/littleeurope504_scr.htm |title=Rick Steves Europe: Little Europe: Five Microcountries |publisher=Ricksteves.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711235819/http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/littleeurope504_scr.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the years following the casino's opening, Monaco founded its [[Oceanographic Museum]] and the [[Monte Carlo Opera House]], 46 hotels were built and the number of jewellers operating in Monaco increased by nearly five-fold. In an apparent effort not to overtax citizens, it was decreed that the Monégasque citizens were prohibited from entering the casino unless they were employees.<ref>{{cite web |author=Keremcan |url=https://www.gamblingherald.com/why-do-monaco-laws-forbid-locals-from-gambling/ |title=Why Do Monaco Laws Forbid Locals from Gambling? |work=Gambling Herald |date=23 August 2016 |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003410/https://www.gamblingherald.com/why-do-monaco-laws-forbid-locals-from-gambling/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1869, the casino was making such a vast sum of money that the principality could afford to end tax collection from the Monegasques—a masterstroke that was to attract affluent residents from all over Europe in a policy that still exists today.
[[File:MONTE-CARLO BAY HOTEL ^ RESORT 10 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort overlooks the Mediterranean Sea]]
Today, [[Société des bains de mer de Monaco]], which owns Le Grand Casino, still operates in the original building that the Blancs constructed and has since been joined by several other casinos, including the Le Casino Café de Paris, the Monte Carlo Sporting Club & Casino and the Sun Casino. The most recent{{when|date=June 2020}} addition in Monte Carlo is the [[Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort|Monte Carlo Bay Casino]], which sits on 4 hectares of the Mediterranean Sea; among other things, it offers 145 slot machines, all equipped with "[[ticket-in, ticket-out]]" (TITO). It is the first Mediterranean casino to use this technology.<ref name="Porter">{{cite book |year=2006 |title=Frommer's Provence and the Riviera (Fifth. ed.) |author=Porter, D. |author2=D. Prince |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc.}}</ref>

===Low taxes===
[[File:City of Monaco in 2021.06.jpg|thumb|Boulevard des Moulins meets Avenue Saint-Michel]]
[[File:City of Monaco in 2021.05.jpg|thumb|Pedestrian crossing on Avenue de la Costa]]

Monaco has a 20% VAT plus high social-insurance taxes, payable by both employers and employees. The employers' contributions are between 28% and 40% (averaging 35%) of gross salary, including benefits, and employees pay a further 10% to 14% (averaging 13%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowtax.net/lowtax/html/jmcpetx.html |title=Monaco Personal Taxation |access-date=28 May 2010 |archive-date=24 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124183217/http://lowtax.net/lowtax/html/jmcpetx.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Monaco has never levied [[income tax]] on [[individual]]s,<ref name=telegraph/> and foreigners are thus able to use it as a "[[tax haven]]" from their own country's high taxes, because as an independent country, Monaco is not obliged to pay taxes to other countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/globalbusiness/7243401/Monaco-might-not-charge-residents-income-tax-but-its-no-tax-haven.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/globalbusiness/7243401/Monaco-might-not-charge-residents-income-tax-but-its-no-tax-haven.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Monaco might not charge residents income tax, but it's no tax haven |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=28 May 2012 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowtax.net/lowtax/html/jmccfir.html |title=Monaco Country and Foreign Investment Regime |publisher=Lowtax.net |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512031238/http://www.lowtax.net/lowtax/html/jmccfir.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The absence of a personal income tax has attracted many wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries, who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco. [[Celebrity|Celebrities]], such as [[Formula One]] drivers, attract most of the attention but the vast majority are lesser-known business people.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Leigh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/10/frontpagenews.uknews |title=The tax haven that today's super-rich City commuters call home |work=The Guardian |date=10 July 2006 |access-date=28 May 2012 |location=London |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922204303/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jul/10/frontpagenews.uknews |url-status=live }}</ref>

Per a bilateral treaty with France, French citizens who reside in Monaco must still pay income and wealth taxes to France.<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241564.htm |title=France and Monaco |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204222739/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2015/241564.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The principality also actively discourages the registration of foreign corporations, charging a 33 per cent [[Corporate tax|corporation tax]] on profits unless they can show that at least three-quarters of turnover is generated within Monaco. Unlike classic tax havens, Monaco does not offer offshore financial services.<ref name="telegraph" />

In 1998, the [[Centre for Tax Policy and Administration]], part of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), issued a first report on the consequences of the financial systems of known [[tax haven]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escapeartist.com/OREQ24/Offshore_Tax_Havens.html |title=Obscure Tax Havens |publisher=Escapeartist.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626135309/http://www.escapeartist.com/OREQ24/Offshore_Tax_Havens.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Monaco did not appear in the list of these territories until 2004, when the OECD became indignant regarding the Monegasque situation and denounced it in a report, along with [[Andorra]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Liberia]], and the [[Marshall Islands]]. The report underlined Monaco's lack of co-operation regarding financial information disclosure and availability.<ref>''Declaration of 18 April 2004, by the representative of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Gabriel Makhlouf regarding the list of alleged [[tax haven]]s non-cooperative countries comparable''</ref><ref>''Stage Report 2004: Project of [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] on the detrimental tax practices, [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris, 2004''</ref> Later, Monaco overcame the OECD's objections and was removed from the "grey list" of uncooperative jurisdictions. In 2009, Monaco went a step further and secured a place on the "white list" after signing twelve information exchange treaties with other jurisdictions.<ref name=telegraph/>

In 2000, the [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering]] (FATF) stated: "The anti-money laundering system in Monaco is comprehensive. Difficulties have been encountered with Monaco by countries in international investigations on serious crimes that appear to be linked also with tax matters. In addition, the FIU of Monaco (SICCFIN) suffers a great lack of adequate resources. The authorities of Monaco have stated that they will provide additional resources to SICCFIN."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/56/43/33921824.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051252/http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/56/43/33921824.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |title=Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures |publisher=Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering |date=22 June 2000 |location=Paris |page=8 |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Monaco 2022.jpg|thumb|Tall buildings in Monaco]]
Also in 2000, a report by French politicians [[Arnaud Montebourg]] and [[Vincent Peillon]] stated that Monaco had relaxed policies with respect to money laundering including within its casino and that the Government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary so that alleged crimes were not being properly investigated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/rap-info/i2311-2.asp |title=Assemblee-Nationale report |publisher=Assemblee-nationale.fr |date=27 July 1987 |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815132524/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/rap-info/i2311-2.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In its Progress Report of 2005, the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) identified Monaco, along with 36 other territories, as a [[tax haven]],<ref>''Financial Centres with Significant Offshore Activities in Offshore Financial Centres. The Assessment Program. A Progress Report Supplementary Information, IMF, Washington, 2005''</ref> but in its [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering|FATF]] report of the same year it took a positive view of Monaco's measures against money-laundering.<ref>''Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures, [[Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering|FATF]], Paris, 2005''</ref><ref>''Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering Measures, FATF, Paris, 2006''</ref>

The [[Council of Europe]] also decided to issue reports naming tax havens. Twenty-two territories, including Monaco, were thus evaluated between 1998 and 2000 on a first round. Monaco was the only territory that refused to perform the second round, between 2001 and 2003, whereas the 21 other territories had planned to implement the third and final round, planned between 2005 and 2007.<ref>''First Mutual Evaluation Report on the Principality of Monaco, Moneyval, Strasbourg, 2003''</ref>

In June 2024, the FATF added Monaco to its "grey list", which includes countries needing "increased monitoring" due to statewide issues of money laundering and terrorist financing.<ref name="dw"/>

===Numismatics===
{{Main|Monégasque franc|Monégasque euro coins|Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Monaco)}}

[[File:Medaglia genovese 1655.JPG|thumb|Genovese coin from 1655]]
Monaco issued its own coins in various devaluations connected to the [[écu]] already in the seventeenth century, but its first decimal coins of the Monégasque franc were issued in 1837 continued until 2001.

Although Monaco is not a [[European Union]] member, it is allowed to use the [[euro]] as its currency by arrangement with the [[Council of the European Union]]; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the [[euro coins]], which was introduced in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocoins.co.uk/monaco.html |title=Monaco Euro Coins |publisher=Eurocoins.co.uk |date=1 January 2002 |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720084154/https://www.eurocoins.co.uk/monaco.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 2001. Like Belgium, Finland, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, Monaco decided to put the minting date on its coins. This is why the first euro coins from Monaco have the year 2001 on them, instead of 2002, like the other countries of the [[Eurozone]] that decided to put the year of first circulation (2002) on their coins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.int/euro/coins/html/mo.en.html |title=ECB: Monaco |publisher=Ecb.int |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327025024/http://www.ecb.int/euro/coins/html/mo.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Three different designs were selected for the Monégasque coins.<ref name="visitmonaco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitmonaco.com/en/Places-to-visit/Museums/The-Museum-of-Stamps-and-Coins |title=Monaco – The Museum of Stamps and Coins |publisher=Visitmonaco.com |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230073408/http://www.visitmonaco.com/en/Places-to-visit/Museums/The-Museum-of-Stamps-and-Coins |url-status=live }}</ref> The design was changed in 2006 after Prince Rainier's death to feature the effigy of Prince Albert.<ref name="visitmonaco1"/>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Monaco}}

{{further|Rail transport in Monaco}}
[[Image:Train station, Monaco.jpg|thumb|right|[[Monaco-Monte-Carlo station|Monaco Monte Carlo]] station]]
One of the most important modes of local transportation is walking, and the city is expanding its pedestrian network in the 2020s to be more pedestrian friendly. This includes plans for a new pedestrian bridge in Fontvieille that connects to the new Wurtemberg [[footbridge]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/news/latest-news/how-monacos-fontvieille-footbridge-brings-walkable-dreams-closer/ | title=Find Out What is the Next Step to Faster Soft Mobility in Monaco | date=11 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.valeri-agency.com/en/ilot-pasteur-the-wurtemberg-footbridge.html | title=Îlot Pasteur: The Wurtemberg footbridge revealed | Barnes I Valeri Agency }}</ref>

The [[Monaco-Monte-Carlo station|Monaco-Monte Carlo station]] on the [[Marseille–Ventimiglia railway]] is served by the [[SNCF]], the French national rail system. The train station is the only one in Monaco, and connects the City-State by rail to French cities along the Riveria such as [[Nice, France|Nice]] (and its [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport]] a little under an hour away from Monaco), [[Cannes]], and [[Marseille]] (and to a transit point just east of the [[France-Italy border]] at [[Ventimiglia]]) and high-speed [[TGV]] trains connect to more distant locations such as [[Paris]]: a gateway to the rest of Europe. The current station is built partly underground and was opened in 1999.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/1908450/monaco-train-station | title=Tiny European country with just one single train station | date=9 June 2024 }}</ref>

The [[Monaco Heliport]] provides helicopter service to the closest airport, Côte d'Azur Airport in Nice, France. The heliport its located in the southwestern edge of Monaco.

The Monaco bus company, [[Compagnie des Autobus de Monaco]] (CAM), covers all the tourist attractions, museums, [[Jardin Exotique de Monaco|exotic garden]], business centres, the Casino, and Stade Louis II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.visitmonaco.com/en/7524/getting-around-by-bus |title=Getting around by bus |website=www.visitmonaco.com |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114101937/https://www.visitmonaco.com/en/7524/getting-around-by-bus |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are about {{convert|77|km|miles|abbr=on}} of roads in Monaco, many sections of which are also used for automotive and other races.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/monaco/infrastructure/|title=Infrastructure of Monaco - Confidus Solutions|website=www.confiduss.com|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref> The nearest 4-lane major [[motorway]], the [[European route E80]], passes well clear to the north of the border, and curvy mountain roads connect its ramps to Monaco.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Monaco}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Population of Monaco by nationality (2024)
| label1 = [[Monégasque nationality law|Monégasque]]
| value1 = 24.1
| color1 = #141464
| label2 = [[French people|French]]
| value2 = 21.8
| color2 = #649678
| label3 = [[Italians|Italian]]
| value3 = 19.5
| color3 = #5AD282
| label4 = [[British People|British]]
| value4 = 7.6
| color4 = #DC64DC
| label5 = [[Swiss people|Swiss]]
| value5 = 3.1
| color5 = #BE5A14
| label6 = [[Russians|Russian]]
| value6 = 3.1
| color6 = #5A3C3C
| label7 = [[Belgians|Belgian]]
| value7 = 2.7
| color7 = #325050
| label8 = [[Germans|German]]
| color8 = #414181
| value8 = 2.5
| label9 = Other
| color9 = LightYellow
| value9 = 13
}}

Monaco's total population was 38,400 in 2015, and estimated by the [[United Nations]] to be 36,297 as of 1 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |title=Monaco Statistics office |website=Monacostatistics.mc |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130422/http://www.monacostatistics.mc/IMSEE/Publications/monaco-statistics-pocket |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/monaco-population |title=Monaco Population 2023 (Live) |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019192707/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/monaco-population |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2024, Monégasques make up 24.1% of residents, followed by French (21.8%), Italian (19.5%), British (7.6%), Swiss (3.1%), Russian (3.1%), Belgian (2.7%), and German nationals (2.5%).<ref name="2008census">{{cite web |year=2025 |title=Residents in 2024 |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/content/download/527360/6053460/file/Infographie%20R2024_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614212422/http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f7f005dbe6e/64a1643c86f9f661c12575ae004cc473/$FILE/Recensement2008_Ch1.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=Government of the Principality of Monaco |language=en}}</ref> According to 2019 studies, 31% of Monaco's population is reported to be [[millionaire]]s equalling up to 12,248 individuals.

Citizens of Monaco, whether born in the country or naturalised, are called ''Monégasque''. Monaco has the world's highest [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] at nearly 90 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |title=CIA World Factbook, Monaco |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_international_rankings_2018.html |title=International Rankings of Monaco - 2018 |publisher=Theodora.com |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704122955/https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/monaco/monaco_international_rankings_2018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Language===
{{Main|Languages of Monaco}}

The main and official language of Monaco is [[French language|French]], while [[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken by the principality's sizeable community from Italy. French and Italian are in fact more spoken in the principality today than [[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]], its historic vernacular language. A variety of [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], Monégasque is not recognised as an official language; nevertheless, some signage appears in both French and Monégasque, and the language is taught in schools. English is also used.

Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.<ref name="miglioverde">{{cite web|url=https://www.miglioverde.eu/monegasco-lingua-si-studia-scuola-ed-obbligatoria/|title=Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria|date=15 September 2014 |access-date=6 June 2022|language=it|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817073845/https://www.miglioverde.eu/monegasco-lingua-si-studia-scuola-ed-obbligatoria/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was due to the annexation of the surrounding [[County of Nice]] to France following the [[Treaty of Turin (1860)]].<ref name="miglioverde"/>

The [[Grimaldi Family|Grimaldi]], [[princes of Monaco]], are of Ligurian origin; thus, the traditional national language is [[Monégasque language|Monégasque]], a variety of [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], now spoken by only a minority of residents and as a common second language by many native residents. In [[Monaco-Ville]], street signs are printed in both French and Monégasque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-iq.com/society |title=Society |publisher=Monaco-IQ |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915143940/http://www.monaco-iq.com/society |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/principality-of-monaco/ |title=Principality of Monaco – Monaco Monte-Carlo |publisher=Monte-carlo.mc |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913232837/http://www.monte-carlo.mc/en/general/principality-of-monaco |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Catholic Church in Monaco|History of the Jews in Monaco}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Monaco according to the ''Global Religious Landscape'' survey by the [[Pew Research Center|Pew Forum]], 2012<ref name="Survey"/>
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 86
| color1 = Purple
| label2 = Unaffiliated
| value2 = 11.7
| color2 = Grey
| label3 = [[Judaism]]
| value3 = 1.7
| color3 = Blue
| label4 = [[Islam]]
| value4 = 0.4
| color4 = Green
| label5 = Other religions
| value5 = 0.2
| color5 = Black
}}

Christians comprise a total of 86% of Monaco's population.<ref name="Survey"/>

According to Monaco 2012 International Religious Freedom Report, Roman Catholics are Monaco's largest religious group, followed by Protestant Christians. The Report states that there is a Greek Orthodox church and two Protestant churches, an Anglican church and a Reformed church. There are also various other [[Evangelical Protestant]] communities that gather periodically.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

[[File:Monaco BW 2011-06-07 16-07-20.jpg|thumb|[[Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate]]]]

The official religion is [[Catholicism]], with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution.<ref name="MonacoReligion"/> There are five Roman Catholic parish churches in Monaco and one [[Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate|cathedral]], which is the seat of the [[archbishop of Monaco]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The diocese, which has existed since the mid-19th century, was raised to a non-metropolitan archbishopric in 1981 as the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monaco|Archdiocese of Monaco]] and remains exempt (i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See). The [[patron saint]] is [[Saint Devota]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.visitmonaco.com/en/event/traditions-church-services/17982/traditions |website=www.visitmonaco.com |access-date=22 January 2025 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123212505/https://www.visitmonaco.com/en/event/traditions-church-services/17982/traditions |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Monaco's 2012 International Religious Freedom Report states that there is one [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] church in Monaco. The Russian Orthodox Parish of the [[Canonization of the Romanovs|Holy Royal Martyrs]] meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parish History |url=http://ruscerkovmonaco.org/en/home/about/parish-history/ |website=Russian Orthodox Parish Of the Holy Royal Martyrs |publisher=Paroisse Orthodoxe Russe Des Saints Martyrs Royaux à Monaco |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

There is one [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] church (St Paul's Church), located in the Avenue de Grande Bretagne in Monte Carlo. The church was dedicated in 1925. In 2007 this had a formal membership of 135 Anglican residents in the principality but was also serving a considerably larger number of Anglicans temporarily in the country, mostly as tourists. The church site also accommodates an English-language library of over 3,000 books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stpaulsmonaco.com/ |title=Saint Paul's Church, Monte-Carlo |work=stpaulsmonaco.com |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120210451/http://stpaulsmonaco.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The church is part of the Anglican [[Diocese in Europe]].

There is one Reformed church, which meets in a building located in Rue Louis Notari. The building dates from 1958 to 1959. The church is affiliated with the [[United Protestant Church of France]] (Église Protestante Unie de France, EPUF), a group that incorporates the former Reformed Church of France (Église Réformée de France). Through this affiliation with EPUF, the church is part of the [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]. The church acts as a host church to some other Christian communities, allowing them to use its building.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The Monaco Parish of the [[Charismatic Episcopal Church]] (Parish of St Joseph) dates from 2017 and meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The [[Muslim]] population of Monaco consists of about 280 people, most of whom are residents, not citizens.<ref>{{cite web |author=Simon Rogers |date=28 January 2011 |title=Muslim populations by country: how big will each Muslim population be by 2030? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/28/muslim-population-country-projection-2030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801104159/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/28/muslim-population-country-projection-2030 |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=12 December 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref> The majority of the Muslim population of Monaco are [[Arabs]], though there is a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] minority as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in Monaco |url=http://www.muslimpopulation.com/Europe/MONACO/Islam%20in%20Monaco.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629233503/http://www.muslimpopulation.com/Europe/MONACO/Islam%20in%20Monaco.php |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=11 March 2015 |work=muslimpopulation.com}}</ref> Monaco does not have any official [[mosque]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in Monaco |url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/Europe/MONACO/Islam%20in%20Monaco.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060556/http://www.islamicpopulation.com/Europe/MONACO/Islam%20in%20Monaco.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=11 March 2015 |work=islamicpopulation.com}}</ref>
According to the Monaco Statistics database (IMSEE), there are around 100 Hindus living in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistical tables / Population census / Population and employment / IMSEE - Monaco IMSEE |url=https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment/Population-census/Statistical-tables |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=www.monacostatistics.mc |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212234127/https://www.monacostatistics.mc/Population-and-employment/Population-census/Statistical-tables |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Association Culturelle Israélite de Monaco (founded in 1948) is a converted house containing a synagogue, a community Hebrew school, and a [[Kashrut|kosher]] food shop, located in Monte Carlo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mavensearch.com/synagogues/C3414Y41808RX |title=Synagogues in Monte Carlo – Shuls in Monte Carlo – Jewish Temples in Monte Carlo |publisher=Mavensearch.com |date=6 July 2007 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024102946/http://www.mavensearch.com/synagogues/C3414Y41808RX |url-status=live }}</ref> The community mainly consists of retirees from Britain (40%) and [[North Africa]]. Half of the Jewish population is [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]], mainly from North Africa, while the other half is [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]].<ref>Details at [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/monaco.html Jewish Virtual Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715071206/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/monaco.html |date=15 July 2014 }}</ref>

===Education===
====Primary and secondary schools====
[[File:Le Lycée Albert 1er de Monaco.jpg|thumb|[[Lycée Albert Premier]] of Monaco]]
Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including: seven [[Nursery school|nursery]] and [[primary school]]s; one [[secondary school]], Collège Charles III;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.college-charles3.mc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103100/http://www.college-charles3.mc/ |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Collège Charles III |publisher=College-charles3.mc |access-date=28 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> one [[Secondary education in France|''lycée'']] that provides general and technological training, [[Lycee Albert Premier|Lycée Albert 1er]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycee-albert1er.mc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170522/http://www.lycee-albert1er.mc/ |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Lycée Albert 1er |publisher=Lycee-albert1er.mc |access-date=28 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training, Lycée technique et hôtelier de Monte-Carlo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lycée technique et hôtelier de Monte-Carlo |url=http://www.lycee-technique.mc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170522/http://www.lycee-technique.mc/ |archive-date=22 July 2011 |location=Monaco |language=fr |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools, Institution François d'Assise Nicolas Barré and Ecole des Sœurs Dominicaines, and one [[international school]], the [[International School of Monaco]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ismonaco.org/ |title=The International School Of Monaco |work=ismonaco.org |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008220954/http://www.ismonaco.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Education System |url=http://www.monaco-consulate-uk.gouv.mc/315UK/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/e72b5e7946917f37c1257339004c433dgb?OpenDocument&2Gb#EDUCATION%20SYSTEM |access-date=15 February 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210458/http://www.monaco-consulate-uk.gouv.mc/315UK/wwwnew.nsf/1909$/e72b5e7946917f37c1257339004c433dgb?OpenDocument&2Gb#EDUCATION%20SYSTEM |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Website |url=https://www.ismonaco.org/history-ism |access-date=19 April 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419202213/https://www.ismonaco.org/history-ism |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Colleges and universities====
There is one university located in Monaco, namely the [[International University of Monaco]] (IUM), an English-language university specialising in business education and operated by the ''Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales'' (INSEEC) group.

==Culture==
===Architecture===
{{See also|Architecture of Monaco|Monaco villas}}
[[File:Monaco-Ville-ruelle.jpg|thumb|Ville ruelle in Monaco]]

Monaco exhibits a wide range of architecture, but the principality's signature style, particularly in Monte Carlo, is that of the [[Belle Époque]]. It finds its most florid expression in the 1878–9 [[Monte Carlo Casino|Casino]] and the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo|Salle Garnier]] created by [[Charles Garnier (architect)|Charles Garnier]] and Jules Dutrou. Decorative elements include turrets, balconies, pinnacles, multi-coloured ceramics, and caryatids. These were blended to create a picturesque fantasy of pleasure and luxury, and an alluring expression of how Monaco sought and still seeks, to portray itself.<ref>{{citation |last1=Novella |first1=René |last2=Sassi |first2=Luca |title=Monaco : eight centuries of art and architecture |publisher=Epi Communication |date=2015}}</ref> This [[Capriccio (art)|capriccio]] of French, Italian, and Spanish elements were incorporated into hacienda villas and apartments. Following major development in the 1970s, [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier III]] banned high-rise development in the principality. His successor, [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert II]], overturned this Sovereign Order.<ref name="Fair">{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/france/articles/monaco-la-tour-odeon-un-chantier-malheureux/23582 |title=La tour Odéon, l'histoire d'un chantier dont les malheurs ont atteint des sommets |language=fr |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813111930/http://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/france/articles/monaco-la-tour-odeon-un-chantier-malheureux/23582 |archive-date=13 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years{{when|date=June 2020}} the accelerating demolition of Monaco's [[Architectural Heritage|architectural heritage]], including its single-family villas, has created dismay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lyall |first1=Sarah |last2=Baume |first2=Maïa de la |title=Development Blitz Provokes a Murmur of Dissent in Monaco |work=The New York Times |date=11 December 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/europe/development-blitz-provokes-a-murmur-of-dissent-in-monaco.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=13 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813111832/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/europe/development-blitz-provokes-a-murmur-of-dissent-in-monaco.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The principality has no heritage protection legislation.<ref name="lobservateurdemonaco.mc">{{cite web |title=Monaco's Heritage In Danger? |work=L'Observateur de Monaco |number=141 |date=April 2015 |pages=60–67 |url=http://www.lobservateurdemonaco.mc/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Obs141.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812002637/http://www.lobservateurdemonaco.mc/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Obs141.pdf }}</ref>

===Visual arts===
Monaco has a national museum of contemporary visual art at the [[New National Museum of Monaco]]. In 1997, the [[Audiovisual Institute of Monaco]] was founded aimed to preserve audiovisual archives and show how the Principality of Monaco is represented in cinema. The country also has numerous works of public art, statues, museums, and memorials (see [[list of public art in Monaco]]).

===Museums===
{{Main|List of museums in Monaco}}

[[File:Monaco BW 2011-06-07 17-50-43.jpg|thumb|[[Oceanographic Museum]]]]

*[[Monaco Top Cars Collection]]
*[[Napoleon Museum (Monaco)]]
*[[Oceanographic Museum]]
*[[Museum of Stamps and Coins]]
*[[Monaco Naval Museum]] (''Musee Naval'')
[[File:Le jardin exotique de Monaco (47624110281).jpg|thumb|Walkway in the ''jardin exotique de Monaco'' (Exotic Gardens)]]

===Events, festivals, and shows===
The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as :
*[[International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo]]
*[[Mondial du Théâtre]]
*[[Monte-Carlo Television Festival]]
*[[Golden Nymph Awards]]

====Bread festival====
Monaco also has an annual bread festival on 17 September every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://officialmonaco.com/bread-festival-annual-contest-winners |title=Archived copy |website=officialmonaco.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325054641/http://officialmonaco.com/bread-festival-annual-contest-winners |archive-date=25 March 2022 |url-status=dead}} {{Title missing|date=November 2025}}</ref>

===Parks and gardens===
[[File:Jardin Japonais 3.jpg|thumb|Monaco's Japanese Gardens]]
There are several gardens in Monaco, which are in a variety of styles and purpose. There is an [[Jardin Exotique de Monaco|exotic plant garden]], [[St Martin Gardens|Saint Martin garden]], African plants garden, [[Casino Gardens and Terraces|Casino Gardens]], Princess [[Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden|Grace Rose Garden]], and a [[Japanese Garden, Monaco|Japanese Gardens]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitmonaco.com/en/enjoy/parks-and-gardens|title=Monaco's parks and gardens, the Principality's green soul|website=www.visitmonaco.com|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Monaco}}

[[File:Monaco - panoramio (68).jpg|thumb|Seaside façade of the Salle Garnier, home of the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]]]]
Monaco has an [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo|opera house]], a [[Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra|symphony orchestra]] and a [[Les Ballets de Monte Carlo|classical ballet company]]. Monaco participated regularly in the [[Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision Song Contest]] between 1959–1979 and 2004–2006, winning in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1971|1971]], although none of the artists participating for the principality was originally Monegasque. French-born [[Minouche Barelli]], however, acquired Monegasque citizenship in 2002, 35 years after her representing the principality in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1967|1967]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/02/27/minouche-barelli-chanteuse_354714_1819218.html "Minouche Barelli, chanteuse"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125173024/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2004/02/27/minouche-barelli-chanteuse_354714_1819218.html |date=25 November 2022 }}, Le Monde 27. February 2004.</ref>
{{Clear}}

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Monégasque cuisine}}

[[File:Café de Paris, Monte Carlo - expresso.jpg|thumb|right|Espresso at Café de Paris, Monte Carlo]]

The cuisine of Monaco is a [[Mediterranean cuisine]] shaped by the cooking style of Provence and the influences of nearby northern Italian and southern French cooking, in addition to Monaco's own culinary traditions.<ref>John J. B. Anderson and Marilyn C. Sparling, ''The Mediterranean Way of Eating: Evidence for Chronic Disease Prevention and Weight Management'' (Florida: CRC Press, 2015) 16.</ref>

Two famous restaurants in Monaco include the [[Le Louis XV (restaurant)|Le Louis XV]], currently with three Michelin stars, and the [[Café de Paris (Monaco)|Café de Paris]]. The Café de Paris is next to the Casino and first opened in 1868, though it has been renovated several times over its lifetime.
{{Clear}}

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Monaco}}
Major sports in Monaco including motor racing and [[Football in Monaco|football]]. Other sports include athletics, [[Rugby union in Monaco|rugby]], basketball, and professional boxing. The [[Stade Louis II]] is the only football and athletics stadium in the country. The international [[Sports governing body|governing body]] of [[World Athletics]] (WA) is headquartered in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 1994 |title=Headquarters |url=http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/headquarter/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605031229/http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/headquarter/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=iaaf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside IAAF Intro |url=http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604054507/http://www.iaaf.org/aboutiaaf/index.html |archive-date=4 June 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=iaaf.org}}</ref>

[[File:Grand Prix Monaco96 131954710.jpg|thumb|Formation lap of the [[1996 Monaco Grand Prix]]]]
The highest-profile annual event in the country is the [[Monaco Grand Prix]], which is held on the temporary [[Circuit de Monaco]] in Monte Carlo. The race was founded in [[1929 Grand Prix season|1929]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.monaco-grand-prix-ticket.com/Monaco-Grand-Prix.aspx |title=Monaco Grand Prix |date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303200854/http://www.monaco-grand-prix-ticket.com/Monaco-Grand-Prix.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> and has been on the [[Formula One]] calendar since the first season in [[1950 Formula One season|1950]]. Other races also held on the circuit, include [[FIA Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2]], [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|Formula 3]], the [[Monaco ePrix]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.autosport.com/fe/news/115918/fe-set-to-use-shorter-monaco-circuit |title=Formula E set to race on shorter version of Monaco circuit |last=Watkins |first=Gary |website=Autosport.com |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512224633/https://www.autosport.com/fe/news/115918/fe-set-to-use-shorter-monaco-circuit |url-status=live }}</ref>, [[Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional Europe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=78th Monaco Grand Prix 2021 |url=https://www.monacograndprixticket.com/formula1monaco/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=www.monacograndprixticket.com |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111194450/https://www.monacograndprixticket.com/formula1monaco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Porsche Supercup]], the [[Historic Grand Prix of Monaco]], and in the past, [[Formula Renault]]. Since 1911, the ending portions of the [[Monte Carlo Rally]] has been held in the principality. The rally has been on the [[World Rally Championship]] calendar for most years<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrc.com/news/2012-world-rally-championship-events-announced/?fid=14515 |title=2012 World Rally Championship events announced |publisher=wrc.com |date=27 April 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119134015/http://www.wrc.com/news/2012-world-rally-championship-events-announced/?fid=14515 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and was on the [[International Rally Championship]] calendar. In 2014, Monaco inaugurated the Solar1 Monte Carlo Cup, a series of ocean races exclusively for solar-powered boats.<ref>The Riviera Times, Issue 148, July 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solar1races.com/wp-content/uploads/Solar1Magazine.pdf |title=Monte-Carlo Cup |website=Solar1races.com |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190230/http://www.solar1races.com/wp-content/uploads/Solar1Magazine.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Monaco has two major football teams, both of which play in the [[French football league system]]: [[AS Monaco FC]] and OS Monaco Women. AS Monaco plays competes in [[Ligue 1]] and is historically one of the most successful clubs in the league. The [[Monaco national football team]] represents the nation in minor [[association football]] events and is controlled by the [[Monégasque Football Federation]], which manages the amateur [[Challenge Prince Rainier III]] tournament. Monaco is not a member of [[UEFA]] and does not take part in any UEFA or [[FIFA]] competitions.

Due its position as a tourist and gambling centre, Monaco has staged major [[professional boxing]] world title and non-title fights from time to time. Those include the [[Carlos Monzon]] versus [[Nino Benvenuti]] rematch,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/64915 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021214810/https://boxrec.com/en/event/64915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Monzon's rematch with [[Emile Griffith]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/14050 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021214809/https://boxrec.com/en/event/14050 |url-status=live }}</ref> Monzon's two classic fights with [[Rodrigo Valdez]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/14055 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021214809/https://boxrec.com/en/event/14055 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/14056 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021214808/https://boxrec.com/en/event/14056 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Davey Moore (boxer, born 1959)|Davey Moore]] versus [[Wilfred Benitez|Wilfredo Benitez]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/69315 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021215307/https://boxrec.com/en/event/69315 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Knockout|double knockout]]-ending classic between [[Lee Roy Murphy]] and [[Chisanda Mutti]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/2820 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021215552/https://boxrec.com/en/event/2820 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Julio César Chávez|Julio César Chávez Sr.]] versus [[Rocky Lockridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/9144 |title=BoxRec: Event |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021220410/https://boxrec.com/en/event/9144 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stade Louis II hosts the annual [[Diamond League]] event [[Herculis]] in [[track and field]]. Monaco also forms part of the [[Monaco Marathon]], the only marathon in the world to pass through three countries as well as an [[Ironman 70.3]] [[triathlon]] race. Monaco has been part of [[Tour de France]] stages<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2022 |title=A time trial from Monaco to Nice to wrap up the 2024 Tour de France |url=https://www.letour.fr/en/news/2023/a-time-trial-from-monaco-to-nice-to-wrap-up-the-2024-tour-de-france/1308971 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.letour.fr |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221234544/https://www.letour.fr/en/news/2023/a-time-trial-from-monaco-to-nice-to-wrap-up-the-2024-tour-de-france/1308971 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[1966 Giro d'Italia]].

Monaco competes in the [[Monaco at the Olympics|Olympics]], [[Youth Olympic Games]], [[Mediterranean Games]], [[European Games]], and the [[Games of the Small States of Europe]]. They have yet to win a sporting medal at the Olympic Games, but have had some success in smaller events, including a bronze in [[Bobsleigh at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics|bobsleigh]] at the [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics]] and 5 medals in the Mediterranean Games. The [[Rainier III Nautical Stadium]] in the [[Port Hercules]] district consists of a heated saltwater [[Olympic-size swimming pool]], diving boards and a slide.<ref name="Mon">{{cite web |title=Rainer III Nautical Stadium |url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/en/langues-etrangeres/events-entertainment/rainier-iii-nautical-stadium/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517044436/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/en/langues-etrangeres/events-entertainment/rainier-iii-nautical-stadium/ |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |work=Marie de Monaco – Rainier III Nautical Stadium |publisher=Marie de Monaco}}</ref> The pool is converted into an [[ice rink]] from December to March.<ref name="Mon" />

===Flag===
{{Main|Flag of Monaco}}

[[File:Coat of arms and flag of Monaco.jpg|thumb|Monaco's flag and its [[coat of arms]]]]
The flag of Monaco is one of the world's oldest national flag designs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |title=Monaco Flag Image and Meaning |website=flagsworld.org |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225172902/https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Adopted by Monaco on 4 April 1881, it is based on the Monaco Royal colors going back to the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |title=Monaco Flag |publisher=flagsworld.org |access-date=28 August 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225172902/https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ISO code for the Flag is MC, which produces: 🇲🇨

The flag has similarities to the flags of the German states of [[Flag of Hesse|Hesse]] and [[Flag of Thuringia|Thuringia]], as well as [[Flag of Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Flag of Singapore|Singapore]], and [[Flag of Poland|Poland]] in the modern times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |title=Monaco Flag |publisher=flagsworld.org |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225172902/https://www.flagsworld.org/monaco-flag.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Monaco|Countries|Cities|Europe
}}


{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{annotated link|ISO 3166-2:MC}}
* {{annotated link|Japanese Garden, Monaco}}
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Monaco]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Monaco]]
* [[List of rulers of Monaco]]
* [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density]]
* [[Microstates and the European Union]]
* [[Outline of Monaco]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
'''Government'''
* [http://www.gouv.mc/ Official Government Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202215746/http://www.gouv.mc/ |date=2 February 2012 }}
* [http://www.palais.mc/ Official website of the Prince's Palace of Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001038/https://www.palais.mc/ |date=17 March 2022 }}
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/MN.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]. ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307174823/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/MN.html |date=7 March 2017 }}.)
* [http://www.gouv.mc/content/download/175997/2030403/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202014.pdf Monaco Statistics Pocket – Edition 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217010344/http://www.gouv.mc/content/download/175997/2030403/file/monaco%20statistics%20pocket%202014.pdf |date=17 December 2014 }}

'''General information'''
*[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |date=30 December 2021 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085244/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/monaco.htm Monaco] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [http://www.monaco.me/ Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519225951/http://monaco.me/ |date=19 May 2009 }}. Information about Monaco.
*[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Monaco:_Primary_Documents History of Monaco: Primary documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515180222/http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Monaco:_Primary_Documents |date=15 May 2008 }}
* {{Wikiatlas|Monaco}}
* {{OSM relation|1124039}}
*[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monaco/@43.7378666,7.4170977,3465m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x12cdc26f7b3f8531:0x74f7784c3ac49cfc!8m2!3d43.7384176!4d7.4246158?hl=en Google Earth view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102513/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monaco/@43.7378666,7.4170977,3465m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x12cdc26f7b3f8531:0x74f7784c3ac49cfc!8m2!3d43.7384176!4d7.4246158?hl=en |date=8 March 2021 }}

'''Travel'''
*[http://www.visitmonaco.com/ Official website for tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124005618/http://www.visitmonaco.com/ |date=24 November 2005 }}

'''News'''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17615784 Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721064420/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17615784 |date=21 July 2018 }} from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://NEWS.MC NEWS.MC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415212922/https://news.mc/ |date=15 April 2023 }}. English-language Monaco news source and publisher of daily newsletter ''[https://news.mc/newsletter Good Morning Monaco]''.
* [http://www.monacolife.net/ Monacolife.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415114519/http://www.monacolife.net/ |date=15 April 2012 }}. English news portal.
* [http://www.monacotimes.com/ ''The Monaco Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231634/http://monacotimes.com/ |date=25 April 2012 }} – A regular feature in ''The Riviera Times'' is the English language newspaper for the French–Italian Riviera and the Principality of Monaco provides monthly local news and information about the business, art and culture, people and lifestyle, events and also the real estate market.
* [http://www.monaco-iq.com/ Monaco-IQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202104519/http://monaco-iq.com/ |date=2 February 2011 }}. Monaco information and news aggregator.

'''Other'''
* [http://www.ordremedecins.mc/ Order of the doctors of Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221150216/http://www.ordremedecins.mc/ |date=21 February 2006 }} {{in lang|fr}}

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Nanwag

2026-04-27T21:13:03Z

Pickleballexpert: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
The '''Nandwaks/Nanwag Rajputs''' are a branch of the [[Solar dynasty|Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]] in what is now the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In the 16th century, founder of nanwag dynasty shree Naun Rao ji and his descendants seized mariahun tahasil and ruled there for many years after.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Varanasi|publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh|year = 1965|location = Uttar Pradesh|page = 44}}</ref> The villages of [[Kathiraon]], Newarhia (having fort of Nanwag chieftain, Zamindar Sangram Singh)<ref name=":2"/> lying at 25" 31' N longitude and 82" 80' E latitude (tahsil [[Mariahu]])<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Jaunpur|publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh|year = 1986|location = Uttar Pradesh|pages = 295}}</ref> and Barsathi, latitude 25" 34' N and longitude 82" 91' E in [[Mariahu]] tehsil,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Jaunpur|publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh|year = 1986|location = Uttar Pradesh|pages = 285}}</ref> were administered by the Nanwag Rajputs from the 16th century to the later part of the 19th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Varanasi|publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh|year = 1965|location = Uttar Pradesh|pages = 403}}</ref> The whole of Mariahu tehsil was administered by them during the medieval period and the tehsil got its name from Mandav Dev, the presiding deity of Nanwags.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Jaunpur|publisher = Government of Uttar Pradesh|year = 1986|location = Uttar Pradesh|pages = 293}}</ref> currently they are spread in [[Prayagraj]], Azamgarh, Mirzapur and Varanasi district. In census report of 1865, population of Nanwag rajput was approximate 24,000.[[File:Nanwag map.jpg|thumb|]][[File:Nanwag1865 1.jpg|thumb|Nanwag census]]

== See also ==
*[[Rajput clans]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]

Ramnam Bank

2026-04-26T04:21:38Z

Pickleballexpert: new

{{Short description|Spiritual banks dedicated to Lord Rama}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ramnam Bank
*Ram Naam Bank|native_name=रामनाम बैंक|native_name_lang=mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Rama|location=Indian subcontinent|footnotes=Repository bank of Ramnam|image=Ramnam Hanumanji.jpg|caption=Artistic image of Lord Hanuman made using Ramnam by a devotee of Lord Rama}}

'''Ramnam Bank''' ({{langx|hi|रामनाम बैंक}}), also written as '''Ram Naam Bank''', is a repository institution of ''Ramnam'' handwritten booklets. It is a spiritual bank that keeps deposits of Ramnams booklets written by devotees of Lord Rama.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Arunav |date=2025-04-06 |title=Hindus in Europe, US mull opening 'Ram Naam Bank' overseas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/hindus-in-europe-us-mull-opening-ram-naam-bank-overseas/articleshow/120039709.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It is a unique spiritual institution, primarily found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], where devotees "deposit" booklets filled with the repeated writing of the name of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] (or sometimes other [[Hindu deities|deities]]). These ''Ram Naams'' are handwritten by devotees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramdas |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3II9AAAAIAAJ |title=Gospel of Swami Ramdas |date=1979 |publisher=For Anandashram by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Siṃha |first=Bhagavatī Prasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfsNAAAAMAAJ |title=Rāmabhakti, paramparā aura sāhitya |date=1974 |publisher=Hindī Vibhāga, Kalakattā Viśvavidyālaya ke lie Hindī Pustaka Ejensī |language=hi}}</ref> It is not a traditional bank or financial institution and does not involve monetary transactions. Instead, the act of writing and depositing the sacred name of Lord Rama is considered a spiritual practice for gaining merit and fostering devotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatty |first=Margaret R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8eAAAAMAAJ |title=An Atheist Reports from India |date=1987 |publisher=American Atheist Press |isbn=978-0-910309-42-4 |language=en}}</ref> It is a bank where faith is the currency and the divine name is the deposit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=प्रयागराज का 'रामनाम बैंक':यहां आध्यात्मिक अकाउंट खुलता है, रुपए नहीं.. यहां जमा होता है राम नाम; लोन भी मिलता है |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/news/ram-nam-bank-prayagraj-updates-opens-24-hours-never-stolen-withdraw-funds-whenever-you-want-works-in-both-online-offline-mode-130901934.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अनोखी पहल: रामनाम की पूंजी वाले बैंक को गिनीज बुक में दर्ज कराने की तैयारी, 1970 में शुरू हुआ था बैंक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/ayodhya-efforts-start-to-file-ramnaam-capital-bank-into-guinness-book-of-world-records-2024-05-10 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=भाषा |first=पीटीआई- |date=2025-04-07 |title=अब UP की तरह यूरोप से अमेरिका तक खुलेगा 'राम नाम बैंक', रामनवमी पर किसने किया ऐलान |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/world/like-up-ram-naam-bank-will-open-from-europe-to-america-who-announced-it-on-ram-navami-knw-everything-2919837 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=महाकुंभ में रामनाम बैंक, जहां जमा के साथ श्रद्धालुओं को ऋण भी, देखें |url=https://www.aajtak.in/uttar-pradesh/video/lord-ram-name-bank-opened-in-mahakumbh-prayagraj-devotees-deposited-the-ram-name-slips-2147944-2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:Sample of Ramnam Bank booklet.jpg|thumb|Sample of a Ramnam Bank's booklet]]The Ramnam Bank is related to the tradition of [[Ramanama|Ramnam]] bhakti in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":3" /> In the tradition of Hinduism, Lord Rama is a major deity, considered as the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu. Chanting or writing the name of Lord Rama is considered as auspicious karma by Hindu adherents. It is an important part of Vaishnava sect in Hinduism. Some devotees choose the path of reciting Ramnam orally whereas some devotees choose the path of writing Ramnam on papers. The Ramnam Bank keeps a record of the number of Ramnams written by devotees.

== Etymology ==
Ramnam is combined Indic word having two terms Rama and Naam. The term Rama is the name of an avatar of Lord Vishnu in Hinduism. Similarly, the term Naam means name. Thus the meaning of the combined term Ramnam is name of Lord Rama. A general meaning of the term bank is a place or location where something is deposited. Thus the literal meaning of the Ramnam Bank is a bank of Lord Rama's name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=महाकुंभ में खुले इस बैंक में रुपये नहीं जमा हो रहे राम नाम, लोन पर देते हैं भगवान राम का नाम |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/up-prayagraj-mahakumbh-ram-name-bank-open-with-more-than-one-crore-ram-name-submitted-201740104965489.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Concept and functioning ==
Unlike conventional banks that deal with monetary transactions, Ramnam Banks facilitate the deposit of booklets filled with the repeated writing of "Ram" or "Sita Ram." Anyone willing to write the Lord Rama's name can open an account without any monetary deposit. The bank provides booklets and sometimes red ink and a wooden pen.<ref name=":0" /> The booklet is also known as the passbook of the Ramnam Bank. The name of Lord Rama is written only 108 times on each page of the passbook. The name of Lord Rama is considered as the currency of the bank.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Kamalā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4isOAAAAMAAJ |title=Hindī upanyāsoṃ meṃ sāmantavāda |date=1978 |publisher=Abhinava Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> Some devotees come to Ramnam Bank with different wishes. The Ramnam Bank also provides the facility of loan of the ''Ramnams.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lāla |first=Lakshmī Nārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vwSAAAAMAAJ |title=Rūpājīvā |date=1973 |publisher=Pītāmbara Buka Ḍipo |language=hi}}</ref> After the fulfillment of the wishes, the borrower devotees have to return the loan of Ramnams with some interest. If a devotee takes a loan of one lakh Ramnams, then that devotee has to return minimum one and a half lakh Ramnams to the bank written on booklets or electronically.<ref name=":2" />

Apart from writing repeated Ramnams on a booklet, some devotees also make artistic images of different deities by using Ramnams.
[[File:Ramnam art work.jpg|thumb|Ramnams artistic image ]]

== Locations ==
In the Indian subcontinent, there are several locations where Ramnam Banks have been established. The Ramnam Bank located in the city of [[Prayagraj]] is a major location. Every year during the [[Magh Mela|Maghi Mela]], a camp office of this bank opens at the [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam Nose]] in Prayagraj.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-02-20 |title=इस बैंक में नहीं चलते रुपये डॉलर, बस चलता है 'राम नाम' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/prayagraj/ram-naam-bank-that-functions-without-money-in-magh-mela-at-prayagraj/up20210220135250180 |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> It has inspired the Hindus of Indian origin living in [[Europe]] and [[Americas|America]] to open branches of the Ramnam Bank in their respective countries.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly, the Ramnam Bank at the [[Gautam Ashram]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] is other major location. The Ramnam Bank of the Gautam Ashram is a pillar shaped approximately 27 feet high. It was established in the year 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जनकपुर जाते समय राम ने बिहार के इस जिले में किया था अहिल्या का उद्धार, यहां पग-पग में होती है रामत्व की अनुभूति - Lord Shri Ram deliverance Mother Ahalya in Ahiyari of Darbhanga in Bihar here is detail |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-lord-shri-ram-deliverance-mata-ahalya-in-ahiyari-of-darbhanga-in-bihar-here-is-detail-23644161.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

In the city of [[Varanasi]], the Ramnam Bank is 98 years old. It is called here as Ram Ramapati Bank. It is run by Ashish Mehrotra.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly in the city of [[Ayodhya]], the Ramnam Bank is located at the Valmiki Ramayan Bhawan in the campus of the ''Maniramdas Chhabani'' in Ayodhya. The Ramnam Bank of the Ayodhya city is named as ''Antarrashtriya Shree Sitaram Bank''. It has a total of 150 branches in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कैसे खुलता है अयोध्या के रामनामी बैंक में खाता, देश-विदेश तक फैले खाताधारक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-ayodhya-bank-safe-filled-with-sitaram-name-devotees-from-india-and-abroad-are-account-holders-9220929.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

In the city of Agra, a Ramnam Bank is being operated by Agra Pataka Seva Sansthan since the year 2000. It is connected to the Ramnam Bank located at Bichuna in Jaipur of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ताजनगरी की अनूठा बैैंक, जहां धन नहीं बल्कि जमा होता है राम का नाम Agra News - collection of Ram naam in amazing bank |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-collection-of-ram-naam-in-amazing-bank-19762110.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2021, a Ramnam Bank was opened at the Shree Raj Rajeshwari Shiva Mandir in the [[Patiala]] city of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state. It is named as ''Shree Ram Nam Bank'' (SRNB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=पटियाला के मंदिर में अनोखा बैंक, जमा होता है 'राम नाम', अब तक 250 भक्तों ने खुलवाया खाता - Ram Naam Bank, Unique bank in Patiala temple, Ram Naam gets deposited in the account Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-unique-bank-in-patiala-temple-ram-naam-gets-deposited-in-the-account-jagran-special-21953107.html |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
The concept of the Ramnam Bank is old, with some banks tracing their history back to the 1870s. The Ramnam Bank of Prayagraj was established in 1870. It was founded by the ancestors of Ashutosh Varshney. The bank is presently managed by Ashutosh Varshney.<ref name=":1" /> According to him, earlier our ancestors used to write the name of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] on [[Betula utilis|Bhoj Patra]]. Later, the name of Lord Rama was written on ledgers or papers.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Spiritual concepts]]
[[Category:Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Prayagraj]]

Mukhtar Ahmed Waza

2026-04-24T00:19:04Z

Pickleballexpert: New

{{Short description|Kashmiri political leader (born 1968)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukhtar Ahmed Waza
| native_name = {{uninastaliq|مختار احمد وازہ}}
| image = Mukhtar Ahmed Waza(chairman JKPL and APHC executive member).jpg
| caption = Waza in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| children = 2
| office = [[Chairman, Jammu Kashmir Peoples League]]
| predecessor = [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]]
| occupation = Kashmiri separatist politician
| known_for = Chairman of the [[Jammu Kashmir People league]]; Executive member of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]

| signature = Signature of Mukhtar Ahmed Waza.jpg

}}

'''Mukhtar Ahmed Waza''' (born 1966) is a [[Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmiri separatist leader]] and chairperson of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples League, a banned [[political faction]] by the [[government of India]]. He is also an executive council member of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]].

==Personal life==

Waza married in 2004 to a Kashmiri women in [[Anantnag]] district of Jammu and Kashmir from which he has 2 sons Reyyan Mukhtar Waza and Umair Mukhtar Waza.

==Early life==
Waza was born in business family of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India on 2 June 1966. He did his early schooling at Government Middle School Sarnal, [[Anantnag]]. However, he could not complete his studies due to his affiliation with Peoples league for which he was jailed at the age of 16. Although completed education in [[Philosophy]], [[Political Science]] and Peace & Conflict Studies.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Political career==
[[File:Waza and Other Hurriyat leaders meets Nawaz sharief in 2012.jpg|thumb|Waza meets Nawaz Shareif in 2012 in Pakistan]]
[[File:Mukhtar Ahmed waza.jpg|thumb|Waza meets ram Jethmalani]]
[[File:Mukhtar Ahmed Waza meets Abdul Basit.jpg|thumb|Waza meets Abdul Basit in New Delhi]]
Waza began his political career in 1980 at the age of 14, leading a peaceful demonstration in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. His activism resulted in his arrest and subsequent detention under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978]] (PSA) for a period of three years. In 1986, he was again detained for one year under the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA). He, along with the JKPL activists, were arrested on several occasions, including in March 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian police arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza in IOK |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/05-02-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-ahmad-waza-in-iok |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.radio.gov.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=Indian police arrest Mukhtar Waza in IOK |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/29-Oct-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-waza-in-iok |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Times of Islamabad |language=en}}</ref> After the death of [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]], Waza became the chairman of Peoples League and executive member of [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] and was re-elected as chairman in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-11-24 |title=Waza Re-elected PL Chief |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2013/11/24/waza-re-elected-pl-chief/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukhtar Waza arrested in Anantnag |url=https://www.hastakshep.com/mukhtar-waza-arrested-in-anantnag/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.hastakshep.com |language=en}}</ref> Waza has been involved in talks at highest level of government both in India and Pakistan including visiting Pakistan on an official diplomatic trip and meeting Prime Minister [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]], President [[Asif Ali Zardari]]. Foreign Minister [[Hina Rabbani Khar]] in 2012 other leaders include [[Shehbaz Sharif]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Syed Munawar Hussain]] and [[Liaqat Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/hurriyat-m-delegation-in-pakistan-13757/|title=Hurriyat (M) Delegation In Pakistan|first=Kashmir|last=Life|date=15 December 2012}}</ref> Waza also met several international and national delegations too including meeting Pak high commissioner [[Abdul Basit]] in New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pakistan-high-commissioner-abdul-basit-meets-hurriyat-conference-chairman-mirwaiz-umer-farooq-in-del-748744|title=Pakistan High Commissioner Abdul Basit Meets Hurriyat Conference Chairman Mirwaiz Umer Farooq in Delhi}}</ref> several times and [[Ram Jethmalani]] as part of the Kashmir Committee in 2011. Over his 45 year long period of political struggle he has nearly spent 18 years in several jails across India. Waza has been closely associated with [[Abdul Gani Bhat]] from 1986 to 2025 till he died, Waza termed Bhat as his father like figure who taught him almost all pillars of life.

