https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PhilSalisbury74Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-07T05:19:54ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijaynagar%27er_Hirey&diff=544480Vijaynagar'er Hirey2026-05-06T08:12:51Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2026 Indian Bengali film by Chandrasish Ray}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{infobox film<br />
| name = Vijaynagar'er Hirey<br />
| image = Vijaynagar'er Hirey (2026) film poster.jpeg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| director = Chandrasish Ray<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2025-02-22 |title=Chandrasish Ray to direct Kakababu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118085532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
{{Infobox| decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1 = Based on<br />
| data1 = ''Bijaynagarer Hirey'' by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Remembering Sunil Ganguly, the modern voice of Bengal |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/remembering-sunil-ganguly-the-modern-voice-of-bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103201327/https://www.getbengal.com/details/remembering-sunil-ganguly-the-modern-voice-of-bengal |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-07 |title=HBD Sunil Gangopadhyay: 'প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী' থেকে 'মনের মানুষ', সুনীলের লেখায় বারবার সমৃদ্ধ হয়েছে বাংলার রূপোলি পর্দা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/writings-of-sunil-gangopadhyay-that-created-notable-films/wb20230907134245055055011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106143047/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/writings-of-sunil-gangopadhyay-that-created-notable-films/wb20230907134245055055011 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] <br />Mahendra Soni<br />[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]<br />
| screenplay = Rohit–Soumya<br />
{{Infobox| decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1 = Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = Rohit–Soumya<br />
}}<br />
| story = Sunil Gangopadhyay<br />
| starring = Prosenjit Chatterjee<br />[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br />[[Aryann Bhowmik]]<br />Pushan Dasgupta<br />[[Rajnandini Paul]]<br />Satyam Bhattacharya<br />Anujoy Chatterjee<br />Sreya Bhattacharyya<br />
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]<br />
| cinematography = Indranath Marick<br />
| editing = Subhajit Singha<br />
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]<br />[[Nideas Productions]]<br />
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|1|23}}<br />
| runtime = 110 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|3 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/how-did-the-films-bijoynagarer-hire-hok-kolorob-and-bhanupriya-bhuter-hotel-perform-at-the-box-office-dgtl/cid/1664585|title=কলকাতাতেও কোটির ক্লাবে ‘বর্ডার ২’! সানি দেওলের একমাত্র প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী কি প্রসেনজিৎ?|date=2026-01-31|archive-date=2026-02-02|access-date=2026-02-02|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202073349/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/how-did-the-films-bijoynagarer-hire-hok-kolorob-and-bhanupriya-bhuter-hotel-perform-at-the-box-office-dgtl/cid/1664585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-03-21 |title=Weekly Chronicle {{!}} 13–19 March 2026 |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/03/21/weekly-chronicle-13-19-march-2026/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324184618/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/03/21/weekly-chronicle-13-19-march-2026/ |archive-date=2026-03-24 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|16.65 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-02-28 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vijaynagar'er Hirey pushes Kakababu franchise past ₹4 crore |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/02/28/exclusive-vijaynagarerhirey-pushes-kakababu-franchise-past-%e2%82%b916-crore-now-fifth-highest-grossing-bengali-franchise/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260324182926/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/02/28/exclusive-vijaynagarerhirey-pushes-kakababu-franchise-past-%E2%82%B916-crore-now-fifth-highest-grossing-bengali-franchise/ |archive-date=2026-03-24 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-01-27 |title=Saraswati Puja / Republic Day 2026 Weekend Clash Insights: One Franchise Wins, Two Films Suffocate, One Market Reality Reasserted |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/27/saraswati-puja-republic-day-2026-weekend-clash-insights-one-franchise-wins-two-films-suffocate-one-market-reality-reasserted/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vijaynagar'er Hirey''''' ({{IPA|bn|vid͡ʒɔjonɔɡorɛr hiːre}}; {{Translation|'''''The Diamond of Vijaynagar'''''}}) is a 2026 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action-adventure film]] directed by Chandrasish Ray.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2025-02-22 |title=Chandrasish Ray to direct Kakababu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107144850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]], Mahendra Soni and [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] under the respective banners of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and Nideas Productions, the film is based on [[Kakababu|the 1988 eponymous novel]] by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], from his [[Kakababu|Kakababu series]]. The narrative follows [[Kakababu]] and Shontu embarking on a perilous quest for a lost diamond in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<br />
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A sequel to ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' (2022) and the fourth instalment in the [[SVF Kakababu franchise]], it stars Prosenjit Chatterjee and [[Aryann Bhowmik]] reprising their roles as Kakababu and Shontu respectively, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] of Pushan Dasgupta, Satyam Bhattacharya, [[Rajnandini Paul]], Anujoy Chatterjee and Sreya Bhattacharyya in other pivotal roles, with [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Bidisha |date=2026-01-16 |title=‘কেরিয়ারের প্রথম পাঁচ বছর বিশ্বজিতের নামটা আমাকে বয়ে বেড়াতে হয়েছে’, পিতৃপরিচয়ের ‘ভার’ নিয়ে বিস্ফোরক প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/i-had-to-carry-the-burden-of-biswajits-name-says-prosenjit-chatterjee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118083851/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/i-had-to-carry-the-burden-of-biswajits-name-says-prosenjit-chatterjee/ |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> <br />
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The film was officially announced in February 2025, marking Ray's second collaboration with Prosenjit. [[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2025 and ended in May 2025. Major parts of the film were shot in [[Hampi]] and [[Bengaluru]] with a sporadic schedule, and portions shot in [[Kolkata]]. Music of the film is composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]], with lyrics penned by [[Srijato]] and Prasen. The cinematography and editing of the film were handled by Indranath Marick and Subhajit Singha respectively.<br />
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''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' was released on 23 January 2026, coinciding with [[Netaji Jayanti]] and [[Saraswati Puja]]. It opened to positive reviews from critics and audience, praising the cast performances, music, action sequences, visuals, narrative style, writing, and production values. It emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2026|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2026]], grossing {{INR|16.65}} crore.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey (Kakababu) |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Vijaynagarer_Hirey_2026 |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=Sacnilk}}</ref> The film was premiered at the 12th Kolkata International Children's Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=গুপ্তধনের খোঁজে সত্যজিতের মুকুল, রূপকথার গল্পে দেব! ১২তম শিশু চলচ্চিত্র উৎসবে আর কী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/the-opening-film-of-the-12th-kolkata-international-childrens-film-festival-is-satyajit-rays-sonar-kella-dgtl/cid/1662233 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[Kakababu]] aka Raja Roychowdhury and his team are moving for a historical exploration towards [[Hampi]], the ancient capital of Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 14th-century. Mr. Ranjan Sanyal and his wife Rinku are also accompanying him with Shontu and Jojo in this adventure. Suddenly one Mohan Singh threats them not to go there. But Kakababu enters in Hampi, to visit the [[Hampi Group of Monuments]] and meets famous historian Bhagawati Prasad Sharma. He realises that a mafia gang is trying to find and smuggle the mythical lost diamond of the Vijayanagara Empire, even more precious than the [[Koh-i-Noor|Kohinoor]]. They kidnap everyone in Kakababu's group to blackmail Kakababu to recover the legendary treasure. <br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Kakababu|Raja Roy Chowdhury / Kakababu]], a former [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] agent<br />
* [[Aryann Bhowmik]] as Sunanda "Shontu" Roy Chowdhury, Kakababu's nephew and assistant<br />
* Pushan Dasgupta as Rajat "Jojo" Bhattacharya, Shontu's friend<br />
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Ranjan Sanyal, an undercover [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] officer<br />
* Sreya Bhattacharyya as Dr. Rinku Sanyal, Ranjan's wife<br />
* [[Rajnandini Paul]] as Kasturidevi Raya, an actress and the princess of the [[Chandragiri]] dynasty<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title=Joyous Celebration of Cinema and Music with the Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://ibgnews.com/2026/01/15/joyous-celebration-of-cinema-and-music-with-the-vijaynagarer-hirey-team/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=IBG News}}</ref><br />
* Anujoy Chattopadhyay as Mohan Singh, the leader of Kavach group<br />
* Avishek De Biswas as Birju, Mohan Singh's Aide<br />
<br />
=== Special appearance ===<br />
* [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] as Bhagwati Prasad Sharma, Kakababu's mentor and a former [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] agent<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development and pre-production ===<br />
In 2011, [[Srijit Mukherji]] and [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] licensed three books in the ''[[Kakababu]]'' series under [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s consent,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2026-01-16 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee reveals it is whose brainchild to make films with kakababu stories |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-reveals-it-is-whose-brainchild-to-make-films-with-kakababu-stories-210061 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118055724/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-reveals-it-is-whose-brainchild-to-make-films-with-kakababu-stories-210061 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> which were ''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'', ''Paharchuraye Aatanka'' and ''Jongoler Modhye Ek Hotel'', intending to make a [[trilogy]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] with [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] playing the aforementioned character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moulik |first=Shampali |date=2026-01-17 |title='কাকাবাবু' বানানোর প্রস্তাব দেন স্বয়ং বুম্বাদা', 'বিজয়নগরের হীরে' মুক্তির প্রাক্কালে অকপট পরিচালক |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cinema/chandrashish-roys-exclusive-interview-before-vijaynagarer-hirey-release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118060708/https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/cinema/chandrashish-roys-exclusive-interview-before-vijaynagarer-hirey-release/1117809 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nag |first=Kushali |date=11 February 2013 |title=Kakababu's diary |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547410.jsp#.UVGU2hxwpWc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411215658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547410.jsp%23.UVGU2hxwpWc |archive-date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |publisher= |location= |quote="We’ve drawn up a contract where no one can make Kakababu films for the next seven years. We are going to do one every year or one every two years", says Srijit.}}</ref> He also revealed that he picked the specific stories as those explore diverse landscapes—[[desert]], [[Mountain|mountains]] and [[jungle]] respectively, in order to showcase different adventurous elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2022-02-04 |title=Srijit Mukherji candid about his creation Kakababur Protyaborton in an interview with The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/srijit-mukherji-candid-about-his-film-kakababur-protyaborton-in-an-interview-with-the-telegraph/cid/1850397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204041051/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/srijit-mukherji-candid-about-his-film-kakababur-protyaborton-in-an-interview-with-the-telegraph/cid/1850397 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the release of its third instalment ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' in 2022, Mukherji stated that he had completed making ''Kakababu'' films from his end and had no immediate plans to continue the trilogy in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saif |first=Jawad |date=2022-05-30 |title=The Kakababu Trilogy: Broadening the genres of cinema in Bengal |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/kakababu-trilogy-broadening-genres-cinema-bengal-429510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103191107/https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/kakababu-trilogy-broadening-genres-cinema-bengal-429510 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en |quote=Mukherji is once again trying to broaden the genres of cinema that are played in sub-continental theatres; you would be hard pressed to find a movie similar to the Kakababu trilogy.}}</ref> Meanwhile, he also expressed to create a [[Shared universe|multi-universe]] featuring ''Kakababu'', ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' and ''[[Feluda]]'', three of the greatest characters in the [[Bengali literature]], with a plot having been already conceptualized; however it did not materialize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2022-01-31 |title=ফেলুদা, ব্যোমকেশ, কাকাবাবু-কে নিয়ে মাল্টি ইউনিভার্স ছবির কথা ভাবছি: সৃজিত |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-planning-for-a-multi-universe-film-on-kakababu-feluda-and-byomkesh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103195658/https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-planning-for-a-multi-universe-film-on-kakababu-feluda-and-byomkesh/ |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=bn |quote="Showing three detectives like Feluda, Byomkesh, and Kakababu in a multiverse would certainly be a great challenge", says Srijit.}}</ref><br />
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During the filming for the [[Television show|television series]] ''Jaha Bolibo Shotto Bolibo'' for [[Hoichoi]] in late-2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-12-21 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee to collaborate with "Nirontor" director Chandrasish Ray again |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-chandrasish-rays-vijaynagarer-hirey/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106145518/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-chandrasish-rays-vijaynagarer-hirey/details |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref> it was reported that director Chandrasish Ray had met Prosenjit at his residence in [[Kolkata]] and narrated a script that impressed the actor, in their second collaboration after [[The Prologue|''Nirontor'']] (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2025-02-21 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee set to reprise his role as 'Kakababu' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/21/prosenjit-chatterjee-set-to-reprise-his-role-as-kakababu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103060820/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/21/prosenjit-chatterjee-set-to-reprise-his-role-as-kakababu |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en |quote=Prosenjit Chatterjee exuded charisma and depth to the character of Kakababu which remains one of its best roles till date.}}</ref> According to reports, the project, which would have been Prosenjit's 296th film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2026-01-23 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee reprises the role of Kakababu with Vijaynagar’er Hirey, which hits the screens today |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/prosenjit-chatterjee-reprises-the-role-of-kakababu-with-vijaynagarerhirey-which-hits-the-screens-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303182728/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/prosenjit-chatterjee-reprises-the-role-of-kakababu-with-vijaynagarerhirey-which-hits-the-screens-today?utm_source=website&utm_medium=related-stories |archive-date=2026-03-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref> was expected to be produced by his home-banner Nideas Production, with a planned start in October 2023, but was postponed due to his prior commitments to [[Maalik (2025 film)|''Maalik'']] (2025),<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-07 |title=ফিল্মি কেরিয়ারে ছবির সংখ্যা 400 ! কোনটা বেশি পছন্দের প্রসেনজিতের? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-shares-his-favorite-movie-and-love-on-kakababu-franchise-movie-west-bengal-news-wbs26010700966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112142318/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-shares-his-favorite-movie-and-love-on-kakababu-franchise-movie-west-bengal-news-wbs26010700966 |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> which eventually would be his 296th film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee wraps his portions in ''Maalik'' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/wrap-for-rajkummar-rao-maalik-manushi-chhillar-23430469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403125337/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/wrap-for-rajkummar-rao-maalik-manushi-chhillar-23430469 |archive-date=2025-04-03 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2025-03-01 |title=Svf and Hoichoi jointly announced 26 new bengali cinema and series |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/svf-and-hoichoi-jointly-announced-26-new-bengali-cinema-and-series-149926 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106185644/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/svf-and-hoichoi-jointly-announced-26-new-bengali-cinema-and-series-149926#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> In mid-January 2025, ''[[Aajkaal]]'' hinted at their collaboration, revealing to be jointly produced by Nideas Production and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-01-28 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee, Dev to headline SVF & Hoichoi's 2025-26 slate |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/prosenjit-dev-headline-svf-hoichois-2025-26-slate-3838616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103055618/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/prosenjit-dev-headline-svf-hoichois-2025-26-slate-3838616 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |quote=Among the most anticipated cinematic ventures are two star-studded spectacles: "Vijaynagar'er Hirey", an action-packed thriller led by Prosenjit Chatterjee.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=From Kakababu's return to the journey of Raghu Dakat: Makers announce six intriguing Bengali movies for 2025-26 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/from-sona-da-s-return-to-the-journey-of-raghu-dakat-makers-announce-six-intriguing-bengali-movies-for-2025-26/ar-AA1zZJ9b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102195857/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/from-sona-da-s-return-to-the-journey-of-raghu-dakat-makers-announce-six-intriguing-bengali-movies-for-2025-26/ar-AA1zZJ9b |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=MSN |quote=The next installment in the Kakababu series, where Prosenjit Chatterjee reprises his role as the charming, dashing and enigmatic Raja Roy Chowdhury aka Kakababu, will be directed by Chandrasish Ray.}}</ref> Reports suggested that Chandrashish Ray might helm the fourth instalment of [[SVF Kakababu franchise]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-03 |title=হাজির গল্পের পার্বণ 1432... হাতের মুঠোয় কোন কোন ছবি-সিরিজ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/golper-parbon-1432-hoichoi-and-svf-announce-several-new-cinema-and-series-west-bengal-news-wbs25030301473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102191549/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/golper-parbon-1432-hoichoi-and-svf-announce-several-new-cinema-and-series-west-bengal-news-wbs25030301473 |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-01 |title='Killbill Society' to 'Saptadingar Guptadhon': SVF announces six-film slate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raghu-dakat-killbill-society-saptadingar-guptadhon-and-other-films-releasing-this-year/cid/2086354 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415220550/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raghu-dakat-killbill-society-saptadingar-guptadhon-and-other-films-releasing-this-year/cid/2086354 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en |quote=Ray has replaced Srijit Mukherji as the director of the Kakababu franchise. |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was officially announced at Shree Venkatesh Films' 30 year journey event "Golper Parbon 1432" on 28 February 2025 under the title ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'', based on the 1988 novel of the same name by Sunil Gangopadhyay;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Pritam |date=2025-03-09 |title=Glimpses from Golper Parbon 1432 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2025/Mar/09/glimpses-from-golper-parbon-1432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102192423/https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2025/Mar/09/glimpses-from-golper-parbon-1432 |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-03-03 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee, Dev Headline SVF and Hoichoi's Content Slate for 2025-26 |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-svf-hoichoi-2025-26-slate-1236325954/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103053743/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-svf-hoichoi-2025-26-slate-1236325954/ |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-02 |title=Golper Parbon 1432- List Of Bengali Content For 2025-26 |url=https://thekolkatamail.com/golper-parbon-1432-fantastic-list-of-bengali-content-for-2025-26/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102194748/https://thekolkatamail.com/golper-parbon-1432-fantastic-list-of-bengali-content-for-2025-26/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Kolkata Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> it was reported to be Prosenjit's 298th film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-21 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey: Bengal's "Adhinayak" Prosenjit Chatterjee set to return as Kakababu in his 298th film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-set-to-return-as-kakababu-in-new-svf-film/cid/2084885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307183727/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-set-to-return-as-kakababu-in-new-svf-film/cid/2084885 |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en |quote=Prosenjit is set to return as the former Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, known for his crime-solving prowess, in the upcoming instalment. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-21 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee returns as Kakababu |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-599663 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103200600/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-599663 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Millennium Post |language=en |quote=Chandrasish Ray will direct the film instead of Srijit Mukherji.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2025-03-01 |title=Golper Parbon 1432: The Night Bengali Cinema Roared Into The Future |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/golper-parbon-1432-the-night-bengali-cinema-roared-into-the-future/2025/03/01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102193131/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/golper-parbon-1432-the-night-bengali-cinema-roared-into-the-future/2025/03/01 |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en |quote=Prosenjit Chatterjee is back and is off on another breathtaking treasure hunt. This time, the stakes are higher, the dangers deadlier.}}</ref> The first look of the film was also revealed on that same day.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-25 |title=First Look: Prosenjit Chatterjee returns as Kakababu in early 2026 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/first-look-prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-early-2026-641304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105193451/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/first-look-prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-early-2026-641304 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee: ফের কাকাবাবু হয়ে পর্দায় ফিরছেন প্রসেনজিৎ! সৃজিত নয়, এবার পরিচালনার দায়িত্বে অন্য পরিচালক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/kakababu-franchise-new-bangla-film-vijaynagarer-hirey-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-directed-by-chandrasish-ray-adventure-story-inspired-by-sunil-gangopadhyay-soc-1173748-2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103054205/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/kakababu-franchise-new-bangla-film-vijaynagarer-hirey-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-directed-by-chandrasish-ray-adventure-story-inspired-by-sunil-gangopadhyay-soc-1173748-2025-02-21 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref><br />
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Soumik Halder, the cinematographer associated with the previous instalments and Ray's frequent collaborator, exited the film due to his scheduling conflicts with ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'' (2025), also produced by Shree Venkatesh Films;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |date=28 March 2025 |title='রঘু ডাকাত'-এর প্রথম দফার শুটিং শেষ — দেবের রুদ্ররূপে জ্বলন্ত পোস্টারে শিউরে উঠছে দর্শক |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/42335/dev_announces_first_shooting_schedule_wrap_of_raghu_dakat_%E2%80%94_new_poster_oozes_power_and_intensity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105141007/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-announces-first-shooting-schedule-wrap-of-raghu-dakat-new-poster-oozes-power-and-intensity-128027 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=23 August 2025 |work=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-01 |title=SVF and Hoichoi unveil content slate for 2025-2026; new storytelling format hoichoi TV+ launched {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/svf-and-hoichoi-unveil-content-slate-for-2025-2026-new-storytelling-format-hoichoi-tv-launched/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106144848/https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/svf-and-hoichoi-unveil-content-slate-for-2025-2026-new-storytelling-format-hoichoi-tv-launched/details |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=India Blooms |language=en}}</ref> it led Indranath Marick to replace Halder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Saptarsi |date=2025-03-01 |title=Golper Parbon 1432 |url=https://bengalvarta.com/miscellaneous/trending-story/12637/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102191929/https://bengalvarta.com/miscellaneous/trending-story/12637/ |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Bengalvarta |language=en-US |quote=''Vijaynagar’er Hirey'', helmed by Chandrasish Ray with Prosenjit Chatterjee, follows Kakababu’s perilous quest for a mythical treasure amid danger, action and mystery.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-22 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee Returns to Lead Kakababur new story Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://ibgnews.com/2025/02/22/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-to-lead-kakababur-new-story-vijaynagarer-hirey/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=IBG News}}</ref> [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] came on-board as the composer reprising from the other films of the franchise.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-02 |title=Golper Parbon 1432- List Of Bengali Content For 2025-26 |url=https://thekolkatamail.com/golper-parbon-1432-fantastic-list-of-bengali-content-for-2025-26/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105143643/https://thekolkatamail.com/golper-parbon-1432-fantastic-list-of-bengali-content-for-2025-26/ |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Kolkata Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> Rohit Dey and Soumya Nandy from the screenwriter duo of Rohit–Soumya reunited with Ray after ''Jaha Bolibo Shotto Bolibo'', and reportedly worked on its script for a year.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2026-01-22 |title=Prosenjit talks about Friday film Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit--talks-about-friday-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124081140/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit--talks-about-friday-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003253 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' noted that Ray would employ [[De-aging in motion pictures|de-aging technology]] for a little flashback portions, featuring a younger Prosenjit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh Mukherjee |first=Dipanwita |date=2025-11-20 |title="Mr. Industry" Prosenjit Chatterjee's Vijaynagar'er Hirey to use the digital de-ageing technology |url=https://thekolkatamail.com/vijaynagarer-hireys-poster-sets-tone-for-a-great-adventure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105144928/https://thekolkatamail.com/vijaynagarer-hireys-poster-sets-tone-for-a-great-adventure/ |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-01 |title='আমি অ্যাট এনি কস্ট করব' কোন অপূর্ণ ইচ্ছের কথা বললেন প্রসেনজিৎ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-expresses-his-unfulfilled-dream-about-working-with-sandip-ray-impact-makers-2025-east-edition-1151258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105200903/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-expresses-his-unfulfilled-dream-about-working-with-sandip-ray-impact-makers-2025-east-edition-1151258 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref> He was reported to sport a thick [[Moustache|cheveron moustache]] once again like the previous films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-23 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee and SVF tease the next 'Kakababu' mystery |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/prosenjit-chatterjee-gears-up-for-his-next-adventure-as-kakababu-in-vijaynagar-er-hirey/cid/2085146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105183502/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/prosenjit-chatterjee-gears-up-for-his-next-adventure-as-kakababu-in-vijaynagar-er-hirey/cid/2085146 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=বিজয়গড়ের হিরে নিয়ে ফিরছেন 'কাকাবাবু' প্রসেনজিৎ, সৃজিত নয়, তবে এবার পরিচালক কে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-returns-as-kakababu-director-chandrasish-ray-vijaynagar-er-hirey-see-mahurat-pic-31740128307536.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011015516/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-returns-as-kakababu-director-chandrasish-ray-vijaynagar-er-hirey-see-mahurat-pic-31740128307536.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><br />
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The [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] of the film was held on 21 February 2025 at SVF's office in [[Kolkata]] with the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=দে |first1=আরাত্রিকা |last2=মাঝি |first2=সুমন |date=2025-02-21 |title=ফের বড় পর্দায় কাকাবাবু, শুভ মহরতে হাজির প্রসেনজিৎ-সহ একঝাঁক তারকা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-kakababu-series-fourth-film-muhurat-today/200348958.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105201419/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-kakababu-series-fourth-film-muhurat-today/200348958.cms |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-21 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee returns as Kakababu in Chandrasish Ray's Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://neherald.com/showbiz/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-chandrasish-rays-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106193932/https://neherald.com/showbiz/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-chandrasish-rays-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Northeast Herald |language=en}}</ref> Director [[Haranath Chakraborty]] was featured there, thereby confirming his inclusion as the creative director.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-02-21 |title=প্রসেনজিতের হাত ধরে পর্দায় ফের 'কাকাবাবু'র প্রত্যাবর্তন, পরিচালনায় সৃজিত নন, অন্য কেউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-return-as-kakababu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105201756/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-return-as-kakababu/ |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
{{Blockquote|text=In children's eyes, there is no distinct boundary between illusion and reality. We went to a school to promote the film, where everyone was calling me "Kakababu". When I went to a restaurant, a child came up to me and asked, "Where are your crutches?" [...] If I attend any event, children ask, "Didn't you bring your stick?" I get inspiration as an actor from these things, because they cannot be influenced by social media.|author=Prosenjit Chatterjee<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee talks about his popular portrayal of Kakababu |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-about-his-popular-character-kakababu-192790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118053624/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-about-his-popular-character-kakababu-192790 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref>}}<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Aryann Bhowmik]], who used to play Shontu in the previous instalments, was removed from the role because his age did not match the age of the character; then, Arghya Basu Roy stepped into that role.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-21 |title=তিন বছর পর বড় পর্দায় 'কাকাবাবু' প্রসেনজিৎ, সঙ্গী 'ভুটু ভাইজান', ছবিতে 'সন্তু' কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/makers-have-announced-the-new-kakababu-film-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-dgtl/cid/1583473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105150927/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/makers-have-announced-the-new-kakababu-film-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-dgtl/cid/1583473 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Suvam |date=2025-02-23 |title=Aryann Bhowmik at Kakababu Series: কাকাবাবুর 'সন্তু'চরিত্র থেকে হঠাৎই বাদ আরিয়ান, কারণ কী? জানালেন অভিনেতা নিজেই... |url=https://bengali.timesnownews.com/entertainment/aryann-bhowmik-at-kakababu-series-actor-aryann-bhowmik-said-why-he-is-not-able-to-do-santu-character-in-upcoming-kakababu-film-article-151206645 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Times Now Khobor |language=bn}}</ref> Broto Banerjee was cast to play Shontu's friend Jojo in the film, marking second time screen appearance seven years after ''[[Haami]]'' (2018).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-27 |title=সৃজিতকে ছাড়াই পর্দায় ফিরছে কাকাবাবু, কাস্টিংয়েও হল বড় বদল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-srijit-mukherji-kakababu-entertainment-news-tollywood-svf-1122424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105200513/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-srijit-mukherji-kakababu-entertainment-news-tollywood-svf-1122424 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref> In February 2025, makers decided to bring back Aryann to reprise the role, keeping in mind the franchise's popularity, after several discussions regarding the character.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=একাধিক প্রেম-বিচ্ছেদ, এ সব আর নাড়া দেয় না! 'কাকাবাবু'তে ফিরে সাম্প্রতিক বিচ্ছেদ নিয়ে আরিয়ান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-aryann-bhowmik-is-going-to-act-again-santu-character-in-bijoynagarer-hirey-movie-dgtl/cid/1586318 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105152504/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-aryann-bhowmik-is-going-to-act-again-santu-character-in-bijoynagarer-hirey-movie-dgtl/cid/1586318 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Considering that Jojo's age should also increase if Aryann is playing the role of Shontu, Pushan Dasgupta was finalized for the role accordingly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=হাম্পিতে চলছে 'কাকাবাবু'র শুটিং, সন্তুর চরিত্রে ফিরেছেন আরিয়ান, ছবিতে জোজো কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sources-revealed-that-bengali-actor-pushan-dasgupta-is-playing-jojo-in-new-kakabau-movie-dgtl/cid/1587242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105153047/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sources-revealed-that-bengali-actor-pushan-dasgupta-is-playing-jojo-in-new-kakabau-movie-dgtl/cid/1587242 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]] joined in a prominent role,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butt |first=Ayesha |date=2025-03-06 |title=Prosenjit & Chiranjeet reunite for 'Bijoynagar er Hirey' |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/prosenjit-chiranjeet-reunite-for-bijoynagar-er-hirey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106140322/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/prosenjit-chiranjeet-reunite-for-bijoynagar-er-hirey |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref> reuniting with Prosenjit,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-11 |title='আর কোনও প্রতিযোগিতা নেই, শুধুই বন্ধুত্ব'! ২৫ বছর পরে পর্দায় মুখোমুখি চিরঞ্জিৎ-প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-mla-chiranjeet-chakraborty-will-appear-on-the-big-screen-and-on-an-ott-platform-on-the-same-day-dgtl/cid/1660469 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113080004/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-mla-chiranjeet-chakraborty-will-appear-on-the-big-screen-and-on-an-ott-platform-on-the-same-day-dgtl/cid/1660469 |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> twenty-four years after their last collaboration being ''[[Inquilaab (2002 film)|Inquilaab]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-01 |title='ভাই আমার ভাই', দীর্ঘদিন পরে এক সিনেমায় প্রসেনজিৎ ও চিরঞ্জিৎ! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-new-film-kakababu-bijoygorer-hirey-entertainment-news-tollywood-1122766 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105200105/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-new-film-kakababu-bijoygorer-hirey-entertainment-news-tollywood-1122766 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-03-06 |title=Prosenjit and Chiranjeet to reunite on screen after 23 years |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/prosenjit-and-chiranjeet-reunite-screen-after-23-years-3840976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102195558/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/prosenjit-and-chiranjeet-reunite-screen-after-23-years-3840976 |archive-date=2026-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en |quote=The two actors, last seen together in the 2002 film ''Inquilaab'', will now reunite in the latest instalment of the Kakababu franchise titled ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'',}}</ref> He was reportedly to have a cameo as Kakababu's mentor, B. P. Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=মুম্বই গেলেন চিরঞ্জিৎ! থাকবেন প্রসেনজিতের বাড়িতে, 'দুই ভাই' মিলে কী করবেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-chiranjeet-chakraborty-will-start-kakababu-shooting-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-dgtl/cid/1586778 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106141404/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-chiranjeet-chakraborty-will-start-kakababu-shooting-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-dgtl/cid/1586778 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-01 |title='ভাই আমার ভাই', দীর্ঘদিন পরে এক সিনেমায় প্রসেনজিৎ ও চিরঞ্জিৎ! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-new-film-kakababu-bijoygorer-hirey-entertainment-news-tollywood-1122766 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106141856/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-new-film-kakababu-bijoygorer-hirey-entertainment-news-tollywood-1122766 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref> Commenting on his limited role, Chiranjeet quoted that he was not bothered since he was more satisfied to be acting with Prosenjit after a long time.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-26 |title=আসন্ন 'কাকাবাবু'তে প্রসেনজিৎ মুখ্যচরিত্রে, কোন ভূমিকায় চিরঞ্জিত? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-acts-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-kakababu-series-bijoy-nagarer-hire-west-bengal-news-wbs25112600848 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106142527/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/chiranjeet-chakraborty-acts-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-in-kakababu-series-bijoy-nagarer-hire-west-bengal-news-wbs25112600848 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> He also described his role as "very liberating".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Prashmita |date=2025-11-08 |title=Prosenjit-Chiranjeet: ফের রূপালী পর্দায় একই ফ্রেমে ফিরছে প্রসেনজিৎ-চিরঞ্জিত জুটি, কোন ছবিতে দেখা যাবে তাদের? অপেক্ষায় দর্শকরা... |url=https://www.msn.com/bn-in/news/other/prosenjit-chiranjeet-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0/ar-AA1A4Thi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106144444/https://www.msn.com/bn-in/news/other/prosenjit-chiranjeet-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0/ar-AA1A4Thi |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee and Chiranjeet Chakraborty duo to return in Svf Production's movie Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-and-chiranjeet-chakraborty-duo-to-return-in-svf-production-s-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-breaking-news-112358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106184724/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-and-chiranjeet-chakraborty-duo-to-return-in-svf-production-s-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-breaking-news-112358 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> Ray added that Chiranjeet was the first actor he directed independently, due to director [[Kaushik Ganguly]]'s absence in the sets of ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]'' in 2016, when he used to work as an assistant director under the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2026-02-09 |title=Chandrasish Ray opens up about directing his first Kakababu series and more |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Feb/09/chandrasish-ray-opens-up-about-directing-his-first-kakababu-series-and-more |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303184749/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Feb/09/chandrasish-ray-opens-up-about-directing-his-first-kakababu-series-and-more |archive-date=2026-03-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2025, Anujoy Chatterjee joined the film as the main antagonist.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2025-02-27 |title='কাকাবাবু' প্রসেনজিতকে বিপাকে ফেলবেন অনুজয়! কোন রহস্য ঘনাচ্ছে টলিপাড়ায়? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actor-anujoy-chatterjee-joins-prosenjit-chatterjee-starring-bengali-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-breaking-news-145432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106172019/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actor-anujoy-chatterjee-joins-prosenjit-chatterjee-starring-bengali-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-breaking-news-145432#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn}}</ref> Satyam Bhattacharya, who had a small presence in the franchise's first film ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' during his struggling days, instantly agreed to act in the film, citing his desire to work under Ray's direction for the second time after ''[[The Prologue|Nirontor]]'' (2020).<ref name=":1" /> [[Rajnandini Paul]] revealed her participation the following month, being the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2025-05-02 |title='একেনবাবু'র পর এবার 'কাকাবাবু'তে রাজনন্দিনী! কোন চরিত্রে রহস্যে সামিল হবেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-rajnandini-paul-joins-prosenjit-chatterjee-starring-bengali-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-143916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106173833/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-rajnandini-paul-joins-prosenjit-chatterjee-starring-bengali-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-143916 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Hampi, India, Rocky landscape of Hampi, Granite rocks of Matanga Hill.jpg<br />
| image2 = Vijaynagar Virupaksha Inscription, 1481 AD, Thiruvanamalai District.jpg<br />
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[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 8 March 2025 in [[Hampi]].<ref name=":0" /> Major portions were filmed in the arid regions of [[Vijayanagara|Vijaynagara]] in this schedule.<ref name=":1" /> Aryann shot an action sequence in the timespace between 12 and 14 March, which involved [[Karate]].<ref name=":0" /> A trained karateka since 2005, he cited the form as "second mother", which accordingly transformed him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2026-01-21 |title=From sidekick to steady ally: Aryann Bhowmik returns as Santu in Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/from-sidekick-to-steady-ally-aryann-bhowmik-returns-as-santu-in-vijaynagarer-hirey-prnt/cid/2143679 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124142014/https://www.telegraphindia.com/t2/from-sidekick-to-steady-ally-aryann-bhowmik-returns-as-santu-in-vijaynagarer-hirey-prnt/cid/2143679 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> From 15 March, filming began in the [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhas K. |date=2025-03-26 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee talks Khakee, his love for OTT, and upcoming projects; says, "Cinema has its charm, but OTT is challenging" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-khakee-love-ott-upcoming-projects-says-cinema-charm-ott-challenging/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109062500/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-khakee-love-ott-upcoming-projects-says-cinema-charm-ott-challenging/ |archive-date=2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "[[Jaatra Shubho Hok]]" was filmed in this schedule, portraying the adventurous journey of Kakababu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2026-01-06 |title=The first song from Vijaynagar'er Hirey sets the tone for its story of action and adventure |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-first-song-from-vijaynagar-er-hirey-sets-the-tone-for-its-story-of-action-and-adventure/2003025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109062235/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-first-song-from-vijaynagar-er-hirey-sets-the-tone-for-its-story-of-action-and-adventure/2003025 |archive-date=2026-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> A footage of the song was leaked and went viral, prompting the film's official technology security partner to warn people against sharing leaked content or they would be deleted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2026-01-15 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee says they are blessed that during their early days of career there was no social media here is why |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-says-they-are-blessed-that-during-their-early-days-of-career-there-was-no-social-media-here-is-why-188352 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118053009/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-says-they-are-blessed-that-during-their-early-days-of-career-there-was-no-social-media-here-is-why-188352 |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> A high-octane action sequence was shot on a [[coracle]] on the [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra river]] for five days, despite the temperature being {{Convert|44|C}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-03-30 |title=Exclusive: Kakababu s Bijoynagarer Hirey: Prosenjit and Pushan take on Hampi's secrets |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/exclusive-kakababu-s-bijoynagarer-hirey-prosenjit-and-pushan-take-on-hampi-s-secrets-101126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106190412/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/exclusive-kakababu-s-bijoynagarer-hirey-prosenjit-and-pushan-take-on-hampi-s-secrets-101126 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> The "trademark action sequence of the Kakababu franchise" featuring Prosenjit in a single-handed fight scene with a [[crutch]] in another hand, was shot for three days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-12-25 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee returns as Kakababu in the upcoming action film Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-the-upcoming-adventure-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2002874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105192515/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-the-upcoming-adventure-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2002874 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=The teaser also features a stunning panorama of the natural beauty of the mythological land of Kishkindhya with the Tungabhadra river flowing across it and the famous Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, also showcasing the film as a spectacular travelogue of the historical and natural environment in which it is set.}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |date=2025-12-25 |title='বিজয়নগরের হীরে'র খোঁজে 'কাকাবাবু', এই শীতেই মারকাটারি অ্যাকশন দেখাবেন প্রসেনজিৎ, রইল ঝলক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/kakababu-prosenjit-chattarjees-vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-out/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106193240/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/kakababu-prosenjit-chattarjees-vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-out/ |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The schedule concluded on 19 March 2025.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The second schedule began on 30 March 2025.<ref name=":8" /> While the first schedule focused on the grandeur of the ruins, this phase was more focused on the mystery and the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=January 2026: A Cinematic Journey Awaits - Oreate AI Blog |url=https://www.oreateai.com/blog/january-2026-a-cinematic-journey-awaits/07bbe05f379c3ea36a69b5f895c71bc8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062455/https://www.oreateai.com/blog/january-2026-a-cinematic-journey-awaits/07bbe05f379c3ea36a69b5f895c71bc8 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> A small portion of this schedule took place back at Hampi and [[Anegundi]] for specialized pickup shots and [[tunnel]] sequences that required specific lighting rigs.<ref name=":7" /> An action sequence was filmed in the early mornings for eight days to utilize the natural "[[Golden hour (photography)|Golden Hour]]" light that Ray preferred for the series' aesthetic,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2026-01-23 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee reprises the role of Kakababu with Vijaynagar'er Hirey, which hits the screens today |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/prosenjit-chatterjee-reprises-the-role-of-kakababu-with-vijaynagarerhirey-which-hits-the-screens-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124054642/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/prosenjit-chatterjee-reprises-the-role-of-kakababu-with-vijaynagarerhirey-which-hits-the-screens-today |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref> originally set by Srijit Mukherji.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2025-02-22 |title=Chandrasish Ray to is not compromising with Srijit Mukherji's style of making Kakababu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118085532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chandrasish-ray-to-direct-kakababu/articleshow/118472439.cms |archive-date=2026-01-18 |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Pushan described this sequence as "out of the world".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2026-01-01 |title=Aryann Bhowmik and Pushan Dasgupta on Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/aryann-bhowmik-and-pushan-dasgupta-on-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124143016/https://www.indulgexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/aryann-bhowmik-and-pushan-dasgupta-on-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This schedule ended on 11 April 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-24 |title=‘ছবির চিত্রনাট্য-পরিচালক- প্রযোজক ঠিক না হলে কী করে কাজ করব!’ পুজোয় প্রসেনজিৎ আসছেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-prosenjit-chatterjee-act-in-devs-film-during-the-durga-puja-season-dgtl/cid/1663174 |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><br />
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Following a brief break, the production quickly filmed sequences at a house in [[Kolkata]] in late-April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শ্রেয়শ্রী |date=2026-01-19 |title='বিজয়নগরের হীরে খুঁজে' পাবেন কাকাবাবু |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prosenjit-chatterjee-starrer-vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-out-now-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/,%20https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prosenjit-chatterjee-starrer-vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-out-now-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120061956/https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/prosenjit-chatterjee-starrer-vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-out-now-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=KolkataTV |language=en-US}}</ref> It was a 15 days' filming with Prosenjit and Aryann.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Prosenjit On Anirban: 'পরের প্রজন্মের কাছে কী উত্তর দেব?' এবার অনির্বাণকে 'ব্যান' প্রসঙ্গে মুখ খুললেন প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/prosenjit-chatterjee-opens-up-on-anirban-bhattacharya-ban-from-tollywood-after-dev-protests-soc-1332308-2026-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062748/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/prosenjit-chatterjee-opens-up-on-anirban-bhattacharya-ban-from-tollywood-after-dev-protests-soc-1332308-2026-01-16?utm_source=global-search&utm_medium=global-search&utm_campaign=global-search |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=bn}}</ref> To prioritise the filming, Aryann stepped down as the lead actor for the television series ''Video Bouma''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rachavelpula |first=Kausalya |date=2026-01-18 |title=What to Watch This Week (19–25 January): A Date-wise List |url=https://www.fridaywall.com/what-to-watch-this-week-19-25-january-a-date-wise-list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120064244/https://www.fridaywall.com/what-to-watch-this-week-19-25-january-a-date-wise-list/ |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=FridayWall |language=en-US}}</ref> The entry action sequence of Prosenjit was shot at [[Indian Museum]] in this schedule,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=‘ছবির চিত্রনাট্য-পরিচালক- প্রযোজক ঠিক না হলে কী করে কাজ করব!’ পুজোয় প্রসেনজিৎ আসছেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/will-prosenjit-chatterjee-act-in-devs-film-during-the-durga-puja-season-dgtl/cid/1663174 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> whereas the production had secured rare access to shoot within the museum’s restricted areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-01-19 |title=Vijaynagarer Hirey Trailer Launch: Franchise Legacy Meets Historic Venue —TollyChronicle attends January 18 unveiling at Indian Museum |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/19/vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-launch-franchise-legacy-meets-historic-venue-tollychronicle-attends-january-18-unveiling-at-indian-museum/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124155521/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/19/vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-launch-franchise-legacy-meets-historic-venue-tollychronicle-attends-january-18-unveiling-at-indian-museum/ |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] at the end of May.<ref name=":6" /><br />
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== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Vijaynagar'er Hirey (soundtrack)}}<br />
[[Indraadip Dasgupta]] composed the music of the film. The film marks his tenth collaboration with Prosenjit after ''Mishawr Rawhoshyo'', ''[[Hanuman.com]]'' (2013), ''[[Lorai: Play to Live|Lorai]]'' (2015), ''Yeti Obhijaan'', ''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]'' (2018), ''[[Gumnaami]]'' (2019), ''Nirontor'', ''Kakababur Protyaborton'' and ''[[Ajogyo]]'' (2024).<ref name=":9" /><br />
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The first song "[[Jaatra Shubho Hok]]" was released on 5 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-05 |title=Jaatra Shubho Hok sets the journey in motion: First song from Vijaynagar'er Hirey unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jaatra-shubho-hok-sets-the-journey-in-motion-first-song-from-vijaynagarer-hirey-unveiled/articleshow/126353582.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105153949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jaatra-shubho-hok-sets-the-journey-in-motion-first-song-from-vijaynagarer-hirey-unveiled/articleshow/126353582.cms |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=“It’s not just a song, it’s an emotion that signals the start of an adventure,” Prosenjit said}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-01-05 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey's First Song Is A Great Travel Anthem |url=https://thekolkatamail.com/vijaynagarer-hireys-first-song-is-a-great-travel-anthem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106194257/https://thekolkatamail.com/vijaynagarer-hireys-first-song-is-a-great-travel-anthem/ |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=The Kolkata Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> The second song "[[Kakababu Title Song–Vijaynagar'er Hirey|Kakababu Title Song]]" was released on 25 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma Shri awardee Prosenjit features in a motivational anthem in the title track of Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/padma-shri-awardee-prosenjit-features-in-a-motivational-anthem-in-the-title-track-of-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126162019/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/padma-shri-awardee-prosenjit-features-in-a-motivational-anthem-in-the-title-track-of-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003309 |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Marketing ==<br />
The teaser of ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' was exclusively attached to the prints of ''[[Raghu Dakat]]'', ''[[Raktabeej 2]]'' and ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]'' for theatrical screenings, all of them released in [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2025-09-27 |title=Bengali Cinema Ignites Pujo Fever with Exclusive Teasers of ''Projapati 2'', ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' and ''LGNR'' |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/09/27/bengali-cinema-ignites-pujo-fever-with-exclusive-teasers-of-projapati-2-and-lgnr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221161813/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2025/09/27/bengali-cinema-ignites-pujo-fever-with-exclusive-teasers-of-projapati-2-and-lgnr/ |archive-date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en |quote=''Projapoti 2''’s 1-minute teaser (CBFC ‘U’, certified September 25) reunites Dev and Mithun Chakraborty in a heartwarming father-son saga.}}</ref> A poster of the film was released on 14 November 2025, on the occasion of [[Children's Day|children's day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-11-14 |title=সন্তুকে নিয়ে নতুন অভিযানে কাকাবাবু! বড়পর্দায় কবে রহস্যের জট খুলবেন প্রসেনজিৎ? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-got-new-release-date-prosenjit-chatterjee-starter-film-will-release-on-23rd-january-177387 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103060102/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-got-new-release-date-prosenjit-chatterjee-starter-film-will-release-on-23rd-january-177387 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |last2=Roy |first2=Priyanka A. |last3=Roy |first3=Piya |date=2026-01-02 |title=Here are some of the much-awaited Bengali films set to release in 2026 |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/here-are-some-of-the-much-awaited-bengali-films-set-to-release-in-2026/2002942?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQKNjYyODU2ODM3OQABHjh6bcyZgk_4nBXrANi0D1mxFJS68N2DzyoiDObggkhqtCDOj9FIgPUel-AR_aem_IvC6UOmk4MNr4NuTKdHpdA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105191721/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/here-are-some-of-the-much-awaited-bengali-films-set-to-release-in-2026/2002942 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The teaser was officially unveiled on 25 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-12-25 |title=Vijaynagar er Hirey Teaser out starring Prosenjit Chatterjee Aryann Bhowmick |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagar-er-hirey-teaser-out-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-aryann-bhowmick-182697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106191819/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagar-er-hirey-teaser-out-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-aryann-bhowmick-182697#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> on the occasion of [[Christmas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Teaser Out Now: নতুন অভিযানে ফিরল কাকাবাবু |url=https://theindianchronicles.org/vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-kakababu-new-adventure/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105192950/https://theindianchronicles.org/vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-kakababu-new-adventure/ |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Indian Chronicles |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey teaser out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-out-now/articleshow/126228486.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105194922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-out-now/articleshow/126228486.cms |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A song launch event was arranged on 5 January 2026, where the song "[[Jaatra Shubho Hok]]" was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-06 |title='বিজয়নগরের হীরে'র খোঁজে 'কাকাবাবু, গানে গানে 'যাত্রা শুভ হোক' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-about-journey-as-kakababu-in-vijaynagarer-hirey-bengali-movie-west-bengal-news-wbs26010601088 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106195205/https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-about-journey-as-kakababu-in-vijaynagarer-hirey-bengali-movie-west-bengal-news-wbs26010601088 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> On 7 January 2026, a clip was dropped, where [[Srijit Mukherji]] and Prosenjit seen discussing about their upcoming collaboration in a satirical manner, promoting ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-12-28 |title=Srijit Mukherji and Prosenjit Chatterjee Hints After Dawshom Awbotaar 4th Film coming in 22 Shey Srabon Franchise |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-hints-after-dawshom-awbotaar-4th-film-coming-in-22-shey-srabon-franchise-183089 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107145341/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-and-prosenjit-chatterjee-hints-after-dawshom-awbotaar-4th-film-coming-in-22-shey-srabon-franchise-183089#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-01-07 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> The teaser was screened at the 55th edition of "[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] Vintage and Classic Car Rally" event at the polo ground of [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]] on 11 January, where Prosenjit highlighted the importance of the rally in keeping the motoring heritage alive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohul |first=Bhattacharya |date=2026-01-12 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee shares anectotes on the spectacular journey into the past: 55th Statesman Vintage and Classic Car Rally |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/979690207/the-statesman-12-01-2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304082505/https://www.scribd.com/document/979690207/the-statesman-12-01-2026 |archive-date=2026-03-04 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref> He also took a round of the ground in a [[Bentley|1936 Bentley]] owned and driven by Shrivardhan Kanoria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Roushan |date=2026-01-12 |title=Vintage rally blends heritage, culture and nostalgia |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/statesman-vintage-car-rally/vintage-rally-blends-heritage-culture-and-nostalgia-1503538997.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112143937/https://www.thestatesman.com/statesman-vintage-car-rally/vintage-rally-blends-heritage-culture-and-nostalgia-1503538997.html |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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As a part of promotion, the team visited the [[Techno India Group Public School|Techno India Public School]] at [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chuchura]] on 12 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2026-01-12 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee speaks on Kakababu series new film at Chinsura Techno India Public School |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-speaks-on-kakababu-series-new-film-at-chinsura-techno-india-public-school-184820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112140754/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-speaks-on-kakababu-series-new-film-at-chinsura-techno-india-public-school-184820 |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee made a return as Kakababu at the trailer launch of Vijaynagar'er Hirey at the Indian Museum |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit-chatterjee-made-a-return-as-kakababu-at-the-trailer-launch-of-vijaynagar-er-hirey-at-the-indian-museum/2003204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120061106/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/prosenjit-chatterjee-made-a-return-as-kakababu-at-the-trailer-launch-of-vijaynagar-er-hirey-at-the-indian-museum/2003204 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> The film received a [[Central Board of Film Certification|U certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) on 14 January 2026, reinforcing the series’ positioning as a clean, family-friendly adventure brand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-25 |title=সম্পর্কে তখন আমি রানির মেসো, ওকে ‘বিয়ের ফুল’-এ রোম্যান্টিক দৃশ্য করা শিখিয়েছিলাম: প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/tollywood-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-talks-about-kakababu-and-his-chemistry-with-heroines-dgtl/cid/1663396 |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> It was revealed having an approved runtime of 110 minutes, emerging as the shortest film in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |date=2026-01-17 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vijaynagarer Hirey Becomes Shortest Film in Kakababu Franchise; CBFC Clears with U Certificate |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/17/exclusive-vijaynagarer-hirey-becomes-shortest-film-in-kakababu-franchise-cbfc-clears-with-u-certificate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124153904/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/17/exclusive-vijaynagarer-hirey-becomes-shortest-film-in-kakababu-franchise-cbfc-clears-with-u-certificate/ |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC {{!}} Search Film |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwODE5MDkyMDI1MDAwNTU= |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