==See also==
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Mirwaiz Umar Farooq]]
* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]]
* [[Abdul Gani Bhat]]
* [[Abdul Ghani Lone]]
* [[Kashmiri separatism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* Press Trust Of Kashmir. (2019, January 15). Kashmir's historical background cannot be ignored: Mukhtar Waza. Press Trust Of Kashmir. https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2019/01/15/kashmirs-historical-background-cannot-be-ignored-mukhtar-waza/
* Kns. (2016, December 4). Waza visits Dooru, pays tributes to martyr Sajad Malik. KNS. [https://www.knskashmir.com/waza-visits-dooru--pays-tributes-to-martyr-sajad-malik-12567 Waza visits Dooru, pays tributes to martyr Sajad Malik]
* Indian police arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza in IOK. (n.d.). https://www.radio.gov.pk/05-02-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-ahmad-waza-in-iok
* Islamabad, T. O. (2018, October 29). Indian police arrest Mukhtar Waza in IOK. Times of Islamabad. https://timesofislamabad.com/29-Oct-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-waza-in-iok
* The Kashmir Pulse. (2018, March 15). Kashmir settlement vital for durable peace: Waza. The Kashmir Pulse. https://kashmirpulse.com/jk/kashmir/kashmir-settlement-vital-for-durable-peace-waza/291.html?amp=
* Police arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza on way to Pulwama - UrduPoint. (2018, May 1). UrduPoint. [https://www.urdupoint.com/en/kashmir/police-arrest-mukhtar-ahmad-waza-on-way-to-pu-332480.html Police Arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza On Way To Pulwama]
* Press Trust Of Kashmir. (2019b, January 15). Kashmir's historical background cannot be ignored: Mukhtar Waza. Press Trust Of Kashmir. https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2019/01/15/kashmirs-historical-background-cannot-be-ignored-mukhtar-waza/
* Waza calls for peaceful resolution of Kashmir dispute. (n.d.). https://www.radio.gov.pk/08-04-2021/waza-calls-for-peaceful-resolution-of-kashmir-dispute
* Observer News Service. (2013, November 24). Waza re-elected PL Chief. Kashmir Observer. [https://kashmirobserver.net/2013/11/24/waza-re-elected-pl-chief/ Waza Re-elected PL Chief]
* Press Trust Of Kashmir. (2018, October 9). Mukhtar waza urges New Delhi’ to shun confrontation and start dialogue. Press Trust Of Kashmir. https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2018/10/09/mukhtar-waza-urges-new-delhi-to-shun-confrontation-and-start-dialogue/
* [https://thekashmirpress.com/2018/06/17/kashmir-dispute-basic-reason-for-india-pak-rift-mukhtar-waza/ Kashmir dispute basic reason for India-Pak Rift: Mukhtar Waza]
* https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2019/01/15/kashmirs-historical-background-cannot-be-ignored-mukhtar-waza/
* [https://www.knskashmir.com/waza-visits-dooru--pays-tributes-to-martyr-sajad-malik-12567 Waza visits Dooru, pays tributes to martyr Sajad Malik]
* [https://www.radio.gov.pk/05-02-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-ahmad-waza-in-iok Indian police arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza in IOK]
* [https://timesofislamabad.com/29-Oct-2018/indian-police-arrest-mukhtar-waza-in-iok Indian police arrest Mukhtar Waza in IOK]
* [https://kashmirlife.net/no-change-in-national-policy-on-kashmir-pak-envoy-tells-hurriyat-conference-m-100026/ ‘No Change in National Policy on Kashmir,’ Pak Envoy tells Hurriyat Conference (m)]
* [https://www.kmsnews.org/story/2021/09/25/jkpl-condemns-arrest-of-party-chairman-mukhtar-waza.html JKPL condemns arrest of party chairman Mukhtar Waza]
* [https://kashmirpulse.com/jk/kashmir/kashmir-settlement-vital-for-durable-peace-waza/291.html?amp= Kashmir settlement vital for durable peace: Waza]
* [https://pakobserver.net/kashmir-settlement-also-in-indias-interest-waza/ Kashmir settlement also in India’s interest: Waza]
* [https://www.urdupoint.com/en/kashmir/police-arrest-mukhtar-ahmad-waza-on-way-to-pu-332480.html Police Arrest Mukhtar Ahmad Waza On Way To Pulwama]
* https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2019/01/15/kashmirs-historical-background-cannot-be-ignored-mukhtar-waza/
* [https://www.radio.gov.pk/08-04-2021/waza-calls-for-peaceful-resolution-of-kashmir-dispute Waza calls for peaceful resolution of Kashmir dispute]
* [https://kashmirobserver.net/2013/11/24/waza-re-elected-pl-chief/ Waza Re-elected PL Chief]
* https://presstrustofkashmir.com/2018/10/09/mukhtar-waza-urges-new-delhi-to-shun-confrontation-and-start-dialogue/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waza, Mukhtar Ahmed}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shanti Devi (Odisha politician)

2026-04-23T08:57:54Z

Pickleballexpert: created new biography more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shanti Devi
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Surada Assembly constituency]]
| term_end = March 1995
| term_start = February 1990
| predecessor = [[Sarat Chandra Panda]]
| successor = [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]
| death_date = 4 June 2009
| spouse = [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]]
| children = [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]
| relations = [[Nandini Devi]] (daughter in law)
| image =
}}
'''Shanti Devi''' was an Indian politician from the state of Odisha who served as Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]],<ref name=":0" /> Queen of [[Dharakote]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganjam dist sent 8 women MlAs; six of them queens |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/ganjam-dist-sent-8-women-mlas-six-of-them-queens.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref> and Deputy Chairperson of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam Zilla Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-22 |title=ZP chief reserved for women after 24 years |url=https://www.orissapost.com/zp-chief-reserved-for-women-after-24-years/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[Orissa Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], she got 45,201 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3626-orissa-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She died on 4 June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Shanti Devi |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=529 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref> She married [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]] in April 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member's Bioprofile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3428.htm |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> She was the mother of [[Kishore Chandra Singh Deo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl becomes head of Orissa royal family |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/girl-becomes-head-of-orissa-royal-family/631999/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> and mother-in-law of [[Nandini Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Hrusikesh|year=2019 |title=With Deo out of poll race, end of road for Khallikote royals? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/with-deo-out-of-poll-race-end-of-road-for-khallikote-royals/articleshow/68661298.cms |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Odisha-politician-stub}}

Udhampur East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:35Z

Pickleballexpert: created basic entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Udhampur East
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ranbir Singh Pathania]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}

'''Udhampur East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Udhampur]] is also part of [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J%26K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO |access-date=15 August 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Udhampur East">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Udhampur East|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|accessdate=21 October 2024|date=8 October 2024}}</ref>||[[Ranbir Singh Pathania]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur East<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Udhampur East|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709132739/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Pathania]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,996 |percentage=41.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Khajuria |party=Independent politician |votes=30,647 |percentage=38.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=8,427 |percentage=10.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Verma |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,495 |percentage=5.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soma |party=Independent politician |votes=740 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achhav Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=591 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=591 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,349 |percentage=2.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,246 |percentage=78.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,00,690 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Udhampur district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Panipat City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:33Z

Pickleballexpert: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = {{wikidata|title}}
|type = SLA
|reservation = None
|map_image = Panipat City Assembly constituency map.svg
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 2009
|abolished =
|constituency_no = {{wikidata|qualifier|P31|P1545}}
|district = [[Panipat district|Panipat]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
|mla ={{Wdib|P991|fwd=ALL|qual=ALL|df=dmy|osd=no}}
|party =
|latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 2,30,265
}}
'''Panipat City''' is one of the {{wikidata|property|Q5677950|P4253}} constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] of [[Haryana]] a northern state of [[India]]. Panipat City is also part of [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/panipat-city.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Panipat City Assembly constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panipat City Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/panipat-city.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Balbir Pal Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Rohita Rewri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Parmod Kumar Vij]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat City<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parmod Kumar Vij]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=81,750 |percentage=55.66% |change={{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varinder Kumar Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,078 |percentage=31.37% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohita Rewri |party=Independent politician |votes=15,546 |percentage=10.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=702 |percentage=0.48% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,672 |percentage=24.29% |change= {{decrease}}8.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,863 |percentage=62.76% |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,30,265 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat City<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parmod Kumar Vij]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=76,863 |percentage=62.84% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Aggarwal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,318 |percentage=30.51% |change={{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaidev Naultha |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,246 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singla |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,787 |percentage=1.46% |change={{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,725 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Kalra |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=783 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,545 |percentage=32.33% |change= {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,315 |percentage=55.49% |change= {{decrease}}13.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,20,440 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rohita Rewri]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=92,757 |percentage=66.49% |change={{increase}}40.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,036 |percentage=27.98% |change={{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Narang |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,630 |percentage=1.89% |change={{decrease}}21.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,321 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,213 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,721 |percentage=38.51% |change= {{increase}}25.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,511 |percentage=68.59% |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,410 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}28.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Panipat City<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3826-haryana-2009/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Pal Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,294 |percentage=38.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Bhatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,135 |percentage=25.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Mittal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,949 |percentage=23.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Wadhera |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=5,953 |percentage=6.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapil |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,259 |percentage=3.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Bhola |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=659 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Susheel Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=476 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,159 |percentage=12.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,455 |percentage=65.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,053 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Panipat]]
* [[Panipat district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 Affidavit (Pramod Vij)]

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.40|76.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Panipat]]
[[Category:Panipat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Sagolband Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:49Z

Pickleballexpert: created first post w/ refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagolband
| mla = [[Rajkumar Imo Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:24019}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| map_image =
}}

'''Sagolband Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=results2017/>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]].

== Extent ==
Sagolband is the 11th among the 60 assembly constituencies of Manipur. It has 36 parts namely: 1 - Sagolband Tera Amudon (A), 2 - Sagolband Tera Amudon (B), 3 - Bijoy Govinda (A), 4 - Bijoy Govinda (B), 5 - Thangjam Leikai, 6 - Ingudam Leikai, 7 - Sagolband Thingom Leikai, 8 - Sayang Pukhri Mapal, 9 - Thounaojam Leikai, 10 - Kwakeithel Thounaojam Leikai, 11 - Sagolband Takhellambam Leikai (A), 12 - Sagolband Takhellambam Leikai (B), 13 - Leimakhujam Leikai, 14 - Soibam Leikai, 15 - Sagolband Kangabam Leikai (A), 16 - Sagolband Kangabam Leikai (B), 17 - Keishampat Thokchom Leikai, 18 - Moirang Leirak, 19 - Nepra Manjor Leikai, 20 - Sagolband Moirang Leirak, 21 - Mabudhou Mantri Leikai, 22 - Sagolband Meino Leirak, 23 - Maisnam Leikai, 24 - Sagolband Salam Leikai (A), 25 - Sagolband Salam Leikai (B), 26 - Wahengbam Leikai (A), 27 - Wahengbam Leikai (B), 28 - Paona Bazar (A), 29 - Paona Bazar (B), 30 - Paona Bazar (C), 31 - Kakhulong(A), 32 - Kakhulong (B), 33 - Old Lambulane (A), 34 - Old Lambulane (B), 35 - Keisamthong Kabui Khul, and 36 - Yaiskul Police Lane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Khwairakpam Loken Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Rajkumar Imo Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=results2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=results2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|50.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Manipur National Conference}}|34.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|32.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|33.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|22.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|19.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|38.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|42.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.00}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Imo Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,054 |percentage=54.60% |change=7.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,398 |percentage=41.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Momo Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=564 |percentage=2.79% |change=-44.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=228 |percentage=1.13% |change=0.35% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,656 |percentage=13.12% |change=13.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,244 |percentage=84.28% |change= -0.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,019 |change =4.14% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.53% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Imo Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,211 |percentage=47.07% |change=-1.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,192 |percentage=46.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Satyabati Devi |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=982 |percentage=5.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=151 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19 |percentage=0.10% |change=-2.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,567 |percentage=84.84% |change= 4.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,064 |change =2.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -3.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Imo Singh]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=9,150 |percentage=50.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,731 |percentage=48.25% |change=-2.98% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=419 |percentage=2.32% |change=-6.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,096 |percentage=80.22% |change= 1.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,557 |change =3.66% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.67% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,792 |percentage=51.23% |change=22.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soram Natum Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,306 |percentage=42.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=925 |percentage=5.39% |change=3.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Gyaneshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,486 |percentage=8.66% |change=3.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,162 |percentage=78.87% |change= -0.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,760 |change =9.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur National Conference |swing= 16.92% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Soram Natum Singh |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=5,394 |percentage=34.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,572 |percentage=29.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,594 |percentage=22.86% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Manglem Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=500 |percentage=3.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gogonbihari Singh Thokchom |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=368 |percentage=2.34% |change=-12.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Ibohal Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=359 |percentage=2.28% |change=-26.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R.K. Rashmani Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=292 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Nokulsana Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=241 |percentage=1.53% |change=1.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Damodar Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=234 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Gyaneshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=88 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Homendro Singh @ Ishwarchandra |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=822 |percentage=5.23% |change=1.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,721 |percentage=78.90% |change= -4.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,926 |change =2.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur National Conference |loser=Janata Dal (Secular) |swing= 0.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=5,235 |percentage=32.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,598 |percentage=28.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soram Natum Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,694 |percentage=23.08% |change=9.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Mobicha Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,396 |percentage=14.97% |change=3.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angom-Cha Araba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=80 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=637 |percentage=3.98% |change=-6.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,003 |percentage=83.03% |change= -0.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,451 |change =7.88% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (Secular) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -0.98% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,037 |percentage=33.69% |change=-5.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khwairakpam Loken Singh|Dr. Khwairakpam Loken Singh]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,515 |percentage=23.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R.K. Ongbi Sorojini Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,678 |percentage=17.91% |change=-32.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Damudar Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,011 |percentage=13.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R.K. Tarachand Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,711 |percentage=11.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,522 |percentage=10.18% |change=-0.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,952 |percentage=83.85% |change= 2.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,030 |change =-2.59% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -16.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Jaichandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,443 |percentage=50.26% |change=44.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,795 |percentage=39.13% |change=20.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Damudar Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,572 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,648 |percentage=11.13% |change=6.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,810 |percentage=80.92% |change= 3.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,509 |change =24.57% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 27.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Damodar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,562 |percentage=22.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,073 |percentage=18.37% |change=-0.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Sarat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,821 |percentage=16.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pheoroijam Rameshchandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,391 |percentage=12.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loktongbam Iboyaima |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=628 |percentage=5.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. Joymati Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=601 |percentage=5.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Ranjit |party=Janata Party |votes=597 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Indubhushon |party=Communist Party of India |votes=573 |percentage=5.08% |change=-4.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Dolansana |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=492 |percentage=4.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Araghunath |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=3.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Radhakishor |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=489 |percentage=4.33% |change=-3.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,285 |percentage=77.66% |change= 2.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,858 |change =10.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 3.69% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Kumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,862 |percentage=19.02% |change=-19.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Damodar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,134 |percentage=11.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Jaichandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,120 |percentage=11.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaujam Tomba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,091 |percentage=11.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Tombi |party=Janata Party |votes=1,057 |percentage=10.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Janaki |party=Communist Party of India |votes=969 |percentage=9.90% |change=-19.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Laingem |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=9.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokohom Raghunath |party=Independent politician |votes=571 |percentage=5.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Loktongbam Iboyaima |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=5.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Joymati |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=378 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Manihar |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=728 |percentage=7.43% |change=-1.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,792 |percentage=75.03% |change= -1.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,460 |change =15.52% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -19.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Tombi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,359 |percentage=38.24% |change=1.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Bira |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,566 |percentage=29.21% |change=-13.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahemgbam Tomcha Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,051 |percentage=11.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokhamlung |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=10.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Hirenya Sana |party=Independent politician |votes=898 |percentage=10.22% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=793 |percentage=9.03% |change=3.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,785 |percentage=76.99% |change= -8.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,652 |change =70.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -3.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Bira |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,427 |percentage=42.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Gambhir |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,106 |percentage=36.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arambam Lalmani Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=729 |percentage=12.68% |change=-39.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Tomcha |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=488 |percentage=8.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=321 |percentage=5.58% |change=1.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,750 |percentage=85.90% |change= 6.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,822 |change =-57.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagolband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Gambhir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,595 |percentage=52.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ibomcha |party=Independent politician |votes=6,088 |percentage=48.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=507 |percentage=4.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,683 |percentage=79.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,203 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.8|93.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Freedom (2025 film)

2026-04-11T05:24:21Z

Pickleballexpert: Adding new post.

{{Short description|Unreleased 2025 film by Sathyasiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Freedom (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Poster with cancelled release date
| director = [[Sathyasiva]]
| writer = Sathyasiva
| producer = Pandiyan Parasuraman
| starring = [[M. Sasikumar]] [[Lijomol Jose]]
| cinematography = N. S. Uthayakumar
| editing = [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| studio = Vijaya Ganapathy's Pictures
| released = {{film date|2025|7|9|preview|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Freedom'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/freedom-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmxmtm0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/cP5QV |archive-date=27 March 2026 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Freedom''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] written and directed by [[Sathyasiva]]. It is produced by Pandiyan Parasuraman under the banner Vijaya Ganapathy's Pictures. The film stars [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Lijomol Jose]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Sasikumar starrer Freedom makers release special poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/11/sasikumar-starrer-freedom-makers-release-special-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522135539/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/11/sasikumar-starrer-freedom-makers-release-special-poster |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film previewed on 9 July 2025 and was set to release theatrically the next day before getting delayed due to financial issues.

== Plot ==
{{expand plot|date=February 2026}}
In the early 1990s, following the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], several innocent [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] refugees are unlawfully detained and tortured by suspicious police officers, and eventually plot to escape.<ref name="TOI review">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=9 July 2025 |title=Freedom Movie Review: Confined by Its Own Righteousness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/freedom/movie-review/122336147.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711000621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/freedom/movie-review/122336147.cms |archive-date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HinduReview">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=10 July 2025 |title='Freedom' movie review: Sasikumar's socio-political thriller is bleak and exploitative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/freedom-movie-review-sasikumars-socio-political-thriller-is-bleak-and-exploitative/article69795438.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730044330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/freedom-movie-review-sasikumars-socio-political-thriller-is-bleak-and-exploitative/article69795438.ece |archive-date=30 July 2025 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IndiaTodayReview">{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=9 July 2025 |title=Freedom review: Sasikumar's action drama, based on true story, is lost opportunity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/freedom-movie-review-sasikumar-action-drama-sri-lankan-refugee-lost-opportunity-2753225-2025-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709120238/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/freedom-movie-review-sasikumar-action-drama-sri-lankan-refugee-lost-opportunity-2753225-2025-07-09 |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OTTPlayReview">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=9 July 2025 |title=Freedom review: Sasikumar's film with stirring real-life story gets lost in... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/freedom-movie-review-sasikumars-film-with-stirring-real-life-story-gets-lost-in-brutality-with-no-emotional-depth/fd9e29d356340 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804070235/https://www.ottplay.com/review/freedom-movie-review-sasikumars-film-with-stirring-real-life-story-gets-lost-in-brutality-with-no-emotional-depth/fd9e29d356340 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as Maaran<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=சசிகுமார் நடித்த Freedom படத்தின் முக்கிய அறிவிப்பு விரைவில்... |trans-title=An important announcement about the film ''Freedom'' starring Sasikumar will be made soon... |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/an-important-announcement-about-the-film-freedom-starring-sasikumar-will-be-made-soon-771662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517173557/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/an-important-announcement-about-the-film-freedom-starring-sasikumar-will-be-made-soon-771662 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Selvi
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Chief Officer
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as Lawyer
* [[Bose Venkat]]
* [[Mu Ramaswamy|Mu Ramasamy]]
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]
* [[Ramesh Khanna]]
}}

== Production ==
In early-February 2024, it was reported that [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Lijomol Jose]] will be appearing their next in the film titled ''Freedom'', directed by [[Kazhugu (2012 film)|''Kazhugu'']] (2012) and ''[[Savaale Samaali]]'' (2015) fame [[Sathyasiva]], reuniting with Sasikumar after ''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2024 |title=Sasikumar, Lijomol Jose film with Sathyasiva titled 'Freedom' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-with-sathyasiva-titled-freedom/article67825375.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227150138/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-with-sathyasiva-titled-freedom/article67825375.ece |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=10 February 2024 |title=Sasikumar-Lijomol Jose film titled Freedom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/10/sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-titled-freedom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211025116/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/10/sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-titled-freedom |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Featuring Sasikumar and Lijomol as [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] refugees, the film features [[Sudev Nair]] as the antagonist alongside [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Bose Venkat]], [[Mu Ramaswamy]], [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Ramesh Khanna]] and others in key roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2024 |title=Sasikumar and Lijomol to be seen as Sri Lankan refugees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-and-lijomol-as-sri-lankan-refugees-in-film-freedom/articleshow/107578871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211015503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-and-lijomol-as-sri-lankan-refugees-in-film-freedom/articleshow/107578871.cms |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film is produced by Pandiyan Parasuraman under Vijaya Ganapathy's Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2024 |title=Sasikumar's next titled 'Freedom'; first look revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-next-titled-freedom-first-look-revealed/articleshow/107527069.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417090259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumars-next-titled-freedom-first-look-revealed/articleshow/107527069.cms |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The music for the film is composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], while cinematography is handled by N. S. Uthayakumar and editing by [[N. B. Srikanth]].<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=9 May 2025 |title=Sasikumar's Freedom gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/09/sasikumars-freedom-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509172543/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/09/sasikumars-freedom-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=9 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> On 23 June 2025, the production house officially confirmed about the [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] of the filming process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=23 June 2025 |title=Sasikumar's Freedom wraps filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/23/sasikumars-freedom-wraps-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701143410/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/23/sasikumars-freedom-wraps-filming |archive-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Freedom
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = Trend Music
| producer = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| prev_title = [[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Freedom
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Aagayam Ambuttayum
|single1date = 8 November 2024
|single2 = Aariro Arariro
|single2date = 30 June 2025
}}
}}
The film has music composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]] in his second collaboration with Sathyasiva and third with Sasikumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=9 February 2024 |title=Sasikumar's next with Lijomol Jose titled Freedom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/09/sasikumars-next-with-lijomol-jose-titled-freedom-51909.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522204944/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Feb/09/sasikumars-next-with-lijomol-jose-titled-freedom-51909.html |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Aagayam Ambuttayum" was released on 8 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=9 November 2024 |title=First single 'Aagayam Ambuttayum' from Sasikumar-Lijomol Jose's Freedom out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/09/first-single-aagayam-ambuttayum-from-sasikumar-lijomol-joses-freedom-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603025319/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/09/first-single-aagayam-ambuttayum-from-sasikumar-lijomol-joses-freedom-out |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Aariro Arariro" was released on 30 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title='Aariro Arariro' from Sasikumar's Freedom is a powerful lullaby rendered by Vaikom Vijayalakshmi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/01/aariro-arariro-from-sasikumars-freedom-is-a-powerful-lullaby-rendered-by-vaikom-vijayalakshmi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701082751/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/01/aariro-arariro-from-sasikumars-freedom-is-a-powerful-lullaby-rendered-by-vaikom-vijayalakshmi |archive-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aagayam Ambuttayum
| lyrics1 = [[Snehan]]
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| title2 = Aariro Arariro
| lyrics2 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra2 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
}}
== Release ==
''Freedom'' was scheduled to release in theatres on 18 July 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Sasikumar says Freedom will release in theatres next week |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/11/sasikumar-says-freedom-will-release-in-theatres-next-week |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715115823/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/11/sasikumar-says-freedom-will-release-in-theatres-next-week |archive-date=15 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but got postponed indefinitely without the makers announcing a new release date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=17 July 2025 |title=Sasikumar-Lijomol's Freedom release rescheduled indefinitely |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/17/sasikumar-lijomols-freedom-release-rescheduled-indefinitely |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805102620/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/17/sasikumar-lijomols-freedom-release-rescheduled-indefinitely |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Earlier the film was scheduled for 10 July, but got postponed to the next week,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Sasikumar's Freedom release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/10/sasikumars-freedom-release-postponed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710163503/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/10/sasikumars-freedom-release-postponed |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and then to the current date due to financial issues faced by the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=9 May 2025 |title=Freedom release date out: Sasikumar-Lijomol Jose film set for July release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/freedom-release-date-out-sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-set-for-july-release/7b1afec84b831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522033656/https://www.ottplay.com/news/freedom-release-date-out-sasikumar-lijomol-jose-film-set-for-july-release/7b1afec84b831 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Apart from Tamil, dubbed versions in Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi languages were planned for release.<ref name="ReleaseDate" />

== Reception ==
Reviewing the film at its preview show on 9 July 2025, Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Freedom'' is a historical document that exposes a dark corner many prefer to ignore. It's not the most gripping film, but it's interesting enough to make you look up the real story of those 43 inmates".<ref name="TOI review" /> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Alternating between the plight of the prisoners and their family members at the camp, ''Freedom'' ends up becoming so tunnel-visioned on selling the sentimentality of the story that it removes any scope for pointed political commentary".<ref name="HinduReview" /> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "''Freedom'' naturally had a story that could strike a chord with the audience. However, Sathyasiva’s film fails to capitalise on the intensity of the story with its sloppy execution".<ref name="IndiaTodayReview" />

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote, "''Freedom'' is supposed to be a story that may not have been on people’s memory or radar for long, but definitely one that belongs to a big-screen adaptation. But the film with little to less understanding of its gravitas, missteps into a wrong genre that did not warrant an overdose of physical torture onscreen, but an empathetic portrayal of a story less told".<ref name="OTTPlayReview" /> A critic from ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' said they were shaken by the scenes depicting torture, and the tunneling and escape scenes in the second half were interesting, compensating for the unnecessary burdens of the first half. The critic also praised the performances of Sasikumar, Lijomol, Ramasamy and Ramesh Khanna, but felt Malavika Avinash was underutilised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=''பிரீடம்'': திரை விமர்சனம் |trans-title=''Freedom'': Movie Review |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1369074-sasikumar-freedom-film-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214025135/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1369074-sasikumar-freedom-film-review.html |archive-date=14 February 2026 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Portrayals of Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sathyasiva}}

[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:2025 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about refugees]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyasiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political drama films]]

Bairat Temple

2026-03-28T23:24:12Z

Pickleballexpert: adding new place

{{short description|Buddhist site near Bairat, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Bairat Temple
| image = Buddhist Temple Viratnagar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Remains of Bairat Temple
| map_type = India#India Rajasthan
| relief = yes
| map_size = 250
| location = India [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.417116|N|76.16229|E|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| rite =
| region = [[Rajasthan]]
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| circle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year = 3rd century BCE
| status = Ruins
| functional_status = Artifacts removed
| heritage_designation =
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| architecture =
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'''Bairat Temple''' is a freestanding [[Buddhist temple]], a [[Chaityagriha]], located about a mile southwest of the city [[Viratnagar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], on a hill locally called "Bijak-ki-Pahari" ({{lit|Hill of the Inscription}}).<ref name=Asijaipur/><ref name=ASI/> The temple is of a circular type, formed of a central [[stupa]] surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall.<ref name=BA233/> It was built during the time of [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE, and near it were found two of Ashoka's [[Minor Rock Edicts]], the Bairat and the Calcutta-Bairat Minor Rock Edicts.<ref name=BA233>Le Huu Phuoc, 2010, p.233-237</ref> It is the earliest circular Buddhist shrine and therefore, Bairat temple is an important marker of the [[architecture of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Chaturvedi |first=Neekee |title=Evolution of Buddhism in Rajasthan |date=2012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156201 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=155–162 |jstor=44156201 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401105644/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156201 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Excavation Site, Bairat.jpg|thumb|Excavation Site, Bairat]]
It is situated in the ancient region of Matsya Janpad, a centre of vedic sacrifices in early literary and epigraphic references. Thus evidence of a flourishing Buddhist centre from this region is very significant. Bairat temple has been given attention by several archaeologists such as Cunningham and later by Carlleyle, Bhandarkar and Dayaram Sahni. The significant structures at the site of Bairat include a monastery and numerous remnants of Asokan pillars beside the circular temple.

== Circular Temple and Artefacts at Bairat ==
The circular temple is constructed on the lower platform. It is surrounded by a circumambulatory path. It is a structural temple that had made use of fire burnt bricks. It has crevices that indicate that it was surrounded by wooden pillars. The lime-plastered panels of brickwork in the shrine alternate with twenty-six octagonal pillars of wood. It shows two circles in plan and has no precedent of the kind. Dayaram Sahni has suggested that Bairat temple is the oldest structural temple and it served as model for the numerous rock-cut temples of Western and Eastern India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Remains and Excavations at Bairat |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/archaeological-remains-and-excavations-bairat |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401105650/https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/archaeological-remains-and-excavations-bairat |url-status=live }}</ref> The monastery attached to the shrine is elaborate with cells being large enough to accommodate just a single monk or nun. It is situated on the upper platform. Many portable antiquities like pottery jars, lamps etc have also been found on the site. All the evidence indiacate that Bairat temple was highly revered in the contemporary Buddhist world.
[[File:Bairat Temple.jpg|thumb|Bairat Temple]]
[[File:Monastic Cells at Bairat.jpg|thumb|Monastic Cells at Bairat]]
Sahni suggests that the elaborate structures indicate increasing visibility of Buddhist sites. The remarkable presence of structures like the Bairat temple can be linked to increasing popularity of Buddhism at the time. Mauryan king Asoka's support and interest led to extraordinary development of Buddhist art. It appears that Rajasthan did not remain untouched with this wave of Buddhism.<ref name=":0" /> The ''sangharam'' of Bairat and the circular ''stupa'' at the Bijak hills were definitely majestic. They evidence that Buddhism existed here in a developed stage.

== A rare circular stand-alone temple ==
Early [[Chaitya]] halls are known from the 3rd century BCE. They generally followed a circular or [[apsidal]] plan, and were either rock-cut or freestanding.<ref name=AH>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip K. |title=India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088140 |page=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421 |language=en |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092626/https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Temples —built on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans— were initially constructed using brick and timber.<ref name=Chandra>Chandra (2008)</ref> Some temples of timber with [[wattle-and-daub]] may have preceded them, but none remain to this day.<ref name=BA233/>

Today, only the foundation of the temple remains.<ref name=BA233/> The circular temple was located inside a rectangular enclosure wall, and had an outer diameter of 5.6 meters.<ref name=BA233/> It was built around a small stupa at the centre, with a diameter of 1.6 meters.<ref name=BA233/> There was also an internal circle of 26 wooden octagonal columns surrounding the stupa.<ref name=BA233/><ref name=Asijaipur>{{cite web|url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bairat%20-%20Excavated%20site.html|title=ASI Notice|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830101459/http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bairat%20-%20Excavated%20site.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The layout created two ''[[pradaksina]]'' circular paths for devotional deambulation. The global shape of the temple has been inferred from more or less contemporary reliefs of such buildings from [[Bharhut]], or from rock-cut temples at [[Kondivite]], [[Tulja Caves]] or [[Guntupalli Caves]].<ref name=BA233/>

It has been suggested that this circular design with columns was derived from the similar design of the Greek [[Tholos (architecture)|Tholos]].<ref name=BA233/> However local circular hut designs are a more probable source of inspiration.<ref name=BA233/>

<gallery mode="packed">
Bairat temple and rock.jpg|Another view of the remains.
Bairat Temple plan.jpg|Temple plan.
Bairat Temple reconstitution.jpg|Drawing of original temple
File:Bharhut circular Temple.jpg|Relief of a circular temple, [[Bharhut]], circa 100 BCE.
Bharhut Mahabodhi Temple.jpg|Early circular [[Mahabodhi Temple]], [[Bharhut]], circa 100 BCE.
</gallery>

===Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka===
[[File:Bhabru inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Ashoka, found on the platform in front of the temple.<ref name=ASI/>]]
[[File:Bairat-Calcutta Edict discovery spot.jpg|thumb|The inscription was found on a rock on the platform between the Bairat Temple and the huge cannon-shaped rock in front of it.<ref name=ASI/>]]
[[File:Bhabru inscription of the Buddha word.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|The word "Buddha" in the Bairat Edict. [[Brahmi script]].]]
A [[Minor Rock Edict]] of [[Ashoka]] (the unique Minor Rock Edict No.3) was found in close proximity to the Temple: the Bairat-Calcutta Edict, also called the Bhabru Edict, from the name of a nearby village.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Four Reports Made During The Years 1862 - 63 - 64 - 65 Volume Ii |date=1871 |pages=242–248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |last1=Cunningham |first1=Sir Alexander |access-date=31 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092627/https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dating to circa 250 BCE, the edict was found just in front of the remains of the Bairat Temple, on the lower platform located between the temple and the cannon-shaped large rock, by Major Burt in 1840 ({{coord|27.417124|76.162569|display=inline}}).<ref>"According to Cunningham this is probably the same inscription of Ashoka which Major Burt found in 1840 on a hill at Bairat." in {{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Virendra N. |title=Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations |date=2007 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-321-4 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDRuAAAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092627/https://books.google.com/books?id=jDRuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 2 |date=1871 |page=247 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42985/page/n301/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=ASI/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent E. |title=Asoka: The Buddhist Emperor |date=2018 |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-93-87022-26-3 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkFmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104 |language=en |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092634/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkFmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The presence of this inscription, its date and its Buddhist content, help date the temple with a high level of certainty, as well as confirm its Buddhist affiliation.<ref name=ASI/>

The Edict, relocated since the 19th century to the [[Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] in [[Calcutta]] (hence the name "Calcutta-Bairat Edict)", is the only one of its kind, describing Buddhist scriptures recommended by Ashoka for study. It reads:

{{blockquote|
The [[List of monarchs of Magadha|Magadha King]] Priyadarsin, having saluted the [[Samgha]] hopes they are both well and comfortable.

It is known to you, Sirs, how great is my reverence and faith in the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]] (and) the [[Samgha]].

Whatsoever, Sirs, has been spoken by the blessed Buddha, all that is quite well spoken.

But, Sirs, what would indeed appear to me (to be referred to by the words of the scripture): "thus the true Dharma will be of long duration", that I feel bound to declare:

The following expositions of the Dharma, Sirs, (viz.) the ''Vinaya-Samukasa'' ("The Exaltation of Discipline"), the ''Aliya-vasas'' ("The Ideal Mode of Life"), the ''Anagata-bhayas'' ("Fears to Come"), the ''Muni-gathas'' ("The Songs of the Hermit"), the ''Moneya-Suta'' ("Discourse on the Hermit Life"), the ''Upatisa-pasina'' ("The Questions of Upatishya"), and the ''Laghulovada'' ("The Sermon to [[Rahula]]") which was spoken by the blessed Buddha concerning falsehood, — I desire, Sirs, that many groups of monks and (many) nuns may repeatedly listen to these expositions of the Dharma and may reflect (on them).

In the same way both [[Upasaka|laymen and laywomen]] (should act).

For the following (purpose), Sirs, am I causing this to be written, (viz.) in order that they may know my intention.
|Adapted from Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch 1925 [https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n349/mode/2up p.172] Public Domain
}}
[[File:Ashokan Inscription Palque at Bairat.jpg|thumb|Ashokan Inscription Plaque at Bairat]]
This edict was the basis for the efforts at deciphering [[Brahmi]], led by [[James Prinsep]] in 1837.<ref>Proceedings of the Meetings of the Session, Volume 24, Indian Historical Records Commission, 1948 "the discovery at Bairat of the Asokan inscription which, in the hands of James Prinsep, became the key for unravelling and deciphering the edicts of King Piyadasi"</ref> A commemorative plaque is visible at the Asiatic Society.

The inscription of Asoka found from this region addresses the Buddhist monks. There must have been a considerable presence of the Buddhist monks in Bairat. But the centre must have declined in later period and a change in situation is recorded in the travelogue of Hieun-tsang who wrote that the popularity of Buddhism in Bairat was not what he had imagined it to be.

==Other circular temples==
[[File:Tall circular Buddhist temple, Early 1st Century CE - Mathura - ACCN 00-M3 - Government Museum - Mathura.jpg|thumb|Tall circular Buddhist temple, early 1st Century CE, [[Mathura Museum]].]]
Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type. [[Ashoka]] also built the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]] circa 250 BCE, also a circular structure, in order to protect the [[Bodhi tree]] under which the [[Buddha]] had found enlightenment. Representations of this early temple structure are found [[:File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg|on a 100 BCE relief]] sculpted on the railing of the stupa at [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], as well as in [[Sanchi]].<ref>"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I" by John C. Huntington. ''Orientations'', November 1985 pg 61</ref> From that period the [[Diamond throne]] remains, an almost intact slab of [[sandstone]] decorated with reliefs, which Ashoka had established at the foot of the [[Bodhi tree]].<ref name="Huu Phuoc">Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA240 p.240]</ref><ref name="Ching">A Global History of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching, Mark M. Jarzombek, Vikramaditya Prakash, John Wiley & Sons, 2017 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 p.570ff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702125951/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPqKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570 |date=2 July 2023 }}</ref> These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as [[Tulja Caves]] or [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli]].<ref name=BA233/>

<gallery>
File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg|Ashoka's [[Mahabodhi Temple]] and [[Diamond throne]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], built circa 250 BCE. [[Bharhut]] frieze.
File:Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi, Stupa 1, Southern gateway.
File:Andhra pradesh, santuario a più piani, da ghantasala, 90-110 ca..JPG|Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE, [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] Stupa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Adam|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation: the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|date=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173120|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA41|language=en|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031081848/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Le|first1=Huu Phuoc|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=9780984404308|page=238|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA238|language=en|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031081849/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Tulja Lena Chaitya remains.jpg|Remains of the circular rock-hewn circular [[Chaitya]] with columns, [[Tulja Caves]].
</gallery>

==Apsidal temples==
Another early free-standing temple in India, this time [[apsidal]] in shape, appears to be [[:Commons:category:Sanchi Temple 40|Temple 40]] at [[Sanchi]], which is also dated to the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="BA147">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2010, p.147</ref> It was an [[apsidal]] temple built of timber on top of a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52x14x3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. The temple was burnt down sometime in the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=(Firm) |first2=Rough Guides |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843530893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA393 |language=en |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092628/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA393#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Guide to Sanchi |date=1955 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.4365/4365#page/n153/mode/2up}}</ref> This type of apsidal structure was also adopted for most of the cave temple ([[Chaitya-griha]]s), as in the 3rd century BCE [[Barabar Caves]] and most caves thereafter, with side, and then frontal, entrances.<ref name=BA233/> A freestanding apsidal temple remains to this day, although in a modified form, in the [[Trivikrama Temple]] in [[Ter, Maharashtra]].<ref name=BA>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA237 |language=en |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031092629/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture|India|Religion}}
* [http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bairat%20-%20Excavated%20site.html ASI notice]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Chandra, Pramod (2008), ''South Asian arts'', Encyclopædia Britannica.

[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in India]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]

Diana Penty

2026-03-28T05:47:42Z

Pickleballexpert: brief refined information for consistency additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diana Penty
| image = Diana Penty snapped outside Excel Entertainment’s office in Bandra.jpg
| caption = Penty in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1985|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2005{{En dash}}present
| partner = Harsh Sagar (2013-Present)
}}

'''Diana Penty''' ({{IPA|hns|ɖaːjəna ˈpeːɳʈi|pron}}; born 2 November 1985) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in [[Hindi]] films. She began her modelling career in 2005 when she was signed up by [[Elite Model Management|Elite Models India]].<ref name="verve">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Viseshika |title=Flaming Blush |url=http://www.verveonline.com/116/fashion/flaming.shtml |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=Verve |date=January 2013 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110130/http://www.verveonline.com/116/fashion/flaming.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> Penty then made her acting debut with the romantic comedy film ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012), for which she earned the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] nomination.<ref name="Diana Penty—Awards">{{cite web |title=Diana Penty—Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/39519 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020133416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/39519 |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty has her hands full |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/diana-penty-has-her-hands-full-364225 |work=Tribune India |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030150/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/diana-penty-has-her-hands-full-364225 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After a four-year hiatus, Penty portrayed the titular role of a runaway bride in ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]'' (2016), a [[sleeper hit]]. She went on to play an army officer in ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' (2018), a public service volunteer in ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021), and the leading lady in the streaming film ''[[Bloody Daddy]]'' (2023). Her highest grossing release came with ''[[Chhaava]]'' (2025). Penty had her web expansion with the series ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]'' (2025).

In addition to her acting career, Penty is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty's complete beauty evolution |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-beauty-evolution/amp |work=Vogue |date=9 October 2017 |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030150/https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-beauty-evolution/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Diana Penty on making a debut down south this year! Looking back at 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/diana-penty-on-making-a-debut-down-south-this-year-looking-back-at-2022/articleshow/95575822.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Penty was born on 2 November 1985<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday wishes pour in for Diana Penty |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-wishes-pour-in-for-diana-penty20211102172803/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |newspaper=ANI News |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110130/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/birthday-wishes-pour-in-for-diana-penty20211102172803/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/wiki/diana-penty |title=डायना पेंटी |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.amarujala.com/wiki/diana-penty |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-diana-penty-5-times-the-cocktail-actress-rocked-instagram-with-her-looks-2370885.html |title=Happy Birthday Diana Penty! |website=News18 |date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-diana-penty-5-times-the-cocktail-actress-rocked-instagram-with-her-looks-2370885.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/birthday-special-diana-penty-her-art-of-leaving-mark-on-screen-anushka-sharma-others-extend-wishes-743413 |title=Birthday Special: Diana Penty and her art of leaving mark on screen |website=India TV |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=2019-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727212426/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/celebrities/birthday-special-diana-penty-her-art-of-leaving-mark-on-screen-anushka-sharma-others-extend-wishes-743413 |url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to a [[Parsi]] father and a [[Goan Catholic]] mother.<ref>{{Cite news |title=These stars trace their roots to Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/these-stars-trace-their-roots-to-goa/amp_articleshow/102675466.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Rati |title=Bollywood Celebs with Inter-Faith Parents |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/bollywood-celebs-with-inter-faith-parents/21101/7 |publisher=iDiva |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224053441/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/bollywood-celebs-with-inter-faith-parents/21101/7 |url-status=live}}</ref> She attended [[St. Agnes High School, Mumbai|St. Agnes High School]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_alumnae-relive-old-days-as-mumbai-s-st-agnes-hits-a-ton_1634450 |title=Alumnae relive old days as Mumbai's St Agnes hits a ton |work=Daily News & Analysis |date= 7 January 2012 |accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Mass Media from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Jajoo |first=Amar A. |title=Bollywood actors who have good academic background |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bollywood-actors-who-have-good-academic-background/articleshow/18397034.cms |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 February 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812160228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-08/news-interviews/36992540_1_omi-vaidya-actors-new-york-film |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ajmera |first=Ankit |title=Diana Penty has a huge appetite for desserts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Diana-Penty-has-a-huge-appetite-for-desserts/articleshow/15274117.cms |access-date=11 July 2013 |date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-26/fitness/32941456_1_diana-penty-gym-fitness |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/xaviers-becomes-mumbais-first-autonomous-college-419949|title=St. Xavier's becomes Mumbai's first autonomous college|work=NDTV India|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309202613/https://www.ndtv.com/cities/xaviers-becomes-mumbais-first-autonomous-college-419949|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

===Modelling career (2005–2011)===
[[File:Diana Penty graces the 'Mijwan-Sonnets in Fabric' fashion show.jpg|thumb|Penty at an event in 2011]]

Penty began her modeling when she sent her photographs to [[Elite Model Management|Elite Models India]], who liked her work and suggested she take up modelling assignments. At this stage, she was in college and was reluctant to choose a career in modeling, so Penty decided to work part-time as a fashion model.<ref name="verve"/>
In 2005, Penty officially started working for Elite Models India, and made her [[Runway (fashion)|runway]] debut at the Indo-Italian Festival for [[Italy|Italian]] designers [[Nicola Trussardi]] and [[Gianfranco Ferré]].<ref name="faces">{{cite web |last=Hari |first=Veena |title=These faces have made their mark |date=21 September 2006 |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2006/sep/21wlmodels.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105043118/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2006/sep/21wlmodels.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, Penty modelled for several other Indian designers, including [[Wendell Rodricks]], [[Rohit Bal]] and Rina Dhaka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Acting is more demanding, says Diana Penty |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/acting-is-more-demanding-says-diana-penty/article1-1003987.aspx |access-date=28 June 2014 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=1 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201153656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Acting-is-more-demanding-says-Diana-Penty/Article1-1003987.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2007, she had established a successful modelling career after appearing in print campaigns for some of India's most prominent brands, including [[Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri]], [[Parachute (brand)|Parachute]] and [[Trent (Westside)|Westside]]; as well as featuring on the covers of a few Indian fashion magazines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Debut Deck: Diana Penty |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/debut-deck-diana-penty?page=6#image=4 |publisher=[[MSN]] |access-date=28 June 2014 |date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728215910/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/debut-deck-diana-penty?page=6#image=4 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sizzler">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |title=Indian sizzler for New York fashion runway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indian-sizzler-for-new-york-fashion-runway-50212-2009-06-17 |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=18 June 2009 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003142/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Indian+sizzler+for+New+York+fashion+runway/1/47109.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The following year, Penty went on to model at an international circuit when she started to endorse global brands excluding [[Maybelline]], [[Garnier]] and [[Forever 21]].<ref name="sizzler"/> On Penty's international appeal, the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of Elite Models India Sushma Puri commented, "Diana has a face that is very versatile and appeals to both Indian and international markets and she is also young, beautiful and confident. This makes her the ideal choice for any international brand."<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian model Diana Penty is new brand ambassador of Maybelline |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/indian-model-diana-penty-is-new-brand-ambassador-of-maybelline_100125997.html |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=[[BNO News|Thaindian News]] |date=12 December 2008 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203120753/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/indian-model-diana-penty-is-new-brand-ambassador-of-maybelline_100125997.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in her modelling career Penty started to receive film offers, though she believed herself to be too inexperienced, and rejected them to focus on modelling.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diana replaces Deepika as a brand ambassador! |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diana-replaces-deepika-as-a-brand-ambassador-/401417/0 |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 December 2008 |archive-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920025406/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diana-replaces-deepika-as-a-brand-ambassador-/401417/0 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2008 to 2010, Penty established herself internationally after modelling for fashion weeks in [[Paris Fashion Week|Paris]] and [[New York Fashion Week|New York]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |title=Diana Penty quits ramp for Bollywood |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Diana-Penty-quits-ramp-for-Bollywood/Article1-885571.aspx |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=9 July 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203145538/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Diana-Penty-quits-ramp-for-Bollywood/Article1-885571.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Vidya |title=Models in India are very impatient, says Diana Penty |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-models-in-india-are-very-impatient-says-diana-penty-1284321 |access-date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204033905/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-models-in-india-are-very-impatient-says-diana-penty-1284321 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Breakthrough, hiatus and critical acclaim (2012–2018)===
Penty was originally slated to make her [[Bollywood]] debut in 2011 with [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' opposite [[Ranbir Kapoor]], although she rejected the film due to her modelling commitments at the time and was subsequently replaced by [[Nargis Fakhri]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saini |first=Minakshi |title=Rockstar was offered to me first: Diana Penty |date=21 July 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rockstar-was-offered-to-me-first-Diana-Penty/Article1-893160.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823070633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rockstar-was-offered-to-me-first-Diana-Penty/Article1-893160.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> She later signed up for [[Homi Adajania]]'s ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' instead; at Ali's suggestion.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 years of Cocktail: Diana Penty says Imtiaz Ali recommended her for Meera's role |date=20 July 2017 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/5-years-of-cocktail-diana-penty-says-imtiaz-ali-recommended-her-for-meera-s-role/story-QLNTt6Doq5wAhBdKj5MpXJ.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> Cast alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]], the film received mixed to positive reviews. Penty's portrayal of Meera, a simple Indian girl with traditional values was well received by critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] commented that "Diana, who makes her acting debut, gets to portray a rather difficult character for her debut film. There's a very disarming kind of innocence that she brings to the role and she impresses a great deal."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Cocktail (2012) Review |date=13 July 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547301 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009054557/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547301 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Raja Sen agreed, mentioning that she is "refreshingly natural".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Cocktail is let down by its inane plot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-cocktail-is-let-down-by-its-plot/20120713.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 February 2014 |date=13 July 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106041103/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-cocktail-is-let-down-by-its-plot/20120713.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Anupama Chopra added that "Diana is saddled with the most colourless character but [...] infuses her role with a quiet poise and holds her own."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Cocktail |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Cocktail/Article1-888616.aspx |access-date=29 June 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726073522/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Cocktail/Article1-888616.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Her performance earned her nominations at numerous award ceremonies, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013 |date=12 April 2018 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Cocktail'' emerged a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office Earnings 10/08/12 - 16/08/12 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825191030/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten 2012 Lifetime Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181249/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Diana Penty at the screening of ‘Shubh Mangal Saavdhan’.jpg|thumb|Penty in 2017]]

After a four-year absence from the screen, Penty played the titular runaway bride, Happy opposite [[Ali Fazal]] and [[Abhay Deol]] in [[Aanand L. Rai]]'s production ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]'' (2016), written and directed by [[Mudassar Aziz]], which tells the story of her character's ensuing adventures when, in an attempt to elope with her lover, she instead ends up on the other side of the border, much to the chagrin of a young politician whose house she ends up in. About the break from acting, Penty said: "It wasn't a conscious break. I was taking my time looking to be a part of an interesting story. I didn't want to do anything that came my way."<ref name="happy">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Karishma |title=Diana is happy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/t2/story_109827.jsp#.WLwISW-GO00 |access-date=5 March 2017 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306032739/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160924/jsp/t2/story_109827.jsp#.WLwISW-GO00 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film earned mixed reviews from critics but was a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collection-day-3-diana-penty-film-shows-growth-despite-rustom-2990627/ |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi box office collection day 3: Diana Penty film shows growth despite Rustom |work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=25 January 2018 |date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030200906/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-bhag-jayegi-box-office-collection-day-3-diana-penty-film-shows-growth-despite-rustom-2990627/|archive-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar wrote that Penty "steals the spotlight in every frame", while [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said: "Penty is brimming with potential [...] but her Happy, despite being the titular protagonist, is the most under-written character."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rohit |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi movie review: A perfect family entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/190816/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-a-perfect-family-entertainer.html |access-date=5 March 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 August 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306042321/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/190816/happy-bhag-jayegi-movie-review-a-perfect-family-entertainer.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vetticad |first1=Anna M.M. |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi review: Diana Penty brims with potential; film is funny, but forgettable |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-diana-penty-brims-with-potential-film-is-funny-but-forgettable-2964790.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073702/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/happy-bhag-jayegi-review-diana-penty-brims-with-potential-film-is-funny-but-forgettable-2964790.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her only release in 2017 was debutante Ranjit Tiwari's prison film ''[[Lucknow Central]]'', where she played Gayatri, a diligent NGO worker who champions the cause of a band formed by a group of prison inmates, opposite [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=lucknow-central-diana-penty-character-inspires-her-to-volunteer-for-an-ngo-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4851079/ |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lucknow-central-diana-penty-character-inspires-her-to-volunteer-for-an-ngo-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4851079/ |access-date=19 September 2017 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921211605/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lucknow-central-diana-penty-character-inspires-her-to-volunteer-for-an-ngo-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4851079/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that she plays her part well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lucknow-central/movie-review/60515289.cms |title=Lucknow Central Movie Review: Prisoners of fate break free… |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> It was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-lucknow-central/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Lucknow Central |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 September 2017 }}</ref> Penty had two film releases in 2018. She first played an army officer, Captain Ambalika, in Abhishek Sharma's period drama ''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' opposite [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests-1029574-2017-08-14 |title=John Abraham unveils Parmanu poster: All you need to know about the story of Pokhran |last=Ghosh |first=Samrudhi |work=India Today |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224074855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests/1/1025701.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' critic mentioned, "Diana has a crucial part and essays the no nonsense character very well."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/parmanu-story-pokhran/critic-review/parmanu-story-pokhran-movie-review/ |access-date=26 May 2018 |agency=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090202/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/parmanu-story-pokhran/critic-review/parmanu-story-pokhran-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It emerged a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-parmanu-story-pokhran/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Parmanu – The Story of Pokhran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> In her second film that year, she reprised her titular role in ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]'', a sequel to ''Happy Bhag Jayegi'', alongside [[Sonakshi Sinha]], who played an eponymous namesake. It underperformed compared to the prequel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Abhishek |title=Diana Penty starts prepping up for 'Parmanu'. |date=20 June 2017 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/Bollywood/report-diana-penty-starts-prepping-up-for-parmanu-2478592 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625163330/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-diana-penty-starts-prepping-up-for-parmanu-2478592 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confirmed! Abhay Deol and Diana Penty's 'Happy Bhaag Jayegi' to have a sequel! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-confirmed-abhay-deol-and-diana-penty-s-happy-bhaag-jayegi-to-have-a-sequel-2323536 |access-date=5 March 2017 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217161443/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-confirmed-abhay-deol-and-diana-penty-s-happy-bhaag-jayegi-to-have-a-sequel-2323536 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Commercial fluctuation and streaming films (2019-2024)===
In 2019, she had special song appearance alongside singer [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and actors [[Suniel Shetty]] and [[Raveena Tandon]] as the proverbial "Shehar Ki Ladki" in a promotional music video of the song, a remake of an eponymous hit, for ''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diana-penty-to-recreate-raveena-tandon-s-shehar-ki-ladki-in-khandaani-shafakhana-1557224-2019-06-27 |title=Diana Penty to recreate Raveena Tandon's Shehar Ki Ladki in Khandaani Shafakhana |work=India Today |access-date=29 June 2019 |date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629024309/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diana-penty-to-recreate-raveena-tandon-s-shehar-ki-ladki-in-khandaani-shafakhana-1557224-2019-06-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Penty played Ira, a public service volunteer who has a friction of ideology with her husband, in director [[Kunal Deshmukh]]'s 2021 romantic drama ''[[Shiddat]]'' opposite [[Mohit Raina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shiddat-journey-beyond-love-dinesh-vijan-ropes-sunny-kaushal-radhika-madan-diana-penty-mohit-raina-intense-love-story/|title=Shiddat – Journey Beyond Love: Dinesh Vijan ropes in Sunny Kaushal, Radhika Madan, Diana Penty, Mohit Raina for an intense love story|date=17 May 2019|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516104220/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shiddat-journey-beyond-love-dinesh-vijan-ropes-sunny-kaushal-radhika-madan-diana-penty-mohit-raina-intense-love-story/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty and Mohit Raina's first look from Shiddat out. See new poster |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=India Today |date=21 September 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diana-penty-mohit-raina-s-first-look-from-shiddat-out-see-new-poster-1855176-2021-09-21 |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514095602/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/diana-penty-mohit-raina-s-first-look-from-shiddat-out-see-new-poster-1855176-2021-09-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s Samriddhi Srivastava noted, "Though Penty gets extremely limited screen time in comparison to her male counterparts, she leave a mark as free-spirited, practical and open-minded women."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiddat Movie Review: Mohit Raina carries this Radhika Madan, Sunny Kaushal film |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=India Today |date=30 September 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shiddat-movie-review-mohit-raina-carries-this-radhika-madan-sunny-kaushal-film-1859198-2021-09-30 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930205916/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shiddat-movie-review-mohit-raina-carries-this-radhika-madan-sunny-kaushal-film-1859198-2021-09-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> Penty then expanded to Malayalam films in 2022 with ''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]'' opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]] portraying Dia, Salmaan's love interest.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diana Penty to debut in South with Dulquer's Salute? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diana-penty-to-star-in-dulquers-malayalam-film-salute/articleshow/80560531.cms |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2022|title=Salute trailer: Dulquer Salmaan promises a gripping investigative thriller|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/salute-trailer-dulquer-salmaan-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller-7805214/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi mentioned, "The women have very less to contribute to the film and Diana Penty gets wasted in a role that has no impact."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salute movie review: Dulquer Salmaan and Diana Penty's film is a fine police procedural |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 March 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/salute-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-s-film-is-a-fine-police-procedural-101647584579767-amp.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319210824/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/salute-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-s-film-is-a-fine-police-procedural-101647584579767-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films had digital release.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 'Salute' To Have A Digital Release |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/dulquer-salmaan-starrer-salute-to-have-a-digital-release-news-185684 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

In her first release of 2023, Penty portrayed an actor's wife Naina, opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] in Raj Mehta's ''[[Selfiee]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selfiee: Akshay Kumar welcomes leading ladies Diana Penty and Nushrratt Bharuccha with a fun video, watch |work=Indian Express |date=21 March 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/selfiee-akshay-kumar-welcomes-leading-ladies-diana-penty-and-nushrratt-bharuccha-7829639/lite/ |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha, Diana Penty join 'Selfiee' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-selfiee/article65248829.ece |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-selfiee/article65248829.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna M. M. Vetticad stated that she "brings a glowing dignity" to her role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Selfiee movie review: A reasonably entertaining Akshay Kumar starrer after a long time |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/selfiee-movie-review-a-reasonably-entertaining-akshay-kumar-starrer-after-a-long-time-12200442.html |work=Firstpost |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224055723/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/selfiee-movie-review-a-reasonably-entertaining-akshay-kumar-starrer-after-a-long-time-12200442.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It emerged a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=SELFIEE BOX OFFICE |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/selfiee/box-office/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 February 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304192607/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/selfiee/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Penty then played a NCB officer Aditi in ''[[Bloody Daddy]]'' opposite [[Shahid Kapoor]], which had a digital release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Diana Penty is the leading lady in Ali Abbas Zafar's Shahid Kapoor starrer; Read Deets |work=Pinkvilla |date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-diana-penty-leading-lady-ali-abbas-zafar-s-shahid-kapoor-starrer-read-deets-1052342 |access-date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927203818/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-diana-penty-leading-lady-ali-abbas-zafar-s-shahid-kapoor-starrer-read-deets-1052342 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Shahid Kapoor confirms Bloody Daddy to drop on OTT: 'If we do action of this scale on streaming, what do we do now for big screen?' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-confirms-bloody-daddy-to-drop-on-ott-8553193/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210651/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-confirms-bloody-daddy-to-drop-on-ott-8553193/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja opined that she doesn't go overboard and maintains a calming balance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloody Daddy movie review: This Shahid Kapoor-starrer serves everything half-baked |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 June 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bloody-daddy-movie-review-this-shahid-kapoor-starrer-serves-everything-halfbaked-101686274482734.html |access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref> Penty played a mysterious women alongside [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] in ''[[Adbhut]]'', her only release of 2024. The film directly released on [[Sony Max]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adbhut First Look: Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Diana Penty, Shreya Dhanwanthary and Rohan Mehra's thriller announced |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/adbhut-first-look-nawazuddin-siddiqui-diana-penty-shreya-dhanwantharys-thriller-announced-911898%3famp |access-date=7 October 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Adbhut Trailer Out: Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Diana Penty's spine-chilling thriller, will leave you with goosebumps; can you solve mystery?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/adbhut-trailer-out-nawazuddin-siddiqui-diana-pentys-spine-chilling-thriller-will-leave-you-with-goosebumps-can-you-solve-mystery-1342388?amp|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|date=24 August 2024|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> A ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' critic was appreciative of her performance in a role that she has never done before.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adbhut Movie Review: ADBHUT is a watchable horror film, despite its minuses |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 September 2024 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/adbhut/critic-review/adbhut-movie-review/adbhut-is-a-watchable-horror-film-despite-its-minuses/ |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref>