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The trailer was launched at the [[Indian Museum]] on 18 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2026-01-19 |title=Kakababu sets out on a thrilling treasure hunt in the upcoming adventure film Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/kakababu-sets-out-on-a-thrilling-treasure-hunt-in-the-upcoming-adventure-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120060601/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/kakababu-sets-out-on-a-thrilling-treasure-hunt-in-the-upcoming-adventure-film-vijaynagar-er-hirey/2003226 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en |quote=Prosenjit's screen presence is a significant aspect of the trailer and showcases his admirable consistency in the portrayal of Kakababu's character in the fourth film of the franchise as well.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-18 |title='Vijaynagar'er Hirey' trailer: Prosenjit's Kakababu embarks in search of a century-old diamon |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-prosenjits-kakababu-embarks-on-a-mission-in-search-of-a-century-old-diamond/cid/2143252 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120061556/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-trailer-prosenjits-kakababu-embarks-on-a-mission-in-search-of-a-century-old-diamond/cid/2143252 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> A number of events including rapid fire games and quiz contests were arranged for the children, as well as other attendees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2026-01-24 |title=Music, memories and a triumphant Vijaynagar'er Hirey trailer launch at the Indian Museum |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/music--memories-and-a-triumphant-vijaynagar-er-hirey-trailer-launch-at-the-indian-museum/2003291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124082726/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/music--memories-and-a-triumphant-vijaynagar-er-hirey-trailer-launch-at-the-indian-museum/2003291 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> On 19 January 2026, team visited the [[Narayana Schools|Narayana School]] in [[Howrah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Sayanita |date=2025-12-26 |title='বিজয়নগরের হীরে'-র খোঁজে কাকাবাবু, প্রকাশ্যে এল প্রসেনজিৎ-র নতুন ছবির টিজার |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/kakbabu-prosenjit-chatterjees-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-is-out-absc/articleshow-g53bqgb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112144529/https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/kakbabu-prosenjit-chatterjees-movie-vijaynagarer-hirey-teaser-is-out-absc/articleshow-g53bqgb |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=bn}}</ref> As another part of the marketing campaign, the makers launched official merchandise of the film. They included prime dialogues, catchy quotes, song names and title of the film printed on T-shirts and hoodies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey (Kakababu) Merchandise |url=https://bongmade.com/collections/bijaynagarer-hirey-merchandise |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Bongmade |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Following its success, a special screening was arranged at [[PVR INOX]], [[South City]], which was attended by [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Prabhat Roy]], [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]], [[Srijit Mukherji]], [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Raj Chakraborty]], [[Nispal Singh]], [[Rupam Islam]], [[Anupam Roy]], [[Ankush Hazra]] and [[Ishaa Saha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2026-02-04 |title=Vijaynagar’er Hirey success party lights up with nostalgia, music and a full-house of Bengali cinema** |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/vijaynagar-er-hirey-success-party-lights-up-with-nostalgia--music-and-a-full-house-of-bengali-cinema--/2003471 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303180907/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/vijaynagar-er-hirey-success-party-lights-up-with-nostalgia--music-and-a-full-house-of-bengali-cinema--/2003471 |archive-date=2026-03-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=2026-02-13 |title=Glimpses from the special screening of Vijaynagar'er Hirey |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2026/Feb/13/glimpses-from-the-special-screening-of-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303181856/https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2026/Feb/13/glimpses-from-the-special-screening-of-vijaynagarer-hirey |archive-date=2026-03-03 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' was initially slated for its release on 25 December 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Sayani |date=2025-11-14 |title=বড়দিনে নয়, তবে শীতেই প্রসেনজিৎ ফিরছেন 'কাকাবাবু' হয়ে! প্রকাশ্যে 'বিজয়নগরের হীরে' মুক্তির দিনক্ষণ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-returns-as-kakababu-on-bijaynagarer-hire-in-2026-on-23rd-january-271763107736643.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103060507/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-returns-as-kakababu-on-bijaynagarer-hire-in-2026-on-23rd-january-271763107736643.html |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> coinciding with the [[Christmas]] window, but later was dropped to avoid clashing with three other films,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-10-26 |title=পাঁচটি নয়, বড়দিনে কোন তিনটি বাংলা ছবি মুক্তি পাচ্ছে? সংঘাত এড়াতেই কি এই সিদ্ধান্ত? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-prasenjit-chatterjee-dev-bringing-film-on-christmas-2025-dgtl/cid/1642924 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251206144758/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/is-prasenjit-chatterjee-dev-bringing-film-on-christmas-2025-dgtl/cid/1642924 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> including SVF's another production ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2025-02-28 |title=From Sona Da's return to the journey of Raghu Dakat: Makers announce six intriguing Bengali movies for 2025-26 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/28/from-sona-das-return-to-the-journey-of-raghu-dakat-makers-announce-six-intriguing-bengali-movies-for-2025-26-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103061525/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/28/from-sona-das-return-to-the-journey-of-raghu-dakat-makers-announce-six-intriguing-bengali-movies-for-2025-26-2 |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=2026-01-01 |title=2026 promises a solid show for Tollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2026-promises-a-solid-show-for-tollywood/articleshow/126284258.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105191110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/2026-promises-a-solid-show-for-tollywood/articleshow/126284258.cms |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Then the release date moved to 23 January 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Anindita |date=2026-01-02 |title=Reel Focus 2026: Bengali films to watch out for in 2026 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/reel-focus-2026-bengali-films-to-watch-out-for-in-2026-642249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105194640/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/reel-focus-2026-bengali-films-to-watch-out-for-in-2026-642249 |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-13 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee announces fifth Kakababu film ‘Bhoyongkar Shundor’ |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-announces-fifth-kakababu-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-648127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215055814/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-announces-fifth-kakababu-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-648127 |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Millennium Post |language=en}}</ref> on the occasions of [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]] and [[Netaji Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-11-14 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey got new release date Prosenjit Chatterjee starter Film will release on 23Rd January |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-got-new-release-date-prosenjit-chatterjee-starter-film-will-release-on-23rd-january-177387 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106185232/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-got-new-release-date-prosenjit-chatterjee-starter-film-will-release-on-23rd-january-177387 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> It was released alongside ''Bhanupriya Bhooter Hotel'' and ''Hok Kolorob''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=23 January 2026 Clash Analysis: Four Films, One Crowded Marketplace|url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/17/23-january-2026-clash-analysis-four-films-one-crowded-marketplace/|website=Tollywood Chronicle|date=2026-01-17|access-date=2026-01-24|language=en|last=WBBO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124153312/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/17/23-january-2026-clash-analysis-four-films-one-crowded-marketplace/|archive-date=2026-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-23 |title=সানির দেশভক্তি, রাজের কলরব, সঙ্গী প্রসেনজিতের কাকাবাবু! কতটা ভয় ধরাবে ভূতের হোটেল? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/border-2-to-prasenjit-chatterjee-movie-raj-chakraborty-hok-kolorob-mimi-movie-release-on-republic-day-week-dgtl/cid/1662960 |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' opened at {{INR|40}} lakhs on the first day and it marked the fourth largest opening for Prosenjit Chatterjee after ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'', ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' and ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mimtaz |date=2026-01-25 |title=''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' v/s ''Bhanupriya Bhooter Hotel'' Collection Day 2: Prosenjit Vs Mimi; WHO Won Saturday Battle? |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2026/vijaynagarer-hirey-vs-bhanupriya-bhooter-hotel-box-office-collection-day-2-prosenjit-vs-mimi-who-won-499011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126162921/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2026/vijaynagarer-hirey-vs-bhanupriya-bhooter-hotel-box-office-collection-day-2-prosenjit-vs-mimi-who-won-499011.html |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=FilmiBeat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-01-22 |title=Vijaynagar-Er Hirey, Bhanupriya Bhooter Hotel, Hok Kolorob: Day 1 Advance Booking Analysis & Border 2 Impact |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/22/vijaynagar-er-hirey-bhanupriya-bhooter-hotel-hok-kolorob-day-1-advance-booking-analysis-border-2-impact/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126164114/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/22/vijaynagar-er-hirey-bhanupriya-bhooter-hotel-hok-kolorob-day-1-advance-booking-analysis-border-2-impact/ |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the first weekend, it grossed over {{INR|1.26 crore}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-25 |title=''Vijayanagar’er Hirey'' sets the tone for 2026 with a rousing box-office start |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/vijayanagar-er-hirey-sets-the-tone-for-2026-with-a-rousing-box-office-start/2003311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126162400/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/vijayanagar-er-hirey-sets-the-tone-for-2026-with-a-rousing-box-office-start/2003311 |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WBBO |first= |date=2026-01-27 |title=Saraswati Puja / Republic Day 2026 Weekend Clash Insights: One Franchise Wins, Two Films Suffocate, One Market Reality Reasserted |url=https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/27/saraswati-puja-republic-day-2026-weekend-clash-insights-one-franchise-wins-two-films-suffocate-one-market-reality-reasserted/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130021148/https://tollywoodchronicle.wordpress.com/2026/01/27/saraswati-puja-republic-day-2026-weekend-clash-insights-one-franchise-wins-two-films-suffocate-one-market-reality-reasserted/ |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Tollywood Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> ultimately settling at around {{INR|3.01}} crore.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
Anoushka Nag of ''[[Indulge Express]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note and wrote "This movie is a tribute to our Indian roots and heritage, to the art, the music and to its ancient stories. As a refreshing change, Indian culture was not used as a decoration but as a way to solve the mystery and the clues that lead way to the treasure." She also praised its screenplay, direction and performance by the whole cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Anoushka |date=2026-01-12 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey review: Kakababu and Shontu's new adventure truly does not disappoint |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-kakababu-and-shontus-new-adventure-truly-does-not-disappoint |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124052758/https://www.indulgexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/cinema/2026/Jan/23/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-kakababu-and-shontus-new-adventure-truly-does-not-disappoint |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shatakshi Ganguly of ''IMW Buzz'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and highlighted "Kolkata remains gloriously Kolkata, and Prosenjit Chatterjee stamps the truth once again as the inimitable Raja Roy Chowdhury, aka Kakababu. We adore Kakababu and the swaggering charisma that Prosenjit Chatterjee, the undisputed titan of Bangla Cinema, serves up with aplomb".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2026-01-23 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Review: Prosenjit Chatterjee drills a pulse-pounding ride |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-prosenjit-chatterjee-drills-a-pulse-pounding-ride/2026/01/23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124055328/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-prosenjit-chatterjee-drills-a-pulse-pounding-ride/2026/01/23 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Ankita Das of ''[[Ei Samay]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and opined "It's difficult to describe how heroic Kakababu, who subdues villains while leaning on crutches, appears to the Gen Z' without witnessing it firsthand." She also praised the score by Dasgupta and addressed Chandrasish' directiorial style, citing "Chandrashish proves that the Kakababu franchise isn't into the hands of someone incompetent".<ref>{{Cite web |last=দাশ |first=অঙ্কিতা |date=2026-01-23 |title=হিরের খোঁজে হাম্পিতে 'থ্রি মাস্কেটিয়ার্স', কেমন হলো কাকাবাবুর নতুন অভিযান? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-prasenjit-chatterjee-holds-the-fort-as-kakababu/200466722.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124061240/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/vijaynagarer-hirey-review-prasenjit-chatterjee-holds-the-fort-as-kakababu/200466722.cms |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Ei Samay]] |language=bn}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref><br />
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Bidisha Chatterjee of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' wrote "The new generation still has a tenuous connection with Bengali literature; whether they read the books or not, they know the titles, and the scene of them taking selfies with the books demonstrates the director's realistic approach. The film is perhaps also meant for those Bengalis who still maintain that faint connection with Bengali books".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Bidisha |date=2026-01-23 |title=অ্যাডভেঞ্চার, কল্পনা আর ইতিহাসের সহজ মিশ্রণ, কেমন হল প্রসেনজিতের 'বিজয়নগরের হীরে'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/prosenjit-chatterjees-bijoynagarer-hire-film-review/pid/1120031/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124060010/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/prosenjit-chatterjees-bijoynagarer-hire-film-review/pid/1120031/ |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> Citing Prosenjit as "a visual delight", Debleena Ghosh of ''[[Ei Samay|Onyo Somoy Prime]]'' quoted "Chandrasish Ray has loaded ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' with a battalion of characters but he has ensured that all of them have their due scope to perform, even though some might have lesser screen time including Prosenjit Chatterjee".<ref>{{Cite web |last=ঘোষ |first=দেবলীনা |date=2026-01-23 |title=সেলুলয়েডে ফিরল বাঙালি কিশোর সাহিত্যের রোমাঞ্চ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/the-thrill-of-bengali-adolescent-literature-returns-to-celluloid/200466838.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124062428/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/the-thrill-of-bengali-adolescent-literature-returns-to-celluloid/200466838.cms |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Ei Samay|Onyo Somoy Prime]] |language=bn}}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and opined "''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' is drama, drama, drama all the way in which the director has not only bitten more than he can chew but exhibits his diehard admiration for Prosenjit Chatterjee".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=2026-01-24 |title=''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' review |url=https://tenvow.com/box-office/vijaynagarer-hirey-collection-budget/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124150856/https://tenvow.com/box-office/vijaynagarer-hirey-collection-budget/#vijaynagarer-hirey-box-office-collection |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Raima Ganguly of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film benefits from its restrained use of music, allowing the atmosphere to do much of the work in building suspense. Once the story settles into its rhythm, the film leans comfortably on its strongest asset, Prosenjit Chatterjee’s Kakababu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Raima |date=2026-01-25 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Review: Clues, action and a hunt that keeps the audiences hooked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/vijaynagarer-hirey/movie-review/127480419.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126161215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/vijaynagarer-hirey/movie-review/127480419.cms |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic for ''[[Anandabazar Patrika|Aaro Ananda]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote "One glimpse of Prosenjit Chatterjee in Chandrasish Ray's ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' and you just know he is the G.O.A.T; in his mannerisms, speech, and acting, he is a character himself who has stepped right out of the pages of the book".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=বিজয়নগরের হীরে: মেদহীন, স্মার্ট, উপভোগ্য |url=https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/kakababu-chandreese-roy-s-modern-take/10985030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124064718/https://www.aaroananda.com/story/entertainment-news/movie-reviews/kakababu-chandreese-roy-s-modern-take/10985030 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika|Aaro Ananda]] |language=bn}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Vishal Waghela of ''ALT Bollywood'' stated "Indraadip Dasgupta's music, especially the background score, plays a pivotal role in amplifying the overall experience of watching Kakababu on the big screen, apart from the terrific action sequences".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waghela |first=Vishal |date=2026-01-23 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Ending Explained: Why the Hampi Mystery is a Cinematic Gamble |url=https://www.altbollywood.com/post/vijaynagarer-hirey-ending-explained-kakababu-diamond-mystery |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124145729/https://www.altbollywood.com/post/vijaynagarer-hirey-ending-explained-kakababu-diamond-mystery |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=AltBollywood.com |language=en}}</ref> Arpita Chowdhury of ''[[Firstpost|FirstPost]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and noted "''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' is a film that celebrates Prosenjit Chatterjee for what he is. The star brings his trademark larger-than-life mannerisms into Chandrasish's quirky storytelling: a combination that works like a perfect charm."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Arpita |date=2026-01-25 |title=''Vijayanagar'er Hirey'' movie review: Kakababu in the ruins of history with mixed spectacle and memory |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijayanagarer-hirey-movie-review-kakababu-in-the-ruins-of-history-with-mixed-spectacle-and-memory-13972211.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260126163401/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijayanagarer-hirey-movie-review-kakababu-in-the-ruins-of-history-with-mixed-spectacle-and-memory-13972211.html |archive-date=2026-01-26 |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-IN}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Rahul Mehta of ''Indian Community'' quoted "The film’s structure—moving from Kolkata’s urban chaos to Hampi’s ancient serenity—provides natural narrative rhythm. This visual grammar trains viewers to look closely, to see heritage as detective work. By the film’s end, you’re not just entertained; you’re genuinely curious about Vijayanagara architecture".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Rahul |date=2026-01-24 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Movie Review: Prosenjit Chatterjee's Kakababu Delivers A Heritage-Soaked Mystery That Makes History Thrilling {{!}} Indian Community |url=https://indian.community/vijaynagarer-hirey-movie-review-bengali/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Indian Community |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Abdul Qadir of ''Tenvow'' opined "One of the major highlights of ''Vijaynagar’er Hirey'' is its visual presentation. The cinematography captures vast landscapes, ancient settings, and tense moments with care." He also cited the action sequences to be well-executed and grounded, praising its avoidance of unnecessary exaggeration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadir |first=Abdul |date=2026-01-25 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Movie Review: The continuation of the legacy of intelligent storytelling combined with thrilling exploration |url=https://tenvow.com/news/vijaynagarer-hirey-kakababu-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217125352/https://tenvow.com/news/vijaynagarer-hirey-kakababu-movie-review/ |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Tenvow |language=en-US}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Calcutta Times]]'' noted "''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' opens with a graphics-heavy flashback that hints at Bengali cinema’s ongoing learning curve with visual effects".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2015009182894673920 |user=@Calcutta_Times |title=Film Review: Vijaynagar'er Hirey |author=Calcutta Times |date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-02-17}}</ref> A critic for ''News Offbeat Bangla'' wrote "This film is not just a new venture, it's a declaration of new confidence for the continuation of Kakababu. The opening chase scene, in particular, is undoubtedly one of the best beginnings of the Kakababu series." He also praised Ray's direction and added "Chandrasish Roy proves how to create suspenseful thrills through modest construction style and technical skill without showing excessive excess or unnecessary surprises".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-03 |title=Vijaynagar'er Hirey Movie Review: দর্শকের প্রত্যাশা ছাপিয়ে বিজয়নগরের হীরে; জানুন, কী বলছেন সিনেমা প্রেমীরা? |url=https://www.newsoffbeat.com/vijaynagarer-hirey-movie-review-kakababu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217131131/https://www.newsoffbeat.com/vijaynagarer-hirey-movie-review-kakababu/ |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=News Offbeat Bangla |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Future ==<br />
In August 2025, when the film was already under post-production, an [[Instagram]] post by [[Srijit Mukherji]] sparked curiosity if he would be returning to direct the franchise' fifth instalment on the basis of [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s 1990 novel ''Ulka Rahasya'', as he was spotted holding a script file in his hand entitled after the aforementioned novel. However, the director clarified nothing regarding the fact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2025-08-14 |title=Is Srijit Mukherji once again to direct Kakababu movie on big screen with Prosenjit Chatterjee |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/is-srijit-mukherji-once-again-to-direct-kakababu-movie-on-big-screen-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-144987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103190341/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/is-srijit-mukherji-once-again-to-direct-kakababu-movie-on-big-screen-with-prosenjit-chatterjee-144987#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=[[Aajkaal]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
During a surprise hall-visit of ''Vijaynagar'er Hirey'' at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]] on 13 February 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2026-02-14 |title=Padma Shri Prosenjit Chatterjee and Kakababu team announce 5th movie Bhoyongkar Shundor |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2026/Feb/14/padma-shri-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-kakababu-team-announce-5th-movie-bhoyongkar-shundor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215055244/https://www.indulgexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/cinema/2026/Feb/14/padma-shri-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-kakababu-team-announce-5th-movie-bhoyongkar-shundor |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-15 |title=Bengali film icon Prosenjit Chatterjee to play 'Kakababu' again in ‘Bhoyongkar Shundor’ |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/bengali-film-icon-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-in-bhoyongkar-shundor/3377317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215061638/https://www.ptinews.com/story/entertainment/bengali-film-icon-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-in-bhoyongkar-shundor/3377317 |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.ptinews.com |language=en}}</ref> Prosenjit Chatterjee officially announced its sequel to be ''Bhoyongkar Shundor'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-15 |title=Following ''Vijaynagarer Hirey'' success, Prosenjit to return as Kakababu in ''Bhoyongkar Shundor'' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/following-vijaynagarer-hirey-success-prosenjit-to-return-as-kakababu-in-bhoyongkar-shundor/cid/2147427#goog_rewarded |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215054438/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/following-vijaynagarer-hirey-success-prosenjit-to-return-as-kakababu-in-bhoyongkar-shundor/cid/2147427#goog_rewarded |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Team Vijaynagar’er Hirey, led by Prosenjit Chatterjee, paid a surprise visit to Nandan on Friday |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/team-vijaynagar-er-hirey--led-by-prosenjit-chatterjee--paid-a-surprise-visit-to-nandan-on-friday/2003635 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217133440/https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/team-vijaynagar-er-hirey--led-by-prosenjit-chatterjee--paid-a-surprise-visit-to-nandan-on-friday/2003635 |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2online]] |language=en}}</ref> with a first-look poster;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee Returns as 'Kakababu' in 'Bhoyongkar Shundor' |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3805233-prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-bhoyongkar-shundor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215060607/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3805233-prosenjit-chatterjee-returns-as-kakababu-in-bhoyongkar-shundor?amp |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-14 |title=Bengali film icon Prosenjit Chatterjee to play 'Kakababu' again in ‘Bhoyongkar Shundor’ |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/entertainment/bengali-film-icon-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-in-bhoyongkar-shundor-11106538 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215061409/https://www.newsdrum.in/entertainment/bengali-film-icon-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-kakababu-again-in-bhoyongkar-shundor-11106538 |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=News Drum |language=en}}</ref> it was the first time for a film as well as a sequel,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Bhaswati |date=2026-02-13 |title=বড় চমক! কাকাবাবু এবার কাশ্মীরে...কবে আসছে প্রসেনজিতের পঞ্চম কাকাবাবু? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/fifth-kakababu-film-announced-as-a-special-gift-to-audiences-1282789.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215062021/https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/fifth-kakababu-film-announced-as-a-special-gift-to-audiences-1282789.html |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Channel 9 (Bangladeshi TV channel)|TV9 Bangla]] |language=bn}}</ref> to be announced in a theatre,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-13 |title=কাশ্মীরের ‘ভয়ংকর সুন্দর’ প্রকৃতির মাঝে রহস্যের সমাধানে কাকাবাবু, নতুন গল্পে ফিরছেন প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/kakababu-franchise-announces-new-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-what-will-be-in-it-dgtl/cid/1667649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215062851/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/kakababu-franchise-announces-new-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-what-will-be-in-it-dgtl/cid/1667649 |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> where its previous part itself was running successfully contemporarily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Aranya |date=2026-02-14 |title=হাউজফুল নন্দনেই ‘ভয়ংকর সুন্দর’-এর ঘোষণা প্রসেনজিতের - Kakababu Returns: Fifth Film “Bhoyongkar Shundor” Announced as an Emotional Tribute to Audience Love |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/kakababu-returns-fifth-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-announced-as-an-emotional-tribute-to-audience-love/tid/186916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215060932/https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/kakababu-returns-fifth-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-announced-as-an-emotional-tribute-to-audience-love/tid/186916 |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Wall]] |language=bn}}</ref> Based on the 1971 novel of the same name,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das Banerjee |first=Swati |date=2026-02-13 |title=বিজয়নগরের পর এবার কাশ্মীর, ভূস্বর্গে রহস্য সমাধান করবে কাকাবাবু, কবে আসছে সেই ছবি? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/kakababu-announcement-new-film-bhayankar-sundar-271771002773008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215052652/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/kakababu-announcement-new-film-bhayankar-sundar-271771002773008.html |archive-date=2026-02-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref> it is scheduled to be released in January 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-13 |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee announces fifth Kakababu film ‘Bhoyongkar Shundor’ |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-announces-fifth-kakababu-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-648127 |archive-date=2026-03-04 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Millennium Post |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304081711/https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/prosenjit-chatterjee-announces-fifth-kakababu-film-bhoyongkar-shundor-648127}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Kakababu}}{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt39127357}}<br />
[[Category:2026 films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s children's adventure films]]<br />
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[[Category:Scouting in popular culture]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=KASA_Stadium&diff=507123KASA Stadium2026-05-04T15:35:31Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Multipurpose stadium in Assam, India}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = KASA Stadium<br />
| fullname = Karbi Anglong Sports Association Stadium<br />
| caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| location = [[Diphu]], [[Karbi Anglong]], [[Assam]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.84653|93.4393168}}<br />
| broke_ground = <br />
| built = <br />
| opened = 2018<br />
| renovated = <br />
| expanded = <br />
| closed = <br />
| demolished = <br />
| owner = Karbi Anglong Sports Association<br />
| operator = <br />
| surface = [[Astroturf]]<br />
| construction_cost = <br />
| architect = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| services_engineer = <br />
| general_contractor = <br />
| project_manager = <br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| former_names = <br />
| tenants = [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]] <br/> [[Assam State Premier League]]<br />
| seating_capacity = 9,000<br />
| dimensions = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''KASA Stadium''' or '''Karbi Anglong Sports Association (KASA) Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Diphu]], [[Karbi Anglong]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is used mainly for [[association football|football]] and [[athletic games|athletics]]. <br />
<br />
==Stadium==<br />
The stadium has capacity of 9,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-karbi-anglong-stadium-host-inaugural-soccer-match-thursday.html|title=Assam: Karbi Anglong stadium to host inaugural soccer match this Thursday|website=NE Now|access-date=27 April 2022|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217023022/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-karbi-anglong-stadium-host-inaugural-soccer-match-thursday.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The inaugural friendly match was held between the then champions of the [[Assam State Premier League]], [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]], and [[Asaduzzaman FC]] from [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/karbi-anglong-sports-association-kasa-stadium-test-event-held/|title=Karbi Anglong Sports Association (KASA) Stadium Test Event held|website=The Sentinel|access-date=27 April 2022|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830155831/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/karbi-anglong-sports-association-kasa-stadium-test-event-held|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Competitive sports==<br />
The stadium hosts the CEM Gold Cup football tournament, organised jointly by the Karbi Anglong Sports Association, West Karbi Anglong Sports Association, and [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council]] (KAAC). The 5th edition of the tournament was won by Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC by defeating [[SC Delhi Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad Reserves and Academy]] 4—2 in the [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shootout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/karbi-anglong-morning-star-fc-completes-hat-trick-in-cem-gold-cup/|title=Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC completes hat-trick in CEM Gold Cup|website=Eastern Mirror Nagaland|access-date=27 April 2022|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830155832/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/karbi-anglong-morning-star-fc-completes-hat-trick-in-cem-gold-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Facility==<br />
The stadium has indoor badminton ground, Indoor [[Gym]], Guest room, Swimming pool.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football stadiums in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football venues in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]<br />
[[Category:2018 establishments in Assam]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zarin_Shihab&diff=546485Zarin Shihab2026-05-03T15:26:45Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding some details w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zarin Shihab<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1994|8|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name=":0" /><br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2019–present<br />
| alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]]<br />
| height = <br />
| awards = [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= The Hindu |first=The Hindu |date=2024-05-12 |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, ‘Aattam’ adjudged best film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Zarin Shihab''' (born 15 August 1994) is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Aattam Actor Zarin Shihab: If You Want Solutions For Society, Hold Politicians More Accountable Than Movies {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/aattam-actor-zarin-shihab-if-you-want-solutions-for-society-hold-politicians-more-accountable-than-movies-exclusive-article-112709529 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> She is known for her debut role in the 2019 spy thriller series [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']], where she played a nurse crucial to the show's plot. <br />
<br />
Born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and a graduate from [[IIT Madras]], Zarin made her entry into Malayalam cinema in the film ''[[Thrishanku|Trishanku]]'' (2023) and has since acted in the films ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' (2023) and ''[[Aattam]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-04-07 |title='B 32 Muthal 44 Vare' movie review: A sensitive, nuanced take on body politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/b-32-muthal-44-vare-movie-review-a-sensitive-nuanced-take-on-body-politics/article66710177.ece |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam film Aattam opens the Indian Panorama Feature Film Section at IFFI 54 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1978724 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> She is a recipient of [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for Best Actress for ''Aattam.'' <br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Zarin was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Originally a native of [[Kerala]], she has lived in [[Assam]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Tamil Nadu]] due to her father serving in the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title='ഫാമിലി മാനി'ൽ തുടങ്ങി 'ആട്ടം' വരെ; സറിൻ ഷിഹാബ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/01/30/chat-with-zarin-shihab.html |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> She graduated from [[IIT Madras]] after completing a five-year integrated [[Master of Arts]] in [[English language|English]], furthering her passion for language and literature. During her college days, Zarin was actively involved in theatre and participated in short films. She later spent seven years in [[Chennai]], where acted in, wrote, and directed plays.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-01-11 |title=Aatta(m)girl: Never seen a director who's so involved in project, says actor Zarin Shihab |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jan/11/aattamgirl-never-seen-a-director-whos-so-involved-in-project-saysactor-zarin-shihab-2649802.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Zarin Shihab debuted in the 2019 spy thriller series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''. The series streamed on [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] and she gained significant acclaim for her portrayal of a Malayali nurse.<ref name=":3" /> In 2021, she appeared in the film ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' directed by [[Akarsh Khurana]]. In 2022, she acted in ''[[India Lockdown]]'', directed by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]. She was then cast in the TV series ''[[Jugaadistan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zarin Shihab to act in the Malayalam film 'Aattam' {{!}} Malayalam Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/zarin-shihab-to-act-in-the-malayalam-film-aattam/videoshow/90640247.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Zarin debuted in Malayalam cinema in ''[[Thrishanku|Trishanku]]'' directed by Achyuth Vinayak, portraying the character Sumi Nair. In the same year, she starred in another Malayalam film ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' directed by Shruthi Sharanyam which was produced by the [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]], where she played the role of Iman. In 2024, she played the female lead in the Malayalam film ''[[Aattam]]'' directed by Anand Ekarshi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-15 |title=Won't be good portrayal if you judge your character: Actor Zarin Shihab |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/wont-be-good-portrayal-if-you-judge-your-character-actor-zarin-shihab |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Zarin Shihab on beautifully conveying significant emotions without explosions in Aattam: 'The most challenging aspects I face…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/zarin-shihab-on-beautifully-conveying-significant-emotions-without-explosions-in-aattam-the-most-challenging-aspects-i-face-9091561/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She earned acclaim at film festivals for her performances in the Malayalam films ''B 32 Muthal 44 Vere'' and ''Aattam'' where she portrayed characters confronting workplace harassment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-04-07 |title=B 32 Muthal 44 Vare review: An insightful take on body politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Apr/07/b-32-muthal-44-vare-review-an-insightful-take-on-body-politics-2563383.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrashekar |first=Cris, Nandini |date=2023-08-13 |title=Making a state-funded film and winning recognition: Shruthi Sharanyam interview |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/making-state-funded-film-and-winning-recognition-shruthi-sharanyam-interview-181003 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
===Films===<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Rashmi Rocket]]'' || Anushri || Hindi film<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[India Lockdown]]'' || Palak || Hindi film<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-04 |title=Vinay Forrt to team up with Zarin Shihab for 'Aattam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vinay-forrt-to-team-up-with-zarin-shihab-for-aattam/articleshow/90635065.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[B 32 Muthal 44 Vare]]'' || Iman ||<ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thrishanku]]'' || Sumi ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-05-26 |title='Thrishanku' movie review: This Anna Ben-Arjun Ashokan film is a reasonably fun ride that pokes fun at traditionalists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thrishanku-movie-review-this-anna-ben-arjun-ashokan-film-is-a-reasonably-fun-ride-that-pokes-fun-at-traditionalists/article66896351.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Aattam]]'' || Anjali ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-10-16 |title=Aattam wins Grand Jury Award for Best Film at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/16/aattam-wins-grand-jury-award-for-best-film-at-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-48661.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' || Young Pushpam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-24 |title=Rekhachithram trailer has Asif Ali as a cop trying to unravel past mysteries |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/24/rekhachithram-trailer-has-asif-ali-as-a-cop-trying-to-unravel-past-mysteries |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ouseppinte Osyath]]'' || Anjali ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Vijayaraghavan to headline ‘Ouseppinte Osyath’, shooting progresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shooting-progresses/articleshow/112209514.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ithiri Neram]]'' || Anjana S Kumar||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Roshan Mathew to star in 'Ithiri Neram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roshan-mathew-to-star-in-ithiri-neram/articleshow/104845409.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Chatha Pacha]]'' || Jasmine ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]'' || Ayisha Iqbal || <ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=Patriot Movie |author-link= |user=patriot.movie |postid=DVnlgbDk52o|date=7 March 2026 |title=Zarin Shihab in Patriot In Cinemas Worldwide from April 23 , 2026 #ZarinShihab #HappyWomensDay #Patriot #CharacterReveal |script-title= |trans-title= |language= |location= |access-date=7 April 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{Pending film| Athiradi}} || {{TBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-15 |title=Composer Shaan Rahman’s Athiradi character poster out, but who is he playing? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/15/composer-shaan-rahmans-athiradi-character-poster-out-but-who-is-he-playing |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Language<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''<br />
|Nurse Sahaya Mary <br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Jugaadistan]]''<br />
|Devika<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[The Chronicles of the 4.5 Gang]]''<br />
|Pranitha<br />
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Work<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<br />
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Aattam]]''<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Aattam adjudged best film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece|newspaper=thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Critics Best Actress – Malayalam]]<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Malayalam) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|10487218}}<br />
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghavendar_Askani&diff=528012Raghavendar Askani2026-04-27T22:40:29Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Social activist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Raghavendar Askani<br />
| office = [[Youth Parliament Program|President of Youth Parliament Program]]<br />
| image = Raghavendar Askani.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Raghavendar addressing at the 2020 Youth Parliament, Leadership Boot Camp<br />
| predecessor = ''Position established''<br />
| term_start = 2 October 2016<br />
| office1 = Director of Swatantrata Center for Human Flourishing Foundation<br />
| term_start1 = 24 July 2019<br />
| birth_place = [[Wanaparthy]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = [[Activism|Social activist]], [[Social Entrepreneur]]<br />
| profession = [[Reformism|Political reformer]], [[Reformism|Economic reformer]]<br />
| website = <br />
| known_for = [[Youth Parliament Program]], [[Activism|Liberal Activist]], [[Activism|Civil and political rights]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raghavendar Askani''' is an Indian [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]], [[social activist]]. He is the founder and president of the [[Youth Parliament Program]] and co-founder and director of the Swatantrata Center, an Indian liberal public policy think tank. He has also written columns in Indian newspapers, such as [[ThePrint|The Print]], [[Telangana Today]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Ernest interviews Venkatesh Geriti, Raghavendar Askani, and Glenn Cripe |url=https://www.freedomsphoenix.com/Media/318499-2022-01-11-2022-01-11-ernest-interviews-venkatesh-geriti-raghavendar-askani-and.htm |website=Freedoms Phoenix}}</ref><ref name="libel.iflry.com">{{cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=International Federation of Liberal Youth Interview with Swatantrata Center |url=https://libel.iflry.com/interview-with-venkatesh-geriti-from-swatantrata-center-in-india/ |website=International Federation of Liberal Youth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Parliament |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SOUTH-SIKKIM/en/activities/Youth-Parliament/ |website=Navodaya Governamnet of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Opinion: Worrisome slip in economic freedom |url=https://telanganatoday.com/opinion-worrisome-slip-in-economic-freedom |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and activism ==<br />
Askani is from [[Wanaparthy]], [[Telangana]]. As a student leader, he was drawn to public service and civic activity at a young age, and he became the National Coordinator of Youth for Better India. Raghavendar played a crucial role in the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] campaign, particularly in the Telugu states, where he advocated for the strong [[Lokpal bill|Lokpal Bill.]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=A Social Entrepreneur and a reformer sets his mission to empower youth for a better India. |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/liberal-reformer-and-an-anti-corruption-activist-empowering-youth-for-a-better-india |website=Bookof Achievers}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raghavendar worked to educate people about who [[S. R. Sankaran|S.R. Sankaran]] was, not just as a [[bureaucrat]], but as someone who used his position to push for those the system had long ignored, including his quiet but firm backing of the Safai Karmachari Andolan and its fight to end [[manual scavenging]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Lekshmi Priya |title=This 'People's Officer' Is the Only IAS To Be Honored With a Statue. |url=https://thebetterindia.com/165915/ias-hero-sr-sankaran-andhra-pradesh-india-news/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan is visiting the statue of S. R. Sankaran at Wanaparthy |url=https://loksatta.org/dr-jp-visiting-kunool-wanaparthy |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=loksatta.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is an Indian [[anti-corruption]] and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]] advocate who exposed corruption in many colleges in the [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar District]] fee reimbursement and scholarship program, resulting in the misappropriation of funds intended for low-income students. Through the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act]], the advocacy secured fee reimbursements for thousands of students across colleges, preventing financial barriers to their education and saving over one billion rupees<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 Apr 2017 |title=Meet The Young Activist From Mahabubnagar Who Is Laying The Foundation For A Better Future Society! |url=https://www.chaibisket.com/blogs/blog/young-activist-from-mahabubnagar |website=Chai Bisket}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was honored with the International Confederation of Non-Governmental Organizations, and the [[United Nations]] presented the [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] and Global Fellowship Award in 2021 for his impactful contributions to [[social reform]] and [[youth empowerment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Apr 2021 |title=Young reformist awarded with 'Karmaveer Chakra |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/young-reformist-awarded-with-karmaveer-chakra-683920 |work=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 Apr 2021 |title=Telugu Activist bags Karmaveer Chakra Award |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20210429/281655372928754 |website=Pressreader Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=రాఘవేందర్కు కర్మవీర్ చక్ర అవార్డు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2021/telangana/karmaveer-chakra-award-338166.html |website=Andhra Jyothy |language=telugu}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raghavendar translated [[Leonard E. Read|Leonard E. Read's]] 1958 essay [[I, Pencil]], the foundational work of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]], into Telugu. This marked the first Indian-language translation of the essay, intending to promote liberal ideas in India. In introducing the translation, [[Economist|American Economist]] [[Lawrence Reed]] lauded [[Gunnam Gangaraju|Gangaraju Gunnam's]] Vihangam as an Indian parallel to [[Ayn Rand|Ayn Rand's]] [[Atlas Shrugged]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Translation of “I, Pencil” launched in Atlanta |url=https://epaper.thehansindia.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=136586624ce&imageview=0 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=epaper.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title=Leonard Read's classic now in the Telugu Language! |url=https://www.lawrencewreed.com/blog/wwwlawrencewreedcom/telugu |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Lawrence W. Reed |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
[[File:Raghavendar Askani with Nobel laureate Vernon L. Smith, American economist, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Raghavendar Askani]] with [[Nobel laureate]] [[economist]] [[Vernon L. Smith]], in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]], [[Michigan]], 2016.]]<br />
<br />
=== Youth Parliament Program ===<br />
In 2016, Askani founded the [[Youth Parliament Program]], aimed at fostering civic engagement and leadership among the youth. The program provides a platform for discussing pressing societal issues and developing innovative solutions and young people to learn about parliamentary procedures, debate policy issues, and develop leadership skills.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=A forum for youth to speak up |url=https://pynr.in/article/a-forum-for-youth-to-speak-up |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818015057/https://pynr.in/article/a-forum-for-youth-to-speak-up |archive-date=18 Aug 2022 |work=Daily Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Oct 2016 |title=Youth Parliament-2016 meet at KU on Oct 23 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-10-21/Youth-Parliament-2016-meet-at-KU-on-Oct-23/260141 |work=The Hans India}}</ref><br />
<br />
* The program has received accolades for its focus on education and youth participation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mock parliament urges govt. to strengthen education system |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Mock-parliament-urges-govt.-to-strengthen-education-system/article16080134.ece |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=The Hindu|date=23 October 2016 }}</ref><br />
* empowering young minds by organizing Model Youth Parliament sessions, Leadership Bootcamp<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=యువత నవభారత నిర్మత |url=https://www.eenadu.net/nationalinternational/mainnews/general/19/220032107 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703040941/https://www.eenadu.net/nationalinternational/mainnews/general/19/220032107 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date= |work=Eenadu |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 Feb 2020 |title=3-day boot camp completed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/3-day-boot-camp-completed-607504 |work=The Hans India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Swatantrata Center ===<br />
In 2019, Askani co-founded the Swatantrata Center, focusing on policy advocacy and economic reforms. The organization emphasizes empowering youth through workshops, conferences, and public discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Civil Liberties Dialogue with Sagarika Ghose |url=https://sagarikaghose.in/videos/civil-liberties-dialogue-with-sagarika-ghose/ |website=Sagarika Ghose}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Campaigning for 24/7 open business operations in Hyderabad for economic development and creating more employment opportunities.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Swatantrata Urges Telangana Govt for 24x7 Business Ops in Hyderabad Telangana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/swatantrata-urges-telangana-govt-for-24x7-business-ops-in-hyderabad-1810586 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
* Advocating for a Model Code of Conduct against police violence, He sent in letters to all Supreme Court and High Court justices in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 Sep 2021 |title=పోలీసుల కౄరత్వంపై 'సుప్రీం' నియమావళి ఏర్పర్చాలి |url=https://nijamtoday.com/2021/09/04/sc-code-of-conduct-on-police-brutalitys-sought/ |website=Nijam Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Youth Parliament Program]]<br />
* [[Students for Liberty]]<br />
* [[Youth council]]<br />
* [[Liberalism in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.yppindia.in/ website of the Youth Parliament Program]<br />
* [https://www.youthforbetterindia.com/ website of the Youth for better india]<br />
* [https://swatantrata.org/ Official website of the Swatantra Center]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Askani, Raghavendar}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anti-corruption activists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Wanaparthy district]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=N._Sundaran_Nadar&diff=519550N. Sundaran Nadar2026-04-24T13:29:41Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added new post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = N Sundaran Nadar<br />
| constituency = Parassala<br />
| minister = Former Minister for Transport, Rural Development and Agriculture<br />
| minister_from =<br />
| term_start = September 1, 1983<br />
| term_end = March 25, 1987<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|01|21|1931|09|10|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|09|10|df=yes}}<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''N Sundaran Nadar''' was the Minister for Transport, Rural Development and Agriculture and represented [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala State assembly constituency]] in 6th, 7th and 11th Kerala Legislative Assemblies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m672.htm|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He was born on 10 September 1931 to J. Nallathampy Nadar and Lekshmi in Chenkal Parassala. He married K. Baby Sarojam, and they have two sons and one daughter.<ref name=":0" /> He died on 21 January 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2007|title=Sundaran Nadar dies at 75|work=The Gulf News|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uae/gulf-news/20070122/282626028207776}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political life ==<br />
N Sundaran Nadar was a Grama Sevak during 1954. Later, after resigning from his job in 1960 he joined Communist party of India and continued till 1964. He then joined [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1970, for more than 10 years he served as the chairman of block committee. In his long but turbulent political life in congress party, he was elected as the Executive Member of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] during the period 1987–90. From 1993 to 1996 he served as the Chairperson of Kerala State Palmyrah Products Development and workers’ Welfare Corporation Limited '''('''KELPAM).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 6th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] he won representing Indian National Congress (Indira). In the 7th Kerala Legislative Assembly, he represented [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> In the third Karunakaran Ministry from 1982 to 1987 Sundaran Nadar was the Minister for Transport, Rural Development and Agriculture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Biju|first=M. R.|title=Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1997|isbn=9788171567058|pages=26}}</ref> Congress denied him a seat in 1996 Assembly Election, but in the 10th Kerala Legislative Assembly he again represented Parassala as a successful Independent candidate.<ref name=":2" /> In the 11th Kerala Legislative Assembly, he represented the Parassala constituency from Congress Party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-03-28|title=Kerala Congress unveils list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-congress-unveils-list/story-WKXpF3WrkJatjk67AweAlM.html|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> From 2001 to 2006, he was the deputy speaker of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Legislative Assembly|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/kerala.htm|access-date=2020-06-12|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President to address Kerala Assembly session|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/president-to-address-kerala-assembly-session-1.295514|access-date=2020-06-12|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> From 5 September 2004 to 16 September 2004 he has also held the office of acting Speaker of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" /> He failed to repeat his chances in 2006 Kerala Assembly election.<br />
<br />