===Career progression (2025–present)===
In her first release of 2025, Penty portrayed Kesar, a rebellious wife opposite [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Mohit Malik]] in ''[[Azaad (2025 film)|Azaad]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty cast opposite Ajay Devgn in Abhishek Kapoor's next co-starring Rasha Thadani and Aman Devgan |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 May 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/diana-penty-cast-opposite-ajay-devgn-abhishek-kapoors-next-co-starring-rasha-thadani-aman-devgan/ |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' stated, "While, Penty doesn't get a lot of screen-space, she and Devgn add the required edge and delicacy to the story."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azaad review: Boredom screams louder than the horse's neigh in Rasha-Amaan's film |work=India Today |date=17 January 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/azaad-review-ajay-devgn-rasha-thadani-amaan-devgan-film-is-too-sweet-to-leave-an-impact-2666128-2025-01-17 |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117065230/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/azaad-review-ajay-devgn-rasha-thadani-amaan-devgan-film-is-too-sweet-to-leave-an-impact-2666128-2025-01-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Azaad Lifetime Box Office: Aaman Devgan and Rasha Thadani's movie with Ajay Devgn to wrap its theatrical run at JUST Rs 10 crore globally |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/azaad-lifetime-box-office-aaman-devgan-and-rasha-thadanis-movie-with-ajay-devgn-to-wrap-its-theatrical-run-at-just-rs-10-crore-globally-1369500#:~:text=Azaad%20Lifetime%20Box%20Office:%20Aaman,Rs%2010%20crore%20globally%20%7C%20PINKVILLA |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Following this, she portrayed Mughal princess [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]] in ''[[Chhaava]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presenting, Diana Penty as Shehzadi Zinat-un-Nissa in Chhaava |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/presenting-diana-penty-as-shehzadi-zinat-un-nissa-in-chhaava-aa-9226497.html |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that her character needed a bit more menace.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhaava movie review: Vicky Kaushal is near-flawless, Akshaye Khanna terrifies in imperfect Chhatrapati Sambhaji biopic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-near-flawless-akshaye-khanna-terrifies-in-imperfect-chhatrapati-sambhaji-biopic-101739501218281-amp.html |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A box office success, it emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of all time]] and Penty's highest grossing release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhaava/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211020234/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhaava/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Chhaava box office collection day 36: Vicky Kaushal-starrer only Rs 23 cr shy of becoming the second biggest Hindi hit of all time, earns Rs 575 cr |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-36-vicky-kaushal-earns-rs-575-cr-only-rs-23-cr-shy-of-becoming-the-second-biggest-hindi-hit-of-all-time-9899574/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322055947/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhaava-box-office-collection-day-36-vicky-kaushal-earns-rs-575-cr-only-rs-23-cr-shy-of-becoming-the-second-biggest-hindi-hit-of-all-time-9899574/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Penty then played an investigating cop Natasha in ''[[Detective Sherdil]]'', alongside [[Diljit Dosanjh]]. The film had a digital release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Scroll |date=10 June 2025 |title=Watch: Diljit Dosanjh plays an investigator in comedy thriller 'Detective Sherdil' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083047/watch-diljit-dosanjh-plays-an-investigator-in-comedy-thriller-detective-sherdil |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> While some critics felt she was "underutilised", Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "Penty brings a certain sense of gravitas to her performance with her no-nonsense attitude."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjhs-detective-sherdil-movie-review-boman-irani-ratna-pathak-shah-banita-sandhu-walk-away-with-top-honours-in-a-semi-engaging-murder-mystery-13897014.html|title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Detective Sherdil' movie review: Boman Irani, Ratna Pathak Shah, Banita Sandhu walk away with top honours in a semi-engaging murder mystery
|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amogh|last=Ravindra|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/detective-sherdil-movie-review-whodunit-with-missed-opportunities-3595777|title='Detective Sherdil' movie review: Whodunit with missed opportunities
|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref> In the same year, Penty expanded to web with the series ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]'', where she played a beer startup owner opposite [[Nakuul Mehta]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Santanu | title=Do You Wanna Partner trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia, Diana Penty are in need of jugaad to open their own beer brand. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=29 August 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/do-you-wanna-partner-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-open-beer-brand-nakuul-mehta-neeraj-kabi-shweta-tiwari-101756459695521.html | access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

Penty will next appear in ''Section 84'' alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty joins Amitabh Bachchan in the courtroom drama 'Section 84' |work=Mid Day |date=3 April 2023 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/diana-penty-joins-amitabh-bachchan-courtroom-drama-section-84-23278877 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

==Off-screen work==
Inspired by her character in ''[[Lucknow Central]]'', Penty volunteered for an NGO in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty's Lucknow Central character inspires her to volunteer for an NGO |work=The Indian Express |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=20 September 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lucknow-central-diana-penty-character-inspires-her-to-volunteer-for-an-ngo-farhan-akhtar-watch-video-4851079/lite/}}</ref> She also supports a number of causes. In 2020, she provides safety gear to [[Mumbai police]] amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and additionally collaborated with Ketto India for the initiative #EveryLifeMatters, to help provide relief and financial support during the crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diana Penty extends a helping hand, provides safety gear to Mumbai police amid Covid-crisis |work=Economics Times |date=19 June 2020 |access-date=19 August 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/diana-penty-extends-a-helping-hand-provides-safety-gear-to-mumbai-police-amid-covid-crisis/articleshow/76464343.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty partners with Ketto India for the initiative #EveryLifeMatters amid COVID crisis |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/diana-penty-partners-ketto-india-initiative-everylifematters-help-provide-relief-financial-support-amid-covid-crisis/}}</ref>

[[File:Diana P LFW-2017-17.jpg|thumb|Penty at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] in 2017]]

Penty made her [[Cannes Film Festival]] debut in 2019 and has subsequently appeared on the red carpet the following years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty picks an elegant white sari gown for Cannes 2019 |work=Vogue India |date=20 May 2019 |access-date=15 November 2020 |url=https://www.vogue.in/vogue-closet/collection/diana-penty-white-sari-gown-pearl-necklace-earrings-cannes-2019-red-carpet/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty's Stylish Cannes Red Carpet Looks! |work=Filmfare |date=18 October 2020 |access-date=10 December 2021 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/photos/diana-pentys-stylish-cannes-red-carpet-looks-42807.html}}</ref> She has ramp walked at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty looks ethereal in appliqué ensemble at Lakme Fashion Week 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=8 October 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/diana-penty-applique-lehenga-showstopper-lakme-fashion-week-7559584/lite/}}</ref> She has been [[cover model]] for several magazines including [[Vogue India|Vogue]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Vogue July 2012 Cover: Diana Penty |url=http://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty |work=[[Vogue India|Vogue]] |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005222741/http://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Elle (India)|Elle]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty on Elle India – October 2012 |date=3 October 2012 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/diana-penty-on-elle-india-october-2012/ |publisher=Indicine |access-date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829211437/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/diana-penty-on-elle-india-october-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana on Verve |date=2 January 2013 |url=http://bollywoodfashionpolice.wordpress.com/tag/verve-january-2013/ |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-date=9 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109084700/http://bollywoodfashionpolice.wordpress.com/tag/verve-january-2013/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Women's Health (magazine)|Women's Health India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty unveils Women's Health magazine's double issue |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1705198 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215222/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1705198 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Grazia India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Beauty Secrets of our cover girl Diana Penty |url=http://www.grazia.co.in/beauty-health2/beauty-secrets-of-our-cover-girl-diana-penty |publisher=[[Grazia (India)|Grazia]] |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217015440/http://grazia.co.in/beauty-health2/beauty-secrets-of-our-cover-girl-diana-penty |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Femina (India)|Femina]] among others.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anjali |title=Diana Penty in Stella McCartney on cover of Femina May 2013 issue |url=http://www.stylemeindia.com/fashion/diana-penty-in-stella-mccartney-on-cover-of-femina-may-2013-issue-67557 |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420110713/http://www.stylemeindia.com/fashion/diana-penty-in-stella-mccartney-on-cover-of-femina-may-2013-issue-67557 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Penty has been very vocal on various issues. Praising the [[MeToo Movement|#MeToo movement]], she said, "I am proud that the #MeToo movement has kick-started. It is commendable that women are coming out and bringing light to the issues which they went through in the past. It takes a lot of courage."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diana Penty proud of India's #MeToo movement|author=IANS|work=The Statesman|date=12 October 2018 |access-date=12 December 2019|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/diana-penty-proud-indias-metoo-movement-1502695761.html/amp}}</ref>

===Controversy===
During ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]'' musical event in 2016, [[Mika Singh]] cracked a joke on Penty's surname, that did not go well with her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Bhag Jayegi: Diana Penty hits out at Mika Singh's sexist 'Panty-Kachcha' jibe|work=India Today|date=10 August 2016 |access-date=20 August 2017|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-bhag-jayegi-diana-penty-mika-singh-panty-kachcha-gabru-song-334496-2016-08-10}}</ref> After much prodding, the actress opened up on the matter and said, "I don’t find these jokes funny. I don’t even understand how people laugh at such comments."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mika Singh cracks 'dirty joke' on Diana Penty! Here's how she reacted|work=India TV News|date=9 August 2016|access-date=12 September 2017|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-mika-singh-dirty-comment-diana-penty-reaction-342991|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811013827/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-mika-singh-dirty-comment-diana-penty-reaction-342991|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Penty has been in a relationship with diamond merchant Harsh Sagar since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty opens up about her 12-year relationship with a diamond merchant |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/diana-penty-opens-12-year-relationship-diamond-merchant-says-married-head/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In my head I am married: Diana Penty on 12-year relationship with Harsh Sagar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/diana-penty-12-year-relationship-with-boyfriend-harsh-sagar-2743654-2025-06-20 |website=India Today |date=20 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

==Artistry and public image==
[[File:Diana Penty at Bombay Times Fashion Week, 2019.jpg|thumb|Penty in 2019]]

Post her debut, Penty was termed as the "next big thing" in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Power Actress: Diana Penty |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715212601/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-star-power-female/ |url-status=live |archive-date=15 July 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Aishwarya Acharya of ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' finds her to be "sensitive, astute, calm, passionate and hopeful".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Aishwarya Acharya |title=Diana Penty Gets Candid About Fashion, Marriage & Beauty! |work=Femina India |access-date=2 January 2021 |url=https://m.femina.in/celebs/indian/diana-penty-gets-candid-about-fashion-marriage-beauty-179514.amp |archive-date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223122741/https://m.femina.in/celebs/indian/diana-penty-gets-candid-about-fashion-marriage-beauty-179514.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] termed her "refreshingly natural".<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand: 'Cocktail' could've done with more heart |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-cocktail-couldve-done-with-more-heart/271177-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715212601/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-cocktail-couldve-done-with-more-heart/271177-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |author=Rajeev Masand |website=CNN-IBN |date=14 July 2012}}</ref> ''[[Grazia]]''{{'}}s Tanya Mehta says Penty has a "compelling onscreen presence" and added that she is here to stay.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Tanya Mehta |title=You may think Diana Penty's a reluctant star but she's just getting started |work=Grazia |access-date=12 July 2021 |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/you-may-think-diana-pentys-a-reluctant-star-but-shes-just-getting-started-3418.amp |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302175746/https://www.grazia.co.in/people/you-may-think-diana-pentys-a-reluctant-star-but-shes-just-getting-started-3418.amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tandan |first=Raedita |title=I won't wear a bikini or get intimate on screen: Diana Penty |date=20 March 2013 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-wont-wear-a-bikini-or-get-intimate-on-screen-diana-penty-2648.html |work=Filmfare |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324214659/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-wont-wear-a-bikini-or-get-intimate-on-screen-diana-penty-2648.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ashwini Deshmukh of ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "Penty's choice of roles and rare confidence has given her two hits in her short but snazzy career."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ashwini Deshmukh |title=Diana Penty on Bollywood: This place toughens you up! |work=Filmfare |access-date=16 December 2021 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/filmfare-exclusive-diana-penty-on-bollywood-this-place-toughens-you-up-25800.amp}}</ref> Penty took a hiatus of 4 years just after her debut film. On her approach of choosing films, she said,
{{Blockquote|"I know it did take me a while in the beginning, but now, I have got the momentum and I don’t want that to stop. I’ve made a certain conscious effort to play different roles and do different genre of films because that’s the way it’s challenging and keeps things exciting for me."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diana Penty: You have to prove your talent and only then, filmmakers take notice and decide your fate|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 December 2017|access-date=12 January 2018|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/diana-penty-you-have-to-prove-your-talent-and-only-then-filmmakers-take-notice-and-decide-your-fate/story-xd3to09Wec0FwFdrrrbagL_amp.html|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112113059/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/diana-penty-you-have-to-prove-your-talent-and-only-then-filmmakers-take-notice-and-decide-your-fate/story-xd3to09Wec0FwFdrrrbagL_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Penty was placed 10th in ''[[The Times of India|Times of India's]]'' 10 Most Promising Female Newcomers of 2012 list.<ref>{{cite news |title=The most promising newcomer female for 2012 is |author=Priya Gupta, Garima Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-most-promising-newcomer-female-for-2012-is/articleshow/22117759.cms |access-date=13 January 2014 |date=29 August 2013 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113191713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-29/news-interviews/41539535_1_wasseypur-bollywood-august-30 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, Penty became the ninth most trended personality on [[Google]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See what was trending in 2012 – India |url=https://trends.google.com.pk/trends/yis/2012/IN/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Google Trends}}</ref> In 2013, she won [[Grazia|Grazia Face of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Deepika, John and Diana rock the Grazia awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/photos/deepika-and-john-rock-the-grazia-awards-2794-5.html#photos |access-date=2 October 2013 |work=Filmfare |date=6 April 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234151/http://www.filmfare.com/photos/deepika-and-john-rock-the-grazia-awards-2794-5.html#photos |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, she was placed 15th in ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s 50 Sexiest Asian Women List.<ref>{{cite web |author=PTI |title=Priyanka Chopra named world's sexiest Asian woman |date=19 February 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/priyanka-chopra-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-123503-2012-12-05 |work=India Today |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304135405/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/priyanka-chopra-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-123503-2012-12-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> She ranked 25th in 2013 and 23rd in 2019 in [[Times of India|''Times''{{'}} 50 Most Desirable Woman]] List.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diana Penty Most Desirable Woman at No.25 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/topic/bollywood/diana-penty-diana-penty-most-desirable-woman-at-no25-video-3sYuknoD3wI-122335-1.html |access-date=2 October 2013 |work=Firstpost |date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095636/http://www.firstpost.com/topic/bollywood/diana-penty-diana-penty-most-desirable-woman-at-no25-video-3sYuknoD3wI-122335-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/ |title=Disha Patani tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 list |publisher=ANI |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915042809/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list20200829103342/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from acting and modelling, Penty is an endorser for several brands and products including [[TRESemmé]] and [[Nokia]], in particular the [[Nokia Lumia 510|Lumia 510]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suruchi |title=Diana Penty's phone is her all-time companion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Diana-Pentys-phone-is-her-all-time-companion/articleshow/16940176.cms |access-date=21 April 2013 |date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214255/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-25/news-interviews/34708543_1_windows-phone-diana-penty-apps |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> She became the first Indian star to endorse Estée Lauder India.<ref>{{cite web |title=My Personal Style Is Casual And Simple: Diana Penty |date=18 April 2013 |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/my-personal-style-is-casual-and-simple-diana-penty/72853 |publisher=Business of Cinema |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420030150/http://businessofcinema.com/news/my-personal-style-is-casual-and-simple-diana-penty/72853 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Estée Lauder names Diana Penty as its first Indian brand ambassador |work=Elle.in |date=12 December 2018 |access-date=28 December 2020 |url=https://elle.in/article/estee-lauder-diana-penty-indian-brand-ambassador/}}</ref> She is also the brand ambassador of [[Garnier]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahima Makwana joins Diana Penty as the brand ambassador of Garnier |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/antim-actress-mahima-makwana-joins-diana-penty-brand-ambassador-garnier/ |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926163846/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/antim-actress-mahima-makwana-joins-diana-penty-brand-ambassador-garnier/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Penty is widely known for her fashion style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty's complete style evolution |work=Vogue India |date=24 November 2019 |access-date=15 November 2021 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-style-evolution |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925064335/https://www.vogue.in/content/diana-penty-complete-style-evolution |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable "| Ref.
|-
| 2012
! scope="row"|''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Meera Sahni
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=First look: Cocktail|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/First-look-Cocktail-imagegallery-bollywood-mfwr1cfcbgi.html?html=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526221303/http://www.sify.com/movies/First-look-Cocktail-imagegallery-bollywood-mfwr1cfcbgi.html?html=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2012|access-date=9 July 2012|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cocktail: The film faces nature's fury |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/081211-Cocktail-faces-natures-fury.htm |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=11 February 2012 |work=Mid Day |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418093443/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/dec/081211-Cocktail-faces-natures-fury.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"|''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]''
| Harpreet "Happy" Kaur
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Abhay-Deol-to-romance-Diana-Penty-in-Happy-Bhaag-Jayegi/articleshow/45963232.cms |title=Abhay Deol to romance Diana Penty in Happy Bhaag Jayegi |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |work=The Times of India|access-date=2 October 2015 |date=21 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920053620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Abhay-Deol-to-romance-Diana-Penty-in-Happy-Bhaag-Jayegi/articleshow/45963232.cms|archive-date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi/articleshowprint/53756166.cms |title=Music Review: Happy Bhag Jayegi |work=The Times of India |last=Basu |first=Mohar|access-date=24 January 2018 |date=19 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180202084922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Happy-Bhag-Jayegi/articleshowprint/53756166.cms|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"|''[[Lucknow Central]]''
| Gayatri Kashyap
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/diana-penty-excited-to-share-screen-space-with-farhan-akhtar-in-lucknow-central-4538039/ |title=Diana Penty excited to share screen space with Farhan Akhtar in Lucknow Central |date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
! scope="row"|''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]''
| [[Captain|Capt.]] Ambalika Bandopadhyay / Nakul Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/john-abraham-and-diana-penty-parmanu-to-release-on-march-2/190628 |title=John Abraham and Diana Penty's Parmanu to release on April 6th, trailer to arrive soon |publisher=Times Now |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]''
| Harpreet "Happy" Kaur
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-joins-diana-penty-in-happy-phir-bhag-jayegi-watch-teaser/story-ATsVqILPbSf5wAq9iQTNwO.html|title=Sonakshi Sinha joins Diana Penty in Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi|date=2018-02-20|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220105020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-joins-diana-penty-in-happy-phir-bhag-jayegi-watch-teaser/story-ATsVqILPbSf5wAq9iQTNwO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"|''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''
| Sunita
| Special appearance in song "Sheher Ki Ladki"
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/diana-penty-badshah-to-feature-in-sheher-ki-ladki-remake-in-khandaani-shafaakhana-report/story-DF1tDgprCzVpoKpcf6gQDK.html |title=Diana Penty, Badshah to feature in Sheher Ki Ladki remake in Khandaani Shafaakhana |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 June 2019 |date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/diana-penty-badshah-to-feature-in-sheher-ki-ladki-remake-in-khandaani-shafaakhana-report/story-DF1tDgprCzVpoKpcf6gQDK.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row"|''[[Shiddat]]''
| Ira Sharma Sehgal
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Sunny Kaushal, Radhika Madan, Mohit Raina and Diana Penty starrer Shiddat to release soon|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-and-sunny-kaushal-starrer-shiddat-to-release-on-disneyhotstar-on-october-1/|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908112237/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/radhika-madan-and-sunny-kaushal-starrer-shiddat-to-release-on-disneyhotstar-on-october-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"|''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]''
| Dia
| [[Malayalam]] film
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Diana Penty joins Dulquer Salmaan's film; the diva says she is excited to make her debut in Malayalam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diana-penty-joins-dulquer-salmaan-rosshan-andrrews-film-the-diva-says-she-is-excited-to-make-her-debut-in-malayalam/articleshow/80765155.cms|access-date=21 March 2021|work=The Times of India|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215083725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/diana-penty-joins-dulquer-salmaan-rosshan-andrrews-film-the-diva-says-she-is-excited-to-make-her-debut-in-malayalam/articleshow/80765155.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
! scope="row"|''[[Selfiee]]''
| Naina
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=21 March 2022|title=Diana Penty and Nushrratt Bharuccha join Akshay Kumar and Emraan Hashmi in Selfiee|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-akshay-kumar-emraan-hashmi-selfiee-see-announcement/|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321104305/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-akshay-kumar-emraan-hashmi-selfiee-see-announcement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/star-power-male/|title=Akshay Kumar and Emraan Hashmi starrer Selfiee goes on floors|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=10 March 2021|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313042021/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/star-power-male/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bloody Daddy]]''
| Aditi Rawat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bloody-daddy-first-look-shahid-kapoor-looks-intense-gets-compared-to-john-wick-101681305669737.html |title=Bloody Daddy first look: Shahid Kapoor looks intense, gets compared to John Wick |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-shahid-kapoor-starrer-bloody-daddy-release-june-9-premiere-directly-ott/ |title=BREAKING: Shahid Kapoor starrer Bloody Daddy to release on June 9; to premiere directly on OTT |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413043603/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-shahid-kapoor-starrer-bloody-daddy-release-june-9-premiere-directly-ott/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row"|''[[Adbhut]]''
| Mary Mathews / Anjali Malhotra / Amy Mathews
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sabbir-khans-adbhut-stars-nawazuddin-siddiqui-diana-penty-shreya-dhanwanthary-rohan-mehra/ |title=Sabbir Khan's Adbhut stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Diana Penty, Shreya Dhanwanthary and Rohan Mehra |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006062432/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sabbir-khans-adbhut-stars-nawazuddin-siddiqui-diana-penty-shreya-dhanwanthary-rohan-mehra/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-adbhut-shooting-paused-due-unexpected-rains-manali/ |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Diana Penty starrer Adbhut shooting paused due to unexpected rains in Manali |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019074317/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-adbhut-shooting-paused-due-unexpected-rains-manali/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
! scope="row"|''[[Azaad (2025 film)|Azaad]]''
| Kesar Bahadur
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rasha Thadani-Aaman Devgan debut with Ajay Devgn and Diana Penty's Azaad. See poster |work=India Today |date=30 October 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rasha-thadani-aaman-devgan-debut-with-ajay-devgn-abhishek-kapoor-azaad-poster-out-2625538-2024-10-30 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Chhaava]]''
| [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava trailer: Vicky Kaushal roars as Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj in period drama|work=India Today|date=22 January 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chhaava-trailer-vicky-kaushal-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-period-drama-rashmika-mandanna-laxman-utekar-2668599-2025-01-22 |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Detective Sherdil]]''
| Natasha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Diana Penty on her on-screen chemistry with Diljit Dosanjh; says, "There was a natural ease between us" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/diana-penty-screen-chemistry-diljit-dosanjh-says-natural-ease-us/ |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{pending film|italic=no|''Section 84''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan and Diana Penty wrap up the shoot for Section 84, see BTS pics |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/amitabh-bachchan-and-diana-penty-wrap-up-the-shoot-for-section-84-see-bts-pics-59201.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616224108/https://www.filmfare.com/photos/amitabh-bachchan-and-diana-penty-wrap-up-the-shoot-for-section-84-see-bts-pics-59201.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable "| Ref.
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
| Anahita Makujina
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diana Penty, Tamannaah Bhatia's Do You Wanna Partner to stream from September 12|work=India Today|date=25 August 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/diana-penty-tamannaah-bhatias-do-you-wanna-partner-to-stream-from-september-12-2776274-2025-08-25 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Music video appearance===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Singer
!scope="col" class="unsortable "| Ref.
|-
| 2020
| "Challon Ke Nishaan"
| [[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2020 |first=Tiasa |last=Bhowal |title=Sidharth Malhotra, Diana Penty's Challon Ke Nishaan will leave you teary eyed. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sidharth-malhotra-diana-penty-s-challon-ke-nishaan-will-leave-you-teary-eyed-watch-1752010-2020-12-22 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710054207/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sidharth-malhotra-diana-penty-s-challon-ke-nishaan-will-leave-you-teary-eyed-watch-1752010-2020-12-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) Debut - Female
| rowspan="9" |''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Big Star Awards 2012 / 2013 – Winners, Nominations |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/big-star-awards-2012-2013-winners-nominations/ |publisher=Indicine |access-date=2 February 2014 |date=17 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084118/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/big-star-awards-2012-2013-winners-nominations/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan Fun Fearless Awards]]
| Best Female Debut
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/cosmopolitan-fff-awards-winners-all-the-away-93729-2012-02-20 |title=Cosmopolitan awards: Winners all the way |website=India Today |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7"|2013
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="Diana Penty—Awards" />
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Behrawala |first=Krutika |title=Screen Awards nominations 2012: 'Quote-unquote' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-nominations-2012-quoteunquote/1057483/0 |access-date=2 October 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2013 |archive-date=4 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204103111/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-nominations-2012-quoteunquote/1057483/0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2013/videos/best-actor-debut-female-2.html |title=Best Actor Debut Female |publisher=Zee TV |date=6 January 2013 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214105341/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2013/videos/best-actor-debut-female-2.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards|Star Guild Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=star>{{cite web |title=Star Guild Awards — Nominees |url=http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=Star Guild Awards |access-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306014648/http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=6 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name="star" />
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013 |date=22 April 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| Most Profitable Debut – Female
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2012 Winners |series=ETC Bollywood Business Awards |network=ZEE ETC |date=5 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actress in a Comedy Film
| ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/first-look/happy-bhag-jayegi/happy-bhag-jayegi-11/ |title=Happy Bhag Jayegi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 July 2016 |access-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202085741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/photos/first-look/happy-bhag-jayegi/happy-bhag-jayegi-11/|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Dynamic Performer of the Year – Female
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Summit and Awards 2025: From Akshay Kumar to Varun Dhawan to Shahid Kapoor to Vidya Balan, celebrities win big |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-style-icons-summit-awards-2025-akshay-kumar-varun-dhawan-shahid-kapoor-vidya-balan-celebrities-win-big/|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5069465}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|diana-penty}}
* {{instagram|dianapenty}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Diana Penty
|d = yes
|d-search = Q4781915
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penty, Diana}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Udyavara

2026-03-21T14:34:32Z

Pickleballexpert: clean up, typo(s) fixed: , → ,

{{About|it's town in Udupi district|the author and poet|Udyavara Madhava Acharya}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udyavara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village/Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|18|35.07|N|74|44|11.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Udupi District
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 574118
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0820
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Udupi
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Grama Panchayath
| website = {{URL|udyavara.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Udyavara''' is an ancient port village located 5 km south of [[Udupi]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. This town is a regional marine industry and fisheries hub. Fish meal products and fish oils from village Pithrody in Udyavara are exported all across the globe.

Udyavara is gradually becoming a Udupi suburb. [[National Highway 17]], now [http://National_Highway_66_%28India%29 NH 66], passes through the village.

The river Papanashini flows from east to west and turns north to separate Udyavara and Malpe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rivers|url=https://maps.google.co.nz/maps?q=river+Udyavar&client=tablet-android-hms-vf-nz&espv=1&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ei=HuY6VPnyJdjh8AW7lYKoDA&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg|website=Google Maps|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> The river hosts several [[islets]] and its waters are navigable.Illegal sand extraction(mining) is causing damage to the flow of river and its environs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/admar-mutt-seer-raises-voice-against-illegal-sand-extraction-on-papanashini-river-at-udyavara/article66636145.ece|title=Admar Mutt seer raises voice against illegal sand extraction on Papanashini river at Udyavara|author= The Hindu Bureau|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:21.10 Shambukallu-Tempel.png|thumb|Shambukallu Temple]]
Udyavara has a rich history, dating from the 3rd and 4th centuries BCE. Test excavations yielded [[pottery]] from around that time, and what is perhaps the earliest information about the Jaina [[Santara]]s, rulers of [[Humcha|Hombuchcha]], have been obtained from this place.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

Udyavara was one of the earliest capitals of the [[Alupa dynasty]]. It was a source of conflict between two factions of the family, becoming a battleground during the 8th and 9th centuries AD. Numerous inscriptions have been reported, providing the earliest epigraphical information about them. During this period Udyavara had two fortifications. The inner wall enclosed a palace, while the outer wall enclosed the town. During the late medieval period the administration of this town was under the Portuguese colony .

The city lost much of its heritage to modern development. Remnants of fort walls, temples and inscriptions document Udyavara's ancient glory.

HOLY PLACES
* Veera Bhadra Durgaparameshwari
* Siddhi Vinayaka Temple
* Siddiq -E-Akbar Jamia Masjid,
* UBM Christha Shanthi Church,
* St.Francis Xavier church
* Shambu kallu Shiva Temple
* Sri Veera Vittala Temple: Situated in Matadangadi, is one of the oldest temples from GSB community in Udupi.

== Education ==
B.E.M Primary school,
Hindu Primary School and St Francis Xavier school are in the village.

An [[Ayurveda]] college is located nearby the village.

== Tourist attractions ==

Tourist attractions include Udyavara river and Pithrody beach.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326144937/http://www.udupipages.com/travel/udyavara.php Travel to Udyavara]}}
*{{official website|http://udyavara.com}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

Garcia de Orta

2026-03-20T16:21:10Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{Short description|Portuguese botanist (1501–1568)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Garcia de Orta
|image = Garcia de Orta (c. 1906) - Veloso Salgado.png
|caption = Garcia de Orta, from a 1905 painting by [[Veloso Salgado]] ([[Universidade Nova de Lisboa|NOVA Medical School]], [[Lisbon]])
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{circa}} 1501
|birth_place = [[Castelo de Vide]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|death_date = 1568
|death_place = [[Old Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
|nationality =
|occupation = Physician and naturalist
|known_for =
|signature = Assinatura Garcia de Orta.svg
}}

'''Garcia de Orta''' (or '''Garcia d'Orta'''; 1501–1568) was a Portuguese physician, herbalist, and naturalist, who worked primarily in [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]] and [[Portuguese Bombay|Bombay]] in [[Portuguese India]]. A pioneer of [[tropical medicine]], [[pharmacognosy]], and [[ethnobotany]], Garcia used an experimental approach to the identification and the use of herbal medicines, rather than relying completely on received knowledge. His most famous work is ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'', a book on simples (herbs used individually and not mixed with others) and drugs. Published in 1563, it is the earliest treatise on the medicinal and economic plants of India. [[Carolus Clusius]] translated it into Latin, which was widely used as a standard reference text on medicinal plants. Garcia de Orta was of Jewish ancestry and died before the [[Goa Inquisition]], his sister Catarina was however burnt at the stake in 1569 for being a [[Crypto-Jews|secret Jew]] and, based on her confession, his remains too were exhumed and burnt along with an effigy at an [[auto-da-fé]]. Memorials recognizing his contributions have been built in both Portugal and India.

== Life ==
[[Image:Garcia-orta-coloquios.png|thumb|right|Title page of ''[[Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas da India|Colóquios]]'' (1563)]]
Garcia de Orta was born in [[Castelo de Vide]], probably in 1501, the son of Fernão (Isaac) da Orta, a merchant, and Leonor Gomes. He had three sisters, Violante, Catarina and Isabel. Their parents were Spanish Jews from [[Valencia de Alcántara]] who had taken refuge, as many others did, in Portugal at the time of the great expulsion of the Spanish Jews by the ''[[Catholic Monarchs|Reyes Catolicos]]'' [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]] of Spain in 1492. Forcibly converted to Christianity in 1497, they were pejoratively classed as ''Cristãos Novos'' ([[New Christians]]) and [[marranos]] ("swine"). [[Anusim|Some of these]] refugees maintained their Jewish faith secretly.{{sfn|Boxer|1963|p=6}} A friendly neighbor at [[Castelo de Vide]] was the nobleman [[Dom (title)|Dom]] Fernão de Sousa, Lord of Labruja, who may have influenced the idea for Garcia's father to send him to University. Dom Fernão's son [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] would become a key figure in later life.{{sfn|Markham|1913|p=viii}}<ref name=pimentel />

Garcia studied medicine, arts and philosophy at the Universities of [[University of Alcalá|Alcalá de Henares]] and [[University of Salamanca|Salamanca]] in [[Spain]]. He graduated and returned to Portugal in 1525, two years after his father's death. He practiced medicine first in his hometown and from 1526 onwards in Lisbon, where he gained a lectureship at the university in 1532.{{sfn|Boxer|1963|pp=7-8}} He also became a royal physician to [[John III of Portugal]].<ref name=palmira>{{cite journal|title=Geographical expansion and the reconfiguration of medical authority: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563)|author=da Costa, Palmira Fontes|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science|volume= 43 |issue=1|year=2012|pages= 74–81 |url=http://moodle.fct.unl.pt/pluginfile.php/210107/mod_resource/content/4/PFontes_daCosta_2012_Orta_Colloquies.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.09.015|pmid=22530483|bibcode=2012SHPSA..43...74F }}</ref>

Perhaps fearing the increasing power of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], and fortunately evading the ban on emigration of New Christians, he sailed for [[Portuguese India]] leaving the Tagus in March 1534 as Chief Physician aboard the fleet of [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]], later to be named Governor. He reached Goa in September. He travelled with Sousa on various campaigns, then, in 1538, settled at Goa, where he soon had a prominent medical practice. He was a physician to [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] of the [[Nizam Shahi dynasty]] of [[Ahmadnagar]], and concurrently to several successive Portuguese Viceroys and governors of Goa.
While Garcia de Orta was a physician of the Sultan and teacher of Portuguese of his son, the Prince, he met and dined several times with the high ranking cavalry general of the Sultan, Firangi Khan. Garcia de Orta reports that the cavalry commander sometimes violated religious directives, eating pork and drinking wine in these private dinners. Firangi Khan had converted to Islam for apparently material reasons and had a very important role in the court of the Sultanate, but subsidized charities to [[Santa Casa da Misericórdia|Misericórdias]] in the relationship he had with the Portuguese empire (despite serving an intermittent ''enemy'' Muslim state) and, according to Orta, "urged other Christians to never abdicate their principles." He even projected return to his home city in his country (already secretly pardoned by the viceroy Afonso de Noronha). Firangi Khan was not his title (and name, which literally means "foreigner Khan") of origin. His name was Sancho Pires, a former gunner (''bombardeiro''), Portuguese, and natural of [[Matosinhos]]. He died in battle in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|publisher= John Wiley & Sons| year= 2012| page= 267|isbn=9780470672914}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal= Revista da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar| volume=11| issue=4| title=Garcia de Orta e a ideia de tolerancia religiosa| author=Rego, A. Da Silva|pages=663–676 |language=pt | year=1963|url=http://www.catedra-alberto-benveniste.org/_fich/15/Silva_Rego_-_Garcia_de_Orta.pdf}}</ref>

The King of Portugal through the Viceroy Dom Pedro Mascarenhas granted a lifelong lease (on payment of a [[quit-rent]]) to Garcia da Orta for the ''Ilha da Boa Vida'' ("the Island of the Good Life") which became a part of [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bombay in the making|author=Malabari, Phiroze B.M.|year=1910| publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|place= London|url=https://archive.org/stream/bombayinthemakin00malauoft#page/20/mode/2up|page=21}}</ref> This was probably somewhere between September 1554 and June 1555. The only condition of the lease was that he had to improve the place. He had a manor house with a large garden. He probably maintained an excellent library here. This manor stood not far from where the Town Hall of Bombay was built. Garcia probably let out the house to Simao Toscano. At the time of Bombay's transfer to the English, the manor was occupied by Dona Ignez de Miranda, widow of Dom Rodrigo de Monsanto. It was in this house that the treaty by which Bombay was transferred to the English was signed by [[Humphrey Cooke]] on February 18, 1665.{{sfn|Markham|1913|p=ix}} Garcia describes the people around [[Vasai|Bassein]] and their traditions in his book.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Origin of Bombay|publisher=Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1900|place=Bombay|author=Da Cunha, J. Gerson|pages=98–114|url= https://archive.org/stream/originbombay00cunhgoog#page/n103/mode/2up/}}</ref>
[[File:Garcia de Orta e os médicos portugueses (1905), estudo - Veloso Salgado.png|left|thumb|Painting by Veloso Salgado (1905) depicting Garcia de Orta and other physicians including Amatus Lusitanus, Sousa Martins, and Câmara Pestana.]]
Contrary to some early biographical accounts, Garcia de Orta married a wealthy cousin, Brianda de Solis, in 1543; the marriage was unhappy, but the couple had two daughters. In 1549, his mother and two of his sisters, who had been imprisoned as Jews in Lisbon, managed to join him in Goa. According to a confession by his brother-in-law after his death, Garcia de Orta privately continued to assert that "the Law of Moses was the true law";{{sfn|Boxer|1963|p=10}}<ref>Inquisition records quoted in Silva Carvalho (1934):74, 159.</ref> in other words, he, probably in common with others in his family, remained a Jewish believer. In 1565, an inquisitorial court was opened in Goa. Active persecution against Jews, secret Jews, [[Hindu]]s and [[New Christians]] began. Garcia himself died in 1568, apparently without having suffered seriously from this persecution, but his sister Catarina was arrested as a Jew in the same year and was burned at the stake for [[Judaism]] in Goa on October 25, 1569.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischel |first=Walter J. |date=1967 |title=The Indian Archives: A Source for the History of the Jews of Asia (From the Sixteenth Century on) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453493 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=57 |pages=192–209 |doi=10.2307/1453493 |jstor=1453493 |issn=0021-6682|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Garcia himself was posthumously convicted of Judaism. His remains were exhumed and burned along with an effigy in an [[auto da fé]] on December 4, 1580.<ref>{{cite journal|author=da Silva Carvalho, Augusto|year=1934|title=Garcia d'Orta|journal=Revista da Universidade de Coimbra|volume=12|pages=61–246, 202–215}}</ref> A compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition from 1560 to 1812 reveal that a total of 57 persons (crypto-Jews, crypto-Muslims, etc.) were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person).<ref>{{cite book
|first=Fortunato
|last=de Almeida
|title=História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV
|location=Porto
|publisher=Portucalense Editora
|date=1923
}}</ref> The fate of his daughters is not known.{{sfn|Boxer|1963|p=19}} During his lifetime, Orta's family members, including his mother and sisters were arrested and interrogated briefly in Portugal but they were probably protected by his friend and patron, [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]], who was [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor-General]] of Portuguese India from 1542 to 1545.{{sfn|Boxer|1963|p=11}}

== Work ==
{{main|Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India}}
[[File:Aromatum et simplicium Orta.jpg|left|thumb|Cover of Clusius' 1574 Latin translation.]]
Garcia de Orta's busy practice evidently prevented him from travelling much beyond the west coast of India, but in the busy market and trading hub of Goa he met spice merchants, traders and physicians from many parts of southern Asia and the Indian Ocean coasts. He was confident in Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew, Latin, Greek and Arabic (he did not know [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="pearson" />); his work shows that he gathered considerable knowledge from traditional medicine practitioners from several regions of India. Correspondents and agents sent him seeds and plants; he also traded in spices, drugs and precious stones. He evidently kept a laboratory and botanical garden. De Orta was influenced by ''[[Unani|Yunnani]]'' medicine as well as ''[[Ayurveda]]'', although quoting [[Galen]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Rhazi]] and [[Avicenna|Ibn-Sina]] more often. He tended to use European approaches in medicine and only when they failed did he make use of local methods.<ref name=eastwest/><ref name="pearson">{{cite journal|title=Hindu Medical Practice in Sixteenth-Century Western India: Evidence from Portuguese Sources|author=Pearson, M.N.|journal=Portuguese Studies|volume=17|year=2001|pages=100–113|doi=10.1353/port.2001.0017 }}</ref>

His remarkable knowledge of Eastern spices and drugs is revealed in his only known work, ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India|Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia]]'' ("Conversations on the simples, drugs and medicinal substances of India"), the first edition of which was published at Goa in 1563. This book deals with a series of substances, many of them unknown or the subject of confusion and misinformation in Europe at this period. For instance, prior to his publication, [[tamarind]] was thought to come from a palm tree. He also noted many details on plants and their propagation.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=32 |issue=4 |year=1997 |title=The Portuguese and the study of medicinal plants in India in the sixteenth century |author=Mathew, K.S. |pages=369–376 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5d_369.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095820/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5d_369.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> He was the first European to describe the symptoms of several Asiatic tropical diseases, notably [[cholera]]; he performed an autopsy on a cholera victim, the first recorded autopsy in India.<ref name="pearson" /> Garcia de Orta reveals in his writings an unusual independence in the face of the usually revered texts of ancient authorities, Greek, Latin and Arabic. The ''Coloquios'' has 59 chapters and it was written in the style of a dialogue between da Orta and a traditional doctor, Ruano.<ref name=bmj/> Using a dialogue form was a common literary practice when dealing with the tensions between established and new forms of knowledge.<ref name=pimentel>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Early Modern History|volume=18|issue=1–2|year=2014|pages=101–120|title=Painting naked truth: the Colóquios of Garcia da Orta (1563)|first1=Juan|last1=Pimentel|first2=Isabel|last2=Soler|doi=10.1163/15700658-12342386}}</ref><ref name=eastwest>{{cite journal|last1=Fontes da Costa|first1=Palmira|last2=Nobre-Carvalho|first2= Teresa |year=2013|title=Between East and West: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies and the Circulation of Medical Knowledge in the Sixteenth Century| journal=Asclepio |volume=65 |issue=1|pages=008 |doi=10.3989/asclepio.2013.08|doi-access=free}}</ref> Orta's work questions assumptions made in the past with alternative hypotheses to the ideas from Ibn-Sina and [[Averroes]]. His scientific method has been suggested to be a combination of empiricism and hypothesism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tharakan, Koshy | author2=Siqueira, Alito| editor=Mendes, Anabela| title= Garcia de Orta and Alexander von Humboldt: Across the East and the West|publisher= Universidade Católica Editora|year=2009| pages= 31–38| chapter=Science of Nature: Garcia de Orta as a Philosopher of Science|chapter-url=http://philpapers.org/rec/THASON}}</ref>

Da Orta critiqued the work of [[Leonhart Fuchs]]. Through his character he commented that Fuchs "...knew little of physic, and still less of things to save his soul, being a heretic condemned for Lutheranism. His books were put in the condemned catalogue" and "though medicine is not the science of the Christian religion, still I abhor the author".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.09.015|url=https://moodle.fct.unl.pt/pluginfile.php/210107/mod_resource/content/4/PFontes_daCosta_2012_Orta_Colloquies.pdf|title=Geographical expansion and the reconfiguration of medical authority: Garcia de Orta's Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India (1563)|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A|volume=43|pages=74–81|year=2012|last1=Fontes Da Costa|first1=Palmira|issue=1|pmid=22530483|bibcode=2012SHPSA..43...74F |access-date=2017-06-26|archive-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208094118/https://moodle.fct.unl.pt/pluginfile.php/210107/mod_resource/content/4/PFontes_daCosta_2012_Orta_Colloquies.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In one place he points out that the Portuguese traders took little interest in acquiring knowledge:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grove, Richard|title=The Transfer of Botanical Knowledge between Asia and Europe 1498-1800|journal=Journal of the Japan— Netherlands Institute|volume=3|year=1991|pages=160–176}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The Portuguese, who navigate over a greater part of the world only procure a knowledge of how best to dispose of that merchandise of what they bring here and what they shall take back. They are not desirous of knowing anything about the things in the countries they visit. If they know a product they do not learn from what tree it comes, and if they see it they do not compare it with one of our Indian trees, nor ask about its fruit or what it is like.}}

The printing press was introduced into Goa in 1556. The printer for Garcia is thought to have been João de Endem who began with Joao Quinquenio de Campania and continued after him.<ref name=primrose>{{cite journal|author=Primrose, J.B.|title=The first press in India and its printers|journal=Library|year=1939|volume=20|issue=3|pages=241–265|doi= 10.1093/library/s4-XX.3.241}}</ref> The rare first edition was full of typographical errors and was only the fifth<ref name=primrose /> European book ever printed in Goa and among the first few from India.{{sfn|Markham |1913|p=xi}} The errata, probably the longest in printing history, ran to twenty pages and end with a statement that the list was probably incomplete.{{sfn|Boxer|1963|p=13}} The English translation by [[Clements Markham]] included illustrations of some of the Indian plants by [[Cristóvão da Costa (botanist)|Cristóvão da Costa]]. Markham considered da Costa's work published in Spanish in 1578, ''Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales'' ("Treatise of the drugs and medicines of the East Indies") to be largely based on that of de Orta{{sfn|Markham|1913|p=xiv}} but some others have pointed out significant differences.<ref name="pearson" /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviewed Work: Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs of India by Orta, Garcia da, Conde de Ficalho, Clements Markham|author=Arber, Agnes|journal=Isis|volume=2|issue=2| year=1919|pages=415–418|doi=10.1086/357878}}</ref>

Garcia's travels to [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (Jaffna) on campaigns with Martim allowed him to study Sri Lankan medicinal plants. Among the descriptions from here are plants used in the treatment of snakebite. Some of the information is based on folklore, such as the plants that were supposedly eaten by mongoose after being bitten by cobras.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Petch, T.|year=1919|title=Garcia da Orta's mongoose plants|journal=Ceylon Antiq. Lit. Reg. |volume=4|issue=3|pages=143–149}}</ref> Orta also described plants of forensic importance such as the use of ''[[Datura stramonium|Datura]]'' used by thieves and robbers to poison their victims.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Roddis, Louis H.|title=Garcia da Orta and the first descriptions of Asiatic drugs|journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association|volume=19|issue=3|pages=251–253|year= 1930|doi=10.1002/jps.3080190311|last2=Navy}}</ref>

The preface of the book includes a verse by his friend, the poet [[Luís de Camões]], now considered as Portugal's national poet. Luis de Camões had worked briefly in [[Portuguese Macau]] before returning to Goa in 1561. In his poem ''[[Os Lusíadas]]'', Camões plays on the word "Orta" which refers to his friend as well as meaning "garden". The book was dedicated to Dom Francisco Coutinho, Count of Redondo, Viceroy of Goa from 1561 to 1564, and to his friend Martim de Sousa.{{sfn|Markham |1913|p=x}} In the preface he pointed out that he could well have written the book in Latin but chose Portuguese so that the traders and other locals could make use of it.<ref name=pimentel />

Garcia de Orta's work was accidentally discovered by Clusius in early 1564 and he translated it into Latin, while also changing it from a dialogue to an epitomized form,<ref name=eastwest /> and this was widely read across Europe and underwent several editions.<ref name=bmj>{{cite journal|title=Garcia da Orta in Goa: pioneering tropical medicine|author=D'Cruz, Ivan A. |journal=British Medical Journal|volume=303|issue=6817 |pages=1593–1594|year=1991|pmc=1676233|pmid=1773182|doi=10.1136/bmj.303.6817.1593}}</ref>

== Books ==
[[File:Martins_Correia_Monumento_a_Garcia_de_Orta_7666.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Garcia de Orta by [[Martins Correia]] at the Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, [[Lisbon]]]]
The first edition of Garcia de Orta's book was in Portuguese and published from Goa in 1563 and had 217 pages. Only about six copies were thought to exist according to [[Valentine Ball]] in 1890. A second version was published in Lisbon in 1872. An abridged Latin version was produced by Carolus Clusius in 1567 with subsequent editions in 1574, 1579, 1582, 1584, 1593, 1595 and 1605/6. A translation of the Latin version into Italian was produced by Annibal de Briganti in 1576, followed by other editions in 1582, 1589 and 1616. A Spanish version of the Tractado of Cristobal A'Costa which included Clusius's abridgement and A'Costas's personal observation was published in 1578 from Burgos.<ref name=ball />
* ''Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India. Band 1'' . Imprensa nacional, Lisboa 1891 ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-9002 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]])
* ''Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India. Band 2'' . Imprensa nacional, Lisboa 1892 ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-10365 Digital edition] by the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]])
*''Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains medicamens simples, qui naissent és Indes et en l'Amerique : divisé en deux parties: La première comprise en 4 livres: Les deux premiers de Garcie Du Jardin, le troisième de Christophle de La Coste, et le quatrième de l'histoire du baulme, adjousteée de nouveau en ceste 2. éd.: où il est prouvé, que nous avons le vray baulme d'Arabie, contre l'opinion des anciens et modernes; la seconde composée de deux livres de maistre Nicolas Monard traictant de ce qui nous est apporté de l'Amerique...''. Lyon : Pillehotte, 1619. [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-169509 (Digital edition] of the [[University and State Library Düsseldorf]].)

==Legacy==
Garcia's work influenced a number of later herbals and botanical works including those by [[Juan Fragoso]], [[Nicolas Monardes]], [[Hendrik van Rheede]] and [[Jacobus Bontius]].<ref name=palmira /> The "Jardim Garcia de Orta", a public garden in Lisbon, as well the "Escola Secundária Garcia de Orta" high school in [[Porto]] and the "Hospital Garcia de Orta" in [[Almada]], are named in his memory.

In [[Goa]], the municipal garden (built in 1855) in the capital city of [[Panaji|Panjim]] has been named as "Garcia de Orta" in his memory.<ref name="bmj" /> It is located facing the main city square that also houses the majestic church of Our Lady of Immaculate conception (Nossa Senhora da Concepção Imaculada) and was renovated in 2010.

A postal stamp of Garcia de Orta was released by Portugal in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Garcia da Orta: Pioneer in Tropical Medicine and Botany|author=Pelner, Louis|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|year=1966|volume=197|issue=12|pages=996–998|doi=10.1001/jama.1966.03110120102024}}</ref> In 1971, the 20 [[Portuguese escudo|Escudos]] bank note carried a picture of Garcia de Orta.<ref>[https://www.museudodinheiro.pt/en/collection/1053/20-escudos Money Museum. Banco de Portugal]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{botanist|Garcia de Orta|Garcia de Orta}}

== Name variants ==
Garcia de Orta has been Latinized in some works as "Garcias ab Horto" and then translated variously with some French works referring to him as "de la Huerta" and "Dujardin".<ref name=ball>{{cite journal|title=A Commentary on the Colloquies of Garcia de Orta, on the Simples, Drugs, and Medicinal Substances of India: Part I| author=Ball, Valentine| author-link=Valentine Ball| journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy | volume=1| year= 1891| pages=381–415|jstor=20503854}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* {{cite book| surname=Boxer | given=C. R. | title=Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes | publisher=Wellcome Historical Medical Library | place=London | year=1963|url=https://archive.org/details/b20457248}}
* {{cite book|author=Ficalho, C. |year=1886|title= Garcia de Orta e o seu tempo|place= Lisboa|publisher=Imprensa Nacional|url=https://archive.org/stream/garciadaortaeos00ficagoog#page/n13/mode/2up}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Orta, Garcia D' |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |year=1970 |volume=10 |last=Keller |first=A. G. |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |id= |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofscie0010unse/page/236 }}
* {{cite book|last=Markham|first=Clements |title=Colloquies on the simples and drugs of India by Garcia da Orta|year=1913|publisher=Henry Sotheran and Co.|place=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/colloquiesonsimp00orta#page/n7/mode/2up}}
* {{cite journal| last=Roddis | first=Louis | title=Garcia da Orta, the first European writer on tropical medicine and a pioneer in pharmacognosy | journal=Annals of Medical History |volume=1 |issue=2 | year=1931 | pages=198–207 }}
*{{cite journal|author= Révah, I. S. |year=1960|title=A família de Garcia de Orta|journal=Revista da Universidade de Coimbra|volume=19|pages=407–420}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Garcia de Orta}}
* [https://archive.org/details/colloquiesonsimp00orta Colloquies on the simples and drugs of India (English translation by Clements Markham 1913)]
* [http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4614066 1563 edition (Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112020933/http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4614066 |date=2021-01-12 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/coloquiosdossimp01ortauoft/v2 1891 edition (Portuguese)]
* [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4664&Hojas= Aromatum, et simplicium (1574) (Latin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202323/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=4664&Hojas= |date=2016-03-04 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orta, Garcia de}}
[[Category:1500s births]]
[[Category:1568 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Castelo de Vide]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese botanists]]
[[Category:16th-century Jewish medical doctors]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese medical doctors]]
[[Category:Portuguese Renaissance writers]]
[[Category:Victims of the Inquisition]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Conversos]]
[[Category:Jewish Portuguese writers]]

Vardayini Mata Temple

2026-03-19T03:24:58Z

Pickleballexpert: created initial location initial version

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{mi|{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}{{primarysources|date=March 2026}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|image = Rupal Mandir.jpeg
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Gujarat#India
|coordinates = {{coord|23|18|36|N|72|35|49|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|district = [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|website = http://www.rupalnipalli.org
}}

'''Vardayini Mata Temple''' ({{langx|gu|વરદાયિની માતા મંદિર}}; {{langx|hi|वरदायिनी माता मंदिर}}) is situated at [[Rupal, Gandhinagar]] and is dedicated to Goddess Vardayini Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Vardayini Mataji Temple Rupal Gandhinagar Photos & Timings |url=https://temple.yatradham.org/temple/shree-vardayini-mataji-temple-rupal-gandhinagar |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=temple.yatradham.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Palli Festival==
[[File:pallirath.jpeg|thumb|Palli Rath]]

Rupal village celebrates a unique festival on the ninth day of the great Navratri festival (Indian Festival of Praying to 9 different Goddesses and Dandiya Dance).
On the night of the ninth day, a "Rath" of Mata Vardayini is taken out from the middle of the village and brought to the main temple.

People of the village say that this festival was started by the "Pandavs"in the time of Mahabharat. People come to the village and do prayer for their family and mainly their children.

The "Palli" is made from the wood of tree "khijada" on the same day itself. It is a wooden frame of about 8–9 feet in height with a stand to lift it. Holy fire (Akand Jyoth) is kept at 5 places on the frame, one at the top and others at the four corners of the Palli.

People of village take out the Palli from the middle of the village and palli stops at 27 spots in the village. Each spot is having tons of pure ghee or clarified butter kept ready to pour on the "Palli" Rath. These tons of pure ghee is donated by the millions of people who come to this small village to visit the Palli and take blessings of Mata Vardayini.[[File:Vardayini_Mataji.jpg|thumb|Goddess Vardayini is Hindu Goddess.]]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Dhruva Sarja

2026-03-17T08:00:36Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| native_name = 
| name = Dhruva Sarja
| image = Dhruva Sarja.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruva Sarja: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/dhruva-sarja |website=The Times of India |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
| othername = 
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage| Prerana Shankar|2019}}
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Sarja family|Sarja family]]
}}

'''Dhruva Sarja''' (born 6 October 1988) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Kannada]] films. He made his acting debut in the 2012 film, ''[[Addhuri]]''.