In his memory, a statue was erected at the traffic island of [[Neyyattinkara|Neyyatinkara]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|first=Jisha|last=Surya|title=12-ft statue to come up at Poojappura Jn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/12-ft-statue-to-come-up-at-poojappura-jn/articleshow/66323221.cms|access-date=2020-06-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> This ran into controversy after a case was filed against its launch in Supreme Court. While considering this case on 18 January 2013 the [[Supreme Court of India]] banned the installation of statues and similar structures on roadsides.<ref name=":1" /> This statue was vandalised by the members of youth congress in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=സുന്ദരൻനാടാരുടെ പ്രതിമയ്ക്കുനേരെ കോൺഗ്രസ് അതിക്രമം|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/n-sundaran-nadar/875620|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Deshabhimani|language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:2007 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:Transport ministers of Kerala]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Sikh_war&diff=486544Anglo-Sikh war2026-04-23T15:08:45Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made new details w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Anglo-Sikh War''' may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[First Anglo-Sikh war]], 1845–1846<br />
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh war]], 1848–1849<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Sikh war (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[Anglo Sikh war memorial]], Punjab, India<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinod_Panthi&diff=544724Vinod Panthi2026-04-23T08:24:57Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding new details from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|India politician}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Dr. Vinod Sundar Panthi<br />
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]]<br />
| term_start = 2008<br />
| term_end = 2013<br />
| birth_date = 26 December 1966<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| profession = Doctor<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br />
| spouse = Dr. Sundar Panthi<br />
| source = https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BPL-bjp-mla-dr-panthi-now-in-problem-3373137.html<br />
}}<br />
'''Vinod Sundar Panthi'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व विधायक ने स्टेशन पर प्रवासी मजदूरों को बांटे बिस्किट और पानी की बोतलें |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/sagar/former-mla-vinod-panthi-helped-to-migrant-laborers-in-sagar/mp20200529094500025 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=29 May 2020 }}</ref> (born 1966) is an [[Indian politician]] and [[social work]]er from Madhya Pradesh. She is a former [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of legislative assembly]] for [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]] [[Electoral district|constituency]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and she won the election in 2008 as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bina (Madhya Pradesh) Election Result 2018 Updates: Candidate List, Winner & Runner-up MLA List |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bina.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=पूर्व विधायक डॉक्टर विनोद पंथी के पति सुंदर पंथी के मोबाइल से आपत्ति जनक वीडियो हुआ वायरल |work=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bina/pre-constitutional-doctor-vinod-panthi39s-husband-preeti39s-mobile-objectionable-video-happened-viral-042132-3010916.html}}</ref> She belong to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ये हैं भाजपा विधायक, पहले बोला झूठ, अब खतरे में पद |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BPL-bjp-mla-dr-panthi-now-in-problem-3373137.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Panthi completed her graduation and received B.Sc. degree from Shaskiye Kanya Maha in 1985. Later, she did her MBBS from Ajmer from JawaharLal Medical College in 1994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DR. SMT. VINOD PANTHI (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Bina(Sagar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/2008mp/candidate.php?candidate_id=333 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She married Sundar Lal Panthi, who is also a medical doctor.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Panthi won the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina Assembly Constituency]] [[Sagar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bina Madhya Pradesh Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bina-madhya-pradesh-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281868/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh will have 25 women legislators |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/09madhya-pradesh-has-25-women-mlas.htm |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> She defeated Dr Om Prakash Kathoria of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 6,409 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bina Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bina-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686990.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She is one of the 25 woman legislators in 2008.<ref name="rediff.com"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://myneta.info/2008mp/candidate.php?candidate_id=333 Vinod Panthi, MLA]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panthi, Vinod}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Kamat&diff=500873Gopal Kamat2026-04-23T07:14:21Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: creating a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician and lawyer (1917–1990)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gopal Kamat<br />
| image = Gopal Kamat.jpg<br />
| caption = Official portrait in 1967<br />
| birth_name = Gopal Apa Kamat<br />
| birth_place = [[Sanquelim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|7|22|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1990|5|2|1917|7|22|df=y}}<br />
| majority2 = 2,962 (40.04%)<br />
| death_place = Goa, India<br />
| office2 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1967<br />
| term_end2 = 1972<br />
| predecessor2 = Jaisingrao V Rane<br />
| successor2 = [[Pratapsingh Rane]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Sattari Assembly constituency|Sattari]]<br />
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Narayan Fugro]]<br />
| term_start1 = 13 April 1967<br />
| term_end1 = 23 March 1972<br />
| other_party = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
* [[All India Congress Committee]]<br />
* [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1963–1967)}}<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| profession = Lawyer<br />
| spouse = Gulab Mulgaonkar<br />
| education = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Lyceum|Lyceum course]]<br />
* Sanad for state examination in [[Law]]}}<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1967–1972)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gopal Apa Kamat''' (22 July 1917 – 2 May 1990)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulgaonkar |first=Jayant P. |date=18 September 2011 |title=Kamat and Mulgaonkar -- close friends, colleagues and brothers-in-law |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg81281.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}</ref> was an Indian politician, freedom fighter, journalist and lawyer. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sattari Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1972. He was also a former [[Goa Legislative Assembly#List of speakers|speaker]] of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] in the same term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=166&flag_spk=SPK#the-legislature |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gopal+Apa+Kamat&pg=PA324 |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamat, Gopal}}<br />
[[Category:1917 births]]<br />
[[Category:1990 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1967–1972]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manoj_Nair&diff=516251Manoj Nair2026-04-22T07:22:55Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added new details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer, musician and journalist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Manoj Nair<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kochi]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Journalist<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
'''Manoj Nair''' was an Indian writer, musician and journalist. He had worked for various news portals such as ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Asian Age]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]]'', and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-09|title=Journalist Manoj Nair found dead|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalist-manoj-nair-found-dead-5771561/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Manoj was from Irinjalakkuda, [[Thrissur district]]. He did his schooling from [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-06-08|title=Writer Manoj Nair found dead at his Kochi home|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-manoj-nair-found-dead-at-his-kochi-home/article27698074.ece|access-date=2021-08-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Manoj was a musician, writer and journalist. He has worked for various news portals such as ''The Indian Express'', ''The Asian Age'', ''The Economic Times'', ''Outlook Magazine'', ''Hindustan Times''. He worked with ''The Economic Times'' from August 2004 to January 2012. He was an event editor of Kochi Muziris Biennale.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmy|title=A connoisseur of life and letters|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-connoisseur-of-life-and-letters/articleshow/69718496.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-09|title=Tributes pour in for writer and journalist Manoj Nair who passed away in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tributes-pour-writer-and-journalist-manoj-nair-who-passed-away-kerala-103297|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
At the age of 49, he was found dead at his residence in [[Fort Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Writer-journalist Manoj Nair passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/09/writer-journalist-manoj-nair-passes-away-1987771.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 June 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
* ''Pencil Sketches''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jun 9, 2019|title=Writer Manoj Nair found dead {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/writer-manoj-nair-found-dead/articleshow/69708093.cms|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''Between the Rock and a Hard Place'' (Unreleased)<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Novels==<br />
* ''Dictionary of an Alcoholic'' (unreleased)<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]<br />
<br />
{{India-journalist-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surinder_Pal_Singh_Sibia&diff=538613Surinder Pal Singh Sibia2026-04-21T22:53:45Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding first biography more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Surinder Pal Singh Sibia<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| constituency = [[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
| term = 2007 - 2012<br />
| predecessor = [[Arvind Khanna]]<br />
| successor = [[Parkash Chand Garg]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| other_party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (2016-2019)<br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Surinder Pal Singh Sibia''' is an Indian politician, and a member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]] from 2007 to 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-24|title=Congress leader Sibia joins SAD, to contest polls from Barnala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/congress-leader-sibia-joins-sad-to-contest-polls-from-barnala/story-XeMBeeLiFM4fCvjXgHkscL.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He contested from Sangrur in 1997, 2007, and 2012, while twice (2002 and 2017) from [[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]]. Sibia has also served as vice-president of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":0" /> Sibia joined [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] in 2016 ahead of [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017 assembly elections]], and contested from Barnala where he was defeated by [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer|Meet Hayer]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pb Cong leader Surinderpal Singh Sibia joins SAD|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pb-cong-leader-surinderpal-singh-sibia-joins-sad-116122400729_1.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Business Standard|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he rejoined Congress in presence of then Punjab Chief Minister [[Amarinder Singh]].<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Happy to welcome former MLA Surinderpal Singh Sibia back into @INCIndia. His homecoming from Akali Dal will surely strengthen @INCPunjab not just in Sangrur but Punjab as well!|number=1124255948309053440|author=[[Amarinder Singh]]|user=capt_amarinder|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibia, Surinder Pal Singh}}<br />
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2007–2012]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalvakuntla_Vidya_Sagar_Rao&diff=507810Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao2026-04-19T22:17:53Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| caption = <br />
| image = Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao.jpg<br />
| birth_date = 1953<br />
| birth_place = [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2009<br />
| term_end = 2014<br />
| predecessor = Constituency established<br />
| successor = Himself<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2014<br />
| term_end2 = 2023<br />
| predecessor2 = Himself<br />
| successor2 = [[Kalvakuntla Sanjay]]<br />
| constituency = [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]] (Andhra Pradesh Until 2014)<br />
| constituency2 = [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]] (Telangana after 2014)<br />
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| father = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao''' (born 1953)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Kalvakuntla Vidyasagar Rao (TRS):Constituency- Korutla (Karimnagar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=1241 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He is a three time Member of the Legislative Assembly. He first won as a legislator in the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh]] in 2009 and later represented the [[Koratla Assembly constituency]] in the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] between 2014 and 2023.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Rao is from Korutla, Karimnagar district, Telangana. He is the son of late Kalvakuntla Papa Rao. He completed his graduation in arts in 1973.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Rao was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Koratla Assembly constituency]] representing the Telangana Rashtra Samithi. He polled 41,861 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rathnakar Rao Juvvadi of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 15,545 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Koratla Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/koratla-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He won again in the 2010 by election and retained the seat for the TRS in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Juvvadi Narsinga Rao, an independent candidate, by a margin of 20,585 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratla Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Kalvakuntla Vidyasagar Rao of TRS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/koratla-election-result-2018-live-updates-kalvakuntla-vidyasagar-rao-of-trs-wins-1968915.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won a third consecutive term in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Narsinga Rao again, who contested this time on a Congress ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratla Constituency Election Results 2023: Koratla Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/koratla |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana Assembly Elections Constituencies List 2018, Telangana Vidhan Sabha Election Seats List 2018, Candidates Names, Map, Results |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/telangana-election-constituencies-list-2018/koratla-elections-2018-results/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He did not contest the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] to pave way for his son [[Kalvakuntla Sanjay]] who won from Korutla.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]<br />
<br />
{{Telangana-politician-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vettoor_Raman_Nair&diff=544203Vettoor Raman Nair2026-04-17T22:40:38Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding a stub initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Malayalam language writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Vettoor Raman Nair<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = Raman Nair<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes |1919|07|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|08|11|1919|07|05|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| period =<br />
| genre = [[Short story]], [[Novel]]<br />
| subject =<br />
| movement =<br />
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted_list|''Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthre''|''Puzha''}}<br />
| spouse = Meenakshi Amma<br />
| partner =<br />
| children = 4<br />
| relatives = <br />
| influences =<br />
| influenced =<br />
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vettoor Raman Nair''' (5 July 1919 – 11 August 2003) was a [[Malayalam language]] writer from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He was the founding editor of humor magazine ''Pakkanar'' and founding chairman of the Pala Sahrudaya Samiti. He has received [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award for his short story collection ''Puzha'' and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in the field of Malayalam literature.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Raman Nair was born on 5 July 1919 at Mutholi near [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kottayam district]] to Kavanal Sankara Pillai and Paryath Narayaniamma. He did his schooling at Puliyannur, Kuruvinal, Kidangoor NSS high school. In 1938, he took part in the State Congress agitation. Since the beginning of Kerala Granthashala Sangam (Kerala Library Association), he was an active member of it for 25 years. He was a member of the Library Advisory Board formed by the Kerala government in 1956. He was the founding editor of humor magazine ''Pakkanar'' and founding chairman of the Pala Sahrudaya Samiti. He also worked as the editor of the newspaper ''[[Deenabandhu]]''.<ref name="Zee">{{cite news |title=Litterateur vettoor Raman Nair dead |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/litterateur-vettoor-raman-nair-dead_115879.html |work=Zee News |date=11 August 2003 |language=en |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105081703/https://zeenews.india.com/home/litterateur-vettoor-raman-nair-dead_115879.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Since 1951, for 12 years he served on the Executive Committee and the Publication Committee of the ''Sahithyapravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam'' (Co-operative Society for Literary Publication). In 1962, he became the manager of India Press, and later became Publication Manager and General Manager. For a few years he served as the editor of Bharat Chandrika Weekly. He also served as the Managing Director of Sahrudaya books publishing company. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi for 6 years and member of its General Council for 3 years. He was the Vice President of the Kerala Sahitya Parishad and in 1979 became a member of the Executive Committee of the Kerala Film Chamber.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
He died on 11 August 2003 at the age of 84.<ref name="Zee" /><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
He and his wife Meenakshi Amma have four children.<ref name="Zee" /><br />
<br />
==Literary contributions==<br />
===Novels===<br />
*''Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthree'', 1952 (Meaning: The Woman Who Forgot to Live, {{ISBN|9788126426508}}): This novel was translated into Kannada language.<ref>{{cite web |title=മലയാളത്തിലേക്ക് കന്നഡയില് നിന്നൊരു കഥാകാരി - articles, features - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-290934 |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008222644/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/features-article-290934 |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This novel later made into a Malayalam movie in 1974 directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]].<ref name="Zee"/><ref>{{cite web |title=വെട്ടൂർ രാമൻ നായർ |url=https://m3db.com/vettur-raman-nair |website=M3DB.COM |language=en |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2022-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105081712/https://m3db.com/vettur-raman-nair |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*''Oru Verum Premakatha'', 1987 (Meaning:Just a love story)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
<br />
===Travelogue===<br />
*''Puri muthal Nasik vare'', 1996 (Meaning:From Puri to Nashik,{{ISBN|8171306349}})<ref name="Zee"/><br />
<br />
===Short story collection===<br />
*''Puzha'' (Meaning:River)<br />
*''Thiranjedutha kathakal'', 1966 (selected short stories)<ref name="MGU">{{cite book |last1=Raman Nair |first1=Vettoor |title=Theranhedutha kathakal (Vettoor Raman Nair) |series=2 |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23172&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=22994 |date=1982 |access-date=2022-01-05 |archive-date=2022-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105081700/http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23172&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=22994 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*''Asasthreeyamaya oru sneham'',1958 (Meaning: One unscientific love)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Eliyumpoochayum njanum'', 1965 (Meaning: Mouse cat and me)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Vishappum dahavum'', 1950 (Meaning: Hunger and thirst)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Randu divasam'', 1949 (Meaning: two days)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Thazvarakal'', 1945 (Meaning: Valleys)<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Bodhanam'', 1954<ref name="MGU"/><br />
*''Devadasi'', 1959<ref name="MGU"/><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
*1987 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award (Puzha)<ref name="KSA">{{cite web |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award%20Pages.pdf |accessdate=27 March 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923170716/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award%20Pages.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
*Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Outstanding Contribution to Malayalam Literature<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam]]<br />
[[Category:1919 births]]<br />
[[Category:2003 deaths]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khairatabad&diff=509457Khairatabad2026-04-13T09:15:02Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Khairatabad<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]] <br />
| image_skyline = Reserve Bank Of India ,Hyderabad.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Reserve Bank Of India at Khairatabad<br />
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.436793|N|78.443906|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
[[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Metro<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| established_title = Founded<br />
| established_date = 1626<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]<br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Danam Nagender]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total =100000 <br />
| population_as_of = 2020<br />
| population_metro =600000 <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 500004<br />
| registration_plate = TG-09 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khairatabad (Assembly constituency)|Khairatabad]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]<br />
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Khairtabad Mosque.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Khairtabad Mosque 1626. Photo, by Lala Deen Dayal in 1885]]<br />
'''Khairatabad''' is a neighbourhood in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. It is a [[mandal]] in the Secunderabad Revenue division of [[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]]. This is a Zone in the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New circles and wards in GHMC |url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/NEW%20CIRCLES,WARDS%20MAP.jpg |website=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927002914/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/NEW%20CIRCLES,WARDS%20MAP.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are five circles in this zone namely Mehdipatnam (12), [[Karwan]] (13), Goshamahal (14), Khairatabad (17) and [[Jubilee Hills]] (18). There are four wards under this Khairatabad circle, they are Khairtabad (91), Somajiguda (97), [[Ameerpet]] (98) and Sanathnagar (100).<br />
<br />
[[File:Khairatabad-housing-scheme-soon-after-completion-Circa-1933.png|left|thumb|200px|A view of Khairatabad housing scheme soon after completion in 1933]]<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
The area is named after a Khair-un-Nissa, whose tomb is located next to the [[Khairtabad Mosque]] though the access is to the back of the monument. This tomb could be that of Khair-un-Nissa, the wife of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick|Captain James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] mentioned in the 2002 book ''[[White Mughals]]'' by [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]].<br />
<br />
==The Idol and the Ganesha Chathurthi==<br />
{{main article|Khairtabad Ganesh}}<br />
The largest [[Lord Ganesha]] Idol in Hyderabad is installed near Khairtabad State Library during [[Ganesh chaturthi]] festival.<br />
<br />
The local people participate in the 11-day festival and thousands of people from throughout India visit the Idol {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=July 2024}} to seek the blessings of Lord Ganesha. On the 11th day, a procession carries the idol to [[Hussain sagar|Hussain Sagar Lake]]. After immersing the idol, the festival ends.<br />
<br />
The local people formed the Ganesh Utsav Committee, Khairtabad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ganapathideva.org/index.html|title=Ganapathi Deva {{!}} Ganesh Utsav {{!}} Khairathabad Ganesh Hyderabad|last=deva|first=Ganapathi|website=Khairathabad Ganesh Hyderabad {{!}} Ganesh Chaturthi Hyderabad|language=en|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> to support the festival days. Many poor families survive by selling products to visitors.<br />
<br />
Three months prior to festival day the construction of the idol begins. Nearly 200 workers led by a sculptor work day and night for three months to construct this large idol, towering nearly 58 feet in height.<br />
<br />
Starting in 2018, the Ganesh Utsava Committee agreed to switch from [[plaster]] of Paris to an eco-friendly clay idol,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabads-tallest-ganesha-to-be-a-centre-of-attraction-as-always/articleshow/60218361.cms|title=Hyderabad's tallest Ganesha to be a centre of attraction as always}}</ref> although the first such 'Pancha Mukha Maha Lakshmi Ganapati' idol with special clay was made in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-at-rs-1-crore-this-years-khairatabad-ganesh-costliest/articleshow/93668679.cms|title=Telangana: At Rs 1 crore, this year's Khairatabad Ganesh costliest}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Khairatabad circle ==<br />
[[File:GHMC NEW ZONES,CIRCLE MAP.jpg|thumb|left|GHMC New Zones, Circles Map of 2019.]]<br />
It has a junction of five roads called Khairatabad circle, among the busiest in the city. Those roads lead to [[Somajiguda]], [[Ameerpet]], [[Hussain sagar]], Lakdi-ka-pul and [[Anandnagar]]. One such extension is [[Raj Bhavan Road]], where the residence of the [[Governor of Telangana]] is located.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.hindu-blog.com/2012/09/khairatabad-ganesha-to-receive-3500.html|title=Khairatabad Ganesha to Receive 3500 Kilo Laddoo as Offering during Vinayaka Chaturthi }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Notable institutions and organisations include the Institution of Engineers, Administrative Staff College of India, Road Transport Authority (RTA), [[TSTRANSCO]] & [[TSGENCO]], HMWS&SB, Patel Building, Nasr School, Zilla Parishad, ZEE Telefilms, Press Club, Laymen's Evangelical Church Shadan Group of Educational Institutions etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/visakhapatnam/city-ganesha-be-tallest-ap-917 |title=City Ganesha to be tallest in AP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924085725/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/visakhapatnam/city-ganesha-be-tallest-ap-917 |archive-date=24 September 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Vishweshwaraiah flyover starts at the circle and leads to [[Hussain sagar]] lake.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Landmarks ==<br />
{{unsourcedsection|date=March 2016}}<br />
* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad]]<br />
* Mint Compound<br />
* Indian Institute of Engineers<br />
* RTA<br />
* [[Nasr School]] for Girls<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad: Nasr School holds colourful Annual Sports Day |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/hyderabad-nasr-school-holds-colourful-annual-sports-day-590633 |website=Hans India}}</ref><br />
* ZEE TELEFILMS<br />
* Eenadu<br />
* Tomb of Khairunnissa<br />
* Press Club<br />
* Telangana Electricity Board<br />
* Government Degree College<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
[[Khairatabad railway station]] is located here, which is served by [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]], a local train service. Buses are run by the state-owned [[TSRTC]]. Nearest [[Hyderabad Metro]] station is [[Khairatabad metro station]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Khairatabad (Assembly constituency)]]<br />
* [[A.C. Guards]]<br />
* [[Kukatpally]]<br />
* [[Miyapur]]<br />
* [[Bachupally]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/1407488/ Wikimapia]<br />
<br />
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bansi_Lal_Jatav&diff=489662Bansi Lal Jatav2026-04-04T03:39:21Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made the article and citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{Infobox politician<br />
| name = Bansilal Jatav<br />
| native_name = बंसीलाल जाटव<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2020)<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1993<br />
| term_end1 = 2008<br />
| predecessor1 = Kishora<br />
| successor1 = [[Kamlesh Jatav]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Bansilal Jatav''' is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He served as a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]] constituency in [[Morena district]]. He was elected multiple times on the ticket of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was considered an influential leader among [[Scheduled Castes]] voters in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambah Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ambah-assembly-elections-mp-08/ |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=OneIndia}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Bansilal Jatav was elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Ambah in the [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] and [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] assembly elections as a candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He represented the constituency for two consecutive terms until 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambah Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ambah-assembly-elections-mp-08/ |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=OneIndia}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, ahead of the Madhya Pradesh by-elections, Jatav was denied a ticket by the BJP. Subsequently, he joined the [[Samajwadi Party]] and was announced as its candidate from the Ambah constituency.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2020 |title=SP nominee rejoins BJP ahead of MP bypolls |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-ahead-of-mp-bypolls-sp-nominee-joins-bjp-news-363117 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 October 2020 |title=उपचुनाव से पहले सपा उम्मीदवार बंसीलाल जाटव BJP में शामिल |url=https://www.jagran.com/politics/national-samajwadi-party-candidate-bansilal-jatav-from-ambah-seat-in-morena-district-has-joined-bjp-20969343.html |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, shortly afterwards, he rejoined the BJP and publicly supported BJP candidate [[Kamlesh Jatav]] in the by-election.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjangud_Tirumalamba&diff=520409Nanjangud Tirumalamba2026-04-02T00:55:04Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kannada author, newspaper editor, and publisher (1887–1982)}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=[[Tirumalamba]], a Vijayanagara poet}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nanjanagudu Tirumalamba<br />
| native_name_lang = Kannada<br />
| image = Nanjangud-Tirumalamba-pic.jpg<br />
| image_size = 225px<br />
| birth_name = Nanjanagudu Tirumalamba<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|03|25}}<br />
| birth_place = Nanjanagudu, [[Mysore State]], [[British India]]<br/>(now in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|08|31|1887|03|25}}<br />
| death_place = Nanjangud, Mysore, Karnataka, India.<br />
| parents = Venkatakrishna Iyengar, Alamelamma<br />
| occupation = Kannada writer, political activist, feminist, poet, writer, publisher, newspaper editor, printer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nanjanagudu Tirumalamba''' (1887{{snd}}1982; also known as Nanjangud Tirumalamba)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rani |first=K. Suneetha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpBDwAAQBAJ&q=tirumalamba&pg=PT111 |title=Influence of English on Indian Women Writers: Voices from Regional Languages |date=2017-10-31 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-81345-34-4 |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Mysore|Mysorean]] author, newspaper editor, publisher, and printer. She was born on 25 March 1887 in [[Nanjangud|Nanjanagudu]], [[Mysore]] (then under [[British India]]) to Venkatakrishna, a lawyer, and Alamelamma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Hinduism |date=1996-01-01 |title=Crafts by Women |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-1996/1996-01-crafts-by-women/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Hinduism Today |language=en-US}}</ref> While her native language was [[Tamil language|Tamil]], she also spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]]. She died in [[Nanjangud|Nanjanagudu]], [[Karnataka]] on 31 August 1982.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Tirumalamba was married at the age of 10 and widowed at 14.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=aaa>{{Cite web|url=http://niemanreports.org/articles/media-dont-portray-the-realities-of-womens-lives/|title=''Media don't portray the realities of women's lives''|work=Nieman Reports}} Retrieved 2016-8-4</ref> Her father, a bibliophile,<ref name=":1" /> introduced her to a wide range of literature, including the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavatha]], as well as plays by authors such as Nanjanagudu Srikanta Shastri, Bellave Somanathayya, and M. Venkatadri Shastri. Her mother died when Tirumalamba was 5 years old.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Career as a teacher ==<br />
Tirumalamba taught local children at her house, which became known as Mathru Mandira ({{Langx|kn|ಮಾತೃಮಂದಿರ|lit=mother's temple}}).<ref name=":1" /> She established a newspaper called ''Sanmargadarshini'' for her students.<ref name=":1" /> Tirumalamba's personal writings, initially for self-study, were later shared with her students, which encouraged her to expand her writing into various forms, including drama, fiction, stories, and songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashadevi |first=M. S. |date=2023-03-25 |title=Nanjangud Tirumalamba, a widow who became a writer, publisher, and more, and reached the pinnacle of success |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/nanjangud-tirumalamba-a-widow-who-became-a-writer-publisher-and-more-and-reached-the-pinnacle-of-success/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career as a writer==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}<br />
Tirumalamba submitted a story to a competition organized by ''Madhuravani'', a monthly magazine from [[Mysore]]. The editor, K. Hanuman, visited her home and discovered a collection of her literary works. Impressed by a piece titled ''Vidhava Kartavya'', he published it in ''Madhuravani''. Tirumalamba continued writing, and soon after, established a publication house called ''Sathi Hitaishini''.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Career as a publisher==<br />
<br />
Tirumalamba started a publishing house, ''Sathi Hitaishini'', which published her first novel, ''Sushile,'' in 1913, which saw four editions and sold over 7000 copies.<ref name=":0" /> The publication house also published works by other authors, including ''Sanmarga Granthavali'' by Panyam Sundarashastri and ''Sanmarga Grantha Malika'' by Saraguru Venkata Varadacharya. Other publications included ''Nandini Granthamala'' and ''Science of Decoration'' by Dr. S. N. Narasimhayya, as well as medical books like ''Suksmayurveda Chikitsa Prayoga'' and ''Sarala Unipathi Chikisakata'' by Dr. Srinivas Murthy. Between 1913 and 1916, Tirumalamba authored eleven books, including ''Nabha'', ''Vidyullatha'', and ''Harina''. She authored approximately 28 works in total, including stories, novels, short novels, detective novels, essays, poems, and plays. Her final novel, ''ManiMala'', was published in 1939.<br />
<br />
== Career as a newspaper editor ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}<br />
Tirumalamba established a monthly magazine, ''Karnataka Nandini'', with the stated intention of supporting women through literature. Contributors included the poet Udupi TulasiBai and Kademgodlu Shankara Bhattaru. A column titled ''Kannada Rannagannadi'' featured advocates of the [[Kannada|Kannada language]]. Due to a lack of contributors, Tirumalamba used various pen names to fill the magazine's columns, but this practice proved unsustainable, and the magazine eventually ceased publication.<br />
<br />
==Death and legacy==<br />
<br />
After her father's death, Tirumalamba's writing shifted towards philosophical themes before ceasing altogether. She died at the age of 95 on 31 August 1982.<ref name=aaa/><br />
<br />
==Awards, honours, and reception==<br />
<br />
Several works published by ''Sati Hitaisini'', including ''Matrunandini'', ''Chandravadana'', and ''Ramananda'', received awards from the Madras School Book and Literature Society. The Vidyavardhaka Sangha of Karnataka also honored works like ''Ramananda'' and ''Purnakala''. Tirumalamba's writings received recognition from the governments of [[Mysore]], [[Chennai|Madras]], and [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Her works were used as textbooks in schools across Madras, Mysore, and Bombay for nearly two decades, starting in 1917. In 1980, she was honored by the Rajya Sahitya Academy.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Tirumalamba Award==<br />
<br />
The Shaswathi institution, founded by C. N. Mangala, presents the Tirumalamba Award to outstanding female writers in honor of Tirumalamba.<ref name=aaa/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/shashwathi-nanjanagudu-tirumalamba-awards–presented-to-four-writers/article1135882.ece|title=Shashwathi Nanjanagudu Tirumalamba awards presented to four writers|date=2011-01-29|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Novels==<br />
<br />
* Sushile (1913)<br />
* Nabha<br />
* Vidyullata<br />
* Viragini<br />
* Daksakanye (spy)<br />
* Manimala<br />
<br />
==Drama==<br />
<br />
* Savitri Charitre<br />
* Janaki Kalyana<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{portal|Poetry|Biography}}<br />
*[[Indian literature]]<br />
*[[List of Indian writers]]<br />
*[[List of Indian women writers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/nanjanagoodu-tirumalamba-magazines-karnataka-nandini-sanmaargadarshini-bhadrageethavali-ramananda-chandravadana-bhargavagarva-bhanga-vivekodaya-sumukhivijaya-ajaamilopaakhyana/articleshow/47062197.cms Tirumalamba: the visionary kannada novelist] <br />
*[https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/nanjangud-tirumalamba-a-widow-who-became-a-writer-publisher-and-more-and-reached-the-pinnacle-of-success/ Nanjangud Tirumalamba, a widow who became a writer, publisher, and more, and reached the pinnacle of success]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanjanagudu, Tirumalamba}}<br />
[[Category:1887 births]]<br />
[[Category:1982 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women editors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian editors]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women publishers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian printers]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century publishers (people)]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=WeMove_Theatre&diff=545603WeMove Theatre2026-03-31T20:17:48Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding basic post basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Theatre company in Bangalore, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Companies|date=November 2017}}{{citation style|date=November 2017}}}}<br />
{{Infobox Theatre<br />
|name = WeMove Theatre<br />
|image = WeMove Theatre logo.jpg<br />
|image_size = 200<br />
|caption = WeMove Theatre logo<br />
|address = 110/A, 29th Cross Rd, 7th Block, [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], [[Bengaluru]]<br />
|city = [[Bangalore]]<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|designation = <br />
|coordinates = <br />
|architect = <br />
|owner = [[Abhishek Iyengar]] & Rangaraj Bhatracharya<br />
|tenant = <br />
|operator = <br />
|capacity = <br />
|type = Provincial<br />
|opened = September 2006<br />
|reopened = <br />
|years_active = <br />
|rebuilt = <br />
|closed = <br />
|demolished = <br />
|other_names = <br />
|production = <br />
|current_use = <br />
|website = {{URL|http://wemovetheatre.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''WeMove Theatre''''' is [[Bangalore]]-based theatre company. It is located in the south Bangalore area of [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] and is run by the Independent Board consisting of members [[Abhishek Iyengar]] and Rangaraj Bhatracharya.<br />
<br />
It aims at proving a platform for individuals who wants to express through the medium of theatre. It believes in the policy Theatre For All<ref name="Freedom_to_express" /> (works through Monday to Sunday). it has staged over 350+ stage performances in both Kannada and English since inception, most of the plays are known for their contemporary issues revolving around stories of common man thus connecting more at an emotional level to the audience.<ref name="Curtain_call" /><br />
<br />
==Objectives==<br />
WeMove Theatre believes in Theatre for All <ref name="Theatre for all a dream?">[https://bengaloorism.com/theatre-for-all-a-dream/ Theatre for all]</ref><br />
. It aims to <br />
* Showcase Quality Contemporary theatrical performances in India and abroad<br />
* Produce and commission new and innovative theatre forms and productions which deal with stories of Common Man<br />
* Create theatre programs to build audiences for theatre and to impart theatre skills<br />
<br />
.<ref name="rsstage" /><br />
<br />
===WeMove Theatre Black Box studio===<br />
WeMove Theatre studio is the space with a floor area of 800 square ft, with some basic facilities to store properties. It is at this space where [[artists]] of diverse backgrounds come together to explore and make strong work of theatre. Concept of [[Blackbox]] is used to create work in this studio space <ref name="rsstage">[http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/no-frills-theatre-spilling-auditoriums-public-spaces/articleshow/49530445.cms WeMove Theatre - The Black Box Space]</ref><br />
<br />
===The Big Step===<br />
Big step is a theatre [[Humanitarian intervention|intervention]] program aimed at promoting to practice the art of [[theatre]]. Interested, passionate people with the intention to learn theatre enroll for a one-day workshop <ref name="Big Step One day Workshop">[https://starofmysore.com/one-day-theatre-workshop-tomorrow/ One Day Workshop]</ref> to understand the nuances of what goes into making a theatre play. Recently, Big step programs branched out of Bangalore into [[California]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], and [[Chennai]].<ref name="dhrs">[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/wemove-theatre-hopes-to-reach-out-to-through-theatre/article17460977.ece The Hindu - 'Steps to Move']</ref> <br />
Big step program provides a brief chance to perform right after the workshop with all the participants thus imparting everything that was [[experienced]].<br />
<br />
==Malgudi Days and other productions==<br />
<br />
WeMove has in total stages 14 theatre productions in English and [[Kannada]]. ''Malgudi Days'', being the most popular Kannada satire play of WeMove was recently staged in California by a theatre group based out of the Bay Area called [[Nataka Chaitra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/plays-for-everyone/article8285613.ece|title = Plays for everyone|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 February 2016|last1 = Datta|first1 = Sravasti}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the other popular productions of WeMove include E=MC2<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Sonu-Gowda-enthralls-theatre-lovers/articleshow/54700830.cms For the first time a Kannada thriller play was staged ]</ref> E=mc2 was premiered in 2015 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/520191/thrilling-acts-stage.html | title=Thrilling acts on stage | date=29 December 2015 }}</ref>[[Sonu (actress)|Sonu]] portrayed the female protagonist in the play.<br />
<br />
Some of the other productions include adaptations from [[R.K Narayan]]'s [[Malgudi Days (short story collection)|Malgudi Days]] as [[Malgudi Express]] in which popular Kannada actress [[Radhika Chetan]] essayed an important role. This was in English adapted from the book <ref>[http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/events/theatre-malgudi-express, Malgudi Express]</ref><br />
<br />
[[Namma Metro]] was WeMove's first contemporary Kannada play premiered in 2010 which saw more than 25 Performances.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/-Theatre-group-plays-keep-Metro-clean-message/articleshow/10459771.cms Namma Metro is a kannada satire play on changing times of Bengaluru]</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the other productions include the [[English language|English]] play ''Cocktail'', and the most recent production is a Kannada play called ''Sambhandagala Sutta''.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="Freedom_to_express">https://nearfox.com/bangalore/theater-groups-bangalore/ ''near Fox (Online newspaper)|The Near Fox''</ref><br />
<ref name="Curtain_call">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170322111546/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/curtain-call/section/64462 ] ''[[The New Indian Express]]''</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.wemovetheatre.in}}<br />
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/mbas-please-give-theatre-a-leg-up/article4673799.ece Please give Theatre a leg up 'WeMoveTheatre'] on ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]''<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theatrical organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Theatres in India]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussaini_Brahmin&diff=465179Hussaini Brahmin2026-03-28T06:02:43Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Mohyal Brahmin community of the Punjab-region}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Primary sources|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Lead too long|date=February 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Hussaini Brahmins<br />
| rawimage =<br />
| total_ref = <!-- references supporting total population --><br />
| total_year = <!-- year of total population --><br />
| total_source = <!-- source of total population; may be ''census'' or ''estimate'' --><br />
| regions = '''India''': [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu]]<br />
'''Pakistan''': [[Sindh]], [[Chakwal]], [[Lahore]], <br />
'''Afghanistan''': [[Kabul]], southern regions<br />
| languages = [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Urdu]]<br />
| religions = Syncretized [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] and [[File:Om.svg|10px]] [[Hinduism]]<br />
| related_groups = [[Mohyal Brahmins]], [[Saraswat Brahmins]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Hussaini Brahmins''' are a small sect within the [[Mohyal Brahmin]] community of the [[Punjab]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Non-Shia practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the diaspora: beyond mourning |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-81904-0 |editor-last=Sohoni |editor-first=Pushkar |series=Routledge South Asian religion series |location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York |editor-last2=Tschacher |editor-first2=Torsten}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Mohyal co normally associated with orthodox Brahminsmmunity comprises seven sub-clans named [[Bali clan|Bali]], [[Bhimwal]], [[Chhibber]], [[Datt]], [[Lau clan|Lau]], [[Mohan (clan)|Mohan]] and [[Vaid (surname)|Vaid]].<br />
<br />
They have adopted non-Brahmanical traditions leading to the sub-set of the Moyhal community paying reverence to Islam, most notably to the third [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web | author= Nonica Datta | url= https://thewire.in/religion/the-forgotten-history-of-hussaini-brahmins-and-muharram-in-amritsar | title= The Forgotten History of Hussaini Brahmins and Muharram in Amritsar | publisher= The Wire (Indian News and Opinion Website) | date= 30 September 2019 | accessdate=17 December 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130440if_/https://thewire.in/religion/the-forgotten-history-of-hussaini-brahmins-and-muharram-in-amritsar | archive-date=1 November 2020 | url-status= live }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to V. Upadhyaya<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cmtIAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3 संत-वैष्णव काव्य पर तांत्रिक प्रभाव, V. Upadhyaya, 1962, Page 181]</ref> they were influenced by the [[Chisti]] Sufis. While they wear the yajnopavita and the tilak, they take alms from only the Muslims, and not from Hindus.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=A40cAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3 Hamara Samaj, Sant Ham, 1957, p. 115]</ref> Some of them are found in Pushakar, Ajmer, where [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]] is buried.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ8RAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3 Jayasi, Malik Muhammad, Ramchandra Billaurey, 1973, p. 131]</ref> According to another tradition, Yazid's troops had brought Imam Husain's head to their ancestors home in Sialkot. In exchange for his head, the ancestor exchanged his own sons' heads.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vcx-7gUN0g4C&dq=husaini+brahmin&pg=PA141 A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883 · Volume 2, Horace Arthur Rose, Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Sir Edward Maclagan, 1911, p. 141]</ref> Famous Hussaini Brahmins include the actor [[Sunil Dutt]], Urdu writers [[Kashmiri Lal Zakir]], Sabir Dutt, and Nand Kishore Vikram.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mujtaba |first1=Syed Ali |title=Uniqueness of Indian culture: Hussaini Brahmins are Hindus but observe Muslim traditions |url=https://www.siasat.com/uniqueness-of-indian-culture-hussaini-brahmins-are-hindus-but-observe-muslim-traditions-2388090/#google_vignette |website=The Daily Siasat |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Few families can still be found in parts of [[Iraq]] but most families of Hussaini Brahmins are now settled in [[Pune]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=NADEEM INAMDAR|first1=RIZWAN KHAN|title=Brahmins who went to war for the Imam|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR/2010/12/19&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00700&AppName=1|accessdate=22 January 2016|agency=The Times of India|publisher=Times group, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127211246/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2010%2F12%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00700&AppName=1|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akram|first1=Maria|title=For Hussaini brahmans, it's Muharram as usual|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/For-Hussaini-brahmans-its-Muharram-as-usual/articleshow/45039950.cms|accessdate=22 January 2016|agency=The Times of India|publisher=Times group, India|date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122165217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/For-Hussaini-brahmans-its-Muharram-as-usual/articleshow/45039950.cms|archive-date=22 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu region]] in India. [[Sindh]], [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]] and [[Lahore]] in Pakistan and [[Kabul]] and South Afghanistan in [[Afghanistan]]. Some of them also observe [[Muharram]] every year.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
As per Mohyal oral history, a Mohyal Brahmin of the Dutt clan had fought on behalf of Imam al-Husayn in the [[Battle of Karbala]] (680 C.E.), more specifically in the storming of Kufa—sacrificing his seven sons in the process.<ref>Mohyals, Muslims and Mustafabad". ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh. 8 August 1993</ref> According to legend, Rahab Sidh Dutt (also mentioned as Rahib Sidh or Sidh Viyog Datt in some versions) was the leader of a small band of career-soldiers living near Baghdad around the time of the battle of Karbala.<ref name=":1">Mahdi Nazmi (1984). Reg-i-Surkh: Dut Brahman Imam Husain se Rabt o Zabt. Abu Talib Academy, New Delhi. pp. 63–71.</ref> The legend mentions the place where he stayed as Dair-al-Hindiya, meaning "The Indian Quarter", which matches an [[Hindiya|Al-Hindiya]] in existence today.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
== Notable Figures ==<br />
<br />
* [[G. D. Bakshi|Maj. General G. D. Bakshi]] - Retired Major General of Indian Army, leading defence analyst of India<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
In [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], a place of [[Sufism in India|Sufi]] pilgrimage, where [[Moinuddin Chishti]] lived and passed his last days, there is even today a class of people who call themselves Hussaini Brahmins, who are neither 'orthodox Hindus' nor orthodox Muslims. Hussaini Brahmins practiced a mixed blend of [[Vedas|orthodox Vedic]] and Islamic traditions. A saying in Hindi/Urdu language refers to the Hussaini Brahmans thus: "Wah Datt Sultan, Hindu ka dharm, Musalman ka Iman, Adha Hindu adha Musalman" (Well Datt Sultan, declaring [[Hindu dharma|Hindu Dharma]] and following Muslim practice, Half Hindu and Half Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitra |first1= Sisir Kumar |title=The Vision of India |publisher= Jaico Publishing House |location=Bombay, India |pages=229–230 (First Print 1949) }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Punjabi Hindus]]<br />
* [[Mohyal Brahmins]]<br />
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]<br />
* [[Hindu–Islamic relations]]<br />
* [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]<br />
* [[Religious syncretism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dehlvi |first=Ghulam Rasool |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_IdSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&dq=hussaini+brahmin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJqKCc_7qTAxU22TgGHVnkM78Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=hussaini%20brahmin&f=false |title=Ishq Sufiyana: Untold Stories of Divine Love |date=2025-02-24 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=70-4 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Haryanawala |first=Huzaifa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=koiTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP6&dq=hussaini+brahmin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJqKCc_7qTAxU22TgGHVnkM78Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=hussaini%20brahmin&f=false |title=IMAM HUSAIN and INDIA |date=2013-06-14 |publisher= |isbn=978-1-304-13565-0 |pages=6-X |language=en}} <br />
* {{Cite web |title=Al-Serat |url=https://dn720003.ca.archive.org/0/items/english_shia_books/Al-Serat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503165354/https://dn720003.ca.archive.org/0/items/english_shia_books/Al-Serat.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=}}<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
{{Demographics of India}}<br />
{{Hinduism in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Islam in Pakistan}}<br />
{{Islam in India}}<br />
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}<br />
{{The seven Mohyal clans}}<br />
{{Hinduism in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Mohyal]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu communities]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu communities of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Secularism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Brahmins]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmin communities of India]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural anthropology]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tughlaq_conquest_of_Bengal&diff=542030Tughlaq conquest of Bengal2026-03-25T18:22:37Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding some stub more to come</p>
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<div>{{lead rewrite|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Short description|War between the Delhi Sultanate and Bengal (1324)}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Tughlaq campaign of Bengal<br />
| place = [[Bengal]]<br />
| date = 1324 AD.<br />
| territory = [[Lakhnauti]], [[Satgaon]], [[Sonargaon]] annexed by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Majumdar|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/55/mode/1up 56]}}: "He confirmed Sultan Nasir-ud-din in the government of North Bengal with its capital at [[Lakhnauti|Lakhhawati]]. Eastern and Southern Bengal, with capitals respectively at [[Sonargaon]] and [[Satgaon]], were annexed to the Sultanate, and his adopted son [[Bahram Khan]] was appointed to govern them"</ref><br />
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization/page/n221/mode/1up 201-202]}}<br />
| combatant1 = [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Bengal]]<br />
| commander1 = [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]<br />[[Bahram Khan]]<br />Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah{{Efn|Defected to Tughlaq's side}}<br />Zulchi<br />Habitulllah Khan Qasuri<br />
| commander2 = [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]]{{POW}}<br />
| strength1 = Unknown<br />
| strength2 = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Tughlaq campaign in Bengal, launched in 1324 by Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq]] ({{Reign|1320|1325}}), aimed to reassert Delhi’s authority over the independent principality of [[Bengal]], which had been autonomous since the death of Sultan [[Balban]] ({{Reign|1266|1287}}). Following the suppression of a rebellion in Gujarat, Ghiyas al-din marched to Bengal to address the instability caused by a fratricidal conflict among the sons of [[Shamsuddin Firuz Shah]], particularly targeting [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah]], who had seized power in [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]. Led by General [[Bahram Khan]], the imperial forces defeated Bahadur near Lakhnauti, capturing him after a pursuit to Khyaspur. Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah was installed as the tributary ruler of Lakhnauti, while Satgaon and Sonargaon were placed under Bahram Khan's control. <br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Further|Balban's campaign of Bengal}}After suppressing rebellion in [[Gujarat]], Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq]] turned his focus to Bengal, which had been independent since [[Balban|Ghiyath al-Din Balban]]'s death.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Majumdar|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/55 56]}}</ref> After Sultan Balban's death, his second son, [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]] ({{Reign|1287|1291}}), established an independent kingdom in Bengal.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147431/page/n497 474]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The situation in Bengal favoured Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq due to the internal strife among the successors of [[Shamsuddin Firuz Shah]] ({{Reign|1301|1322}}). Following the death of Bughra Khan’s descendant, [[Shamsuddin Firuz Shah]], in 1322, his four sons named Shihabuddin Bughra Shah, Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah, [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah|Ghiyasuddin Bahadur]], and Qutlu Khan vied for power. Ghiyasuddin Bahadur had established himself at [[Sonargaon]] before his father’s death.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177678/page/262 261]}}</ref> A fratricidal conflict erupted, with Ghiyasuddin Bahadur’s ambition causing widespread chaos. He defeated<ref name=":2" /> and expelled Shihabuddin,{{Efn|[[Wolseley Haig]] writes that “Bughra died, or was slain” ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=261}})}} who had succeeded his father at [[Lakhnauti]] in 1319 AD,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/thesultanateofdelhibylalsrivastava/page/n219 186]}}</ref> and killed Qutlu Khan.<ref name=":1" /> His next brother, Nasiruddin, who was older than Bahadur, ascended the throne and in 1324 AD.{{Efn|[[Mohammad Habib]] writes “Barani, Yahiya, Nizamuddin, Badauni and others designate Nasir-ud-din as the ruler of Lakhnauti, the fact is that he had only claims on Lakhnauti and was a fugitive from that place.” ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|pp=474-475}})}}<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
According to the ''[[Riyaz-us-Salatin]]'', Nasiruddin and Shihabuddin sought refuge with Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq, urging him to help them overthrow their ruthless brother, Ghiyasuddin Bahadur. However, [[Abdul Malik Isami|Isami]] reports that as the Sultan crossed the [[Gomti River]] en route to Bengal, Nasiruddin joined him and shared his unsuccessful attempts to convince Ghiyasuddin Bahadur, to accept Delhi’s authority. [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]] notes that nobles from Lakhnauti approached the Sultan, complaining about the oppressive rule of Bengal’s leader. In response, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq decided to personally lead a campaign to Bengal.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|1951|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281016/page/n355 292]}} "Towards the close of his reign in 1324 the princes of Lakhnauti, Shihab-ud-din and Nasir-ud-din, who had been expelled from their kingdom by their brother Bahadur, came to Delhi and sought the intervention of Tughluq Shah."</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/thesultanateofdelhibylalsrivastava/page/n219/mode/1up 186]}} "Their third brother, Nasir-ud-din, who, too, was eager to rule over Bengal, appealed to Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq for help."</ref><br />
<br />
== Prelude ==<br />
Determined to reassert control, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq marched with his army in early 1324, leaving his son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in charge of Delhi's government. According to some sources, Muhammad was recalled from [[Telangana]] specifically for this role in January 1324.<ref name=":0" /> Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq left Delhi and marched eastward in the beginning of January 1324 AD.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n105 84]}}</ref> Arriving near Tirhut, Nasiruddin and some [[Rai (title)|rais]] and [[Zamindar|zamindars]] of that region paid homage to him and explained the attitude of his brother Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah to the sultan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|pp=474-475}}</ref> Nasir offered to capture Bahadur for Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq if he were given an army.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
The sultan sent his trusted general [[Bahram Khan]], leading a select group of troops alongside Zulchi and Nasiruddin from Tirhut to march on Lakhnauti.<ref name=":4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147431/page/n498/mode/1up 475]}}</ref> The imperial army advanced cautiously and in disciplined formation, positioning Nasiruddin on the left flank of the center.<ref name=":3" /> Bahadur Shah was then at Ghyaspur,{{Efn|Ghyaspur is now a village still known locally as Khyaspur, located 15 miles southwest of the present-day town of [[Mymensingh]].{{Sfn|Qinungo|1943|p=85}}}} a city which he founded. Nasiruddin’s activities in Lakhnauti and rumors of the approaching imperial army prompted Bahadur Shah to return to Lakhnauti.<ref name=":5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n106 85]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Battle of Lakhnauti ==<br />
Bahram Khan, advanced with the imperial army to the vicinity of Lakhnauti. In response, Bahadur Shah, came out from the city with his forces to engage in battle. The opposing armies clashed near Lakhnauti. Both left and the right wing of the two armies clashes with each other.<ref name=":5" /> Bahadur launched an attack on Nasiruddin<ref name=":5" /> and Zulchi<ref name=":4" /> the commander of the imperial center. The assault was repelled, and Bahadur’s forces, thrown into disarray, retreated. Faced with no viable option but retreat, Ghiyasuddin Bahadur withdrew some distance. The imperial forces, with swords drawn, launched a fierce charge, inflicting heavy casualties and sowing terror among Bahadur’s ranks.<ref name=":5" /> <br />
<br />
During his retreat, Bahadur, struck by the memory of his cherished concubine left behind in his abandoned camp, hastily returned to retrieve her before resuming his escape.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah retreated overland toward [[Bangladesh|Banga]], as per Isami’s account. Bahram Khan dispatched a detachment led by Haibatullah Khan Qasuri in pursuit. Bahadur’s Lakhnauti army, heading toward Khyaspur, crossed several hill ridges.<ref name=":8">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n107 86]}}</ref> After crossing several hills, he reached a riverbank and became trapped in a quagmire. There, he was captured and brought before Bahram Khan as a prisoner.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Following their triumph, the army returned to the imperial camp, delivering their captives into the Sultan's presence.<ref name=":4" /> Ghiyasuddin Bahadur was placed in chains and later taken to Delhi.<ref name=":6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177678/page/263 262]}}</ref> Thereafter, the rest of Bengal was overrun by the imperial army.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147229/page/n211 193]}}</ref> Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq stayed on a month or two in Bengal to gather the spoils of war.<ref name=":5" /> Nasiruddin was confirmed as the tributary ruler of Northern Bengal with its capital at Lakhnauti, while Eastern and Southern Bengal, with capitals respectively at Sonargaon and Satgaon, were annexed to the Sultanate, and entrusted to his adopted son Bahram Khan to govern them.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/thesultanateofdelhibylalsrivastava/page/n219 186]}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Sultan Nasiruddin Ibrahim, remained a loyal [[vassal]] of Delhi, issued coins from the Lakhnauti mint bearing his name alongside Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq’s. This practice of joint coinage likely continued under Tughluq’s successor.<ref name=":8" /> After his death in 1328,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n109/mode 88]}} "However, where and when Nasiruddin died after 728 A.H. need not be speculated upon, …"</ref> Lakhnauti also came under Bahram Khan's authority.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n108 87]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1325 Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq's successor [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] ({{Reign|1325|1351}}), released Ghiyasuddin Bahadur and appointed vassal king of Sonargaon, with Bahram assigned as the emperor’s representative to oversee its administration. Following Bahadur Shah’s revolt in 1328, Tatar Khan defeated him, took him captive, and executed him.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain|article=Tatar Khan|article-url=Tatar_Khan}}</ref> Muhammad bin Tughlaq also appointed Malik Pindar (or Bedar) Khilji under Nasiruddin Ibrahim, titled Qadar Khan, as the [[feudatory]] of Lakhnauti, while [[Izz al-Din Yahya|Izzuddin Yahya]], with the title Azam Malik, as the feudatory of Satgaon.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n108 87]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Regarding the political situation of Bengal's governance K. R. Qinungo writes, <br />
: "The three well-defined regions of Bengal, Lakhnawati, Satgānw and Sonargānw, were governed by Qadar Khan, Malik Izzuddin Yahaya, and Bahram Khan alias Tätär Khan respectively, without any internal dissension or any attempt at rebellion against the authority of Sultan Muhammad Tughluq for about ten years more after the suppression of the last rebellion of Bahadur Shah."{{Sfn|Qinungo|1943|p=89}}<br />
<br />
Bahram Khan died in 1337 AD. In 1338, Bahram's armour-bearer upon his master’s death assumed in Sonargaon the royal title of [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] ({{Reign|1328|1349}}) and reigned till his death in 1349.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain|article=Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah|article-url=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah}}</ref> In the same year, [[Izz al-Din Yahya|Izzuddin Yahya]], governor of Satgaon died enabling Mubarak's foster brother [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Haji Ilyas]] to became independent at Satgaon.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Ahmed|first=ABM Shamsuddin|article=Iliyas Shah|article-url=Iliyas_Shah}}</ref> In 1339/1340, Qadar Khan died at Lakhnauti, and the muster-master of his forces proclaimed himself as king of Western Bengal under the title of [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] ({{Reign|1339|1342}}). He moved his capital from Lakhnauti to [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. Alauddin Ali Shah succeeded his son [[Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah]] ({{Reign|1349|1352}}).<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
Haji Ilyas waged war against Alauddin Ali Shah conquering his domain including Lakhnauti in 1342.<ref name=":7" /> He assumed the title of [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]. In 1352, he conquered Sonargaon defeating Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah and became the master of the whole of Bengal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177678/page/263 263]}}</ref> He unified the three fractured provinces therefore established the independent [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate of Bengal]] under [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]].<ref name=":7" /> <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Ekdala Wars]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Qinungo |first=K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II |location=Delhi |chapter=Chapter III. Bengal under the House of Balban}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/ |title=History and the Culture of the Indian People |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1960 |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |volume=VI |location=Bombay}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Delhi_Sultanate.html?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&source=kp_book_description |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |date=2003-10-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization |archive-date=2018-07-23}}<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_The_Del.html?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |volume=V |language=en |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sultanate_of_Delhi_711_1526_A_D.html?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D.: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age |date=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuf6SZPo3OkC |title=History of Medieval India |date=1951 |publisher=The Indian Press Ltd. |edition=Third |location=Allahabad |orig-year=1933 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281016/mode/1up |archive-date=2017-01-16}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Haig |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXhZ38Y4ugAC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1928 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=III |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Wars involving medieval India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1324]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Bengal Sultanate]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Presidency&diff=462080Bengal Presidency2026-03-23T20:07:23Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Province of British India from 1699 to 1947}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Presidency of Fort William in Bengal<br /> <br />
{{small|{{nobold|(1699–1937)<ref>{{cite act |date= 28 August 1833|legislature= Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|title=Government of India Act 1833|url=https://lawsisto.com/Read-Central-Act/993/GOVERNMENT-OF-INDIA-ACT-1833|index=38|language=English}}</ref>}}}}<hr />Province of Bengal<br />{{small|{{nobold|(1937–1947)<ref>{{cite act |date= 2 August 1935|index=269—2|page=166|legislature= Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|title=Government of India Act 1935|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf|language=English}}</ref>}}}}<br />
| event_start = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] permission to trade in [[Bengal Subah]]<br />
| year_start = 1612<br />
| date_start = <br />
| event_end = [[Second Partition of Bengal|Division of Bengal]] during the [[Partition of India]]<br />
| year_end = 1947<br />
| date_end = <br />
| life_span = 1699–1947<br />
| event1 = [[Battle of Plassey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-plassey|title = Battle of Plassey &#124; National Army Museum|website=Nam.ac.uk}}</ref><br />
| national_anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"<br />(1745–1837; 1901–1947)<br />"[[God Save the Queen]]"<br />(1837–1901)<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:God Save the King Historical National Anthem of Great Britain(1914).ogg]]</div><br />
| date_event1 = 1757<br />
| p1 = Bengal Subah{{!}}'''1793:'''<br />Bengal Subah<br />
| flag_p1 = Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg<br />
| p2 = Kedah Sultanate{{!}}'''1800:'''<br />Kedah Sultanate<br />
| flag_p2 = Flag of Kedah.svg<br />
| p3 = Konbaung Dynasty{{!}}'''1824:'''<br />Konbaung Dynasty<br />
| flag_p3 = Flag of Konbaung Dynasty (Nonrectangular).svg<br />
| p4 = Dutch Malacca{{!}}'''1825:'''<br />Dutch Malacca<br />
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| p6 = French India<br />
| flag_p6 = Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png<br />
| p7 = Ahom Kingdom{{!}}'''1826:'''<br />Ahom Kingdom<br />
| flag_p7 = <br />
| p8 = Dimasa Kingdom{{!}}'''1832:'''<br />Dimasa Kingdom<br />
| flag_p8 = <br />
| p9 = Jaintia Kingdom{{!}}'''1835:'''<br />Jaintia Kingdom<br />
| flag_p9 = <br />
| p10 = Matak Kingdom{{!}}'''1839:'''<br />Matak Kingdom<br />
| flag_p10 = <br />
| p11 = Danish India{{!}}'''1869:'''<br />Danish India<br />
| flag_p11 = Flag of Denmark.svg<br />
| s1 = Punjab Province (British India){{!}}'''1853:'''<br />Punjab Province<br />
| flag_s1 = British East India Company flag.svg<br />
| s2 = Ajmer-Merwara{{!}}'''1861:'''<br />Ajmer-Merwara Province<br />
| flag_s2 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s3 = British rule in Burma{{!}}'''1862:'''<br />Burma Province<br />
| flag_s3 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s4 = Straits Settlements{{!}}'''1867:'''<br />Straits Settlements<br />
| flag_s4 = Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1925–1946).svg<br />
| s5 = Central Provinces and Berar{{!}}'''1871:'''<br />Central Provinces<br />
| flag_s5 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s6 = North-East Frontier{{!}}'''1874:'''<br />North-East Frontier<br />
| flag_s6 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s7 = North-Western Provinces and Oudh{{!}}'''1838:'''<br />North-Western Provinces and Oudh<br />
| flag_s7 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s8 = Eastern Bengal and Assam{{!}}'''1905:'''<br />Eastern Bengal and Assam<br />
| flag_s8 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s9 = Bihar and Orissa Province{{!}}'''1912:'''<br />Bihar and Orissa Province<br />
| flag_s9 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg<br />
| s10 = East Bengal{{!}}'''1947:'''<br />East Bengal<br />
| flag_s10 = Flag of Pakistan.svg<br />
| s11 = West Bengal{{!}}'''1947:'''<br />West Bengal<br />
| today = [[Bangladesh]]<br />[[India]]<br />[[Pakistan]]<br />[[Myanmar]]<br />[[Malaysia]]<br />[[Singapore]]<br />
| flag_s11 = Flag of India.svg<br />
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Bengal Presidency in British India with dependencies 1852.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|The Bengal Presidency (green) in 1852, with the rest of British India coloured dark grey|[[File:BengalPartition1905 Map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts after [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] from 1905|[[File:Bengal Province 1931.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Bengal Province since 1912}}<br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]]<br />
| status = <br />
| image_flag = Flag_of_British_Bengal.svg<br />
| image_flag2 = <br />
| flag = <br />
| flag_type = [[Flag_of_Bangladesh#British_India_and_independence|Flag]]<br />
| flag_border = <br />
| image_coat = Badge of British Bengal.svg<br />
| symbol = <br />
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of West Bengal#Historic emblems|Badge]]<br />
| capital = [[Calcutta]]{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2022|pp=325–326}}<br />
| admin_center = [[Darjeeling]]<br />
| admin_center_type = Summer Capital<br />
| religion = <br />
| currency = [[Indian rupee]], [[Pound sterling]], [[Straits dollar]]<br />
<!-- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies -->| title_leader = [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor]]<br />
| leader1 = [[Sir Charles Eyre]]<br />
| year_leader1 = 1699–1701 (first)<br />
| leader2 = [[Sir Frederick Burrows]]<br />
| year_leader2 = 1946–1947 (last)<br />
| leader3 = <br />
| year_leader3 = <br />
| leader4 = <br />
| year_leader4 = <br />
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| year_leader5 = <br />
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| stat_pop1 = 30,000,000<ref>Visaria, Leela; Visaria, Praveen (1983), "Population (1757–1947)", in Dharma Kumar (ed.), ''The Cambridge Economic History of India:'' Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970. Appendix Table 5.2.</ref><br />
| representative1 = [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]<br />
| representative2 = [[H. S. Suhrawardy]]<br />
| year_representative1 = 1937–1943 (first)<br />
| year_representative2 = 1946–1947 (last)<br />
| title_representative = [[Premier of Bengal|Premier]]<br />
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| deputy2 = <br />
| year_deputy1 = <br />
| year_deputy2 = <br />
| title_deputy = <!-- Legislature --><br />
| legislature = Legislature of Bengal<br />
| house1 = [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] (1861–1947)<br />
| house2 = [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] (1937–1947)<br />
| capital_exile = <br />
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| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
| footnotes = {{notelist}}<br />
}}<br />
{{History of Bengal}}<br />
{{History of Bangladesh}}<br />
{{History of India}}<br />
{{History of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Bengalis}}<br />
The '''Bengal Presidency''', officially the '''Presidency of Fort William in Bengal'''{{efn|[[Bengali Language|Bengali]]: বাংলায় ফোর্ট উইলিয়ামের প্রেসিডেন্সি}} until 1937, later the '''Bengal Province''', was the largest of all three [[presidencies of British India]] during [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] and later a [[Provinces of India|Province of British India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2014/08/Shaibal-Gupta-Economic-history-of-Bengal-presidency.pdf |title=Economic History of Bengal Presidency |website=International Growth Centre |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004183251/https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2014/08/Shaibal-Gupta-Economic-history-of-Bengal-presidency.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At the height of its territorial jurisdiction, it covered large parts of what is now South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bengal proper covered the ethno-linguistic region of [[Bengal]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]] and the [[West Bengal|Indian state of West Bengal]]). [[Calcutta]], the city which grew around [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], was the capital of the Bengal Presidency. For many years, the [[governor of Bengal]] was concurrently the [[governor-general of India]] and Calcutta was the [[capital of India]] until 1911.<br />
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The Bengal Presidency emerged from trading posts established in the [[Bengal Subah|Bengal province]] during the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1612. The East India Company (EIC), a British Indian monopoly with a royal charter, competed with other European companies to gain influence in Bengal. In 1757 and 1764, the company defeated the [[Nawab of Bengal]], who acted on Mughal sovereignty, at the [[Battle of Plassey]] and the [[Battle of Buxar]], and Bengal came under British influence. In 1765, Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] granted revenue rights over Bengal to the company and the judicial rights in 1793. After this, the Bengal province was later merged with the Presidency of Fort William but under the [[suzerainty]] of the Emperor until 1835.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bengalis|page=143}}</ref><br />
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In 1836, the upper territories of the Bengal Presidency were organised into the Agra Division or [[North-Western Provinces]] and administered by a lieutenant-governor within the Presidency. The lower territories were organised into the Bengal Division and put in charge of lieutenant-governor as well in 1853. The office of the governor of the Presidency was abolished and the Presidency existed as only a nominal entity under the dual government of the two lieutenant-governors at [[Agra]] and Calcutta. The 1887, the Agra Division was separated from the Presidency and merged with the Oudh province, ending the dual government. In 1912, the governor was restored. In the early 20th century, Bengal emerged as a hotbed of the [[Indian independence movement]] and the [[Bengali Renaissance]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0046760X.2022.2050304 |doi=10.1080/0046760X.2022.2050304 |title=Colonial textbooks and national consciousness in British India |year=2022 |last1=Dutta |first1=Sutapa |journal=History of Education |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=827–845 |s2cid=248603349 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630103617/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0046760X.2022.2050304 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as a center of education, politics, law, science and [[the arts]]. It was home to the largest city in India and the second-largest city in the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&dq=calcutta+second+largest+city+british+empire&pg=PA227 |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire |isbn=9780521002547 |last1=Marshall |first1=P. J. |date=2 August 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><br />
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At its territorial height in the mid nineteenth century, the Bengal Presidency extended from the [[Khyber Pass]] to Singapore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llewellyn-Jones |first1=Rosie |title=Empire Building: The Construction of British India, 1690–1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26 |access-date=2023-08-03 |year=2023 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-80526-026-4 |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Singapore-and-Kolkata-Publication-1.pdf |title=A Tale of Two Cities: Singapore and Kolkata Past and Present |author=Tan Tai Yong |publisher=National University of Singapore |page=3}}</ref><ref name="WhiteBoard">{{cite web | url=https://whiteboardmagazine.com/3987/the-commonwealth-and-dhaka/ | title=The Commonwealth and Dhaka | date=15 September 2023 | access-date=25 February 2024 | archive-date=4 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004190303/https://whiteboardmagazine.com/3987/the-commonwealth-and-dhaka/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 1853, [[Punjab Province (1849–1947)|the Punjab]] was separated from the Presidency into a new province. In 1861, the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] of the North-Western Provinces (which was then a division of the Bengal Presidency) were separated from the Presidency and merged with the [[Nagpur Province]] to created the [[Central Provinces]]. In 1871, Ajmer and Merwara which were also administered as a part of the Northern States were separated from the Presidency to form the [[Ajmer-Merwara Province|Ajmer-Merwara State]]. In 1874, [[Assam Province|Assam State]] was separated from Bengal.<ref name="WhiteBoard" /> In 1862, [[British Burma|Burma division]] became a separate state.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286 |title=The Straits Settlements becomes a residency – Singapore History |publisher=Eresources.nlb.gov.sg |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317190452/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd541c73-58ef-4bb1-9de7-173f00913286 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1877, the [[North-Western Provinces|North-Western States]] were finally separated from Bengal and merged with Oudh which later created the Northern States or United Provinces. Thus, by 1877, the Bengal Presidency included only modern-day [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Orissa]] and [[Bengal]]. In 1905, the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]] resulted in the short-lived state of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] which existed alongside the Bengal Presidency. In 1912, the state was merged back with the Bengal Presidency while [[Bihar and Orissa]] became a separate state.<br />
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In 1862, the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] became the first [[legislatures of British India|legislature in British India]] with native representation, after a petition from the [[British Indian Association]] of Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=161805 | title=English Releases }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bengal_Legislative_Council |title=Bengal Legislative Council |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> As part of efforts towards [[home rule]], the [[Government of India Act 1935]] created a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]], with the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]] becoming the largest state assembly in India in 1937. The office of the [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] was established as part of growing provincial autonomy. After the 1946 election, rising Hindu-Muslim divisions across India forced the Bengal Assembly to decide on partition, despite calls for a [[United Bengal]]. The [[Partition of British India]] in 1947 resulted in the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|second partition of Bengal]] on religious grounds into [[East Bengal]] (present-day Bangladesh) and [[West Bengal]].<br />
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==History==<br />
===Background===<br />
[[File: Jahangir of India.jpg|thumb|Jahangir first permitted the East India Company (EIC) to trade in Bengal]]<br />
In 1599, a [[royal charter]] was granted by [[Queen Elizabeth I]] to allow the creation of a trading company in London for the purposes of trade with the East Indies. The governance of the company was placed in the hands of a governor and a 24-member Court of Directors. The corporation became known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC). It became the most powerful corporation of its time, with control over half of [[International trade|world trade]]. [[Edmund Burke]] described the company as "a state in the guise of a merchant".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/east-india-company | title=Before the East India Company | date=27 September 2019 }}</ref> It was described as a "state within a state", and even "an empire within an empire".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last1=Cartwright | first1=Mark | url=https://www.worldhistory.org/East_India_Company/ | title=East India Company | encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia | date=27 September 2022 }}</ref> The company was given a monopoly for British trade in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRuoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref><br />
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In 1608, [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] allowed the English East India Company to establish a small trading post on the west coast of India. It was followed in 1611 by a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]] in South India, and in 1612 the company joined other already established European trading companies to trade in the wealthy [[Bengal Subah]] in the east.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1909|pp=452–472}}</ref> However, the power of the Mughal Empire declined from 1707, as the Nawab of Bengal in [[Murshidabad]] became financially independent with the help of bankers such as the [[Jagat Seth]]. The Nawabs began entering into treaties with numerous European companies, including the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], the [[Dutch East India Company]], and the [[Danish East India Company]].<br />
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The Mughal court in Delhi was weakened by [[Nader Shah]]'s invasion from Persia (1739) and [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]]'s invasion from Afghanistan (1761). While the Bengal Subah suffered a decade of [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha raids]], through bands of [[Bargi|Bargir-giri]] light cavalry, directed to pillage the territory, between 1741 and 1751.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Forgotten Indian history: The brutal Maratha invasions of Bengal |url=http://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=21 December 2015 |language=en-US |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603000937/https://scroll.in/article/776978/forgotten-indian-history-the-brutal-maratha-invasions-of-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1742 the Company chooses to spend Rs. 25&nbsp; thousand on the construction of a 3&nbsp;km Maratha ditch around Calcutta, to protect its facilities from the raiders.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Relation of Alivardi with the Marathas |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/relation-of-alivardi-with-the-marathas/5934 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=History Discussion – Discuss Anything About History |language=en-US}}</ref> The Nawab of Bengal later signed a peace treaty with the Marathas in 1751, and ceded [[Orrisa]] and paid Rs. 1.2&nbsp;million annually as the ''[[chauth]]''.<ref name="oum">OUM. pp.&nbsp;16, 17</ref> The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2&nbsp;million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of ''chauth'' for the preceding years.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |year=2005 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=marathas+in+bengal+chauth+mir+habib&pg=PA201 |publisher=New Dawn Press |page=201 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref><br />
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In June 1756 the company's factories at [[Cossimbazar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Samuel Charles |url=http://archive.org/details/bengalin175657se01hilluoft |title=Bengal in 1756-57, a selection of public and private papers dealing with the affairs of the British in Bengal during the reign of Siraj-Uddaula; with notes and an historical introduction |date=1905 |publisher=London, Murray |others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}</ref> and [[Siege of Calcutta|Calcutta]] were besieged and captured by the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, with the company's goods, treasure and weapons seized.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Deepanjan |date=11 November 2017 |title=The Siege of Calcutta |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/religious-places-/the-siege-of-calcutta |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2024}} Calcutta being renamed Alinagar in honour of the [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Siraj ud-Daulah's]] predecessor. A Company force, led by Watson and [[Robert Clive]], recaptured Fort William in January 1757, with the Nawab, Siraj ud-Daulah, agreeing the [[Treaty of Alinagar]], reestablishing the company's right to trade in Bengal, and fortify Fort William. In parallel Robert Clive conspired with Jagat Seth, Omichand and [[Mir Jafar]] to install the latter on the musnud of Bengal, a plan that they would implement in June 1757.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Oturkar |first=R. V. |title=New Light on the Battle of Plassey |year=1953 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303890 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=279–281 |jstor=44303890 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Silver Rupee coins of the Bengal Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee coins of the Bengal Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]]; From top left: Rupee of George Saunders' issue of 1819 (Calcutta), Broad rimmed Rupee of Farrukhabad, Narrow rimmed Rupee of Farrukhabad, Rupee of Murshidabad from the 1780s, Rupee of Muhammadabad Benaras with the inverted mace symbol and rare fish mint mark.]]<br />
The East India Company's victories at the [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757) and the [[Battle of Buxar]] (against the Nawabs of Bengal and [[Nawab of Oudh|Oudh]] in 1764) led to the abolition of local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal in 1793. The Company gradually began to formally expand its territories across India and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1909|pp=473–487}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, the East India Company had become the paramount political and military power in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Its territory was held in [[Trust law|trust]] for the [[The Crown|British Crown]].<ref name=igi-ii-pp488-514>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1909|pp=488–514}}</ref> The company also issued coins in the name of the nominal Mughal Emperor (who was exiled in 1857).<br />
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===Administrative changes and the Permanent Settlement===<br />
{{see also|Cornwallis in India}}<br />
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Clive]] at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which marked the defeat of the last independent Nawab of Bengal [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]]]]<br />
[[File:The trial of Warren Hastings, 1788.jpg|thumb|The [[Impeachment of Warren Hastings]]]]<br />
Under [[Warren Hastings]], the consolidation of British imperial rule over Bengal was solidified, with the conversion of a trade area into an occupied territory under a military-civil government, while the formation of a regularised system of legislation was brought in under [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]]. Acting through [[Lord Cornwallis]], then governor-general, he ascertained and defined the rights of the landholders over the soil. These landholders under the previous system had started, for the most part, as collectors of the revenues, and gradually acquired certain prescriptive rights as quasi-proprietors of the estates entrusted to them by the government. In 1793 Lord Cornwallis declared their rights perpetual, and gave over the land of Bengal to the previous quasi-proprietors or ''zamindars'', on condition of the payment of a fixed land tax. This piece of legislation is known as the [[Permanent Settlement]] of the Land Revenue. It was designed to "introduce" ideas of property rights to India, and stimulate a market in land. The former aim misunderstood the nature of landholding in India, and the latter was an abject failure.<br />
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The ''Cornwallis Code'', while defining the rights of the proprietors, failed to give adequate recognition to the rights of the under-tenants and the cultivators. This remained a serious problem for the duration of British Rule, as throughout the Bengal Presidency ''ryots'' (peasants) found themselves oppressed by rack-renting landlords, who knew that every rupee they could squeeze from their tenants over and above the fixed revenue demanded from the government represented pure profit. Furthermore, the Permanent Settlement took no account of inflation, meaning that the value of the revenue to government declined year by year, whilst the heavy burden on the peasantry grew no less. This was compounded in the early 19th century by compulsory schemes for the cultivation of [[opium]] and [[indigo]], the former by the state, and the latter by British planters. Peasants were forced to grow a certain area of these crops, which were then purchased at below market rates for export. This added greatly to rural poverty.<br />
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===Government of India Acts of 1833 and 1853===<br />
In 1833, the British Parliament enacted the [[Government of India Act 1833]] abolishing the monopoly rights of the Company and converting it into a purely governing body holding its territories in India in trust of the Crown. The Act relieved the governor-in-councils of Bombay and Madras of their legislative duties and consolidated all legislative functions to the governor-general-in-council of India at Calcutta and created a supreme government of India at Calcutta with the office of governor-general of India replacing the governor-general of Fort William. The act also created for the establishment of a new [[Presidency of Agra]] with its own Governor-in-council from the ceded and conquered territories of the Presidency of Fort William and also sought to separate the functions of the Presidency of Fort William from the government of India and governor-general of India in council. This was however never fully implemented and instead another act of Parliament{{which|date=January 2025}} in 1835 created the [[North-Western Provinces]] with a lieutenant-governor at Agra and also provided for the creation of a similar arrangement with a lieutenant-governor of Bengal. All four provinces, i.e., North-Western Provinces, Bengal Presidency, Madras Presidency and Bombay Presidency were equal in status and independent of each other, subordinate only to the government of India.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Polity: A View of the System of Administration in India |last=Chesney |first=George}}</ref> New conquests in Punjab (1849), Burma (1826) and Oudh (1856) were constituted as Chief Commissioner's Provinces directly administered by the government of India. The [[Government of India Act 1853]] finally allocated a lieutenant-governor to Bengal, which until now had been administered by the governor-general of India. The act also allocated lieutenant-governors to Punjab and Burma. The [[Bengal Army]] and the Bengal Civil Service continued to operate in the three lieutenant governorships, however they were under the control of the government of India rather than the Bengal government. The Bengal Civil Service was merged into the Indian Civil Service later along with the other two civil services and the Bengal Army was finally amalgamated into the new [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] in 1904–5, after a lengthy struggle over its reform between [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], the commander-in-chief, and [[Lord Curzon]], the Viceroy.<br />
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===Straits Settlements===<br />
[[File:Photographic Views of Singapore Plate 01 Johnston's Pier.jpg|thumb|Johnston's Pier, Singapore, {{Circa|1900}}]]<br />
In 1830, the British Straits Settlements on the coast of the [[Malacca Straits]] was made a residency of the Presidency of Bengal in Calcutta. The area included the erstwhile [[Penang Island|Prince of Wales Island]] and [[Seberang Perai|Province Wellesley]], as well as the ports of [[Malacca]] and Singapore.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><br />
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Under the administration of the East India Company, the Settlements were used as [[penal settlements]] for Indian civilian and military prisoners,<ref>Anderson, C (2007) ''The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and rebellion'', Anthem Press. P14</ref> earning them the title of the "Botany Bays of India".<ref>S. Nicholas and P. R. Shergold, "Transportation as Global Migration", in S. Nicholas (ed.) (1988) ''Convict Workers: Reinterpreting Australia's Past'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge</ref>{{RP|29}} The years 1852 and 1853 saw minor uprisings by convicts in Singapore and Penang.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turnbull |first1=C. M. |author-link=C. M. Turnbull |title=Convicts in the Straits Settlements 1826–1867 |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |year=1970 |volume=43 |issue=1 (217) |pages=87–103 |jstor=41492016}}</ref>{{RP|91}} Upset with East India Company rule, in 1857 the European population of the Settlements sent a petition to the British Parliament<ref>Petition reprinted in ''The Straits Times'', 13 October 1857</ref> asking for direct rule.<br />
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===Victorian Era===<br />
In 1859, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bengal Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown.<ref name="victoriap221">{{cite book |title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History |page=221 |first=Christopher |last=Hibbert |author-link=Christopher Hibbert |year=2000 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-638843-4}}</ref><br />
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===1905 Partition of Bengal===<br />
{{main|Partition of Bengal (1905)|Eastern Bengal and Assam}}<br />
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[[File:George Nathaniel Curzon - Marble Statue By Frederick William Pomeroy - Victoria Memorial Hall - Kolkata 2018-02-17 1303.JPG|thumb|A statue in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] of [[Lord Curzon]], who announced the creation of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] on 16 October 1905.]]<br />
The partition of the large province of Bengal, which was decided upon by Lord Curzon, and Cayan Uddin Ahmet, the Chief Secretary of Bengal carried into execution in October 1905. The [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] divisions, the [[Malda District]] and the States of [[Tripura (princely state)|Hill Tripura]], [[Sylhet]] and [[Comilla]] were transferred from Bengal to a new province, [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]; the five Hindi-speaking states of [[Chota Nagpur States|Chota Nagpur]], namely [[Changbhakar State|Changbhakar]], [[Koriya State|Korea]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] and [[Jashpur State]], were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces; and [[Sambalpur State]] and the five Oriya states of [[Bamra State|Bamra]], [[Rairakhol State|Rairakhol]], [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]], [[Patna State|Patna]] and [[Kalahandi State|Kalahandi]] were transferred from the [[Central Provinces]] to Bengal.<br />
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The remaining province of Bengal then consisted of the thirty-three districts of [[Burdwan District|Burdwan]], [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]], [[Bankura]], [[Midnapur]], [[Hooghly District|Hughli]], [[Howrah]], [[Twenty-four Parganas]], [[Calcutta]], [[Nadia District|Nadia]], [[Murshidabad]], [[Jessore]], [[Khulna]], [[Patna]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Shahabad District|Shahabad]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Champaran District|Champaran]], [[Muzaffarpur District|Muzaffarpur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Monghyr]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Purnea]], [[Santhal Parganas]], [[Cuttack]], [[Balasore]], [[Angul]] and [[Kandhmal]], [[Puri]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Singhbhum]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Ranchi]], [[Palamau]], and [[Manbhum]]. The [[princely states]] of [[Sikkim]] and the [[tributary state]]s of [[Odisha]] and [[Chhota Nagpur States|Chhota Nagpur]] were not part of Bengal, but British relations with them were managed by its government.<br />
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The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] expanded the legislative councils of Bengal and Eastern Bengal and Assam provinces to include up to 50 nominated and elected members, in addition to three ''ex officio'' members from the executive council.<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1907). "Appendix II: Constitution of the Legislative Councils under the Regulations of November 1909", in ''The Government of India''. Clarendon Press. pp. 431.</ref><br />
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Bengal's legislative council included 22 nominated members, of which not more than 17 could be officials, and two nominated experts. Of the 26 elected members, one was elected by the [[Corporation of Calcutta]], six by municipalities, six by district boards, one by the [[University of Calcutta]], five by landholders, four by Muslims, two by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and one by the Calcutta Trades Association. Eastern Bengal and Assam's legislative council included 22 nominated members, of which not more than 17 be officials and one representing Indian commerce, and two nominated experts. Of the 18 elected members, three were elected by municipalities, five by district and local boards, two by landowners, four by Muslims, two by the tea interest, one by the jute interest, and one by the Commissioners of the [[Port of Chittagong]].<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1907). "Appendix II: Constitution of the Legislative Councils under the Regulations of November 1909", in ''The Government of India''. Clarendon Press. pp. 432–5.</ref><br />
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The partition of Bengal proved highly controversial, as it resulted in a largely Hindu West Bengal and a largely Muslim East. Serious popular agitation followed the step, partly on the grounds that this was part of a cynical policy of divide and rule, and partly that the Bengali population, the centre of whose interests and prosperity was Calcutta, would now be divided under two governments, instead of being concentrated and numerically dominant under the one, while the bulk would be in the new division. In 1906–1909 the unrest developed to a considerable extent, requiring special attention from the Indian and Home governments, and this led to the decision being reversed in 1911.<br />
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===Reorganisation of Bengal, 1912===<br />
[[File:King George V 1911 color-crop.jpg|thumb|In 1911, [[Emperor of India|King-Emperor]] [[George V]] announced the annulment of the first partition of Bengal and the transfer of [[British Raj|India]]'s capital from Calcutta to New Delhi]]<br />
At the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, Emperor George V announced the transfer of the seat of the government of India from Calcutta to Delhi, the reunification of the five predominantly Bengali-speaking divisions into a unified province of Bengal under a governor, the creation of a new province of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] under a lieutenant-governor, and that [[Assam Province]] would be reconstituted under a chief commissioner. On 21 March 1912 [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Thomas Gibson-Carmichael]] was appointed governor of Bengal. On 22 March the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam were constituted.<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1922). ''The Government of India'', Third Edition, revised and updated. Clarendon Press. pp. 117–118.</ref><br />
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The Government of India Act 1919 increased the number of nominated and elected members of the legislative council from 50 to 125, and the franchise was expanded.<ref>Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine (1922). ''The Government of India'', Third Edition, revised and updated. Clarendon Press. p. 129.</ref> [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] and [[Orissa Province|Orissa]] became separate provinces in 1936. Bengal remained in its 1912 boundaries until Independence in 1947, when it was again partitioned between the dominions of India and Pakistan.<br />
<br />
===1947 Partition of Bengal===<br />
On 8 May 1947, Viceroy [[Earl Mountbatten]] cabled the British government with a partition plan that made an exception for Bengal. It was the only province that would be allowed to remain independent should it choose to do so. On 23 May, the British Cabinet meeting also hoped that Bengal would remain united. British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] informed the [[US Ambassador to the United Kingdom]] on 2 June 1947 that there was a "distinct possibility that Bengal might decide against partition and against joining either India or Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news |author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |title=Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947? |work=Scroll.in |date=6 January 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517102749/https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 July 1947, the [[Sylhet referendum]] gave a mandate for the [[Sylhet Division|District of Sylhet]] to be re-united into Bengal. However, Hindu nationalist leaders in West Bengal and conservative East Bengali Muslim leaders were against the prospect.<br />
<br />
On 20 June 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to vote on partition plans. At the preliminary joint session, the assembly decided by 126 votes to 90 that if it remained united it should join the new Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Later, a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal decided by 58 votes to 21 that the province should be partitioned and that West Bengal should join the existing Constituent Assembly of India. In another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided by 106 votes to 35 that the province should not be partitioned and 107 votes to 34 that East Bengal should join Pakistan in the event of partition.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |title=Agrarian Bengal: Economy, Social Structure and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxXInQEACAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=230 |isbn=978-0-521-30448-1}}</ref> There was no vote held on the proposal for an independent United Bengal.<br />
<br />
==Government==<br />
{{See also|List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Legislatures of British India}}<br />
[[File:Fortwilliam1828.jpg|thumb|Fort William, 1828]]<br />
Initially, Bengal was under the administration of the East India Company, which appointed chief agents/presidents/governors/lieutenant governors in Fort William. The governor of Bengal was concurrently the governor-general of India for many years. The East India Company maintained control with its private armies and administrative machinery. Nevertheless, the East India Company was a quasi-official entity, having received a [[Royal Charter]] from [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1600. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] caused the British government to assume direct control of India's administration under the [[Government of India Act 1858]]. The head of state became the [[British monarch]], who was also given the title of [[Emperor of India]]/[[Empress of India]]. The monarch was represented through a viceroy. The [[Viceroy of India]] was based in the Bengal Presidency until 1911. The [[Secretary of State for India]] was also an important official. The Bengal Civil Service managed the provincial government. Modern scholars decry the colonial system as bureaucratic authoritarianism.<ref name="JalalJalal1995">{{cite book|author1=Associate Professor History Ayesha Jalal|author2=Ayesha Jalal|title=Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHPok4epvlIC|date=6 April 1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47862-5|page=19}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Executive councils===<br />
Established by [[Charter Act 1833]], the [[Council of India|Governor-General in Council]] was subordinate to the Court of Directors of the East India Company and the British Crown. The governor-general in council in Fort William enacted legislation, such as the prohibition of Persian as an official language under Act no. XXIX of 1837 passed by the president of the Council of India in Council on 20 November 1837.<br />
<br />
===Judiciary===<br />
[[File:Calcutta High Court 1860.jpg|thumb|Calcutta High Court, 1860s]]<br />
The [[Calcutta High Court]] was set up in 1862. The building was designed on the model of [[Ypres Cloth Hall]] in Belgium. The [[Dhaka High Court|Dacca High Court]] building was built during the early 20th century, with elements of a Roman [[Pantheon (Rome)|pantheon]]. District courts were established in all district headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. At the district level, tax collectors and revenue officers acted with the power of [[magistrates]]. In 1829, magisterial power was given to all Collectors and Revenue Officers. The controversy regarding the lack of [[separation of powers]] continued until 1921.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Separation_of_the_Judiciary |title=Separation of the Judiciary |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bengal Legislative Council (1862–1947)===<br />
{{Main|Bengal Legislative Council}}<br />
<br />
{{See also|Legislative Council of Eastern Bengal and Assam}}<br />
[[File:The Town Hall, Calcutta in the 1860s.jpg|thumb|The Legislative Council met in Calcutta Town Hall]]<br />
The British government began to appoint legislative councils under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]]. The Bengal Legislative Council was established in 1862. It was one of the largest and most important legislative councils in British India. Over the years, the council's powers were gradually expanded from an advisory role to debating government policies and enacting legislation. Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the council became the [[upper chamber]] of the Bengali legislature.<br />
<br />
===Dyarchy (1920–1937)===<br />
British India's [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] of 1919, enacted in 1921, expanded the Bengal Legislative Council to 140 members to include more elected Indian members. The reforms also introduced the principle of [[dyarchy]], whereby certain responsibilities such as agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the governor's executive council. Some of the prominent ministers were [[Surendranath Banerjee]] (Local Self-government and Public Health 1921–1923), Sir Provash Chunder Mitter (Education 1921–1924, Local Self-government, Public Health, Agriculture and Public Works 1927–1928), [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]] (Agriculture and Public Works) and [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] (Education 1924). [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]] and Sir [[Abdur Rahim (judge)|Abdur Rahim]] were executive members in the governor's council.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Working Of Dyarchy In India 1919 1928 |year=1928 |publisher=D.B.Taraporevala Sons and Company |url=https://archive.org/details/workingofdyarchy029425mbp}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bengal Legislative Assembly (1935–1947)===<br />
{{Main|Bengal Legislative Assembly}}<br />
<br />
The Government of India Act 1935 established the Bengal Legislative Assembly as the lower chamber of the Bengali legislature. It was a 250-seat assembly where most members were elected by either the General Electorate or the Muslim Electorate (under the [[Communal Award]]). Other members were nominated. The separate electorate dividing Muslims from the general electorate was deeply controversial. The [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] was a member of the assembly.<br />
[[File:AK Fazlul Huq Cabinet 1937.jpg|thumb|The first elected cabinet of Bengal led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] in 1937]]<br />
In the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 election]], the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] emerged as the single largest party but short of an absolute majority. The second-largest party was the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] (BPML), followed closely in third place by the [[Krishak Praja Party]] (KPP). After negotiations between Congress and the KPP broke down, the BPML and KPP formed a coalition government.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |date=1994 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=26–27 |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}</ref> [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], a founder of the BPML who later broke away to form the Krishak Praja Party, was elected as parliamentary leader and prime minister. Huq pursued a policy of [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]. His cabinet included leading Hindu and Muslim figures, including [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]] (finance), Bijoy Prasad Singha Roy (revenue), Maharaja [[Srish Chandra Nandy]] (communications and public works), Prasanna Deb Raikut (forest and excise), Mukunda Behari Mallick (cooperative credit and rural indebtedness), Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin (home), Nawab [[Khwaja Habibullah]] (agriculture and industry), Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (commerce and labour), [[Musharraf Hussain (nawab)|Nawab Musharraf Hussain]] (judicial and legislative affairs), and [[Syed Nausher Ali]] (public health and local self-government).<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul |title=Huq, AK Fazlul |website=Banglapedia |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025149/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul |url-status=live }}</ref> Huq promoted financial and [[land reform]]s with the Bengal Agricultural Debtors' Act (1938), The Money Lenders' Act (1938), and the Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act (1938). He introduced the Primary Education Bill to make primary education free and compulsory. He established schools such as the [[Lady Brabourne College]]. In 1941, Prime Minister Huq joined the Viceroy's Defence Council in support of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] war efforts. In a letter to Governor [[John Herbert (Conservative politician)|John Herbert]], Huq called for the resurrection of a Bengal Army. He wrote "I want you to consent to the formation of a Bengali Army of a hundred thousand young Bengalis consisting of Hindu and Muslim youths on a fifty-fifty basis. There is an insistent demand for such a step being taken at once, and the people of Bengal will not be satisfied with any excuses. It is a national demand which must be immediately conceded".<ref name="thedailystar1">{{cite news |author=Syed Ashraf Ali |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60600 |title=Sher-e-Bangla: A natural leader |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-08-10 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154149/http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-60600 |url-status=live }}</ref> Huq supported the adoption of the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940. He envisaged Bengal as one of the "independent states" outlined by the resolution.<br />
<br />
The first Huq cabinet dissolved after the BPML withdrew from his government. Huq then formed a second coalition with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] led by [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]]. This cabinet was known as the Shyama-Huq Coalition.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org"/> The cabinet included Nawab Bahabur Khwaja Habibullah, [[Khan Bahadur Abdul Karim]], [[Khan Bahadur Hasem Ali Khan|Khan Bahadur Hashem Ali Khan]], Shamsuddin Ahmed, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Bose and Upendranath Barman. Huq's government fell in 1943 and a BPML government under [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]] as prime minister was formed. Nazimuddin's tenure coincided with the Bengal famine of 1943. His government was replaced by [[Governor's rule]]. After the end of World War II, [[1946 Indian provincial elections|elections were held in 1946]] in which the BPML won an overwhelming majority of 113 seats in the 250-seat assembly. A government under [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] was formed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zja2AAAAIAAJ|year=1946}}</ref> Prime Minister Suhrawardy continued with the policy of power-sharing between Hindus and Muslims. He also advocated a plan for a Bengali sovereign state with a [[Multiconfessionalism|multiconfessionalist]] political system. The breakdown of Hindu-Muslim unity across India eventually upended Bengali power-sharing. Religious violence, including the [[Noakhali riots]] and [[Direct Action Day]] riots, contributed to the polarization. When the Bengal Assembly met to vote on Partition, most West Bengali legislators held a separate meeting and resolved to partition the province and join the Indian union. Most East Bengali legislators favored an undivided Bengal.<br />
<br />
The Bengal Assembly was divided into the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] during the Partition of British India.<br />
<br />
===Civil liberties===<br />
[[English common law]] was applied to Bengal. Local legislation was enacted by the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. [[Case law]] was also an important source of law. Many laws enacted in British Bengal are still in use today, including the [[Indian Penal Code]]. In 1919, the [[Rowlatt Act]] extended wartime powers under the Defence of India Act 1915, including arbitrary arrests and trial without juries. Press freedom was muzzled by the Indian Press Act 1910. The Seditious Meetings Act 1908 curtailed freedom of assembly. Regulation III of 1818 was also considered draconian. King [[George V]] granted a royal amnesty to free political prisoners. Some draconian laws were repealed, including the Rowlatt Act.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781316890806.003 |chapter=The Reforms of 1919: Montagu–Chelmsford, the Rowlatt Act, Jails Commission, and the Royal Amnesty |title=Gentlemanly Terrorists |year=2017 |last1=Ghosh |first1=Durba |pages=27–59 |isbn=978-1-316-89080-6 |s2cid=157075881 }}</ref> Despite being a common law jurisdiction, British India did not enjoy the same level of protection for civil liberties as in the United Kingdom. It was only after independence in 1947 and the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] in 1948, that human rights were clearly enshrined in law.<br />
<br />
===Princely states===<br />
[[File:Thirteenth Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso.jpg|thumb|upright|The 13th [[Dalai Lama]] in Calcutta in 1910]]<br />
[[Princely states]] were autonomous principalities under the [[suzerainty]] of the British Crown in India. Initially, the Bengal Presidency managed the British government's relations with most princely states in the northern subcontinent, extending from [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the north to [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] in the northeast. An [[Agencies of British India|Agency]] was often formed to be the liaison between the government and the princely states. The largest of these agencies under Bengal once included the [[Rajputana Agency]]. Other agencies covered the [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]] and the [[Orissa Tributary States]]. Agents were also appointed to deal with tribal chiefs, such as the three tribal kings in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. At the time of the partition of India in 1947, the jurisdiction of the [[Bengal States Agency]] included [[Cooch Behar State]] and [[Hill Tipperah]].<br />
<br />
===Himalayan kingdoms===<br />
Bengal was strategically important for the Himalayan regions of Nepal, [[Tibet]], Bhutan and Sikkim. The [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] between the East India Company and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] was concluded with the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], which ended [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] territorial expansion. The [[Treaty of Titalia]] was signed in 1817 between the HEIC and the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] to establish British hegemony over Sikkim. The [[Bhutan War]] in the 1860s saw the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] lose control of the [[Bengal Duars]] to the British. The [[British expedition to Tibet]] took place between 1903 and 1904. It resulted in the [[Treaty of Lhasa]] which acknowledged [[Qing China]]'s supremacy over Tibet.<br />
<br />
===Foreign relations===<br />
[[File:Lismore slab engraving.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Jonathan Henry Lovett (1779–1805), who acted as Bengali ambassador to [[Qajar Iran|Qajar Persia]].]]<br />
The United States of America began sending envoys to Fort William in the 18th century. President [[George Washington]] nominated Benjamin Joy as the first Consul to Fort William on 19 November 1792. The nomination was supported by the erstwhile Secretary of State [[Thomas Jefferson]] and approved by the U. S. Senate on 21 November 1792. Benjamin Joy reached Calcutta in 1794. The HEIC did not recognize Joy as an official consul but allowed him to be a Commercial Agent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/kolkata/|title=U.S. Consulate General Kolkata|website=In.embassy.gov|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012022/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/kolkata/|url-status=live}}</ref> The American [[Consulate General]] was established during formal British rule. A consular agency for Chittagong was created in the 1860s. Many other countries also set up consulates in Calcutta.<br />
<br />
== Districts of Bengal Presidency 1937–1947==<br />
<br />
[[File:Bengal Province 1931.png|thumb|200px|Bengal Province after the bifurcation of Bihar and Orissa and separation of Assam]]<br />
The Bengal Presidency was administratively divided into a number of districts, each headed by a District Collector under the supervision of the provincial government in Calcutta. The number and boundaries of districts changed over time due to administrative reforms, territorial annexations, and the separation of Bihar, Orissa, and Assam at different periods.<br />
<br />
The following table shows the districts in the Bengal Presidency and religious demographic based on the Census of India, 1941.<ref>Census of India, 1941; Imperial Gazetteer of India</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! District<br />
! Total population<br />
! Muslim population<br />
! Muslim %<br />
! Hindu population<br />
! Hindu %<br />
! Other population<br />
! Other %<br />
! Succeeding Country<br />
|-<br />
| Burdwan || 1,890,732 || 336,665 || 17.81 || 1,078,559 || 57.04 || 475,508 || 25.15 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Birbhum || 1,048,317 || 287,310 || 27.41 || 686,436 || 65.48 || 74,571 || 7.11 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bankura || 1,289,640 || 55,564 || 4.31 || 1,078,559 || 83.63 || 155,517 || 12.06 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Midnapur || 3,190,647 || 246,559 || 7.73 || 2,682,963 || 84.09 || 261,125 || 8.18 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Hooghly || 1,377,729 || 207,077 || 15.03 || 1,099,534 || 79.81 || 71,118 || 5.16 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Howrah || 1,490,304 || 296,325 || 19.88 || 1,184,553 || 79.48 || 98,674 || 6.60 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| 24 Parganas || 3,536,386 || 1,148,180 || 32.47 || 2,126,265 || 60.13 || 261,941 || 7.41 ||{{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Calcutta || 2,108,891 || 497,535 || 23.59 || 1,551,532 || 73.56 || 59,824 || 2.84 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Nadia || 1,759,846 || 1,078,007 || 61.26 || 657,868 || 37.37 || 23,971 || 1.36 || Divided between {{flag|India}}([[Nadia district]]) and {{flag|Pakistan}}(Greater [[Kushtia District]])<br />
|-<br />
| Murshidabad || 1,640,530 || 927,747 || 56.55 || 657,868 || 40.11 || 54,915 || 3.34 ||{{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Jessore || 1,828,216 || 1,100,713 || 60.21 || 721,079 || 39.44 || 6,424 || 0.35 ||Divided between {{flag|India}}([[Bangaon subdivision]]) and {{flag|Pakistan}}(Greater [[Jessore district ]])<br />
|-<br />
| Khulna || 1,943,218 || 959,172 || 49.36 || 977,693 || 50.31 || 6,353 || 0.33 || {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rajshahi || 1,571,750 || 1,173,285 || 74.65 || 389,880 || 24.80 || 8,585 || 0.55 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Dinajpur || 1,926,833 || 967,246 || 50.20 || 485,716 || 25.21 || 473,871 || 24.59 || Divided between {{flag|India}}([[West Dinajpur District]]) and {{flag|Pakistan}}([[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur District]], [[Thakurgaon District]], West part of [[Naogaon District]])<br />
|-<br />
| Jalpaiguri || 1,089,513 || 251,460 || 23.08 || 417,562 || 38.33 || 420,491 || 38.59 ||Divided between {{flag|India}}([[Jalpaiguri District]]) and {{flag|Pakistan}}([[Panchagarh District]] and [[Patgram Upazila]])<br />
|-<br />