==Early life==
Dhruva's elder brother [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], who was also an actor in Kannada films, died on 7 June 2020. The Sarja family originally hails from Sarjapura.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja passes away at 39 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |access-date=7 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084540/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Their maternal uncle [[Arjun Sarja]] is a South Indian actor, and their maternal grandfather [[Shakti Prasad]] was also an actor in Kannada films. Director [[Kishore Sarja]] was his maternal uncle and actress Aishwarya Arjun is his cousin.

==Career==
Sarja debuted in films with the 2012 film ''[[Addhuri]]''. His portrayal of Arjun as the male lead, opposite [[Radhika Pandit]], received praise from critics.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= Addhuri Movie Review: Fun film replete with emotions |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/addhuri-movie-review-fun-film-replete-with-emotions-106173-2012-06-18 |magazine= India Today |date= 19 June 2012 |access-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140913130253/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/addhuri-movie-review-fun-film-replete-with-emotions/1/201330.html |url-status= live }}</ref> He signed for his next film ''[[Bahaddur]]'' with his close friend [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]] in 2013. The film became commercially successful<ref>{{cite news |title= Dhruv Has His Cake and Eats it Too |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Dhruv-Has-His-Cake-and-Eats-it-Too/2014/10/08/article2466570.ece |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 8 October 2014 |access-date= 10 October 2014 |archive-date= 16 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141016153354/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Dhruv-Has-His-Cake-and-Eats-it-Too/2014/10/08/article2466570.ece |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Dhruva Sarja set to romance two beauties |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Dhruva-Sarja-set-to-romance-twobeauties/articleshow/41589607.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 3 September 2014 |access-date= 13 September 2014 |archive-date= 9 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140909232132/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Dhruva-Sarja-set-to-romance-twobeauties/articleshow/41589607.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> and in April 2015 he signed for ''[[Bharjari]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author= Sharadhaa A. |title= Bharjari Kicks Off With Dhruva and Chethan |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bharjari-Kicks-Off-With-Dhruva-and-Chethan/2015/04/14/article2762744.ece |work= The New Indian Express |publisher= newindianexpress.com |date= 14 April 2015 |access-date= 15 April 2015 |archive-date= 19 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150419161210/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Bharjari-Kicks-Off-With-Dhruva-and-Chethan/2015/04/14/article2762744.ece |url-status= dead }}</ref> Upcoming films include ''[[Pogaru]]'' (2021), ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]'' (2024) and ''[[KD - The Devil]]'' (2024) and ''[[Vijay Salaskar|The Untold story of Vijay Salaskar]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dhruva Sarja Enjoys 'Mumbai Ki Baarish' By Devouring Delicious Vada Pav | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/photo-gallery/dhruva-sarja-enjoys-mumbai-ki-baarish-by-devouring-delicious-vada-pav | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122300/https://www.freepressjournal.in/ampstories/photo-gallery/dhruva-sarja-enjoys-mumbai-ki-baarish-by-devouring-delicious-vada-pav | access-date=2025-08-21 | archive-date=2024-08-04}}</ref>

A. Harsha and Sarja are also in talks for a movie.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2021|title=Dhruva Sarja, A Harsha in talks for a film|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/17/dhruva-sarja-a-harsha-in-talks-for-a-film-23410.html|url-status=live|access-date=|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318044408/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/17/dhruva-sarja-a-harsha-in-talks-for-a-film-23410.html |archive-date=18 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=Pogaru actor Dhruva Sarja and A Harsha to join hands for a fresh project?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pogaru-actor-dhruva-sarja-and-a-harsha-to-join-hands-for-a-fresh-project/articleshow/81566096.cms|url-status=live|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318105556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pogaru-actor-dhruva-sarja-and-a-harsha-to-join-hands-for-a-fresh-project/articleshow/81566096.cms |archive-date=18 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dhruva got engaged to his childhood friend Prerana on December 9, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2018 |title=Actor Dhruva Sarja to get engaged to his girlfriend on this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-dhruva-sarja-to-get-engaged-to-his-girlfriend-on-this-date/articleshow/66654018.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> They married on November 25, 2019,<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Sarja weds Prerana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/251119/sarja-weds-prerana.html |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> and have two children.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{sronly|List of films and roles}}
|-
! scope-"col" | Year
! scope-"col" | Title
! scope-"col" | Role(s)
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | ''[[Addhuri]]''
| Arjun
| Debut as lead role film
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/review-addhuri-625827 | title=Review: Addhuri }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Bahaddur]]''
| Ashok Raj Bahaddur
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bahaddur/movie-review/44385874.cms | title=Bahaddur Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Bahaddur by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Bharjari]]''
| Surya Rudraprathap
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/bharjari-movie-review-a-worn-out-storyline/articleshow/60531853.cms | title=Bharjari movie review: A worn-out storyline }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Prema Baraha]]''
| [[Hanuman]] devotee || Special appearance in "Jai Hanumantha" || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/dec/06/arjun-sarja-says-jai-anjaneya-1719475.html | title=Arjun Sarja says Jai Anjaneya }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Pogaru]]''
| P. Ramakrishna (Shiva)
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/pogaru-movie-review-a-riot-of-toxic-masculinity-953026.html | title='Pogaru' movie review: A riot of toxic masculinity | date=19 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
| Arjun Saxena and Martin / Rhino
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/aug/02/team-martin-to-resume-with-the-climax-shoot-from-august-5-2483050.html | title=Team Martin to resume with the climax shoot from August 5 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
! scope="row" |''[[Seetha Payanam]]''
| Pawan
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/06/dhruva-sarja-to-play-pawan-in-seetha-payanam-makers-unveil-character-poster|title=Dhruva Sarja to play Pawan in Seetha Payanam; makers unveil character poster|date=6 October 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''[[KD: The Devil]]'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Kaalidasa "K.D" Alam
| Completed; April 30 Release
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kannada-star-dhruva-sarja-s-pan-indian-film-titled-kd-the-devil--news-231597/amp |title=Kannada Star Dhruva Sarja's Pan Indian Film Titled 'KD - The Devil' |website=Outlook |access-date=2 March 2023 |date=21 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Criminal'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Shiva
| Pre-production
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kannada-star-dhruva-sarja-s-pan-indian-film-titled-criminal--news-231597/amp |title=Kannada Star Dhruva Sarja's Pan Indian Film Titled 'Criminal' |website=Outlook |access-date=2 March 2023 |date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As a voice actor ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{sronly|List of films and roles}}
|-
! scope-"col" | Year
! scope-"col" | Title
! scope-"col" | Role
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''
| Narrator
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruva-sarja-lends-his-voice-to-ap-arjuns-kiss/articleshow/70771814.cms|title=Dhruva Sarja lends his voice to AP Arjun's Kiss|date=21 August 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhira (film)|Dhira]]''
| Dubbing artist for [[Tenali Rama]] || Kannada dubbed version || <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Sabyasachi Mishra Joins Vijay Sethupathi, Vivek Oberoi And Jeet For Animated Film 'Dhira' |url=https://www.mycitylinks.in/sabyasachi-mishra-joins-vijay-sethupathivivek-oberoi-and-jeet-for-animated-film-dhira |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=Mycitylinks |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Raja Marthanda]]''
| Dubbing artist for [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Marthanda Movie Review : Rajamarthanda review: Chiranjeevi Sarja's last onscreen outing is a revenge drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raja-marthanda/movie-review/104215213.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2023|first=Sridevi|last=S.}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{sronly|List of awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope-"col" | Award
! scope-"col" | Year
! scope-"col" | Category
! scope-"col" | Film
! scope-"col" | Result
! scope-"col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[SIIMA Awards]]
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
| Best Male Debutant
| ''[[Addhuri]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/siima-in-sharjah-postponed-to-september-1.1191905 | title=SIIMA in Sharjah postponed to September | publisher=Gulf News | access-date=2013-06-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''[[Bahaddur]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919|date=8 August 2015|website=thenational.ae|author=Ujala Ali Khan|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
| ''[[Bharjari]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Telugu Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Suvarna Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| Best Debutant
| rowspan="2" | ''Addhuri''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-dhruva-sarja-celebrates-wife-preranas-birthday-romantic-gesture-139862 | title=Watch: Dhruva Sarja celebrates wife Prerana's birthday with romantic gesture | date=18 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Udaya Film Awards]]
| Best Debutant - Male
| {{won}}
| <ref>Eng, David. (2013-03-06) [http://www.chinokino.com/2013/03/2013-udaya-film-awards-winners.html 2013 Udaya Film Awards – winners]. Chino Kino. Retrieved on 2016-02-27.</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|id=5890975}}
*{{Instagram}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarja, Dhruv}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Yaaruku Yaaro

2026-03-14T19:57:33Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaaruku Yaaro
| image =
| caption =
| director = Joe Stanley
| writer = Joe Stanley
| cinematography = Amarnath
| editing = Joe Stanley
| music = Joe Stanley
| starring = [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] Jothi Varnika
| studio = Universal Thavamani Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|12|28|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 115 minutes
}}

'''''Yaaruku Yaaro''''' ({{Translation|Somebody for someone else}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] written, scored and directed by Joe Stanley. The film stars [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]], Jothi, and Varnika in their first film roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2012 |title=Sam Anderson from Erode goes viral |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sam-anderson-from-erode-goes-viral/articleshow/17083300.cms |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311225049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sam-anderson-from-erode-goes-viral/articleshow/17083300.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2007 |title=யுனிவர்சல் தவமணி சினி ஆர்ட்ஸ் வழங்கும் ''யாருக்கு யாரோ'' |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/preview/0711/01/1071101021_1.htm |website=Webdunia |language=ta |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110230611/https://tamil.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/preview/0711/01/1071101021_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=இளமை துள்ளும் 'யாருக்கு யாரோ' |url=http://in.tamil.yahoo.com/Entertainment/FilmPreview/0711/15/1071115021_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214230940/http://in.tamil.yahoo.com/Entertainment/FilmPreview/0711/15/1071115021_1.htm |archive-date=14 December 2007 |website=[[Yahoo!]] |language=ta |access-date=10 January 2023 }}</ref> The film released on 28 December 2007.

The film and its lead actor gained notoriety following its upload on [[YouTube]]. The film has been mocked and criticized for its poor filmmaking and acting. It has been subject to several online memes. Sam Anderson went on to appear in films as a supporting comedy actor.

==Plot==
{{long plot|date=November 2019}}
The story opens with Deepa (Varnika), a medical college student, singing at a cultural festival. The next scene shifts to three robbers ogling Deepa. She is on her way to sit for her college examinations, but while wheeling her punctured scooter, the robbers snatch her chain and escape. David ([[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]]) chases after them on a scooter. He returns empty-handed and recognizes Deepa from the earlier college function. He praises her amazing vocal skills and gives his gold crucifix chain as a gift. Deepa refuses and does the same when David then gives a sermon about the Hindu-Christian difference.

The next day, David goes to Deepa's house. He overhears her singing a devotional song and stands mesmerized by her voice. He asks Deepa to return his tyre. Deepa informs him that her scooter has been sent for service. David also impresses her mother with his gentlemanly manners. The scene then shifts to David's confrontation with the robbers, who are also the accomplices of his father's best friend ([[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]), a moneylender. David begins a sermon on the crucifix's greatness and offers it to the robbers to cleanse their sins. The robbers have a dramatic change of heart and praise David as their savior. They also give back the chain they stole from Deepa. Deepa learns that David is an automobile engineer and visits his workshop, seeing "high-end models" specifically designed by him. David then returns Deepa's chain. He also presents the crucifix along with her chain. David and Deepa then fall in love. Deepa's mother is concerned that her daughter might be tricked into love by David. Deepa consoles her and praises David's manners.

Meanwhile, the robbers turn over a new leaf and begin to work in David's workshop. As luck would have it, Deepa's father owns a car showroom. Deepa takes David to her father the next day. David then proposes his idea, but Deepa's father scoffs at it, leaving David heartbroken. David then requests a car poster that is posted on the office wall. Deepa's father tells him that the new customer car is to be sold in the showroom, and refuses. David then leaves the office, dejected. Deepa gets angry at her father for his treatment of David and rushes out to console him. Then David is shown at his workshop, where his mechanics console him and make a plan to ask the moneylender for a loan. Meanwhile, Deepa's father expresses his fear to his wife that Deepa will fall in love with David. The next day, David goes to the moneylender's house along with his faithful mechanics to ask for a loan. The moneylender promises to help him out by funding two of his model cars.

The next day, the moneylender visits David's workshop, but, upon seeing the reality, changes his mind and refuses to lend him money. David is heartbroken, but Deepa visits him and consoles him. She presents him with the Ferrari poster and asks him to marry her. She also plans to use her money (500,000 rupees) to help David out. Soon, David's birthday comes up, and Deepa plans a big surprise for him. However, everyone is in for a huge surprise as Manju (Jothi) comes from Canada to visit David, who is happy to see her. It is revealed that Manju was David's sweetheart during their college days, but they had a falling out because she went to Canada to pursue her career. She also says that she came back to India to take David with her to Canada. Suddenly, Deepa enters the room and gets angry at David for flirting with another woman. She leaves the room fuming. David tries to stop her, but she does not listen.

Manju takes David out for lunch and learns about his life after college and his new love Deepa. She gets angry at him for not treating Deepa properly, but she also feels sorry for him and soon falls prey to his charms. Manju asks David to marry her and plans their migration to Canada. She then asks David to forget about Deepa and return her money. David then asks his sidekicks for advice. He then visits Deepa and asks for her forgiveness. Deepa gets angry with his behavior and scorns him. Wounded, David comes back to his sidekicks, who advise him to jump for Manju instead. David then goes to Manju seeking refuge. Manju initially gets angry that David had not returned the check, but then suddenly declares her love for him. David and Manju stop their car in No-Man's Land and plan to go to the airport from there.

Out of nowhere, Deepa suddenly appears there on her motorcycle. She accuses David of using her just like the stepney tyre shown at the beginning. David then explains that he never used her but always thought of her as his stepping stone to success. Deepa refuses to be consoled and gives back the gold crucifix chain to David. She then leaves the place with sorrow. Manju gets angry with David again and asks him to give the chain to whoever he likes. David then puts the chain around Manju's neck. Manju takes it as the holy thaali and says that she is now all his.

David and Manju circle the car they came in three times. This scene symbolically indicates that the marriage of David and Manju has been made in heaven, as in actual marriages, marked by the circling of the holy fire thrice. The next scene shows a cargo plane taking off, presumably carrying David and Manju to Canada.

==Cast==
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as David
* Jothi as Manju
* Varnika as Deepa
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Moneylender
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as David's friend
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Robber
* [[Suruli Manohar]]
* [[LIC Narasimhan]]
* Kambam Arasan
* Maruthi Sriram
* Hosur Senthil

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Joe Stanley.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-12-09 |title=Yaarukku Yaaro (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7nP6JFXObzJmbQVDrx5IY9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825194814/https://open.spotify.com/album/7nP6JFXObzJmbQVDrx5IY9 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anbe Iraivan
| extra1 = Hemambika
| title2 = Nenjam Magizhum
| extra2 = T. L. Thyagarajan, Praveena
| title3 = Raasathi
| note3 = duet
| extra3 = T. L. Thyagarajan, Praveena
| title4 = Raasathi
| note4 = techno
| title5 = Vaazhga Vaazhgave
| extra5 = Praveena
| title6 = Mel Vaanil
| extra6 = T. L. Thyagarajan, Hemambika
}}

==In popular culture==
The song "Raasathi" is played in the background in ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' (2010) when Ramarajan ([[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]) asks Vinayagam ([[Jai (actor)|Jai]]) for a towel in English.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKikkxw1PVA | title=Tag your Spoken English dude! | #Goa | #Jai | #Vaibhav | Shorts | website=[[YouTube]] | date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>

In ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013), Meera ([[Amala Paul]]) lies to Vishwa ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) that she her husband is [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]]. After Vishwa finds out that she isn't actually married, he calls Sam Anderson, who comes to meet them since he came to Australia for shooting. The song "Raasathi" is also featured.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/2643/thalaivaa-review---rehashed-godfather | title=Thalaivaa Review - Rehashed Godfather | website=MovieCrow }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kanchan Mullick

2026-03-14T08:39:35Z

Pickleballexpert: revised

{{Short description|Indian politician and film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanchan Mullick
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India|Indian]]
| nickname =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{ubl|[[Anindita Das]]|[[Pinky Banerjee]]|[[Sreemoyee Chattoraj]]}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Shrobanti. |title=Interview of Kanchan Mallick's Ex Wife |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-kanchan-mallicks-ex-wife-anindita-das-dgtl/cid/1306614 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=2021-10-01 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/bengali-actor-kanchan-mullick-marries-sreemoyee-chattoraj-on-14th-feb-after-many-rumours-of-their-relationship-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1497229|title= Bengali actor Kanchan Mullick marries Sreemoyee Chattoraj on 14th feb after many rumours of their relationship dgtl|work=Anandabazar Patrika|type=Photo gallery}}</ref>
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Uttarpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uttarpara]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Prabir Kumar Ghosal]]
| children = 2
| successor =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
}}

'''Kanchan Mullick''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film and television [[actor]] and politician. In addition to the television show ''Janata Express'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita. |title=Kanchan does a rap, gears up to host a reality show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/kanchan-does-a-rap-gears-up-to-host-a-reality-show/articleshow/69099239.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Kanchan has also acted in movies like ''[[Mahakaal (2008 film)|Mahakaal]]'' and ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanchan Mullick|url=http://www.gomolo.com/about-kanchan-mullick/6789|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801175231/http://www.gomolo.com/about-kanchan-mullick/6789|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also a Bengali theatre artist. He has worked in the theatre group [[Swapnasandhani]]. Mullick is the current [[Minister of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from the [[Uttarpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uttarpara constituency]]. He won the seat as an [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarpara Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Kanchan Mullick of TMC wins .|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/uttarpara-election-result-2021-live-updates-uttarpara-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695264.html |work=News18 |date=2021-05-02 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{div col begin}}
* ''[[Sathi (2002 film)|Sathi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Sangee]]'' (2003)
* "[[Nater Guru]]" (2003)
* ''[[Patal Ghar]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Alo (film) |Alo]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Raju Uncle]]'' (2005)
* "[[Hero (2006 film)|Hero]]" (2006)
* ''[[Shikar (2006 film)|Shikar]]'' (2006)
* ''No Problem'' (2007) - Unreleased
* ''[[Mahakaal (2008 film)|Mahakaal]]'' (2008)
* "[[Janmadata]]" (2008)
* ''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]'' (2008)
* ''[[10:10 (film)|10:10]]'' (2008)
* "[[Tomar Jonyo]]" (2008)
* ''[[Lakshyabhed]]'' (2009)
* ''Jor Jar Muluk Tar'' (2010)
* ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Jiyo Kaka]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Janala]]'' (25 February 2011)
* ''[[Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona]]'' (2011)
* ''Tomake Chai'' (2011)
* ''Hello Memsaheb'' (2011)
* ''[[Gosainbaganer Bhoot]]'' (2011)
* ''Goraay Gondogol'' (2012)
* ''Behalf bass Off Route E'' (2012)
* ''Bhallu Sardar ''(29 June 2012)
* ''Bangal Ghoti Phataphati'' (2012)
* ''[[Kanchenjunga Express (film)|Kanchenjunga Express]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bawali Unlimited]]'' (28 December 2012)
* ''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Khiladi (2013 film)|Khiladi]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Window Connections]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bachchan (2014 film)|Bachchan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Yoddha - The Warrior|Yoddha]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Shorts (2013 film)|Shorts]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Shudhu Tomari Jonyo]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rajkahini]]'' (2015)
* ''Jenana'' (2016)
* ''[[Kelor Kirti]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Love Express (2016 film)|Love Express]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Ko 2]]'' (2016) ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] film)
* ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]'' (2016) ([[Telugu language|Telugu]] film)
* ''[[Abhimaan (2016 film)|Abhimaan]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=I don't look back and regret: Jeet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-don-t-look-back-and-regret-jeet/story-DVVMrL8fV9leLE0aQMpzUL.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Haripad Bandwala]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Haripada - Bandwala (2016) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/haripada-bandwala-34461 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111145931/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/haripada-bandwala-34461 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2019 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Curzoner Kalom]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Upendra Matte Baa]]'' (2017) ([[Kannada]] film)
* ''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita. |title=Dhananjoy Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Dhananjoy by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/dhananjoy/movie-review/60144742.cms |date=20 August 2017}}</ref>
* ''Nimki Fulki'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=দুই বোনের গপ্পো |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/story-of-two-sister-in-small-screen-1.588066 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=27 March 2017|language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Purnimar Chand'' (2018)
* ''Dharasnan'' (2020)
* ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Shankar Mudi]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title='Shankar Mudi' finally locks a release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shankar-mudi-finally-locks-a-release-date/articleshow/68074218.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Jaanbaaz]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debolina |title=Mahalaya Review {3.5/5}: The film does a fair job of merging the facts with the screenplay till the end credits roll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mahalaya/movie-review/68215274.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Teko (film)|Teko]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Sagardwipey Jawker Dhan]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=The real essence will be similar to the original story: Kanchan Mullick on his 'Tenida' act - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-real-essence-will-be-similar-to-the-original-story-kanchan-mullick-on-his-tenida-act/articleshow/76086389.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Panther: Hindustan Meri Jaan]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Tiki-Taka (film)|Tiki-Taka]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam |title=Tiki Taka Review: A light-hearted take on Bengal's football craze |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/tiki-taka/ottmoviereview/77945864.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Dracula Sir]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Dracula Sir teaser reveals Anirban Bhattacharya's intriguing look amidst his transformation into a vampire |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/16/24951 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503134301/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/mar/16/24951 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2021 |work=Cinestaan |date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
* ''Hullor'' (2020)
* ''[[Cholo Potol Tuli]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Bob Biswas]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Bony (film)|Bony]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Raktabeej]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Tenida and Co.]]'' (2023) as Tenida
* ''[[Kurban (film)|Kurban]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]'' (2023)
* ''Saralakkha Holmes'' (2024)
* ''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' (2024) ([[Hindi language|Hindi]] film)
* ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Aamar Boss]]'' (2025)
*''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' (2025)
*''Bhanupriya Bhooter Hotel'' (2026)
*'' Phonybabu viral'' (2026)
{{div col end}}

== Television ==
* [[Sansar Sukher Hoy Romonir Guney]] ([[Star Jalsha]])
* [[Grihoprobesh]] ([[Star Jalsha]])

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Character
! Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''Selfier Phande''
| [[ZEE5]]
| Tushar Mohanty
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Selfie'r Phandey (2016) TV Movie |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/selfier-phandey/0-0-selfierphande |work=[[ZEE5]] |access-date=1 February 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 || ''[[Montu Pilot]]'' || Hoichoi || Taufik || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/news/headline-montu-pilot-will-showcase-the-harsh-reality-of-neelkuthi|title = The teaser of Montu Pilot created the right kind of buzz as soon as director Debaloy Bhattacharya dropped the trailer - Jiyo Bangla|date = January 1970}}</ref>
|-
|| ''Sharate Aaj'' || [[ZEE5]]|| || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sharate-aaj-review-zee5s-new-bengali-series-is-a-smartly-written-thriller-loaded-with-terrific-performances-6187261.html | title=Sharate Aaj review: Zee5's new Bengali series is a smartly written thriller loaded with terrific performances | first=Bhaskar | last=Chattopadhyay | publisher=Firstpost | date=3 March 2019 | access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/heres-a-glimpse-of-zee5s-biggest-bengali-original-sharate-aaj/|title=Here's a glimpse of ZEE5's biggest Bengali Original, Sharate Aaj|date=13 November 2018|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717143224/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/heres-a-glimpse-of-zee5s-biggest-bengali-original-sharate-aaj/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Mouchaak''
| Hoichoi
| Tarak Panda
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Hostel Days''
| Hoichoi
| Tinku da
|
|-
|2024
|''Nikosh Chhaya''
|Hoichoi
|Bhanu Tantrik
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Parambrata Chattopadhyay's Nikosh Chhaya to drop on Hoichoi in October |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parambrata-chattopadhyays-nikosh-chhaya-to-drop-on-hoichoi-in-october/cid/2053368 |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=5 October 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Controversy==
Mullick married Sreemoyee Chattoraj on 14 February 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 2024 |title=Kanchan Mullick gets married for third time |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/737644 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> but during the traditional ceremony on 6 March, an invitation card was widely circulated to social media that press, security personnel and drivers were not allowed to enter there. This was highly criticised in the media.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |script-title=bn:সাংবাদিকদের প্রবেশ রুখতে সীমা ছাড়ালেন কাঞ্চন-শ্রীময়ী! শ্রীলেখা বললেন, 'ক্লাস ম্যাটার্স' |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kanchan-mullick-shreemoyi-chattoraj-reception-post-card-press-drivers-not-allowed-sreelekha-mitra-slammed-736822/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Indian Express |language=bn}}</ref> Later Mullick apologized to all.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:'কষ্ট পাবেন না', সাংবাদিক-সিকিওরিটি-ড্রাইভার বিতর্কে ক্ষমাপ্রার্থী কাঞ্চন-শ্রীময়ী |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/kanchan-mullick-sreemoyee-chattoraj-reception-controversy-regarding-journalist-driver-security-not-allowed/articleshow/108292766.cms |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Ei Samay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-08 |script-title=bn:‘নিজেকে ডগস মাদার বলে…’ রিসেপশন বিতর্কে নাম না করে শ্রীলেখাকে কটাক্ষ শ্রীময়ীর? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sreemoyee-chattoraj-posts-a-video-to-give-clarification-after-insulting-media-personal-securities-and-drivers-31709863428374.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309082658/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sreemoyee-chattoraj-posts-a-video-to-give-clarification-after-insulting-media-personal-securities-and-drivers-31709863428374.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-09 |work=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Film}}
* [[Kaushik Sen]], Bengali actor
* [[Swapnasandhani]], Bengali theatre group

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3368667}}

{{Tenida}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullick, Kanchan}}
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

{{Asia-actor-stub}}

Velaikari

2026-03-06T03:37:24Z

Pickleballexpert: created initial article first draft

{{short description|1949 film by A. S. A. Sami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velaikari
| image = Velaikari poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| producer = M. Somasundaram
| writer = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Velaikari''|C. N. Annadurai}}
| starring = [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[V. N. Janaki]] [[M. V. Rajamma]]
| music = [[C. R. Subbaraman]] [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| cinematography = M. Masthan
| editing = T. Durairaj
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1949|02|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 186 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=316}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Velaikari''''' ({{translation|Servant Maid}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. S. A. Sami]] and produced by M. Somasundaram under [[Jupiter Pictures]]. It was based on the play of the same name written by [[C. N. Annadurai]], while incorporating plot details from the [[Alexandre Dumas]] novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' (1844). The film stars [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[V. N. Janaki]] and [[M. V. Rajamma]]. It was released on 25 February 1949 and became a success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santhosham]]'' (1955), in [[Hindi]] as ''Naya Aadmi'' (1956), and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Malli Maduve]]'' (1963).

== Plot ==
Vedhachalam Mudaliyar is a rich moneylender. Sarasa and Moorthy are his children. Sarasa takes after her father and behaves arrogantly with the servants. However, Moorthy is good human being and has a soft corner for the maid, Amirtham. Vedhachalam Mudaliar lends money to Sundaram Pillai. Unable to repay the borrowed money and finding it difficult to take Vedhachalam Mudaliar's insults, Sundaram Pillai commits suicide. His son Anandan witnesses the suicide and decides to take revenge on Mudaliar. While he sharpens the knife to kill Mudaliar, his friend Mani, a reformist and intellectual, advises him to sharpen his mind to take revenge. Reformed Anandan, an ardent devotee of Goddess Kali, prays to the Goddess to help him take revenge on Mudaliar. However, Mudaliar becomes wealthier and becomes the owner of another estate, which infuriates Anandan.

Frustrated with the Goddess for helping the rich, Anandan abuses the Goddess at her temple. The devotees get angry with this behaviour of spoiling the sanctity and chase him away. Mani offers shelter to Anandan in a hideout where they find a dead body in a bundle. On close scrutiny, they realise that the body resembles Anandan; they learn from his diary that he is Paramanandam, son of a rich but blind landlady of Mevaar Vilasam. Mani brings Anandan to the village in the guise of Paramanandam. They host a tea party and invite all the rich people, including Mudaliar. As Paramanadham, Anandan soon marries Mudaliar's daughter Sarasa. To take revenge on Mudaliar, Anandan harasses Sarasa and spends their money lavishly. Acting like a drunkard and womaniser, he spoils Mudaliar's reputation in the society.

Discovering the love between Amirtham and Moorthy, Anandan creates a rift between his father-in-law and brother-in-law. Moorthi leaves the house, meets Amirtham and promises to marry her after getting the help of his friend at [[Madras]]. However, on realising that he is penniless, Moorthy's friends spurn him. Amirtham's father Murugesan, who is a loyal servant to Mudaliar's family, plans to get her married to an old man to avoid further embarrassment to his master. When Amirtham learns this, she leaves the home on her own. Balu Mudaliar, a rich man who becomes mentally disturbed after the death of his daughter, meets Amirtham. He thinks she is his daughter Sumirdham and provides her shelter at his place. At this doctor's request, Amirtham helps in Balu Mudaliar's recovery, who treats her like his own daughter and permits her to continue to live at his house even after his recovery.

Murthy gets wrong information that Amirtham is dead through her neighbours in the village. Vexed with life and to get peace, he lands in an ashram run by Yogi Hariharadas. However, he soon discovers the yogi's frauds and during an altercation with Moorthi, Yogi dies; Moorthi is accused of the murder and lands in prison. Mudaliar gets disheartened with the mishaps to his children. Mani brings Anandan as a North Indian lawyer to Mudaliar, and Anandan fights Moorthy's case in court.

Arguing beautifully in court, he establishes that, Yogi was a fraud and criminal wanted by the police; the death was not pre-planned or intentional; it happened during self-defence. That court acquits Moorthy and he is released. When Moorthy asks Anandan to name his fee for this great help. Anandan asks Moorthy to Marry Balu Mudaliar's daughter. Moorthy meets Amirtham, who is now known with a different name and is surprised that she looks similar to Amirtham. After the marriage takes place, Anandan reveals to Mudaliar that his son Moorthy has married Amirtham, a servant's daughter, and he (Anandan) is the son of the servant Sundaram Pillai. Berating Mudaliar about his arrogant attitude, money mindedness and treating people badly, he shows how it harmed poor people. Mudaliar regrets his behaviour and mistakes and apologises to Anandan and Amirtham. The family is united.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pp=78–79}}

== Cast ==
[[File:Velaikaari 1949 film.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Screenshot from ''Velaikari'']]
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] as Anandan{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=44}}
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Mani{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=316}}
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Moorthi and Yogi Hariharadas{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pp=78–79}}
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Vedhachalam Mudaliar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=78}}
* Pulimootai Ramasami as Balu Mudaliar{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=79}}
* T. P. Ponnusami Pillai as Murugan
* [[S. A. Natarajan]] as Public Prosecutor
* P. S. Sivanandham as Chokkan
* M. K. Mustafa as Sundaram Pillai{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=78}}
* M. N. Krishnan as Balu Mudaliar's servant
* P. S. Dhakshinamoorthi
* Nat Annaji Rao
* M. K. Gopala Iyengar
* M. A. Ganapathi
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Amritham{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=78}}
* [[V. N. Janaki]] as Sarasa{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=78}}
* P. K. Saraswathi as Sundara Ghosh
* K. S. Angamuthu as Muthayi
* M. S. S. Bhagyam as Bhagyam
* M. M. Radha Bai as Anandhan's mother
;Dance
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=80}}
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Velaikari'' was a play written by [[C. N. Annadurai]]. It was originally written for [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]'s drama company by Annadurai. After the play's success, M. Somasundaram of [[Jupiter Pictures]] decided to make a film version and chose Annadurai as the screenwriter. [[A. S. A. Sami]] was chosen by Annadurai to be the director after a few meetings. Per Annadurai's recommendation, Ramasamy was hired to play the protagonist. The original play was based on class conflicts and was partly inspired by the [[Bhawal case]] for the twists in the plot. Some plot elements based on the [[Alexandre Dumas]] novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' (1844) were suggested by Sami for the film version and accepted by Annadurai, who wrote the screenplay, which was over 1000 pages, in three days.<ref name="guy1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=7 December 2007 |title=Velaikari 1949 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/velaikari-1949/article3024082.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101347/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/velaikari-1949/article3024082.ece |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=79}} Cinematography was handled by M. Masthan.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=104}} The film was made to look like a photographed play, eschewing outdoor shots and the majority of the story being narrated through verbal narration and mid-shots, and characters turning towards the camera to speak their lines rather than the camera turning towards them.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=105}} The completed film was 16,774 feet in length.{{Sfn|Film News Anandan|2004|pp=28–52}}

== Themes and influences ==
In the film, Mani advises Anandan of four methods to take revenge: ''Aduthu Kedukkum Padalam'' (spoiling someone's reputation by being with them), ''Panam Pazhakkum Padalam'' (spoiling their money), ''Manam Parikkum Padalam'' (spoiling their reputation) and ''Kan Kuththum Padalam'' (hurting his eyes through his own hands). A few scenes from the [[The Count of Monte Cristo (1934 film)|1934 film version]] of ''The Count of Monte Cristo'' were re-enacted in ''Velaikari'', such as the protagonist deciding to take revenge on the people responsible for his jail term after escaping from there. The climax scene of Anandan entering the court as a lawyer was inspired from the 1937 film ''[[The Life of Emile Zola]]''.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=79}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[C. R. Subbaraman]], with lyrics by [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]. The song "Innamum Paaraa Mugam Enammaa" was remixed in 2012 by Manachanallur Giridharan in his devotional album titled ''Om Nava Sakthi Jaya Jaya Sakthi'', which was also sung by Giridharan himself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Om Nava Sakthi Jaya Jaya Sakthi |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/om-nava-sakthi-jaya-jaya-sakthi/569456818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011153258/https://music.apple.com/us/album/om-nava-sakthi-jaya-jaya-sakthi/569456818 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Oridam Thanile Nilaiyillaa Ulaginile" ||[[P. Leela]] & K. V. Janaki || 04:37
|-
| "Innamum Paaraa Mugam Enammaa" ||[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]|| 02:35
|-
| "Aada Varuvaayaa Kannaa" ||[[T. V. Rathnam]]|| 01:59
|-
| "Neethan Allaamal Thunai Yaar" ||K. R. Ramasamy|| 01:36
|-
| "Ulagam Palavitham" ||[[A. P. Komala]]|| 02:56
|-
| "Laali Laali Suba Laali Laali" ||T. V. Rathnam & P. Leela|| 01:38
|-
| "Singaara Pann Paaduven" || M. M. Mariayappa & K. V. Janaki || 02:15
|-
| "Eppadi Vaazhven Inimel" ||K. R. Ramasamy|| 03:04
|-
| "Vaazhiya Needoozhi Paguttharivaalar" ||T. V. Rathnam & K. V. Janaki || 03:53
|-
| "Ulagatthile Unnadhamaai Uyarndha" ||T. V. Rathnam|| 01:19
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Velaikari'' was released on 25 February 1949.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1949 |title=Velaikari |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19490225&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The scene where Anandan throws sacred objects and abuses the presiding deity at a Kali temple created controversy. Some religious groups even clamoured for a ban on the film. However, the film turned out to be a major box office success of historical importance.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=79}} The 100th day function of the film was chaired by writer Va. Ramasamy at a theatre in [[Coimbatore]]. Annadurai said the film "made it clear that greed and avarice of the rich did not pay in the long run... Some of the elementary principles of the socialism and stressed that we should depend upon our own labor for our progress and well-being and not some unknown factor". After the film's success, the producers presented a [[Morris Motors|Morris Car]] to Annadurai.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=80}}

[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] in his magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' issue date 19 June 1949 wrote, "[''Velaikari''] is not a film to be commented on, but a great film which came to reform society". The film's final message ''Ondre Kulam, Oruvane Devan'' (One community and one god), became a popular rhetoric of the political party Annadurai founded. Even when the play was staged, Krishnamurthy was amazed with the dialogues and scenes and appreciated Annadurai as ''Arignar'' (Meaning an Intellectual), which become a prefix for Annadurai since then. He also gave the title of "[[George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] of South" to Annadurai after watching the film.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=80}}

== Legacy ==
The powerful link between Tamil cinema and [[Politics of Tamil Nadu|politics]] was established through this film. Hence, it can be called as a watershed film which led to changes to Tamil cinema and politics. The film become a trendsetter for its powerful and beautiful dialogues and for its strong approach on social issues and beliefs. The same route was followed by [[M. Karunanidhi]], heir to Annadurai in films and politics, in various films including ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) and ''[[Manohara]]'' (1954).{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=80}} Its dialogues became famous among the audience. Some of the rhetorical lines like "Sattam Oru Iruttarai. athiley vakkilin vaathamoru vilakku. anaal athu ezhaikku ettaatha vilakku" (The law is a dark room. In which the lawyer's arguments are like the lamp light, but the poor cannot get it) and "Kathiyai Theettathey, Un Puththiyai Theettu" (Don't sharpen your knife but your mind) become very famous and are used among the common public and politicians.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=80}} The 1981 Tamil film ''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]'' was titled after one of the film's dialogues. The popular reception ''Velaikari'' received was the beginning of the long association [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics|between the Dravidian movement and Tamil cinema]]. The dialogues and scenes promoting atheism led to some controversy and demands for banning the film.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=79}}<ref name="guy1" /><ref name="gangadhar">{{Cite web |last=Gangadhar |first=V |date=10 December 1998 |title=One for the masses! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/10ganga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907101103/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/dec/10ganga.htm |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=15 January 2010 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Velaikari'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santhosham]]'' (1955), in [[Hindi]] as ''Naya Aadmi'' (1956),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=11 September 2014 |title=Santhosam (1955) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santhosham-1955/article6401521.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101800/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/santhosham-1955/article6401521.ece |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Malli Maduve]]'' (1963).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjula |date=5 August 2020 |title=Dr Rajkumar's Malli Maduve Was Written By First Tamil Nadu CM |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/dr-rajkumars-malli-maduve-was-written-by-first-tamil-nadu-cm-637606 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012112911/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/dr-rajkumars-malli-maduve-was-written-by-first-tamil-nadu-cm-637606 |archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |author-link=Film News Anandan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 drama films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. S. A. Sami]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. N. Annadurai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Jupiter Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vaazhkai Padagu

2026-03-04T05:13:09Z

Pickleballexpert: created initial stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaazhkai Padagu
| image = Vaazhkai Padagu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = C. Srinivasan
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| screenplay = Veppathur Kittu
| based_on = ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]''
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Devika]] [[R. Muthuraman]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = P. Ellappa
| editing = J. Balakrishnan
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1965|3|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaazhkai Padagu''''' ({{translation|The Boat of Life}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by C. Srinivasan and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]] under [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=15 December 2012 |title=Blast from the Past Vaazhkai Padagu 1965 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vaazhkai-padagu-1965/article4203435.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808110503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vaazhkai-padagu-1965/article4203435.ece |archive-date=8 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Devika]] and [[R. Muthuraman]], with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[K. Balaji]] [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[M. V. Rajamma]] in supporting roles. A remake of the studio's own [[Hindi]] film ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1964), it was released on 26 March 1965.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
A young, unemployed woman Seetha takes up stage acting as a career. A wealthy man Kannabiran is after her, and uses his henchman to kidnap her. During the attempt, Rajan and his dog rescue her and the two fall in love. Rajan is the son of a [[zamindar]], who has a poor opinion of Seetha. However, after many hurdles, the two marry. The director of Seetha's stage troupe Gopal too is in love with her. But, she never responds. When Kannabiran is murdered. Gopal is arrested. He has an alibi – on the night of the murder, a young woman stayed with him in his house, but then he does not disclose her identity. The woman turns out to be Seetha and she gives them the evidence. One of the members of the jury is her father-in-law and complications follow with the husband leaving her and wishing to marry again. However, the truth comes out and the family is united in the end.

== Cast ==
;
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Rajan
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] as Gopal
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Rajan's father
* [[Nagesh]]
* [[T. S. Balaiah]]
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Kannabiran's henchman
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as Kannabiran
* S. Rama Rao
* [[P. D. Sambandam]]
* Baby Farida
* Master Saheeth
* Honey
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female
* [[Devika]] as Seetha
* [[M. V. Rajamma]]
* [[Pushpavalli]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Geetanjali (actress)|Geetanjali]]
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
''Vaazhkai Padagu'' is the Tamil remake of [[Gemini Studios]]'s own Hindi film ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1964). It was [[Devika]]'s first film with the studio.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and were lyrics written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=31 December 1965 |title=Vazhkai Padagu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vazhkai-padagu/sfLYp3Fuzfo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827065907/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vazhkai-padagu/sfLYp3Fuzfo_ |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Aayiram Penmai Malaratume" || [[P. Susheela]] || 05:24
|-
| "Netru Varai Nee Yaaro" || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || 03:56
|-
| "Unnai Thaane Naan Ariven" || P. Susheela || 03:43
|-
| "Chinna Chinna Kannanukku" || P. B. Srinivas || 03:34
|-
| "Pazhani Santhana Vaadai" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:08
|-
| "Thanga Magal" || P. Susheela || 03:17
|-
| "Kangale Kangale" || P. B. Srinivas || 03:22
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Vaazhkai Padagu'' was released on 26 March 1965,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1965 |title=Vazhkai Padagu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19650326&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and emerged a box office success.<ref name="thehindu" /> It was the first film to be released at the theatre Nataraj, which opened on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 1965 |title=A New Theatre in the city of Madras {{!}} Nataraj |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19650319&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1965 |title=Cinema theatre opened |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19650326&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The magazines ''[[Kumudam]]'' and ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote positive reviews, primarily praising Devika's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=தேவிகா 4. மறக்க முடியுமா...? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/sep/10/தேவிகா-4-மறக்க-முடியுமா-2561985.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910143156/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/sep/10/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-4-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-2561985.html |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' magazine also praised the performances of actors.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 April 1965 |title=வாழ்க்கை படகு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-04-18/page/n34/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328142416/https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-04-18/page/n34/mode/2up |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=34 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3460848}}

{{Gemini Studios}}
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1965 drama films]]
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Zalzala (film)

2026-03-03T23:47:06Z

Pickleballexpert: created a data more to come

{{short description|1988 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zalzala
| image = Zalzala (1988).jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Harish Shah]]
| producer = Vinod Shah
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Rajiv Kapoor]] [[Anita Raj]] [[Kimi Katkar]] [[Vijayeta Pandit]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Rati Agnihotri]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988|05|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}24 million<ref name="auto"/<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=Zalzala 1988 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1980's Box Office Collection |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/zalzala-1988-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ | access-date=18 December 2021 |website=KS Box Office }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}30 million<ref name="auto"/<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=Zalzala 1988 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts 1980's Box Office Collection |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/zalzala-1988-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ | access-date=18 December 2021 |website=KS Box Office }}</ref>
}}

'''''Zalzala''''' is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language [[action adventure film]] directed by [[Harish Shah]]. It features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Dharmendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Rajiv Kapoor]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Kimi Katkar]], [[Vijayta Pandit]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zalzala (1988) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zalzala-6500 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109134934/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/zalzala-6500 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2019 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> It is a loose rehash of 1969 [[Western (genre)|Western]], ''[[Mackenna's Gold]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/old-hindu-theory-of-reincarnation-at-work-from-bollywood/articleshow/2908592.cms?from=mdr|title=Old Hindu theory of reincarnation at work from Bollywood|last=Pai|first=Gaurav|date=2008-03-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/tantarara-dishum-dishum/227524|title=Tantarara, Dishum Dishum|access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref>
Zalzala was released on 13 May 1988 and received mainly mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zalzala 1988 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/zalzala-1988-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |access-date=2022-03-08 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The narrator starts the movie with a myth that there is a hidden golden temple full of treasures. None can reach there without the map and one old priest only knows the way to the temple. In the other side of the story, Inspector Shiv Kumar arrested ruthless dacoit Sona Singh, who is madly in search of that hidden temple. Sona Sing broke into the jail and killed Shiv's wife Radha. Radha was an orphan and it is revealed later that she was the only sister of Shankar (Man with no name). In another occasion, inspector Shiv met with one vagabond Bholey and Radha's brother Shankar. To take revenge for Radha's death, Shiv Kumar resigned from the police service and chased Sona Singh's gang, but unfortunately was captured by them. Sona Singh told him to guide them to the golden temple, because only Shiv knows the map of that area. The old man informed Shiv about the path to the temple before his death. The full gang of dacoit and Shiv started a hard journey towards the temple. Shankar, Bholey and their respective fiancée also accompanied Shiv.<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Inspector Shiv Kumar
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Shankar / Benaam
* [[Rajiv Kapoor]] as Bhole
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Radha (Sp. App.)
* [[Anita Raj]] as Sheela
* [[Kimi Katkar]] as Reshma
* [[Vijayta Pandit]] as Paro
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Sheela's Mother
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Sona Singh
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Heera Singh
* [[Dan Dhanoa]] as Moti Singh
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Shera
* [[C. S. Dubey]] as Mukhiya
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as Goon
* [[Jagdeep]] as Groom
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Groom's Friend
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Priest Uday Singh
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Groom's dad

==Music==
#"Are Chaaku Chale Tere Liye Bazaaro Me" - [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
#"Holi Aayi Re, Aayi Re Aayi Holi Aayi" -[[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
#"Mar Jayenge Hum" - [[Hari Om Sharan]], Vinod Sehgal, [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
#"Dil Hai Kab Kis Pe Sarkar" - [[Asha Bhosle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0358302|title=Zalzala}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1988 Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Belli Modagalu

2026-03-03T22:02:34Z

Pickleballexpert: fix section also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Belli Modagalu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. V. Raju]]
| writer = Kranti Kumar
| producer = G. Govinda [[Rockline Venkatesh|T. N. Venkatesh]] J.G. Krishna
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Malashri]] [[Doddanna]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = J.G. Krishna
| editing = Shyam Yadav
| studio = GVK Productions
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime = 119 min
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Belli Modagalu''''' (transl. Silver clouds) ({{langx|kn|ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ಮೋಡಗಳು}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language drama film, starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Malashri]], [[Doddanna]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] in the lead roles.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/belli-modagalu/cast-crew.html Belli Modagalu Crew]</ref> The film is directed by [[K. V. Raju]]. It is a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Seetharamayya gari Manavaralu]]'' which was earlier remade in Malayalam as ''[[Sandhwanam]]'' by [[Sibi Malayil]] and later remade in Hindi in 1994 as ''[[Udhaar Ki Zindagi]]'' by Raju himself.

== Cast ==
* [[Ramesh Aravind]]
* [[Malashri]] as Seetha
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* Jyothi
* Ramamurthy

== Soundtrack ==
All the songs were composed and scored by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/movie/K0000336.html Belli Modagalu at Raaga]</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! S. No. !! Song title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Male Billa Singara" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || K. V. Raju
|-
| 2 || "Rama Baana" || Mano, [[Sangeetha Katti]] || K. V. Raju
|-
| 3 || "Bhoomiyali Chandirana" || S. Janaki || K. V. Raju
|-
| 4 || "Mavinali Hosa Thorana" || Mano, Sangeetha Katti || K. V. Raju
|-
| 5 || "Lokavane Thoogiruva" || Mano || K. V. Raju
|-
| 6 || "Hrudayave Ninna Hesarige" || Mano, S. Janaki || K. V. Raju
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belli Modagalu}}
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi

2026-03-02T08:51:40Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi.jpg
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| director = Anil V. Kumar Ranjan Kumar Singh
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Dheeraj Sarna
| story = Sonali Jaffar
| screenplay = Ritu Goel
| starring = [[Shakti Arora]] [[Radhika Madan]]
| theme_music_composer = Dony Hazarika
| open_theme = Tum Hi Ho
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 446<ref name="Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi episodes">{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/videos/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-full-episode-446-february-19th-2016-10123924.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160327115937/http://colors.in.com/in/videos/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi/meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-full-episode-446-february-19th-2016-10123924.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2016|title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi episodes|publisher=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi|date=14 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ekta-Kapoor-If-viewers-feel-the-pain-it-will-be-an-ultimate-win-for-us/articleshow/36702652.cms?|title=Ekta Kapoor: If viewers feel the pain, it will be an ultimate win for us|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography = [[Ashish Sharma]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21–30 min Special episodes: 48–50 min
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|6|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|2|19}}
}}

'''''Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi''''' ({{Translation}} Only you are my love) is an Indian soap opera based on [[Emily Bronte]]'s British novel ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] of [[Balaji Telefilms]]. The series aired from 24 June 2014 to 19 February 2016 on [[Colors TV]] and starred [[Shakti Arora]] and [[Radhika Madan]] it was one of the highest trp rated show of colors with 4+trp in 2015.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ekta-Kapoor-If-viewers-feel-the-pain-it-will-be-an-ultimate-win-for-us/articleshow/36702652.cms?|title=Ekta Kapoor: If viewers feel the pain, it will be an ultimate win for us|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
Ishaani Parekh and Ranveer Vaghela have been childhood friends for twenty years as Ranveer's father Kailash is the driver of Ishaani's step-father Harshad Parekh. As they both grow up together, Ranveer loves Ishaani, but was hesitatant to confess it due to their parents' background difference, and thus remains only her best friend. Later they have a fallout and misunderstandings lead them to separate.

===6 months later===
Ishaani is saved by Ranveer's friend, lawyer Shikhar Mehra who loves her. Ritika, posing as Ranveer's wife lives in Vaghela mansion. Ishaani gets shattered due to her mother Falguni's sudden death. As Ranveer learns the past truth he wants Ishaani back, who rejects him and decides to marry Shikhar. Ritika stabs Ishaani after revealing her true self that she killed Falguni. Ishaani recovers as Shikhar rescues her. Finally, Ritika gets exposed and jailed. Ranveer and Ishaani unite, clearing all misunderstandings.

It is revealed that Ranveer had a twin brother Milan whom Kailash gave up for adoption when they were in dire need of money after Ranveer had met with a serious accident during their childhood. Milan hates and vows to snatch everything from Ranveer. His motives are exposed later too as he commits suicide. Ritika is bailed and joins hands with Nirbhay Singh Ahlawat, who blames and wants revenge on Ranveer for his wife's death and sister Naina's paralysis.