| Darjeeling || 376,369 || 9,125 || 2.42 || 178,496 || 47.42 || 188,748 || 50.16 || {{flag|India}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rangpur || 2,877,847 || 2,055,186 || 71.41 || 802,849 || 27.90 || 19,812 || 0.69 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bogra || 1,260,463 || 1,057,902 || 83.93 || 187,532 || 14.87 || 15,029 || 1.19 || {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Pabna || 1,705,072 || 1,313,968 || 77.06 || 383,755 || 22.50 || 7,349 || 0.43 || {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Malda || 1,232,618 || 699,945 || 56.79 || 465,678 || 37.78 || 67,000 || 5.44 || Divided between {{flag|India}}([[Malda District]]) and {{flag|Pakistan}}([[Chapai Nawabganj District]])<br />
|-<br />
| Dacca || 4,222,143 || 2,841,261 || 67.29 || 1,360,132 || 32.22 || 20,750 || 0.49 || {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Mymensingh || 6,023,758 || 4,664,548 || 77.44 || 1,296,638 || 21.52 || 62,572 || 1.04 || {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Faridpur || 2,888,803 || 1,871,336 || 64.78 || 866,871 || 30.00 || 150,596 || 5.21 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Bakarganj || 3,549,010 || 2,567,027 || 72.33 || 958,629 || 27.01 || 23,354 || 0.66 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Tippera || 3,860,139 || 2,975,901 || 77.09 || 849,950 || 22.02 || 34,288 || 0.89 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Noakhali || 2,217,402 || 1,803,937 || 81.35 || 412,261 || 18.59 || 1,204 || 0.05 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chittagong || 2,153,296 || 1,605,183 || 74.55 || 458,074 || 21.28 || 90,039 || 4.18 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|-<br />
| Chittagong Hills || 247,053 || 7,270 || 2.94 || 4,878 || 1.97 || 234,905 || 95.09 ||{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
[[File:A statue at victoria memorial. kolkata.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Lord William Bentinck]] in Calcutta Victoria Memorial. As Governor-General, Bentinck made English the medium of instruction in schools and phased out Persian.]]<br />
[[File:Ram Mohan Roy statue.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]], a native reformer and educationist]]<br />
British rule saw the establishment of [[liberal arts colleges]] in many districts of Bengal. There were only two full-fledged universities in Bengal during British rule, including the University of Calcutta and the University of Dacca. Both universities were represented in the Bengal Legislative Assembly under the Government of India Act 1935.<br />
<br />
Primary education was mandatory under the Compulsory Education Acts.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Education |title=Education |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> Despite significant advances and the emergence of a large educated middle class, most of the population did not have access to a proper education. Some of the leading schools included the [[Oriental Seminary]] in Calcutta, the [[St. Gregory's High School]] in Dacca, the [[Rajshahi Collegiate School]] in Rajshahi and the [[Chittagong Collegiate School]] in Chittagong. European missionaries, Hindu philanthropists and Muslim aristocrats were influential promoters of education. Ethnic minorities maintained their own institutions, such as the Armenian [[Pogose School]].<br />
<br />
Each district of Bengal had a [[List of Zilla Schools of Bangladesh|district school]], which were the leading secondary institutions. Due to Calcutta being the colonial capital, the city had a large concentration of educational institutions. It was followed by Dacca, which served as a provincial capital between 1905 and 1912. Libraries were established in each district of Bengal by the colonial government and the [[zamindar]]s. In 1854, four major public libraries were opened, including the [[Bogra Woodburn Library]], the Rangpur Public Library, the [[Jessore Institute Public Library]] and the Barisal Public Library. [[Northbrook Hall]] was established in 1882 in honor of Governor-General [[Lord Northbrook]]. Other libraries built include the Victoria Public Library, Natore (1901), the Sirajganj Public Library (1882), the [[Rajshahi Public Library]] (1884), the Comilla Birchandra Library (1885), the Shah Makhdum Institute Public Library, Rajshahi (1891), the Noakhali Town Hall Public Library (1896), the Prize Memorial Library, Sylhet (1897), the Chittagong Municipality Public Library (1904) and the Varendra Research Library (1910). In 1925, the Great Bengal Library Association was established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Md Zillur |year=2012 |chapter=Library |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065547/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Europeans played an important role in modernizing the Bengali language. The first book on [[Bengali grammar]] was compiled by a Portuguese missionary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-24|title=Você fala Bangla?|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/01/24/voce-fala-bangla|access-date=2020-07-03|work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> English was the official language. The use of Persian as an official language was discontinued by Act no. XXIX of 1837 passed by the President of the Council of India in Council on 20 November 1837. However, Persian continued to be taught in some institutions. Several institutions had Sanskrit and Arabic faculties.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |title=Persian |website=Banglapedia |date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
The following includes a partial list of notable colleges, universities and learned societies in the Bengal Presidency.<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|<br />
* [[Asiatic Society]]<br />
* [[Scottish Church College]]<br />
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]<br />
* [[Fort William College]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur|Calcutta Civil Engineering College]]<br />
* [[City College, Kolkata|City College, Calcutta]]<br />
* [[Calcutta Medical College]]<br />
* [[University of Calcutta]]<br />
* [[Dhaka College]]<br />
* [[Dhaka Medical College]]<br />
* [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|Ahsanullah School of Engineering]]<br />
* [[University of Dhaka]]<br />
* [[Chittagong College]]<br />
* [[Rajshahi College]]<br />
* [[Brajalal College]]<br />
* [[Carmichael College]]<br />
* [[Comilla Victoria Government College|Victoria College]]<br />
* [[Bethune College]]<br />
* [[Eden Mohila College|Eden College]]<br />
* [[Cotton University|Cotton College]]<br />
* [[Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine]]<br />
* [[Bose Institute]]<br />
* [[Serampore College]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|Thomason College of Civil Engineering]]<br />
* [[Ananda Mohan College]]<br />
* [[Visva-Bharati University]]<br />
* [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]]<br />
* [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]<br />
* [[Sanskrit College]]<br />
* [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]]<br />
* [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata|Academy of Fine Arts]]<br />
* [[Indian Science Congress Association]]<br />
* [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]]<br />
* [[Geological Survey of India]]<br />
* [[Botanical Survey of India]]<br />
* [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]]<br />
* Archaeological Survey of India<br />
* [[Anthropological Survey of India]]<br />
* [[Government Rajendra College|Rajendra College]]<br />
* [[Surendranath College]] (Ripon College)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[File:The Fort and the Hooghly River in Calcutta (c. 1885).jpg|thumb|Calcutta Port, 1885]]<br />
[[File:NarayanganjJuteMill1906.jpeg|thumb|Labourers at a [[jute trade|jute]] mill in the [[Port of Narayanganj]], 1906]]<br />
[[Mughal Bengal]] was a major exporter of raw silk, cotton, and rice.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Prakash |first=Om |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor-last=McCusker |editor-first=John J. |editor-link=John J. McCusker |encyclopedia=History of World Trade Since 1450 |title=Empire, Mughal |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 |access-date=3 August 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |volume=1 |isbn=0-02-866070-6 |pages=237–240 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE |url-status=live }}</ref> With its proto-industrial economy, Bengal contributed to the first [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain (particularly in [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]]). After 1757, the British placed Bengal under [[Company rule in India|company rule]] (which led to Bengali [[deindustrialization]]).<ref>Indrajit Ray (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857). Routledge. pp. 57, 90, 174. {{ISBN|978-1-136-82552-1}}.</ref> Other European powers in the region included the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], the [[Dutch East India Company]], the [[Ostend Company]] and the [[Danish East India Company]]. Initially, the English East India Company promoted opium cultivation which caused the [[Opium Wars]] with [[Qing China]]. The East India Company's promotion of indigo farming caused the [[Indigo revolt]]. The British were much criticized for favoring textile imports and suppressing local [[muslin]] production. The chaos of the Company rule period culminated in the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857. In 1858, the British government gained direct control of Indian administration. Bengal was plugged into the market-driven economy and trade networks of the [[British Empire]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Two silver rupee coins from the Bengal Presidency, during the reign of Shah Alam II in Company Raj, minted in Old Calcutta Mint, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, by Yogabrata Chakraborty on August 19, 2023.jpg|thumb|Silver rupee coins from the Bengal Presidency, struck in the name of [[Shah Alam II]], [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|minted in Calcutta]].]]<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee of the Bengal Presidency, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras, in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of the Bengal Presidency, struck in 'Muhammadabad [[Benaras]]', in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], depicting the famous Daroga's marks fish and inverted mace.]]<br />
The Bengal Presidency had the largest gross domestic product in British India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 |title=Reimagining the Colonial Bengal Presidency Template (Part I) |work=Daily Sun |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195430/https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first British colonial banks in the Indian subcontinent were founded in Bengal. These included the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1733); [[Bank of Hindostan]] (1770), Bank of Bengal (1784); and the General Bank of India (1786). Other banks in Bengal included the [[Bank of Calcutta]] (1806), Union Bank (1829); Government Savings Bank (1833); The Bank of Mirzapore ({{Circa|1835}}); Dacca Bank (1846); Kurigram Bank (1887), Kumarkhali Bank (1896), Mahaluxmi Bank, Chittagong (1910), Dinajpur Bank (1914), Comilla Banking Corporation (1914), [[Bengal Central Bank]] (1918), and Comilla Union Bank (1922).<ref name="banglapedia3">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Banking_System,_Modern |title=Banking System, Modern |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> Loan offices were established in Faridpur (1865), Bogra (1872), Barisal (1873), Mymensingh (1873), Nasirabad (1875), Jessore (1876), Munshiganj (1876), Dacca (1878), Sylhet (1881), Pabna (1882), Kishoreganj (1883), Noakhali (1885), Khulna (1887), Madaripur (1887), Tangail (1887), Nilphamari (1894) and Rangpur (1894).<ref name="banglapedia3"/><br />
<br />
The earliest records of securities dealings are the loan securities of the [[British East India Company]]. In 1830, bourse activities in Calcutta were conducted in the open air under a tree.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lights-on-at-lyons-range-bombay-bourse-boost-for-city-exchange/cid/1006428 |title=Lights on at Lyons Range – Bombay bourse boost for city exchange |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=2017-10-30 |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]] was incorporated in 1908. Some of the leading companies in British Bengal included Messrs. Alexander and Co, [[Waldies]], [[Martin Burn]], [[M. M. Ispahani Limited]], [[James Finlay Bangladesh|James Finlay and Co.]], [[A K Khan & Company]], the [[Calcutta Chemical Company]], [[Bourne & Shepherd]], the Indo-Burmah Petroleum Company, [[Orient Airways]], [[Shaw Wallace]], [[Carew & Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew & Co]], [[Aditya Birla Group]], [[Tata Group]], [[Balmer Lawrie]], [[Biecco Lawrie]], [[Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company]], [[Braithwaite & Co.]], [[Bridge and Roof Company (India)|Bridge and Roof Company]], [[Britannia Industries]], [[Burn Standard Company]] and [[Andrew Yule and Company]]. Some of these enterprises were nationalized after the Partition of India.<br />
[[File:James Andrew Broun Ramsay Dalhousie 5718.JPG|thumb|[[Lord Dalhousie]] is credited for developing railways, telegraph and postal services]]<br />
Agricultural products included rice, sugarcane and vegetables. The main cash crops were [[jute]] and tea. The [[jute trade]] was central to the British Bengali economy. Bengal accounted for the bulk of the world's jute production and export. Raw jute was sourced from the hinterland of Eastern Bengal. The British government declared the [[Port of Narayanganj]] as a "Tax Free Port" in 1878. Rally Brothers & Co. was one of the earliest British companies in the jute business of Narayanganj. British firms used middlemen, called ''beparis'', to source raw jute from the hinterland. In 1907, 20 firms were engaged in the jute trade of Narayanganj, including 18 European firms.<ref name="banglapedia6">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Narayanganj |title=Narayanganj |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2017-07-25 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033832/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Narayanganj |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindu merchants opened several cotton mills in the 1920s, including the Dhakeshwari Cotton Mill, the Chittaranjan Cotton Mill and the Laxmi Narayan Cotton Mill.<ref name="banglapedia6"/> Other goods traded in Narayanganj included timber, salt, textiles, oil, cotton, tobacco, pottery, seeds and betel nut. Raw goods were processed by factories in Calcutta, especially jute mills. The [[Port of Chittagong]] was re-organized in 1887 under the Port Commissioners Act. Its busiest trade links were with [[British Burma]], including the ports of [[Sittwe|Akyab]] and [[Rangoon]];<ref name="Munro2003">{{cite book|author=J. Forbes Munro|title=Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6tSiRizBcC&pg=PA55|year=2003|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-85115-935-5|page=55}}</ref> and other Bengali ports, including Calcutta, [[Port of Dhaka|Dhaka]] and Narayanganj.<ref>{{cite book |date=1886 |title=Willis's Current notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foQIAAAAQAAJ |location=London |publisher=G. Willis |page=16}}</ref> In the fiscal year 1889–90, Chittagong handled exports totalling 125,000 tons.<ref name="dailystar">{{cite news |last=Tauheed |first=Q S |date=1 July 2005 |title=Forum for planned Chittagong's search for its conservation -I |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/07/01/d507011902101.htm |location=Dhaka |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=22 January 2015 |archive-date=22 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122160710/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/07/01/d507011902101.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Strand Road, Chittagong|Strand Road]] was built beside the port. In 1928, the British government declared Chittagong as a "Major Port" of British India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port_Authority |title=Chittagong Port Authority |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2017-07-24 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726200732/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port_Authority |url-status=live }}</ref> Chittagong's port was used by [[Allied Forces of World War II]] during the [[Burma Campaign]].<br />
<br />
The [[Port of Calcutta]] was the largest seaport of British India. The port was constructed by the British East India Company. It was one of the busiest ports in the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Calcutta was a major trading port with links to ports across the British Empire. Its local hinterland spanned beyond Bengal to include north and northeast India, the Himalayan kingdoms and Tibet. The Bay of Bengal became one of the busiest shipping hubs in the world, rivaling the traffic of ports on the [[Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzBh71QMuqw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/JzBh71QMuqw| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=The Bay of Bengal: Rise and Decline of a South Asian Region |via=YouTube |date=2014-06-16 |access-date=2017-07-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Calcutta was also an important naval base in [[World War II]] and was bombed by the Japanese.<br />
<br />
[[Chamber of commerce|Chambers of commerce]] were established. The [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry|Bengal Chamber of Commerce]] was established in 1853. The Narayanganj Chamber of Commerce was set up in 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mccibd.org/ebooks/2014/chap-01/mcci_chapter_01.pdf|title=Chapter 1 : Introduction : Chambers of Commerce|website=Mccibd.org|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317155647/http://www.mccibd.org/ebooks/2014/chap-01/mcci_chapter_01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The textile trade of Bengal enriched many merchants. For example, [[Panam City]] in [[Sonargaon]] saw many [[townhouses]] built for wealthy textile merchants.<br />
<br />
Tea became a major export of Bengal. Northwestern Bengal became the center of [[Darjeeling tea]] cultivation in the foothills of the Himalayas. Darjeeling tea became one of the most reputed tea varieties in the world. The [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] was constructed in the tea plantation zone.<ref name="Malley1999">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O Malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Darjeeling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhOzszXcM9UC&pg=PA122|year=1999|orig-year=First published 1907|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-018-3|page=122}}</ref> In eastern Bengal, the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] hilly regions became hubs of [[Tea production in Bangladesh|tea production]]. [[Assam tea]] was produced in the northeastern part of the Bengal Presidency.<br />
<br />
Aside from the British, the chief beneficiaries of the colonial economy were the zamindars (landed gentry). The Permanent Settlement enforced a system in which peasants were indebted to the zamindars. The peasants rented land from the zamindars and became tenant farmers. Strong control of land by the zamindars meant the British had few headaches in exploiting trade and business. However, Bengal received little attention for industrialization due to the entrenched peasant-zamindar relationship under the Permanent Settlement.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Gupta |first1=Shaibal |title=Economic History of Bengal Presidency |conference=South Asia Growth Conference 2012 |date=July 2012 |url=https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Shaibal-Gupta-Economic-history-of-Bengal-presidency.pdf |s2cid=15466381 |citeseerx=10.1.1.348.6344}}</ref> The [[zamindars of Bengal]] built mansions, lodges, modern bungalows, townhouses, and palaces on their estates. Some of the largest mansions include the [[Hazarduari Palace]] in [[Murshidabad]], the [[Ahsan Manzil]] on the [[Nawab of Dhaka]]'s estate, the [[Marble Palace (Kolkata)|Marble Palace]] in Calcutta, and the [[Cooch Behar Palace]].<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure and transport==<br />
===Railways===<br />
[[File:Bengal Provincial Railway Co. Ltd., certificate.jpg|thumb|The certificate of a shareholder in the Bengal Provincial Railway Company Limited]]<br />
After the invention of railways in Britain, British India became the first region in Asia to have a railway. The [[East Indian Railway Company]] introduced railways to Bengal. The company was established on 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of £4,000,000. Its first line connected Calcutta with towns in northern India. By 1859, there were 77 engines, 228 coaches and 848 freight wagons. Large quantities of [[sal tree]] wood were imported from [[Nepal]] to design the sleepers.<ref>Huddleston, George (1906). History of the East Indian Railway. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Company.</ref><ref>Mukherjee, Hena (1995). The Early History of the East Indian Railway 1845–1879. Calcutta: Firma KLM. {{ISBN|81-7102-003-8}}.</ref> In 1862, railways were introduced to eastern Bengal with the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]. The first line connected Calcutta and [[Kushtia]]. By 1865, the railway was extended to [[Rajbari District|Rajbari]] on the banks of the [[Padma River]]. By 1902, the railway was extended to Assam. The [[Assam Bengal Railway]] was established to serve the northeastern part of the Bengal Presidency, with its terminus in Chittagong.<ref name="banglapedia4">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |title=Railway |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143242/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Bengal and North Western Railway]] was set up in 1882 to link towns in the [[Oudh]] region with Calcutta. Several railway bridges, such as the [[Hardinge Bridge]], were built over rivers in Bengal. In 1999, [[UNESCO]] recognized the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway as a [[World Heritage Site]].<br />
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===Roads and highways===<br />
In the 1830s the East India Company began to rebuild the ancient [[Grand Trunk Road]] into a paved highway. The company required the road for commercial and administrative purposes. It linked Calcutta to [[Peshawar]] in the North-West Frontier Province. For the project, the company founded a college to train and employ local surveyors, engineers, and overseers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Ian|title=The Making of the Raj: India under the East India Company|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313097362|pages=83–84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKoNdrBULtQC&q=indian+roads+grand+trunk+road+east+india+company&pg=PA83|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Das|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c.1784–1947: Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume XV, Part 4|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131753750|pages=454–456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pks7BAAAQBAJ&q=indian+roads+grand+trunk+road+east+india+company&pg=PA455}}</ref> In the east, the road extended to Sonargaon, Comilla and Chittagong. After the first partition of Bengal in 1905, newly built highways connected the inaccessible areas of Assam and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. All district towns were connected by an inter-district road network.<ref name="banglapedia5">{{cite news |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam |title=Eastern Bengal and Assam |website=Banglapedia |date=2014-05-05 |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193242/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Waterways===<br />
[[File:Sir Fuller arrives in Dhaka 1905.jpg|thumb|The Viceroy of India arrives in the [[Port of Dhaka]] in 1905]]<br />
A ''ghat'' in Bengal refers to a [[river port]]. The busiest river ports included the [[Port of Calcutta]], the [[Port of Dhaka]], the [[Port of Narayanganj]] and [[Goalundo Ghat]].<br />
<br />
After the first partition of Bengal in 1905, a number of new ferry services were introduced connecting Chittagong, Dhaka, Bogra, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Jalpaiguri, Maldah and Rajshahi. This improved communication network boosted trade and commerce.<ref name="banglapedia5"/><br />
<br />
===Aviation===<br />
{{See also|History of aviation in Bangladesh}}<br />
[[File:Royal Air Force Operations in the Far East, 1941-1945. CI178.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Air Force]] planes in [[Chittagong Airfield]]]]<br />
An early attempt at manned flight in Bengal was by a young female [[balloon (aircraft)|balloonist]] named Jennette Rumary who at the time was associated with [[Park Van Tassel]] and took the stage name ''Jennette Van Tassell''. Invited to perform by the [[Nawab of Dhaka]], at 6.20&nbsp;pm on 16 March 1892, Jennette set off to fly from the southern bank of the River [[Buriganga]]. But a gusting wind carried her off to the gardens of [[Shahbag]], where her balloon became stuck in a tree. During her rescue from the tree she fell and died two days later. Jennette is interred in the Christian graveyard at Narinda in Old Dhaka.<ref name="Fogel">{{Citation |title=Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West |given=Gary |surname=Fogel |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-8263-6282-7 |url=https://unmpress.com/books/sky-rider/9780826362827 |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814031543/https://unmpress.com/books/sky-rider/9780826362827 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
An airfield opened next to a [[Royal Artillery]] station on the outskirts of Calcutta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Routes in India |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200415.html |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date=15 April 1920 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230142754/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200415.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Governor of Bengal Sir [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] opened the Bengal Flying Club in Calcutta's aerodrome in February 1929.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal Flying Club Opened |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200480.html|work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date=7 March 1929|access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> In 1930, the airfield was upgraded into a full-fledged airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=State of Air Transport in the British Empire |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201033.html |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date=29 August 1930 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100256/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201033.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was popularly known as [[Dum Dum Airport]]. [[Imperial Airways]] began flights from London to Australia via Calcutta in 1933.<ref>{{cite news |title=Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Route |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |work=Globalization and World Cities Research Network |date=5 December 2007 |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101309/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%200670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Air Orient]] began scheduled stops as part of its Paris to [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] route.<ref>{{cite news |title=1930 Histoire d'Air Orient. |url=http://gap.air.orient.pagesperso-orange.fr/Air%20Orient%20historique.htm |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=17 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817010029/http://gap.air.orient.pagesperso-orange.fr/Air%20Orient%20historique.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[KLM]] operated a route from [[Amsterdam]] to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (Jakarta) via Calcutta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amsterdam- Batavia Flight |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200735.html |work=[[FlightGlobal]] |date=20 November 1924|access-date=18 September 2011}}</ref> Calcutta emerged as a stopover for many airlines operating routes between Europe, Indochina and Australasia.<ref name="nscbiairport.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.nscbiairport.org/|title=気になる薄毛の事|work=nscbiairport.org|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519095723/http://www.nscbiairport.org/|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The flight of [[Amelia Earhart]] and [[Fred Noonan]], who attempted to circumnavigate the world, made a stopover in Calcutta in 1937.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amelia Earhart's Circumnavigation Attempt |url=http://www.tripline.net/trip/Amelia_Earhart%27s_Circumnavigation_Attempt-6410741502631003B225FC83C9742523 |work=Tripline.net |access-date=18 September 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026060604/http://tripline.net/trip/Amelia_Earhart%27s_Circumnavigation_Attempt-6410741502631003B225FC83C9742523 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local airlines included [[Tata Air Services]] and [[Orient Airways]]. Bengal played an important role for the air operations of the [[Allied forces of World War II]]. The [[Royal Air Force]] operated airfields across Bengal during the [[Burma Campaign]]. Aircraft of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] were also stationed in Bengal.<br />
<br />
The following includes a partial list of airports and airfields established during British rule in Bengal. Airfields were used by Allied Forces during World War II.<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|<br />
* [[Calcutta Airport]]<br />
* [[Tejgaon Airfield]]<br />
* [[Chittagong Airfield]]<br />
* [[Sylhet Airport]]<br />
* [[Dohazari Airfield]]<br />
* [[Shamshernagar Airport]]<br />
* [[Lalmonirhat Airport]]<br />
* [[Thakurgaon Airport]]<br />
* [[Saidpur Airport]]<br />
* [[Bogra Airport]]<br />
* [[Ishwardi Airport]]<br />
* [[Comilla Airport]]<br />
* [[Fenny Airfield]]<br />
* [[Hathazari Airfield]]<br />
* [[Asansol Airfield]]<br />
* [[Chakulia Airfield]]<br />
* [[Piardoba Airfield]]<br />
* [[Guskhara Airfield]]<br />
* [[Dudhkundi Airfield]]<br />
* [[Pandaveswar Airfield]]<br />
* [[Charra Airfield]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Military==<br />
[[File:-Bengal Horse Artillery,1860- MET DP146172.jpg|thumb|Bengal Horse Artillery, 1860]]<br />
[[File:Bengal Sapper and Miners Bastion, in Sherpur cantonment, Kabul, Second Afghan War, c. 1879.jpg|thumb|Bengal Sappers in Kabul, 1879]]<br />
The [[Bengal Army]] was one of the Presidency Armies of British India. It was formed by the East India Company. The Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army was concurrently the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] from 1853 to 1895, as the Bengal Army was the largest of the Presidency Armies.<ref>Raugh, Harold (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1576079256}}.</ref> The [[Gurkha]]s were also recruited under the Bengal Army. In 1895, the Bengal Army was merged into the [[British Indian Army]]. The British Indian Army had a Bengal Command between 1895 and 1908.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br />
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Major military engagements affecting British Bengal included the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]], the [[First Afghan War]], the Opium Wars, the [[Bhutan War]], the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], [[World War I]], and the [[Burma Campaign]] of [[World War II]]. The chief British base in Bengal was [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]. Across the subcontinent, the British often converted Mughal forts into military bases, such as in Delhi and Dhaka. The British also built [[cantonment]]s, including [[Dhaka Cantonment]] and [[Chittagong Cantonment]]. Many Allied soldiers killed in Burma were buried in cemeteries in Chittagong and Comilla. The graveyards include the [[Commonwealth War Cemetery, Chittagong]] and [[Mainamati War Cemetery]], which are maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<br />
<br />
==Famines and other natural disasters==<br />
{{Main article|British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Bengal famine image.jpg|thumb|The Bengal famine of 1943]]<br />
Colonial India as well as the Bengal Presidency suffered from the [[British Raj#Famines, epidemics, public health|numerous famines and epidemics]] throughout the [[British Raj|British Rule]]. The [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] lasted until 1773 and killed approximately 10 million Bengalis. The East India Company was heavily criticized for neglecting the population's food security. The repeated bouts of [[famine in India]], coupled with other abuses against the population, caused the [[British Parliament]] to gradually remove the monopoly of the East India Company, curtail the company's powers and eventually replace it with [[British Raj|crown rule]]. [[Warren Hastings]], governor of Bengal, was [[Impeachment of Warren Hastings|censured]] for the abuses of the company. Ironically, Hastings had set about to reform the company's practices and was later acquitted of any wrongdoing.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} During the trial of Hastings, [[Edmund Burke]] delivered a scathing indictment of malpractice by the company, condemning it for "injustice and treachery against the faith of nations". Burke stated:<ref name="Dalrymple2019">{{cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |year=2019 |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRuoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=308 |isbn=978-1-63557-395-4}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|text=With various instances of extortion and other deeds of maladministration ... With impoverishing and depopulating the whole country ... with a wanton and unjust, and pernicious, exercise of his powers ... in overturning the ancient establishments of the country ... With cruelties unheard of and devastations almost without name ... Crimes which have their rise in the wicked dispositions of men – in avarice, rapacity, pride, cruelty, malignity, haughtiness, insolence, ferocity, treachery, cruelty, malignity of temper – in short, nothing that does not argue a total extinction of all moral principle, that does not manifest an inveterate blackness of heart, a heart blackened to the very blackest, a heart corrupted, gangrened to the core ... We have brought before you the head [Hastings] ... one in whom all the frauds, all the peculations, all the violence, all the tyranny in India are embodied.}}<br />
<br />
In 1876, about 200,000 Bengalis were killed in [[Barisal]] as a result of the [[1876 Bengal cyclone]].<ref>SMRC-No.1 – The impact of tropical cyclones on the coastal regions of SAARC countries and their influence in the region, SAARC Meteorological Research Center (SMRC),1998.</ref><br />
<br />
The Bengal Presidency endured a vast famine between [[Bihar famine of 1873–74|1873 and 1874]]. The [[Bengal famine of 1943]] killed an estimated 3 million people during [[World War II]]. People died of starvation, malaria, or other diseases aggravated by malnutrition, population displacement, and lack of healthcare. Britain's wartime Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] has been held responsible for the famine by prominent Indians, including politician [[Shashi Tharoor]].<ref name="tg29Mar2019">{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Michael |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study |title=Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619014739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oppenheim |first=Maya |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/winston-churchill-genocide-dictator-shashi-tharoor-melbourne-writers-festival-a7936141.html |title=Winston Churchill has as much blood on his hands as the worst genocidal dictators, claims Indian politician |work=The Independent |date=8 September 2017}}</ref> When British civil servants sent letters to London regarding the famine situation, Churchill once responded by saying "Why hasn't [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] died yet?".<ref>{{cite news |last=Oppenheim |first=Maya |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/winston-churchill-adolf-hitler-no-better-shashi-tharoor-indian-politician-post-colonialist-author-a7641681.html |title='Winston Churchill is no better than Adolf Hitler,' says Indian politician Dr Shashi Tharoor |work=The Independent |date=21 March 2017 |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref name="tg29Mar2019" /> Many scholars, however, argue that it is an exaggeration to blame him for the wartime hunger crisis. The real cause was the fall of Burma to the Japanese, which cut off India's major supply of rice imports when domestic sources fell short, which they did in Eastern Bengal following a devastating cyclone in mid-October 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/ |title=The Bengali Famine |date=18 November 2008 |website=The International Churchill Society |access-date=2020-03-30 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230160807/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/575-the-bengali-famine |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lizzie Collingham]] holds the massive global dislocations of supplies caused by World War II virtually guaranteed that hunger would occur somewhere in the world, yet Churchill's racism toward the Indians decided the exact location where famine would fall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food. |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-101-56131-7 |location=New York |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4an767BL4EC&pg=PT125 153]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
===Literary development===<br />
[[File:Young tagore and nazrul.png|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (while in London in 1879) and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (while in the British Indian Army in 1917–1920)]]<br />
The English language replaced Persian as the official language of administration. The use of Persian was prohibited by Act no. XXIX of 1837 passed by the President of the [[Council of India]] in Council on 20 November 1837,<ref name="banglapedia2"/><ref>Olson, James S.; Shadle, Robert S., eds. (1996). "Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish". Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. 1. Greenwood Press. p. 131. {{ISBN|0-313-29366-X}}.</ref> bringing an end to six centuries of [[Indo-Persian culture]] in Bengal. The [[Bengali language]] received increased attention. European missionaries produced the first modern books on [[Bengali grammar]]. In pre-colonial times, Hindus and Muslims would be highly attached to their liturgical languages, including Sanskrit and Arabic. Under British rule, the use of Bengali widened and it was strengthened as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the native population. Novels began to be written in Bengali. The literary polymath [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913. The cultural activist [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] gained popularity as British India's ''Rebel Poet''. [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] pioneered Bengali science fiction. [[Begum Rokeya]], author of ''[[Sultana's Dream]]'', became an early feminist science fiction author.<br />
<br />
===Media===<br />
[[File:1780-01-29 Berkeley Page 1a.png|thumb|The frontpage of ''Hicky's Bengal Gazette'' on 29 January 1780]]<br />
Numerous newspapers were published in British Bengal since the 18th century. Many were in English. ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' was a major weekly publication. The first Bengali periodicals appeared in the 19th century. The ''Calcutta Journal'' became the first daily newspaper in British India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Newspapers_and_Periodicals |title=Newspapers and Periodicals |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref> Other newspapers included the ''[[Dacca News]]'' and ''[[The Bengal Times]]''. Radio channels began transmitting in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Radio |title=Radio |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Visual arts===<br />
[[File:Portrait of East India Company official.jpg|thumb|The Company style of Mughal miniatures]]<br />
[[File:Warren Hastings with his Wife Marian in their Garden at, Alipore.jpg|thumb|Painting by [[Johann Zoffany]] of Governor-General Warren Hastings and his wife Marian at their garden in [[Alipore]]]]<br />
The Company School of Painting in Calcutta, Murshidabad, and Patna saw Mughal miniatures absorb images of British colonial officials in place of Mughal officials.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Nanak Ganguly |date=June 2012 |title=Company School Paintings of Calcutta, Murshidabad, Patna (1750–1850): Doctoral Thesis of Late Dipak Bhattacharya (1960–2007) |url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=company-school-paintings-of-calcutta-murshidabad-patna-1750-1850-doctoral-thesis-of-late-dipak-bhattacharya-1960-2007-&iid=34&articleid=1011 |url-status=usurped |magazine=Art etc. News & Views |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905211531/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=company-school-paintings-of-calcutta-murshidabad-patna-1750-1850-doctoral-thesis-of-late-dipak-bhattacharya-1960-2007-&iid=34&articleid=1011 |archive-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> European painters produced numerous works in Bengal since the 18th century. European photographers also worked in the region. The modernist [[Bengal school]] of painting evolved in the province. European sculptures were widely imported by wealthy zamindars. In the 1940s, [[Zainul Abedin]] emerged as a modernist painter depicting poverty and the Bengal famine.<br />
<br />
===Calcutta Time===<br />
[[Calcutta Time]] was the [[time zone]] of the Bengal Presidency. It was established in 1884. It was one of the two time zones of British India. In the latter part of the 19th century, Calcutta Time was the most prevalent time used in the Indian part of the British Empire with records of astronomical and geological events recorded in it.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Dixon Oldham|title=Report of the Great Earthquake of 12th June, 1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO7OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20|year=1899|publisher=Office of the Geological survey|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala09unkngoog|year=1834|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Co.|page=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala09unkngoog/page/n10 1]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cinema===<br />
[[File:আলিবাবা - বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র (১৯৩৭).webm|thumb|''Alibaba'', a 1939 Bengali film based on the ''[[Arabian Nights]]'']]<br />
The [[Royal Bioscope Company]] began producing [[Bengali language|Bengali cinema]] in 1898, producing scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows<ref name= VF>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm|title=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema – Hiralal Sen|website=victorian-cinema.net|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523154503/http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sen.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> at the Crown Theatre in Dacca and the [[Star Theatre, Calcutta|Star Theater]], [[Minerva Theatre, Kolkata|Minerva Theater]], and Classic Theater in Calcutta.<br />
<br />
The [[Madan Theatre]] started making silent films in Calcutta in 1916. The first Bengali feature film, ''[[Billwamangal]]'', was produced and released in 1919 under the banner of the Madan Theatre. The movie was directed by Rustomji Dhotiwala and produced by Priyonath Ganguli. A Bengali film company called the [[Indo British Film Co]] was soon formed in Calcutta by [[Dhirendra Nath Ganguly]]. Ganguly directed and wrote ''[[Bilat Ferat (1921)|Bilat Ferat]]'' in 1921, which was the first production of the Indo British Film Co. ''[[Jamai Shashthi]]'' (1931) was one of the earliest Bengali [[talkie]]s.<br />
<br />
In 1927–28, the [[Dhaka Nawab Family]] produced a short film named ''Sukumary'' (The Good Girl).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Liberation Struggles of a Country and a Festival |url=http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/the-liberation-struggles-ofa-country-and-a-festival/ |website=Dhaka Film Festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111212011/http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org/the-liberation-struggles-ofa-country-and-a-festival/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> After the success of ''Sukumary'', the Nawab's family went for a bigger venture.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raju |first=Zakir |date=2015 |title=Bangladesh Cinema and National Identity: In Search of the Modern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnLfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=91 |isbn=978-0-415-46544-1}}</ref> To make a full-length silent film, a temporary studio was made in the gardens of the family's estate, and they produced a full-length silent film titled ''The Last Kiss'', released in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka Nawab Family and Film |url=http://www.nawabbari.com/main_arts.html?string=lastKiss.html |website=nawabbari.com |publisher=Nawab Bari |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307230554/http://www.nawabbari.com/main_arts.html?string=lastKiss.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know? First Pakistani silent movie makes it to international film fests |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/611929/did-you-know-first-pakistani-silent-movie-makes-it-to-international-film-fests/ |work=The Express Tribune |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210222602/http://tribune.com.pk/story/611929/did-you-know-first-pakistani-silent-movie-makes-it-to-international-film-fests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The "East Bengal Cinematograph Society" was later established in Dacca.<br />
<br />
===Sports===<br />
[[File:Royal Calcutta Turf Club Race Stands - Viceroy's Cup Day.png|thumb|Viceroy's Cup Day at the Calcutta Race Course]]<br />
[[Cricket]] started being played in the 1790s. The [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta Cricket Club]] was set up in 1792. For [[horse racing]], the [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]] was set up in 1847. It became British India's equivalent of the [[Jockey Club]] in England in terms of arbitrating matters related to racing. In addition to horse races, the club also launched [[polo]] matches among natives and colonialists. Races at the [[Kolkata Race Course|Calcutta Race Course]] were once among the most important social events of the calendar, opened by the Viceroy of India. During the 1930s the Calcutta Derby Sweeps was a leading [[sweepstake]] game in the world. A [[Ramna Race Course Maidan|racecourse]] was also set up in Ramna by the Dacca Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ramna_Racecourse |title=Ramna Racecourse |website=Banglapedia |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205011959/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ramna_Racecourse |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bengal Public Gaming (Amendment) Act (Act No. IV of 1913) excluded horse racing from the gambling law.<ref name="Birla2009">{{cite book |author=Ritu Birla |title=Stages of Capital: Law, Culture, and Market Governance in Late Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFKQm0p5XoQC&pg=PA189 |date=14 January 2009 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9247-7 |page=189}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bengal renaissance===<br />
{{Main|Bengali Renaissance}}<br />
<br />
The Bengal renaissance refers to social reform movements during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the region of Bengal in [[undivided India]] during the period of British rule. Historian [[Nitish Sengupta]] describes it as having started with reformer and humanitarian [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] (1775–1833), and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941).<ref>{{cite book |author=Nitish Sengupta |author-link=Nitish Sengupta |year=2001 |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=211 |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |quote=The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).}}</ref> This flowering of religious and social reformers, scholars, and writers is described by historian [[David Kopf]] as "one of the most creative periods in Indian history".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kopf |first=David |author-link=David Kopf |date=December 1994 |title=Amiya P. Sen. Hindu Revivalism in Bengal 1872 |type=Book review |journal=American Historical Review |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=1741–1742 |doi=10.2307/2168519 |jstor=2168519}}</ref> These movements were most prevalent in [[Bengali Hindu]] society, such as through the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. There was a growing cultural awakening in [[Bengali Muslim]] society, including the emergence of [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] as the first Muslim novelist of Bengal; [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] as a celebrated poet who merged Bengali and Hindustani influences; [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Nawab Faizunnesa]] as feminist educators; [[Kaykobad]] as an epic poet; and members of the [[Freedom of Intellect Movement]].<br />
<br />
Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] and the [[Pakistan movement]]. The earliest organized anti-colonial groups appeared in Bengal. The region produced many of the subcontinent's political leaders during the early 20th century. Political parties and rebel groups were formed across the region.<br />
<br />
===Architecture===<br />
Civic architecture began following European styles after the advent of the East India Company's authority. The [[Indo-Saracenic]] style, merging [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], was started by British architects in the late 19th-century. While cities such as Calcutta and Dacca featured more civic architecture, [[country houses]] were built in many towns and villages across Bengal. [[Art deco]] influences began in the 1930s. Wealthy Bengali families (especially [[zamindar]] estates) employed European firms to design houses and palaces.<br />
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Architecture in British Bengal" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180"><br />
The Hooghly Bridge (BOND 0034).jpeg|[[Howrah Bridge]] in 1945<br />
Victoria Memorial, Calcutta - LIFE.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]]<br />
Writers Building.jpg|[[Writer's Building]]<br />
Ruplal House old.jpg|[[Ruplal House]]<br />
Completed Bridge. (23126065986).jpg|[[Hardinge Bridge]], 1915<br />
Dhaka College 1904.jpg|[[Dhaka College|Dacca College]], 1904<br />
Madrassa Dhaka 1904.jpg|Dacca Madrasa, 1904<br />
Nawab's Shahbagh Garden dhaka 1904 02.jpg|Nawab's [[Shahbag]]h Garden, 1904<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Society===<br />
Bengali society remained deeply conservative during the colonial period with the exception of social reform movements. Historians have argued that the British used a policy of [[divide and rule]] among Hindus and Muslims. This meant favoring Hindus over Muslims and vice versa in certain sectors. For example, after the [[Permanent Settlement]], Hindu merchants such as the [[Tagore family]] were awarded large land grants that previously belonged to the Mughal aristocracy. In Calcutta, where Hindus formed a majority, wealthy Muslims were often given favors over Hindus. One aspect that benefitted the Hindu community was increased literacy rates. Many Muslims, however, remained alienated from English education after the abolition of Persian. Bengali society continued to experience religious nationalism which led to the partition of Bengal in 1947.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
British Bengali cities included a cosmopolitan population, including Armenians and Jews. [[Anglo-Indians]] formed a prominent part of the urban population. Several [[Gentlemen's clubs]] were established, including the [[Bengal Club]], [[Calcutta Club]], [[Dhaka Club|Dacca Club]], [[Chittagong Club]], [[Tollygunge Club]] and [[Saturday Club (Kolkata)|Saturday Club]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency]]<br />
* [[Advocate-General of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Bombay Presidency]]<br />
* [[Madras Presidency]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
'''Footnotes'''<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
'''Citations'''<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Works cited ==<br />
{{EB1911|wstitle=Bengal}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal | first=Mahitosh |year=2022 | title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 | doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 | s2cid=249027627 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96|doi-access=free }}<br />
* [[Christopher Bayly|C. A. Bayly]] ''Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire'' (Cambridge) 1988<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nandini |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |editor1-last= Fischer-Tiné |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Framke |editor2-first=Maria |chapter=Imperial Sanctuaries: The hill stations of colonial South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-138-36484-4 |doi=10.4324/9780429431012-26 |s2cid=238650973}}<br />
* C. E. Buckland ''Bengal under the Lieutenant-Governors'' (London) 1901<br />
* [[James Dewar Bourdillon|Sir James Bourdillon]], ''The Partition of Bengal'' (London: Society of Arts) 1905<br />
* Susil Chaudhury ''From Prosperity to Decline. Eighteenth Century Bengal'' (Delhi) 1995<br />
* [[William Wilson Hunter|Sir William Wilson Hunter]], ''Annals of Rural Bengal'' (London) 1868, and ''Odisha'' (London) 1872<br />
* {{cite book |year=1909 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=2 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/toc.html?volume=2 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II|1909}} |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064237/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/toc.html?volume=2 |url-status=dead }}<br />
* Ray, Indrajit [https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ ''Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)''] (Routledge) 2011<br />
* John R. McLane ''Land and Local Kingship in eighteenth-century Bengal'' (Cambridge) 1993<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-bengalpresidency.html Coins of the Bengal Presidency]<br />
{{Commons category|Bengal Presidency}}<br />
<br />
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}<br />
{{British overseas territories}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22.5660|N|88.3464|E|region:IN_type:country|display=title}}<br />
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{{West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bengal Presidency| ]]<br />
[[Category:History of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Colonial Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:History of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:History of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:1765 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_Korba_Municipal_Corporation_election&diff=4834092025 Korba Municipal Corporation election2026-03-21T16:46:12Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made basic stub more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Korba, Chhattisgarh in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 2025 Korba Municipal Corporation election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = Legislative<br />
| ongoing =<br />
| previous_election = <br />
| previous_year = 2019<br />
| election_date = 11 February 2025<br />
| next_election = <br />
| next_year = 2030<br />
| seats_for_election = All 67 seats in the [[Korba Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| majority_seats = 34<br />
| turnout =<br />
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| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}<br />
| leader1 = Sanju Devi Rajput<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: BJP declares candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://bansalnews.com/cg-bjp-raipur-mayor-candidate-meenal-choubey-snj/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Bansal News |language=hi}}</ref><br />
| alliance1 = <br />
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| leaders_seat1 = <br />
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| seat_change1 = 15 {{increase}}<br />
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| colour2 = <br />
| leader2 = Usha Tiwari<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-27 |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: Congress announces candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/cg-nikay-chunav-news-congress-announced-10-mayor-seats-candidates-see-list-dipti-dubey-against-meenal-choubey/articleshow/117605710.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
| party2 = Indian National Congress<br />
| leaders_seat2 =<br />
| last_election2 = 35<br />
| seats2 = 11<br />
| seat_change2 = 24 {{decrease}}<br />
| popular_vote2 = <br />
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<!-- IND --><br />
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| map_image = India Korba, Chhattisgarh Municipal Corporation 2025.svg<br />
| map_size = 300px<br />
<!--Assembly seats diagram--><br />
| title = Mayor<br />
| before_election = Rajkishore Prasad <br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| after_election = Sanju Devi Rajput <br />
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 2025 [[Korba Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) election was held on '''February 11, 2025''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=CG Nikay Chunav 2025: छत्तीसगढ़ निकाय चुनाव, जारी हो रही उम्मीदवारों की सूची, देखें BJP-Congress ने किसे दिया मौका.. |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/cg-election-chhattisgarh-civic-elections-list-of-candidates-is-out-see-who-bjp-and-congress-gave-a-chance-to-19350594 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=2025-01-20 |title=Chhattisgarh announces dates for urban bodies, 3-tier panchayat polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/20/chhattisgarh-announces-dates-for-urban-bodies-panchayat-polls |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> to elect the mayor and councilors who would govern [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]], the power city of [[Chhattisgarh]], India. This election was part of the broader municipal elections taking place across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-20 |title=Chhattisgarh urban and panchayat bodies to go to polls in February |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-and-panchayat-bodies-to-go-to-polls-in-february/article69121189.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ में आचार संहिता लागू, जानें कब, कहां और कैसे होंगे मतदान, सिंगल क्लिक में पूरी डिटेल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-civic-and-panchayat-elections-2025-dates-phases-and-complete-details-in-one-click/articleshow/117410861.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
BJP won the mayoral race by over 48 thousand votes and secured 45 of the 67 wards.<br />
<br />
== Election schedule ==<br />
The [[Chhattisgarh State Election Commission|State Election Commission]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] announced the dates for election on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Polls in Feb: CG EC announces dates for civic body & panchayat elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/polls-in-feb-cg-ec-announces-dates-for-civic-body-panchayat-elections/articleshow/117405997.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Chhattisgarh Urban And Panchayat Polls From Feb 11; Model Code Of Conduct Comes Into Effect |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/chhattisgarh-urban-and-panchayat-polls-from-feb-11-model-code-of-conduct-comes-into-effect-enn25012102267 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Poll Event<br />
! Schedule<br />
|-<br />
| Notification Date<br />
| 17 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
| Last Date for filing nomination<br />
| 28 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
| Scrutiny of nomination<br />
| 29 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination<br />
| 31 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
| Allotment of Symbols<br />
| 31 January 2025<br />
|-<br />
| '''Date of Poll'''<br />
|'''11 February 2025'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''<br />
|'''15 February 2025'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Candidates==<br />
===Mayoral election===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!No.<br />
!colspan="3" |Party<br />
!Symbol<br />
!Candidate's Name<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]<br />
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]<br />
| Sanju Devi Rajput<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: BJP declares candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-body-polls-bjp-declares-candidates-for-all-10-mayoral-seats-3373614 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]<br />
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]<br />
| Usha Tiwari<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-27 |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: Congress announces candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-body-polls-congress-announces-candidates-for-all-10-mayoral-seats/article69145933.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
===Mayoral election===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Korba Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Sanju Devi Rajput <br />
| votes = '''93,587'''<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Usha Tiwari <br />
| votes = 45,471<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = None of the above (India)<br />
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 48,116<br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = <br />
| percentage = <br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Result by party in wards===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party<br />
!colspan="3"|Popular vote<br />
! colspan="3" |Seats<br />
|-<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
!Contested <br />
!Won<br />
!'''+/−'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|67<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|67<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:Black; color:White"|<br />
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |<br />
!<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="4"|Total<br />
!<br />
!<br />
! <br />
!<br />
! 67<br />
! <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Korba district]]<br />
[[Category:Local elections in Chhattisgarh]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babhruvahana&diff=488815Babhruvahana2026-03-16T13:57:38Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made some stub w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Son of Arjuna in Mahābhārata}}<br />
{{about|the Mahabharata character|the films|Babruvahana (1964 film)|and|Babruvahana (1977 film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox character<br />
| info-hdr = Information<br />
| image = File:Babhruvahana approaches Arjuna, page from the Razm-nama (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt = Babhruvahana<br />
| caption = Babhruvahana (right) greets [[Arjuna]], folio from the ''[[Razmnama]]'' (Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata''), c. 1600 CE<br />
| family = {{bulleted list|[[Arjuna]] (father)|[[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangada]] (mother)|<br />
Chitravahana (maternal-grandfather)}}<br />
| gender = Male<br />
| weapon = Bow and arrows<br />
| home = [[Manipur (Mahabharat)|Manalura or Manipura]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Babhruvahana''' ({{langx|sa|बभ्रुवाहन|Babhruvāhana}}) is a character in the ancient [[Sanskrit]] epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE). He is the son of the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] and [[Chitrangada (princess)|Chitrangada]], the princess of [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manalura]] (also known as Manipura), and later becomes the king of his maternal kingdom. Though Babhruvahana doesn't participate in the [[Kurukshetra War]], he plays a central role in the ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' of the Pandavas, where he is forced into a conflict with his father, Arjuna, and ultimately kills him, only for Arjuna to be revived later.<br />
<br />
Babhruvahana's story gains popularity in the 12th-century ''[[Jaimini|Jaiminiya Ashvamedhika]]'', which expands his role—including waging a war against the [[Nāga]]s (snakes) in the underworld to retrieve an [[Amrita|elixir]] and a divine gem to revive Arjuna, whom he beheaded in this version. Numerous literary works, plays and movies have been based on his story.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
=== Birth ===<br />
Babhruvahana's origins are detailed in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' (Book 1) of the ''Mahabharata''. During Arjuna's year-long exile from [[Indraprastha]], he arrives in [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manalura]] (later known as Manipura), ruled by King Chitravahana. The king's lineage traces back to Prabhanjana, who, through intense penance to the god [[Shiva]], secured a boon ensuring each descendant has a son to continue the line. However, Chitravahana unexpectedly had a daughter, named [[Chitrangada (princess)|Chitrangada]], whom he raises as a ''putrika'' (a daughter whose son inherits her father's kingdom). When Arjuna asks the king his daughter's hand in marriage, an agreement is stipulated that any son born to the couple would remain in Manalura to inherit his maternal grandfather's throne, thus severing the son's lineal connection to his paternal genitor. Arjuna marries Chitrangada and stays in Manalura for three months. After departing, he returns to find that Chitrangada has given birth to their son, Babhruvahana. Arjuna promises to take Chitrangada and Babhruvahana later and continues his journey back to Indraprastha.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=186-7}}{{Sfn|Katz|1990|p=62}}{{Sfn|McGrath|2016|p=37}}{{Sfn|Mani|1975|p=96-7}}<br />