Naina falls in love with Ranveer, who proves Nirbhay that he didn't kill his wife Pooja. Nirbhay apologizes to Ishaani and Ranveer. Ritika escapes. Ishaani and Ranveer finally unite.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shakti Arora]] as
** Ranveer Vaghela – Kailash and Amba's son; Milan's twin brother; Ishaani's husband; Ritika's former fiancé
** Milan Vaghela – Kailash and Amba's son; Ranveer's twin brother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shakti-faces-the-pressure-of-playing-a-double-role/articleshow/49383523.cms|title=Shakti faces the pressure of playing a double role|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Trivedi, Tanvi |date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shakti-Arora-performs-his-most-daredevil-stunt/articleshow/48669103.cms|title=Shakti Arora performs his most daredevil stunt|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Trivedi, Tanvi|date= 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shakti-Arora-likes-playing-complex-characters/articleshow/45991910.cms|title=Shakti Arora likes playing complex characters|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Bhatia, Saloni |date=24 January 2015}}</ref>
* [[Radhika Madan]] as Ishaani Vaghela (née:Joshi/Parekh)– Faalguni and Harshad's daughter; Nitin's biological daughter, Disha's half-sister; Ranveer's wife; Chirag's and Shikhar's former fiancée<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Radhika-Madan-I-have-slapped-all-my-male-co-stars/articleshow/47037487.cms|title=Radhika Madan: I have slapped all my male co- stars|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author= Bhatia, Saloni|date=24 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Radhika-Madan-Delhi-people-still-go-OMG-when-they-see-an-actor/articleshow/46824764.cms|title=Radhika Madan: Delhi people still go 'OMG' when they see an actor|date=7 April 2015|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author= Bhatia, Saloni}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi-Radhika-Madan-takes-Gujarati-lessons-on-the-sets/articleshow/36956272.cms?|title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi: Radhika Madan takes Gujarati lessons on the sets|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|date=22 June 2014}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Shahab Khan as Kailash Vaghela – Ranveer and Milan's father
* Utkarsha Naik as Amba Vaghela – Ranveer and Milan's mother
* [[Arjun Bijlani]] as Shikhar Mehra – Ishaani's former fiancé and best friend; Ritika and Ranveer's friend<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlani-opposite-Ishani-in-Meri-Aashiqui/articleshow/46605868.cms|title=Arjun Bijlani opposite Ishani in Meri Aashiqui|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author= Maheshwri, Neha|date=10 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlani-back-to-TV-shows-after-a-year/articleshow/46611122.cms|title=Arjun Bijlani back to TV shows after a year|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Bhatia, Saloni |date=10 April 2015}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Khanna]] as Ritika Zaveri – Ranveer's former fiancé and Chirag secret girlfriend<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi-Smriti-Khanna-in-a-love-triangle-in-the-TV-show/articleshow/44711893.cms?|title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi: Smriti Khanna in a love triangle in the TV show|author=Bhatia, Saloni |date=9 October 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Mohit Abrol]] as Nirbhay Singh Ahlawat – Ranveer's enemy-turned-friend; Ritika's friend<ref>{{cite web|author=Maheshwri, Neha |date=5 December 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mohit-Abrol-is-the-new-hero-opposite-Ishani-in-Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi/articleshow/50055644.cms|title=Mohit Abrol is the new hero opposite Ishani in 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi'|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
* Ravjeet Singh as Chirag Mehta – Ishaani ex-fiancé and Ritika's ex-boyfriend and father of Ritika's unborn child<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meri-Aashiquis-Chirag-joins-Zee-TVs-Pethawala/articleshow/46688589.cms|title=Meri Aashiqui's Chirag joins Zee TV's 'Pethawala'|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author= Maheshwri, Neha|date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ravjeet-Singh-a-part-of-Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi/articleshow/37521582.cms?|title=Ravjeet Singh a part of 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi'|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|date=3 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Gauri Pradhan]] as Faalguni Parekh – Nitin's ex-wife; Harshad's wife; Ishaani and Disha's mother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gauri-Pradhan-quits-Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi/articleshow/46838710.cms|title=Gauri Pradhan quits 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi'|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Trivedi, Tanvi |date=8 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gauri-plays-overtly-practical-woman-in-Meri-Aashiqui-Ekta/articleshow/36709847.cms?|title=Gauri plays overtly practical woman in 'Meri Aashiqui...': Ekta|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
* Prithvi Sankhala as Harshad Parekh – Maadhvi's brother; Faalguni's husband; Ishaani's adoptive father; Disha's father
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Nitin Joshi – Faalguni's ex-husband; Ishaani's father
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as Madhavi Parekh – Harshad's sister; Ishaani and Disha's aunt
* Tisha Kapoor as Disha Parekh Shah – Faalguni and Harshad's daughter; Ishaani's half-sister; Rishi's ex-fiancée; Manas's ex-wife; Krish's mother
* Anas Khan as Manas Shah – Disha's ex-husband; Krish's step-father
* [[Giriraj Kabra]] as Rishi Vyas – Disha's ex-fiancé; Krish's father
* Unknown as Krish Shah – Disha and Rishi's son; Manas's stepson
* Hardik Thakkar as Prateek Parekh – Ishaani's cousin
* Lankesh Bhardwaj as Police Inspector
* Deep Jaitely as Uttam
* Sunny Bajaj as Vikram
* [[Akanksha Juneja]] as Naina – Nirbhay's sister
* [[Parul Chauhan]] as Aarti Singh Ahlawat – Nirbhay and Naina's sister-in-law
* [[Dolly Sohi]] as Rajeshwari
* Gaurav Sarode as Shivam
* [[Gautam Gupta]] as Sharman Parekh – Ishaani's cousin, Ritika's ex-fiancé, Nimisha's boyfriend
* [[Aparna Dixit]] as Gauri – Ishaani's cousin<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Lokhandes-sister-bags-Paridhis-role-in-Ektas-show/articleshow/35721354.cms?|title=Ankita Lokhande's sister bags Paridhi's role in Ekta's show|work=The Times of India|date=29 May 2014 |access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sarita Joshi]] as Hansa Parekh – Matriarch of the Parekh household<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mother-and-daughter-to-compete-as-baa-on-TV/articleshow/50565615.cms|title=Mother and daughter to compete as 'baa' on TV|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author=Trivedi, Tanvi |date=14 January 2016}}</ref>
* Anmol Parnami as Devarsh Parekh – Ishaani's cousin; Sharman's brother
* Poonam Pandey as Krisha Parekh – Devarsh's wife; Shikhar's sister
* Nitin Vakharia as Mitesh Parekh –Ishaani and Disha's uncle; Harshad's brother; Sharman and Devarsh's father
* Manisha Kanojia/Roma Navani as Chaitali Parekh – Ishaani and Disha's aunt; Mitesh's wife; Sharman and Devarsh's mother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/After-Gauri-Manisha-to-return-to-TV-with-Ekta-Kapoors-Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi/articleshow/35783607.cms?|title=After Gauri, Manisha to return to TV with Ekta Kapoor's Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|author= Maheshwri, Neha|date=30 May 2014}}</ref>
* Mihir Rajda as Manahar Parekh
* Amita Choksi as Vishaka Parekh
* Unknown as Ketan Mehta, Chirag and Nimisha's father
* Hetal Yadav as Shweta Ketan Mehta, Chirag and Nimisha's mother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meri-Aashiqui-Tum-Se-Hi-Uttaran-actress-bags-Ekta-Kapoors-show/articleshow/37307540.cms?|title=Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi: Uttaran actress bags Ekta Kapoor's show|work=The Times of India|author=Bhopatkar, Tejashree |date= 27 June 2014|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
* Pallavi Rao as Lakshmi – Amba's sister
* [[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] as Shikhar's aunt
* Lankesh Bhardwaj as Inspector
* Urmila Nimbalkar / Charu Mehra as Paarul – Lakshmi's daughter; Ranveer's cousin
* Deepak Dutta as Raaj Mehra – Shikhar's father
* Sweetly Walia as Shikhar's aunt
* Deepali Kamath as Kanchan Mehra – Shikhar's mother
* Supriya Shailaja as Nimisha Mehta – Chirag's sister and Sharman's girlfriend
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] as Roumil – Gauri's abusive husband<ref name="indiatimes1"/>
* Zaara Khan as Ruchika
* Priyanka Chandel as Shanela – Chirag's girlfriend
* Sanjay Gandhi as Sanjeev Zaveri – Ritika's father
* Abhay Bhargava as Advocate M.F. Purohit
* Priyanka Sidana as Garima
* Sahil Miglani as Bhavesh
* Rose Sardana as Shanaya
* [[Imran Hasnee]] as Rawal
* [[Neel Motwani]] as Pranav – Gauri's ex-lover
* [[Amit Tandon]] as Rajat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/In-Out-TV-celebs-onboard-quit-or-kicked-out/photostory/48885510.cms|title=In & Out: TV celebs onboard, quit or kicked out|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2016|date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

===Guest===
* [[Sidharth Shukla]] as Shiv from ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
* [[Toral Rasputra]] as Anandi from ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
* [[Shashank Vyas]] as Jagdish Singh from ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' (2014)
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Ganga Jagdish Singh from ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' (2014)
* [[Ankita Lokhande]] as Ankita Naren Kamarkar from [[Pavitra Rishta|Pavitra rishta]] (2014)
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Naren Kamarkar from [[Pavitra Rishta]] (2014)
* [[Ashish Sharma]] as Rudra Pratap Ranawat from ''[[Rangrasiya]]'' (2014)
* [[Sanaya Irani]] as Paro from ''[[Rangrasiya]]'' (2014)
* [[Harshad Arora]] as Zain Abdullah from ''[[Beintehaa]]'' (2014)
* [[Preetika Rao]] as Aaliya Zain Abdullah from ''[[Beintehaa]]'' (2014)
* [[Tina Dutta]] as Meethi from ''[[Uttaran]]'' (2014)
* [[Mrunal Jain]] as Akash from ''[[Uttaran]]'' (2014)
* [[Dipika Kakar]] as Simar Prem Bharadwaj from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' (2015)
* [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] as Prem Bharadwaj from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' (2015)
* [[Avika Gor]] as Roli Siddhant Bharadwaj from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' (2015)
* [[Manish Raisinghan]] as Siddhant Bharadwaj from ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' (2015)
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Dr Nachiket "Neil" Khanna from [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar|Itna Karo na muhje pyaar]] (2015)
* [[Pallavi Kulkarni]] as Dr Ragini Khanna from [[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar|Itna Karo na muhje pyaar]] (2015)
* [[Shabir Ahluwalia|Shabir Alhuwalia]] as Abhishek "Abhi" Prem mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]] (2016)
* [[Sriti Jha]] as Pragya Arora Mehra from [[Kumkum Bhagya]] (2016)
* [[Varun Kapoor]] as Sanskar from ''[[Swaragini]]'' (2016)
* [[Helly Shah]] as Swara from ''[[Swaragini]]'' (2016)
* [[Namish Taneja]] as Lakshya from ''[[Swaragini]]'' (2016)
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]] as Ragini from ''[[Swaragini]]'' (2016)
* [[Mouni Roy]] as Shivanya
* [[Adaa Khan]] as Shesha

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| 2014
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! Performer of the Year - Male
| [[Shakti Arora]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="7" |2015
|rowspan="3" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best On-Screen Couple
| [[Shakti Arora]] & [[Radhika Madan]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nominations-for-indian-telly-awards-2015-out-see-who-all-have-made-the-cut-273701-2015-11-20|title=Nominations for Indian Telly Awards 2015 out; see who all have made the cut|date=20 November 2015|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Popular)
| [[Shakti Arora]]
|-
| Best Fresh New Face (Female)
| [[Radhika Madan]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-telly-awards/2015/115|title=Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners: Complete list of winners|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Kalakar Awards
| Rising Star of the Year
| [[Shakti Arora]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Youth Icon of the Year
| [[Shakti Arora]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| Best Fresh New Face (Female)
| rowspan="4"|[[Radhika Madan]]
|-
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Gold Debut in Lead Role (Female)
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2015-highlights-complete-winners-list-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-bags-most-honours-636621|title=Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights, Complete Winners' List: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Bags Most Honours; Karan-Divyanka's Romance Steals the Show|first=Prarthna|last=Sarkar|date=22 June 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Youth Icon of the Year (Female)
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=14 November 2016|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| Kalakar Awards
| Best Actress (Popular)
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kalakar-awards-radhika-madan-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actors-bag-prestigious-awards-photo-664473|title=Kalakar Awards: Radhika Madan, 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' actors bag prestigious awards [PHOTO]|first=Parismita|last=Goswami|date=25 January 2016|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3911894}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows based on British novels]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

1935–36 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-20T01:19:59Z

Pickleballexpert: adding a post - done

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1935–36 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate = 30 November 1935
| todate = 31 March 1936
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 2
| participants = 16
| matches = 16
| most runs = S. M. Kadri (Bombay) (515)<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1935-36/Batting_by_Runs.html Most runs]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 December 2023. {{subscription}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[A. G. Ram Singh]] (Madras) (28)<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1935-36/Bowling_by_Wickets.html Most wickets]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 December 2023. {{subscription}}</ref>
| previous_year = 1934–35
| previous_tournament = 1934–35 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1936–37
| next_tournament = 1936–37 Ranji Trophy
| website = https://www.bcci.tv
}}
The '''1935–36 [[Ranji Trophy]]''' was the second edition of India's [[first-class cricket]] championship. Having been called 'The Cricket Championship of India' in 1934–35, the tournament was rebranded in 1935 in honour of the late [[Kumar Sri Ranjitsinhji]], known as Ranji.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/02/05/ranji-trophy-85-years-and-counting.html |last=Mathew |first=Joshua |title=Ranji Trophy: 85 years, and counting |work=The Week |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

Matches were played from 4 November 1934 to 12 March 1935 and a total of 16 state and city teams participated. Of the original 15, the [[Army cricket team (India)|Army team]] withdrew but there were two new members with [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]) making their debuts. Although the sides were divided into four zonal groups, the tournament utilised a knockout format. [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] defeated [[Madras cricket team|Madras]] by 190 runs in the final.

==Teams==
Although the tournament ran in a knockout format, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) organised the teams by zone. [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] made their debuts but the [[Army cricket team (India)|Army team]] did not participate. The sixteen teams are listed alphabetically by zone and the sides that won each zonal title are in '''bold'''.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* '''East Zone'''
* '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
* [[Central India cricket team|Central India]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]])
* [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]] (now [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]])
* [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]])
{{col-4}}
* '''North Zone'''
* [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
* '''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''
* [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]] (now [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]])
* [[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]])
{{col-4}}
* '''South Zone'''
* [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
* '''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]''' (now [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]])
* [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] (now [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]])
{{col-4}}
* '''West Zone'''
* '''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]''' (now [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]])
* [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
* [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
* [[Sind cricket team|Sind]]
* [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]
{{col-end}}

==Highlights==
* Although the [[Army cricket team (India)|Army team]] withdrew, the number of participants increased to 16 as [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] made their tournament debuts.
* S. M. Kadri scored hundreds in both innings for Bombay against [[Western India cricket team|Western India]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15655.html Bombay v Western India]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 December 2023. {{subscription}}</ref>

==Zonal Matches==
===East Zone===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|19 Dec 1935 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''162 & 356/6d'''|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|105 & 171
|10 Jan 1936 – Indore|'''[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]'''|'''196 & 218/5'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|149 & 264/7d

|18 Jan 1936 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''283 & 259'''|[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]|200 & 195/5
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===North Zone===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|12 Feb 1936 – Delhi|'''[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]'''|'''230 & 195/6'''|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|169 & 280/5d
|15 Feb 1936 – Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|124 & 44/2|'''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''|'''206 & 255'''

|19 Feb 1936 – Delhi|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|208 & 213|'''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''|'''452'''
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===South Zone===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|30 Nov 1935 – Bangalore|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|162 & 135|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''275 & 131'''
|||||

|28 Dec 1935 – Chennai|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''263 & 123/4'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|268 & 109

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===West Zone===
{{Round8

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|||||
|10 Dec 1935 – Poona|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|228|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''308 & 295'''
|||||

|13 Dec 1935 – Poona|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''348 & 154'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|144 & 104
|16 Dec 1935 – Poona|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''369 & 105/2'''|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|230 & 329/7d

|20 Dec 1935 – Poona|[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]|181|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''243 & 484'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout Stage==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|14 Feb 1936 – Madras|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''195 & 158'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|144 & 118
|20 Mar 1936 – Delhi|'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''170 & 223'''|[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]|140 & 241

|27 Mar 1936 – Delhi|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]|268 & 125|'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''384 & 199'''
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 27–31 Mar 1936
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''384 (144.1 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = Ahmed Baporia 90
| wickets-team1-inns1 = M. A. Uttappa 4/70
| score-team2-inns1 = '''268 (108 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = A. V. Krishnaswamy 77
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Bomanji Kalapesi 5/92
| score-team1-inns2 = '''199 (86 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Merchant]] 79
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[A. G. Ram Singh]] 5/92
| score-team2-inns2 = '''125 (52 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Cotah Ramaswami|C. Ramaswami]] 40
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rustomji Jamshedji]] 3/18
| result = Bombay won by 190 runs
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires =
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15720.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = The match was played in a neutral ground.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1935-36}}
[[Category:1935 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1936 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1935–36]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-19T09:43:26Z

Pickleballexpert: Adding stub

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bikramganj
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Bikramganj''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. It was abolished in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/changing-equations-in-bikramganj/articleshow/619457.cms|title=Changing equations in Bikramganj
|editor=SANJAY SINGH|website=Times of India|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
# [[Piro (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Piro]]
# [[Karakat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]
# [[Bikramganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
# [[Dinara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dinara]]
# [[Nokha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nokha]]
# [[Dehri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dehri]]

==Members of Parliament==
===1962-2008===
'''Bikramganj''' Lok Sabha constituency was created in 1962 and abolished in 2008. Following is the list of the [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]], who represented Bikramganj constituency:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref>

*1962: [[Ram Subhag Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967: [[Shiopujan Shastri]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1971: [[Shiopujan Shastri]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1977: [[Ram Awadhesh Singh]], [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Tapeshwar Singh]], [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
*1984: [[Tapeshwar Singh]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1989: [[Ram Prasad Singh]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1991: [[Ram Prasad Singh]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1996: [[Kanti Singh]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1998: [[Bashistha Narain Singh]], [[Samata Party]]
*1999: [[Kanti Singh]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
*2004: [[Ajit Kumar Singh (born 1962)|Ajit Kumar Singh]], [[Janata Dal (United)]]
*2008 onwards:''Constituency does not exist''

==See also==
* [[Rohtas district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25.2|84.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Rohtas-geo-stub}}

Jagjit Singh Chopra

2026-02-15T11:16:47Z

Pickleballexpert: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian neurologist, medical writer, academic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagjit Singh Chopra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|6|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|1|18|1935|6|15|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=जाने-माने न्यूरोलॉजिस्ट डॉ जगजीत सिंह चोपड़ा का निधन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/chandigarh/famous-neurologist-dr-jagjit-singh-chopra-passes-away/articleshow/67604047.cms |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref>
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Neurology|Neurologist]] [[Medical writing|Medical writer]]
| yearsactive =
| known for = Founder of the department of neurology at [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarkoti |first1=Rajinder |title=Administration recommends four PGI doctors for Padma awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/administration-recommends-four-pgi-doctors-for-padma-awards/articleshow/65826626.cms |access-date=20 January 2019 |agency=[[The Times Group]] |issue=1 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 September 2018}}</ref> [[B. C. Roy Award]] [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Amrut Mody Research Award
}}
'''Jagjit Singh Chopra''' (15 June 1935<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganapathy |first1=Krishnan |title=Past Presidents, 2000—2016 |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/site/Ebook/Past%20Presidents%202000-2016.pdf |website=neurosocietyindia.com |publisher=Neurological Society of India |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144423/http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/site/Ebook/Past%20Presidents%202000-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> – 18 January 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/eminent-neurologist-jagjit-singh-chopra-dies-at-84/716284.html|title=Eminent neurologist Jagjit Singh Chopra dies at 84|date=19 January 2019|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403175048/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/eminent-neurologist-jagjit-singh-chopra-dies-at-84/716284.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> was an Indian neurologist, medical writer and an Emeritus Professor of the Department of Neurology at the [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER).<ref name="Modern lifestyle leading to health problems">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/modern-lifestyle-leading-to-health-problems/ | title=Modern lifestyle leading to health problems | newspaper=Indian Express | date=10 January 2016 | access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

He was the founder-principal of the [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh]],{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and a past president of the Indian Academy of Neurology.<ref name="Reflections of Former Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.ian.net.in/uploads/files/A-Saga-of-Indian-Neurology-Book-1-283.pdf | title=Reflections of Former Presidents | publisher=Sagar Hospital and Agadi Hospital | date=2011 | access-date=19 June 2016 | author=H. V. Srinivas | archive-date=2 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502062650/http://ian.net.in/uploads/files/A-Saga-of-Indian-Neurology-Book-1-283.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

He authored the book ''Neurology in Tropics'',<ref name="Chopra1999">{{cite book|author=Jagjit S. Chopra|title=Neurology in Tropics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThGCtgAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=B.I. Churchill Livingstone Pvt Limited|isbn=978-81-7042-121-4}}</ref> which is a compilation of contributions from 146 neurologists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/life-style/gyan-zone/walk-your-way-to-fitness/181814.html|title=Walk your way to fitness|last=Ahuja|first=Manika|date=10 January 2016|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

==Life ==
Chopra was elected by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] as a fellow in 1980 and six years later, he received the [[B. C. Roy Award]], the highest Indian honor in the medical category.<ref name="NAMS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=NAMS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 June 2016 | pages=27 of 162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goyal|first1=Manoj K.|last2=Lal|first2=Vivek|date=2018-01-01|title=PGIMER, Chandigarh: A temple of holistic Neurology|url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2018;volume=66;issue=1;spage=188;epage=203;aulast=Lal;type=0|journal=Neurology India|language=en|volume=66|issue=1|pages=188–203|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.222812|issn=0028-3886|pmid=29322985|s2cid=37595889 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He delivered several award orations such as those for Dr. R. S. Allison Oration and M. S. Sen Award Oration of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) and was also a recipient of Amrut Mody Research Award of ICMR (1981). The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2008, for his contributions to Indian medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> He was also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of Madras Neuro Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |title=MADRAS NEURO TRUST |website=www.madrasneurotrust.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013643/http://www.madrasneurotrust.org/lifetime-achivement.html |archive-date=2017-02-20}} </ref>

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==Death==

After suffering from a [[stroke]] at Chandigarh, despite attempts to save him for a month at the [[Intensive care unit|ICU unit]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pgi-neurology-dept-founder-dr-chopra-passes-away-at-84/articleshow/67606240.cms|title=PGI neurology department founder Dr Chopra passes away at 84|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref> Chopra died on 19 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/eminent-neurologist-jagjit-chopra-dies-3534108/|title=Eminent neurologist Jagjit Chopra dies|last=Feeds|first=P. T. I.|date=2019-01-19|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/eminent-neurologist-jagjit-chopra-dies-119011900652_1.html|title=Eminent neurologist Jagjit Chopra dies|date=2019-01-19|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Jagjit Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Indian neurologists]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]

Naanum Rowdy Dhaan (TV series)

2026-02-11T17:42:25Z

Pickleballexpert: Started

{{Short description|2025 Indian reality show}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt_name = நானும் ரௌடி தான்
| genre = Kids [[Reality television|Reality show]]
| presenter = [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] Ashwath
| judges =
| voices =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40–44 minutes per episode
| company = [[Media Masons]]
| producer =
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|03|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|08|10|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Naanum Rowdy Dhaan''''' ({{translation|''I am a rowdy too''}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Reality television|reality show]] which premiered on 30 March 2025 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], and is also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]]. The show is hosted by [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]], Ashwath and Production by [[Media Masons]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sivaangi-krishnakumar-set-to-host-new-game-show-naanum-rowdy-dhaan/articleshow/119206645.cms|title=Sivaangi Krishnakumar set to host new game show 'Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 March 2025|language=en|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=2 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402112015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sivaangi-krishnakumar-set-to-host-new-game-show-naanum-rowdy-dhaan/articleshow/119206645.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The show aired on every Sunday at 12:30PM.

== Overview ==
The show is Kutty Dragons (kids) take on the Dragons (Celebrities) in a fun battle of wits. The one Dragon having the most points at the end of the rounds wins the game.

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="width:10pt; background:Purple;color:white"| Epi
!style="width:60pt; background:Purple;color:white"| Airing
!style="width:100pt; background:Purple;color:white"| Celebrity
!style="width:30pt; background:Purple;color:white"| Ref
|-
|1
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|3|30}}
|Venkatesh Bhat Abi Nakshathra [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chef-venkatesh-bhat-dheena-and-abi-nakshatra-to-grace-naanum-rowdy-dhaan/articleshow/119592458.cms|title=Chef Venkatesh Bhat, Dheena, and Abi Nakshatra to grace 'Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2025|language=en|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=9 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409183703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chef-venkatesh-bhat-dheena-and-abi-nakshatra-to-grace-naanum-rowdy-dhaan/articleshow/119592458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|4|6}}
|Narendra Prasath Adhirichi Arun [[Monisha Blessy]]
|
|-
|3
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|4|13}}
|Kaalaiyan Abi Shambavy GP Muthu
|
|-
|4
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|4|20}}
|[[Singampuli]] VJ Nikki Nikitha
|
|-
|5
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|4|27}}
|Reshma Karthi Chaitra
|
|-
|6
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|5|4}}
|Binni Krishnakumar Kathir Akshaya
|
|-
|7
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|5|11}}
|Maneesha Mahesh Amaljith Alagappan
|
|-
|8
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|5|18}}
|[[Devadarshini]] Mahalingam Bharath Kumar
|
|-
|9
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|5|25}}
|Priyadarshini [[Haripriya Isai]] [[Vidyullekha Raman]]
|
|-
|10
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|1}}
|[[Delna Davis]] [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] Jay Srinivasa Kumar
|
|-
|11
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|8}}
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]] [[Sam Vishal]] [[Gabriella Charlton]]
|
|-
|12
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|15}}
|[[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]] [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] Arthika
|
|-
|13
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|22}}
|[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] Vijay Venkatesan Soniya Suresh
|
|-
|14
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|6|29}}
|[[Shrutika Arjun]] [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]] [[Nandan Loganathan]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/veteran-actress-ambika-to-grace-game-show-nanum-rowdy-dhan-deets-inside/articleshow/121950620.cms|title=Veteran actress Ambika to grace game show 'Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2025|language=en|access-date=8 July 2025|archive-date=8 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708083455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/veteran-actress-ambika-to-grace-game-show-nanum-rowdy-dhan-deets-inside/articleshow/121950620.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|15
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|6}}
|[[Uma Riyaz Khan]] [[Shariq Hassan]] [[Sanjeev Karthick]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/uma-riyaz-and-shariq-hassan-to-grace-game-show-nanum-rowdy-dhan-deets-inside/articleshow/122277366.cms|title=Uma Riyaz and Shariq Hassan to grace game show 'Naanum Rowdy Dhaan'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 July 2025|language=en|access-date=8 July 2025|archive-date=8 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708105306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/uma-riyaz-and-shariq-hassan-to-grace-game-show-nanum-rowdy-dhan-deets-inside/articleshow/122277366.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|16
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|13}}
|Divya Ganesh Dev Jokalshmi
|
|-
|17
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|20}}
|Bharath [[Swathi Konde]] Krithika Laddu
|
|-
|18
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|7|27}}
|Swetha [[Deepa Shankar]] Niyaz Khan
|
|-
|19
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|3}}
|Bhavithra Vijayan Sham
|
|-
|20
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|10}}
|Parvathy Vimalkumar J Sakthi
|
|-
|}

== Production ==
In 16 March 2025, the show was announced by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and Production by [[Media Masons]], who produced shows such as ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku]]'' and ''Mama Manasilaayo''. The first promo was released on same day by revealing Yaar Antha Akka?,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-new-show-nanum-rowdy-dhan-coming-soon-1742284872|title=Kidsகளுக்காக சன் தொலைக்காட்சியின் புதிய ஷோ, யார் அந்த அக்கா... புரொமோவுடன் வெளிவந்த விவரம் |website=cineulagam.com|date=27 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> with actor Alagappan (''[[Anandha Ragam (TV series)|Anandha Ragam]]'' fame) and Sujatha Sivakumar (''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' fame).<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-new-show-who-is-that-akka-1742153263|title=சன் டிவியில் வரும் புது நிகழ்ச்சி.. அந்த அக்கா இவர்தானா?|website=cineulagam.com|date=27 March 2025|language=en|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=27 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427163140/https://cineulagam.com/article/sun-tv-new-show-who-is-that-akka-1742153263|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Star Vijay]] fame [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] who commonly joined with [[Media Masons]]'s projects such as ''[[Super Singer 7]]'' and ''[[Cooku with Comali|Cooku With Comali]]'' she is first time in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] as host with Aswanth.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-sivaangi-krishnakumar-on-naanum-rowdy-dhaan-expect-lots-of-fun-unexpected-twists-and-non-stop-entertainment/photostory/119898982.cms?picid=119899449|title=Exclusive! Sivaangi Krishnakumar on 'Naanum Rowdy Dhaan': 'Expect lots of fun, unexpected twists, and non-stop entertainment'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Vinodhini Kumar|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/sun-tv-naanum-rowdy-dhan-show-promo/|title=Sivaangi Krishnakumar joins Sun TV as a New Host! Here's the 'Naanum Rowdy Dhan' Promo|website=www.southmoviez.com|date=18 March 2025|language=en|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318143450/https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/sun-tv-naanum-rowdy-dhan-show-promo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-nanum-rowdy-dhan-episodeno2-Apr06-2025/detail/218411/218586 ''Naanum Rowdy Dhaan''] at [[Sun NXT]]

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Prashanti Express

2026-02-08T02:02:45Z

Pickleballexpert: info

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Prashanti Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1998|11|22}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] (BBS)
| stops = 43
| end = [[KSR Bengaluru]] (SBC)
| distance = {{convert|1547|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hrs 35 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 18463 / 18464
| speed = {{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Prashanti Express route map.jpg|250px]]
}}
The 18463 / 18464 '''Prashanti Express''' is a daily train that runs between Bhubaneswar and KSR Bengaluru which used to run between Visakhapatnam and KSR Bengaluru previously. It leaves [[Bhubaneswar railway station]] at 05:40 a.m and reaches [[KSR Bengaluru]] the next day at 11:45 a.m. The duration of journey is approximately 30 hours. It operates as train number 18463 from Bhubaneswar to KSR Bengaluru and as train number 18464 between KSR Bengaluru and Bhubaneswar. Its previous number was 18563 and 18564.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1266/238/136 | title=18463/Prasanti Express (PT) - Bhubaneswar to Bangalore ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

This train belongs to [[East Coast Railway zone]] of Indian Railways, having primary maintenance at Bhubaneswar.

This is the best train to travel from Bhubaneswar to Visakhapatnam, Rajahmundry, Vijayawada and Guntakal due to its cleanliness, punctuality and superfast speed.

However, when it enters SWR Zone ([[South Western Railway zone]]), it is being delayed, particularly in Bengaluru suburbs.

==History==
Before 1997/98, the train was a prestigious Meter Gauge era service between [[Vijayawada]] & [[Bangalore]]. After gauge conversion, the train was re-introduced on 22 November 1998 between [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Bangalore]]. It was extended to [[Bhubaneswar]] on 20 February 2008 and since then it has been running between [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/02/09/prasanthi-express-extended-to-bhubaneswar-1171025871.html|title = Prasanthi Express extended to Bhubaneswar|date = 9 February 2007}}</ref>

==Route and halts==

#'''{{rws|Bhubaneswar}}'''
#{{rws|Khurda Road Junction}}
#{{rws|Nirakarpur}}
#{{rws|Kalupara Ghat}}
#{{rws|Balugaon}}
#{{rws|Khallikot}}
#{{rws|Chatrapur}}
#{{rws|Brahmapur}}
#{{rws|Ichchapuram}}
#{{rws|Sompeta}}
#{{rws|Palasa}}
#{{rws|Naupada Junction}}
#{{rws|Srikakulam Road}}
#{{rws|Chipurupalle}}
#{{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}}
#{{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
#{{rws|Duvvada}}
#{{rws|Anakapalle}}
#{{rws|Tuni|Andhra Pradesh}}
#{{rws|Annavaram}}
#{{rws|Samalkot Junction}}
#{{rws|Rajahmundry}}
#{{rws|Nidadavolu Junction}}
#{{rws|Tadepalligudem}}
#{{rws|Eluru}}
#{{rws|Vijayawada Junction}}
#{{rws|Guntur Junction}}
#{{rws|Narasaraopet}}
#{{rws|Vinukonda}}
#{{rws|Markapur Road}}
#{{rws|Cumbum}}
#{{rws|Giddalur}}
#{{rws|Nandyal}}
#{{rws|Dhone Junction}}
#{{rws|Guntakal Junction}}
#{{rws|Gooty Junction}}
#{{rws|Anantapur}}
#{{rws|Dharmavaram Junction}}
#{{rws|Sathya Sai Prasanthi Nilayam}}
#{{rws|Penukonda Junction}}
#{{rws|Hindupur}}
#{{rws|Gowribidanur}}
#{{rws|Yelahanka Junction}}
#{{rws|Bangalore East}}
#{{rws|Bangalore Cantonment}}
#'''{{rws|Bangalore City||KSR Bengaluru City}}'''
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/prashanti-express-18463-bbs-to-sbc/1266/238/136|title = Prasanti Express (PT)/18463 Time Table/Schedule: Bhubaneswar to Bangalore ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

==Traction and reversal==
The train uses [[WAP-4]] and [[WAP-7]] of Vishakapatnam shed between Bhubaneswar and Vishakapatnam.

At Visakhapatnam, loco reversal is done and a LGD (Lalaguda) or a BZA(Vijayawada) based WAP-7 takes it till end of journey till Bengaluru City.

==Coach composition==
As of 22 June 2023 it has 1 First AC, 2 2AC, 7 3AC, 1 pantry car, 6 Sleeper, 2 General and 2 SLR (EOG cum luggage) coaches. It also has a pantry car for on board catering.

==Accident==
The locomotive and two coaches behind it derailed as the train entered the yard of Bangalore city railway station at 12:15 p.m on 29 August 2015. No passengers were hurt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497929/prasanti-express-derails-just-entering.html|title = Prasanti Express derails just after entering B'luru City station|date = 29 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashanti Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Art film

2026-01-31T10:21:40Z

Pickleballexpert: general add lead based on references additionally and updated info

{{short description|Film genre}}
{{Redirect|Art house}}
{{About|the contemporary use of the term|the 1910s French movement|Film d'art}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{use British English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Carl Theodor Dreyer (1965) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], pictured here in 1965, directed the 1928 film ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]''.]]

An '''art film''', '''arthouse film''', or '''specialty film''' is an [[independent film]] aimed at a [[niche market]] rather than a [[mass market]] [[audience]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Art film definition |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685559/art_film.html |encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110525051405/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685559/art_film.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2007 }}</ref> It is "intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publishers |first=HarperCollins |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: art film |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=art+film |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ahdictionary.com}}</ref> "made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit",<ref>Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House: 2010.</ref> and containing "unconventional or highly symbolic content".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/art+film |title=Art film |work=Dictionary.com |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

Film critics and [[film studies]] scholars typically define an art film as possessing "formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films".<ref name= Wilinsky>{{cite journal |first=Barbara |last=Wilinsky |title=Sure Seaters: The Emergence of Art House Cinema |journal=[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]] |publisher= University of Minnesota |year=2001 |volume=32 |page=171}}</ref> These qualities can include (among other elements) a sense of [[social realism]]; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director; and a focus on the thoughts, dreams, or motivations of characters, as opposed to the unfolding of a clear, goal-driven story. Film scholars [[David Bordwell]] and [[Barry Keith Grant]] describe art cinema as "a [[film genre]], with its own distinct conventions".<ref name="Indeterminate" /><ref name= "Barry 2007, p. 1">{{cite book |first=Barry |last=Grant |title=Film Genres: From Iconography to Ideology |publisher=Wallflower Press |year=2007 |page=1}}</ref>

Art film producers usually present their films at special theaters ([[repertory cinema]]s or, in the U.S., art-house cinemas) and at [[film festivals]]. The term ''art film'' is much more widely used in North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia, compared to [[mainland Europe]], where the terms [[auteur theory|auteur films]] and [[national cinema]] (e.g. German national cinema) are used instead. Since they are aimed at small, niche-market audiences, art films rarely acquire the financial backing that would permit the large production budgets associated with [[widely released]] blockbuster films. Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, one that typically uses lesser-known film actors or even amateur actors, and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas, exploring new narrative techniques, and attempting new film-making conventions.

Such films contrast sharply with mainstream [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] films, which are usually geared more towards linear storytelling and mainstream entertainment. Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] called ''[[Chungking Express]]'', a critically acclaimed 1994 art film, "largely a cerebral experience" that one enjoys "because of what you know about film".<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/chungking-express-1996 |title=Chungking Express Movie Review (1996) |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=15 March 1996 |access-date=22 February 2018 |via=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> That said, some art films may widen their appeal by offering certain elements of more familiar genres such as [[documentary]] or [[biography]]. For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews; discussion of the film by arts columnists, commentators, and bloggers; and word-of-mouth promotion by audience members. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of mainstream audiences to become financially viable.

==History==
===Antecedents: 1910–1920s===
{{Multiple image|total_width=350
|image1=L'Inferno 1911 film.jpg
|image2=Intolerance (film).jpg|
|footer= Theatrical posters for ''[[L'Inferno]]'' and ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'', often credited by cinema historians as the first art films.}}

The forerunners of art films include Italian silent film ''[[L'Inferno]]'' (1911), [[D. W. Griffith]]'s ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' (1916) and the works of Russian filmmaker [[Sergei Eisenstein]], who influenced the development of European cinema movements for decades.<ref name=Siska>{{cite book |first=William C. |last=Siska |title=Modernism in the narrative cinema: the art film as a genre |publisher=Arno Press |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Film study: an analytical bibliography |last=Manchel |first=Frank |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1990 |page=118 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Italian Cinema |author=Peter Bondanella |year=2009 |publisher=A&C Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgOl4LWswLQC&q=Divine+comedy%2C+first+art+film&pg=PA6|isbn=9781441160690 }}</ref> Eisenstein's film ''[[The Battleship Potemkin|Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925) was a revolutionary propaganda film he used to test his theories of using film editing to produce the greatest emotional response from an audience. The international critical renown that Eisenstein garnered from this film enabled him to direct ''[[October: Ten Days That Shook the World|October]]'' as part of a grand 10th anniversary celebration of the [[October Revolution]] of 1917. He later directed ''[[The General Line]]'' in 1929.
The film by [[Alexander Dovzhenko]] ''[[Earth (1930 film)|Earth]]'' (1930), filmed under the influence of Eisenstein, is defined by some critics as the pinnacle of art cinema.<ref>Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 1. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1987. P. 262.</ref>

Art films were also influenced by films by Spanish [[avant-garde]] creators, such as [[Luis Buñuel]] and [[Salvador Dalí]] (who made ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' in 1930), and by the French playwright and filmmaker [[Jean Cocteau]], whose 1932 avant-garde film ''[[The Blood of a Poet]]'' uses [[Oneirology|oneiric]] images throughout, including spinning wire models of a human head and rotating double-sided masks. In the 1920s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into "entertainment cinema directed towards a mass audience and a serious art cinema aimed at an intellectual audience". In England, [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and [[Ivor Montagu]] formed a film society and imported films they thought were "artistic achievements", such as "Soviet films of dialectical montage, and the expressionist films of the Universum Film A.G. (UFA) studios in Germany".<ref name=Siska/>

''[[Cinéma pur]]'', a French avant-garde film movement in the 1920s and 1930s, also influenced the development of the idea of art film. The ''cinema pur'' film movement included several notable [[Dada]] artists. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative storytelling conventions, bourgeois traditions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space.

[[File:Man Ray 1934.jpg|thumb|upright|American photographer and filmmaker [[Man Ray]] (pictured here in 1934) was part of the [[Dada]]ist ''"cinéma pur"'' film movement, which influenced the development of the art film.]]
The ''cinema pur'' movement was influenced by German "absolute" filmmakers such as [[Hans Richter (artist)|Hans Richter]], [[Walter Ruttmann]] and [[Viking Eggeling]]. Richter falsely claimed that his 1921 film ''Rhythmus 21'' was the first [[abstract film]] ever created. In fact, he was preceded by the Italian [[Futurism (art)|Futurists]] [[Bruno Corra]] and [[Arnaldo Ginna]] between 1911 and 1912<ref name="Manifesto">{{cite web |first1=F. T. |last1=Marinetti |first2=Bruno |last2=Corra |first3=Emilio |last3=Settimelli |first4=Arnaldo |last4=Ginna |first5=Giacomo |last5=Balla |first6=Remo |last6=Chiti |url=http://391.org/manifestos/1916-futurist-cinema-marinetti-corra-settimelli-ginna-balla-chiti.html |title=The Futurist Cinema Manifesto |date=15 November 1916}}</ref> (as reported in the ''Futurist Manifesto of Cinema''<ref name="Manifesto"/>), as well as by fellow German artist Walter Ruttmann, who produced ''Lichtspiel Opus 1'' in 1920. Nevertheless, Richter's film ''Rhythmus 21'' is considered an important early abstract film.

The first British "art cinema" was temporarily opened at the Palais de Luxe in London in 1929 by [[Elsie Cohen]]. She went on to establish a permanent location at the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street in 1931.<ref name=firstartfilm>{{Cite ODNB|title=Cohen [married name Kellner], Elsie (1895–1972), cinema owner|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-56535|access-date=2020-10-23|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56535}}</ref>

Arthouse cinemas that specialized in the presentation of art films emerged on the east coast of the United States towards the end of the 1920s. Such cinemas were widespread in both the USA and Europe.<ref>[http://filmlexikon.uni-kiel.de/index.php?action=lexikon&tag=det&id=493 Art house]. Article by James zu Hüningen, Vinzenz Hediger, Patrick Vonderau in ''Lexikon der Filmbegriffe'', [[Kiel University]]. (German).</ref><ref>[https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-an-arthouse-film-definition/#:~:text=Early%20European%20Influence,Caligari%20(1920). ''The history of art house cinema.''] Article by Kyle DeGuzman, 12 November 2023.</ref>

===1930s–1950s===
In the 1930s and 1940s, Hollywood films could be divided into the artistic aspirations of literary adaptations like [[John Ford]]'s ''[[The Informer (1935 film)|The Informer]]'' (1935) and [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''[[The Long Voyage Home]]'' (1940), and the money-making "popular-genre films" such as gangster thrillers. William Siska argues that Italian [[Neorealism (art)|neorealist]] films from the mid-to-late 1940s, such as ''[[Rome, Open City|Open City]]'' (1945), ''[[Paisà|Paisa]]'' (1946), and ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) can be deemed as another "conscious art film movement".<ref name=Siska/>

In the late 1940s, the American public's perception that Italian neorealist films and other serious European fare were different from mainstream Hollywood films was reinforced by the development of "arthouse cinemas" in major U.S. cities and college towns. After the Second World War, "...a growing segment of the American film going public was wearying of mainstream Hollywood films", and they went to the newly created art-film theaters to see "alternatives to the films playing in main-street movie palaces".<ref name=Wilinsky/> Films shown in these art cinemas included "British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries and revivals of Hollywood classics". Films such as Rossellini's ''Open City'' and Mackendrick's ''[[Whisky Galore! (1949 film)|Tight Little Island]]'' (''Whisky Galore!''), ''Bicycle Thieves'' and ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]'' were shown to substantial American audiences.<ref name=Wilinsky/>

In the late 1950s, [[Cinema of France|French filmmakers]] began to produce films that were influenced by [[Italian Neorealism]]<ref name="Marie, Michel 2002">{{cite book|first=Marie|last=Michel|title=''The French New Wave : An Artistic School''|translator=Richard Neupert|location=New York|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|year=2002}}</ref> and [[classical Hollywood cinema]],<ref name="Marie, Michel 2002"/> a style that critics called the [[French New Wave]]. Although never a formally organized movement, New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthful [[iconoclasm]], and their films are an example of [[European art cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html |title=French Cinema: Making Waves |work=archive.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511201931/http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> Many also engaged in their work with the social and political upheavals of the era, making their radical experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the conservative paradigm. Some of the most prominent pioneers among the group, including [[François Truffaut]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Éric Rohmer]], [[Claude Chabrol]], and [[Jacques Rivette]], began as critics for the film magazine ''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]''. Auteur theory holds that the director is the "author" of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film.

===1960s–1970s===
[[File:Vilgotkultur 196220a.jpg|thumb|right|Actress [[Lena Nyman]] from the Swedish film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]'']]
The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s. During the 1960s, the term "art film" began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U.S., the term is often defined very broadly to include foreign-language (non-English) ''"auteur"'' films, [[independent film]]s, [[experimental film]]s, documentaries and short films. In the 1960s, "art film" became a [[euphemism]] in the U.S. for racy Italian and French [[B-movies]]. By the 1970s, the term was used to describe [[pornography|sexually explicit]] European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]''. In the U.S., the term "art film" may refer to films by modern American artists, including [[Andy Warhol]] with his 1969 film ''[[Blue Movie]]'',<ref name="NYT-19690722">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |date=22 July 1969 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-19690810">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/10/archives/warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie-warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie.html |date=10 August 1969 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="WS-2002-2005">{{cite web |last=Comenas |first=Gary |title=Blue Movie (1968) |url=http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |year=2005 |work=WarholStars.org |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> but is sometimes used very loosely to refer to the broad range of films shown in repertory theaters or "art house cinemas". With this approach, a broad range of films, such as a 1960s [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] film, a 1970s experimental underground film, a European auteur film, a U.S. "independent" film, and even a mainstream foreign-language film (with subtitles) might all fall under the rubric of "art house films".

===1980s–2000s===
By the 1980s and 1990s, the term "art film" became conflated with "independent film" in the U.S., which shares many of the same stylistic traits. Companies such as [[Miramax Films]] distributed [[independent films]] that were deemed commercially viable. When major motion-picture studios noted the niche appeal of independent films, they created special divisions dedicated to non-mainstream fare, such as the [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] division of [[Twentieth Century Fox]], the [[Focus Features]] division of [[Universal Pictures|Universal]], the [[Sony Pictures Classics]] division of [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]], and the [[Paramount Vantage]] division of [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]. Film critics have debated whether films from these divisions can be considered "independent films", given they have financial backing from major studios.

In 2007, Professor [[Camille Paglia]] argued in her article "Art movies: R.I.P." that "[a]side from [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' series, with its deft flashbacks and gritty social realism, ...[there is not]... a single film produced over the past 35 years that is arguably of equal philosophical weight or virtuosity of execution to [[Ingmar Bergman|Bergman]]'s ''[[The Seventh Seal]]'' or ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]''". Paglia states that young people from the 2000s do not "have patience for the long, slow take that deep-think European directors once specialized in", an approach which gave "luxurious scrutiny of the tiniest facial expressions or the chilly sweep of a sterile room or bleak landscape".<ref>{{cite news|first=Camille|last=Paglia|url=https://www.salon.com/2007/08/08/clarkson|title=Art movies: R.I.P. |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=8 August 2007|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

According to director, producer, and distributor [[Roger Corman]], the "1950s and 1960s was the time of the art film's greatest influence. After that, the influence waned. Hollywood absorbed the lessons of the European films and incorporated those lessons into their films." Corman states that "viewers could see something of the essence of the European art cinema in the Hollywood movies of the seventies... [and so], art film, which was never just a matter of European cinema, increasingly became an actual world cinema—albeit one that struggled to gain wide recognition". Corman notes that, "Hollywood itself has expanded, radically, its aesthetic range... because the range of subjects at hand has expanded to include the very conditions of image-making, of movie production, of the new and prismatic media-mediated experience of modernity. There's a new audience that has learned about art films at the video store." Corman states that "there is currently the possibility of a rebirth" of American art film.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Richard|last=Brody|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/movies/2013/01/the-state-of-the-art-film.html|title=The State of the 'Art Film'|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=17 January 2013|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

==Deviations from mainstream film norms==
Film scholar David Bordwell outlined the academic definition of "art film" in a 1979 article entitled "The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice", which contrasts art films with the mainstream films of classical Hollywood cinema. Mainstream Hollywood-style films use a clear narrative form to organize the film into a series of "causally related events taking place in space and time", with every scene driving towards a goal. The plot of mainstream films is driven by a well-defined protagonist, fleshed out with clear characters, and strengthened with "question-and-answer logic, problem-solving routines, [and] deadline plot structures". The film is then tied together with fast pacing, a musical soundtrack to cue the appropriate audience emotions, and tight, seamless editing.<ref name="Indeterminate">{{cite web|first=David|last=Bordwell|url=http://www.film.ubc.ca/ubcinephile/cinephile/steenberg-framingwar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113113059/http://www.film.ubc.ca/ubcinephile/cinephile/steenberg-framingwar.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2008|title=The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice|publisher=Film Criticism|volume=4|number=1|date=Fall 1979|access-date=13 November 2008|via=The Wayback Machine}}</ref>

In contrast, Bordwell states that "the art cinema motivates its narrative by two principles: [[social realism|realism]] and authorial expressiveness". Art films deviate from the mainstream "classical" norms of film making in that they typically deal with more episodic narrative structures with a "loosening of the chain of cause and effect".<ref name="Indeterminate" />

Mainstream films also deal with moral dilemmas or identity crises, but these issues are usually resolved by the end of the film. In art films, the dilemmas are probed and investigated in a pensive fashion, but usually without a clear resolution at the end of the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Thomas|last=Elsaesser|url=http://www.bergmanorama.com/sightsound94_elsaesser.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729074406/http://www.bergmanorama.com/sightsound94_elsaesser.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 July 2007|title=Putting on a Show: The European Art Movie|publisher=Bergmanorama: The Magic Works of Ingmar Bergman|date=29 July 2007|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

The story in an art film often has a secondary role to character development and exploration of ideas through lengthy sequences of dialogue. If an art film has a story, it is usually a drifting sequence of vaguely defined or ambiguous episodes. There may be unexplained gaps in the film, deliberately unclear sequences, or extraneous sequences that are not related to previous scenes, which force the viewer to subjectively make their own interpretation of the film's message. Art films often "bear the marks of a distinctive visual style" and the [[auteur theory|authorial]] approach of the director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu-london.co.uk/FT316reading6-SocialCinema.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705151224/http://www.bu-london.co.uk/FT316reading6-SocialCinema.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2007|title=The Social Art Cinema: A Moment of History in the History of British Film and Television Culture|last=Williams|first=Christopher|date=5 July 2007|publisher=Cinema: The Beginnings and the Future|access-date=22 February 2017|via=The Wayback Machine}}</ref> An art cinema film often refuses to provide a "readily answered conclusion", instead putting to the cinema viewer the task of thinking about "how is the story being told? Why tell the story in this way?"<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Allison|last=Arnold Helminski|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/2/memories.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010721095233/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/2/memories.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2001|title=Memories of a Revolutionary Cinema|magazine=Senses of Cinema|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

Bordwell claims that "art cinema itself is a [film] genre, with its own distinct conventions".<ref name="Barry 2007, p. 1" /> Film theorist [[Robert Stam]] also argues that "art film" is a film genre. He claims that a film is considered to be an art film based on artistic status in the same way film genres can be based on aspects of films such as their budgets ([[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] films or [[B-movies]]) or their star performers ([[Adam Sandler]] films).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Stam|first2=Toby|last2=Miller|title=''Film and Theory: An Introduction''|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|year=2000}}</ref>

==Art film and film criticism==
There are scholars who point out that mass market films such as those produced in Hollywood appeal to a less discerning audience.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Exhibition, the Film Reader|last=Hark|first=Ina Rae|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-23517-0|location=London|pages=71}}</ref> This group then turns to film critics as a cultural elite that can help steer them towards films that are more thoughtful and of a higher quality. To bridge the disconnect between popular taste and high culture, these film critics are expected to explain unfamiliar concepts and make them appealing to cultivate a more discerning movie-going public. For example, a film critic can help the audience—through their reviews—think seriously about films by providing the terms of analysis of these art films.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sure Seaters: The Emergence of Art House Cinema|last=Wilinsky|first=Barbara|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8166-3562-5|location=Minneapolis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sureseatersemerg0000wili/page/92 92]|url=https://archive.org/details/sureseatersemerg0000wili/page/92}}</ref> Adopting an artistic framework of film analysis and review, these film critics provide viewers with a different way to appreciate what they are watching. So when controversial themes are explored, the public will not immediately dismiss or attack the movie where they are informed by critics of the film's value such as how it depicts realism. Here, art theaters or art houses that exhibit art films are seen as "sites of cultural enlightenment" that draw critics and intellectual audiences alike. It serves as a place where these critics can experience culture and an artistic atmosphere where they can draw insights and material.

==Timeline of notable films==
The following list is a small, partial sample of films with "art film" qualities, compiled to give a general sense of what directors and films are considered to have "art film" characteristics. The films in this list demonstrate one or more of the characteristics of art films: a serious, non-commercial, or independently made film that is not aimed at a mass audience. Some of the films on this list are also considered to be "auteur" films, independent films, or [[experimental film]]s. In some cases, critics disagree over whether a film is mainstream or not. For example, while some critics called [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991) an "exercise in film experimentation" of "high artistic quality",<ref name="Allmovie.com">Allmovie.com</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it an ambitious mainstream film.<ref>{{cite news |first=Desson|last=Howe|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/myownprivateidahorhowe_a0b352.htm |title=My Own Private Idaho |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=18 October 1991|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> Some films on this list have most of these characteristics; other films are commercially made films, produced by mainstream studios, that nevertheless bear the hallmarks of a director's "auteur" style, or which have an experimental character. The films on this list are notable either because they won major awards or critical praise from influential film critics, or because they introduced an innovative narrative or film-making technique.

===1920s–1940s===
[[File:The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) English Poster.png|thumb|upright|The poster for Dreyer's ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]'']]
In the 1920s and 1930s, filmmakers did not set out to make "art films", and film critics did not use the term "art film". However, there were films that had sophisticated aesthetic objectives, such as [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]]'s ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]'' (1928) and ''[[Vampyr]]'' (1932), surrealist films such as Luis Buñuel's ''[[Un chien andalou]]'' (1929) and ''[[L'Âge d'Or]]'' (1930), or even films dealing with political and current-event relevance such as [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s famed and influential masterpiece ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]''. The American film ''[[Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans]]'' (1927) by [[German expressionist cinema|German Expressionist]] director [[F. W. Murnau]] uses distorted [[art design]] and groundbreaking cinematography to create an exaggerated, fairy-tale-like world rich with symbolism and imagery. [[Jean Renoir]]'s film ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939) is a [[comedy of manners]] that transcends the conventions of its genre by creating a biting and tragic satire of French upper-class society in the years before WWII; a poll of critics from ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' ranked it as the fourth greatest film ever, placing it behind ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'', ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' and ''[[Tokyo Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics.html |title=Sight & Sound | Top Ten Poll 2002 – Critics Top Ten 2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216054527/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics.html |archive-date=16 December 2006 }}</ref>

Some of these early, artistically oriented films were financed by wealthy individuals rather than film companies, particularly in cases where the content of the film was controversial or unlikely to attract an audience. In the late 1940s, UK director [[Michael Powell]] and [[Emeric Pressburger]] made ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]'' (1948), a film about ballet, which stood out from mainstream-genre films of the era. In 1945, [[David Lean]] directed ''[[Brief Encounter]]'', an adaptation of [[Noël Coward]]'s play ''[[Still Life (play)|Still Life]]'', which observes a passionate love affair between an upper-class man and a middle-class woman amidst the social and economic issues that Britain faced at the time.

===1950s===
In the 1950s, some of the well-known films with artistic sensibilities include ''[[La Strada]]'' (1954), a film about a young woman who is forced to go to work for a cruel and inhumane circus performer to support her family, and eventually comes to terms with her situation; Carl Theodor Dreyer's ''[[Ordet]]'' (1955), centering on a family with a lack of faith, but with a son who believes that he is [[Jesus Christ]] and convinced that he is capable of performing miracles; [[Federico Fellini]]'s ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' (1957), which deals with a prostitute's failed attempts to find love, her suffering and rejection; ''[[Wild Strawberries (film)|Wild Strawberries]]'' (1957), by Ingmar Bergman, whose narrative concerns an elderly medical doctor, who is also a professor, whose nightmares lead him to re-evaluate his life; and ''[[The 400 Blows]]'' (1959) by François Truffaut, whose main character is a young man trying to come of age despite abuse from his parents, schoolteachers, and society, this film is the first big step in the [[French New Wave]] and for cinema, it showed that films can be made with little money, amateur actors, and a small crew. In Poland, the [[Khrushchev Thaw]] permitted some relaxation of the regime's cultural policies, and productions such as ''[[A Generation]]'', ''[[Kanał|Kanal]]'', ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'', ''[[Lotna]]'' (1954–1959), all directed by [[Andrzej Wajda]], showed the [[Polish Film School]] style.

====Asia====
In [[India]], there was an art-film movement in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] known as "[[Parallel Cinema]]" or "Indian New Wave". This was an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema. It was known for its serious content, [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream commercial cinema and began around the same time as [[French New Wave|French]] and [[Japanese New Wave]]. The most influential filmmakers involved in this movement were [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. Some of the most internationally acclaimed films made in the period were ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959), a trio of films that tell the story of a poor country boy's growth to adulthood, and [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Ashani Sanket|Distant Thunder]]'' (1973), which tells the story of a farmer during a [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine in Bengal]].<ref>[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800EFD81639E73ABC4A52DFB6678388669EDE Movie Review – Ashani Sanket] By [[Vincent Canby]], ''The New York Times'', 12 October 1973.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302222454/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/14025/Ashani-Sanket/overview Overview] ''The New York Times''.</ref> Other acclaimed [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] filmmakers involved in this movement include [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Aparna Sen]] and [[Goutam Ghose]].

[[Cinema of Japan|Japanese filmmakers]] produced a number of films that broke with convention. [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashomon]]'' (1950), the first Japanese film to be widely screened in the West, depicts four witnesses' contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. In 1952, Kurosawa directed ''[[Ikiru]]'', a film about a Tokyo bureaucrat struggling to find a meaning for his life. ''[[Tokyo Story]]'' (1953), by [[Yasujirō Ozu]], explores social changes of the era by telling the story of an aging couple who travel to Tokyo to visit their grown children, but find the children are too self-absorbed to spend much time with them. ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), by Kurosawa, tells the story of a farming village that hires seven master-less samurais to combat bandits. ''[[Fires on the Plain (1959 film)|Fires on the Plain]]'' (1959), by [[Kon Ichikawa]], explores the Japanese experience in World War II by depicting a sick Japanese soldier struggling to stay alive. ''[[Ugetsu]]'' (1953), by [[Kenji Mizoguchi]], is a ghost story set in the late 16th century, which tells the story of peasants whose village is in the path of an advancing army. A year later, Mizoguchi directed ''[[Sansho the Bailiff]]'' (1954), which tells the story of two aristocratic children sold into slavery; in addition to dealing with serious themes such as the loss of freedom, the film features beautiful images and long, complicated shots.

===1960s===
The 1960s was an important period in art film, with the release of a number of groundbreaking films giving rise to the European art cinema. Jean-Luc Godard's ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|À bout de souffle]]'' (''Breathless'') (1960) used innovative visual and editing techniques such as [[jump cut]]s and [[hand-held camera]] work. Godard, a leading figure of the French New Wave, would continue to make innovative films throughout the decade, proposing a whole new style of film-making. Following the success of ''Breathless'', Godard made two more very influential films, ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]'' in 1963, which it shown his view on studio filmmaking system, beautiful long take, and film within film, and ''[[Pierrot le fou]]'' in 1965, which it is a mash of mash of crime and romance films with and his anti Hollywood style. ''[[Jules et Jim]]'', by François Truffaut, deconstructed a complex relationship of three individuals through innovative screenwriting, editing, and camera techniques. Italian director [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] helped revolutionize filmmaking with such films as ''[[L'Avventura]]'' (1960), influential for its landscape photography and framing techniques, follows the disappearance of a young upper-class woman during a boating trip, and the subsequent search by her lover and her best friend; ''[[La Notte]]'' (1961), a complex examination of a failed marriage that dealt with issues such as [[anomie]] and sterility; ''[[Eclipse (1962 film)|Eclipse]]'' (1962), about a young woman who is unable to form a solid relationship with her boyfriend because of his materialistic nature; ''[[Red Desert (film)|Red Desert]]'' (1964), his first colour film, which deals with the need to adapt to the modern world; and ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), his first English-language film, which examines issues of perception and reality as it follows a young photographer's attempt to discover whether he had photographed a murder.

[[Swedish cinema|Swedish director]] Ingmar Bergman began the 1960s with chamber pieces such as ''[[Winter Light]]'' (1963) and ''[[The Silence (1963 film)|The Silence]]'' (1963), which deal with such themes as emotional isolation and a lack of communication. His films from the second half of the decade, such as ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]'' (1966), ''[[Shame (1968 film)|Shame]]'' (1968), and ''[[The Passion of Anna|A Passion]]'' (1969), deal with the idea of film as an artifice. The intellectual and visually expressive films of [[Tadeusz Konwicki]], such as ''[[All Souls' Day (film)|All Souls' Day]]'' (''Zaduszki'', 1961) and ''[[Salto (film)|Salto]]'' (1962), inspired discussions about war and raised existential questions on behalf of their everyman protagonists.

[[File:Federico Fellini.jpg|thumb|upright|Italian director [[Federico Fellini]]]]
Federico Fellini's ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' (1960) depicts a succession of nights and dawns in Rome as witnessed by a cynical journalist, this film is a bridge between his previous [[Italian neorealism|Italian neorealist]] style and his later [[Surrealist cinema|surrealist]] style. In 1963, Fellini made ''[[8½]]'', an exploration of creative, marital and spiritual difficulties, filmed in black-and-white by cinematographer [[Gianni di Venanzo]]. The 1961 film ''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]'' by director [[Alain Resnais]] examines perception and reality, using grand tracking shots that became widely influential. [[Robert Bresson]]'s ''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966) and ''[[Mouchette]]'' (1967) are notable for their naturalistic, elliptical style. Spanish director Luis Buñuel also contributed heavily to the art of film with shocking, surrealist satires such as ''[[Viridiana]]'' (1961) and ''[[The Exterminating Angel (film)|The Exterminating Angel]]'' (1962).

[[Russian film|Russian director]] [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]'s film ''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]'' (1966) is a portrait of the medieval Russian [[iconography|icon painter]] of the same name. The film is also about artistic freedom and the possibility and necessity of making art for, and in the face of, a repressive authority. A cut version of the film was shown at the [[1969 Cannes Film Festival]], where it won the [[FIPRESCI]] prize.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2659/year/1969.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Andrei Rublev |access-date=10 April 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118070623/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2659/year/1969.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> At the end of the decade, [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968) wowed audiences with its scientific realism, pioneering use of special effects, and unusual visual imagery. In 1969, Andy Warhol released ''Blue Movie'', the first adult art film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.<ref name="NYT-19690722"/><ref name="NYT-19690810"/><ref name="WS-2002-2005"/> According to Warhol, ''Blue Movie'' was a major influence in the making of ''Last Tango in Paris'', an internationally controversial erotic art film, directed by [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] and released a few years after ''Blue Movie'' was made.<ref name="WS-2002-2005"/> In Soviet [[Armenia (country)|Armenia]], [[Sergei Parajanov]]'s ''[[The Color of Pomegranates]]'', in which [[Georgian people|Georgian]] actress [[Sofiko Chiaureli]] plays five different characters, was banned by Soviet authorities, unavailable in the West for a long period, and praised by critic [[Mikhail Vartanov]] as "revolutionary";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parajanov.com/main.html |title=The Color of Pomegranates at Paradjanov.com |publisher=Parajanov.com |date=9 January 2001 |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914232615/http://www.parajanov.com/main.html |archive-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the early 1980s, ''[[Les Cahiers du Cinéma]]'' placed the film in its top 10 list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parajanov.com/top100films.html |title=The Color of Pomegranates in Cahiers du Cinéma Top 10 |publisher=Parajanov.com |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> In 1967, in [[Georgia (country)|Soviet Georgia]], influential Georgian film director [[Tengiz Abuladze]] directed ''[[The Plea (film)|Vedreba]]'' (Entreaty), which was based on the motifs of [[Vazha-Pshavela]]'s literary works, where story is told in a poetic narrative style, full of symbolic scenes with philosophical meanings. In Iran, [[Dariush Mehrjui]]'s ''[[Gaav|The Cow]]'' (1969), about a man who becomes insane after the death of his beloved cow, sparked the new wave of [[Iranian cinema]].

Puppeteer [[Jim Henson]] had an arthouse success with his 1965 Oscar-nominated non-[[Muppet]] short ''[[Time Piece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/collections/jim-henson|title=BEING GREEN: JIM HENSON'S EARLY SHORTS|website=MUBI}}</ref>

===1970s===
In the early 1970s, directors shocked audiences with violent films such as ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), Stanley Kubrick's brutal exploration of futuristic youth gangs, and ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972), [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]'s taboo-breaking, sexually-explicit and controversial film. At the same time, other directors made more introspective films, such as [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]'s meditative science fiction film ''[[Solaris (1972 film)|Solaris]]'' (1972), supposedly intended as a Soviet riposte to ''2001''. In 1975 and 1979 respectively, Tarkovsky directed two other films, which garnered critical acclaim overseas: ''[[Mirror (1975 film)|Mirror]]'' and ''[[Stalker (1979 film)|Stalker]]''. [[Terrence Malick]], who directed ''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' (1973) and ''[[Days of Heaven]]'' (1978), shared many traits with Tarkovsky, such as his long, lingering shots of natural beauty, evocative imagery, and poetic narrative style.

Another feature of 1970s art films was the return to prominence of bizarre characters and imagery; which abound in the tormented, obsessed title character in [[German New Wave]] director [[Werner Herzog]]'s ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'' (1973), and in [[cult film]]s such as [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]]'s psychedelic ''[[The Holy Mountain (1973 film)|The Holy Mountain]]'' (1973) about a thief and an alchemist seeking the mythical [[Lotus Island]].<ref>This was Jodorowsky's second film from the 1970s. He also made ''[[El Topo]]'' (1970), a surrealistic western film.</ref> The film ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), by [[Martin Scorsese]], continues the themes that ''A Clockwork Orange'' explored: an alienated population living in a violent, decaying society. The gritty violence and seething rage of Scorsese's film contrasts other films released in the same period, such as [[David Lynch]]'s dreamlike, surreal and industrial black and white classic ''[[Eraserhead]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/140567/13-greatest-art-house-horror-films/|title=13 Greatest Art-House Horror Films – Dread Central|date=19 February 2016|via=dreadcentral.com}}</ref> In 1974, [[John Cassavetes]] offered a sharp commentary on American blue-collar life in ''[[A Woman Under the Influence]]'', which features an eccentric housewife slowly descending into madness.<ref>http://filmswithacause.org/a-woman-under-the-influence-the-power-of-female-leads/ 'A Woman Under the Influence' – The Power of Female Leads – Films With A Cause</ref>

Also in the 1970s, [[Radley Metzger]] directed several adult art films, such as ''[[Barbara Broadcast]]'' (1977), which presented a [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] "Buñellian" atmosphere,<ref name="MD-20130827">{{cite web |author= |title=Barbara Broadcast – BluRay DVD Review |url=http://www.mondo-digital.com/barbarabroadcast.html |date=27 August 2013 |work=Mondo-digital.com |access-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref> and ''[[The Opening of Misty Beethoven]]'' (1976), based on the play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]] (and its derivative, ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''), which was considered, according to award-winning author [[Toni Bentley]], to be the "crown jewel" of the [[Golden Age of Porn]],<ref name="PB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |date=June 2014 |work=[[Playboy]] |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030128/http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |date=June 2014 |work=ToniBentley.com |access-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref> an era in modern American culture that was inaugurated by the release of Andy Warhol's ''Blue Movie'' (1969) and featured the phenomenon of "[[porno chic]]"<ref name="NYT-19730121">{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |title=Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/21/archives/pornochic-hardcore-grows-fashionableand-very-profitable.html |date=21 January 1973 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |access-date=20 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahsonic.com/PornoChic.html|title=Porno Chic|website=jahsonic.com}}</ref> in which [[Pornography|adult erotic]] films began to obtain wide release, were publicly discussed by celebrities (such as [[Johnny Carson]] and [[Bob Hope]])<ref name="TM-20050329">{{cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |date=29 March 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> and taken seriously by film critics (such as [[Roger Ebert]]).<ref name="RE-19730613">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Devil in Miss Jones – Film Review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-devil-in-miss-jones-1973 |date=13 June 1973 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=7 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="RE-19761124">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Alice in Wonderland:An X-Rated Musical Fantasy |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/alice-in-wonderland-1976 |date=24 November 1976 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=26 February 2016 }}</ref>

===1980s===
In 1980, director [[Martin Scorsese]] gave audiences, who had become used to the escapist blockbuster adventures of [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[George Lucas]], the gritty, harsh realism of his film ''[[Raging Bull]]''. In this film, actor [[Robert De Niro]] took [[method acting]] to an extreme to portray a boxer's decline from a prizewinning young fighter to an overweight, "has-been" nightclub owner. [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982) could also be seen as a science fiction art film, along with ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968). ''Blade Runner'' explores themes of [[existentialism]], or what it means to be human. A box-office failure, the film became popular on the arthouse circuit as a [[cult film|cult oddity]] after the release of a "director's cut" became successful via [[VHS]] home video. In the middle of the decade, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa used realism to portray the brutal, bloody violence of Japanese samurai warfare of the 16th century in ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'' (1985). ''Ran'' followed the plot of ''[[King Lear]]'', in which an elderly king is betrayed by his children. [[Sergio Leone]] also contrasted brutal violence with emotional substance in his epic tale of mobster life in ''[[Once Upon a Time in America]]''.
[[File:Ashigara no seki.jpg|thumb|250px|While extensive sets are associated more with mainstream than with art films, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa had many sets built for his 1985 film ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'', including this recreation of a medieval gate.]]

Other directors in the 1980s chose a more intellectual path, exploring philosophical and ethical issues like [[Andrzej Wajda]]'s ''[[Man of Iron]]'' (1981), a critique of the Polish communist government, which won the 1981 [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. Another Polish director, [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], made ''[[The Decalogue (film)|The Decalogue]]'' for television in 1988, a film series that explores ethical issues and moral puzzles. Two of these films were released theatrically as ''[[A Short Film About Love]]'' and ''[[A Short Film About Killing]]''. In 1989, [[Woody Allen]] made, in the words of ''New York Times'' critic [[Vincent Canby]], his most "securely serious and funny film to date", ''[[Crimes and Misdemeanors]]'', which involves multiple stories of people who are trying to find moral and spiritual simplicity while facing dire issues and thoughts surrounding the choices they make. French director [[Louis Malle]] chose another moral path to explore with the dramatization of his real-life childhood experiences in ''[[Au revoir les enfants]]'', which depicts the occupying Nazi government's deportation of French Jews to concentration camps during World War II.

Another critically praised art film from this era,<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2014|url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2014/cteq/paris-texas/|work=Senses of Cinema|title=Paris, Texas |last=Hill|first=Lee}}</ref> [[Wim Wenders]]'s road movie ''[[Paris, Texas (film)|Paris, Texas]]'' (1984), also won the Palme d'Or.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.filminquiry.com/paris-texas-1984-review/ |title=PARIS, TEXAS: European Art House Meets The Great American Road Movie in Stunning Fashion|first=Tynan|last=Yanaga|date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1359-paris-texas-on-the-road-again|title=Paris, Texas: On the Road Again|first=Nick|last=Roddick |website= The Criterion Collection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/paris-texas-wim-wenders-film-extraordinary-beauty-irresistibility/|title='Paris, Texas': Wim Wenders' Film of Extraordinary Beauty and Irresistibility • Cinephilia & Beyond|date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

Kieślowski was not the only director to transcend the distinction between the cinema and television. [[Ingmar Bergman]] made ''[[Fanny and Alexander]]'' (1982), which was shown on television in an extended five-hour version. In the United Kingdom, [[Channel 4]], a new television channel, financed, in whole or in part, many films released theatrically through its [[Film4 Productions|Film 4]] subsidiary. [[Wim Wenders]] offered another approach to life from a spiritual standpoint in his 1987 film ''[[Wings of Desire]]'', a depiction of a "fallen angel" who lives among men, which won the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

In 1982, experimental director [[Godfrey Reggio]] released the surprise arthouse hit ''[[Koyaanisqatsi]]''; a film without dialogue, which emphasizes cinematography (consisting primarily of [[slow motion]] and [[time-lapse]] cinematography of cities and natural landscapes, which results in a visual [[Symphonic poem|tone poem]]) and philosophical ideology about technology and the environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/koyaanisqatsi |title=Koyaanisqatsi |work=Spirit of Baraka |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130062225/http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/koyaanisqatsi |archive-date=30 January 2010| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/godfrey-reggio|title=Godfrey Reggio, Cinematic Seer|date=21 September 2019|website=Harvard Film Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/synaesthetic-cinema-minimalist-music-and-film|title=Synaesthetic Cinema: Minimalist Music and Film|date=11 September 2017|website=Harvard Film Archive}}</ref>

Another approach used by directors in the 1980s was to create bizarre, surreal alternative worlds. [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' (1985) is a comedy-thriller that depicts a man's baffling adventures in a surreal nighttime world of chance encounters with mysterious characters. [[David Lynch]]'s ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'' (1986), a [[film noir]]-style thriller-mystery filled with symbolism and metaphors about polarized worlds and inhabited by distorted characters who are hidden in the seamy underworld of a small town, became surprisingly successful considering its highly disturbing subject matter. [[Peter Greenaway]]'s ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' (1989) is a fantasy/[[black comedy]] about [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and extreme violence with an intellectual theme: a critique of "elite culture" in [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcherian]] Britain.

According to [[Raphaël Bassan]], in his article "''[[The Angel (1982 film)|The Angel]]'': Un météore dans le ciel de l'animation",<ref>''La Revue du cinéma'', n° 393, avril 1984.</ref> [[Patrick Bokanowski]]'s ''[[The Angel (1982 film)|The Angel]]'', shown at the [[1982 Cannes Film Festival]], can be considered the beginning of contemporary animation. The characters' masks erase all human personality and give the impression of total control over the "matter" of the image and its optical composition, using distorted areas, obscure visions, metamorphoses, and synthetic objects.

In 1989, [[Hou Hsiao-hsien]]'s ''[[A City of Sadness]]'' became the first [[Taiwan]]ese film awarded the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]. The film shows the history of Taiwan through one family, and marks another step of the Taiwanese New Wave, which tends to depict realistic, down-to-earth life in both urban and rural Taiwan.

===1990s===
In the 1990s, directors took inspiration from the success of [[David Lynch]]'s ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'' (1986) and [[Peter Greenaway]]'s ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' (1989) and created films with bizarre alternative worlds and elements of surrealism. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa's ''[[Dreams (1990 film)|Dreams]]'' (1990) depicted his imaginative reveries in a series of vignettes that range from idyllic pastoral country landscapes to horrific visions of tormented demons and a blighted post-nuclear war landscape. The [[Coen Brothers]]' ''[[Barton Fink]]'' (1991), which won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]], features various literary allusions in an enigmatic story about a writer who encounters a range of bizarre characters, including an alcoholic, abusive novelist and a serial killer. ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]'' (1997), from the same director as ''Blue Velvet'', is a psychological [[Thriller film|thriller]] that explores fantasy worlds, bizarre time-space transformations, and mental breakdowns using surreal imagery.

Other directors in the 1990s explored philosophical issues and themes such as identity, chance, death, and existentialism. [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991) and [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s ''[[Chungking Express]]'' (1994) explored the theme of identity. The former is an independent road movie/buddy film about two young street hustlers, which explores the theme of the search for home and identity. It was called a "high-water mark in '90s independent film",<ref>Filmcritic.com critic Jake Euler.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> a "stark, poetic rumination",<ref>Reviewer Nick Schager.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> and an "exercise in film experimentation"<ref>Critic Matt Brunson.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> of "high artistic quality".<ref name="Allmovie.com" /> ''Chungking Express''<ref>Prior to Chungking Express, he directed ''[[Days of Being Wild]]''. Later in the 1990s, Kar-wai directed ''[[Happy Together (1997 film)|Happy Together (film)]]'' (1997).</ref> explores themes of identity, disconnection, loneliness, and isolation in the "metaphoric concrete jungle" of modern Hong Kong. [[Todd Haynes]] explored the life of a suburban housewife and her eventual death from toxic materials in the 1995 critical success, ''[[Safe (1995 film)|Safe]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/pulling-focus-safe-1995/ |title = Pulling Focus: Safe (1995) |work = Taste of Cinema|date = January 17, 2017|first= Shane|last = Scott-Travis}}</ref>

In 1991, another important film of [[Edward Yang]], a Taiwanese New Wave director, ''[[A Brighter Summer Day]]'' is portrayal of one normal teenager life that evacuated from China to Taiwan which affacted by political situation, school situation, and family situation that make a main protagonist murders a girl in the end. In 1992, ''[[Rebels of the Neon God]]'', first feature film of [[Tsai Ming-liang]], second generation of Taiwanese New Wave, it has his unique style of filmmaking like alienation, slow movement of actor (his recurring cast, [[Lee Kang-sheng]]), slow-paced, and a few dialogues.

Daryush Shokof's film ''[[Seven Servants]]'' (1996) is an original high art cinema piece about a man who strives to "unite" the world's races until his last breath. One year after ''[[Seven Servants]]'', [[Abbas Kiarostami]]'s film ''[[Taste of Cherry]]'' (1997),<ref name="ReferenceB">In 1990, Kiarostami directed ''[[Close-Up (1990 film)|Close-up]]''.</ref> which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, tells a similar tale with a different twist; both films are about a man trying to hire a person to bury him after he commits suicide. ''[[Seven Servants]]'' was shot in a minimalist style, with long takes, a leisurely pace, and long periods of silence. The film is also notable for its use of long shots and overhead shots to create a sense of distance between the audience and the characters. [[Zhang Yimou]]'s early 1990s works such as ''[[Ju Dou]]'' (1990), ''[[Raise the Red Lantern]]'' (1991), ''[[The Story of Qiu Ju]]'' (1992) and ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' (1994) explore human emotions through poignant narratives. ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' won the Grand Jury Prize.

Several 1990s films explored existentialist-oriented themes related to life, chance, and death. [[Robert Altman]]'s ''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993) explores themes of chance, death, and infidelity by tracing 10 parallel and interwoven stories. The film, which won the [[Golden Lion]] and the Volpi Cup at the [[Venice Film Festival]], was called a "many-sided, many mooded, dazzlingly structured eclectic jazz mural" by ''Chicago Tribune'' critic Michael Wilmington. [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s ''[[The Double Life of Véronique]]'' (1991) is a drama about the theme of identity and a political allegory about the East/West split in Europe; the film features stylised cinematography, an ethereal atmosphere, and unexplained supernatural elements.


[[Darren Aronofsky]]'s film ''[[π (film)|Pi]]'' (1998) is an "incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid mathematician's "search for peace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/a29bee8a645baf0b882567c0005e8d55?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230151045/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/a29bee8a645baf0b882567c0005e8d55?OpenDocument |archive-date=30 December 2005 |title=Pi Movie Review, DVD Release – |publisher=Filmcritic.com |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> The film creates a [[David Lynch]]-inspired "eerie ''[[Eraserhead]]''-like world"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623211405/http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=997|archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Current Movie Reviews, Independent Movies – Film Threat |publisher=Filmthreat.com |date=15 June 1998 |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings" and explores issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality".<ref>Critic James Berardinelli.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> [[Matthew Barney]]'s ''[[The Cremaster Cycle]]'' (1994–2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that creates a self-enclosed aesthetic system, aimed to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology.

In 1997, [[Terrence Malick]] returned from a 20-year absence with ''[[The Thin Red Line (1998 film)|The Thin Red Line]]'', a war film that uses poetry and nature to stand apart from typical war movies. It was nominated for seven [[71st Academy Awards|Academy Awards]], including Best Picture and Best Director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1999|title=The 71st Academy Awards | 1999|date=18 November 2016|website=www.oscars.org}}</ref>

Some 1990s films mix an ethereal or surreal visual atmosphere with the exploration of philosophical issues. ''[[Satantango|Sátántangó]]'' (1994), by the [[Hungarian cinema|Hungarian director]] [[Béla Tarr]], is a {{frac|7|1|2}}-hour-long film, shot in black and white, that deals with Tarr's favorite theme, inadequacy, as [[confidence trick|con man]] Irimias comes back to a village at an unspecified location in Hungary, presenting himself as a leader and [[false Messiah|Messiah figure]] to the gullible villagers. Kieslowski's ''[[Three Colors]]'' trilogy (1993–94), particularly ''[[Three Colors: Blue|Blue]]'' (1993) and ''[[Three Colors: Red|Red]]'' (1994), deal with human relationships and how people cope with them in their day-to-day lives. The trilogy of films was called "explorations of spirituality and existentialism"<ref>Emanuel Levy, [http://www.emanuellevy.com/review/three-colors-blue/ review of ''Three Colors: Blue'']. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</ref> that created a "truly transcendent experience".<ref>Matt Brunson.</ref> ''The Guardian'' listed ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996) as one of its top 25 arthouse films. The reviewer stated that "[a]ll the ingredients that have come to define [[Lars von Trier]]'s career (and in turn, much of modern European cinema) are present here: high-wire acting, innovative visual techniques, a suffering heroine, issue-grappling drama, and a galvanising shot of controversy to make the whole thing unmissable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/breaking-waves-trier-arthouse|title=Breaking the Waves: No 24 best arthouse film of all time|author=Steve Rose|work=The Guardian|date=20 October 2010 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

===2000s===
Lewis Beale of ''[[Film Journal International]]'' stated that Australian director [[Andrew Dominik]]'s western film ''[[The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford]]'' (2007) is "a fascinating, literary-based work that succeeds as both art and genre film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003639817 |title=The assassination of Jesse James by the coward Robert Ford |access-date=27 September 2007 |author=Lewis Beale |publisher=[[Film Journal International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011214428/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003639817 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike the action-oriented [[Jesse James]] films of the past, Dominik's unconventional epic perhaps more accurately details the outlaw's relinquishing psyche during the final months of his life as he succumbs to the paranoia of being captured and develops a precarious friendship with his eventual assassin, [[Robert Ford (outlaw)|Robert Ford]].

In 2009, director [[Paul Thomas Anderson]] claimed that his 2002 film ''[[Punch-Drunk Love]]'' about a shy, repressed rage-aholic was "an art house [[Adam Sandler]] film", a reference to the unlikely inclusion of "frat boy" comic Sandler in the film; critic Roger Ebert claims that ''Punch Drunk Love'' "may be the key to all of the Adam Sandler films, and may liberate Sandler for a new direction in his work. He can't go on making those moronic comedies forever, can he? Who would have guessed he had such uncharted depths?"<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/punch-drunk-love-2002 | work=RogerEbert.com | title=Punch-Drunk Love|date = 18 October 2002}}</ref>

===2010s===
[[Apichatpong Weerasethakul]]'s ''[[Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives]]'', which won the 2010 Cannes Palme d'Or, "ties together what might just be a series of beautifully shot scenes with moving and funny musings on the nature of death and reincarnation, love, loss, and karma".<ref>Satraroj, Nick. Movie review: [http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/play/uncle-boonmee-who-can-recall-his-past-lives-art-film-everyone-487790 "Uncle Boonmee", an art film for everyone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040713/http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/play/uncle-boonmee-who-can-recall-his-past-lives-art-film-everyone-487790 |date=23 August 2010 }}. CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</ref> Weerasethakul is an independent film director, screenwriter, and film producer, who works outside the strict confines of the Thai film studio system. His films deal with dreams, nature, sexuality, including his own homosexuality,<ref>"Creating His Own Language: An Interview With Apichatpong Weerasethakul", Romers, H. ''Cineaste'', page 34, vol. 30, no. 4, Fall 2005, New York.</ref> and Western perceptions of [[Thailand]] and Asia. Weerasethakul's films display a preference for unconventional narrative structures (such as placing titles/credits at the middle of a film) and for working with non-actors.

[[Terrence Malick]]'s ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'' (2011) was released after decades of development and won the Palme d'Or at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]]; it was highly praised by critics. At the Avon Theater in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], a message was posted about the theater's no-refund policy due to "some customer feedback and a polarized audience response" to the film. The theater stated that it "stands behind this ambitious work of art and other challenging films".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/avon_theatre_director_talks_about_his_tree_of_life_disclaimer/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626031334/http://www.indiewire.com/article/avon_theatre_director_talks_about_his_tree_of_life_disclaimer/|archive-date=26 June 2011|title=INTERVIEW: Here's the Story Behind That Theater's No Refund Policy for "Tree of Life"|publisher=indieWIRE|date=24 June 2011|author=Austin Dale|access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> ''[[Drive (2011 film)|Drive]]'' (2011), directed by [[Nicolas Winding Refn]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/36668/1/the-best-and-worst-arthouse-film-remakes|title= The best and worst arthouse film remakes|work=Dazed|first = Nick|last = Chen|date = 7 July 2017}}</ref> is commonly called an [[arthouse action film]].<ref name= "RottenTomatoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/drive_2011 |title=Drive (2011) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster]] |access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> Also in 2011, director [[Lars von Trier]] released ''[[Melancholia (2011 film)|Melancholia]]'', a movie dealing with [[Depressive episode|depression]] and other mental disorders while also showing a family's reaction to an approaching planet that could collide with the Earth. The movie was well received, some claiming it to be Von Trier's masterpiece with others highlighting [[Kirsten Dunst]]'s performance, the visuals, and realism depicted in the movie.

[[Jonathan Glazer]]'s [[Under the Skin (2013 film)|''Under the Skin'']] (an example of "[[arthouse science fiction film|arthouse sci-fi]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/best-genre-blending-sci-fi-horror-movies/|title=20 Best Sci-Fi Horror Movies (That Blend The Genres Perfectly)|first=Ben|last=Sherlock|date=23 May 2020|website=ScreenRant}}</ref>) was screened at the [[2013 Venice Film Festival]] and received a theatrical release through indie studio [[A24]] the following year. The film, starring [[Scarlett Johansson]], follows an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] in human form as she travels around [[Glasgow]], picking up unwary men for sex, harvesting their flesh and stripping them of their humanity. Dealing with themes such as sexuality, humanity, and objectification, the film received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/under_the_skin_2013/|title=Under the Skin|date=4 April 2014|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and was hailed by some as a masterpiece;<ref>{{cite news|first=Robbie|last=Collin|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/under-the-skin/review/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/under-the-skin/review/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Under the Skin: 'simply a masterpiece'|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=13 March 2014|access-date=22 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> critic [[Richard Roeper]] described the film as "what we talk about when we talk about film as art".<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Roeper|url=http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=6233|title='Under the Skin': Brilliant mood piece about a fascinating femme fatale|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=13 April 2014|access-date=21 April 2015|via=Richard Roeper Blog}}</ref>

This decade also saw a re-emergence of "[[art horror]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/sci-fi-movies-every-decade-change-define-how/|title=How Sci-Fi Movies Have Changed In Each Decade (& Why)|first=Chrishaun|last=Baker|date=9 August 2020|website=ScreenRant}}</ref> with the success of films like ''[[Beyond the Black Rainbow]]'' (2010), ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ''[[Stoker (film)|Stoker]]'' (2013), ''[[Enemy (2013 film)|Enemy]]'' (2013), ''[[The Babadook]]'' (2014), ''[[Only Lovers Left Alive]]'' (2014), ''[[A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night]]'' (2014), ''[[Goodnight Mommy]]'' (2014), ''[[Nightcrawler (film)|Nightcrawler]]'' (2014), ''[[It Follows]]'' (2015), ''[[The Witch (2015 film)|The Witch]]'' (2015), ''[[The Wailing (2016 film)|The Wailing]]'' (2016), ''[[Split (2016 American film)|Split]]'' (2016), the [[social thriller]] ''[[Get Out]]'' (2017), ''[[Mother!]]'' (2017), ''[[Annihilation (film)|Annihilation]]'' (2018), ''[[A Quiet Place (film)|A Quiet Place]]'' (2018), ''[[Hereditary (film)|Hereditary]]'' (2018), ''[[Suspiria (2018 film)|Suspiria]]'' (2018; [[Suspiria|a remake of the 1977 film of the same name]]), ''[[Mandy (2018 film)|Mandy]]'' (2018), ''[[The Nightingale (2018 film)|The Nightingale]]'' (2018), ''[[The House That Jack Built (2018 film)|The House That Jack Built]]'' (2018), ''[[Us (2019 film)|Us]]'' (2019), ''[[Midsommar (film)|Midsommar]]'' (2019), ''[[The Lighthouse (2019 film)|The Lighthouse]]'' (2019), ''[[Color Out of Space (film)|Color Out of Space]]'' (2019) and the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] winner ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joblo.com/trippy-horrorfantasy-beyond-the-black-rainbow-gets-new-synopsis-dvdblu-ray-release-date/|title=Trippy horror/fantasy Beyond the Black Rainbow gets DVD/Blu-ray release date|first=Jake|last=Dee|date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Donald|last=Clarke|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/black-swan-1.1278785|title=Black Swan|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=21 January 2011|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Bilge|last=Ebiri|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/04/under-the-skin-and-a-history-of-art-horror-film.html|title=Under the Skin and a History of Art-Horror Film|work=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|date=17 April 2014|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/goodnight-mommy-oscars-austria-foreign-film-entry-radius-1201597760/|title=Radius Horror Film 'Goodnight Mommy' Set To Wake Up Oscar Voters As Austria's Entry|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=29 October 2015|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Benjamin|last=Lee|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/feb/23/did-arthouse-horror-hit-the-witch-trick-us-multiplex-audiences|title=Did arthouse horror hit The Witch trick mainstream US audiences?
|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=22 February 2016|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Roma (2018 film)|''Roma'']] (2018), is a film by [[Alfonso Cuarón]] inspired by his childhood living in 1970s Mexico. Shot in black-and-white, it deals with themes shared with Cuarón's past films, such as mortality and class. The film was distributed through [[Netflix]], earning the streaming giant their first [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/roma-netflix-first-best-picture-oscar-nomination-1203113407/|title='Roma' Becomes Netflix's First Best Picture Oscar Nominee|first1=Kristopher|last1=Tapley|date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

[[Arthouse animation]] (with Oscar-nominated titles like ''[[Song of the Sea (2014 film)|Song of the Sea]]'' and ''[[Loving Vincent]]'') was also gaining momentum during this era as an alternative to mainstream animated features alongside the works of acclaimed animators [[Makoto Shinkai]], [[Satoshi Kon]], [[Don Hertzfeldt]] and [[Ari Folman]] from the previous decade.<ref name="amctheatres.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amctheatres.com/amc-scene/5-unique-animated-movies-to-look-out-for-from-now-until-christmas|title=Animated Movies To Look Forward To|website=amctheatres.com}}</ref><ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/euro-animated-films-offer-darker-arthouse-alternative-hollywood-exec-says-1066701|title=Euro Animated Films Offer "Darker" Art House Alternative to Hollywood, Exec Says|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=15 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefilmstage.com/the-criterion-channels-july-2021-lineup-includes-wong-kar-wai-neo-noir-art-house-animation-more/|title=The Criterion Channel's July 2021 Lineup Includes Wong Kar Wai, Neo-Noir, Art-House Animation & More|first=Leonard|last=Pearce|date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

[[Tom Shone]] said of the work of [[Christopher Nolan]]: "He has completed eleven features, [...] all ticking the boxes of studio entertainment, yet indelibly marked with the kind of personal themes and obsessions that are more traditionally the preserve of the art house: the passage of time, the failures of memory, our quirks of denial and deflection, the intimate clockwork of our interior lives, set against landscapes in which the fault lines of late [[Industrialisation|industrialism]] meet the fissure points and paradoxes of the [[information age]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shone |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ITjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT433 |title=The Nolan Variations: The Movies, Mysteries, and Marvels of Christopher Nolan |date=2020-11-03 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-34800-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
During the 2020s, [[art film|art-house cinema]] expanded globally through online platforms. The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] accelerated this shift: major [[film festival|festivals]] went virtual, enabling global audiences (critics and cinephiles alike) to see independent and experimental films without travel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Festivals Go Virtual |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/global/film-festivals-virtual-1234646021/ |website=Variety |date=2020-06-15}}</ref> Many art-house cinemas also launched virtual programs and [[streaming media|streaming services]] to reach broader audiences.

New storytelling forms emerged. "[[Screenlife|Desktop cinema]]" films―narratives unfolding entirely on computer or mobile screens―treat the screen as both camera and canvas, reflecting contemporary online culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grønstad |first=Asbjørn |title=The Poetics of the Desktop: Essay Film in the Age of Screenlife |journal=NECSUS: European Journal of Media Studies |year=2022 |url=https://necsus-ejms.org/desktop-documentary-from-artefact-to-artistic-emotions/}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Criticisms of art films include being too pretentious and self-indulgent for mainstream audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-blog/10283912/The-Top-10-Most-Pretentious-Films.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-blog/10283912/The-Top-10-Most-Pretentious-Films.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The Top 10 Most Pretentious Films|first=Anne|last=Billson|date=5 September 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2019/10-famous-arthouse-movies-that-are-too-self-indulgent/|title= 10 Famous Arthouse Movies That Are Too Self-Indulgent|first=Mert|last=Dekin|date=1 October 2019|publisher=Taste of Cinema}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2019/08/geeks-guide-pretentious-sci-fi/ |title=Are Sci-Fi Movies Getting Too Pretentious?|magazine=WIRED|date = 10 August 2019}}</ref>

''[[LA Weekly]]'' film critic Michael Nordine cited the films ''[[Gummo]]'' (1997) as being an "art-house [[exploitation film|exploitation flick]]" and ''[[Amores Perros]]'' (2000) exemplifying "the art-house stereotype of featuring more dead dogs than ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' and every other book you had to read in middle school".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/20-worst-hipster-movies-of-all-time/ |title=20 Worst Hipster Movies of All Time |work= LA Weekly|first = Michael|last = Nordine|date = 17 July 2014}}</ref>

==Related concepts==
===Arthouse television===
{{see also|Quality television}}
[[Quality artistic television]],<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Thornton Caldwell|title=''Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television''|url=https://archive.org/details/televisualitysty00cald|url-access=registration|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/televisualitysty00cald/page/67 67]|isbn=9780585241135 }}</ref> a [[television genre]] or style which shares some of the same traits as art films, has been identified. Television shows, such as David Lynch and Mark Frost's ''[[Twin Peaks]]'' and Dennis Potter's ''[[The Singing Detective]]'', also have "a loosening of causality, a greater emphasis on psychological or anecdotal realism, violations of classical clarity of space and time, explicit authorial comment, and ambiguity".<ref>{{cite book|first=Kristin|last=Thompson|title=''Storytelling in Film and Television''|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2003}}</ref>

As with much of Lynch's other work (notably the film ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]''), ''Twin Peaks'' explores the gulf between the veneer of small-town respectability and the seedier layers of life lurking beneath its surface. The show is difficult to place in a defined television genre; stylistically, it borrows the unsettling tone and supernatural premises of horror films and simultaneously offers a bizarrely comical parody of American soap operas with a [[Camp (style)|campy]], melodramatic presentation of the morally dubious activities of its quirky characters. The show represents an earnest moral inquiry distinguished by both [[Surreal humor|weird humor]] and a deep vein of [[surrealism]], incorporating highly stylised vignettes, surrealist and often inaccessible artistic images alongside the otherwise comprehensible narrative of events.

[[HBO]]'s ''[[The Wire]]'' might also qualify as "artistic television", as it has garnered a greater amount of critical attention from academics than most television shows receive. For example, the [[film theory]] journal ''[[Film Quarterly]]'' has featured the show on its cover.<ref>{{cite web|first=D.|last=Driscoll|url=http://machines.pomona.edu/152-2009/2009/11/02/the-wire-being-taught-at-harvard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720033154/http://machines.pomona.edu/152-2009/2009/11/02/the-wire-being-taught-at-harvard/|archive-date=20 July 2011 |title=''The Wire'' Being Taught at Harvard |publisher=Machines.pomona.edu |date=2 November 2009|access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

==In popular media==
Art films have been part of popular culture from animated sitcoms like ''[[The Simpsons]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1225549/|title=Any Given Sundance|publisher= IMDb}}</ref> and ''[[Clone High]]'' spoofing and satirizing them<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0542907/|title=Film Fest: Tears of a Clone|publisher= IMDb}}</ref> to even the comedic film review webseries ''Brows Held High'' (hosted by Kyle Kallgren).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geek.com/movies/real-good-you-guys-kyle-kallgren-and-brows-held-high-1721593/ |title=Real Good You Guys: Kyle Kallgren and Brows Held High|date=7 November 2017|access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815041155/https://www.geek.com/movies/real-good-you-guys-kyle-kallgren-and-brows-held-high-1721593/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-avocado.org/2018/06/03/brows-held-high-night-thread/ |title=Brows Held High Night Thread |work= The Avocado|first = Sam|last = Aronow|date = 3 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="top15essayistsonyoutube">{{Cite web|url=https://raindance.org/top-15-video-essayists-youtube/|title=Top 15 Video Essayists on Youtube|first=Bruno Savill De|last=Jong|date=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="essaysof2017">{{Cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Kevin B. |last2=Verdeure |first2=David |date=2010-01-10 |title=The best video essays of 2017 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/annual-round-ups/best-video-essays-2017 |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
* [[American Eccentric Cinema]]
* [[Anime]]
* [[Auteur theory]]
* [[Art horror]]
* [[Art rock]]
* [[Arthouse action film]]
* [[Arthouse animation]]
* [[Arthouse science fiction film]]
* [[Arthouse musical]]
* [[Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[Cinema of Transgression]]
* [[Classical Hollywood cinema]]
* [[Criterion Collection]]
* [[Czechoslovak New Wave]]
* [[European art cinema]]
* [[Experimental film]]
* [[Extreme cinema]]
* [[Film criticism]]
* [[Film genre]]
* [[FilmStruck]]
* [[Golden Age of Television (2000s–present)]]
* [[Indiewood]]
* [[Independent animation]]
* [[Independent film]]
* [[Independent Film Channel]]
* [[Independent Spirit Award]]
* [[International Tournee of Animation]]
* [[L.A. Rebellion]]
* [[List of directors associated with art film]]
*[[Literary fiction]] (semi-analogous concept in the world of literature)
* [[Minimalist film|Minimalist and]] [[Maximalist film|Maximalist cinema]]
* [[Mubi (streaming service)]]
* [[Music video]]
* [[New Hollywood]]
* [[No wave cinema]]
* [[Parallel Cinema]]
* [[Postmodernist film]]
* [[Slow cinema]]
* [[Souvenirs from Earth]]—art TV station
* [[Sundance Film Festival]]
* [[Surrealist cinema]]
* [[Swansea Bay Film Festival]]
* [[Television studies]]
* [[Toronto International Film Festival]]
* [[Turner Classic Movies]]
* [[Underground film]]
* [[Video essay]]
* [[Vulgar auteurism]]
* [[Yugoslav Black Wave]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.youtube.com/user/oancitizen Brows Held High]'' on YouTube
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130823063808/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/?category=4 Top 100 Art House and International Movies – Rotten Tomatoes] at [[Wayback Machine]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/drama-arthouse-25 The 25 best arthouse films of all time|''The Guardian'']
*[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2018/10-great-movies-that-are-perfect-introductions-to-arthouse-cinema/ 10 Great Movies That Are Perfect Introductions To Arthouse Cinema – Taste of Cinema]
*[https://www.starkinsider.com/2016/04/top-10-arthouse-films-last-10-years.html Top 10 arthouse films of the last 10 years|Stark Insider]

{{Film genres|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Art Film}}
[[Category:Aesthetics]]
[[Category:Experimental film]]
[[Category:Avant-garde art]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Film styles]]
[[Category:Postmodernism]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:Theories of aesthetics]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]
[[Category:Modern art]]

Boman Shroff

2026-01-06T22:57:54Z

Pickleballexpert: quick update

{{Short description|Actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

'''Boman Shroff''' was an actor, [[stuntman]], director, writer, producer in Hindi cinema, in the silent era and the early [[talkies]].<ref name="Verma2000">{{cite book|author=R. K. Verma|title=Filmography: silent cinema, 1913-1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suFkAAAAMAAJ|pages=137|year=2000|publisher=M. Verma|isbn=9788175252240 }}</ref>

Boman started working in Hindi movies prior to the talkies and was on monthly payroll of [[JBH Wadia]] and [[Homi Wadia]]'s various movie production houses. In the mid-thirties when the Wadia brothers started making populist action movies, Boman's roles came to prominence. 1935 [[Wadia Movietone]] production, ''[[Hunterwali]]'' starring [[Fearless Nadia]] was a big hit and career defining movie for everyone involved including Boman, the male lead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cinema Vision India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-wKAQAAMAAJ|pages=85|year=1980}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;As an Actor:
* (1948) Tigress
* (1947) Toofani Tirandaz
* (1946) Flying Prince
* (1946) Sher-E-Baghdad
* (1940) [[Diamond Queen (1940 film)|Diamond Queen]]
* (1940) Hind Ka Lal
* (1937) [[Toofani Tarzan]]
* (1935) Desh Deepak
* (1935) The Princess and the Hunter
* (1934) Bag-E-Misar
* (1933) [[Lal-e-Yaman (1933 film)|Lal-e-Yaman]]
;As a Writer:
* (1953) Jungle Ka Jawahar
* (1949) The Palace of Illusions
* (1947) Toofani Tirandaz
* (1946) Sher-E-Baghdad
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;As an Assistant Director
* (1946) Flying Prince
* (1946) Sher-E-Baghdad
* (1942) Jungle Princess
* (1936) [[Miss Frontier Mail]]
;As part of the Miscellaneous Crew
* (1968) [[Khiladi (1968 film)|Khilari]]
* (1967) Lav-Kush
* (1959) Circus Queen
;As a Production Manager
* (1960) [[Bombai Ka Babu]]
* (1958) Zimbo
;As a Director
* (1947) Toofani Tirandaz
{{Col-end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0795429}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Boman}}
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

1952 Bhopal State Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-27T10:29:11Z

Pickleballexpert: adding a info - done

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| election_date = {{Start date|1952|03|27|df=yes}}
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1957 (MP)
| seats_for_election = All 30 seats in the [[Bhopal Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:610182}}
| turnout = 37.07%
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=120|width=100}}
| leader1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 25
| popular_vote1 = 1,17,656
| percentage1 = 52.01%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Horse and rider Indian election symbol.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| party2 = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 1
| popular_vote2 = 31,684
| percentage2 = 14.01
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = 
| title = Chief Minister of [[Bhopal State (1949–56)|Bhopal]]
| before_election =
| after_election = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951]]

Elections to the [[Bhopal Legislative Assembly]] were held on March 27, 1952.<ref name="BhopalECI1951"/> The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats, and [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] became the Chief Minister.

== Constituencies ==

The Bhopal Legislative Assembly consisted of 30 seats, distributed in seven two-member constituencies and sixteen single-member constituencies. A total of 91 contestants were in the fray for these 30 seats. Silwani legislative assembly had the maximum number of contestants (8 candidates), while Ichhawar had the minimum contestants (only 1 candidate, who was elected unopposed).<ref name="BhopalECI1951"/>

== Political parties ==

Four national parties, along with [[Kisan Mazdoor Mandal]] took part in the assembly election. [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the single largest party, while no other party crossed the double digit.<ref name="BhopalECI1951"/>

== Results ==

<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election<ref name="BhopalECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_BHOPAL.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Bhopal | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Bhopal Legislative Assembly 1952.svg]]
|-
! class="unsortable" |
! Political Party !! Seats Contested !! Won !! % of Seats !! Votes !! Vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| 28 || 25 || 83.33 || 1,17,656 || 52.01
|-
| {{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| 9 || 1 || 3.33 || 31,684 || 14.01
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | Independent politician
| 32 || 4 || 13.33 || 51,736 || 22.87
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 2| Total Seats
! 30 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 6,10,182 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! 2,26,210 (37.07%)
|}<section end=Results />

== Elected members ==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!{{Number sign}}
!Constituency
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1
| Shahajahanabad || Jalauddin Qureshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
| Shishmahal || Syed Ajazuddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|3
| Jahangirabad || Inayatullah Tarzi Mashriqui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" | Bairagarh || Baboolal Bhartia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lila Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|5
| [[Huzur Assembly constituency|Huzur]] || Sardarmal Lalwani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|6
| [[Berasia Assembly constituency|Berasia]] || [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
| Nazirabad || Shankar Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" | [[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]] || Umrao Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultan Mohd Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" | Shyampur || Har Kishan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baboolal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |10
| rowspan="2" | [[Ashta Assembly constituency|Ashta]] || Chandan Mal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopi Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|11
| Kotri || [[Maimoona Sultan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|12
| [[Ichhawar Assembly constituency|Ichhawar]] || Kesarimal Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|13
| Nasrullahganj || Vanshi Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
| [[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]] || Lachmi Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" | Raisen || Baboolal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamta Prashad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
| Begumganj || Kundan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
| Sultanganj || Baboolal Kamal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |18
| rowspan="2" | Goharganj || Dalip Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gulab Chand || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|19
| Amrawad || Narbada Charan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
| Bareli || Shyam Sundar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |21
| rowspan="2" | [[Silwani Assembly constituency|Silwani]] || Lila Dhar Rathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Daulat Shah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|22
| [[Udaipura Assembly constituency|Udaipur]] || Nit Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|23
| [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]] || Ram Karan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== State Reorganisation and Merger ==

On November 1, 1956, [[Bhopal State]] was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=October 15, 1955 | accessdate=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[1951–52 elections in India]]
*[[Bhopal State]]
*[[Bhopal State (1949–56)]]
*[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1952 State Assembly elections in India|Bhopal]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal district]]
[[Category:March 1952 in Asia]]

Chaurisurata Panchashika

2025-12-23T08:40:10Z

Pickleballexpert: Adding a entry.

{{Short description|11th-century Indian poem by Bilhana}}
{{Italic title}}
The '''''Chaurisurata Panchashika''''' ({{Langx|sa|चौरीसुरतपञ्चाशिका|lit=Fifty verses by a thief|translit=Caurīsuratapañcāśikā}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lienhard |first=Siegfried |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0aYeR67booC&dq=Caur%C4%ABsuratapa%C3%B1c%C4%81%C5%9Bik%C4%81&pg=PA95 |title=A History of Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit |date=1984 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02425-9 |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=K. M. Kapadia |url=http://archive.org/details/marriagefamilyin0000kmka |title=Marriage and Family in India |date=1966 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |pages=144}}</ref> also rendered the '''''Chaura Panchashika''''', is a [[Sanskrit]] work of poetry by [[Bilhana]], composed in the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA644 |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 |pages=644 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
According to legend, the [[Brahmin]] [[Bilhana]] fell in love with the daughter of King Madanabhirama, Princess Yaminipurnatilaka, and had a secretive love affair. They were discovered, and Bilhana was thrown into prison. While awaiting judgement, he wrote the ''Chaurisurata Panchashika'', a fifty-stanza love poem, not knowing whether he would be sent into exile or die on the gallows. It is unknown what fate Bilhana encountered.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Moriz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&dq=bilhana+adyapi&pg=PA132 |title=A History of Indian Literature |date=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 |pages=132–133 |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, his poem was transmitted orally around India. There are several versions, including ones from South India which had a happy ending; the [[Kashmir]]i version does not specify what the outcome was. In one version, the poet recites these verses on the way to the scaffold, and the king, moved by the beauty of the work, pardons him and allows the couple to get married.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qr2iZqOM3fsC&dq=chaurisurata+panchashika&pg=PA42 |title=History of Indian Painting: Rajasthani Traditions |date=May 1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-154-6 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
Each verse of the poem is of four lines (quatrain), beginning with the word "''adyapi''", which means even now written in the first person, "in which the parted lover evokes his mistress's presence by recollecting her beauty and the pleasures of their love."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Tapti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrF5DwAAQBAJ&dq=chaurapanchasika&pg=PT157 |title=Print and Publishing in Colonial Bengal: The Journey of Bidyasundar |date=2018-11-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-67351-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref>

The first verse of the poem is as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puna Oriental Series |url=http://archive.org/details/lfhk_chaura-panchashika-of-bilhana-by-s.-n.-tadpatrikar-series-no.-86-puna-oriental-series |title=Chaura Panchashika Of Bilhana By S. N. Tadpatrikar Series No. 86 Puna Oriental Series |pages=1}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Even now, I think of her of a bright colour like a garland of golden champaka, her face beaming like a full-blown lotus, with a thin line of hair (at the navel) just got up from sleep, her whole body showing the keen desire affected by passion of her like learning affected by intoxication.}}

==Editions and versions==
In the nineteenth century the Caurapañcāśikā was 'discovered' by Europeans. The first French edition, published in the ''[[Journal Asiatique]]'' of 1848, was based on one of the South Indian versions with a happy ending. Sir Edwin Arnold did very loose translation with Tennyson-like cadences (London 1896); [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. B. Keith]] provided a literal translation; Gertrude Cloris Schwebell, working from translations by S. N. Tadpatrikar, M. Ariel and Gerhard Gollwitzer, created a free verse rendering. However, the version best known to English readers is probably that by [[Barbara Stoler Miller]]; or the 'free interpretation' by [[Edward Powys Mathers]] (also known as E. Powys Mathers) entitled [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/bilhana/bil01.htm Black Marigolds]. There is a 2000 translation, possibly privately printed, by John T. Roberts. Also there is the [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf Love Lyrics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510144010/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf |date=2008-05-10 }} / by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari; translated by Greg Bailey; & by Bilhaṇa; edited and translated by [[Richard Gombrich]] published by The Clay Sanskrit Library in 2005. Dawn Corrigan has done an adaptation/rendition of the Caurapañcāśikā [http://www.otisnebula.com/otisnebula/ON7_Dawn_Corrigan.html "Swan Song of the Thief"] a free interpretation in 2013. There is also a 2013 translation [https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poetic rendering into English 2013.

== Appearances in modern literature ==
Several stanzas of E. Powys Mathers' "Black Marigolds" translation of Caurapâñcâśikâ appear in the novel [[Cannery Row (novel)|''Cannery Row'']] by [[John Steinbeck]]. Author [https://www.victor-robert-lee.com Victor Robert Lee] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/interview-victor-robert-lee/|title=Interview: Victor Robert Lee|last=Diplomat|first=James Pach, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2018-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref> credits E. Powys Mathers' "Black Marigolds" as the source of the phrase [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4xrWxfC_DUC&q=%22savoring+of+th&pg=PT331 "savoring of the hot taste of life"]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4xrWxfC_DUC&q=%22savoring+of+the+hot+taste+of+life%22&pg=PT331|title=Performance Anomalies: A Novel|last=Lee|first=Victor Robert|date=2013-01-15|publisher=Perimeter Six Press|isbn=9781938409202|language=en}}</ref> in his novel ''[http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751 Performance Anomalies]'', and uses Mathers' repetition of the phrase "Even now" from "Black Marigolds" as an element in lyrics spoken by Cono 7Q, the protagonist of [http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751 ''Performance Anomalies''.]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblio/200954751|title=Performance anomalies /Victor Robert Lee. – National Library|website=www.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2018-06-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poesy rendering into English 2013

==Translations==
*Tchorapantchçat, publié, traduit et commenté par M. Ariel. Les Cinquantes (Couplets) de TCHORA ou Histoire de Bilhana; ''Journal Asiatique'', Quatrième Serie, Tome XI, p. 469-534; Paris, 1848.
*Sir Edwin Arnold (London 1896)
*Pierre Rolland "les cinquante stances du voleur", Université de Provence, 1971
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/bilhana/bil01.htm Black Marigolds]: A free interpretation of the Caurapañcáziká. E. Powys Mathers, pp. 66–77 in [[Mark Van Doren]] (Ed.) An Anthology of World Poetry (Albert and Charles Boni, 1928). Also reissued as Black Marigolds and Coloured Stars. Edward Powys Mathers (Anvil Press Poetry, 2004)
*Caurapañcáziká, an Indian Love Lament of Bilhana Kavi, critically edited with translation and notes by S. N. Tadpatrikar, Poona, 1946. Poona Oriental Series No. 86.
*German Free Version of Gerhard Gollwitzer. Des Pandit Bilhana Fünfzig Strophen von Heimlicher Liebeslust, Karl Schustek Verlag, Hanau, 2 Aufl. 1964.
*Gertrude Clorius Schwebel, The Secret Delights of Love by the pundit Bilhana (from the Sanskrit). (The Peter Pauper Press, 1966).
*A. B. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature ([[Motilal Banarsidass]], 1993), 153-158
*Miller, Barbara Stoles. Phantasies of Love-thief: Caurapancasika Attributed to Bilhana (Columbia Univ. Press, 1971). And Bhartrihari and Bilhana (The Hermit and The Love–Thief) Penguin 1990.
*John T. Roberts, Caurapancasika, English and Sanskrit. The Thief, His Fifty Verses: Bilhana's Caurapancasika, The Northern Recension, with word by word grammatical notes and translations. (Papercraft Print, 2000). {{ISBN|0-9679677-1-6}} / 0967967716
*[http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf Love Lyrics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510144010/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/excerpts/CSLLoveBilhana.pdf |date=2008-05-10 }} by Amaru [and] Bhartṛhari; translated by Greg Bailey; & by Bilhaṇa; edited and translated by Richard Gombrich published by The Clay Sanskrit Library New York University Press : JJC Foundation 2005 2005.
*[http://www.otisnebula.com/otisnebula/ON7_Dawn_Corrigan.html "Swan Song of the Thief" An adaptation of Bilhana's Caurapâñcâśikâ by Dawn Corrigan] a free interpretation online magazine otisnebula.com 2013
*[https://www.scribd.com/doc/163159032/Sanskrit-erotic-poetry-Vol-2 The Caurapâñcâśikâ (The Love-Thief)] Poetic rendering into English 2013

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caurapancasika}}
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian books]]

Bhasarvajna

2025-12-22T13:59:00Z

Pickleballexpert: adding stub

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Bhāsarvajña
| honorific prefix = Ācārya
| native_name = भासर्वज्ञ
| native_name_lang = sa
| known_for = Author of Nyāya and Pāśupata works
| notable works = Nyāyasāra, Nyāyabhūṣaṇa, Gaṇakārikā, Ratnaṭīkā
| main interests = Nyāya Śāstra, Indian philosophy
| era = 10th century CE
| region = [[Kashmir]]
}}

'''Bhāsarvajña''' ([[Sanskrit]]: भासर्वज्ञ) was an Indian philosopher active in the 10th century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=Indian philosophy - Bhartrihari, Mandana Mishra {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/The-linguistic-philosophies-Bhartrihari-and-Mandana-Mishra#ref314744 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Kisor Kumar |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Definition_and_Induction/O0reCO392BAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Bhasarvajna&pg=PA47&printsec=frontcover |title=Definition and Induction: A Historical and Comparative Study |date=1995-03-01 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1658-2 |language=en |page=47}}</ref> He is known primarily as a representative of the classical [[Nyāya]] school of [[Indian philosophy]], and as the author of the ''Nyāyasāra''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vishvanath P. |title=Nyāyasāra of Bhāsarvajña |edition=2nd |date=1921}}</ref>

== Life and background ==
Little is known about Bhāsarvajña’s life. He is often associated with the Kashmir region in later scholarship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=S. Subrahmayya |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467616 |title=Nyayasarah Of Bhasarvajna With The Commentaries |date=1961 |pages=7}}</ref>

== Works ==
In addition to the ''Nyāyasāra'', Bhāsarvajña is traditionally credited with the ''Nyāyabhūṣaṇa'', an extensive auto-commentary on the ''Nyāyasāra'' that engages critically with rival epistemological positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Karl H. |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume II: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa |date=1977 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

Bhāsarvajña is also associated with the ''Gaṇakārikā'', a concise handbook of [[Pāśupata]] Śaiva doctrine. This association derives primarily from a manuscript colophon edited by C. D. Dalal, who attributed both the ''Gaṇakārikā'' and its commentary, the ''Ratnaṭīkā'', to Bhāsarvajña on the basis of a Patan manuscript tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=C. D. |title=Gaṇakārikā and Ratnaṭīkā |date=1920 |publisher=Government Central Press |location=Bombay}}</ref> The attribution has been disputed in later scholarship, with several scholars arguing instead that Bhāsarvajña authored only the ''Ratnaṭīkā'', the commentary on the ''Gaṇakārikā''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=5 |date=1955 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Alexis |chapter=The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period |title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism |editor-last=Einoo |editor-first=Shingo |date=2014 |publisher=Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo}}</ref>

While the ''Nyāyasāra'' is available in many editions, having been the subject of over a dozen commentaries, the ''Nyāyabhūṣaṇa'' is available in only one printed edition based on a single manuscript.