<br />
As per a pre-nuptial agreement, Chitrangada raises Babhruvahana in Manalura, and upon reaching maturity, Babhruvahana inherits the throne of Manalura.{{Sfn|Mani|1975|p=96-7}}<br />
<br />
=== Ashvamedha and later life ===<br />
[[File: Arjuna is killed by his son Babhnu Vahana in battle.jpg|thumb|left|A painting depicting the battle between Babhruvahana and Arjuna, folio from ''[[Razmnama]]'' (16th-century Persian translation of the Mahabharata)]]In the ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]'' (Book 14.78–82), Babhruvahana features prominently during Arjuna's ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' campaign, where Arjuna follows a sacrificial horse to assert his elder brother [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishthira's]] sovereignty after the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra war]]. When Arjuna arrives in Babhruvahana's capital, now known as Manipura, Babhruvahana—in the company of scholars—initially greets his father respectfully. However, Arjuna is horrified by his son's lack of warrior spirit and provokes him to fight, accusing him of neglecting his ''[[Kshatriya dharma|kshatriyadharma]]'' (warrior duty) and behaving “like a woman”.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=204-5}}<br />
<br />
[[Ulupi]], a princess of mythical [[Nāga|Naga]] clan and Babhruvahana's stepmother, appears and urges Babhruvahana to seize the sacrificial horse and engage Arjuna in combat. In the ensuing battle, Babhruvahana strikes Arjuna with arrows, hitting him in the shoulder and chest. Arjuna falls dead, and Babhruvahana faints from the shock of his apparent parricide. Chitrangada, witnessing the scene, mourns Arjuna and blames Ulupi, accusing her of being a neglectful wife. Chitrangada vows to fast to death unless Arjuna is revived, and Babhruvahana joins her in this vow. Ulupi retrieves the ''Mritasanjivani'' stone (a divine gem of revival, also referred to as ''samjivanam manim'' or ''manir divyah'') from the Naga realm and instructs Babhruvahana to place it on Arjuna's chest. Accompanied by auspicious cosmic signs, Arjuna revives and embraces Babhruvahana.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=204-5}}{{Sfn|Mani|1975|p=96-7}}<br />
<br />
Ulupi reveals that her actions were not out of malice but a calculated move to save Arjuna from a divine curse. She explains that Arjuna had committed a war-crime by unjustly slaying his revered grandfather, [[Bhishma]]. For this, the [[Vasu|Vasus]] (a class of deities) were going to curse him, with the approval of [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (Bhishma's mother). Ulupi's father, Kauravya, petitioned the Vasus, who agreed to commute the curse: Arjuna's guilt would be cleared if his son were to kill him, effectively repaying the debt for killing his own grandfather. Ulupi's urging of the combat was thus a selfless act intended to purge Arjuna of his sin.{{Sfn|Mani|1975|p=96-7}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=J. Ph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&dq=babhruv%C4%81hana&pg=PA76 |title=Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1071-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the revival, Babhruvahana invites Arjuna to stay in Manipura, but Arjuna continues his ''Ashvamedha'' journey. Later, Babhruvahana, Chitrangada, and Ulupi travel together to Yudhisthira's capital, [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]], for the festival. Upon arriving, [[Krishna]] presents Babhruvahana with a chariot drawn by divine horses. While Babhruvahana returns to rule Manipura, Chitrangada and Ulupi join the Hastinapura household, ultimately returning to their natal families only when the Pandavas embark on their final journey decades later.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=204-5}}{{Sfn|Mani|1975|p=96-7}}<br />
<br />
== In derivative works ==<br />
<br />
=== ''Jaiminiya Ashvamedhaparva'' ===<br />
[[File:Babhruvahana fights the king of the Nagas.jpg|thumb|Babhruvahana along with his mongoose army fights the King of Nagas (snakes), from 19th century manuscript of ''Jaiminiya Ashvamedhika'']]<br />
Babhruvahana's story, while originating in Vyasa's ''Mahabharata'', gains a more popular and highly adventurous retelling in the ''Jaiminiya Ashvamedhaparva'', part of the 12th-century ''[[Jaimini Bharata|Jaiminibharata]]''. This version, known for its focus on entertainment over philosophy, significantly expands Babhruvahana's role. In this telling, Babhruvahana is raised by Ulupi after his mother, Chitrangada (here, the daughter of a [[Gandharva]] king), leaves for Yudhishthira. The conflict with Arjuna begins when, upon their first meeting, Arjuna violently kicks Babhruvahana, instantly provoking a battle. The Jaimini version also features Babhruvahana defeating his uncle [[Bhima]], slaying his cousin [[Vrishaketu]] and beheading Arjuna, a harsh difference from Vyasa's text. The cause of Arjuna's death is also different: the goddess Jvala instigates Ganga to curse Arjuna and then becomes the actual death-arrow that kills him, rather than the Vasus' curse from the Vyasa version.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Anirban |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTAWEQAAQBAJ&dq=babhruvahana+jaimini&pg=PT60 |title=Contemporaneity of the Mahabharata Narrative: Epic of the Moment |last2=Sarkar |first2=Dhrubajyoti |date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-12565-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The most notable expansion of Babhruvahana's role is the elaborate, six-chapter quest for Arjuna's revival. After Arjuna falls, the simple, immediate revival in Vyasa is replaced by high drama. When Ulupi's initial attempt to retrieve the life-giving jewel from the snake kingdom is thwarted by court intrigue, an enraged Babhruvahana personally invades the Naga kingdom in [[Patala]] (Underworld) with an army of [[mongoose]]. Following a great battle, he succeeds in seizing the ''[[amrita]]'' (elixir) and the ''Sanjivani'' jewel. However, this feat proves insufficient when Arjuna's severed head is stolen. The final act of revival requires the intervention of [[Krishna]], who appears, retrieves the head using his divine power, and then uses the jewel to restore Arjuna to life.<ref name=":1" /><br />
===Other===<br />
[[File:BABHRUVAHANA - MYTHOLOGICAL PLAY.JPG|thumb|Actors playing Arjuna, Babhruvahana and Chitrangada in a play]]<br />
Jaimini version of Babhruvahana's story has gained significant popularity throughout the Indian sub-continent, adapted into vernacular languages including [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Numerous translations of the Mahabharata, including the 16th-century Persian ''[[Razmnama]]'', feature Jaimini's version of ''Ashvamedhika Parva'', despite claiming themselves being based on Vyasa's original version.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Babhruvahana's story, particularly the ''Jaimini'' version, has been adapted into numerous drama plays.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzkwAAAAYAAJ&q=babhruvahana&pg=PA36 |title=Catalogue of the Library of the India Office ...: pt. 1. Sanskrit books. [By R. Rost] 1897 |date=1908 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode, printers |language=en}}</ref> It has also been adapted into multiple films, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]] versions in 1942 and [[Babruvahana (1964 film)|1964]], two Hindi movies released in consecutive years, Veer Babruvahan (1951) and Veer Arjun (1952) and a [[Kannada]] [[Babruvahana (film)|film in 1977]].<br />
<br />
== Assessment ==<br />
Babhruvahana is noted for his exclusion from the [[Kurukshetra War]] and his claim to the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] throne, both explained by the fact that he was not considered a Pandava heir due to the pre-nuptial agreement.{{sfn|Mazumdar|1988|p=32}}<br />
<br />
Scholar Simon Brodbeck, draws specific and interconnected assessments about Babhruvahana's actions in the ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva]]''. Firstly, he notes that Arjuna's initial criticism—that Babhruvahana is neglecting the duty of a warrior (''[[Kshatriya|kshatriyadharma]]'') and behaving like a woman—is a comment that plays directly on the maternality of Babhruvahana's inheritance from his mother, Chitrangada. Babhruvahana's matrifilial loyalty is also stressed; he fights at the command of his step-mother Ulupi, rather than his father Arjuna. This is presented as a deliberate contrast to his deceased half-brother [[Iravan|Iravat]] (Ulupi's son), whose death was due to his patrifilial loyalty, ultimately suggesting that adherence to the maternal line spared Babhruvahana's life. Babhruvahana's armed resistance against Arjuna, despite his initial reluctance, actually represents his upholding the pre-nuptial agreement designed to sever his lineal relationship with his biological father.{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=204-5}}<br />
<br />
Historically, regional works had attempted to identify Babhruvahana's ethnicity and origin, with some [[Tamil language|Tamil]] translations boldly claiming his maternal lineage as [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan]], equating the city of Manipura with [[Madurai]] and identifying Chitravahana with [[Malayadhvaja Pandya]]. A few newer works describe Babhruvahana as of [[Meitei people|Meitei]] origin from the present-day northeastern state of [[Manipur]]; however, scholars have generally regarded both claims as inventions of translators or historically unsubstantiated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpNyEQAAQBAJ&dq=babhruvahana+pandya&pg=PA13 |title=A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras |date=2025-07-18 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-563-48451-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZM3EQAAQBAJ&q=babruvahana&pg=PA17 |title=Stories and Memories, Memories and Histories: A Cross-disciplinary Volume on Time, Narrativity, and Identity |date=2024-12-16 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-71333-8 |language=en}}</ref> Modern scholars identify Babhruvahana's Kingdom in [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]], based on the geographical description in the epic.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Brodbeck|2017|p=204-5}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Ruth Cecily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmEwEAAAQBAJ&q=Arjuna+before+Mahabharata |title=Arjuna in the Mahabharata: Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory |date=1990-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0744-0 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSe4AQAACAAJ |title=Arjuna Pandava: The Double Hero in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2016 |isbn=978-8-12506-309-4}}<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon Pearse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wapBDgAAQBAJ&dq=M%C4%81dr%C4%AB&pg=PT163 |title=The Mahabharata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2017-03-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88630-7 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Vettam |author-link1=Vettam Mani |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/564/mode/2up |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |title=Who is Who in the Mahabharata |last=Mazumdar |first=Subash |year=1988 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omspAAAAYAAJ}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
* [http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/babhruvahana.htm Babhruvahana in ''Encyclopedia for Epics of Ancient India'']<br />
<br />
{{Mahabharata}}<br />
{{HinduMythology}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_119_(India)&diff=446394National Highway 119 (India)2026-03-15T01:56:44Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|National highway in India}}<br />
{{For | the old National Highway 119|National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 534 (India)|National Highway 309 (India)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{infobox road<br />
|country=IND<br />
|image=Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg<br />
|image_notes = Schematic map of National Highways in India<br />
|type=NH<br />
|route= 119<br />
|length_km = 93<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br />
| id= Q6973111|title=National Highway 119|text= Map of National Highway '''119''' in red }}<br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
|direction_a= East<br />
|terminus_a= [[Dehri]]<br />
|destinations= <br />
|direction_b= West<br />
|terminus_b= Border- UP/Bihar,<br />
|junction=<br />
|states= Bihar<br />
| spur_type = NH<br />
| spur_of = 19<br />
| previous_type = NH<br />
| next_type = NH<br />
| previous_route = 19 <!-- Route start junction --><br />
| next_route = 119 <!-- Route end junction --><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''National Highway 119''' ('''NH 119''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in India. It runs entirely in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]]. NH-119 was previously numbered NH-2C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification – Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> This highway mostly runs along [[Son River|Son river]].<br />
<br />
==Route==<br />
NH-19 Dehri, Akbarpur(Nagar Panchayat Rohtas), Yadunathpur – Bihar/UP Border(Jaradag).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Junctions == <br />
{{Exit list|date=November 2021}}<br />
: {{jct|NH|19|country=IND}} Terminal near Dehri<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3220719 NH 119 on OpenStreetMap]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
{{IND NH19 sr}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Bihar]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-NH-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadda_Minguel&diff=509430Khadda Minguel2026-03-14T20:53:41Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playwright and composer (1889–1964)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Khadda Minguel<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = Minguel Fernandes<br />
| other_names = Kudd'ddo Minguel<br />
| birth_place = [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|9|29|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{circa}}{{death year and age|1964|1889|}}<br />
| death_place = Chinchinim, Goa, India <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|''mestri''|composer|singer}}<br />
| works = ''Estrella''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Minguel Fernandes''' (29 September 1889 – {{circa|1964}}), known professionally as '''Khadda Minguel''' ({{translation|Bearded Minguel}}), was an Indian playwright, composer, and singer known for his work in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]'' productions.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Fernandes, also known as Kudd'ddo Minguel (Blind Mingel), was a figure in the realm of ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khells]]'', a form of [[street theater]], and held the title of "Khellancho Raza" (King of Khells). Known as a ''[[Mistri|mestri]]'', Fernandes showcased prowess as a playwright, composer, and singer. His compositions, encompassing both lyrics and melodies, were hailed for their artistic merit.<br />
<br />
Among his achievements was the creation of the ''fell'' (or ''khell'') production titled ''Estrella'', featuring ''[[canto]]s'' (songs). Fernandes exhibited skill in crafting the lyrics and melodies that graced these ''cantos'', exemplifying his creative abilities. Despite his limited formal education and absence of professional music training, he displayed a talent for [[self-taught]] mastery of the [[violin]] and [[clarinet]]. While earning a livelihood as a [[toddy tapper]], Fernandes composed songs during his ascents and descents of coconut trees. His original compositions, characterized by their ingenuity, were memorized and imparted to his ''khellgodde'' (''khell'' actors).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=195}}</ref> His contributions played a pivotal role in proliferating the reach and influence of ''khells'', traditional [[folk drama]]s, throughout the state of [[Goa]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-09-23 |title=A tribute to artistes of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times &#124; Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/09/23/magazines/buzz/a-tribute-to-artistes-of-yesteryears/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fernandes was recognized as a devout proponent and practitioner of the art form of ''khells''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-07 |title=Somplolea Tiatristank Noman |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/7sep_avaz |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Amcho Avaz via [[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125429/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/7sep_avaz |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 2018 publication ''Konkani Khell Tiatr'', writer and historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] commends Fernandes as one of the popular ''khell xikoupis'' (''khell'' teachers) or mestris.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=xi, 3}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fernandes served as a ''khellam mestri'' for a span of 30 years. Throughout his career, Fernandes crafted several ''zomnivoile fell'' or ''partio'' ([[Act (drama)|Acts]]), with a particular emphasis on addressing pertinent [[social issue]]s of the time. Often found engrossed in his creative process, he would pen these plays while seated in his ''bolcao'' ([[porch]]). Fernandes's influence extended beyond the realm of writing, as he dedicated himself to training aspiring youth from various localities, including [[Velim, Goa|Velim]], Durga ([[Chinchinim]]), [[Benaulim]], [[Varca]], [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]], [[Cuncolim]], [[Assolna]], [[Mobor]], and [[Goa Velha]].<br />
<br />
Leaving the comfort of his home in Durga, Chinchinim, he embarked on arduous journeys, spanning several weeks, to impart his knowledge and showcase ''zomnivoile khells'' through such performances. In return for his work, Fernandes received hospitality, as his fervent admirers and well-wishers delighted in treating him to meals and ensuring his relaxation.<ref name=":0" /> The impact of Fernandes's work resonated within the [[Goan]] theater community, inspiring a young playwright named [[Santiago Pereira]] from Cottombi, [[Quepem]]. Pereira, at the age of 17, heeded the call to train village boys in ''khells'' for the [[Carnival in Goa]], spurred by the creative spirit kindled by Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-05-21 |title=TAG to remember Tiatr Artistes of Yesteryears on May 24 – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times &#124; Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/21/sports/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-may-24/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the twilight years of his life, Fernandes faced the [[Visual impairment|loss of his eyesight]]. Nevertheless, this setback failed to deter his attachment for performance. Despite his condition, he continued to entertain audiences with his own ''khells'' and actively participated in the productions of fellow ''mestris''. During this period, he came to be known as Kudd'ddo Minguel. Acknowledging his significant contributions, the 2018 publication ''Konkani Khell Tiatr'' by writer and historian Wilson Mazarello, featured a comprehensive list of popular ''khellam mestri'' of bygone eras. Among the mentioned names, Fernandes secured a place. The term "''khellam mestri''" denoted the artists involved in teaching and staging ''khells''.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
In observance of the accomplishments and legacies of deceased ''[[tiatr]]'' artistes who were born in September, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] has consistently organized special programs to honor their contributions to the development of ''tiatr'', encompassing its music, songs, and overall artistic landscape. Events were held on 27 September 2012, at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the golden generation |url=https://www.thegoan.net//celebrating-the-golden-generation/1224.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> 5 September 2013, at the Black Box of Ravindra Bhavan in Margao,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-03 |title=Tiatr Academy Goa to pay tributes to September-born tiatrists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-academy-goa-to-pay-tributes-to-september-born-tiatrists/articleshow/22240894.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 24 September 2018, at the Conference Hall of Tiatr Academy in [[Panaji]],<ref name=":2" /> and 30 September 2019, at the Black Box of Ravindra Bhavan in Margao. During these commemorative occasions, the Tiatr Academy of Goa paid tribute to a select group of individuals among whom Fernandes consistently featured.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-09-29 |title=TAG to remember yesteryears artistes on September 30 – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times &#124; Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/09/29/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-yesteryears-artistes-on-september-30/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Alongside Fernandes, other artists such as [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Philomena Braz]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Seby Coutinho]], Peter D'Costa, Rosalia Rodrigues, [[Star of Arossim]], Inacio Rosario Luis (Jal), and Arnaldo Da Costa<ref name=":3" /> were also remembered for their significant contributions to ''tiatr''. The events provided a platform to acknowledge and highlight the artistic achievements of these individuals, thereby preserving their artistic legacy within the ''tiatr'' community and beyond. By organizing these special programs, the Tiatr Academy of Goa not only paid homage to the artistes but also ensured that their contributions and artistic endeavors continued to be recognized and appreciated by the ''tiatr'' community and the wider public.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
==Selected stage works==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''Estrella''<br />
|Writer/composer<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadda Minguel}}<br />
[[Category:1889 births]]<br />
[[Category:1964 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vulgate&diff=445551Vulgate2026-03-12T09:05:56Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: revised</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Translation of the Bible by Jerome}}<br />
{{other uses}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{use British English|date=March 2020}}<br />
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{{Multiple images<br />
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| image1 = Cod. Sangallensis 63 (277).jpg<br />
| image2 = CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| caption1 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| header = {{font color|white|Vulgate}}<br />
| header_background = maroon<br />
| footer = Two Vulgate manuscripts from the 8th and 9th centuries AD: [[Codex Amiatinus]] (right) and [[Codex Sangallensis 63]] (left).<br />
| width = 150<br />
| background color = #F8F9FA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Vulgate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ʌ|l|g|eɪ|t|,_|-|g|ə|t}}){{efn|Also called {{lang|la|Biblia Vulgata}} ({{gloss|Bible in common language}}; {{IPA|la-x-classic|ˈbɪ.bli.a wʊɫˈɡaː.ta|lang}}, {{IPA|la-x-church|ˈbiː.bli.a vulˈɡaː.t̪a|lang}}), sometimes referred to as the '''Latin Vulgate'''}} is a late-4th-century [[Bible translations into Latin|Latin translation]] of the [[Bible]]. It is largely the work of Saint [[Jerome]] who, in&nbsp;382, had been commissioned by [[Pope Damasus I]] to revise the {{lang|la|[[Vetus Latina]]}} [[Gospel]]s used by the [[Diocese of Rome|Roman Church]]. Later, of his own initiative, Jerome extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the [[books of the Bible]]. <br />
<br />
The Vulgate became progressively adopted as the Bible text within the [[Western Church]]. Over succeeding centuries, it eventually eclipsed the {{lang|la|Vetus Latina}} texts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=vetuslatina.org |url=http://www.vetuslatina.org/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=vetuslatina.org}}</ref> By the 13th&nbsp;century it had taken over from the former version the designation {{lang|la|versio vulgata}} (the "version commonly used"<ref name="LewisShort">{{Cite web |last1=T. Lewis |first1=Charlton |author-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis |last2=Short |first2=Charles |title=A Latin Dictionary {{!}} vulgo |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=vulgo2 |access-date=5 October 2019 |website=Perseus Digital Library}}</ref>) or {{lang|la|vulgata}} for short.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ackroyd |first1=Peter R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnG2067meU0C |title=The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome |last2=Evans |first2=C. F. |last3=Lampe |first3=Geoffrey William Hugo |last4=Greenslade |first4=Stanley Lawrence |orig-year=1970|year=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-09973-8 |volume=1 |language=en}}</ref> The Vulgate also contains some ''Vetus Latina'' translations that Jerome did not work on.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Vulgate {{!}} Description, Definition, Bible, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vulgate |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Catholic Church]] affirmed the Vulgate as its official [[Latin]] Bible at the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563), though there was no single authoritative edition of the book at that time in any language.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Metzger |first=Bruce M. |author-link=Bruce M. Metzger |title=The Early Versions of the New Testament |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1977 |location=Oxford |pages=348}}</ref> The Vulgate did eventually receive an official edition to be [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgated]] among the Catholic Church as the [[Sixtine Vulgate]] (1590), then as the [[Clementine Vulgate]] (1592), and then as the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' (1979). The Vulgate is still currently used in the [[Latin Church]]. The Clementine edition of the Vulgate became the standard Bible text of the [[Roman Rite]] of the Catholic Church, and remained so until 1979 when the ''Nova Vulgata'' was promulgated.<br />
<br />
== Terminology ==<br />
The earliest known use of the term ''Vulgata'' to describe Jerome's "new" Latin translation was made by [[Roger Bacon]] in the 13th&nbsp;century.<ref name="ISBE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/vulgate1.html|title=Latin Vulgate (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia)|year=1915|website=bible-researcher.com|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The term ''Vulgate'' was used in a 1538 edition Latin Bible by [[Robert Estienne]] which coupled the popular (i.e. the Vulgate) with the "most improved" (i.e., the recent new Latin translations of [[Pagninus]], [[Beza]] and Baduell): ''Biblia utriusque testamenti juxta vulgatam translationem et eam, quam haberi potut, emendatissimam''.<ref name=":032">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: From Jerome's...", pp. 216–7.</ref><br />
<br />
== Authorship ==<br />
{{Bible sidebar |TM}}<br />
While the majority of the Vulgate's translation is traditionally attributed to [[Jerome]], the Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|last=Plater|first=William Edward|author2=Henry Julian White|title=A grammar of the Vulgate, being an introduction to the study of the latinity of the Vulgate Bible|location=Oxford|year=1926|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BwFAQAAIAAJ|page=5}}</ref> Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of ''[[Vetus Latina]]'' translations he did while having the Greek as reference.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Houghton 2016 41" /><br />
<br />
The Latin translations of the rest of the [[New Testament]] are revisions to ''Vetus Latina'' texts, considered as being made by [[Pelagian]] circles or by [[Rufinus the Syrian]], or by [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus of Aquileia]].<ref name=":02">Canellis (2017), pp. 89–90, 217.</ref><ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /><ref name=":42" /> Several unrevised (deuterocanonical or non-canonical) books from ''Vetus Latina'' Old Testaments also commonly became included in the Vulgate. These are: [[1 Maccabees|1]] and [[2&nbsp;Maccabees]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[Book of Sirach|Sirach or Ecclesiasticus]], [[Book of Baruch|Baruch]] and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]].<ref name=":03">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: Revision...", p. 217.</ref><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /><br />
<br />
Having separately translated the book of [[Psalms]] from the Greek ''[[Hexapla]] Septuagint'', Jerome translated all of the books of the [[Jewish Bible]]—the Hebrew book of Psalms included—from Hebrew himself. He also translated the books of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] and [[Book of Judith|Judith]] from [[Aramaic]] versions, the [[additions to the Book of Esther]] from the ''Common Septuagint'' and the [[additions to the Book of Daniel]] from the Greek of [[Theodotion]].<ref name=":034">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: From Jerome's...", pp. 213, 217.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Content ===<br />
The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because the Vulgate contains ''[[Vetus Latina]]'' texts which are independent from Jerome's work.<ref name=":03" /><br />
<br />
A famous historical edition of the Vulgate, the [[Alcuin]]ian ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandects]]'' from the end of the 700s, contains:<ref name=":03" /><br />
* New Testament<br />
** ''Revision of Vetus Latina'' by Jerome: the [[Four Gospels|Gospels]], corrected with reference to the [[New Testament manuscript|Greek manuscripts]] which Jerome considered the best available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1922|title=St Jerome and the Vulgate New Testament (I–II)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_1922-10_24_93/page/32|journal=[[The Journal of Theological Studies]]|series=o.s.|volume=24|issue=93|pages=33–51|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.93.33|issn=0022-5185}} {{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=John|year=1923|title=St Jerome and the Vulgate New Testament (III)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_1923-04_24_95/page/282|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|series=o.s.|volume=24|issue=95|pages=282–299|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.95.282|issn=0022-5185}}</ref><ref name=":03" /><br />
** ''Revision of Vetus Latina'' perhaps by [[Rufinus the Syrian]], or by [[Rufinus of Aquileia]] or by so-called [[Pelagian]] groups: [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Pauline epistles]], [[Catholic epistles]], and the [[Book of Revelation|Apocalypse]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|pages=36, 41}}</ref><ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /><br />
* Old Testament<br />
**''Translation from the Hebrew'' by Jerome: all the books from the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew canon]] except the [[Book of Psalms]].<ref name=":03" /><br />
**''Translation from the [[Hexapla|Hexaplar Septuagint]]'' by Jerome: his [[Latin Psalters#Versio Gallicana|Gallican version]] of the Book of Psalms.<ref name=":02" /><br />
* Deuterocanonicals and non-canonicals<br />
** ''Translation from [[Aramaic]]'' by Jerome: the book of [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]] and the book of [[Book of Judith|Judith]].<ref name=":03" /><br />
** ''Translation from the Greek of [[Theodotion]]'' by Jerome: the three additions to the [[Book of Daniel]]: the [[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children|Song of the Three Children]], the [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)|Story of Susanna]], and the [[Bel and the Dragon|Story of Bel and the Dragon]]. Jerome marked these additions with an [[obelus]] before them to distinguish them from the rest of the text.<ref name=":05">Canellis (2017), pp. 132–133, 217.</ref> He says that because those parts "are spread throughout the whole world, [we] have appended by banishing and placing them after the spit (or "obelus"), so we will not be seen among the unlearned to have cut off a large part of the scroll."<ref name=":1" /><br />
** ''Translation from the [[Septuagint|Common Septuagint]]'' by Jerome: the [[Book of Esther#Additions to Esther|Additions to Esther]]. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, marking them with an obelus.<ref name=":052">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: Revision...", pp. 133–134.</ref><br />
**''Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised:'' [[Epistle to the Laodiceans#Latin Vulgate Epistle to the Laodiceans|Epistle to the Laodiceans]], [[Sirach]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[1 Maccabees|1]]&nbsp;and [[2 Maccabees]].<ref name=":03" /><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /> The 13th-century [[Paris Bible]]s remove the [[Epistle to the Laodiceans#Latin Vulgate Epistle to the Laodiceans|Epistle to the Laodiceans]], but add:<ref name=":03" /><br />
*** ''Vetus Latina, wholly unrevised'': [[Prayer of Manasses]], [[2 Esdras|4&nbsp;Ezra]], the [[Book of Baruch]] and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]]. The Book of Baruch and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]] were first excluded by Jerome as non-canonical, but sporadically included in Vulgate Bibles from the 9th&nbsp;century onward.<ref name=":03" /><ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342">{{Cite journal|volume=115|issue=2|pages=286–342|last=Bogaert|first=Pierre-Maurice|title=Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine. Disparition et réintégration|journal=[[Revue Bénédictine]]|year=2005|doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100598}}</ref><br />
** ''Independent translation, distinct from the Vetus Latina'' (probably of the 3rd century): [[1 Esdras|3&nbsp;Ezra a.k.a. 1 Esdras]].<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite journal|volume=26|issue=4|pages=253–302|last=York|first=Harry Clinton|title=The Latin Versions of First Esdras|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1910-07_26_4/page/252|journal=[[The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures]]|year=1910|jstor=527826|doi=10.1086/369651|s2cid=170979647}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jerome is connected to three different Latin versions of the Psalms, which were adopted in different Vulgate editions, regions or uses:<br />
<br />
* ''Versio Romana'' [[#Psalter|formerly]] attributed to Jerome (384): a [[Latin Psalters#Versio Romana|revision]] of the earlier ''[[Latin Psalters#Versio vetus latina|vetus latina]]''. It is still sung in Catholic Latin liturgies, in the [[Roman Missal]].<br />
* ''Versio Gallicana'' by Jerome (386-389): a [[Latin Psalters#Versio Gallicana|translation of the Psalms from the Greek]] [[Hexapla]] became the most common version in Bibles.<br />
* ''Versio juxta Hebraicum'' by Jerome (c.390 to 398):<ref name=":04">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: Revision...", p. 98.</ref> a [[Latin Psalters#Versio juxta Hebraicum|translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew]].<ref name=":034"/> This translation of the Psalms was kept in Spanish manuscripts of the Vulgate long after the [[Gallican psalter]] had supplanted it elsewhere.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|pages=VI, XV, XXV, XXXIV|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger|url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
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== Jerome's work of translation ==<br />
[[File:Hieronymus presents Vulgata.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Jerome presents the Vulgate to Pope Damasus; miniature from the <abbr>c.</abbr> 1150 Gospel Book of [[Lund Cathedral]] (Cod. Ups. 83)]]<br />
Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, but the changing nature of his program can be tracked in his voluminous correspondence. <br />
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He had been commissioned by [[Damasus&nbsp;I]] in 382 to revise the ''Vetus Latina'' text of the [[four Gospels]] from the best Greek texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Browning |first=W. R. F. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible/icXNCQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=A Dictionary of the Bible |date=2009-10-08 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-158506-7 |edition=2nd |pages=373 |language=en |quote=The translation of the Bible from the original languages into Latin by Jerome (from 383 to 405 CE) undertaken at the request of Pope Damasus to bring order into the various existing versions. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503231555/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_the_Bible/icXNCQAAQBAJ?hl=en |archive-date=3 May 2025 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=13 January 2025 }}</ref> By the time of Damasus' death in&nbsp;384, Jerome had completed this task, together with a more cursory revision from the Greek Common Septuagint of the ''Vetus Latina'' text of the Psalms in the Roman Psalter, a version which he later disowned and is now lost.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Goins|first=Scott|contribution=Jerome's Psalters|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=William P.|title=Oxford Handbook to the Psalms|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|page=188}}</ref> How much of the rest of the New Testament he then revised is difficult to judge,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scherbenske|first=Eric W.|title=Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=31}}</ref> but none of his work survived in the Vulgate text of these books. <br />
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The revised text of the New Testament outside the Gospels is deemed the work of other scholars. [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus of Aquileia]] has been suggested, as has [[Rufinus the Syrian]] (an associate of [[Pelagius]]) and Pelagius himself, though without specific evidence for any of them;<ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183">{{Cite book|last=Scherbenske|first=Eric W.|title=Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=183}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=36}}</ref> Pelagian groups have also been suggested as the revisers.<ref name=":02" /> This unknown reviser worked more thoroughly than Jerome had done, consistently using older Greek manuscript sources of [[Alexandrian text-type]]. They had published a complete revised New Testament text by 410 at the latest, when Pelagius quoted from it in his commentary on the letters of [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scherbenske|first=Eric W.|title=Canonizing Paul: Ancient Editorial Practice and the Corpus Paulinum|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=184}}</ref><ref name="Houghton 2016 41">{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=41}}</ref><br />
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In Jerome's Vulgate, the Hebrew Book of [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] is translated as the single book of "Ezra". Jerome defends this in his Prologue to Ezra, although he had noted formerly in his Prologue to the Book of Kings that some Greeks and Latins had proposed that this book should be split in two. Jerome argues that the two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint and ''Vetus Latina'', [[1 Esdras|Esdras&nbsp;A]] and Esdras&nbsp;B, represented "variant examples" of a single Hebrew original. Hence, he does not translate Esdras&nbsp;A separately even though up until then it had been universally found in Greek and Vetus Latina Old Testaments, preceding Esdras&nbsp;B, the combined text of Ezra–Nehemiah.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=1o5|pages=5–26|last=Bogaert|first=Pierre-Maurice|title=Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin|journal=Revue Bénédictine|year=2000|issue=1–2|doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100750}}</ref><br />
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The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew [[Tanakh]] rather than from the Greek Septuagint. Jerome's extensive use of [[exegesis|exegetical]] material written in Greek, as well as his use of the [[Aquila of Sinope|Aquiline]] and Theodotiontic columns of the Hexapla, along with the somewhat [[paraphrase|paraphrastic style]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Worth|first1=Roland H. Jr.|title=Bible Translations: A History Through Source Documents|pages=29–30}}</ref> in which he translated, makes it difficult to determine exactly how direct the conversion of Hebrew to Latin was.{{Efn|Some, following P. Nautin (1986) and perhaps E. Burstein (1971), suggest that Jerome may have been almost wholly dependent on Greek material for his interpretation of the Hebrew. A. Kamesar (1993), on the other hand, sees evidence that in some cases Jerome's knowledge of Hebrew exceeds that of his exegetes, implying a direct understanding of the Hebrew text.}}<ref>Pierre Nautin, article "Hieronymus", in: ''Theologische Realenzyklopädie'', Vol. 15, [[Walter de Gruyter]], Berlin – New York 1986, pp. 304–315, [309–310].</ref><ref>Adam Kamesar. ''Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim''. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0198147275}}. p. 97. This work cites E. Burstein, ''La compétence en hébreu de saint Jérôme'' (Diss.), Poitiers 1971.</ref> <br />
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[[Augustine of Hippo]], a contemporary of Jerome, states in Book&nbsp;XVII ch.&nbsp;43 of his ''[[The City of God]]'' that "in our own day the priest Jerome, a great scholar and master of all three tongues, has made a translation into Latin, not from Greek but directly from the original Hebrew."<ref>''City of God'' edited and abridged by Vernon J. Bourke 1958</ref> Nevertheless, Augustine still maintained that the Septuagint, alongside the Hebrew, witnessed the inspired text of Scripture. He reminded Jerome of the need for the Latin church to be in sync with the Greek church, and practical difficulty in finding any Hebrew-reading Christian scholar who could check Jerome's translation from the Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 71 (Augustine) or 104 (Jerome) |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102071.htm |website=newadvent.org}}</ref> He consequently pressed Jerome for complete copies of his Hexaplar Latin translation of the Old Testament, a request that Jerome ducked with the excuses that scribes were in short supply and that the originals had been lost "through someone's dishonesty".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102172.htm|title=Church Fathers: Letter 172 (Augustine) or 134 (Jerome)|website=newadvent.org|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref><br />
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He used a novel layout technique ''per cola et commata'' which put each major clause on new line.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lexicon - Per cola et commata |url=https://hmmlschool.org/lexicon/14667/ |website=hmmlschool.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
=== Prologues ===<br />
<!-- This section is linked from [[Deuterocanonical books]] --><br />
Prologues written by Jerome to some of his translations of parts of the Bible are to the [[Pentateuch]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Genesis – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=214|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605171531/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=214|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> to [[Joshua]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Joshua – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=217|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110113021/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=217|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> and to [[Books of the Kingdoms|Kings]] (1–2 Kings and 1–2 Samuel) which is also called the ''[[Galeatum principium]]''.<ref name="bombaxo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=218|title=Jerome's "Helmeted Introduction" to Kings – biblicalia|website=bombaxo.com|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> Following these are prologues to Chronicles,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Chronicles – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=220|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803043705/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=220|archive-date=3 August 2014|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Ezra,<ref name="Jerome's Prologue to Ezra – biblica">{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Ezra – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=222|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605194417/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=222|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Tobit,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Tobias – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=223|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202531/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=223|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Judith,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Judith – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=224|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208131926/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=224|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Esther,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Esther – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=225|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204113212/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=225|archive-date=4 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Job,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Job – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=228|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208003644/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=228|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> the [[Gallican Psalms]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (LXX) – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=229|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204000922/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=229|archive-date=4 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Song of Songs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to the Books of Solomon – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=231|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203235652/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=231|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Isaiah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Isaiah – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=232|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208000012/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=232|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Jeremiah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233|archive-date=31 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Ezekiel,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Ezekiel – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=234|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231092906/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=234|archive-date=31 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> Daniel,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Daniel – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=235|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101063508/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=235|archive-date=1 January 2014|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> the minor prophets,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to the Twelve Prophets – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=236|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605173410/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=236|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> the gospels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to the Gospels – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=237|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110154542/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=237|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> The final prologue is to the [[Pauline epistles]] and is better known as {{lang|la|Primum quaeritur}}; this prologue is considered not to have been written by Jerome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=238|title=Vulgate Prologue to Paul's Letters – biblicalia|website=bombaxo.com|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /> Related to these are Jerome's ''Notes on the Rest of Esther''<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Notes to the Additions to Esther – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=226|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014942/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=226|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref> and his ''Prologue to the [[Latin Psalters#Versio juxta Hebraicum|Hebrew Psalms]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerome's Prologue to Psalms (Hebrew) – biblicalia|url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=230|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001713/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=230|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=26 June 2017|website=bombaxo.com}}</ref><br />
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A theme of the [[Old Testament]] prologues is Jerome's preference for the ''Hebraica veritas'' (i.e., Hebrew truth) over the Septuagint, a preference which he defended from his detractors. After Jerome had translated some parts of the Septuagint into Latin, he came to consider the text of the Septuagint as being faulty in itself, i.e. Jerome thought mistakes in the Septuagint text were not all mistakes made by [[copyists]], but that some mistakes were part of the original text itself as it was produced by the [[Septuagint#Jewish legend|Seventy translators]]. Jerome believed that the Hebrew text more clearly prefigured [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] than the Greek of the Septuagint, since he believed some quotes of the Old Testament in the New Testament were not present in the Septuagint, but existed in the Hebrew version; Jerome gave some of those quotes in his prologue to the Pentateuch.<ref name=":0">Canellis (2017), ch. "Introduction: Revision...", pp. 99–109.</ref> In the ''Galeatum principium'' (a.k.a. {{lang|la|Prologus Galeatus}}), Jerome described an Old Testament canon of 22&nbsp;books, which he found represented in the 22-letter [[Hebrew Language|Hebrew]] alphabet. Alternatively, he numbered the books as&nbsp;24, which he identifies with the 24&nbsp;elders in the Book of Revelation casting their crowns before the [[Lamb of God|Lamb]].<ref name="bombaxo.com" /> In the prologue to Ezra, he sets the "twenty-four elders" of the Hebrew Bible against the "Seventy interpreters" of the Septuagint.<ref name="Jerome's Prologue to Ezra – biblica" /><br />
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In addition, many medieval Vulgate manuscripts included [[Jerome's first epistle to Paulinus|Jerome's epistle number&nbsp;53, to Paulinus bishop of Nola]], as a general prologue to the whole Bible. Notably, this letter was printed at the head of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. Jerome's letter promotes the study of each of the books of the Old and New Testaments listed by name (and excluding any mention of the [[deuterocanonical books]]); and its dissemination had the effect of propagating the belief that the whole Vulgate text was Jerome's work.<br />
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The prologue to the Pauline Epistles in the Vulgate defends the Pauline authorship of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]], directly contrary to Jerome's own views—a key argument in demonstrating that Jerome did not write it. The author of the {{lang|la|Primum quaeritur}} is unknown, but it is first quoted by Pelagius in his commentary on the Pauline letters written before&nbsp;410. As this work also quotes from the Vulgate revision of these letters, it has been proposed that Pelagius or one of his associates may have been responsible for the revision of the Vulgate New Testament outside the Gospels. At any rate, it is reasonable to identify the author of the preface with the unknown reviser of the New Testament outside the gospels.<ref name="Scherbenske 2013 183" /><br />
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Some manuscripts of the Pauline epistles contain short [[Marcionite]] prologues to each of the epistles indicating where they were written, with notes about where the recipients dwelt. [[Adolf von Harnack]], citing De Bruyne, argued that these notes were written by [[Marcion of Sinope]] or one of his followers.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/origin_nt.v.i.html ''Origin of the New Testament - APPENDIX I (to § 2 of Part I, pp. 59 f.) The Marcionite Prologues to the Pauline Epistles''], Adolf von Harnack, 1914. Moreover, Harnack noted: "We have indeed long known that [[Marcionite]] readings found their way into the ecclesiastical text of the Pauline epistles, but now for seven years we have known that Churches actually accepted the Marcionite prefaces to the Pauline epistles! De Bruyne has made one of the finest discoveries of later days in proving that those prefaces, which we read first in [[Codex Fuldensis]] and then in numbers of later manuscripts, are Marcionite, and that the Churches had not noticed the cloven hoof."</ref> Many early Vulgate manuscripts contain a set of [[Monarchian Prologues|Priscillianist prologues to the gospels]].<br />
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== {{Anchor|Relation with the Old Latin Bible}}Relation with the ''Vetus Latina'' Bible ==<br />
{{Main|Vetus Latina}}<br />
The Latin biblical texts in use before Jerome's Vulgate are usually referred to collectively as the ''Vetus Latina'', or "Vetus Latina Bible". "Vetus Latina" means that they are older than the Vulgate and written in [[Latin Language|Latin]], not that they are written in [[Old Latin]]. Jerome, in his preface to the Vulgate gospels, commented that there were "as many [translations] as there are manuscripts"; subsequently noting the same in his preface to the Book of Joshua. <br />
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The translations in the ''Vetus Latina'' had accumulated piecemeal over a century or more. They were not translated by a single person or institution, nor uniformly edited. The individual books varied in quality of translation and style, and different manuscripts and quotations witness wide variations in readings. Some books appear to have been translated several times. <br />
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The Vulgate did not immediately supersede the ''Vetus Latina '' translations. Pandects from the Early Middle Ages sometimes had some books (e.g. deuterocanonicals, Acts, Revelation), or took phrases, or had glosses from the ''Vetus Latina'', but this declined through the High Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Houghton |first1=H.A.G. |chapter=The Tenth Century Onwards: Scholarship and Heresy |title=The Latin New Testament |date=1 February 2016 |pages=96–110 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744733.003.0005}}</ref><br />
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=== New Testament ===<br />
Jerome's work on the Gospels was a revision of the ''Vetus Latina'' versions, and not an entirely new translation. The base text for Jerome's revision of the gospels was a Vetus Latina text similar to the [[Codex Veronensis]], with the text of the Gospel of John conforming more to that in the [[Codex Corbiensis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buron|first=Philip|title=The text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research; 2nd edn|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2014|page=182}}</ref> <br />
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The ''Vetus Latina'' gospels had been translated from Greek originals of the [[Western text-type]]. Comparison of Jerome's Gospel texts with those in Vetus Latina witnesses, suggests that his revision was concerned with substantially redacting their expanded "Western" phraseology in accordance with the Greek texts of better early [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]] and [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]] witnesses. For the Gospels "High priest" is rendered {{lang|la|princeps sacerdotum}} in Vulgate Matthew; as {{lang|la|summus sacerdos}} in Vulgate Mark; and as {{lang|la|pontifex}} in Vulgate John. <br />
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In places Jerome adopted readings that did not correspond to a straightforward rendering either of the Vetus Latina or the Greek text, so reflecting a particular doctrinal interpretation; as in his rewording ''panem nostrum'' ''[[epiousios|supersubstantialem]]'' at [[Matthew&nbsp;6:11]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=33}}</ref><br />
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One major change Jerome introduced was to re-order the Latin Gospels. Most Vetus Latina gospel books followed the "Western" order of Matthew, John, Luke, Mark; Jerome adopted the "Greek" order of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. His revisions became progressively less frequent and less consistent in the gospels presumably done later.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2016|pages=32, 34, 195}}</ref> <br />
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The unknown reviser of the rest of the New Testament shows marked differences from Jerome, both in editorial practice and in their sources. Where Jerome sought to correct the Vetus Latina text with reference to the best recent Greek manuscripts, with a preference for those conforming to the Byzantine text-type, the Greek text underlying the revision of the rest of the New Testament demonstrates the Alexandrian text-type found in the great [[Uncial script|uncial]] [[Codex|codices]] of the mid-4th&nbsp;century, most similar to the [[Codex Sinaiticus]]. The reviser's changes generally conform very closely to this Greek text, even in matters of word order—to the extent that the resulting text may be only barely intelligible as Latin.<ref name="Houghton 2016 41" /><br />
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=== Old Testament ===<br />
Jerome himself uses the term "Latin Vulgate" for the ''Vetus Latina'' text, so intending to denote this version as the common Latin rendering of the [[Greek Vulgate]] or Common Septuagint (which Jerome otherwise terms the "Seventy interpreters"). This remained the usual use of the term "Latin Vulgate" in the West for centuries. On occasion Jerome applies the term "Septuagint" (''Septuaginta'') to refer to the Hexaplar Septuagint, where he wishes to distinguish this from the ''Vulgata'' or Common Septuagint.<br />
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According to Old Testament scholar [[Amanda Benckhuysen]]: "Jerome omits from the Vulgate the phrase “who was with her” in Genesis 3:6, making Eve doubly culpable for the fall and responsible for Adam’s sin. By implying Adam’s absence during the serpent’s conversation with Eve, the Vulgate portrays Eve as the seduced who becomes the seducer, beguiling a naive Adam to eat the forbidden fruit."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benckhuysen |first1=Amanda W. |title=The Gospel According to Eve: A History of Women's Interpretation |date=October 29, 2019 |publisher=IVP Academic |isbn=9780830852277 |page=17}}</ref><br />
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=== Psalter===<br />
The Book of [[Latin Psalters|Psalms]], in particular, had circulated for over a century in an earlier Latin version (the Cyprianic Version), before it was superseded by the Vetus Latina version in the 4th&nbsp;century. <br />
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After the Gospels, the most widely used and copied part of the Christian Bible is the Book of Psalms. Consequently, Damasus also commissioned Jerome to revise the psalter in use in Rome, to agree better with the Greek of the Common Septuagint. Jerome said he had done this cursorily when in Rome, but he later disowned this version, maintaining that copyists had reintroduced erroneous readings. Until the 20th&nbsp;century, it was commonly assumed that the surviving Roman Psalter represented Jerome's first attempted revision, but more recent scholarship—following de Bruyne—rejects this identification. The Roman Psalter is indeed one of at least five revised versions of the mid-4th&nbsp;century Vetus Latina Psalter, but compared to the other four, the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin, and fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in respect of correcting harmonised readings. Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in his defence of the Gallican Psalter in the long and detailed Epistle&nbsp;106)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goins|first=Scott|contribution=Jerome's Psalters|editor-last = Brown|editor-first = William. P.|title=Oxford Handbook of the Psalms|publisher=OUP|year=2014|page=190}}</ref> that he was familiar with the Roman Psalter text, and consequently it is assumed that this revision represents the Roman text as Jerome had found it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Oliver|contribution=Tracing Fortunatianus's Psalter|editor-last = Dorfbauer|editor-first = Lukas J.|title=Fortunatianus ridivivus|publisher=[[CSEL]]|year=2017|page=285}}</ref><br />
=== Deuterocanonials===<br />
[[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], [[Book of Sirach|Sirach or Ecclesiasticus]], [[Books of the Maccabees|1&nbsp;and 2&nbsp;Maccabees]] and [[Book of Baruch|Baruch (with the Letter of Jeremiah)]] are included in the Vulgate, and are purely ''Vetus Latina'' translations which Jerome did not touch.<ref name="Stuttgart">{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|year=2007|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|page=XXXIII}}</ref><br />
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In the 9th&nbsp;century the ''Vetus Latina'' texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by [[Theodulf of Orleans]] and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandect]]'' bibles from that date onward.<ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /> After 1300, when the booksellers of Paris began to produce commercial single volume Vulgate bibles in large numbers, these commonly included both Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah as the ''Book of Baruch''. Also beginning in the 9th&nbsp;century, Vulgate manuscripts are found that split Jerome's combined translation from the Hebrew of [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]] and the [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] into separate books called 1&nbsp;Ezra and 2&nbsp;Ezra. Bogaert argues that this practice arose from an intention to conform the Vulgate text to the authoritative canon lists of the 5th/6th&nbsp;century, where 'two books of Ezra' were commonly cited.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bogaert|first=Pierre-Maurice|year=2000|title=Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin|journal=Revue Bénédictine|volume=110|issue=1–2|pages=5–26|doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100750}}</ref> Subsequently, many late medieval Vulgate bible manuscripts introduced a Latin version, originating from before Jerome and distinct from that in the ''Vetus Latina'', of the Greek Esdras&nbsp;A, now commonly termed [[1 Esdras|3&nbsp;Ezra]]; and also a Latin version of an Ezra Apocalypse, commonly termed [[2 Esdras|4&nbsp;Ezra]].<br />
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== Council of Trent and position of the Catholic Church ==<br />
{{Catholic Church sidebar}}<br />
In the early 1500s numerous new Catholic and Protestant biblical translations or revisions in Latin appeared, and theological disputes had arisen over the canonical status of books which e.g. supported doctrines that [[Luther's_canon|Luther]] disagreed with. The [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) both finalized the [[biblical canon]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sutcliffe|first=Edmund F.|year=1948|title=The Council of Trent on the ''authentia'' of the Vulgate|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|series=o.s.|volume=49|issue=193–194|pages=35–42|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XLIX.193-194.35|issn=0022-5185}}</ref> and re-endorsed the Vulgate among Latin versions for public reading: it was to "be held as authentic".<ref name="bible-researcher.com">[http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, The Fourth Session], 1546</ref> (In liturgical use, this was not the case: the [[Roman Missal]] uses Psalms and Pater Noster taken from the ''vetus latina'' Latin versions.) <br />
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The Council of Trent cited long usage in support of the Vulgate's [[Magisterium|magisterial authority]]:<br />
<blockquote>Moreover, this sacred and holy Synod,—considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic,—ordains and declares, that the said old and vulgate edition, which, by the lengthened usage of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever.<ref name="bible-researcher.com" /></blockquote>The qualifier "Latin editions, now in circulation" and the use of "authentic" (not "inerrant") show the limits of this statement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Akin|first=Jimmy|date=5 September 2017|title=Is the Vulgate the Catholic Church's Official Bible?|work=[[National Catholic Register]]|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-the-vulgate-the-catholic-churchs-official-bible|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref><br />