== References ==
<references />

{{India-philosopher-stub}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian philosophers]]

Melli Dara

2025-12-22T09:11:13Z

Pickleballexpert: slightly fix section per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
'''Melli Dara''' is a village in the [[Namchi district]] of the Indian State of [[Sikkim]] about {{convert|75|km}} from the state capital [[Gangtok]] and about {{convert|11|km}} north of [[Melli]]. The total area of the village is {{convert|13.5|km2}} and it has a total population of 6,333.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.mellidaragrampanchayat.net/?page=profile |title=Melli Dara Paiyong GPU |publisher=Mellidaragrampanchayat.net |accessdate=2012-03-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925001718/http://www.mellidaragrampanchayat.net/?page=profile |archivedate=2011-09-25 }}</ref> The village comes under 12-Melli constituency of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] and under 22-Melli Dara Paiyong [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] Unit.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Cyber village==
Melli Dara is known for various innovative initiatives undertaken in the field of e-Governance at grassroots level. Computerization of the village administration centre, implementation of a single windows system at village level, solid waste management system, Panchayat Sandesh (Monthly news paper published by GPU), Free SMS updates for GPU activities etc. are various initiatives taken by the GPU. The GPU received 'Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha Purashkar - 2011' from [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71756|title=Print Release|publisher=Pib.nic.in|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> Apart from this, the panchayat unit have received several state level awards. Recently 'The Information Technology person of the year' title was awarded to the President of GPU, Mr. Ganesh Kumar Rai, in Sikitex 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkim.gov.in/AN%20IT%20EXHIBITON.htm |accessdate=12 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407022723/http://sikkim.gov.in/AN%20IT%20EXHIBITON.htm | title=Sikitex 2011 | publisher=sikkim.gov.in |archivedate=7 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/2011-11-sikitex-2011-inagurated-in-sikkim-focus-on-e-governance-24-6/|title=Sikitex 2011 inaugurated in Sikkim, focus on e-governance|publisher=Isikkim.com|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref>

India's first cyber village has been set up at Melli Dara Paiyong in South Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikkim.gov.in/Government%20Missions/Cyber%20Village.aspx |accessdate=14 November 2013 | title=India's first cyber village project launched at Melli Dara Payong GPU | publisher=Sikkim Government | url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116062647/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/Government%20Missions/Cyber%20Village.aspx |archivedate=16 November 2013 }}</ref> Governor [[Shriniwas Patil]] on 2 October 2013 launched the cyber village project implemented by Information Technology Department, [[Government of Sikkim]].

The cyber village software at Melli Dara Paiyong Gram Panchayat Unit is web-based and allows gathering of information from grassroots level using handheld devices and integrating it with the departmental database on a real time basis. Each of the six ward panchayat is provided with the handheld devices to collect and update data of the villagers. Each resident will have his or her exclusive digital profile in the handheld device. Data generated are used for multiple purposes including police verification and monitoring of benefits provided by the government to the villagers. The data are generated and verified by the concerned ward panchayat. SMS based services have been adopted in the project wherein a registered villager can benefit without being present in the offices physically. The software has been developed with active participation of member of Melli Dara Paiyong GPU.

As per the project, the Information Technology Department will be providing computer literacy to the villagers of Melli Dara Paiyong. School going children will also be educated on cyber security. "The State government has embarked on the process of taking our villages to the next stage, i.e. cyber village. This will uproot the very notion of ‘digital divide’ from Sikkim forever," says Melli Dara Paiyong GPU president D.B. Pradhan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131116062647/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/Government%20Missions/Cyber%20Village.aspx Sikkimgov.in]

{{coord|27.1028|88.4282|display=t}}

[[Category:Villages in Namchi district]]

Mangala Ashtaka

2025-12-21T00:21:51Z

Pickleballexpert: Post

{{Short description|Hindu mantra}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=January 2025}}
{{Unreferenced|date=January 2025}}
}}
'''Maṅgala Aṣṭaka''' is a [[Hindu]] [[mantra]] sung at [[Marathi people|Marathi]] weddings.

It starts with the ''{{lang|sa|Aṣṭavināyaka Vandana}}'', which is as follows:

{{Blockquote|{{lang|sa|
:Svasti Śrī Gaṇanāyakam Gajāmukham Moreśvara Siddhidam Ballalam Murudum
:Vināyaka Maham Cintamanim Thevaram / Lenyadrim Girijātmājam Suvaradam
:Vighneśvara Ojhāram Grāme Ranjananamake Gaṇapatiḥ
:Kūryāt Sadā Maṅgalaṃ}}
}}

Other verses are added, based on the number of enthusiastic singers present in the wedding ceremony. The last verse is always:
{{Blockquote|
:''tadeva lagnaṁ sudinaṁ tadeva tārā-balaṁ candra-balaṁ tadeva ।''
:''vidyā-balaṁ daiva-balaṁ tadeva lakṣmīpateḥ te'ṁghriyugaṁ smarāmi ॥!''}}

{{Blockquote|''{{lang|sa|:तदेव लग्नं सुदिनं तदेव ताराबलं चंद्रबलं तदेव /
:विद्या बलं दैवबलं तदेव लक्ष्मीपतेः तेऽङ्घ्रियुगं स्मरामि ॥}}''}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Hindu wedding rituals]]

{{Maharashtra-stub}}
{{Hinduism-stub}}

Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T22:35:51Z

Pickleballexpert: Stub...

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|established = 1952
|reservation = None
|name = Kanpur {{Small|UP-43}}
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|mp = Ramesh Awasthi
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kanpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons =[[Govind Nagar Assembly constituency|Govind Nagar]] [[Sishamau Assembly constituency|Sisamau]] [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar]] [[Kidwai Nagar Assembly constituency|Kidwai Nagar]] [[Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Kanpur Cantt.]]
}}
'''Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. The constituency covers almost one-fourth of the area of [[Kanpur]] city and is hundred percent urban. The rest of the city comes under [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency]] and the outgrowths across Ganga river are the part of [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency]]. Some suburbs of the city like [[Chobepur]] and parts of [[Mandhana, Kanpur|Mandhana]] lie in [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanpur Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Kanpur Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-election-result-s24p43/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www-news18-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Kanpur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/kanpur.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|212
|[[Govind Nagar Assembly constituency|Govind Nagar]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Kanpur Nagar]]
|[[Surendra Maithani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|213
|[[Sishamau Assembly constituency|Sishamau]]
|[[Naseem Solanki]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|214
|[[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar]]
|[[Amitabh Bajpai]]
|-
|215
|[[Kidwai Nagar Assembly constituency|Kidwai Nagar]]
|[[Mahesh Trivedi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|216
|[[Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Kanpur Cantt.]]
|[[Mohammad Hassan Roomi]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Harihar Nath Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Shiv Narayan Tandon]]
|-
|[[Rajaram Shastri|Raja Ram Shastri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="4" |[[S. M. Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Arif Mohammed Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi|Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Subhashini Ali]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Satyadev Pachauri]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Ramesh Awasthi]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2443.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304162101/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2443.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Kanpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kanpur |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304162256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kanpur |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Awasthi]]
|votes = 443,055
|percentage = 49.93
|change = {{down}}5.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Alok Misra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 422,087
|percentage = 47.56
|change = {{increase}}10.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kuldeep Bhadauria
|votes = 12,032
|percentage = 1.36
|change = {{up}}1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[NOTA|None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,117
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{decrease}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,968
|percentage = 2.37
|change = {{decrease}}16.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 887,396
|percentage = 53.30
|change = {{increase}}1.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}5.70
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Uttar%20Pradesh/2019/Kanpur
|title=Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Result
|access-date=2024-03-23
}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satyadev Pachauri]]
|votes = 4,68,937
|percentage = 55.63
|change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,13,003
|percentage = 37.13
|change = +6.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ram Kumar (politician)|Ram Kumar]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 48,275
|percentage = 5.73
|change = -3.72
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Alok Kumar
|party = [[Sabhi Jan Party|SJP]]
|votes = 1,885
|percentage = 0.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Poonam Shukla
|party = [[Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party|BSCP]]
|votes = 1,130
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,057
|percentage = 0.48
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,55,934
|percentage = 18.50
|change = -8.20
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,42,994
|percentage = 51.62
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -1.22
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Uttar%20Pradesh/2014/Kanpur
|title=Kanpur Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Elections 2014 Result
|access-date=2024-03-23
}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|votes = 4,74,712
|percentage = 56.85
|change = {{increase}}18.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 251,766
|percentage = 30.15
|change = {{decrease}}11.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saleem Ahmad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 53,218
|percentage = 6.37
|change = {{decrease}}3.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 25,723
|percentage = 3.08
|change = {{decrease}}3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Mahmood Hussain Rehmani
|votes = 11,925
|percentage = 1.43
|change = {{increase}}1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishore Bajpai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,005
|percentage = 0.36
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prem Chandra Pandey
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,350
|percentage = 0.28
|change = {{increase}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,278
|percentage = 0.27
|change = {{increase}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 222,946
|percentage = 26.70
|change = {{increase}}23.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 835,079
|percentage = 51.83
|change = {{increase}}14.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}14.93
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,14,988
|percentage = 41.92
|change = +7.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|votes = 1,96,082
|percentage = 38.23
|change = +5.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sukhda Misra|Sukhda Mishra]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 48,374
|percentage = 9.43
|change = +4.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 34,919
|percentage = 6.81
|change = -18.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ahamed Hussain
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,728
|percentage = 0.73
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Omendra Bharat
|party = Bharat Punarnirman Dal
|votes = 3,237
|percentage = 0.63
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maya Kaushal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,503
|percentage = 0.49
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohammad Isha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,394
|percentage = 0.47
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nisha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,463
|percentage = 0.29
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V. N. Awasthi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,274
|percentage = 0.25
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,906
|percentage = 3.69
|change = +2.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,12,878
|percentage = 36.90
|change = -6.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +2.78
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,11,109
|percentage = 34.12
|change = -12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satya Dev Pachauri]]
|votes = 2,05,471
|percentage = 33.21
|change = -7.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haji Mushtaq Solanki
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,59,361
|percentage = 25.76
|change = +19.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anubhav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 27,962
|percentage = 4.52
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhashini Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,558
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohd. Hanim (Kinner Ramkali)
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,975
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Prakash
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 1,607
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saroj Rahi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,070
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 957
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ravi Shankar Balmiki
|votes = 945
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jagannath Mistri
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 822
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandramani
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 721
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Ratan
|votes = 644
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajeet Mohan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 615
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manohar Lal
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 477
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjeev Pandey
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 427
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,638
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,18,721
|percentage = 43.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -12.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]
|votes = 2,93,610
|percentage = 46.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagatvir Singh Drona|Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,59,151
|percentage = 40.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shyam Lal Gupta
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 40,690
|percentage = 6.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Man Singh Bagga
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 26,376
|percentage = 4.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,638
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. M. Tariq Anwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,275
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,459
|percentage = 5.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,35,624
|percentage = 44.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagatvir Singh Drona|Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
|votes = 3,35,996
|percentage = 49.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendra Mohan Agarwal
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,99,987
|percentage = 29.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 90,274
|percentage = 13.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Gupta
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 49,474
|percentage = 7.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Iqbal Siddiqui
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 812
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,36,009
|percentage = 19.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,80,263
|percentage = 48.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagatvir Singh Drona|Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
|votes = 2,97,550
|percentage = 52.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhashini Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 1,46,460
|percentage = 25.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sharfuddin Ahmad]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 51,333
|percentage = 9.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhudhar Narayan Mishra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,403
|percentage = 8.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Satya Narain
|votes = 2,621
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,51,090
|percentage = 26.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,70,127
|percentage = 41.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagatvir Singh Drona|Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
|votes = 1,93,275
|percentage = 47.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Narayan Pathak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 79,654
|percentage = 19.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhashini Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 70,912
|percentage = 17.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tasneem Ashraf
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 30,672
|percentage = 7.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Nath
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,874
|percentage = 3.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Ram Singh Yadav
|votes = 2,035
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,13,621
|percentage = 28.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,02,868
|percentage = 37.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhashini Ali]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 1,74,438
|percentage = 41.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jagatvir Singh Drona|Jagat Vir Singh Drona]]
|votes = 1,17,851
|percentage = 27.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi|Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 98,112
|percentage = 23.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sharif
|votes = 11,219
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Guru Rajkumar Singh Ambedkar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,159
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,587
|percentage = 13.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,24,808
|percentage = 40.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi|Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,14,160
|percentage = 56.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Syed Shahabuddin]]
|votes = 76,791
|percentage = 20.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somnath Shukla
|votes = 37,451
|percentage = 9.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Shyam Mishra
|votes = 23,439
|percentage = 6.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ambika Prasad Sultaniya
|votes = 7,947
|percentage = 2.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,37,369
|percentage = 36.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,76,216
|percentage = 55.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = 1,63,230
|percentage = 45.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Maqbool Husain Kureshi
|votes = 88,049
|percentage = 24.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Dixit
|votes = 51,717
|percentage = 14.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = [[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
|votes = 42,795
|percentage = 11.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = 2,385
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 75,181
|percentage = 20.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,58,848
|percentage = 50.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
|votes = 2,69,629
|percentage = 70.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Naresh Chander Chaturvedi|Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,340
|percentage = 25.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Dixit
|votes = 6,799
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S.M. Banerjee|S. M. Banerjee]]
|votes = 5,035
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ram Chandra Sathi
|votes = 1,677
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,74,289
|percentage = 45.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,83,842
|percentage = 58.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S.M. Banerjee|S. M. Banerjee]]
|votes = 1,48,845
|percentage = 60.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babu Ram Shukla
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 59,646
|percentage = 24.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohammad Waseem
| votes = 24,776
| percentage = 10.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sheo Varma
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| votes = 3,123
| percentage = 1.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lakhan Lal
| votes = 1,334
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 89,199
|percentage = 36.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,44,289
|percentage = 48.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S. M. Banerjee]]
|votes = 77,882
|percentage = 32.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = G. Dutt
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71,365
|percentage = 29.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Babu Ram Shukla
| votes = 46,899
| percentage = 19.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = M. Ali
| votes = 14,299
| percentage = 5.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Ram Asrey
| votes = 13,389
| percentage = 5.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,517
|percentage = 2.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,40,823
|percentage = 51.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S.M. Banerjee|S. M. Banerjee]]
|votes = 1,39,039
|percentage = 53.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bejoy Kumar Sinha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80,934
|percentage = 30.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Babu Ram Shukla
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 20,571
|percentage = 7.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vimal Mehrotra
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 6,526
|percentage = 2.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Moti Lal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,039
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58,105
|percentage = 22.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,71,823
|percentage = 56.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[S.M. Banerjee|S. M. Banerjee]]
|votes = 87,612
|percentage = 49.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surya Prasad Awasthi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,988
|percentage = 40.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,624
|percentage = 9.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,016
|percentage = 42.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952 By-election===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 1952: [[Kanpur Central]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = [[Rajaram Shastri|Prof. Raja Ram Shastri]]
| votes = 65,739
| percentage = 55.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chail Behari Dixit Kantak
| votes = 51,951
| percentage = 43.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sita Ram
| votes = 1,284
| percentage = 1.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,788
| percentage = 11.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,18,974
| percentage = 28.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| loser = Indian National Congress
| winner = Praja Socialist Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952 By-election===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 1952: [[Kanpur Central]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shiv Narayan Tandon]]
|votes = 60,087
|percentage = 42.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajaram Shastri|Prof. Raja Ram Shastri]]
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 45,300
|percentage = 32.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Sant Singh Yusuf
| votes = 31,019
| percentage = 22.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = RRP
| candidate = N. Upadhyay
| votes = 3,561
| percentage = 2.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,787
|percentage = 10.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,39,967
|percentage = 35.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election]]: [[Kanpur Central]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Harihar Nath Shastri]]
|votes = 88,812
|percentage = 64.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramau Shanker Avasthi
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 17,635
|percentage = 12.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chail Behari Dixit Kantak
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 14,861
|percentage = 10.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ganga Sahai Chaubey
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|votes = 4,476
|percentage = 3.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barhma Nand Misra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,423
|percentage = 2.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Ji Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,281
|percentage = 2.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sohan Lal Shenghavia
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,079
|percentage = 2.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gajpat Rai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,253
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 71,177
|percentage = 52.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,821
|percentage = 34.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Kanpur (Mayoral Constituency)]]
* [[Kanpur (Division Graduates Constituency)]]
* [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur-Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur-Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur Dehat Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Generalganj Assembly constituency|General Ganj Assembly constituency]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kanpur}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.46|80.32|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Politics of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]

1985 Gujarat riots

2025-12-14T09:53:02Z

Pickleballexpert: minor changes

{{good article}}
{{short description|1985 communal violence in Gujarat State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1985 Gujarat riots
| partof = [[Religious violence in India]]
| image = India Gujarat locator map.svg
| caption = Location of Gujarat state in India
| date = February 1985 to August 1985
| place = Cities of [[Gujarat State]], India
| coordinates =
| causes =
| goals =
| methods = Killing, [[arson]], looting.<ref name="Iyengar&Patel1985"/>
| status =
| result =
| casualties_label =
| notes = Led to 220–275 deaths, thousands of injuries and displaced tens of thousands.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=765–766}}
}}

The '''1985 Gujarat riots''' began in February 1985 and lasted till August, in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Most of the rioting occurred in the city of [[Ahmedabad]]; some other cities, including the state capital of [[Gandhinagar]], were also affected. Between 220 and 275 people were killed in the violence, while several thousands of others were injured, and tens of thousands were displaced. The riots also caused widespread property damage.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=765–766}}

In January 1985 the Gujarat government of Chief Minister [[Madhav Singh Solanki]] announced a change in its policy of
[[Reservation in India|reservation]] that increased the benefits to people from "backward" classes. Resentment over this policy among upper castes led to an agitation against it that began in February 1985. The agitation initially took the form of boycotts and protest marches, but quickly turned violent. Government property and buses were targeted by largely upper caste protesters. Beginning in March, [[communal violence]] also began to occur, as the city's Muslim minority were targeted. The state police frequently condoned, and in some cases participated in, the violence. The Indian Army was called in to patrol the city, and [[curfew]]s were frequently declared. The violence died down in August 1986, after Solanki had resigned, and an agreement had been reached with the agitators. Ahmedabad's Muslims were the main victims; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made homeless.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}

Historians and commentators have stated that the caste-related violence and the communal violence had a common origin.<ref name="Fuller2011">{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1405198929|page=2004}}</ref><ref name="Spodek2009"/> Upper castes felt threatened by the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes, and by political alliances between underprivileged castes, Muslims, and [[adivasi]]s. The rioting that was triggered by caste-related tensions thus turned into communal violence,<ref name="Fuller2011"/> and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized.<ref name="Spodek2009"/> The religious violence that occurred also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement:<ref name="Fuller2011"/>{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=158–160}} for example, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s influence grew in Gujarat.{{sfn|Engineer|2003|pp=12–13}} According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], along with those of the BJP, also played a role in exacerbating the violence.<ref name="Sheth&Yajnika2005" /> Solanki's government was also described as using the violence for political gains.<ref name="Iyengar&Patel1985" />{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=769}}

==Background and motivation==
In the election to the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] held in 1980, the [[Indian National Congress]] government headed by [[Madhav Singh Solanki]] was returned to power.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|year=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1850653981|pages=325–326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C}}</ref> Since 1977, Solanki had built a successful political coalition based on support from [[Kshatriya]]s, traditionally known as a warrior caste, but by that time a disparate group of lower castes looking to improve their status; Harijans, or [[Dalit]]s, historically known as [[Untouchability|untouchables]]; [[Adivasis]], or indigenous tribes; and Muslims. The coalition was known by the moniker "[[KHAM theory|KHAM]]".{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=767–768}}

The Solanki government created a "Backward Classes Commission", which in 1983 recommended that proportion of government jobs that were [[Reservation in India|reserved]] for people from "backward" groups be increased from 10% to 28%, and that their caste identity be removed as a criterion for accessing this quota.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003"/><ref name="Brass1994">{{cite book |last1=Brass |first1=Paul R. |title=The New Cambridge History of India: The Politics of India Since Independence |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45362-2 |pages=260–263}}</ref> To solidify its support among lower caste groups before statewide elections scheduled for March 1985, in January of that year the government implemented this increase; in addition to reserved jobs for Dalits, Adivasis, and "Socially and Economically Backward Classes", 18% of government positions were now set aside for "[[Other Backward Classes]]".{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=767–768}}<ref name="Sheth&Yajnika2005">{{cite book|last1=Sheth|first1=Suchitra|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|year=2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0144000388|page=256|first2=Acyuta|last2=Yājñika}}</ref> However, contrary to the commission's recommendation, the government did not remove caste as a criterion for accessing this job quota.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003" /><ref name="Brass1994"/>

Beginning in the 1970s, growing social mobility among underprivileged castes had led to growing insecurity among upper castes.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=66–70}} This intensified after successive Congress governments made a concerted effort to build lower caste support, and the lower caste-based coalition Solanki put together challenged upper caste political dominance.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=66–70}} Gujarat saw violent reactions by upper caste groups when the policy of reservation was introduced beginning in 1975; rioting occurred in 1975, and more severe riots in 1981, when more than fifty people, mostly members of underprivileged castes, had been killed.<ref name="Brass1994"/> The agitation in 1981 began after reservations were implemented in post-graduate medical courses, and was begun by [[Brahmin]], [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], and [[Patidar]] students of a medical government college in Ahmedabad. Although the government acceded to their demands within a week, the agitation intensified, and led to widespread atrocities against Dalits in particular over more than three months.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003" />{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=62–66}}

These caste-based tensions persisted over the next few years, even though only a fraction of the quotas set aside for underprivileged castes were filled.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003" />{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=62–66}} In February 1985, resentment among upper castes about the changes to the reservation policy again led to rioting, as members of privileged castes began attacking government property.<ref name="Brass1994"/>{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=767–768}}{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=16–17}} However, the riots rapidly turned into religious violence, as members of the Muslim minority were targeted.<ref name="Sheth&Yajnika2005"/><ref name="Brass1994"/> Gujarat had been the locus of India's worst [[communal violence]] since partition, during the [[1969 Gujarat riots]].{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=15–16}}

==Riots==
===February and March 1985===
[[File:Birds eye view Ahmedabad old city.jpg|thumb|The old city of [[Ahmedabad]], where the ''[[bandh]]'' of 25 was particularly effective.{{sfn|Shani|2007|p=80}}]]
Although the changes to the reservation policy were announced in January, no large-scale reactions occurred until mid-February.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=79–80}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=767–769}} At that point, students of an engineering college in Ahmedabad decided to boycott their preliminary examinations, scheduled for 18 February, in protests. Students formed a committee, called the All-Gujarat Educational Reform Action Committee (AGERAC), and began an indefinite strike, boycotting all exams. In response, the government closed all schools and colleges.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=79–80}} Students initially responded with boycotts and protest marches, but their agitation soon turned violent. Government and municipal property saw considerable damage as a result of [[arson]] and stone-pelting. The participants in the agitation were largely upper caste students, and the violence was initially confined to the western part of the city.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=79–80}} AGERAC called for a ''[[bandh]]'', or general strike, on 25 February. The strike was observed in some parts of the city but not others. It received the support of some lawyers and doctors organizations, as well as of student groups associated with the BJP.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=80–81}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=768–769}} Most members of these groups, which had also supported the 1981 agitations, came from upper caste and upper-class backgrounds.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=768–769}}

On 28 February, a passenger on a bus died when it was burned, but a lull in the violence followed during the first week of March. Elections to the Gujarat State Assembly were held as scheduled during this period, and the Congress, led by Solanki, won 149 of the 182 constituencies.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=80–81}} Solanki formed a cabinet in which 14 of the 20 ministers were members of his KHAM caste coalition. After this, the student agitation resumed; more buses were attacked, along with private vehicles, and two buses were burned.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=768–769}}{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=80–81}} Another statewide ''bandh'' was called for 18 March. In response, the government decided to postpone any changes to the reservation policy by a year, defer exams in schools and universities, and to publish the commission report that had recommended changes to the reservation policy. The agitators hardened their position, stating that they wanted an end to all reservation.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=80–81}}

During the statewide ''bandh'' on 18 March, a number of violent incidents occurred, mostly targeting the police, buses, and government establishments; the police recorded more than fifty such incidents. That evening, the first religious or communal violence began in an area between a Hindu neighborhood and a Muslim neighborhood, where a Muslim boy was hit on the head by a thrown stone.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=81–82}} Communal violence continued through the night in the adjacent neighborhoods, despite a [[curfew]] being decreed by the government at 10:30 PM.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=81–82}} Hindu groups attacked Muslims in the Dariapur neighborhood; three people were slain, and eight others injured.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=769–770}} The next day, the Indian army was summoned to restore order, but incidents of both religious and caste-based violence continued. On 23 March the Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] visited the city; the same day, three members of AGERAC were arrested for "abetting communal violence".{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=81–82}} The rioting abated soon after; the curfew was lifted, and by 2 April the army moved out.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=81–82}}

===April 1985===
Although the violence had briefly abated, the conflict over reservation continued in the month of April. Boycotts and rallies continued to occur; in Gujarat's capital of [[Gandhinagar]], a thousand people were arrested when they tried to hold a rally. A movement emerged in support of reservation, demanding the implementation of new quotas.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=82–83}} After an anti-reservation rally on 4 April was dispersed by the [[Baton charge|police using ''lathis'']], or truncheons, demonstrators stated that police had damaged houses and assaulted women, and demanded an investigation. Student organisations supporting and opposing reservation clashed at a statewide gathering. Incidents grew more violent as the month progressed, despite a curfew being reimposed on some parts of the city on 13 April.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=82–83}}

The week between 16 and 23 April was described by a subsequent commission of inquiry as the "darkest period" of the 1985 violence. On 16 April the anti-reservation student group announced a "fill the jail" campaign, which led to more than a thousand students being arrested.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=83–84}} Dalits and [[Patel]]s clashed in [[Saraspur]], a neighborhood in the eastern part of Ahmedabad, while police used "excessive force" against demonstrators in another part of the city.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=83–84}} The army was called back into the city on 16 April, and would remain for the next three months. The students who had been arrested were released on 18 April, but the agitation continued. Despite the army's presence, a dozen people were killed in the first two days after its deployment, and looting and arson also continued to occur. Communal violence increased, as did violence on the part of the police.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=83–84}} Complaints against the police became so frequent that a court barred them from entering some regions of the city; the army was tasked with patrolling them instead.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}}

The situation deteriorated further four days later, when [[Head constable|Head Constable]] Laxman Desai, was killed. In reaction, the police abandoned their post and "went on a rampage."{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}}{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=84–85}} Police attacked the premises of the ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'', a newspaper that had previously criticized the police violence, and burned their [[printing presses]]; the ''Western Times'', an English-language newspaper housed in the same building, was also attacked.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Ramesh |last2=Kumar |first2=Ajay |title=Gujarat violence takes a menacing turn with police going on a rampage, public retaliating |journal=India Today |date=15 May 1985 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19850515-gujarat-violence-takes-a-menacing-turn-with-police-going-on-a-rampage-public-retaliating-770036-2013-12-10}}</ref> Communal violence increased, particularly in the eastern neighborhoods of the city, where residents stated that Hindus were attacking Muslim houses, with the support of the police. Several hundred houses were burned down, and many thousands of people, most of whom were Muslims, were displaced and were forced into a relief camp.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=84–85}} Government records stated that 17 people were killed in the violence on 23 April alone; unofficial tallies put the number at 50, with 85 people injured.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}} The extent of the violence led to protests against the role of the police, demands for an inquiry, and demands for the removal of the state government led by Solanki. On 29 April, the central government denied a demand by the opposition parties in Gujarat to dismiss Solanki's government.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=84–85}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}}

===May and June 1985===
The extent of violence again declined briefly in the last week of April and the first week of May. Demonstrations continued; a strike by government employees, initially as a protest against police atrocities but subsequently demanding an end to reservation in government jobs, was described as drawing the support of one million workers. The strike ended on 7 May after the employees withdrew their demand, and the government committed to publishing the report of a 1981 commission studying reservation.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=82, 85}} Clashes between Hindus and Muslims resumed on 8 May after a police [[sub-inspector]], Mahendrasingh Rana, was shot dead in a Hindu neighborhood. Muslims were immediately blamed for the murder; over the next few days, 33 people were killed and several more were injured.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=85–86}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}} Many of the casualties were victims of stabbings, particularly in the older parts of the town, and arson and stone-pelting also continued.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=85–86}} Leaders of three political parties from the opposition, the BJP, the [[Janata Party]], and the [[Lok Dal]], went on a hunger strike demanding Solanki's removal.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=770–771}} The government also faced pressure from those supporting the reservation, who threatened to "revolt" if the additional quotas of 18% were not enacted. Negotiations took place between the student protestors and the government, but failed to reach any agreement.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=85–86}}

The [[Gujarat Chamber of Commerce]] called for another ''bandh'' on 5 June, citing the "government’s inability to
maintain law and order".{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=86–87}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=771}} Widespread violence occurred on this day, including when a crowd of 200 women attempted to enforce the shutdown by stopping traffic.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=86–87}} During the violence that occurred over the next few days, 34 people were killed. Notably, a family of eight [[Dabgar|Dabgars]], a Hindu community, were burned alive, and the fire brigade that arrived to put out the blaze was prevented from doing so.<ref name="Iyengar&Patel1985">{{cite journal |last1=Iyengar |first1=Sudarshan |last2=Patel |first2=Sujata |title=Violence with a Difference |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |jstor=4374584|date=13 July 1985 |volume=20 |issue=28 |pages=1174–1175}}</ref> Hindus in the neighborhood reacted by looting and burning stores owned by Muslims.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=86–87}}

In response to these incidents, the Solanki government decided to delay the proposed changes to the reservation policy, and set up a judicial commission to investigate the violence that had occurred.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=85–86}} The commission was led by a judge, V. S. Dave, and was referred to as the Dave commission.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=19, 111}} In doing so, the government conceded to most of the demands of the anti-reservation agitators; however, the agitation continued, with demands being made for the abolition of the existing 10% quota for "socially and economically backward classes" after 1988.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=85–86}} A second notable incident of violence occurred soon after, when, on 20 June, a Hindu religious procession coincided with Muslim celebrations of [[Eid al-Fitr]], despite a prior agreement between the organizers of the procession and the government.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=86–87}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=772}} Despite the army's presence in the area, the two celebrations degenerated into violence. The subsequent day, thousands of Muslim women defied the curfew to protest the army's conduct during the violence, and demanding government action against the leaders of the procession.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=86–87}}

===July and August 1985===
Those protesting the reservation policy began demanding Solanki's immediate resignation in July.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}} The violence at the end of June had led to conflict within the Congress party as well, with multiple allies of Solanki making public statements favoring his removal.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=772}} Bombings and stabbings continued to occur,{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}} prompting members of the Indian government and of the Congress party from [[Delhi]] being sent to investigate.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=771}} On 6 July, Solanki resigned under pressure from the Congress party's high command. He was replaced by [[Amarsinh Chaudhary]], who became Gujarat's first [[Adivasi]] Chief Minister. The composition of the cabinet was shuffled to include some Patels and Banias, in an effort to balance its caste composition.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=771}} [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julius Ribeiro]], the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] with a reputation for bringing the [[Mumbai Underworld|underworld]] in [[Mumbai]] under control, was made head of the state's police.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=771}}

The violence continued despite Solanki's dismissal. The strike by government employees continued, and grew in strength. The government eventually reached an understanding with the agitating students on 18 July, when it announced that the 18% increase in reservations would not be implemented, and a commission would be appointed to examine the existing 10% reservation for underprivileged castes after 1988.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}} The army was withdrawn from the city on 17 July, but during and immediately after its withdrawal further violence occurred. Seven people were killed, five of them in police firing, on 18 July, and eight more on 22 July. During the period of transition, 60 people were killed, and 138 reported injured. Most of the violence during this period was communal.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=771–772}} The curfew ended at the beginning of August. The government reached an agreement with striking employees in the middle of August, after which the strike was called off and schools reopened.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=772–773}}

==Aftermath and analysis==
===Casualties and further violence===
The number of people killed in the riots of 1985 has been estimated at 220,{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}} and 275.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=765–766}} The city police recorded 662 "incidents and offences" related to caste-based violence, and 743 related to communal violence. The property damage was approximately equal to 2200 [[crore]] at the time ($1.75 billion).{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=765}} The Muslim community of the city were the main victims of the riots; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made homeless.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}} According to scholar [[Ornit Shani]], the commission of inquiry appointed to look into the riots reported a picture of "uncontrolled rage, destruction and at times the utter collapse of the rule of law and social order" both in the city of Ahmedabad and in other parts of the state.{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=87–88}}

Communal violence broke out again in Ahmedabad in 1986. These riots were also triggered by a Hindu religious procession on 9 July. A Hindu organisation called for a ''bandh'' on 12 July, citing Muslim attacks during the procession, although responsibility for those attacks was not determined. The ''bandh'' was widely observed, and 24 people were killed during it. The violence that occurred in 1986 was made more severe by a desire for revenge across communities in Ahmedabad, driven by the incidents of the previous year.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=777–778}} Soon after the shutdown on 12 July, Indian [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] flew into the city, and soon after 54 companies of security forces, including the [[Border Security Force]] and the Central Reserve Police Force, were brought in to patrol the city.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=777–779}} 61 people were detained under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]], and an attempt by the same Hindu group to hold another procession was prevented by the police, who feared further violence.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=777–779}}

===Causes and impacts===
The caste-related violence and the communal violence have been described as having a common origin.<ref name="Fuller2011"/><ref name="Spodek2009"/> People belonging to upper castes saw the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes as threatening their status and their caste identity. Political alliances between lower castes, Muslims, and adivasis, such as in Solanki's KHAM coalition, led to the belief among upper castes that all "minorities" were responsible for this threat.<ref name="Fuller2011"/> Conversely, despite their newfound social mobility, lower caste people were often denied social acceptance, which led to mounting frustration among them. [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] groups, including the BJP, were able to offer a Hindu identity as an antidote to both these groups. As a result, the violence that began over caste-related tensions turned into communal violence,<ref name="Fuller2011"/> and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized.<ref name="Spodek2009"/>

During the riots, in primarily upper caste neighborhoods, lower castes were the main targets of violence; in working-class regions, however, Muslims were the primary targets, and the perpetrators of violence often had the support of the police.<ref name="Spodek2009">{{cite journal |last1=Spodek |first1=Howard |title=Reviewed Work(s): Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat by Ornit Shani |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=August 2009 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=1017–1019|doi=10.1017/S0021911809990581 |jstor=20619847|s2cid=162251011 }}</ref> According to testimony from Dalits, members of the BJP legislative assembly who during the riots in 1981 had assaulted them gave them money, food, and weapons during the 1985 violence.{{sfn|Shani|2007|p=159}} Muslims were used as scapegoats during the riots by many Hindu politicians, as it allowed them to unify Hindu voters and gain their support.<ref name="Spodek2009"/> This shift from caste-based violence to communal violence also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement,<ref name="Fuller2011"/>{{sfn|Shani|2007|pp=158–160}} and specifically strengthened the BJP's standing in Gujarat.{{sfn|Engineer|2003|pp=12–13}}

In addition to the immediate conflict over the reservation policy, several factors have been described as driving the violence of 1985.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=769}} The conflict was exacerbated by land developers seizing an opportunity to remove slum dwellers from desired property by any available means, and by conflicts over the bootleg liquor industry in the nominally dry state.<ref name="Spodek2009"/>{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=768–770}}<ref name="Shani2010">{{cite journal |last1=Shani |first1=Ornit |title=Bootlegging, politics and corruption: state violence and the routine practices of public power in Gujarat (1985–2002) |pages=494–508 |journal=South Asian History and Culture |date=15 October 2010 |volume=1 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2010.507022|s2cid=144011645 }}</ref> Shani suggestion that the killing of police sub-inspector Mahendrasingh Rana in May was the result of conflicts between local bootleggers and the police over payoffs that the police were receiving. Nonetheless, police testimonies in court blamed Rana's death on communal violence.<ref name="Shani2010"/> The commission that investigated the riots found another incident, initially described as caste-based violence, which it stated was the result of conflicts between bootleggers.<ref name="Shani2010"/>

Scholar Howard Spodek wrote that the breakdown of law and order was at least partially affected by the lack of a clear chain of command within the Congress party, and in particular the party's reluctance to remove Solanki from power because of his electoral success in March 1985.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=776–778}} Solanki's government was also described as using the violence for political gains.<ref name="Iyengar&Patel1985" />{{sfn|Spodek|1989|p=769}} In contrast, when riots reoccurred in 1986, the Congress government in Delhi acted to suppress the riots far more quickly than it had the previous year.{{sfn|Spodek|1989|pp=777–779}} The BJP and its affiliates were also described as playing a more direct role in the violence. According to reformist and activist [[Asghar Ali Engineer]], the BJP organized the riots to cause the downfall of the Solanki government.{{sfn|Engineer|2003|pp=12–13}} According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Vishva Hindu Parishad, along with those of the BJP, played a role in intensifying the violence.<ref name="Sheth&Yajnika2005" />

==See also==
* [[1969 Gujarat riots]]
* [[1980 Moradabad riots]]
* [[2017 Northern India riots]]
* [[2020 Delhi riots]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|title=The Gujarat Carnage|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8125024965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6BEiDPvg68C}}
*{{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit|title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521727532}}
*{{cite journal|last=Spodek|first=Howard|title=From Gandhi to Violence: Ahmedabad's 1985 Riots in Historical Perspective|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=1989|volume=23|issue=4|pages=765–795|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010209|s2cid=145762249 |doi-access=free}}

{{Riots in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat riots}}
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:1985 mass murders]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1980s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1985 riots]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:History of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1985 murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:General strikes in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Bus incidents in India]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 1985]]
[[Category:1980s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on mass media offices in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Gun violence in India]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on office buildings in India]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]

Sambavarvadakarai

2025-11-25T14:39:12Z

Pickleballexpert: created the info with sources

{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sambavarvadakarai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Sambavarvadakarai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Panchayat town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|00|18|N|77|23|08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirunelveli district|Tenkasi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tenkasi taluk|Tenkasi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Dr. Suresh Mondal
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 24,646 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geoiq.io/places/627856---Sambavarvadakarai/HrVtrYTfNc|title=627856 - Sambavarvadakarai, Tenkasi | Pincode | GeoIQ|access-date=28 August 2021|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828092051/https://geoiq.io/places/627856---Sambavarvadakarai/HrVtrYTfNc|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 627856
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 99:100 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sambavarvadakarai''' is a [[Panchayat town]] in the [[Tenkasi district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located on the north shore of the [[Hanumannathi River]] in [[Tenkasi]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], Sambavarvadakarai is divided into two sections, Melur (upper town) and Keelur (lower town) corresponding to its location along the river. The name is a portmanteau of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''[[paraiyar|sambavar]]'' (a sub-caste), ''vada'' (north), and ''karai'' (shore).

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, the population of children from ages 0 to 6 is 1,812; this is 10.84% of the total population. The female gender ratio is 1,002 compared to the state average of 996. Moreover, the child-gender ratio is around 932, compared to the Tamil Nadu state average of 943. The literacy rate is 74.28%, lower than the state average of 80.09%. The male literacy rate is 83.13%, while the female literacy rate is 65.52%.

The city encompasses over 4,423 households. Key services include water and sewage disposal.

== Geography ==
The Hanumannadhi River originates in [[Western Ghats]] near [[Sengottai]] (18  km west of this village) and merges into the Tambaraparani River near [[Tiruvaikuntam|Srivaikuntam]].

== Government ==
The administration is authorized to build roads and impose property taxes on properties.

==History==
Sambavar Vadakarai was part of the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] until 1956. Its name refers to the [[Paraiyar|Sambavar]] caste, after the ancient priests of Lord [[Shiva]].

This village also contains more border stones of Kingdom of Travancore .

== Culture ==
The village's main attraction is a Shiva temple built by [[Pandya dynasty|Pandian]] kings on the banks of the [[Hanumannathi River]], as a tribute to [[Thamirabarani River|Tambraparani River]]. The temple's main deities are Sri Moolanatha Swamy and Maduravani Ambal.

The Salvation Army church, the CSI Church, and a [[mosque]] are present.

==Education==
The town has one government higher secondary school, three government primary schools, one [[Salvation Army]] primary school, and one private school,

== Adjacent communities ==

{{Expand section|date=April 2022}}
{{Adjacent communities
| width=auto
| state=expanded
| Centre = Sambavarvadakarai
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tenkasi district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]

Standard Motor Products of India Limited

2025-11-25T07:33:32Z

Pickleballexpert: created new page initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Standard Motor Products of India Limited
| logo =
| type = Automobile manufacturer
| fate = defunct
| foundation = 1948
| location = [[Perungalathur]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| key_people = [[C. V. Karthik Narayanan]] 
[[A. C. Muthiah]]
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = '''[[Automobiles]] [[Commercial vehicle|Commercial Vehicles]]'''
| caption =
| num_employees = n/a
| dissolved = 2006
| homepage =
}}

'''Standard Motor Products of India Limited''' otherwise known as '''Stampro''' for short, formerly known as '''Union Motors ''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Perungalathur-property-belongs-to-Standard-Motors-HC-informed/article20295357.ece|title = Perungalathur property belongs to Standard Motors: HC informed| date=23 November 2005 }}</ref> was an Indian automobile manufacturer based in [[Chennai]] which produced Standard cars and light commercial vehicles in collaboration with [[Triumph Motor Company|Standard-Triumph]] of England. The company was established in 1948 and was in operation till 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthiah |first=S |last2=Gopalan |first2=K N |date=29 January 2013 |title=The first wheels roll into India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/the-first-wheels-roll-into-india-108122301090_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917010247/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/the-first-wheels-roll-into-india-108122301090_1.html |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19880315-standard-motor-products-of-india-makes-a-comeback-with-a-little-help-from-ac-muthiah-797040-1988-03-14 Rescue act]</ref>

==Early history==
Standard Motor Products of India , then known as STAMPRO was established by [[C. V. Karthik Narayanan]], grandson of [[C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heralding-make-in-india/article22274768.ece | title=Heralding 'Make in India' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 December 2017 | last1=Muthiah | first1=S. }}</ref>.It was a joint venture between Union Motors India and [[Standard Motor Company]] in [[United Kingdom]] to assembly Standard range of cars in India. The factory was set up at then outskirts of [[Chennai]], at [[Perungalathur]], east of [[Tambaram]] in 1948.
== Production models ==

=== Vanguard and Standard models ===
[[File:Standard Vanguard Phase IA 1952 front2.jpg|thumb|150 px|Standard Vanguard Phase IA ]]
[[File:1957 Standard Vanguard Phase III Sedan (47957407787).jpg|thumb|150 px|1957 Standard Vanguard Phase III Sedan ]]
[[File:1955 Standard 8 51006441861.jpg|thumb|150 px|1955 Standard 8 ]]
[[File:Standard Pennant first reg March 1959 948cc.JPG|thumb|150 px|Standard Pennant ]]

The first car to roll out from this facility in 1951 was the [[Standard Vanguard|Standard Vanguard Phase I Saloon]]. Later the compact 1953 model [[Standard Eight]] were launched followed by 1954 [[Standard Ten]]. In late fifties Standard Pennant was launched followed by a station wagon version. Also during the 50's, the larger [[Standard Vanguard|Standard Vanguard Phase III Saloon]] was also offered side by side.

===Standard Atlas and 20===
In the 1960s the company launched the [[Standard Atlas]] commercial Van. This model was changed slightly for the Indian market and redesigned as panel van as well as passenger van and was sold as a Standard 20 which continued well into 1980s. Later versions offered a pickup version as well as a passenger version.

=== Standard Herald ===
[[File:Standard Herald, Vintage Collection of Classic Cars Museum, Udaipur, 20191208 0952 7493.jpg|thumb|left|150 px|Triumph Herald sold as Standard Herald]]During the mid-1950s following the drop in sales for Standard and Vanguard models, the [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] name was used for upcoming models and the [[Triumph Herald]] was relaunched in India as [[Standard Herald]]. The Indian model had four-door version and used the engine from the earlier Standard models.

=== Standard Gazel ===
In the mid-1970s Standard Motors India launched the Standard Gazel model, which was developed in-house based on the Standard Herald model. But soon the sales dropped to such a dismal low that the company stopped production and continued with its Standard Atlas vans and pickups.

=== Standard 2000 ===
[[File:Rover 3500 SD1 (15103638645).jpg|thumb|left|Rover 3500 SD1 sold as Standard 2000]]
In the mid-1980s the central government relaxed the investment regulations and Tariff Commission regulations and allowed all Indian automobile companies to have a technical tie-up with foreign counterparts. SMPL once again sought the collaboration with its old partner now under Rover group. The 1976 [[Rover SD1]] was launched in India in 1985 as Standard 2000 and was priced at the premium end. The sales dropped when customers complained that the 1950s Vanguard powered Rover wasn't quick enough and was a notorious gas guzzler. Soon the company became near bankrupt and was taken over by A.C. Muthiah group.

Further BIFR intervention in investments and consolidation of commercial vans segment did not help the company and in the late 1990s the company ceased operations. In 2005 the company was liquidated and the land sold to Shriram Chits group. The space is today an IT office park named Shriram The Gateway Office Park in Perugalathur.

==Further reading==
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/perungalathur-property-belongs-to-standard-motors-hc-informed/article2196311.ece SMPIL Land - Business Line]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LbCIGEFLi_kC&dq=Standard+Motor+Products+of+India+Limited&pg=PA189 Standards in India - Book:The Book of the Standard Motor Company By Graham Robson]

* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heralding-make-in-india/article22274768.ece Standard Motors, Heralding ‘Make in India’ - The Hindu]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Standard Motor Company]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1988]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1947]]

Satinath Sarangi

2025-11-06T05:12:45Z

Pickleballexpert: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{tone|date=October 2012}}
{{notability|date=October 2012}}
}}

'''Satinath (Sathyu) Sarangi''' was born in [[Chakradharpur]], [[Jharkhand]], India, on 25 September 1954. Since 1984 he has lived in [[Bhopal]]. Sarangi has been involved with the multiple activities run by a network of local, national, and international groups, pursuing health and economic needs, fighting legal claims, providing medical support, and working to ensure remembrance of the [[Bhopal disaster]] of 1984. Sarangi is the founder of several activist organizations and is also the founder and manager of [[Sambhavna Trust]].

==Studies==
Educational Qualification: Master of Technology (M Tech) (Metallurgical Engineering), [[Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi]].<ref name="ITBHUGlobal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2010/12/satinath_sarang.php |title=ITBHUGlobal.org: The Chronicle: Satinath Sarangi (B. Tech. Metallurgy 1978, M Tech 1980) honored with Man of the Year Award by the Week Magazine |access-date=6 December 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927003055/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2010/12/satinath_sarang.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He enrolled for Ph.D. in 1980 but dropped out in 1984.<ref name=biography>[http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/Biography%20of%20Sathyu%20Sarangi.pdf Biography of Sathyu Sarangi]</ref>

==Activism before 1984==
Sarangi's work as a campaigner started early as he became involved in various campaigns including indigenous people's struggle for self-determination in Bihar and the Society of Social Workers, students involved in organizing low-caste agricultural workers.<ref name=biography />

==Activism in Bhopal==
Sarangi arrived in Bhopal the next day after the [[Bhopal disaster]], when on the night of 2–3 December 1984 the gas was released. He immediately started exposing the issues of health care and defending the rights of the victims. Thus, he had to deal with the violence of the police and authorities. When other activists left Bhopal, he stood by. Being well-educated, he supported the victims, their organizations, and unions.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0FqO8XKy9NRZDNzTkZQeVJQbE0/edit?pli=1 Eckerman I. The Bhopal Saga - causes and consequences of the world's largest industrial disaster] Universities Press (India) Private Ltd, Hyderabad 2005</ref>

In December 1984, he was one of the founders of Zahareeli Gas Kand Sangharsh Morcha (Poisonous Gas Episode Struggle Front), an organization of survivors of the [[Union Carbide India Limited|Union Carbide]] in [[Bhopal disaster|the Bhopal disaster]]. In 1986, he founded the Bhopal Group for Information and Action (BGIA). In 1989, he made a campaign tour to the US, UK, Ireland, and The Netherlands.<ref name="biography" />

He was a member of the organizing committee for the Bhopal session of the [[Permanent Peoples' Tribunal]] on Industrial and Environmental Hazards and Human Rights in 1992, and the National Organizing Secretary for the [[International Medical Commission on Bhopal]] in 1994.<ref name="biography" />

==Awards==
*The University Gold medal for topping M Tech exam.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
*The Distinguished Alumnus Award, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, BHU 2008.<ref name=itbhu>[http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chapters/geo/delhi/archives/2011/05/ ITBHU Global] 14 May 2011</ref>
*[http://www.qmu.ac.uk/the_university/sathyusarangi.htm Honorary graduate/Ph.D.] at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 2009.
*Ground Zero Patriot, ''[[Tehelka magazine]]'', 2009.<ref name=itbhu />
*Man of the year, ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' Magazine 2010.<ref name="ITBHUGlobal" />
*Award of Excellence 2010–11, Association of IT-BHU Alumni, New Delhi.<ref name=itbhu />
*The [[Sambhavna Trust]] was awarded the Japanese Tajiri Muneaki prize in 1999, the national ‘Inner Flame Award’ for outstanding humanitarian work in 2001, the international [[Margaret Mead Award]] in 2002, and the International Regenerative Health Care Award from CleanMed 2009/[https://www.hcwh.org Health Care Without Harm] (HCWH), USA in 2009 <ref>[http://www.cleanmed.com/2009/awards/regenerative.htm International Regenerative Health Care Award]
Anti-National by All Indians.</ref>

==Publications==
*S. Sarangi, T. Zaidi, R.K. Pal, D. Katgara, V. G. Gadag, S. Mulay, and D.R. Varma, Effects of Exposure of Parents to Toxic Gases in Bhopal on the Offspring. ''American Journal of Industrial Medicine'';53(8):836-41, 2010
*Satinath Sarangi. Global Industrial Disaster, National State Failure and Local Self-provision of Health Care. ''[[Global Social Policy]]'', Vol. 9(3): pp 316–318; 2009
*Barn, S. Mulay, S. Sarangi; The Bhopal Gas Disaster twenty five years later British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's, NL, Canada, Sambhavna Trust Clinic, Bhopal, India 2009-A-246-ISES Minneapolis, 1–5 November 2009
*Daya R Varma, Ritesh Pal, Diana Katgara, Satinath Sarangi, Tasneem Zaidi, Steven Holleran, Rajashekhar Ramakrishnan and Shree Mulay. Catch-up growth in males affected by the Union Carbide disaster of 1984 in Bhopal, India. ''[[The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology]]'' 22:1137.1, 2008
*Bridget Hanna, Ward Morehouse, Satinath Sarangi (2005) ''The Bhopal Reader'', [[Other India Press]], Goa, India and The Apex Press, New York, USA [https://web.archive.org/web/20121206084734/http://www.cipa-apex.org/books/A32X/]
*Satinath Sarangi, Medical Crime, Seminar 544, New Delhi, December 2004
*{{Cite journal |author=Nishant Ranjan, Satinath Sarangi, V. T. Padmanabhan, Steve Holleran, Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan and Daya R. Varma |title=Methyl isocyanate exposure and growth patterns of adolescents in Bhopal |journal=[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] |volume=290 |issue=14 |pages=1856–7 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14532313 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.14.1856 |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Health%20Effects%20&%20Epidemiology/JAMA%20Research%20letter%20&%20correspondence/Sambhavna%20JAMA%20letter.pdf |accessdate=15 December 2013 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Satinath Sarangi: The Bhopal aftermath: generations of women affected. Silent Invaders - Pesticides, Livelihoods and Women's Health, Edited by Miriam Jacobs and Barbara Dinham, Zed Books, London 2003 [http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn46/pn46p4.htm]
*Satinath Sarangi: ''Le de'sastre impuni de Bhopal, Pour Que Vive La Terre'', Edited by Roger Cans and Benoit Hopquin, EPA-Hachette Livre, 2003
*Satinath Sarangi: [https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-96121177/crimes-of-bhopal-and-the-global-campaign-for-justice Crimes of Bhopal and the Global Campaign for Justice]. ''[[Social Justice (journal)|Social Justice]]''. San Francisco, Volume 29, Number 3, 2002
*Barbara Dinham and Satinath Sarangi: [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/drivers_urb_change/urb_environment/pdf_hazards_pollution/IIED_dinham_Bhopal.pdf The Bhopal gas tragedy-1984 to? The evasion of corporate responsibility], ''[[Environment and Urbanization]]'' [[International Institute for Environment and Development|IIED]], London, Vol. 14 No. 1, April 2002
*Sarangi S: An industrial disaster becomes a medical nightmare. ''Issues in Medical Ethics''. Vol. 9, No. 3, July–September 2001, Mumbai, India.[https://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/093le093.html]
*Sarangi Satinath: Bhopal Gas Tragedy. India Disasters Report - Towards a Policy Initiative, Edited by Parasuraman S, Unnikrishnan P. V. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000
*Satinath Sarangi, The Movement in Bhopal and Its Lessons, Environmental Victims, Edited by Christopher Williams, Earthscan Publications Limited, London, 1998
*Satinath Sarangi, "Health Care Plan for Bhopal Disaster Survivors, Going Nowhere" Economic and Political Weekly, XXXIII:16, 18 April 883–84, Mumbai, India, 1998.
*Satinath Sarangi, "Toxic Legacy of Union Carbide in Bhopal" Radical Journal of Health (New Series) Vol. II:I, 68–71, Mumbai, India, 1996.
*Satinath Sarangi, "Injured Psyches" Radical Journal of Health (New Series) Vol. I, 66–70, Mumbai, India, 1995.
*Satinath Sarangi "Bhopal Disaster : Judiciary’s Failure" Economic and Political Weekly, 18 November 2907 – 2909, Mumbai, India, 1995.