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When the council listed the books included in the canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the [[Catholic Church]], and as they are contained in the Vetus Latina vulgate edition". The fourth session of the Council specified 72&nbsp;canonical books in the Bible: 45&nbsp;in the Old Testament, 27&nbsp;in the New Testament with Lamentations not being counted as separate from Jeremiah.<ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html Fourth Session, April 8 1546].</ref> On 2&nbsp;June 1927, [[Pope Pius XI]] clarified this decree, allowing that the [[Comma Johanneum]] was open to dispute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Denzinger – English translation, older numbering|url=http://patristica.net/denzinger/#n2100|access-date=11 March 2020|website=patristica.net|quote=2198 [...] "This decree [of January 13, 1897] was passed to check the audacity of private teachers who attributed to themselves the right either of rejecting entirely the authenticity of the Johannine comma, or at least of calling it into question by their own final judgment. But it was not meant at all to prevent Catholic writers from investigating the subject more fully and, after weighing the arguments accurately on both sides, with that and temperance which the gravity of the subject requires, from inclining toward an opinion in opposition to its authenticity, provided they professed that they were ready to abide by the judgment of the Church, to which the duty was delegated by Jesus Christ not only of interpreting Holy Scripture but also of guarding it faithfully."}}</ref><br />
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Later, in the 20th&nbsp;century, Pope Pius&nbsp;XII declared the Vulgate as "free from error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals" in his [[papal encyclical|encyclical]] ''[[Divino Afflante Spiritu]]'':<br />
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{{Blockquote<br />
|text=Hence this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in the Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching [...]"<ref name="w2.vatican.va">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu.html|title=Divino Afflante Spiritu, Pope Pius XII, #21 (in English version)|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|author=Pope Pius XII<br />
}}<br />
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The [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrancy]] is with respect to faith and morals, as it says in the above quote: "free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals", and the inerrancy is not in a [[philological]] sense:<br />
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{{Blockquote<br />
|text=[...] and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical.<ref name="w2.vatican.va"/>}}<br />
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Catholic historian Fr. E.F. Sutcliffe elaborated that Trent's decree sets up the Vulgate as a safe guide on faith and morals, but that "does not mean that every doctrinal text in the Vulgate necessarily corresponds to the original. Jerome made no secret that he made Messianic texts plainer than the LXX. Actually sometimes he gives a directness to a Messianic text or gives a Messianic application without warrant in the Hebrew. In such a case the text from the Vulgate has not the force of Scripture, but only the authority belonging to St Jerome himself and to tradition."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutcliffe |first1=E.F. |title=The Council of Trent on the "Authentia" of the Vulgate |journal=JTS |date=1948 |volume=49}}</ref><br />
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The Catholic Church has produced three official editions of the Vulgate: the [[Sixtine Vulgate]], the [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|Clementine Vulgate]], and the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' (see below).<br />
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== Variants ==<br />
As with the ''vetus latina'' and the Greek [[Textual_criticism#New_Testament|text types]], manuscript versions of the Vulgate texts exhibit a considerable number of minor variations by scribes. [[Vulgate_manuscripts#History|Regular attempts]] were made over the centuries to conserve Jerome's text or to purify the text of obvious errors or substitutions from ''vetus latina'' phrases: attempts such as by [[Cassiodorus]] in the 6th century, [[Alcuin]] in the 8th, [[Stephen Harding]] in the 12th, [[Erasmus]] in the 16th, to the modern Stuttgart Vulgate.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McNamara |first1=Martin |last2=Martin |first2=Michael |title=The Bible in the Early Irish Church, A.D. 550 to 850 |date=2022 |doi=10.1163/9789004512139_011}}</ref> <br />
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Scholars have identified families of variants, allowing tracing of influence or provenance of texts: for example, the Latin text of the [[Old_English_Bible_translations#Gospels_from_the_South,_East_and_North|Rushworth gospels]] belongs to the Insular or Irish family with characteristic inversions of word order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamoto |first1=Kenichi |title=The Macregol Gospels or The Rushworth Gospels (Introductory Part) |date=2019 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.14468.27527}}</ref>''{{rp|xlv}}''<br />
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== Influence on Western Christianity ==<br />
[[File:Gutenberg_bible_Old_Testament_Epistle_of_St_Jerome.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|First page of the first volume of the [[Gutenberg Bible]]: the [[Jerome's epistle to Paulinus (Gutenberg Bible preface)|epistle of Jerome to Paulinus]] from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines.]]<br />
For over a thousand years (c.&nbsp;AD&nbsp;400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most [[Western Christians]], especially [[Catholics]], it was the only version of the Bible as a publication ever encountered, only truly being eclipsed in the mid-20th century.<ref name=prince>{{cite web |title=Cataloging Biblical Materials |url=https://library.princeton.edu/departments/tsd/katmandu/bible/versions.html# |website=Princeton Library |publisher=Princeton University Library's Cataloging Documentation |access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref><br />
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In about 1455, [[List of editiones principes in Latin|the first Vulgate published]] by the [[moveable type]] process was produced in [[Mainz]] by a partnership between [[Johannes Gutenberg]] and banker [[John Fust]] (or Faust).<ref name="skeen">{{cite book |last1=Skeen |first1=William |title=Early Typography |date=1872 |location=Colombo, Ceylon |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57463}}</ref><ref name="bibbig">{{cite book |last1=E. C. Bigmore, C. W. H. Wyman |title=A Bibliography of Printing |date=2014 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |pages=288 |isbn=9781108074322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYHsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288}}</ref><ref name="wattbib">{{cite book |last1=Watt |first1=Robert |title=Bibliotheca Britannica; or a General Index to British and Foreign Literature |date=1824 |publisher=[[Longman|Longman, Hurst & Co.]] |location=Edinburgh and London |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkVhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA452}}</ref> At the time, a manuscript of the Vulgate was selling for approximately 500[[Guilders|&nbsp;guilders]]. Gutenberg's works appear to have been a commercial failure, and Fust sued for recovery of his 2026&nbsp;guilder investment and was awarded complete possession of the Gutenberg plant. Arguably, the [[Reformation]] could not have been possible without the diaspora of biblical knowledge that was permitted by the development of moveable type.<ref name="bibbig" /><br />
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Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for [[Poor Man's Bible|ecclesiastical art and architecture]], [[hymn]]s, countless paintings, and popular [[mystery plays]].<br />
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=== Reformation ===<br />
{{See also|Reformation}}<br />
The fifth volume of [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Walton's London Polyglot]] of 1657 included several versions of the New Testament: in Greek, Latin (a Vulgate version and the version by [[Arius Montanus]]), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic. It also included a version of the Gospels in Persian.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daniell|first1=David|title=The Bible in English: its history and influence|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-09930-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/bibleinenglishit0000dani/page/510 510]}}</ref><br />
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The Vulgate Latin is used regularly in [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' of 1651; in the ''Leviathan'' Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original".<ref>{{Harv|Daniell|2003|p=478}}</ref><br />
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=== Translations ===<br />
Before the publication of [[Pius XII]]'s ''Divino afflante Spiritu'', the Vulgate was the source text used for many translations of the Bible into vernacular languages. In English, the interlinear translation of the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]]<ref>{{cite book|first1=Michelle P. |last1=Brown|title=The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, Spirituality and the Scribe|volume=1}}</ref> as well as other [[Old English Bible translations]], the [[Wycliffe's Bible|translation]] of [[John Wycliffe]],<ref>{{cite book|first1=James E. |last1=Smith|title=Introduction to Biblical Studies|page=38}}</ref> the [[Douay–Rheims Bible]], the [[Confraternity Bible]], and [[Ronald Knox]]'s [[Knox's Translation of the Vulgate|translation]] were all made from the Vulgate.<br />
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=== Influence upon the English language ===<br />
The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus the development of the English language, especially in matters of religion.<ref name=prince/> Many Latin words were taken from the Vulgate into English nearly unchanged in meaning or spelling: ''[[wikt:creation|creatio]]'' (e.g. [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]&nbsp;1:1, Heb&nbsp;9:11), ''[[wikt:salvation|salvatio]]'' (e.g. Is 37:32,&nbsp;Eph 2:5), ''[[wikt:justification|justificatio]]'' (e.g. Rom&nbsp;4:25, Heb&nbsp;9:1), ''[[wikt:testament|testamentum]]'' (e.g. Mt&nbsp;26:28), ''[[wikt:sanctification|sanctificatio]]'' (1&nbsp;Ptr&nbsp;1:2, 1&nbsp;Cor&nbsp;1:30), ''[[wikt:regeneration|regeneratio]]'' (Mt&nbsp;19:28), and ''[[wikt:rapture|raptura]]'' (from a noun form of the verb ''rapere'' in 1&nbsp;Thes&nbsp;4:17). The word "[[publican]]" comes from the Latin ''publicanus'' (e.g., Mt&nbsp;10:3), and the phrase "[[:wikt:en:far be it#English|far be it]]" is a translation of the Latin expression ''absit.'' (e.g., Mt 16:22 in the [[King James Bible]]).<ref>{{bibleverse|Mt|16:22|KJV}}</ref> Other examples include ''[[wikt:apostle|apostolus]]'', ''[[wikt:ecclesial|ecclesia]]'', ''[[wikt:evangelical|evangelium]]'', ''[[wikt:paschal|Pascha]]'', and ''[[wikt:angel|angelus]]''.<br />
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== Critical value ==<br />
In translating the 38&nbsp;books of the Hebrew Bible ([[Ezra–Nehemiah]] being counted as one book), Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin. Paleographer [[Frederic Kenyon]] notes that "the translation is of unequal merit; some parts are free to the verge of paraphrase, others are so literal as to be unintelligible."<ref name="Kenyon81"/> <br />
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Jerome's translation has been regarded by scholars as very useful for reconstructing the state of the Hebrew text as it existed at his time, that being quite close to the [[Masoretic]] consonantal Hebrew text version compiled nearly 600&nbsp;years after Jerome.<ref name="Kenyon81">{{cite book |last=Kenyon |first=Frederic G. |author-link=Frederic George Kenyon |url=https://archive.org/details/MN41613ucmf_0/page/n119/mode/2up |title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts |year=1939 |edition=4th |place=London |page=83 |access-date=2011-01-06}}</ref><br />
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== Manuscripts and editions ==<br />
The Vulgate exists in many forms. The ''[[Codex Amiatinus]]'' is the oldest surviving complete manuscript from the 8th&nbsp;century. The [[Gutenberg Bible]] is a notable printed edition of the Vulgate by Johann Gutenberg in 1455. The [[Sixtine Vulgate]] (1590) is the first official Bible of the Catholic Church. The [[Clementine Vulgate]] (1592) is a standardized edition of the medieval Vulgate, and the second official Bible of the Catholic Church. The [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] is a 1969&nbsp;critical edition of the Vulgate. The ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' is the third and latest official Bible of the Catholic Church; it was published in 1979, and is a translation from modern critical editions of original language texts of the Bible.<br />
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=== Manuscripts and early editions ===<br />
{{Main|Vulgate manuscripts}}<br />
[[File:Codex Amiatinus - Gospel of Mark, chapter 1.jpg|thumb|A page from the ''[[Codex Amiatinus]]'' containing the beginning of the [[Gospel of Mark]]]]<br />
A number of [[Vulgate manuscripts|manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate]] survive today. Dating from the 8th&nbsp;century, the [[Codex Amiatinus]] is the earliest surviving [[manuscript]] of the complete Vulgate Bible. The [[Codex Fuldensis]], dating from around&nbsp;545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four [[gospel]]s are harmonised into a continuous narrative derived from the ''[[Diatessaron]]''.<br />
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==== Carolingian period ====<br />
{{See also|:de:Alkuin-Bibeln}}<br />
"The two best-known revisions of the Latin Scriptures in the early medieval period were made in the [[Carolingian period]] by [[Alcuin of York]] ({{Circa|730}}–840) and [[Theodulf of Orleans]] (750/760–821)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref><br />
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Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make a Latin Bible, an exemplar of which was presented to [[Charlemagne]] in&nbsp;801. Alcuin's edition contained the Vulgate version. It appears Alcuin concentrated only on correcting errors of grammar, [[orthography]] and punctuation. "Even though Alcuin's revision of the Latin Bible was neither the first nor the last of the Carolingian period, it managed to prevail over the other versions and to become the most influential edition for centuries to come." The success of this Bible has been attributed to the fact that this Bible may have been "prescribed as the official version at the emperor's request." However, [[Bonifatius Fischer]] believes its success was rather due to the productivity of the scribes of [[Tours]] where Alcuin was abbot, at the [[Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours|monastery of Saint Martin]]; Fischer believes the emperor only favored the editorial work of Alcuin by encouraging work on the Bible in general.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39–41|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref><br />
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"Although, in contrast to Alcuin, Theodulf [of Orleans] clearly developed an editorial programme, his work on the Bible was far less influential than that of hs slightly older contemporary. Nevertheless, several manuscripts containing his version have come down to us." Theodulf added to his edition of the Bible the Book of Baruch, which Alcuin's edition did not contain; it is this version of the Book of Baruch which later became part of the Vulgate. In his editorial activity, on at least one manuscript of the Theodulf Bible (S Paris, BNF lat. 9398), Theodulf marked variant readings along with their sources in the margin of the manuscripts. Those marginal notes of variant readings along with their sources "seem to foreshadow the thirteenth-century ''[[Correctories|correctoria]]''."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=41–2|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref> In the 9th&nbsp;century the ''Vetus Latina'' texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by Theodulf of Orleans and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandect]]'' bibles from that date onward.<ref name="Bogaert 2005 286–342" /><br />
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[[Cassiodorus]], [[Isidore of Sevilla]], and [[Stephen Harding]] also worked on editions of the Latin Bible. Isidore's edition as well as the edition of Cassiodorus "ha[ve] not come down to us."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=39, 250|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref><br />
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By the 9th century, due to the success of Alcuin's edition, the Vulgate had replaced the ''Vetus Latina'' as the most available edition of the Latin Bible.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=47|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref><br />
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==== Late Middle Ages ====<br />
{{See also|Paris Bible}}<br />
The [[University of Paris]], the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], and the [[Franciscans]] assembled lists of ''correctoria''—approved readings—where variants had been noted.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Linde|first=Cornelia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxjGBwAAQBAJ|title=How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century|publisher=Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature|year=2011|isbn=978-0907570226|series=Medium Ævum Monographs 29|location=Oxford|pages=42–47|chapter=II.2 Medieval Editions}}</ref><br />
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=== Printed editions ===<br />
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==== Renaissance====<br />
Though the advent of printing greatly reduced the potential of human error and increased the consistency and uniformity of the text, the earliest editions of the Vulgate merely reproduced the manuscripts that were readily available to publishers. Of the hundreds of early editions, the most notable today is the Mazarin edition published by [[Johann Gutenberg]] and [[Johann Fust]] in 1455, famous for its beauty and antiquity. In 1504, the first Vulgate with variant readings was published in Paris. One of the texts of the [[Complutensian Polyglot]] was an edition of the Vulgate made from ancient manuscripts and corrected to agree with the Greek.<br />
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[[Erasmus]] published an edition corrected to agree better with the Greek and Hebrew in 1516. Other corrected editions were published by [[Santes Pagnino|Xanthus Pagninus]] in 1518, [[Thomas Cardinal Cajetan|Cardinal Cajetan]], [[Agostino Steuco|Augustinus Steuchius]] in 1529, Abbot [[Isidoro Chiari|Isidorus Clarius]] ([[Venice]], 1542) and others. In 1528, [[Robert Estienne|Robertus Stephanus]] published the first of a series of critical editions, which formed the basis of the later Sistine and Clementine editions. [[Leuven Vulgate|John Henten's critical edition of the Bible]] followed in 1547.<ref name="ISBE"/><br />
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In 1550, Stephanus fled to [[Geneva]], where he issued his final critical edition of the Vulgate in 1555. This was the first complete Bible with full [[Bible verses|chapter and verse divisions]] and became the standard biblical reference text for late-16th&nbsp;century [[Calvinism|Reformed]] theology.<br />
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==== Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates ====<br />
{{Main|Canon of Trent|Sixtine Vulgate|Sixto-Clementine Vulgate}}<br />
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3.png|alt=|thumb|Frontispiece of the original Sixtine Vulgate|276x276px]]<br />
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592).jpg|thumb|Frontispiece of the original 1592 Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|278x278px]]<br />
After the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], when the Catholic Church [[Counter-Reformation|strove to counter Protestantism]] and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever."<ref name="bible-researcher.com" /> Furthermore, the council expressed the wish that the Vulgate be printed ''quam emendatissime''{{Efn|Literally "in the most correct manner possible"|name=|group=}} ("with fewest possible faults").<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Samuel|url=https://archive.org/stream/labibleauseizim00berggoog#page/n129/mode/2up|title=La Bible au seizième siècle: Étude sur les origines de la critique biblique|year=1879|place=Paris|page=147 ff|language=fr|access-date=2011-01-23}}</ref><br />
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In 1590, the [[Sixtine Vulgate]] was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|title-link=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Edward|edition=4th|volume=2|location=London|page=64|chapter=Chapter III. Latin versions|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html|access-date=17 September 2019|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en}}</ref> On 27 August 1590, Sixtus&nbsp;V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=98|chapter=Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> On 5&nbsp;September of the same year, the [[College of Cardinals]] stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition of the Vulgate. However, [[Bruce M. Metzger|Bruce Metzger]], an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the [[Jesuits]], "whom Sixtus had offended by [[Disputationes de Controversiis#Almost in the Index|putting one of Bellarmine's books on the 'Index']] ".<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=348–349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement&nbsp;VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=James|title=A Dictionary of the Bible|year=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1410217295|volume=4, part 2 (Shimrath – Zuzim)|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|pages=881|language=en|chapter=Vulgate|author-link=James Hastings|orig-year=1898|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&q=Bull+Aeternus+ille&pg=PA881}}</ref> The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":52"/><br />
<br />
The Sistine edition was replaced by [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement&nbsp;VIII]] (1592–1605). This new edition was published in 1592 and is called today the [[Clementine Vulgate]]<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=14, 98|chapter=1 : Sacred Philology; Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.<ref name=":8" /> "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the [[Liturgical reforms of Pope Paul VI|liturgical reforms]] following [[Vatican II]]. Roger Gryson, in the preface to the 4th&nbsp;edition of the [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] (1994), asserts that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandecta]]'' of the first millennium."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5th|location=Stuttgart|pages=IX, XVIII, XXVIII, XXXVII|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger|url-access=registration}}</ref> However, historical scholar Cardinal [[Francis Aidan Gasquet]], in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], states that the Clementine Vulgate substantially represents the Vulgate which Jerome produced in the 4th century, although "it stands in need of close examination and much correction to make it [completely] agree with the translation of St. Jerome".<ref>Gasquet, F.A. (1912). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm Revision of Vulgate]. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</ref><br />
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A 2018 comparison of the Latin Clementine Vulgate and the Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus, with the modern Latin Nova Vulgata and the United Bible Society Greek text, looking in particular at missing phrases or words, found that "differences between the Vulgate and the Textus Receptus on the “missing” verses are shown to be trivial in comparison with the UBS text and Nova Vulgata."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zuiddam |first1=Benno A. |title=The New Vulgate and the “Missing” Verses: Do All Changes Lead to Rome? |journal=Neotestamentica |date=2018 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=433–470 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26727266 |access-date=2 December 2025 |issn=0254-8356}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Modern critical editions ===<br />
Most other later editions were limited to the New Testament and did not present a full critical apparatus, most notably [[Karl Lachmann]]'s editions of 1842 and 1850 based primarily on the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis,<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Reimer|last=Lachmann|first=Karl|title=Novum Testamentum graece et latine|location=Berlin|year=1842–50}} (Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxc-AAAAcAAJ Volume 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=BVgPAAAAQAAJ Volume 2])</ref> Fleck's edition<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R7rgfv_Fp0C&q=%22vulgatae+editionis%22&pg=PP7|title=Novum Testamentum Vulgatae editionis juxta textum Clementis VIII.: Romanum ex Typogr. Apost. Vatic. A.1592. accurate expressum. Cum variantibus in margine lectionibus antiquissimi et praestantissimi codicis olim monasterii Montis Amiatae in Etruria, nunc bibliothecae Florentinae Laurentianae Mediceae saec. VI. p. Chr. scripti. Praemissa est commentatio de codice Amiatino et versione latina vulgata|date=26 June 2017|publisher=Sumtibus et Typis C. Tauchnitii|access-date=26 June 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> of 1840, and [[Constantin von Tischendorf]]'s edition of 1864. In 1906 [[Eberhard Nestle]] published ''Novum Testamentum Latine'',<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Württembergische Bibelanstalt|last=Nestle|first=Eberhard|title=Novum Testamentum Latine: textum Vaticanum cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto imprimendum|location=Stuttgart|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NIUNAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus&nbsp;V (1590), Lachman (1842), Tischendorf (1854), and Wordsworth and White (1889), as well as the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis.<br />
<br />
To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarise the most common variants between the various manuscripts, [[Anglican]] scholars at the [[University of Oxford]] began to [[Oxford Vulgate|edit the New Testament]] in 1878 (completed in 1954), while the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictines]] of Rome began [[Benedictine Vulgate|an edition of the Old Testament]] in 1907 (completed in&nbsp;1995). The Oxford Anglican scholars's findings were condensed into [[Stuttgart Vulgate|an edition of both the Old and New Testaments, first published at Stuttgart in 1969]], created with the participation of members from both projects. These books are the standard editions of the Vulgate used by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=28|issue=1|pages=56–58|last=Kilpatrick|first=G. D.|title=The Itala|journal=[[The Classical Review]]|series=n.s.|year=1978|jstor=3062542|doi=10.1017/s0009840x00225523|s2cid=163698896}}</ref><br />
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==== {{anchor|Oxford Vulgate|Wordsworth and White (Oxford) New Testament|Oxford Vulgate New Testament}} Oxford New Testament ====<br />
{{Main|Oxford Vulgate}}<br />
As a result of the inaccuracy of existing editions of the Vulgate, in 1878, the delegates of the [[Oxford University Press]] accepted a proposal from classicist [[John Wordsworth]] to produce a critical edition of the New Testament.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=John|title=The Oxford critical edition of the Vulgate New Testament|location=Oxford|year=1883|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008730879|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Longmans, Green|last=Watson|first=E.W.|title=Life of Bishop John Wordsworth|location=London|year=1915|url=https://archive.org/details/a613342800watsuoft}}</ref> This was eventually published as ''Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi'' in three volumes between&nbsp;1889 and&nbsp;1954.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Clarendon Press|others=John Wordsworth, Henry Julian White (eds.)|title=Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi|location=Oxford|date=1889–1954}} 3 vols.</ref><br />
<br />
The edition, commonly known as the [[Oxford Vulgate]], relies primarily on the texts of the Codex Amiatinus, Codex Fuldensis (Codex Harleianus in the Gospels), [[Codex Sangermanensis I|Codex Sangermanensis]], Codex Mediolanensis (in the Gospels), and Codex Reginensis (in Paul).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|year=2007|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|page=XLVI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|title=The Latin New Testament; a Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=130}}</ref> It also consistently cites readings in the so-called DELQR group of manuscripts, named after the ''[[siglum|sigla]]'' it uses for them: [[Book of Armagh]]&nbsp;(D), [[Breton Gospel Book (British Library, MS Egerton 609)|Egerton Gospels]]&nbsp;(E), [[Lichfield Gospels]]&nbsp;(L), [[Book of Kells]]&nbsp;(Q), and Rushworth Gospels&nbsp;(R).<ref>{{cite book|author1=H. A. G. Houghton|title=The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts|date=2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198744733|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|access-date=5 June 2016}}</ref><br />
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==== Benedictine (Rome) Old Testament ====<br />
{{Main|Benedictine Vulgate}}<br />
In 1907, Pope [[Pius&nbsp;X]] commissioned the [[Benedictine]] monks to prepare a critical edition of Jerome's Vulgate, entitled ''Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem''.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=[[Libreria Editrice Vaticana]]|isbn=8820921286|others=Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City (ed.)|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta latinam vulgatam versionem|location=Rome|orig-year=1926|year=1995}} 18 vols.</ref> This text was originally planned as the basis for a revised complete official Bible for the Catholic Church to replace the Clementine edition.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|last=Gasquet|first=F.A.|title=Vulgate, Revision of|encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|location=New York|year=1912|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm}}</ref> The first volume, the Pentateuch, was completed in&nbsp;1926.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/jts/os-XXIV.96.406|issn=0022-5185|volume=24|issue=96|pages=406–414|last=Burkitt|first=F.C.|title=The text of the Vulgate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_1923-07_24_96/page/406|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|series=o.s.|year=1923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|issn=0017-1417|volume=37|issue=8|pages=777–781|last=Kraft|first=Robert A.|title=Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta Latinam vulgatam versionem ad codicum fidem iussu Pauli Pp. VI. cura et studio monachorum abbatiae pontificiae Sancti Hieronymi in Urbe ordinis Sancti Benedicti edita. 12: Sapientia Salomonis. Liber Hiesu Filii Sirach|journal=[[Gnomon (journal)|Gnomon]]|year=1965|jstor=27683795}} {{Cite journal|volume=13|issue=1|pages=70–71|last=Préaux|first=Jean G.|title=Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta latinum vulgatam versionem. Liber psalmorum ex recensione sancti Hieronymi cum praefationibus et epistula ad Sunniam et Fretelam|journal=Latomus|year=1954|jstor=41520237}}</ref> For the Pentateuch, the primary sources for the text are the [[Codex Amiatinus]], the Codex Turonensis (the [[Ashburnham Pentateuch]]), and the Ottobonianus Octateuch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weld-Blundell|first=Adrian|year=1947|title=The Revision of the Vulgate Bible|url=http://biblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk/pdf/scripture/02-4_100.pdf|journal=Scripture|volume=2|issue=4|pages=100–104}}</ref> For the rest of the Old Testament (except the [[Book of Psalms]]) the primary sources for the text are the [[Codex Amiatinus]] and [[La Cava Bible|Codex Cavensis]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|year=2007|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|page=XLIII}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the Codex Amiatinus and the Vulgate texts of Alcuin and Theodulf, the Benedictine Vulgate reunited the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah into a single book, reversing the decisions of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.<br />
<br />
In 1933, Pope Pius&nbsp;XI established the [[Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City]] to complete the work. By the 1970s, as a result of liturgical changes that had spurred the Vatican to produce a new translation of the Latin Bible, the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'', the [[Benedictine edition of the Vulgate|Benedictine edition]] was no longer required for official purposes,<ref name="scripturarum">{{cite web|title=Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19790425_scripturarum-thesaurus_en.html|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> and the abbey was suppressed in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pope John Paul II|title=Epistula Vincentio Truijen OSB Abbati Claravallensi, 'De Pontificia Commissione Vulgatae editioni recognoscendae atque emendandae'|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_19840115_truijen_lt.html|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Five monks were nonetheless allowed to complete the final two volumes of the Old Testament, which were published under the abbey's name in 1987 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bibliorum Sacrorum Vetus Vulgata|url=http://www.libreriaeditricevaticana.com/it/catalogue/catalogo.jsp?cat=B38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131219183331/http://www.libreriaeditricevaticana.com/it/catalogue/catalogo.jsp?cat=B38|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=19 December 2013|website=Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref><br />
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==== {{Anchor|Stuttgart edition|Weber-Gryson (Stuttgart) edition}}Stuttgart Vulgate ====<br />
{{Main|Stuttgart Vulgate}}[[File:Concordance of Stuttgart Latin Vulgate Bible.jpg|thumb|Concordance to the Vulgate Bible for the Stuttgart Vulgate|242x242px]]Based on the editions of Oxford and Rome, but with an independent examination of the manuscript evidence and extending their lists of primary witnesses for some books, the Württembergische Bibelanstalt, later the [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] (German Bible Society), based in Stuttgart, first published a critical edition of the complete Vulgate in 1969. The work has continued to be updated, with a fifth edition appearing in 2007.<ref name="Stuttgart5">{{Cite book|edition=5|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|others=Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.)|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem|location=Stuttgart|year=2007}}</ref> The project was originally directed by Robert Weber, OSB (a monk of the same Benedictine abbey responsible for the Benedictine edition), with collaborators [[Bonifatius Fischer]], [[Jean Gribomont]], Hedley Frederick Davis Sparks (also responsible for the completion of the Oxford edition), and Walter Thiele. Roger Gryson has been responsible for the most recent editions. It is thus marketed by its publisher as the "Weber-Gryson" edition, but is also frequently referred to as the Stuttgart edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Die Vulgata (ed. Weber/Gryson)|url=http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/online-bibeln/biblia-sacra-vulgata/informationen-zur-bibelausgabe/|publisher=bibelwissenschaft.de|access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Weber-Gryson includes of Jerome's prologues and the [[Eusebian Canons]].<br />
<br />
It contains two Psalters, the ''[[Gallican psalter|Gallicanum]]'' and the ''[[juxta Hebraicum]]'', which are printed on facing pages to allow easy comparison and contrast between the two versions. It has an expanded [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]], containing Psalm&nbsp;151 and the Epistle to the Laodiceans in addition to&nbsp;3 and&nbsp;4&nbsp;Ezra and the [[Prayer of Manasses]]. In addition, its modern prefaces in Latin, German, French, and English are a source of valuable information about the history of the Vulgate.<br />
<br />
=== ''Nova Vulgata'' ===<br />
{{Main|Nova Vulgata}}<br />
<br />
The ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' (''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio''), also called the Neo-Vulgate, is the official Latin edition of the Bible published by the [[Holy See]] for use in the contemporary [[Roman rite]]. It is not a critical edition of the historical Vulgate, but a revision of the text intended to accord with modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts and produce a style closer to Classical Latin.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=25|issue=1|pages=67–81|last=Stramare|first=Tarcisio|title=Die Neo-Vulgata. Zur Gestaltung des Textes|journal=Biblische Zeitschrift|year=1981|doi=10.30965/25890468-02501005|s2cid=244689083}}</ref><br />
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In 1979, the ''Nova Vulgata'' was promulgated as "typical" (standard) by [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul&nbsp;II]].<ref name="scripturarum2">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19790425_scripturarum-thesaurus_en.html|title=Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II|publisher=Vatican: The Holy See|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><br />
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=== {{Anchor|Electronic versions}}Online versions ===<br />
The title "Vulgate" is currently applied to three distinct online texts which can be found from various sources on the Internet. The text being used can be ascertained from the spelling of [[Eve]]'s name in Genesis&nbsp;3:20:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylormarshall.com/2012/03/which-latin-vulgate-should-you-purchase.html|title=Which Latin Vulgate Should You Purchase?|last=Marshall|first=Taylor|date=23 March 2012|website=[[Taylor Marshall]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQqCwAAQBAJ&q=noun+as+eva&pg=PA132|title=The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts|last=Houghton|first=H. A. G.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198744733|pages=133|language=en}}</ref><br />
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* '''Heva''': the [[Clementine Vulgate]]<br />
* '''Hava''': the [[Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate]]<br />
* '''Eva''': the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]''<br />
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== See also ==<br />
=== Related articles ===<br />
* [[Bible translations into Latin]]<br />
* [[Biblia Pauperum]]<br />
* [[Books of the Vulgate]]<br />
* [[Ferdinand Cavallera]]<br />
* ''[[Divino afflante Spiritu]]''<br />
* [[Gutenberg Bible]]<br />
* [[Jerome]]<br />
**[[Paula of Rome|Paula]] and [[Eustochium]], Catholic saints, important collaborators of Jerome<ref>[https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=2945 ''Woman's Work in Bible Study and Translation''], [[John Augustine Zahm|Zahm, John Augustine]] ("A.H. Johns") (1912), in ''[[The Catholic World]]'', New York, Vol. 95/June 1912 (bibliographic details see [https://books.google.com/books?id=pIAuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 here] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=2tPCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 here]), via CatholicCulture.org. Retrieved 4 Sept 2021.</ref><ref name=HSee>{{cite web |title= St. Paula, Roman Matron |publisher=[[Vatican News]] |url= https://www.vaticannews.va/en/saints/01/26/st--paula--roman-matron-.html |access-date= 6 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=Nancy>{{cite journal |last= Hardesty |first= Nancy |title= Paula: A Portrait of 4th Century Piety |journal=[[Christian History]] |publisher=[[Christian History Institute]] |location= Worcester, PA |number= 17, "Women In The Early Church" |year= 1988 |url= https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/paula-a-portrait-of-4th-century-piety |access-date= 5 September 2021}}</ref><br />
* [[Latin Psalters]]<br />
* [[The Philobiblon]]<br />
* [[Poor Man's Bible]]<br />
<br />
=== Selected manuscripts ===<br />
* [[Codex Amiatinus]]<br />
* [[Codex Complutensis I]]<br />
* [[Codex Fuldensis]]<br />
* [[Codex Gigas]]<br />
* [[Codex Sangallensis 1395]]<br />
* [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts]]<br />
* [[Vulgate manuscripts]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|lang=fr|year=2017|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|location=Abbeville|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2}}<br />
**Chapter "Introduction : Révision et retourn à l''{{'}}Hebraica veritas''" ('Introduction: Revision and return to ''Hebraica veritas'' ')<br />
**Chapter "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate ('Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate')<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |first=Samuel |last=Berger |url=https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul00berggoog#page/n12/mode/2up |title=Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age |location=Paris |publisher=Librarie Hachette et C. |year=1893}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=R. |last=Draguet |chapter=Le Maître louvainiste, [Jean] Driedo, inspirateur du décret de Trente sur la Vulgate |title=Festschrift volume, ''Miscellenea historica in honorem Alberti de Meyer'' |location=Louvain |publisher=Bibliothèque universitaire |year=1946 |pages=836–854}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Gameson |title=The Early Medieval Bible |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-first=H. A. G. |editor-last=Houghton |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Latin Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-first=G. W. M. |editor-last=Lampe |title=The Cambridge History of the Bible |volume=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Lang |first1=Bernhard |title=Handbook of the Vulgate Bible and its reception |series=Vulgata in Dialogue |year=2023 |url=https://vulgata-dialog.ch/ojs/index.php/vidbor/issue/view/98 |issn=2504-5156}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marsden |title=The Text of the Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1995}}<br />
* Schmid Pfändler, Brigitta; Fieger, Michael (2023). ''[https://www.peterlang.com/document/1351960 Nicht am Ende mit dem Latein. Die Vulgata aus heutiger Sicht].'' Lausanne/Berlin: Lang, {{ISBN|978-3-0343-4744-0}} (Open Access).<br />
* {{cite book |first=C. H. |last=Turner |url=https://archive.org/stream/MN41398ucmf_6#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Oldest Manuscript of the Vulgate Gospels |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1931}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Frans |last=Van Liere |title=Introduction to the Medieval Bible |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014}}<br />
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7470|title=The History of the Latin Vulgate|last=Steinmeuller|first=John E.|year=1938|website=CatholicCulture|publisher=Homiletic & Pastoral Review|pages=252–257|access-date=18 September 2019}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Edmon|author-link=Edmon L. Gallagher|year=2015|title=Why Did Jerome Translate Tobit and Judith?|url=https://www.academia.edu/14345165|journal=Harvard Theological Review|language=en|volume=108|issue=3|pages=356–75|doi=10.1017/S0017816015000231|s2cid=164400348|via=Academia.edu}}<br />
* [https://www.fourthcentury.com/jerome-translations-of-scripture/ Timeline of Jerome's translations]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Vulgate}}<br />
<br />
'''Clementine Vulgate'''<br />
<br />
*[http://www.catholicbible.online The Clementine Vulgate], fully searchable and possible to compare with both the Douay Rheims and Knox Bibles side by side.<br />
*[http://www.sacredbible.org/vulgate1822/ Clementine Vulgate 1822, including Apocrypha]<br />
*[http://www.sacredbible.org/vulgate1861/ Clementine Vulgate 1861, including Apocrypha]<br />
*[https://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/ The Clementine Vulgate, searchable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024152357/https://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/ |date=24 October 2022 }}. Michael Tweedale, ''et alii''. Other installable modules include Weber's Stuttgart Vulgate. Missing 3 and 4 Esdras, and Manasses.<br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/vulgatenewtesta00jerogoog#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Vulgate New Testament, with the Douay Version of 1582. In Parallel Columns''] (London 1872).<br />
<br />
'''Oxford Vulgate'''<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum01whit|title=Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi|date=1889|publisher=[[The Clarendon Press]]|editor-last=Wordsworth|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Wordsworth|volume=1|location=Oxford|editor-last2=White|editor-first2=Henry Julian|editor-link2=Henry Julian White}}<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum02whit|title=Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi|date=1941|publisher=[[The Clarendon Press]]|editor-last=Wordsworth|editor-first=John|volume=2|location=Oxford|editor-last2=White|editor-first2=Henry Julian}}<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nouumtestamentum03whit|title=Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi|date=1954|publisher=[[The Clarendon Press]]|editor-last=Wordsworth|editor-first=John|volume=3|location=Oxford|editor-last2=White|editor-first2=Henry Julian}}<br />
<br />
'''Stuttgart Vulgate'''<br />
<br />
*[https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-sacra-vulgata/read-the-bible-text/ Weber-Gryson (Stuttgart) edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205022140/https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-sacra-vulgata/read-the-bible-text/ |date=5 December 2022 }}, official online text<br />
*[http://www.latinvulgate.com Latin Vulgate with Parallel English Douay-Rheims and King James Version], Stuttgart edition, but missing 3 and 4 Esdras, Manasses, Psalm 151, and Laodiceans.<br />
<br />
'''Nova Vulgata'''<br />
<br />
* [https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Vulgata], from the Vatican website<br />
<br />
'''Miscellaneous translations'''<br />
<br />
*[[Jerome]]'s [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ Biblical Prefaces]<br />
*[[s:Epistle to the Laodiceans (Wikisource translation)|Vulgate text of Laodiceans]] including a parallel English translation<br />
<br />
'''Works about the Vulgate'''<br />
<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052112/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts Eight examples of the Vulgate, 13th – 15th centuries, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries]<br />
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Vulgate}}<br />
*{{Librivox author |id=4121}}<br />
<br />
{{Catholic Church and Bible}}<br />
{{History of Catholic theology}}<br />
{{History of the Catholic Church}}<br />
{{Latin Church footer}}<br />
{{Catholic Church footer}}<br />
{{Books of the Bible}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vulgate| ]]<br />
[[Category:4th-century books in Latin]]<br />
[[Category:4th-century Christian texts]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic bibles]]<br />
[[Category:Works by Jerome]]<br />
[[Category:Western Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Vetus Latina]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_Indian_general_election_in_Orissa&diff=4818761971 Indian general election in Orissa2026-03-11T13:26:41Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{For|State Assembly election|1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1971 Indian general election in Orissa<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = 1967 Indian general election in Orissa<br />
| previous_year = 1967<br />
| next_election = 1977 Indian general election in Orissa<br />
| next_year = 1977<br />
| election_date = 1–10 March 1971<ref>{{cite web |title=India - Date of Elections: March 1-10, 1971 |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1971_E.PDF |website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union|IPU]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421013546/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1971_E.PDF |archive-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| seats_for_election = 20 seats<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| last_election1 = 6<br />
| seats1 = 15<br />
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 9<br />
| party2 = Swatantra Party<br />
| last_election2 = 8<br />
| seats2 = 3<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 5<br />
| party3 = [[Utkal Congress]]<br />
| last_election3 = New<br />
| seats3 = 1<br />
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1<br />
| party4 = Communist Party of India<br />
| last_election4 = 0<br />
| seats4 = 1<br />
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 1<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_size = 200px<br />
| map_caption = [[Orissa]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''1971 Indian general election in Orissa''' were held for 20 seats with the state going to the polls in the first two phases of the [[1971 Indian general election|general elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Election of India 1971, 5th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=13 January 2010 |page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
The major contenders in the state were the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Swatantra Party]]. The third front parties contesting in the state were the [[Utkal Congress]], the Left parties. The assembly elections were held simultaneously with the general elections in the state.<br />
<br />
[[Biju Patnaik]] was close to [[Indira Gandhi]]. However, they clashed in 1969 over the presidential election. He left the Congress and formed a regional party called [[Utkal Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Voting and results==<br />
Source: Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Orissa 1971 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3621-orissa-1971/ |website=[[Election Commission of India|EIC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062535/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3621-orissa-1971/ |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=dead}} <!-- Archive is poor and doesn't show actual data, just a download link which doesn't work, but EIC is unavailable at time of editing to grab a better URL --></ref><br />
<br />
===List of elected MPs===<br />
'''Keys:'''<br />
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|#ff0000|[[Communist Party of India]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|#F7DF05|[[Utkal Congress]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|S No.<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Constituency<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Winning candidate<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Winning party<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
|[[Manmohan Tudu]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|[[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]<br />
|[[Shyam Sunder Mahapatra|Shyamsundar Mohapatra]]<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|[[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]<br />
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|[[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]<br />
|[[Anadi Charan Das|Anandi Charan Das]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|[[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]<br />
|[[Surendra Mohanty]]<br />
| bgcolor="#F7DF05" |[[Utkal Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|[[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]<br />
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|Janki Ballav Patnaik]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|[[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]<br />
|[[Banamali Patnaik|Banamali Patanaik]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|[[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]<br />
|[[Chintamani Panigrahi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
|[[Bhanjanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhanjanagar]]<br />
|[[Duti Krushna Panda|Dutikrishna Panda]]<br />
| bgcolor="red" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|[[Chatarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatrapur]]<br />
|[[Jagannath Rao]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]<br />
|[[Bhagirathi Gomango]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
|[[Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]]<br />
|[[Khagapati Pradhani|Khagipathi Pradhani]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
|[[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]<br />
|[[Pratap Keshari Deo]]<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |[[Swatantra Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
|[[Phulbani Lok Sabha constituency|Phulbani]]<br />
|[[Baksi Nayak|Boksi Nayak]]<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |[[Swatantra Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
|[[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]<br />
|[[Raj Raj Singh Deo]]<br />
| bgcolor="{{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |[[Swatantra Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
|[[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]<br />
|[[Banamali Babu]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
|[[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]<br />
|[[Gajadhar Majhi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
|[[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]]<br />
|[[Kumar Majhi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
|[[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]<br />
|[[Devendra Satpathy]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
|[[Angul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Angul]]<br />
|[[Pratap Gangadebbad Kumar]]<br />
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Bye Elections===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|S No.<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Constituency<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Winning candidate<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Winning party<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Reason<br />
|-<br />
| 1.<br />
|[[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]<br />
|[[Giridhar Gamang]]<br />
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| Resignation of Bhagirathi Gamang<br />
|-<br />
| 2.<br />
|[[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
|[[Chandra Mohan Sinha]]<br />
| bgcolor=#F7DF05|[[Utkal Congress]]<br />
| Resignation of Manmohan Tudu<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Odisha elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian general elections in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian general election by state or union territory|Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obulavaripalle_mandal,Tirupati_district&diff=522713Obulavaripalle mandal,Tirupati district2026-03-08T18:22:47Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made location</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Obulavaripalle mandal<br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = te<br />
| other_name = <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|14|2|20.400|N|79|15|54.000|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters <br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Obulavaripalle]]<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Obulavaripalle mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The mandal used to be a part of [[Annamayya district]] and was made part of the Tirupati district on 31 December 2025..<ref name="districts-20251231">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Towns and villages ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 15 settlements, which includes 1 census town and 14 villages. Mangampet is the only urban settlement, categorised as a [[census town]] in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=20|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207104629/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=20|archive-date=7 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mangalagiri mandal villages|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/cuddapah.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=19 January 2015|page=14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216080811/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Cuddapah.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<br />
<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|<br />
# Papireddipalli<br />
# Venkatesapuram<br />
# Gobburuvaripalle<br />
# Peddarampadu<br />
# Rallacheruvupalle<br />
# Botimeedapalle<br />
# Bommavaram<br />
# Govindampalle<br />
# Mangampeta (C.T)<br />
# Mukkavaripalle<br />
# Chenna Raju Podu<br />
# Jillelamadakavaddepalle<br />
# Korlakunta<br />
# Yerraguntakota<br />
# Gadela<br />
# Nukanapalle<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Note: C.T-census town''<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Concepts and Definitions|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirupati district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patan_Caves&diff=524704Patan Caves2026-03-07T21:19:40Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Buddhist caves in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Cave<br />
| name = Patan Caves<br />
| photo = Patan Leni.jpg<br />
| photo_caption = A cave in Tamkane, Patan {{coord|17.415278|N|73.870556|E|display=inline}}<br />
| coords ={{coord|17.415198|N|73.870929|E|region:IN-MH_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Patan, Maharashtra]] <br />
| map=India<br />
| relief=yes<br />
| depth = <br />
| length = <br />
| survey = <br />
| survey_format =<br />
| discovery = <br />
| geology = <br />
| entrance_count = <br />
| entrance_list =<br />
| difficulty = <br />
| hazards = <br />
| access = <br />
| translation = <br />
| language = <br />
| pronunciation = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Patan Buddhist caves''' are recently discovered rock-cut caves, near [[Patan, Maharashtra]], in the [[Satara district|district of Satara]]. Eleven caves were discovered all together, spread in four different areas of Patan, in Tamkane, Yerphal, Yeradvadi and Digevadi.<ref name="SG">{{cite book |last1=Ganvir |first1=Shrikant |title=Newly Discovered Buddhist Rock-cut Caves of Maharashtra: An Appraisal |url=https://www.academia.edu/33794798 |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403014734/https://www.academia.edu/33794798/Newly_Discovered_Buddhist_Rock-cut_Caves_of_Maharashtra_An_Appraisal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sukumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxRHYFd0fB4C&pg=PA141 |title=Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0498-2 |page=141 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The caves are dated to the first half of the 2nd century CE.<ref name="SG"/><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Yerphale Buddhist cave in Patan.jpg|Yerphale Buddhist cave in Patan {{coord|17.415198|N|73.870929|E|display=inline}}<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Buddhist Caves |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]<br />
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Satara district]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana_(film)&diff=499995Garuda Purana (film)2026-03-05T18:54:38Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: creating new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Garuda Purana<br />
| image = Garuda Purana (2023 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = Manjunath B Nagba<br />
| producer = Sindhu K M<br />
| screenplay = Manjunath B Nagba<br />
| story = Manjunath B Nagba<br />
| starring = Manjunath B Nagba <br/> Santhosh Karki <br /> Disha Shetty <br /> Rajkumar Bhagawanth<br />
| music = Rakesh Acharya<br />
| cinematography = Suniel Narasimhamurthy<br />
| editing = Manjunath B Nagba<br />
| studio = 27 Frame's Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|03}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
''''' Garuda Purana ''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]] language crime [[thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Manjunath B Nagba and produced by Sindhu K M, co-produced by BL Yogesh Kumar. The film stars Manjunath B Nagba, Santhosh Karki, and Disha Shetty in lead roles. The music of the film composed by Rakesh Acharya.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film revolves around a series of rapes and murders all over the State but the bodies which are found by the police don't match with the missing people and importantly there is no clue of the victims who went missing, hence, the Home Minister forms SIT to crack the case. On the other side, three happy going friends named three friends, accidentally meet a girl among them one boy starts a love with that girl where love episode starts and simultaneously the serial killings and rapes from border states continues. The rest is how the criminals get caught and how the three friends and girl unknowingly become involved in the crime.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Manjunath B Nagba<br />
* Santhosh Karki <br />
* Disha Shetty<br />
* Chelluvaraj<br />
* Kenchanna<br />
* Rajkumar Bhagawanth<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Director Manjunath B Nagba who previously worked as online editor for ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'', ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'', and ''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]'' makes his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/nov/01/manjunath-nagba-gears-up-for-his-directorial-debut-garuda-purana-505450.html|title=Kanthara Fame Manjunath Nagba's Garuda Purana Release Date Fix|website=Kannada Prabha|date=November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114045302/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/nov/01/manjunath-nagba-gears-up-for-his-directorial-debut-garuda-purana-505450.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/sandalwood-news-upcoming-films-in-kannada-garuda-purana-kannada-movie-manjunath-b-nagba-film-news-pcp-181694580368542.html|title=Garuda Purana Kannada movie is coming soon, Garuda Purana and Kantara have a connection.'|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2023-11-14|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114045303/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/sandalwood-news-upcoming-films-in-kannada-garuda-purana-kannada-movie-manjunath-b-nagba-film-news-pcp-181694580368542.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie teaser was released by [[Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/garuda-purana-kannada-movie-teaser-released-by-ashwini-puneeth-rajkumar-mcr-679835.html|title=Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar released the teaser of 'Garuda Purana'|website=tv9|date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114045300/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/garuda-purana-kannada-movie-teaser-released-by-ashwini-puneeth-rajkumar-mcr-679835.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the trailer was released on [[Vijayadashami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/garuda-purana-kannada-movie-trailer-out-166341|title=Garuda Purana' movie trailer released on Vijaya Dashami|website=zee news|date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114050809/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/garuda-purana-kannada-movie-trailer-out-166341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/entertainment/movie/kannada-movie-garuda-purana-trailer-released/ka20231024180052130130104|title=Garuda Purana' trailer release on Vijayadashami'|website=Etv Bharat|date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2023-11-14|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114045300/https://www.etvbharat.com/kannada/karnataka/entertainment/movie/kannada-movie-garuda-purana-trailer-released/ka20231024180052130130104|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 3 November 2023 along with ''Bhavapurna "TRP Rama" and Basri Katte.''{{fact|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Rakesh Acharya has composed the songs. Punith Arya has penned the lyrics.<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length =05:09<br />
| title1 = Kudi Nota Salade<br />
| lyrics1 = Puneeth Arya<br />
| extra1 = Rakesh Acharya, Vijetha<br />
| length1 = 03:45<br />
| title2 = Tili Banalli<br />
| lyrics2 = Puneeth Arya<br />
| extra2 = Rakesh Acharya<br />