==Lectures==
Addressed public meetings, seminars and conferences in Czechoslovakia, France, Hong Kong,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, South Korea, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States of America, including at the following Universities: [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], Boston, [[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]], [[Stanford University]], San Francisco, [[Columbia University]], New York, [[University of Michigan]], Ann Arbor, [[University of Maryland]], College Park, Maryland, [[University of the District of Columbia]], Washington DC, [[London School of Economics]], London, [[University of Sussex]], Brighton, [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], London, [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]], London, [[International Institute of Social Studies]], The Hague, Netherlands and other places.<ref name="biography" />

==Websites==
*[https://www.bhopal.org The Bhopal Medical Appeal]
*[https://www.bhopal.net The International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal]
*[https://www.studentsforbhopal.org Students for Bhopal]
*[http://www.chingaritrustbhopal.com Chingari Trust]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111011075654/http://infochangeindia.org/agenda/industrial-pollution/keeping-bhopal-in-the-public-eye.html Keeping Bhopal in the public eye]}} InfoChange News & Features, December 2004
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmWcEYufQsc TEDxIIMKozhikode - Satinath Sarangi - Four Stories from Bhopal] Uploaded 14 August 2011

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarangi, Satinath}}
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Bhopal disaster]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from West Singhbhum district]]

Bedi

2025-11-04T12:19:18Z

Pickleballexpert: adding data

{{Wikt|Bedi}}

'''Bedi''' may refer to:

==People==

=== Historical figures ===

* [[Mehta Kalu]] (1440–1522, born Kalyan Das Bedi), Punjabi accountant and the father of Guru Nanak
* [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539, born Nanak Bedi), the first Sikh Guru
* [[Sri Chand]] (1494–1629, born Sri Chand Bedi), Punjabi ascetic and founder of the Udasi sect
* [[Lakhmi Das]] (1497–1555), Punjabi ascetic and founder of the Jagiasi sect

===Punjabi heritage or association===
* [[Bedi clan]], clan in India
* [[Aadil Bedi]] (born 2001), Indian golfer
* [[Aadya Bedi]], Indian theater artist and Bollywood actress
* [[Amarjeet Singh Bedi]], Indian Army general
* [[Angad Bedi]] (born 1983), Indian actor and model
* [[Ankush Bedi]] (born 1991), Indian cricketer
* [[Baba Prithvirajendar Singh Bedi]] (born 1967), Indian skeet shooter
* [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] (1946–2023), Indian cricketer
* [[Daya Singh Bedi]] (1899{{ndash}}1975), Indian diplomat, civil servant, and cavalry officer in the British Indian Army
* [[Ekroop Bedi]] (born 1996), Indian actress
* [[Freda Bedi]] (1911{{ndash}}1977), British-born Tibetan Buddhist nun
* [[Gurcharan Singh Bedi]], Indian air marshal
* [[Gurpreet Bedi]], Indian actress
* [[Gagandeep Singh Bedi]] (born 1968), Indian bureaucrat
* [[Harmohinder Singh Bedi]] (born 1950), Indian academic and author
* [[H. S. Bedi]] (1946–2024), Indian judge
* [[H. S. Bedi (entrepreneur)]] (born 1952), Indian army officer, subsequently a businessman
* [[Jagjit Singh Bedi]], Indian Navy vice admiral
* [[Joginder Singh Bedi]], Indian track and field Paralympic athlete
* [[Kabir Bedi]] (born 1946), Indian television and film actor
* [[Khem Singh Bedi]] (1832–1905), Indian social reformer and claimed descendant of Guru Nanak
* [[Kiran Bedi]] (born 1949), Indian politician, social activist, former tennis player and police officer
* [[Kunwar Mohinder Singh Bedi Sahar]] (1920–1992), Indian Urdu poet
* [[Mandira Bedi]] (born 1972), Indian actress, fashion designer, model and television presenter
* [[Manek Bedi]], Indian film actor
* [[Mitter Bedi]] (1926{{ndash}}85), Indian photographer
* [[Monica Bedi]] (born 1975), Indian actress and television presenter
* [[Narendra Bedi]] (1937{{ndash}}1982) Indian Bollywood film director, son of Rajinder Singh Bedi
* [[Naresh Bedi]] (born 1972), Indian wildlife film maker and photographer
* [[Nikki Bedi]] (born 1966), British television and radio presenter
* [[Nripjit Singh Bedi]] (aka Nippy Bedi, born 1940), Indian volleyball player
* [[Pooja Bedi]] (born 1970), Indian Bollywood actress and television talk show host
* [[Protima Bedi]] (1948{{ndash}}1998), Indian model turned Odissi exponent
* [[Purva Bedi]] (born 1974), Indian-born American actress
* [[Rajat Bedi]] (born 1972), Indian film actor and producer
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] (1915{{ndash}}1984), Indian writer and playwright in Urdu, and film director, screenwriter and dialogue writer in Hindi
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] (born 1954), Indian actor, stage and television actor
* [[Raman Bedi]] (active from 1996), English academic and organiser in the field of dental care
* [[Ranjeet (Indian actor)|Ranjeet]] (birth name Gopal Singh Bedi, born 1941), Indian actor
* [[Sahib Singh Bedi]] (1756–1834), Punjabi saint and direct descendant of Guru Nanak
* [[Sanjeet Bedi]] (1977{{ndash}}2015), Indian television actor
* [[Sarla Bedi]] (1925{{ndash}}2013), Indian priestess who spent life in three continents
* [[Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi]] (1924–2001), Punjabi folklorist
* [[Susham Bedi]] (1945–2020), Indian author of novels, short stories and poetry
* [[Tarlochan Singh Bedi]] (1930–2025), Indian academic
* [[Vijay Bedi]] (born before 2005), Indian wildlife film maker and photographer

===Other heritage or association===
* [[Bédi Buval]] (born 1986), Martiniquais professional footballer
* [[Bence Bedi]] (born 1996), Hungarian footballer
* [[Jacopo Bedi]], 15th-century Italian painter
* [[Mbenza Bedi]] (Hugues Bedi Mbenza, born 1984), Congolese footballer
* [[Tamocha Bedi]] (active from 2001), Botswana footballer
* [[Tibor Bédi]] (born 1974), Hungarian hurdler who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics

== Places and structures ==
* [[Bedi, Gujarat]], a census town in Jamnagar district, India
* [[Bedian]], a village in Kasur district, Pakistan
* [[Bedi Mahal]], a palace situated in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan
* [[Chak Bedi]], a historical town of Pakpattan, a district in Punjab

== See also ==
* [[Vedi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bed (disambiguation)]]
* [[Veda (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Bedi Kartlisa]]'', an academic journal specializing in the language, literature, history and art of Georgia (Kartvelology) 1948{{ndash}}84
* ''[[Bidugadeya Bedi]]'', a 1985 Kannada film
* ''[[Kannadadda Kiran Bedi]]'', a 2009 Kannada action drama film
* {{intitle}}

{{disambiguation|surname}}
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hungarian origin]]

Laxman Rajaram

2025-10-25T20:42:45Z

Pickleballexpert: Article

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1983)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Laxman|Rajaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|2|5}}
| birth_place = [[Alandur]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2009)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main219089.JPG|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)|access-date=2024-03-06|archive-date=2019-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001215342/https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main219089.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2521 (April 2009)
| FideID = 5005361
}}

'''Laxman Rajaram R.''' (born 5 February 1983) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
Laxman learned chess from his father Rajaram, and won the Indian Under-12 National Championship in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Laxman_blitz_king|title=The story of how Laxman became the blitz king of Indian chess!|date=21 October 2017|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=13 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413030745/https://www.chessbase.in/news/Laxman_blitz_king|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chennai-open-international-chess-laxman-beats-ukraine-gm-vitaly/articleshow/62581468.cms|title=Chennai Open International Chess: Laxman beats Ukraine GM Vitaly|work=The Times of India |date=20 January 2018|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925182022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chennai-open-international-chess-laxman-beats-ukraine-gm-vitaly/articleshow/62581468.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, he was defeated in an upset by 14-year-old Shivika Rohilla in the
Delhi International Grandmasters Chess tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/teenager-shivika-stuns-gm-laxman-in-delhi-open-chess/articleshow/90381235.cms|title=Teenager Shivika stuns GM Laxman in Delhi Open chess|work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2022|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501204545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/teenager-shivika-stuns-gm-laxman-in-delhi-open-chess/articleshow/90381235.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2023, he won the Athens of the East Blitz Rating Open 2023 with a score of 9/10, finishing half a point ahead of second and third-place finishers Ram Aravind L N and Aakash G.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Laxman-clinches-2nd-Athens-of-the-East-Blitz-Rating-Open-2023|title=Laxman clinches 2nd Athens of the East Blitz Rating Open 2023|date=5 August 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303090556/https://chessbase.in/news/Laxman-clinches-2nd-Athens-of-the-East-Blitz-Rating-Open-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2023, he won the Liberation Cup Rapid Rating Open 2023 with an undefeated score of 7.5/9 ahead of Sharan Rao, Kartavya Anadkat, Nitish Belurkar, and Sammed Shete due to better tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Laxman-R-R-wins-Liberation-Cup-Rapid-Rating-Open-2023|title=Laxman R R wins Liberation Cup Rapid Rating Open 2023|date=5 January 2024|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110162255/https://chessbase.in/news/Laxman-R-R-wins-Liberation-Cup-Rapid-Rating-Open-2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFgm-laxman-wins-liberation-cup-chess-crown/107431.html|title=GM Laxman wins Liberation Cup chess crown|work=The Goan|date=21 December 2023|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref>

In January 2024, he competed in the Chennai Open International Grandmaster Chess Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/chennai-open-2023-gms-prasanna-chakkravarthy-and-laxman-headline-strong-competition-roster-news-339732|title=Chennai Open 2023: GMs Prasanna, Chakkravarthy, and Laxman Headline Strong Competition Roster|date=30 December 2023|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316204009/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/chennai-open-2023-gms-prasanna-chakkravarthy-and-laxman-headline-strong-competition-roster-news-339732|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE|5005361}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram, Laxman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Arvind Kumar (lexicographer)

2025-10-15T00:27:47Z

Pickleballexpert: adding new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian journalist, art-drama-film critic, short story writer, translator, lexicographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| image = Arvind Kumar, 2019, New Delhi.jpg
| name = Arvind Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date text | 17 January 1930}}
| birth_place = Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death-date and age |26 April 2021 | 17 January 1930}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Journalist | art-drama-film critic | short story writer | translator | lexicographer}}
| years_active = 1945–2021
| notable_works = {{Ubl
| ''Samantar Kosh'' (1996)
| ''The Penguin English-Hindi/Hindi-English Dictionary and Thesaurus'' (2007)
}}
| spouse = Kusum Kumar
| children = 2
| family = 
}}

'''Arvind Kumar''' (17 January 1930 – 26 April 2021) was an Indian journalist, art-drama-film critic, short story writer, translator, and lexicographer.<ref name="Cinestaan" /><ref name="Indrajit Hazra HT" />

He has authored Samantar Kosh (published by [[National Book Trust]] in 1996), the first-ever thesaurus in Hindi or any modern Indian language<ref name="Gulf News The making of the first modern Hindi thesaurus" /><ref name="Cinestaan" /><ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" /><ref name="HT Samantar Kosh" /> as well as a three volume bilingual thesaurus and dictionary, The Penguin English-Hindi/ Hindi-English Thesaurus & Dictionary (published by Penguin India in 2007)<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" /><ref name="The Hindu Builder of Word Power">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Kuldeep |title=Builder of word power |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/builder-of-word-power/article7065216.ece |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Indrajit Hazra HT" /> which has 2,823,630<ref name="Aaj Tak" /> English and Hindi words.

He digitized his works on Arvind Lexicon, a database published online in 2011 and accessible via subscription. This database is a repository of one million expressions in English and Hindi.<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" /><ref name="The Hindu Builder of Word Power" /><ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" />

Prior to publishing his lexicographical works, Arvind worked as Executive Editor of Delhi Press group magazines<ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall" /> Sarita, Mukta and Caravan<ref name="Aaj Tak" /> (1953-1963), Founder-Editor of [[The Times of India]] group’s Hindi film magazine Madhuri (1963-1978),<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith">{{cite web |title=Wonderful Wordsmith |url=https://motherandsriaurobindo.in/nvgtr.php?pguri=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-06%20Authors%20from%20Other%20Centers/Arvind%20Kumar/-01%20English/Wonderful%20Wordsmith.htm |website=The Mother and Sri Aurobindo |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Cinestaan" /> and Founder-Editor of the Hindi edition of The Reader’s Digest, Sarvottam (1980-1985)<ref name="Gulf News The making of the first modern Hindi thesaurus">{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Nilima |title=The making of the first modern Hindi thesaurus |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-making-of-the-first-modern-hindi-thesaurus-1.1317459 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=Gulf News}}</ref>

His autobiography, ''ShabdVedh'', was published in 2016 and released at the Jaipur Literature Festival.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Malhotra |first1=Vibha |title=Jaipur Literature Festival 2016 : A Great Place to Recharge One's Creativity |url=https://www.travellingcamera.com/2016/01/jaipur-literature-festival-2016.html |website=Travelling Cameras |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="DailyO Penguin Shabdvedha" />

A documentary film based on Arvind's life and lexical works, ''Thesaurus Man - Arvind Kumar'', was released on YouTube on April 26, 2023.<ref name="Thesaurus Man Release The Print">{{cite news |first1= |title=Film pays homage to ‘Thesaurus Man’ Arvind Kumar |publisher=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/india/film-pays-homage-to-thesaurus-man-arvind-kumar/1540251/#:~:text=New%20Delhi%2C%20Apr%2026%20(PTI,when%20he%20was%20only%2015. |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Thesaurus Man Release Tribune">{{cite news |title=Life of ‘Thesaurus Man’ comes alive in documentary |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/life-of-thesaurus-man-comes-alive-in-documentary-501282 |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=Tribune India}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Arvind Kumar was born in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 17 January 1930.<ref name="Aaj Tak">{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Jaiprakash |title=अरविंद कुमार, जिन्होंने हिंदी भाषा की समृद्धि, समांतरकोश के लिए छोड़ दी थी नौकरी |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/interview-of-arvind-kumar-who-wrote-hindi-thesaurus-know-about-him-638085-2019-01-16 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref name="HT Death Announcement" />

Arvind began his education in the local municipality school, and then Vaishya school, where he studied till class VIII. When dire economic circumstances compelled the family to move to Delhi, he completed Matriculation in Khalsa High School in Karol Bagh’s Gurudwara, obtaining distinction in four subjects.<ref name="Aaj Tak" /> Despite being offered a scholarship, household circumstances did not permit him to study further, and at the age of 15, he began to work in [[Delhi Press]], as an assistant to the compositor in the printing press.<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /><ref name="Setup mag">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Anurag |title=साक्षात्कार: हिंदी के विख्यात सम्पादक अरविंद कुमार |url=https://www.setumag.com/2017/07/Arvind-Kumar-Sarvottam-Madhuri.html |website=setupmag.com |publisher=Setu Magazine |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

Over the next ten years, he worked in almost every department of the press as a compositor, machine man, binder, block maker, cashier, typist and proofreader and completed his BA (1953) and MA English (1955) from [[Panjab University]].<ref name="HT Death Announcement">{{cite news |title=लाला के बाजार के रहने वाले थे शब्दाचार्य अरविन्द कुमार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-arvind-kumar-was-a-resident-of-lala-39-s-market-4001118.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=2021-04-28}}</ref><ref name="Setup mag" /><ref name="SwarAalap Madhuri" /> By 1955, Arvind had become Executive Editor for Hindi, English and Urdu magazines published by Delhi Press group including [[Sarita (magazine)]], Mukta and [[The Caravan]].<ref name="Aaj Tak" /><ref name="Setup mag" />

Often in translating stories from Hindi to English, it would be difficult for Arvind to find the correct words and it was during these days that a friend introduced Arvind to [[Roget’s Thesaurus]]; he could not find an equivalent lexicographical work in Hindi.<ref name="Aaj Tak" />

Arvind then moved to Mumbai to launch Madhuri.,<ref name="Cinestaan">{{cite web |title=Veteran wordsmith and former editor Arvind Kumar dies at 91 |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/apr/28/29573/veteran-wordsmith-and-former-editor-arvind-kumar-dies-at-91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922075642/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/apr/28/29573/veteran-wordsmith-and-former-editor-arvind-kumar-dies-at-91 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 September 2022 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Aaj Tak" /> The Times of India Group’s new Hindi film magazine (1963-1978) Madhuri steered clear of all gossip content.<ref name="SwarAalap Madhuri">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Sanjeev |title=उस युग पुरुष के कितने रूप – संपादक, अनुवादक, कोशकार: अरविंद कुमार |url=https://www.swaraalap.com/the-luminaries/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA/ |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> It taught its readers to appreciate every aspect of film making as well as world cinema and regional cinema.<ref name="Setup mag" /><ref name="SwarAalap Madhuri" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ravikant |title=Popular Cinephilia in North India |journal=Journalism Studies |date=2015-08-03 |volume=16 |issue=5 |page=2 |doi=10.1080/1461670X.2015.1054161 |url=https://www.csds.in/uploads/custom_files/1526967205_1526554153_Popular%20Cinephilia%20in%20North%20India.pdf |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

Arvind also launched Sarvottam, the Hindi edition of the international magazine Reader’s Digest, from Delhi (1980-1985).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohan |first1=G |title=The Reader's Digest completes 100 years |url=https://secondtake.wordpress.com/2022/04/25/the-readers-digest-completes-100-years/ |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Aaj Tak" />

== Lexicography ==
He resigned from Madhuri in 1978<ref name="Jansatta Arvind Kumar">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=वह अविस्मरणीय रात |url=https://www.jansatta.com/duniya-mere-aage/jansatta-editorial-that-memorable-night/11666/ |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Jansatta |date=2014-12-30}}</ref> to fulfil his dream of making a thesaurus in Hindi and spent 20 years researching, authoring and compiling the first-ever thesaurus in Hindi Samantar Kosh which was published by the National Book Trust India in 1996.<ref name="Aaj Tak" /><ref name="ForwardPress">{{cite news |title=हिंदी साहित्य जगत को थिसॉरस का तोहफा देने वाले अरविंद कुमार का निधन |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2021/04/news-this-week-1-hindi/ |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

Arvind with his wife Kusum presented the first copy of Samantar Kosh to the President of India, Dr [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] on 13 December 1996.<ref name="HT Samantar Kosh">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manoj |title=Veteran wordsmith who created world's first Hindi thesaurus |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/veteran-wordsmith-who-created-world-s-first-hindi-thesaurus/story-2Wfkqcwk6gSbbCGQO8ICCK.html |access-date=22 September 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Published in India’s Golden Jubilee year of Independence, Samantar Kosh has been reprinted six times and has sold more than 20,000 copies. [[The Hindu]] described Samantar Kosh as "vastly inclusive, user friendly and a golden dot on Hindi’s forehead."<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" /><ref name="HT Samantar Kosh" />

After the release of Samantar Kosh, Arvind then began work on developing a bilingual thesaurus to link Hindi with English.<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /> And eleven years later, the three-volume Penguin English-Hindi/Hindi-English Thesaurus & Dictionary with five and a half lakh expressions was published by Penguin India in 2007.<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /><ref name="DailyO Penguin Shabdvedha">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Srishti |title=Art & CultureWhen India's thesaurus man gave JLF a world bank of words |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/jlf2016-jaipur-literature-festival-arvind-kumar-shabdveda-thesaurus-lexicography-hindi-english-8621 |website=DailyO |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Indrajit Hazra HT" /> This Work is 3,154 pages long, the three volumes weigh 5 kg and are a home for 500,000 expressions.<ref name="HT Samantar Kosh" />

In addition to these two works, Arvind has compiled Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh, the first alphabetical Hindi thesaurus; Shabdeshwari, a thesaurus of Indian mythological names – the first-ever in any language; Brihat Samantar Kosh, a revised and extended edition of Samantar Kosh; Arvind Word Power: English-Hindi,<ref name="The Hindu Builder of Word Power" /> a ready reference alphabetical dictionary, thesaurus and mini-encyclopedia, and Arvind Tukant Kosh, a book of 57,000 rhyming words.<ref name="SwarAalap Madhuri" />

All of Arvind’s lexicographical can be found in his web-based database, Arvind Lexicon,<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /> comprising a total of 1,012,754 Hindi and English expressions and words.<ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall">{{cite web |last1=Lall |first1=Meeta |title=Arvind Kumar and his lexicographic works |url=https://bharatdarshan.co.nz/magazine/articles/599/arvind-lexixon.html |website=Bharat Darshan |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

== Published works ==
=== Lexical works by Arvind Kumar (in order of publication) ===
* Samantar Kosh:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Samantar Kosh |publisher=National Book Trust India |isbn=8123719515 |url=http://nehrumemoriallibrary.informaticsglobal.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=79314 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> thesaurus of Hindi words and expressions, published by National Book Trust 1996
* Shabdeshwari:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Shabdeshwari |year=1999 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakash |isbn=9788171788477 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GojXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> thesaurus of Indian mythological names, published by Rajkamal Prakashan 1999
* Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Arvind Sahaj Samantar Kosh |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=9788126718450 |url=https://rajkamalprakashan.com/arvind-sahaj-samantar-kosh.html/ |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>]: alphabetical thesaurus in Hindi, published by Rajkamal Prakashan 2005
* The Penguin English-Hindi/Hindi-English Thesaurus and Dictionary:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=The Penguin English-Hindi Dictionary and Index |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin India |isbn=9780143102601 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrCDzQEACAAJ |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> bilingual thesaurus and dictionary in Hindi and English, published by Penguin India 2007; Arvind Linguistics LLP 2011
* Brihat Samantar Kosh:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Brihat Samantar Kosh |date=January 2006 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=9788126711031 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh-jHmzt0l8C |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Comprehensive India-centric International Hindi Thesaurus, published by National Book Trust 2013
* Arvind Word Power:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Arvind Word Power |year=2015 |publisher=Arvind Linguistics Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788192496627 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C34ojwEACAAJ |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> English-Hindi: An alphabetical dictionary cum thesaurus, published by Arvind Linguistics LLP 2015
* Arvind Tukant Kosh:<ref name="Arvind Tukant Kosh">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Arvind Tukant Kosh |publisher=Arvind Linguistics Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=8192496635 |url=https://www.amazon.in/Arvind-Tukant-Kosh-Hindi/dp/B01MZHC6N3 |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> A pocketbook of 57,000 rhyming words, published by Arvind Linguistics LLP 2015
* Arvind Lexicon Online:<ref name="Arvind Lexicon">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Arvind Lexicon Online |url=http://arvindlexicon.com/registration-needed/?ReturnUrl=/Pages/ArvindLexiconHTML.aspx&info=Please+Login+or+Register+to+Access+the+Lexicon |publisher=Arvind Linguistics LLP |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> a bilingual Hindi-English-Hindi thesaurus, with a choice of using Hindi in Roman script (for those who can’t read or type Hindi)<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" />

=== Other works by Arvind Kumar (in order of publication) ===
* Vikram Saindhav:<ref name="Vikram Saindhav">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Vikram Saindhav |publisher=Rastriya Natya Vidyalaya |url=https://opac.rgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=64795 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> A Hindi verse adaptation of Julius Caesar set in the background of Indus Valley civilization. Published by National School of Drama 1998
* English-Hindi Julius Caesar:<ref name="Aaj Tak" /> A Hindi verse translation juxtaposed with William Shakespeare’s original text. Published by Radhakrishna Prakashan 2000
* Sahaj Geeta:<ref name="Sahaj Geeta Book Link">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Sahaj Geeta |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=8171196063 |url=https://koha.moes.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=57767 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> A Hindi prose translation of the Shrimad Bhagwad Geeta. Published by Radhakrishna Prakashan 2000
* Faust Ek Traasadi:<ref name="Faust">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |title=Faust: A Tragedy |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith |isbn=812630765X |url=https://koha.moes.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=62697 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> A Hindi verse translation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s original. Published by Bhartiya Jnanpith 2002
* ShabdVedh:<ref name="DailyO Penguin Shabdvedha" /> An autobiography of Arvind Kumar. Published by Arvind Linguistics LLP 2016

== Personal life ==
In 1959, Arvind married Kusum and they have two children together, Dr Sumeet Kumar and Meeta Lall.<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" /> Kusum is a co-author for many of Arvind's lexicographic works.<ref name="The Hindu Builder of Word Power" /> Meeta is the CEO of Arvind’s publishing company, Arvind Linguistics, that publishes all his lexicographical works.<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words">{{cite news |last1=Daftuar |first1=Swati |title=An endless road of words |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/an-endless-road-of-words/article3865497.ece |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" />

Sumeet, in the early 1990s, realized the importance of computerizing Arvind’s fast- expanding database for Samantar Kosh. Sumeet organized funds for buying a personal computer and then, wrote the software for computerizing the cards, sorting them and creating print-ready pages of Samantar Kosh.<ref name="Indrajit Hazra HT">{{cite news |last1=Hazra |first1=Indrajit |title=English-Hindi-English: A love triangle story |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/english-hindi-english-a-love-triangle-story/story-iEt94XysMSaP843B0Jq4pO.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2008-01-27}}</ref><ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /> He has written the computer applications for all of Arvind’s lexicographical works and has created the software for the web-based Arvind Lexicon.<ref name="The Hindu An endless road of words" />

== Death ==
On 26 April 2021, Arvind died of COVID-19 complications in New Delhi.<ref name="Cinestaan" /><ref name="HT Death Announcement" /><ref name="ForwardPress" />

== Honours and awards ==
* Hindi Ratna Samaan (Hindi Bhavan) 2018<ref name="NT Award Reference">{{cite news |title=Hindi Ratna Award to Arvind Kumar |url=https://navbharattimes-indiatimes-com.translate.goog/metro/delhi/other-news/hindi-ratna-award-to-arvind-kumar/articleshow/65262601.cms?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=22 September 2022 |publisher=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref name="Aaj Tak" />
* Vishwa Hindi Samman (10th Vishwa Hindi Sammelan) 2015
* Parampara Vishisht Rituraj Samman (Sahitya Sanstha Parampara) 2015
* Shalaka Samman (Hindi Academy, Delhi) 2011<ref name="Wonderful Wordsmith" /><ref name="NT Award Reference" /><ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall" />
* Rashtrabhasha Gaurav Samman (Sansadiya Hindi Parishad) 2006
* Subramanya Bharti Award (Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) 1999<ref name="NT Award Reference" /><ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall" />
* Dr Hardev Bahri Samman (Hindi Sahitya Sammelan) 1999<ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall" />
* Akhil Bharti Hindi Seva Puraskar (Hindi Academy, Maharashtra) 1998<ref name="NT Award Reference" /><ref name="Bharat Darshan - Meeta Lall" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Arvind}}
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]
[[Category:20th-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:21st-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Madurai Sungudi

2025-09-02T16:02:03Z

Pickleballexpert: Done

{{Short description|Design of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Madurai Sungudi
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Textile signature art tradition of [[Madurai]]
| type = Textile art
| area = [[Madurai]]
| country = India
| registered = 2006
| material = Cotton fabric with tie and dye method of traditional prints
| official website =
}}
'''Madurai Sungudi''' is a design from [[Madurai]], in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], which is an exclusive [[textile]] product traditionally produced using tie and [[dye]] (using [[Natural dye|natural dyes]]) method by the [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]], who migrated to Madurai under the patronage of King [[Tirumala Nayaka|Thirumalai Naicker]] in the 17th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/dec/17/call-for-museum-to-keep-dyeing-sungudi-art-alive-1912516.html|title=Call for museum to keep 'dyeing' Sungudi art alive|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> The fabric's traditional popular use is as a [[Sari|saree]]; the fabric is now also used to make shirts, salwars, shawls, handbags, bed sheets and pillow cases. The product has been given protection under the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI registration]] act.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Temple>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-sungudi-needs-patronage-to-revive-its-glory/article5420955.ece|title=Madurai Sungudi' needs patronage to revive its glory|date=4 December 2013|accessdate=9 June 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=Article>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/colourful-history-of-sungudi/article6161545.ece|title=Colourful history of 'sungudi'|date=30 June 2014|accessdate=9 June 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In recent years, in view of tough competition from other textile fabrics, to meet the market demand this fabric, "sungudi" as it is commonly known, is made with modern designs and techniques of [[Woodblock printing|block printing]], [[Encaustic painting|wax printing]] and [[screen printing]].<ref name=Temple/><ref name=Article/>

==Geographical indication==
The Madurai Sungudi, produced in Madurai city, a cottage industry product, is given protection under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the [[Government of India]]. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title "Madurai Sungudi" and recorded under GI Application number 21, Class 24 - Textile and Textile Goods and Class 25 – Clothing including Sarees and Rumal, as a textile product. The GI tag was approved on 12 December 2005.<ref name=India>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures/21.htm|title=G.I Application No.21 Madurai Sungudi|accessdate=9 June 2016|publisher=Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630192805/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures/21.htm|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Form>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/21/21%20-%20Statement%20of%20Case%20-%2024-01-2005.pdf|title= Statetuent Of Case:Madurai Sunqudi Saree|accessdate=9 June 2016|publisher= Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks : Government of India}}</ref>

==Location==
Sungudi is made in [[Madurai|Madurai City]], which is located in Tamil Nadu on the banks of the [[Vaigai River]].<ref name=Form/>

==History==
From the 8th to 11th century, The [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] (present day [[Gujarat]]) started migrating towards [[Southern India]] due to the frequent [[Muslim invasions of India|Muslim invasions]], these [[Merchant|merchants]] upon the invitation of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], [[Vijayanagara dynasty|Vijayanagara]], [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]] Kings set up mercantile [[silk]]-[[weaving]] [[Guild|guilds]] throughout [[Southern India]] and were involved in the [[trade]] of silk [[Clothing|clothes]] and [[Diamond (gemstone)|diamonds]] to the royal families of ancient [[South India]], as the [[silk]] became the attire of [[royal families]] after the period of [[Gupta dynasty]]. Some of them settled down in [[Madurai]], where the local king of the [[Nayak dynasty]] welcomed them. Here, they came to be known as "''Patnūlkarars''" ([[silk]] [[Zari|thread]] people). In order to please the local kings, the [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] of Madurai, who were expert craftsmen in fabric [[weaving]] and [[trade]] of silk [[Clothing|garments]], created a gift item of cotton fabric suited for use in the tropical conditions, and called it the "Madurai Sungdi."<ref name=Form/>

In [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]], the word 'sungudi' relates to the [[Sanskrit]] word "sunnam" meaning "round", representing the circular dots that are printed on the fabric as a prominent and special motif.<ref name=Form/>

While the dotted designs of the fabric are inspired by cosmic stars, its knotting pattern is a copy of the knots with which women tie their hair.<ref name=Article/>

==Product details==
The primary input to make this fabric is woven unbleached cotton fabric or [[saree]] in which the warp and weft are made of 80s and 100s combed /carded yarn respectively. Then this fabric is subjected to the tie and dye process. The fabric is first bleached and printed with motifs. Then it is subject to the process of tying the knot called as "''putta''" or "''bandhani''" work. In a fabric of more than 6 yards, the number of ''puttas'' are more than 20,000 puttas or knots which are spaced uniformly and stitched by a single thread. The "pallu" (loose end of a saree) part of the saree or the fabric is made in a contrast colour by tying it firmly before subjecting it to a further process of treating in a solution of groundnut oil and alkaline earth. In this process, the fabric dipped in the solution is tamped well by foot several times and kept in a wet state for 2–3 days. It is then taken out and washed in the Vaigai River water (the water of this river is believed to give a special sheen to the fabric) and then dried. This process is repeated over a week. After washing and drying, the fabric is subjected to dyeing in a vat with a solution of alizarine red and ''kasa'' leaves. After dyeing the fabric is steamed and dried.<ref name=Form/>

A special characteristic of the Sungudi saree is that the knots created along the lines of the fabric cloth with red pigment prevent colours from intruding into the knotted part of the fabric when it is subject to the dyeing process in the vat. After the dyeing process, the knots are released by removing the thread and the knotted parts.<ref name=Form/> In the traditional dyeing process, vegetable dyes are used to obtain different colours. However, in the modern dyeing process artificial chemical dyes (aniline) like [[Alizarine|alizarine red]], [[naphthol]] and [[indigo]] are used to obtain the red, blue and other colour effects.<ref name=Form/>

It takes 10 to 15 days to make a traditional Sundgudi saree, with women involved in the tying process while the dyeing process is outsourced. This saree is a traditional dress of women of some communities worn during marriages.<ref name=Temple/>

To encourage this cottage industry, the government of Tamil Nadu has exempted the sale of this fabric from levy of sales tax since 1959. In view of its unique design and quality it is also exported.<ref name=Form/>

==See also==
*[[Bandhani]]
*[[Leheriya]]
*[[Shibori]]
*[[Tie-dye]]
*[[Tritik]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Sari}}
{{dyeing}}

[[Category:Culture of Madurai]]
[[Category:Economy of Madurai]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Painted fabrics]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]

2010 I-League U19

2025-08-24T09:34:22Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{refimprove|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| winners = [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] (1st title)
| biggest home win=
| biggest away win=
| highest scoring =
| total goals =
| average goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten=
| prevseason = [[2008 I-League U19|2008]]
| nextseason = [[2011 I-League U19|2011]]
}}
The '''2010 I-League U19''' was the second edition of the [[I-League U19]].

The tournament was held in May 2010 in [[Phagwara]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Goa]] with the [[I-League]] and [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] youth teams and academies.

All teams played the other teams in their group once and the group winners (3 group winners) and second placed (3 second placed) played in two qualification groups. The winners qualifies for the final. The [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] won the edition of the youth league.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html#u-19_ileague|title=Sporting Goa win U-19 ONGC I-League title|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711123552/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html|access-date=24 January 2014|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref>

==Group stage==
The 14 participating teams were divided into three groups and played against each other. The group winner and the second placed made it to the next round. Group A was held in Goa, while Group B in Paghwara and Group C in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/april6_2010.html#u19_aiff|title=I-League U19 fixtures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may2_2010.html#u19_ileague|title=I-League U19 fixtures 2}}</ref>

=== Group A ===

*[[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]
*[[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
*[[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai FC]]
*[[Pune FC Academy|Pune FC]]
*[[JCT Football Academy|JCT]]

=== Group B ===
*[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
*[[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
*[[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]]
*[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
*[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]

=== Group C ===
*[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
*[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
*[[United SC]]
*[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]

==Final round==

===Champions Group Stage===

The group winners qualified for the final.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width=165|Team
!width=20|Pld
!width=20|W
!width=20|D
!width=20|L
!width=20|GF
!width=20|GA
!width=20|GD
!width=20|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|'''[[Sporting Clube de Goa]]'''
|2||1||1||0||5||3||+2||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|2||1||1||0||3||1||+2||'''4'''
|-
|align=left|[[JCT Football Academy|JCT]]
|2||0||0||2||2||6||-4||'''0'''
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width=165|Team
!width=20|Pld
!width=20|W
!width=20|D
!width=20|L
!width=20|GF
!width=20|GA
!width=20|GD
!width=20|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|'''[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]'''
|2||1||0||1||5||4||+1||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|[[Pune FC Academy|Pune FC]]
|2||1||0||1||3||2||+1||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|2||1||0||1||4||6||-2||'''3'''
|}

===Finals===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2010|05|31|df=y}}
|team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|SC Goa]]
|score = 4–2
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|score2 =
|aet =
|report =[http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html#u-19_ileague]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]
|location =
|attendance =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Youth League U18}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2009–10 in Indian football}}

[[Category:2009–10 in Indian football]]
[[Category:I-League U19 seasons]]

Yangthang

2025-08-14T23:59:38Z

Pickleballexpert: created a data needs work

{{Short description|Village in West Sikkim district, Sikkim, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yangthang
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2836|88.2388|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gyalshing]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 3680
| population_total = 2931
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737111<ref>{{cite web |title=YANGTHANG Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/sikkim/west-sikkim/yangthang-pincode-737111.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03595
| registration_plate = SK-02
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_total_ha = 525.68
| leader_party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| leader_name = [[Bhim Hang Limboo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikkim Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11677-sikkim-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|MLA of Yangthang]]
}}

'''Yangthang''' is a census village in [[West Sikkim district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balikci |first=Anna |title=Lamas, Shamans and Ancestors : Village Religion in Sikkim |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-16706-3 |location=Leiden; Boston |pages=90 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Yangthang has a total population of 2,931 people including 1,506 males and 1,425 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Sikkim - District West District - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6433/download/9510/DDW_PCA1102_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719234548/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6433/download/9510/DDW_PCA1102_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

Yangthang is an attraction of tourism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=AHSAN |first1=IFTEKHAR |title=A road-trip adventure through Sikkim |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/exploring-nathu-la-gurudongmar-lake-kanchenjunga-waterfall-and-more-on-a-road-trip-through-sikkim/cid/1861476 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Telegraph India |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=20 April 2022}}</ref> Buddhist [[Lama]]s are primary community of Yangthang.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subba |first=J. R |title=History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim |publisher=Gyan Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-212-0964-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=71 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Macaulay |first=Colman |title=Report of a Mission to Sikkim and the Tibetan Frontier With a Memorandum on Our Relations with Tibet |publisher=[[Oxford University]] |year=1885 |isbn=978-3-7428-4553-5 |pages=4 |language=English |author-link=Colman Macaulay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shor |first=Thomas K |title=A Step Away from Paradise : A Tibetan Lama's Extraordinary Journey to a Land of Immortality |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-341546-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=83 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gyalshing district]]

Shivaji Mandir

2025-08-05T22:41:58Z

Pickleballexpert: improve structure additionally

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|building|date=March 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Shri Shivaji Mandir Natyagruha, Dadar.jpg|thumb|Auditorium at the Shri Shivaji Mandir Natyagruha, Dadar]]
'''Shri Shivaji Mandir''' is a [[theatre]] auditorium located in [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], India. Opened on 3 May 1965 as the first closed auditorium in Dadar, the theater remains a landmark.<ref>{{cite news| last= Mohite| first= Anushka |date= 2 January 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/eclipsed-by-tv-a-51-year-old-theatre-that-stages-marathi-plays/story-q3BlqmINinmV6N2KGDPnRJ.html | title=Eclipsed by TV: A 51-year-old theatre that stages Marathi plays | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date= 13 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the most prominent venues for '''[[Marathi theatre]]''' and has played a significant role in preserving and promoting '''Maharashtra’s theatrical culture'''. Over the years, it has hosted performances by legendary playwrights, actors, and theatre groups, making it a cultural landmark in Mumbai.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kulkarni |first=Kedar A. |title=Migration and Marathi Theatre in Colonial India, 1850–1900 |date=2023 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of Theatre and Migration |pages=701–712 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20196-7_56 |access-date=2025-03-24 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-20196-7_56 |isbn=978-3-031-20195-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The theatre has recently undergone renovations and is set to reopen its doors to the public on April 30, 2022.

== Cultural Significance ==

=== Hub for Marathi Theatre ===
Shivaji Mandir is '''one of the oldest and most prestigious venues''' for Marathi theatre in Mumbai. It has staged some of the most famous Marathi plays, including:

* '''"[[Natsamrat]]"''' – A legendary play written by '''Vijay Tendulkar'''.
* '''"[[Ghashiram Kotwal]]"''' – A politically charged play that gained international recognition.
* '''"Ekach Pyala"''' – A classic by [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari|'''Ram Ganesh Gadkari'''.]]
* '''"[[Moruchi Mavshi]]"''' – A popular comedy play.<ref>{{Citation |title=Prose Plays |date=2017-07-05 |work=Gender, Culture, and Performance |pages=61–82 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093703-5 |access-date=2025-03-24 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315093703-5 |isbn=978-1-315-09370-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Sriram Lagoo.jpg|thumb|Dr. Shriram Lagoo]]

=== Influence on Indian Theatre ===
Many actors who performed at '''Shivaji Mandir''' went on to achieve '''national and international fame''', including:

* '''[[Shriram Lagoo|Dr. Shriram Lagoo]]'''
* '''[[Nilu Phule]]'''
* '''[[Vikram Gokhale]]'''
* '''[[Mohan Agashe]]'''
* '''[[Sachin Khedekar]]'''

The theatre has also contributed to the growth of '''experimental theatre''', providing a platform for '''young playwrights and directors''' to showcase their talents.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Theatre World |date=2017-07-05 |work=Gender, Culture, and Performance |pages=212–238 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093703-14 |access-date=2025-03-24 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315093703-14 |isbn=978-1-315-09370-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Location and Accessibility ==
Shivaji Mandir is centrally located in '''Dadar West''', making it easily accessible by public and private transport.

=== Transport Options ===

* '''Railway:''' [[Dadar railway station|Dadar Railway Station]] (Western & Central Line) is just a few minutes away.
* '''Metro:''' The upcoming '''[[Mumbai Metro Line 3]]''' will improve connectivity.
* '''Road:''' Well-connected via '''Senapati Bapat Marg, NC Kelkar Road, and Shivaji Park area'''.
* '''Bus:''' Several '''[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] buses''' operate from Dadar, making it convenient for visitors.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Prithvi Theatre]]
* [[Shivaji Park|Dadar Shivaji Park]]
* [[Marathi theatre|Marathi Theatre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Marathi Theatre}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Theatres in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Auditoriums in India]]

{{India-theat-struct-stub}}

Chengannur Mahadeva Temple

2025-07-17T15:46:56Z

Pickleballexpert:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Chengannur Mahadeva Temple
| image = Chengannur Mahadeva4.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Mahadeva Temple, [[Chengannur]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|19|27.5|N|76|36|41.1|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| location = [[Chengannur]]
| elevation_m = 49.28
| deity = {{plainlist|
* Mahadeva ([[Shiva]])
* [[Bhagavati]] ([[parvathi]] or [[mahakali]])
}}
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = {{plainlist|
* Varshikotsav (yearly festival)
* [[Shivaratri]]
* [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitrapournami]]
* Thripputhu
}}
| architecture = {{plainlist|
* [[Dravidian architecture]]
* [[Kerala architecture]]
}}
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Perumthachan]]
| website =
}}

'''Chengannur Mahadeva Temple''' is a prominent [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]] and located in the town of [[Chengannur]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. The temple is one of the major Shiva temples in Kerala, along with the [[Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple]], [[Kaduthruthy Mahadeva Temple]], [[Vaikom Temple]], [[Ernakulam Shiva Temple]] and [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Kerala Siva Temples|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3980516.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3980516.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|journal=Hinduism Today|date=31 July 1997|access-date=5 August 2015|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref> goddess [[Parvati]] is worshipped with equal importance.There are shrines for [[Ganesha]], [[Dakshinamurti]], [[Subrahmanya]], [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]], [[Krishna]], [[Shiva#Attributes|Nilagriva]], Sthalisha, [[Hanuman]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], and [[Naga (Hinduism)|serpent deities]] inside and outside the temple complex.

The temple celebrates a rare [[menstruation]] festival for parvathi, called ''Thripputhu'' ({{langx|ml|തൃപ്പൂത്ത്}}), during which the temple is closed for three days for the irregular menstruation of the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=This Chengannur temple celebrated its menstruating goddess |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/12/16/chengannur-temple-celebrated-menstruating-goddess.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> There are five daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]'' done in the temple, three ''sarabalies'' for Shiva and three for [[Parvati]]. [[Tantra|Tantric]] worship is led by a member of the [[Thazhamon Madom]] family. The yearly festival (''vaarshika ulsavam'') is celebrated from December to January and lasts 28 days. The temple is administered by the [[Travancore Devaswom Board]].

==Legend==
It is believed that [[Parvati]], the consort of [[Shiva]], came here after marrying him in the [[Himalayas]]. Parvati had her menstrual period for 28 days. Bhadrakali is considered a reincarnation of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], whose [[Kamakhya Temple]] fell in the north.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: A Sacred Geography|last=Eck|first=Diana L|date=27 March 2012|page=296|publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony|isbn=9780385531917}}</ref> Another variant of the same legend indicates that the sage [[Agastya]], who could not witness Shiva and Parvati's sacred marriage, was visited by the pair afterward. Since Parvati was menstruating, she waited for 28 days to give ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]]'' to the sage.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=54}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Chengannur Mahadeva1.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Temple tower along with the sanctum]]
The temple is located in the heart of [[Chengannur]], very close to the [[Pamba River]]. The town is considered one of the 32 [[Namputiri]] towns in Kerala, and Mahadeva (Shiva) is believed to be the god of the town. The presiding deity Mahadeva in the form of a [[lingam]] faces east, while the image of his consort Bhadrakali is located behind it facing west. The temple is approached through a temple tower, built in [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala style]], and by passing a golden flagstaff, both of which are axial to the central shrine. There are shrines around the temple in the second precinct for [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]] and Nilagriva, while an image of [[Ganesha]] is seen in the first precinct. The image of Bhadrakali is made of [[panchaloha]], an alloy of five metals. It is believed that Perumachuten brought the image to the temple.<ref name=Info>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAt8AgAAQBAJ&q=chengannur+mahavishnu+temple&pg=PA567|page=136|publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt. Ltd.|first=Biju|last=Mathew|year=2013|isbn=9788192128443}}</ref>

The temple is built in Kerala-style architecture, which is common in all temples in the South Indian state of Kerala. The temple has a two-storeyed ''[[gopuram]]'' or gateway tower, with the upper story having wooden rails covering the ''kottupura'' (a hall of drum beating during festivals). A rectangular wall called the ''kshetra-madilluka'', pierced by gateways, encloses all of the temple's shrines. The metal-plated flagstaff or ''[[Dwajasthambam|dvajasthambam]]'' is located axial to the temple tower leading to the central sanctum, and there is a ''[[deepastambha]]'', which is a lamp post. The ''chuttambalam'' is the outer pavilion within the temple walls. The central shrine and the associated hall is located in a rectangular structure called ''nalambalam''. Between the entrance of the ''nalambalam'' and the sanctum, there is a raised square platform called a ''namaskara mandapa'' which has a pyramidal roof. ''Thevrapura'', the kitchen used to cook offerings to the deity is located on the left of the ''namaskara mandapa'' from the entrance. ''Balithara'' is an altar used for making ritualistic offerings to demigods and the festive deities. The central shrine called the ''sri-kovil'' houses the image of the presiding deity. It is on an elevated platform with a single door reached through a flight of five steps. Both sides of the doors have images of guardian deities called [[Dvarapala]]kas. As per Kerala rituals, only the main priest called [[Thantri]] and the second priest called [[Melshanthi]] can enter the ''sri-kovil''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA139|page=139|publisher=DC Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=9788126419036|year=2008}}</ref> The central shrine has a circular plan with a base of granite, superstructure of laterite and conical roof made of terracotta tile supported from inside by a wooden structure. The lower half of the ''sri-kovil'' consists of the basement, the pillar or the wall, called ''stambha'' or ''bhithi''{{which lang|date=January 2020}} and the entablature called ''prasthara'' in the ratio 1:2:1, in height. Similarly the upper half is divided into the neck called ''griva'', the roof tower called ''shikhara'' and the finial ''kalasam'' (made of copper) in the same ratio. The roof projects in two levels to protect the inner structure from heavy rains during monsoon seasons. The roof of the temple and some of the pillars have lavish wood and stucco carvings depicting various stories of ancient epics, the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Kamli-Kyouk Phyu|editor=Subodh Kapoor|page=3963|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552577|volume=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYN0n0pzlpcC&q=kerala+temple+architecture&pg=PA3963}}</ref>

==Festival and worship practises==
[[File:ചെങ്ങന്നൂർക്ഷേത്രം.jpg|500px|thumb|A view of the temple premises]]
There are five daily [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] done in the temple, three ''sarabalies'' for Shiva and three for Bhadrakali. Tantric worship is done by a member of the Thazhamon family. The temple celebrates a rare menstruation festival for Bhadrakali, called ''Thripputhu'', during which the temple is closed for three days during the irregular menstruation of the deity. The appearance of a stain in the white garment is considered an aspect of devotion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj5OAwAAQBAJ&q=chengannur+temple&pg=PA91|page=91|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia |publisher=New World Library|year=2014|isbn=9781608682188}}</ref> As per accounts of the temple officials, in modern times, the feature is observed once in three or four months, while it was regularly observed during the olden times. The ceremony usually resembles the puberty ceremony of high-class girls in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Devi: Goddesses of India|url=https://archive.org/details/devi00john|url-access=registration|quote=chengannur temple.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devi00john/page/215 215]–6|last1=Hawley|first1=John Stratton|last2=Wulff|first2=Donna Marie|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|isbn=9780520916296 }}</ref> The ''sri-kovil'' is closed during the three days and opened after a purification ceremony is performed during the fourth day.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Legacy of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&q=chengannur+temple&pg=PA23|page=35|publisher=D C Books|year=1982|isbn=9788126437986|last=Menon|first=Sreedhara A}}</ref>

Thiruppooth Aratt is a festival celebrated in the temple at least thrice a year when the festival images of Mahadeva and Bhadrakali are taken in a procession on decorated elephants to the Pamba River. A holy dip, called ''arat'' is offered to the images and the decorated images are taken back to the temple. Women devotees carry traditional ''[[thalappoli]]'' lamps during the procession. The procession is accompanied by a temple orchestra and [[panchavadyam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds witness 'Tiruppooth Arat' at Chengannur temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hundreds-witness-tiruppooth-arat-at-chengannur-temple/article236841.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Pathanamthitta|date=11 March 2011|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> The major festivals in the temple are flag hoisting on the [[Thiruvathirai]] month of Dhanu and [[Aaraattu]] during the Thiruvathirai month of Makaram.<ref name=Info/> The yearly festival is celebrated from December to January and lasts 28 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chengannur Taluk|url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/pages/aboutalpy-taluk-5-chengannur.htm|publisher=Alapuzha District administration|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715235613/http://alappuzha.nic.in/pages/aboutalpy-taluk-5-chengannur.htm|archive-date=2015-07-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Temples of Kerala]]
* [[Temple festivals of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chengannur Mahadeva temple}}

{{Vaippu sthalam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

Rashid Qureshi

2025-06-20T19:13:21Z

Pickleballexpert: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Pakistani general}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox office holder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| name = Rashid Qureshi
| native_name = {{URDU|راشد قریشی}}
| image =
| caption = Major General Rashid Qureshi in 1998
| birth_date =
| death_date = 
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{Army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1971–2005
| rank = [[Major General]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = {{ubl|[[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter Services Public Relations|ISPR]]| [[Director-General|DG]] [[National Guard]]}}
Comd 2AK Bde As A Brig.1996-97
| battles = {{ubl|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]|[[Siachen conflict]]|[[Kargil War]]|[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]]}}
| battles_label =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (military)|[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
| module =
| office = [[Director general|Director General]] of the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]]
| term_start = November 1998
| term_end = May 2003
| alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
}}
'''Rashid Qureshi''', ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|راشد قریشی}}}}) is a retired [[two-star general]]<ref name="Dawn">[https://www.dawn.com/news/101538/rashid-qureshi-posted-as-dg-national-guards Rashid Qureshi posted as DG National Guards] Dawn (newspaper), Published 12 May 2003, Retrieved 27 March 2019</ref> of the [[Pakistan Army]] who served as Director General of [[Inter-Services Public Relations]].

==Military career==
Qureshi was commissioned in the Pakistan Army on 17 April 1971 in the 44th [[Pakistan Military Academy|PMA]] Long Course.<ref name="DailyTimes">[https://archive.today/20120724203235/www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C04%5C18%5Cstory_18-4-2011_pg7_21 44th PMA Lahore chapter holds get together] DailyTimes, Published 18 April 2011, Retrieved 27 March 2019</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], he was stationed at the Lahore Sector.
After the war, Qureshi's company was stationed at the Rawalpindi sector where he became a staff officer at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters (GHQ)]]. In 1987, he was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]], and was made [[general officer commanding]] of the 10th Battalion. In 1991, he became a [[colonel]] in the Army, and was made [[Military Secretary (Pakistan)|military secretary]] to General [[Pervez Musharraf]] at the Joint Chief of Staff Committee Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TXN2Nhaw8k | title=Here is Why Pakistan Became America's Ally in War on Terror Post 9/11 | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Inter-services public relations==
In 1998, Qureshi joined the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] (ISPR).He was made [[director-general]] of the ISPR.

He was also a principal military spokesperson of General Pervez Musharraf.<ref name="AFP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004650/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0623-05.htm Pakistan Says India Tensions Peaking Again After Soldier's Death] Agence France Presse, Published 23 June 2002, Retrieved 27 March 2019</ref>

He retired from the Pakistan Army in 2005 and currently resides in Islamabad, Pakistan.

==2007 helicopter crash==
On 9 October 2007, in a helicopter crash which killed four people, and injured five, Qureshi was amongst those who were injured. The helicopter was one of three escorting [[Pervez Musharraf]] to [[Azad Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/09/world/asia/09pakistan.html | title=Copter Escorting Musharraf Crashes | newspaper=The New York Times | date=9 October 2007 | last1=Masood | first1=Salman }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=Ghazanfar Ali}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director General of the [[Inter Services Public Relations|ISPR]]|years=1998–2003}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Shaukat Sultan]]}}
|-
{{end}}

{{Inter-Services Public Relations|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Rashid}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lahore]]
[[Category:All Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]
[[Category:Directors-general of the Inter-Services Public Relations]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vrindavan railway station

2025-06-19T07:59:57Z

Pickleballexpert: created some details more to come

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|Vrindaban Road railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vrindavan railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = [[Indian Railways]]
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_map_caption =
| address = [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.5762|N|77.6939|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|176|m|ft}}
| line = Mathura–Vrindavan line
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 1
| tracks = Dismantled
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1889
| closed = 2023
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BDB
| division = {{rwd|Agra}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| status = Closed
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Vrindavan
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location in India
}}
{{Mathura|collapse=y}}
'''Vrindavan railway station''' is on the [[Mathura–Vrindavan link]]. It is located in [[Mathura district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves [[Vrindavan]].

==Overview==
[[Krishna]] was born in [[Mathura]]. He spent his childhood in Vrindavan. Therefore, both Mathura and Vrindavan are major pilgrimage centres for Hindus.<ref name=vrindavan>{{cite web | url = http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/vrindavana.php | title = Mathura and Vrindavan – general information | publisher = ISKCON | access-date = 2 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130702193436/http://www.vrindavan-dham.com/vrindavana.php | archive-date = 2 July 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
The {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] Mathura–Vrindaban branch line was opened by [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] in 1889.<ref name=nerly>{{cite web| url = http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |title =Indian Railways line history, 2 North Eastern Railway |work= Bombay, Baroda and Central Indian Railway|publisher= wordpress| access-date =2 July 2013}}</ref> The Railway Ministry has permanently closed its ambitious project for the conversion of the Mathura-Vrindavan railway line from metre gauge to broad gauge at an estimated cost of Rs 402 crore, terming it "uneconomical".

==Trains==
[[Mathura Junction railway station|Mathura]] is a major railway junction. The [[Taj Express]] travelling from [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]] covers the distance up to Mathura in about 2 hours. [[Bhopal Shatabdi Express]] (starting from [[New Delhi railway station]]), travelling faster, also stops at Mathura. There are five [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU]] connections a day between Mathura and Vrindavan.<ref name=vrindavan/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/search/vrindavan-bdb-to-mathura-mtj/5771/0/249 |title =Chains from Vrindavan to Mathura Junction |publisher= India Rail Info| access-date =2 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Vrindavan}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Mathura}}
*[https://searchmytrain.com/railway-station/bdb-vrindavan-address-trains Vrindavan Railway Station Information]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=North Central Railway zone|right=Masani|type=Mathura–Vrindavan link}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1889]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Agra railway division]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]

Darshita Shah

2025-01-01T12:22:59Z

Pickleballexpert: Adding new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Darshita Shah''' is an Indian politician. She is a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency]] since 8 December 2022. She is Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2022-12-08 |title=BJP's plan of pushing new faces pays off in Rajkot (West), Darshita Shah emerges clear winner |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-plan-of-pushing-new-faces-pays-off-in-rajkot-west-darshita-shah-emerges-clear-winner/1254788/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Darshita Shah(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAJKOT WEST(RAJKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5008 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat polls: Rajkot West candidate Darshita Shah confident of winning from PM Modi's old Assembly seat |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/gujarat-polls-rajkot-west-candidate-darshita-shah-confident-of-winning-from-pm-modis-old-assembly-seat20221130191307/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkot West Assembly Election 2022 Result: BJP's Darshita Shah wins with 68% votes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/live-updates/rajkot-west-assembly-election-2022-result-live-updates-vidhan-sabha-chunav-darshita-shah-kalariya-mansukhbhai-chamanbhai-savsani-dinesh-joshi-bjp-congress-aap-bsp-2545381/amp |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Rajkot West Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के DR. DARSHITA SHAH की हुई जीत, AAP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/rajkot-west-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276789 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Darshita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}