| length2 = 02:45<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Y Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated three out of five and stated that "All in all, it is worth a watch for those who love suspense".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |first=Y Maheswara |last=Reddy |title=Tagaru Palya Movie Review: Family drama |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tagaru-palya-movie-review-family-drama/articleshow/104765257.cms |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104154404/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tagaru-palya-movie-review-family-drama/articleshow/104765257.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated three out of five and wrote that "''Garuda Purana'' might lack well-known faces, but it successfully engages the audience with a generous dose of entertainment through a talented ensemble of newcomers, making it a worthwhile one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garuda Purana Movie Review: Newcomers deliver honest whodunit |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/nov/06/garuda-purana-movie-reviewnewcomers-deliver-honest-whodunit-49290.html |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173558/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/nov/06/garuda-purana-movie-reviewnewcomers-deliver-honest-whodunit-49290.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title| tt28585163 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabash_Thambi&diff=531555Sabash Thambi2026-03-04T05:11:41Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sabash Thambi<br />
| image = Sabash Thambi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = C. P. Jambulingam<br />
| screenplay = Mullai Sakthi<br />
| story = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]<br />
| producer = K. R. Balan<br />
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]<br />[[L. Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]<br />
| editing = M. P. Siva Prakash<br />
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]<br />
| studio = Balan Pictures<br />
| distributor = Sri Vinayaka Movies{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=279}}<br />
| released = {{film date|1967|2|10|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 177 minutes{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=279}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sabash Thambi''''' ({{translation|Bravo, my brother}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[spy thriller]] film, directed by C. P. Jambulingam and produced by K. R. Balan. The music was by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[L. Vijayalakshmi]].{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=279}} It was released on 10 February 1967.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=343}}<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}<br />
Ramesh dies in an accident and he is suspected to have committed suicide by every one. But Sekar claims it to be a murder and he is on a mission to find out the culprits using his wits and instinct. He gets behind the mystery of Ramesh's death and solves the case.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sekhar<ref name="Pesum Padam" /><br />
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Shanthi<ref name="Pesum Padam" /><br />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Ramesh<ref name="Pesum Padam" /><br />
* [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]] as Ratna<br />
* [[Nagesh]] as JB<ref name="Pesum Padam" /><br />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Muthu<br />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sarada<ref name="Pesum Padam" /><br />
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Jagadish<br />
* Master Rajkumar as Babu<br />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Vasu<br />
* Suryakala as JB's assistant<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabash Thambi |url=http://www.tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/37904 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203050204/http://www.tamilsongslyrics123.com/listlyrics/37904 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=Songs4all}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Nenjam Oru Panju" (Puthusu Idhu) || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[P. Susheela]] || 05:22<br />
|-<br />
| "Oi Mama Ungal" || [[L. R. Eswari]] & Sadhan || 04:18<br />
|-<br />
| "Polish Boot Polish" || P. Susheela || 03:15<br />
|-<br />
| "Aambala Singame" (Aiyaadio Aiyaadio) || S. C. Krishnan, [[L. R. Eswari]] & Chorus || 05:10<br />
|-<br />
| "Sabash Thambi Unseigayai" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:19<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that the film did not have enough scope for Jaishankar to show his heroism and called the story old-fashioned, but appreciated Rajkumar's performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 March 1967 |title=சபாஷ் தம்பி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/mar/05-03-1967/p26.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725094258/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/mar/05-03-1967/p26.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=26 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="Pesum Padam">{{Cite magazine |date=March 1967 |title=சபாஷ் தம்பி |url=https://issuu.com/sudalai/docs/____________________________________ecc65edba2a3a6 |access-date=11 April 2022 |magazine=Pesum Padam |page=129 |language=ta |via=[[Issuu]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=Seetha |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=0-498-01565-3 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-last2=Elley |editor-first2=Derek}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1960s spy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oru_Cinemakkaran&diff=523155Oru Cinemakkaran2026-03-03T20:35:06Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Oru Cinemakkaran<br />
| image = Oru Cinemakkaran.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Leo Thaddeus]]<br />
| producer = Thomas Panicker<br />
| writer = [[Leo Thaddeus]]<br />
| starring = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]<br>[[Rajisha Vijayan]]<br>[[Anusree]]<br />
| music = [[Bijibal]]<br />
| cinematography = Sudheer Surendran<br />
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]<br />
| studio = Opus Penta<br />
| distributor = LJ Films Pvt. Ltd.<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|6|24}}<br />
| runtime = 132 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Oru Cinemakkaran''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2017|2017]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[feature film]] written and directed by [[Leo Thaddeus]], starring [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] in lead role, with [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Anusree]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Lal (director)|Lal]], [[Joy Mathew]] and [[Sasi Kalinga]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|last1=എ.എസ്.|first1=ദിനേശ്|title=ഒരു സിനിമാക്കാരൻ|url=http://www.deepika.com/feature/Feature_Details.aspx?feature_cat=Cat19&newscode=13552|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Deepika Newspaper]]|date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=വിനീതിന്റെ 'ഒരു സിനിമാക്കാരൻ' ചിത്രീകരണം തുടങ്ങി|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vineeth-sreenivasan-oru-cinemakkaran-1.1754318|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='ഒരു സിനിമാക്കാരൻ' രണ്ടാമത്തെ സോങ് വീഡിയോ റിലീസ് ചെയ്തു|url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/119869-latest-news-the-second-song-video-from-oru-cinemaakkaran-released.html|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Mangalam]]|date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=വിനീതിന്റെ 'ഒരു സിനിമാക്കാരൻ'|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/malayalam/oru-cinemakkaran-malayalam-movie-teaser/2017/may/21/265168|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=21 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='ഒരു സിനിമാക്കാരൻ' റമദാന്|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-18-06-2017/651592|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Deshabhimani]]|date=18 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released on 24 June to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jayan E|first1=Anagha|title='Oru Cinemakkaran': a jack-in-the-box surprise|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/06/24/oru-cinemakaran-audience-review.html|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Review:Oru Cinemakkaran thrills with unexpected twists|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/oru-cinemaakkaran/oru-cinemaakkaran-review.html|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=Behindwoods|date=24 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=മോഹൻ|first1=നവീൻ|title=ഒരൊന്നൊന്നര സിനിമാക്കാരൻ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2017/06/24/oru-cinemakkaran-review.html|accessdate=25 June 2017|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=24 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{more plot|date=June 2020}}<br />
Alby is an [[assistant director]] trying to make a name in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is in a relationship with Sara. Alby's father, a [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church|Jacobite]] priest, isn't happy either with his career choice or his relationship with Sara. Sara's father is a hooligan from [[Mattancherry]] who has fixed her marriage with an Italian-Indian, Gonzalves. Sara defies this and marries Alby. There he steals from a neighbor tenant Sudheer and to avoid defamation he murders him, the spur of the moment crime affects him and his family life. But, in an unbelievable twist Alby's misfortune changes and his decisive moment as a filmmaker happens.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Alby Stephen <br />
*[[Rajisha Vijayan]] as Sara Thomas <br />
*[[Anusree]] as Nayana<br />
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Sudheer<br />
*[[Prashant Narayanan]] as Police officer<br />
*[[Renji Panicker]] as Fr. Stephen, Alby's father<br />
*[[Joy Mathew]] as Lonnappan, Bank Manager<br />
*[[Lal (director)|Lal]] as Thomas, Sara's father<br />
*[[Jacob Gregory]] as Gonzalves <br />
*[[Sasi Kalinga]] as Chacko<br />
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Kumaran<br />
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Ganeshan<br />
*[[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Babu<br />
*Noby Marcose as Jabbar<br />
*[[Chali Pala]] as Rajeshekharan<br />
*[[Reshmi Boban]] as Alby's mother<br />
*[[Santhosh Pandit]] as himself (Cameo-appearance)<br />
*[[Tomichan Mulakupadam]] as producer<br />
*[[Rebecca Santhosh]] as Sara's Friend<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kaliveedu-serial-actress-rebecca-santhosh-open-up-about-her-love-story-video-goes-viral-085601.html|title='വെള്ളത്തിൽപ്പോയ കൊലുസ് മുങ്ങിയെടുത്ത് തന്നു, അന്ന് ശ്രദ്ധിച്ച് തുടങ്ങി, പിന്നെ പ്രപ്പോസ് ചെയ്തു'; റെബേക്ക|first=Ranjina|last=P|date=24 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022|work=Filmibeat|language=ml}}</ref><br />
*[[Subeesh Sudhi]] as Gokul<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Music: [[Bijibal]], Lyrics: [[Santhosh Varma]], [[Rafeeq Ahamed]], B. K. Harinarayanan<br />
<br />
* "Angotto Ingotto" - [[Bijibal]]<br />
* "Ozhukiyozhuki" - [[Haricharan]], [[Shweta Mohan]]<br />
* "Chirakukalaayi" - [[Arun Alat]]<br />
* "Kannaake Mazhavillu" - [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], Teenu Tellence<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|6680752}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]<br />
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrudayanjali&diff=455983Hrudayanjali2026-03-03T18:05:56Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: update lead for clarity and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Hrudayanjali<br />
| image = Hrudayanjali film poster.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = A. Raghurami Reddy <br />
| producer = A. Raghurami Reddy<br>P. Ramanadh<br />
| writer = B.K.Easwar<br />
| starring = [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]]<br>[[Girija Shettar]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]<br />
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]<br />
| editing = Karunanidhi<br />
| distributor = Siva Sivani Films <br />
| studio = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002}}<br />
| runtime = 168 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = 15,00,000<br />
| gross = 25,00,000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Hrudayanjali''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by A. Raghurami Reddy. The film was completed in 1992 but was released in 2002 and won three [[Nandi awards]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020919004432/http://www.adindia.net/hrudayanjali.htm Yellow Pages: Film Marketing<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The film was released to negative reception due to the delay. <br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The movie begins with an interview of a celebrated actor Anand (Sanjay Mitra) by Maya (Girija). It is one of those magical moments when love is in the air.<br />
<br />
Anand notices that for some mysterious reason, Maya, in spite of being in deep love with him, is not ready to marry him. Whenever he proposes marriage, she says that she is not eligible to marry him. One fine day she gives in to his pestering and tells him the facts of her life.<br />
<br />
We flashback to when Maya was 16 years old. Back from school, one day she sees her uncle waiting alone for her at home. He forces himself upon her, and in doing so leaves a permanent scar in her mind.<br />
<br />
Anand offers to marry her. They marry. Then there is a series of letdowns for Anand, since Maya will not let him have her. One day, after a major letdown, unable to bear the depression, Maya commits suicide.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]] as Anand<br />
* [[Girija Shettar]] as Maya<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
# Oohalalo Korikalu - [[S. Janaki]]<br />
# Hrudayanjalilo -<br />
# Sangamam Mana Sangamam -<br />
# Adharam Nee Adharam -<br />
# Alakinchu Priyathama -<br />
# Naa Matalo Nee Talapulu -<br />
# See Life As Love -<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "The film continues on a tiring level duly earning negative reaction from the audience. Some were found commenting, "Who gave Nandi award to this film"?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-hrudayanjali.html|title=lacks soul|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "If ''Hrudayanjali'' had meant "the desire to move to a remote island with a bottle of cyanide as your only friend", the movie fits the bill and succeeds beyond all expectation".<ref>[http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/hrudayanjali/telugu/hrudayanjali-movie-reviews-288-2.html Hrudayanjali review: Hrudayanjali (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref><br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]] - [[Madhu Ambat]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Sctreenplay Writer]] - A. Raghu Rami Reddy<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - P. Ramanath<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2002 films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 romance films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2000s-romance-film-stub}}<br />
{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raththam&diff=457131Raththam2026-03-03T02:30:11Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: updated citations also and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2023 Indian psychological thriller film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Raththam<br />
| image = Raththam.jpg<br />
<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[C. S. Amudhan]]<br />
| producer = {{ubl|Kamal Bohra <br />
| G. Dhananjayan<br />
| Pradeep B<br />
| Pankaj Bohra}}<br />
| writer = C. S. Amudhan<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Vijay Antony]]<br />
* [[Mahima Nambiar]]<br />
* [[Nandita Swetha]]<br />
* [[Remya Nambeesan]]<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Gopi Amarnath]]<br />
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]<br />
| studio = Infiniti Film Ventures<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|2023|10|6|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 149 minutes<br />
<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Raththam''''' ({{translation|Blood}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[C. S. Amudhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Raththam teaser: Venkat Prabhu, Vetrimaaran, Pa Ranjith unite for Vijay Antony starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/raththam-teaser-venkat-prabhu-vetrimaaran-pa-ranjith-8308505/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129030551/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/raththam-teaser-venkat-prabhu-vetrimaaran-pa-ranjith-8308505/lite/ |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Vijay Antony]], [[Mahima Nambiar]], [[Nandita Swetha]] and [[Remya Nambeesan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Raththam To Irugapatru, 4 Tamil Movies Set To Hit Theatres This Friday |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/raththam-to-irugapatru-4-tamil-movies-set-to-hit-theatres-this-friday-8603053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007200249/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/raththam-to-irugapatru-4-tamil-movies-set-to-hit-theatres-this-friday-8603053.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released on 6 October 2023, and received mixed reviews from critics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} <br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Ranjith Kumar—who is an intellectual crime journalist—tries to uncover the murders happening frequently. The story revolves around the concept of [[hate crime]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Vijay Antony]] as Ranjith Kumar (Kumar)<br />
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Sangeetha/Annapoorani Sebastian<br />
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Madhumitha (Madhu)<br />
* [[Remya Nambeesan]] as Keerthi, Chezhiyan’s fiancee<br />
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Rathna Pandian (Pandian), Chezhiyan’s father<br />
* [[John Mahendran]] as Inspector Vimal Raj<br />
* Riya Manoj as Arumpavai, Ranjith’s daughter<br />
* Boys Rajan as Police Inspector<br />
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as DIG K. Jayaraj<br />
* Jagan Krishnan as Arivukarasu (Arivu)<br />
* [[Meesha Ghoshal]] as Bharathi/Nisha<br />
* "Bigil" Siva as Rajendran, the instigator<br />
* Ameya Mathew as Annapoorani, Kumar's wife<br />
* [[Kalairani]] as Raniamma<br />
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Ajay Menon, Keerthi’s uncle <br />
* Gaayathri Krishnan as Aadhirai<br />
* Aravinth Sundar as Chezhiyan, Kumar’s best friend <br />
* Telephone Raja as security guard<br />
* [[Arjun Chidambaram]] as Shyam Sunder<br />
* Aditya Kathir as Prabha<br />
* Bharani Elangovan as the receptionist<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
In April 2021, C. S. Amudhan announced that he was collaborating with Vijay Antony on a thriller film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=CS Amudhan teams up with Vijay Antony for thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/15/cs-amudhan-teams-up-with-vijay-antony-for-thriller-23965.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193618/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/15/cs-amudhan-teams-up-with-vijay-antony-for-thriller-23965.amp |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The production of the film started in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Antony's next film commences with puja |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=897765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193618/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=897765 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Vijay Antony wraps up first shooting schedule for his next untitled movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antony-wraps-up-first-shooting-schedule-for-his-next-untitled-movie/articleshow/88222393.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 23 January 2022, the title of the film was revealed as ''Raththam'', and the first look poster was also released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=Vijay Antony's crime thriller with CS Amudhan titled Ratham |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-crime-thriller-with-cs-amudhan-titled-ratham/articleshow/89078218.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was produced by Kamal Bohra, G. Dhananjayan, Pradeep B and Pankaj Bohra under the banner Infiniti Film Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2023 |title=Trailer of Raththam is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/trailer-ofraththam-is-out-47490.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007200249/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/trailer-ofraththam-is-out-47490.amp |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The production house has already previously collaborated with Vijay Antony on the films ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' and ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]''. The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Spain]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Vijay Antony's Ratham shooting wrapped up with Thailand schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-ratham-shooting-wrapped-up-with-thailand-schedule/articleshow/94760367.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=Vijay Antony's Ratham shooting in Kolkata wrapped; team heads to Spain next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-ratham-shooting-in-kolkata-wrapped-team-heads-to-spain-next/articleshow/90458369.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The filming wrapped up around mid-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=Shooting of CS Amudhan-Vijay Antony's Ratham wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/29/shooting-of-cs-amudhan-vijay-antonys-ratham-wrapped-up-32409.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007151032/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/29/shooting-of-cs-amudhan-vijay-antonys-ratham-wrapped-up-32409.amp |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=Vijay Antony's Ratham completes the shooting schedule in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-ratham-completes-the-shooting-schedule-in-india/articleshow/90722155.cms |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The cinematography of the film was by [[Gopi Amarnath]], and the editing was handled by [[T. S. Suresh]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} <br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music for the film was composed by [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title='Oru Naal' song from Ratham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/15/oru-naal-song-from-ratham-out-47646.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193623/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/15/oru-naal-song-from-ratham-out-47646.amp |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> in his fourth collaboration with director [[C. S. Amudhan]] after the films ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'', ''[[Rendavathu Padam]]'', and ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]''.<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Raththam<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2023<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 17:24<br />
| language = Tamil <br />
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Tamil]]<br />
| producer = [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]<br />
| chronology = [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan Narayanan]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Thalaikoothal (film)|Thalaikoothal]]<br />
| prev_year = 2023<br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = {{external media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|nPQP1hKXdCk|Raththam – Jukebox}}}}<br />
}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Raththam Title Track<br />
| length1 = 4:03<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
| title2 = Oru Naal<br />
| length2 = 4:00<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Arivu]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Vijay Antony]], Arivu<br />
| title3 = Aaruyire<br />
| length3 = 4:13<br />
| lyrics3 = Chandru<br />
| extra3 = Ravi G<br />
| title4 = Nee Ennai Mannipaya<br />
| length4 = 5:08<br />
| lyrics4 = Uma Devi<br />
| extra4 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]<br />
| total_length = 17:24<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was initially scheduled to release on 28 September 2023, but was postponed. Later, it was released on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Vijay Antony's Raththam release postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/12/vijay-antonys-raththam-release-postponed-47573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007151042/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/12/vijay-antonys-raththam-release-postponed-47573.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The post-theatrical streaming rights to the film have been acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raththam: THIS leading OTT platform bags the digital rights of Vijay Antony's crime drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raththam-this-leading-ott-platform-bags-the-digital-rights-of-vijay-antonys-crime-drama/8168a90249786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007151045/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/raththam-this-leading-ott-platform-bags-the-digital-rights-of-vijay-antonys-crime-drama/8168a90249786 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> The film was scheduled to premiere on Amazon Prime Video from 3 November 2023.{{update inline|date=December 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Raththam'' could have been a good crime thriller had there been some great moments that would wow the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Raththam Review: Vijay Antony's film fails to make the most of semi-decent ideas |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raththam-review-vijay-antonys-film-fails-to-make-the-most-of-semi-decent-ideas-2445578-2023-10-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007002548/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raththam-review-vijay-antonys-film-fails-to-make-the-most-of-semi-decent-ideas-2445578-2023-10-06 |archive-date=2023-10-07 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "A crime drama with good ideas and bland execution."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raththam Movie Review : A crime drama with good ideas and bland execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raththam/movie-review/104209338.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007151055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etmoviereviewajax.cms?msid=104184709&type=moviereview&detailid=99561253 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film a mixed review and noted that "It’s a film that’s refreshing in its presentation of journalism and its faith in the transformative powers of good journalism."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title='Raththam' movie review: This journo procedural has its moments |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/oct/07/raththam-movie-review-this-journo-procedural-has-its-moments-2621477.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007151035/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/oct/07/raththam-movie-review-this-journo-procedural-has-its-moments-2621477.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a mixed review and noted that "CS Amudhan's thriller, starring Vijay Antony, suffers from a bland treatment despite having an intriguing plot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=6 October 2023 |title='Raththam' movie review: Insipid writing leaves this thriller with some novel ideas in cold blood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raththam-movie-review-insipid-writing-leaves-this-thriller-with-some-novel-ideas-in-cold-blood/article67389304.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007021149/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raththam-movie-review-insipid-writing-leaves-this-thriller-with-some-novel-ideas-in-cold-blood/article67389304.ece |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars noting it was "an ode to the spirit of good journalism."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Ratham review: Vijay Antony-CS Amudhan film is an ode to the spirit of good journalism |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ratham-review-vijay-antony-cs-amudhan-film-is-an-ode-to-the-spirit-of-good-journalism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193623/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ratham-review-vijay-antony-cs-amudhan-film-is-an-ode-to-the-spirit-of-good-journalism |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Raththam'' is a pretty straightforward investigative drama that pivots around hate crimes in the country. There is a bit of everything in here — though it doesn’t work for the most part."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raththam Review: Investigative Drama Called For A Better Actor Than Vijay Antony |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/raththam-review-investigative-drama-called-for-a-better-actor-than-vijay-antony/1b5b3d2886417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193627/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/raththam-review-investigative-drama-called-for-a-better-actor-than-vijay-antony/1b5b3d2886417 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt21370972}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lover_(2024_film)&diff=513675Lover (2024 film)2026-03-03T02:26:14Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Over-quotation|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Lover<br />
| image = Lover (2024 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Prabhuram Vyas<br />
| writer = Prabhuram Vyas<br />Madhan<br />
| producer = {{Ubl| Yuvaraj Ganesan<br />
| Magesh Raj Pasilian<br />
| Nazerath Pasilian}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[K. Manikandan]]<br />
*Sri Gouri Priya<br />
*[[Kanna Ravi]]<br />
*Harish Kumar<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Shreyaas Krishna<br />
| editing = Barath Vikraman<br />
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| studio = Million Dollar Studios <br /> MRP Entertainment<br />
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory<br />
| released = {{film date|2024|2|9|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Lover''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama|romantic drama film]] directed by Prabhuram Vyas in his directorial debut. Produced by Million Dollar Studios and MRP Entertainment, the film stars [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]], Sri Gouri Priya and [[Kanna Ravi]] with [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Geetha Kailasam]], Harish Kumar, Nikhila Sankar, Rini, Pintu Pandu, Arunachaleswaran, Harini in pivotal roles. The story follows an alcoholic and unemployed designer, who tries to start a café business and is aggressively in love with Divya.<br />
<br />
Filming took place between August and November 2023. The film was released on 9 February 2024, where it received positive reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Arun and Divya's six-year relationship starts unraveling as they drift apart, raising the question of whether love can withstand such differences. <br />
<br />
The story starts with Divya practicing surfing on Kovalam and spending time with her friends for a send-off party with their team lead, where she narrates her love story. Arun calls her to ask her where she is, and she claims that she's at a family function. However, he finds out that she is lying and barges into the party, creating ruckus. This causes Divya to call off their relationship.<br />
<br />
Arun goes to his home, barely one at all, which is in shambles emotionally. He lives with his father, who is in an open extramarital affair, and his aging, working mother. Arun is a dysfunctional alcoholic designer whose business investments are in a loss too. Eventually, he and Divya get back together — but this vicious cycle of fight-trauma-apologies keeps repeating with the couple. Tired of this, Arun moves away from his friends, gets a job elsewhere, and tries to reconcile with Divya. His mother starts pushing him for marriage.<br />
<br />
A new team lead named Madan, also a travel vlogger, enters Divya's life. Arun loses his job due to inappropriate conduct. Both of them lied to themselves so much that Divya finally decides to break up with Arun for good. Arun undergoes a further breakdown as his mother attempts to end her life. On Divya's birthday, she invites him to be part of celebrations. <br />
<br />
The couple then plans a Gokarna trip where Arun desperately tries to patch things up between them, but his idea of love and commitment doesn't align with Divya's. She confesses that she's in a constant state of fear that their situation will become like his parents'. This is the trigger point that made Arun realize his mistakes, and that he needs to work on himself more rather than just clinging to their years-long relationship. After parting ways with Divya, Arun works on his alcohol and substance abuse issues, while his mom decides to file for divorce.<br />
<br />
Two years later, Arun has realised his dream of opening up a successful designer-cafe. There, he meets Divya again, but is a different and more well-adjusted man now. Arun still remembers Divya's perfume and serves her favorite dish.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[K. Manikandan]] as Arun<br />
* Sri Gouri Priya as Divya Shanmugam<br />
* [[Kanna Ravi]] as Madan Wanders<br />
* Harish Kumar as Suhail<br />
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Arun's father<br />
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Arun's mother<br />
* Nikhila Shankar as Ramya, Divya's friend and flatmate<br />
* Harini as Aishwarya "Aishu", Divya's friend<br />
* Pintu Pandu<br />
* Arunachaleshwaran as Arun's friend<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The inaugural ceremony of the film was launched by [[Vijay Sethupathi]], and principal photography started in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Manikandan joins hands with debutant Prabhuram Vyas for his next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/04/manikandan-joins-hands-with-debutant-prabhuram-vyas-for-his-next-46255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806024033/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/04/manikandan-joins-hands-with-debutant-prabhuram-vyas-for-his-next-46255.html |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In the same month, the team completed the first schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=First schedule of Manikandan-Prabhuram Vyas film wrapped |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/first-schedule-of-manikandan-prabhuram-vyas-film-wrapped-46939.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827140158/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/24/first-schedule-of-manikandan-prabhuram-vyas-film-wrapped-46939.html |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second schedule was held at Gokarna in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=It's a wrap for second schedule of Manikandan's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/news/2023/sep/15/its-a-wrap-for-second-schedule-ofmanikandans-next-47648.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125132856/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/news/2023/sep/15/its-a-wrap-for-second-schedule-ofmanikandans-next-47648.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Manikandan shoots his film with Vyas in Gokarna |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/14/manikandan-shoots-his-film-with-vyas-ingokarna-47629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125132740/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/14/manikandan-shoots-his-film-with-vyas-ingokarna-47629.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> By the end of November 2023, the makers completed the entire shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Manikandan's next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/29/its-a-wrap-for-manikandans-next-49960.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125132740/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/29/its-a-wrap-for-manikandans-next-49960.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music for the film was composed by [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lover songs download |url=https://gaana.com/album/lover-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507035727/https://gaana.com/album/lover-tamil |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Gaana}}</ref><br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Lover <br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = 2024<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 21:32<br />
| language = Tamil <br />
| label = [[Think Music]]<br />
| producer = Sean Roldan<br />
| prev_title = [[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]<br />
| prev_year = 2024<br />
| next_title = [[Raghu Thatha]]<br />
| next_year = 2025<br />
| misc = <br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| title1 = Apple Crumble<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sean Roldan]], Prabhuram Vyas<br />
| extra1 = [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]<br />
| length1 = 2:57<br />
| title2 = Thaensudare<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Mohan Rajan]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Sean Roldan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]<br />
| length2 = 3:36<br />
| title3 = Usura Uruvi<br />
| lyrics3 = Mohan Rajan<br />
| extra3 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]<br />
| length3 = 3:27<br />
| title4 = Velagaadha<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Mohan Rajan]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Aparna Harikumar<br />
| length4 = 3:22<br />
| title5 = Uyir Vaasame<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Mohan Rajan]]<br />
| extra5 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| length5 = 3:16<br />
| title6 = Vaadi En Trip<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| extra6 = [[OfRo]]<br />
| length6 = 1:40<br />
| title7 = Ezhutha Kadhaiyo<br />
| lyrics7 = [[Mohan Rajan]]<br />
| extra7 = [[Sean Roldan]], Meha Agarwal<br />
| title8 = Thaensudare (Reprise)<br />
| length8 = 3:36<br />
| lyrics8 = [[Mohan Rajan]]<br />
| extra8 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
| length7 = 3:14<br />
| total_length = 21:32<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Lover'' was released on 9 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2024 |title=Manikandan's Lover gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/14/manikandans-lover-gets-a-release-date-51201.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125132745/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/14/manikandans-lover-gets-a-release-date-51201.html |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
== Critical response ==<br />
Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Prabhuram does a fine job of humanising the characters amidst the exuberant highs and depressing lows of their relationship. The film spends a lot of time letting its leads be confronted and comforted by their friends, and the filmmaker does a brilliant job of showcasing both contemporary relationships and friendships. Be it the parallels, the lovely scores of Sean Roldan which amplify the mood of the film, or some fantastic performances from the entire cast, especially Manikandan and Sri Gouri Priya, the film has a lot going for it, making you look past its minute flaws."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-02-09 |title='Lover' movie review: Manikandan and Sri Gouri Priya shoulder an intense yet intriguing relationship drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lover-movie-review-manikandan-and-sri-gouri-priya-shoulder-an-intense-yet-intriguing-relationship-drama/article67829211.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329171815/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lover-movie-review-manikandan-and-sri-gouri-priya-shoulder-an-intense-yet-intriguing-relationship-drama/article67829211.ece |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "In all, 'Lover' is a movie that might not make you laugh from start to finish. But it will most certainly hold your attention for the entire duration and get you thinking by the time it ends."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lover Movie Review: Manikandan Aces Role Of Disgruntled Man |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/lover-movie-review-manikandan-aces-role-of-disgruntled-man-review-107503194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209035727/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/lover-movie-review-manikandan-aces-role-of-disgruntled-man-review-107503194 |archive-date=2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The writing tries to be truthful, reflecting the mindset of contemporary 20-somethings when it comes to relationships."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Suganth |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lover Movie Review : Lover is a brutally honest and bittersweet relationship drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lover/movie-review/107547727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215011410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/lover/movie-review/107547727.cms |archive-date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lover packs a punch in the way towards the end. There is a lot of brooding and healing that the couple gets. The film may not cover the entire healing journey, but it makes a brutally honest case for the complexities that arise in modern-day relationships, where couples don’t shy away from saying what they feel. The screenplay stagnates at times, but overall, it makes the smallest of issues the biggest. And rightfully so. Lover is a film that takes the realistic route to show how much emotional and psychological abuse can take a toll and make people do what they do. It is a film that doesn’t advocate for time stamps in a relationship. More importantly, Lover is a film that makes you want to put yourself first before those you love and care for."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lover movie review: Manikandan shines in this tale of love that realistically captures what emotional abuse is |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/lover-movie-review-manikandan-shines-in-this-tale-of-love-that-realistically-captures-what-emotional-abuse-is/a3e79d6245480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213065020/https://www.ottplay.com/review/lover-movie-review-manikandan-shines-in-this-tale-of-love-that-realistically-captures-what-emotional-abuse-is/a3e79d6245480 |archive-date=2024-02-13 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Vijaya Shankar O of ''[[DT Next]]'' rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Overall, 'Lover' isn't path-breaking in the genre of modern love like 'Livin' (both have the same ending), but it is made with such passion and poignantly conveys the meaning of moving on from a breakup. The film never glorifies Arun's actions and balances both people's viewpoints involved in love and states that letting go of someone takes a lot of time, patience, and understanding, and it is very much possible."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar O |first=Vijaya |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lover review: Manikandan, Sri Gouri Priya shine in poignant portrayal of modern love |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/lover-review-manikandan-sri-gouri-priya-shine-in-poignant-portrayal-of-modern-love-766762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418175627/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/lover-review-manikandan-sri-gouri-priya-shine-in-poignant-portrayal-of-modern-love-766762 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Lover fumbles in places where it tries to wring the ‘point’ out of a scene but excels in places where a lot is unsaid or unfinished and yet a lot more shines through the subtext."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lover Movie Review: A visceral look into the death throes of a relationship |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/feb/09/lover-movie-review-a-visceral-look-into-the-death-throes-of-a-relationship-51915.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214015502/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/feb/09/lover-movie-review-a-visceral-look-into-the-death-throes-of-a-relationship-51915.html |archive-date=2024-02-14 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinod_Jakhar&diff=544710Vinod Jakhar2026-03-01T07:42:52Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: created redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[National Students' Union of India]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Satthianadhan&diff=532409Samuel Satthianadhan2026-02-25T15:14:42Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding first entry more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and academic}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
'''Samuel Satthianadhan''' (1860 – 4 April 1906) was an Indian writer, educationist and social reformer.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Satthianadhan was born in 1860 to missionary Rev W. T. Satthianadhan and his wife Annal Arockiam (anglicized to Anna John). Rev. Satthianadhan was a first-generation Hindu convert and was known as Thiruvengadam before his conversion.<ref name="familyp25">[[#Satthianadhan Family Album|Satthianadhan Family Album]], pp 25</ref> His ancestors were High Caste Hindu Vaishnavaite Balija Ruling [[Naickers]] family from [[Madurai]].<ref name="familyp25" /><br />
<br />
Satthianadhan had his schooling at Anglican High School, [[Vepery]], [[Madras]] and joined Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1878.<ref name="congregationalistsp58">{{cite book|title=The Congregationalist and Christian world, Volume 90|pages=58|publisher=Pilgrim Press|year=1905}}</ref> Satthianadhan returned to Madras in 1883 and joined the Indian government service.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Satthianadhan served as a headmaster of Rajahmundry School from 1883 to 1885 when he was appointed as a lecturer in the Government Arts College, Kumbakonam. In about 1890, Satthianadhan was appointed Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy at the [[Presidency College, Madras]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<br />
<br />
He received the degree [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.) from the [[University of Cambridge]] in February 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University intelligence |date=13 February 1903 |page=4 |issue=37003}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
<br />
Satthianadhan married [[Krupabai Satthianadhan|Krupabai]] (1861–1893), daughter of Haripunt Khisty, a Maharashtrian Brahmin convert in 1883. Krupabai is the first Indian woman novelist to write in English. On Krupabai's death in 1893, Satthianadhan married Kamala who was 13 years younger to him. [[Kamala Satthianadhan]] graduated from the Presidency College, Madras in 1898, becoming the first woman in South India to complete her graduation.<ref name="familyp148">[[#Satthianadhan Family Album|Satthianadhan Family Album]], pp 148</ref><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|title=Missionary work in India: From a native Christian point of view|year=1889}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Four years in an English University|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170472|year=1893|publisher=Srinivasa Varadachari & Co.}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=History of education in the Madras Presidency|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeducati00sattuoft|year=1894|publisher=Varadachari}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=The present position and future prospects of the Indian Christian community|year=1900}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|title=The Satthianadhan family album|author=Eunice De Souza|publisher=[[Sahitya Academy]]|year=2005|isbn=8126021276|id=|ref=Satthianadhan Family Album}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Samuel Satthianadhan |birth=1860 |death=1906}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satthianadhan, S.}}<br />
[[Category:1860 births]]<br />
[[Category:1906 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Randhawa&diff=452586Jesse Randhawa2026-02-24T14:24:02Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: enhance layout additionally and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian model and actress (born 1975)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jesse Randhawa<br />
| image = Jesse Randhawa at Audio release of 'Love, Wrinkle-free' (17).jpg<br />
| caption = Jesse Randhawa in 2012<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|8|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Inder Mohan Sudan|end=div.}}<br/>{{marriage|[[Sandip Soparrkar]]|12 December, 2009|2016|end=divorced}}<br />
| relatives = [[Saadhika]] (sister)<br />
| height = <br />
| alias = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jesse Randhawa''' (born 11 August 1975) is an Indian model and actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/Cubersquos-the-word/article16888996.ece|title=Cube's the word|first=Shalini|last=Shah|date=28 October 2009|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> She was a contestant on ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi | Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 2]]'' where she emerged as the 1st runner-up.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Jasmeet Kaur Randhawa, a.k.a. Jesse Randhawa, was born on 11 August 1975 in Jaipur to Mehar and Narinder Singh Randhawa. She is originally from Jaipur.<br />
<br />
Her sister [[Saadhika]] is a popular actress.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Randhawa is a successful model and has worked with many designers. She appeared in [[Femina Miss India]] 1994 contest along with [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]] and made it to the finals. She also participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi | Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 2]]'', where she emerged as the 1st runner-up.<br />
<br />
===Film career===<br />
Firstly, she featured in a song ''Kadi Te Aana Balli Di Gali'' for the movie ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]'' starring [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. She did an item number for the film ''No Smoking''. In 2009, Randhawa appeared in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s film ''[[Gulaal]]'', in which she played the role of a young lecturer.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Randhawa was previously married to fashion model Inder Mohan Sudan, but divorced him later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandoke |first1=Simi |date=27 June 2010 |title=Fashioning a tragedy |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/fashioning-a-tragedy/articleshow/16029798.html |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> She and choreographer [[Sandip Soparrkar]] began dating in 2004, and also guest-starred in ''Dance India Dance Grand Finale'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dastur |first=Nicole |date=13 July 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Im-in-love-so-why-should-I-hide-it/articleshow/1748408.cms |title='I'm in love, so why should I hide it?' |work=Times of India |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Jan2017"/> They married on 12 December 2009 and announced separation in 2016 after a marriage of almost seven years.<ref name="TOI_Jan2017">{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Rachel |date=17 January 2017 |title=Sandip Soparrkar and Jesse Randhawa officially announce separation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandip-soparrkar-and-jesse-randhawa-officially-announce-separation/articleshow/51753058.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
* ''[[Chot- Aj Isko, Kal Tereko]]'' as Kabir's girlfriend<br />
* ''[[Sona Spa]]'' as Villain<br />
* ''[[Love Khichdi]]'' as Susan Raj<br />
* ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' as Anuja<br />
* ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' as Model Jasmeet<br />
* ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' as Dancer/Singer<br />
* ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]''<br />
* ''[[The Xpose]]'' as Shabnam<br />
* ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]'' as Interpol agent Maria<ref>{{Cite news |title=SuperCops v/s SuperVillains: Jesse Randhawa upbeat about action |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jesse-randhawa-life-ok-tv-show-shapath-14649.html |work=India TV News |date=30 May 2014 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{BH person}}<br />
<br />
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Jesse}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lava_International&diff=468565Lava International2026-02-21T14:42:29Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Lava International Ltd.<br />
| logo = Lava International.svg<br />
| logo_caption = The LAVA logo as of 2025<br />
| image = Lava company head office.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| image_caption = Headquarters of Lava International in Noida, India<br />
| trading_name = LAVA Mobiles<br />
| type = [[Private limited company|Private]]<br />
| ISIN = INE745X01014<br />
| industry = [[Technology]]<br>[[Telecommunications]]<br>[[Consumer electronics]]<br>[[Computer hardware]]<br />
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2009|03|27|df=yes}}<br />
| founders = {{plainlist|<br />
* Vishal Sehgal<br />
* Hari Om Rai<br />
* Shailendra Nath Rai<br />
* Sunil Bhalla<br />
}}<br />
| location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{plainlist|<br />
* Sunil Raina<br> ([[Managing director|MD]])<br />
}}<br />
| products = {{hlist|[[Smartphone]]s|[[Mobile phone]]s|[[Laptop]]s|[[Smartwatch]]es|[[Tablet computer]]s|[[Peripheral]]s|[[Datacard]]s|[[Software]]}}<br />
| num_employees = 5000+ (2025)<br />
| services = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Electronics manufacturing services]]<br />
}}<br />
| subsid = [[Xolo (company)|Xolo]]<br />
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|3667|c}} {{small|(FY 2023-24)}}<ref name="AR23-24">{{cite web |title=Lava International - Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://hotfixapi.lavamobiles.com/storage/media/file/pdf/download_file/annual-report---lava-2023-24-1725626809.pdf |website=lavamobiles.com |publisher=Lava International}}</ref><br />
| operating_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|103|c}} {{small|(FY 2023-24)}}<ref name="AR23-24"/><br />
| net_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|11.59|c}} {{small|(FY 2023-24)}}<ref name="AR23-24"/><br />
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1650.2|c}} {{small|(FY 2023-24)}}<ref name="AR23-24"/><br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://lavamobiles.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lava International''' (stylized as '''LΛVΛ''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] that manufactures [[smartphone]]s, [[tablet computer|tablets]], [[laptop]]s, [[computer hardware]], and other [[consumer electronics]]. Founded on 27 March 2009 by Vishal Sehgal, Hari Om Rai, Shailendra Nath Rai, and Sunil Bhalla, the company operates under the '''Lava''' brand name.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lava Mobiles forays into Middle East |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lava-mobiles-forays-into-middle-east-113021100723_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> It is headquartered in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, and serves markets across South Asia, the Middle East,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lava Mobiles forays into Middle East |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lava-mobiles-forays-into-middle-east-113021100723_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> Africa, and several other regions worldwide.<br />
<br />
Lava operates in numerous countries, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Peru, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Burundi, South Sudan, Vietnam, Guatemala, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Kenya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Egypt, Ghana, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, the British Virgin Islands, Taiwan, Somalia, Mauritius, Ireland, Israel, Sweden, Greece, and the United Kingdom (planned entry in early 2026).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About LAVA– Indian Mobile Phone Company, Smartphone Manufacturer in India|url=https://www.lavamobiles.com/aboutus|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.lavamobiles.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Lava revamped its product lineup with the launch of the AGNI series, aimed at revitalizing the brand and increasing market share in the Indian smartphone segment.<br />
<br />
== Research and Development ==<br />
Lava has developed research and development facilities in India, supported by the government's [[Make in India]] and [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Lava 'Design in India' Challenge Begins With Cash Reward of Rs 50,000 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/lava-design-in-india-challenge-begins-with-cash-reward-of-rs-50000-4109201.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The company primarily designs and develops its products domestically.<br />
<br />
== Market Share ==<br />
During the financial year 2023, Lava held approximately 25% market share in the Indian feature phone segment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One in every ten feature phone user in India uses Lava, and it is now going to the public to raise money|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/one-in-every-ten-feature-phone-user-in-india-uses-lava-and-it-is-now-going-to-the-public-to-raise-money/articleshow/86635642.cms|access-date=2021-10-29|website=Business Insider}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2025, Lava International lead Indian mobile brands with a 2–3% overall market share, followed by other brands such as Micromax, Karbonn, and Xolo, each with less than 1%.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Notable Products ==<br />
* The first smartphone under the Benco brand, the Lava Benco V8, launched on 4 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava launches Benco V8 in Nepal. Does it have what it takes to usurp the leaders? |url=https://www.gadgetbytenepal.com/lava-benco-v8-price-nepal/ |website=GadgetByte Nepal |date=18 November 2019 }}</ref><br />
* Lava Pulse, the first feature phone with heart rate and blood pressure sensors, launched on 20 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Pulse feature phone with Heart rate and Blood Pressure sensor launched for Rs. 1599 |url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/320363/lava-pulse-price-features-heart-rate-blood-pressure-sensor.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.fonearena.com}}</ref><br />
* Lava Agni 5G, the first India-made 5G smartphone, launched on 9 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |work=ABP News Bureau |date=2021-11-09 |title=Lava Agni, The Company's First 5G Smartphone, Launched For Rs. 17,999 |url=https://news.abplive.com/technology/lava-agni-the-company-s-first-5g-smartphone-launched-for-rs-17-999-price-specs-features-and-more-1492357 |access-date=2024-09-17 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Lava PRO Watch ZN, the first smartwatch under the brand, launched on 23 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Lava Prowatch ZN, VN launched in India with Gorilla Glass 3; Check features, specs and more |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/wearables/news/lava-prowatch-zn-vn-launched-in-india-with-gorilla-glass-3-check-features-specs-and-more-71713864832273.html |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=HT Tech |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Lava Agni 3 5G, India’s first AMOLED dual-screen smartphone with an AMOLED rear display and an action button, launched on 4 October 2024.<br />
* The Lava Bold N1 and N1 Pro, and Lava Play Ultra and Play Max, notable models released in 2025.<br />
* Vayu AI, an AI assistant made by Lava Mobiles.<br />
<br />
== Current Products ==<br />
* AGNI 5G series officially launched on 9 November 2021. Lineup includes Agni 5G, Agni 2, Agni 3 and Agni 4.<br />
* Blaze series, launched on 7 July 2022, includes models such as Blaze, Blaze 5G, Blaze Pro, Blaze Pro 5G, Blaze 2, Blaze 2 Pro, Blaze 2 5G, Blaze NXT, Blaze Curve 5G, Blaze X 5G, Blaze 3 5G and Blaze Dragon 5G.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETTelecom.com |title=Lava launches Blaze smartphone at Rs 8,699 - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/lava-launches-blaze-smartphone-at-rs-8699/92722602 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Blaze Dragon 5G |url=https://techgup.com/news/mobiles/lava-blaze-dragon-5g-launched-in-india-price-rs-9999-with-50-megapixel-camera/409799/ |website=Tech Gup |access-date=2025-07-27 }}</ref><br />
* Yuva series, launched on 11 October 2022, including Yuva Pro, Yuva 2, Yuva 2 Pro, Yuva 3, Yuva 3 Pro, and Yuva 5G.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Lava Yuva Pro is a new sub-8000 INR phone with triple cameras and a fingerprint scanner |url=https://www.digit.in/news/mobile-phones/lava-yuva-pro-launched-in-india-65587.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Digit |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Storm series with Storm Play and Storm Lite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Storm 5G smartphone with FHD+ display launched at Rs 13,499: Specs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/gadgets/lava-storm-5g-smartphone-with-fhd-display-launched-at-rs-13-499-specs-123122100501_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref><br />
* O series, with Lava O1, O2 and O3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava O1 with UniSoC T606 Processor and Android 13 Launched: Price in India, Specifications |url=https://www.mysmartprice.com/gear/mobiles/mobiles-news/lava-o1-launched-price-india-specifications/ |website=My Smart Price|date=4 October 2023 }}</ref><br />
* Bold series with N1, N1 Pro and N1 Lite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Bold N1 and Lava Bold N1 Pro |url=https://techgup.com/news/mobiles/lava-bold-n1-bold-n1-pro-smartphone-launched-in-india-price-under-rs-7000-featuring-50mp-camera/405900/ |website=Tech Gup |access-date=2025-05-30 |date=2025-05-30}}</ref><br />
* Shark series with Shark 5G and Shark 2.<br />
* Play series for mild gaming, lineup includes Play Ultra and Play Max.<br />
* Additional product lines include Prowatch series, Probuds series, and various feature phones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Shark 5G |url=https://techgup.com/news/mobiles/lava-shark-5g-launched-in-india-price-only-rs-7999-with-8gb-ram-50mp-camera-specifications/405404/ |website=Tech Gup |access-date=2025-05-23 |date=2025-05-23 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and Honours ==<br />
Lava was awarded the "Fastest Growing Mobile Phone Indian Brand" by the Communications Multimedia and Infrastructure (CMAI) Association of India during the 5th National Telecom Awards in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Mobiles awarded as Fastest Growing Mobile Phone Indian Brand |url=https://www.fonearena.com/blog/37531/lava-mobiles-awarded-as-fastest-growing-mobile-phone-indian-brand.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.fonearena.com}}</ref> The company also received the "Emerging Company of the Year" award from the Voice & Data Telecom Leadership Forum Awards in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jatinder |date=2014-03-13 |title=Lava International Selected As Emerging Company of the Year 2013 • TechVorm |url=https://techvorm.com/lava-international-selected-emerging-company-year-2013 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=TechVorm |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, it earned recognition from the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in July 2017 for hiring the highest number of apprentices in the state in 2016, with 710 apprentices in compliance with the Apprenticeship Act, 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=27 July 2017|title=Lava honoured for hiring most apprentices from UP|work=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lava-honoured-for-hiring-most-apprentices-from-up-117072700571_1.html|access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of mobile phone brands by country]]<br />
* [[List of companies of India]]<br />
* [[Micromax Informatics]]<br />
* [[Karbonn Mobiles]]<br />
* [[Intex Technologies]]<br />
* [[Spice Telecom|Spice]]<br />
* [[Xolo (company)|Xolo]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.lavamobiles.com/}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Noida]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:2009 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puri%E2%80%93Shalimar_Garib_Rath_Express&diff=527365Puri–Shalimar Garib Rath Express2026-02-16T09:58:30Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Cleanup|date=June 2025|reason=See talk page. Poorly cited. Incorrectly titled. Badly formatted. Needs general cleanup to make it something encyclopaedic.}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| color = 008000<br />
| name = Puri Shalimar ''Garib Rath Express''<br />
| image = Puri Garibrath at BZA.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]]<br />
| first = 5 January 2009 [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/railways-seeks-free-land-for-linking-konark/article368118.ece ] [http://www.merinews.com/newPhotoLanding.jsp?imageID=10062 ] [https://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/28/puri-howrah-garib-rath-among-eight-new-trains-to-run-in-ecor-1214677975.html]<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = [[Puri railway station|Puri]]<br />
| stops = 7<br />
| end = [[Shalimar railway station]]<br />
| distance = {{convert|497|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 8 hours 50 minutes as 12882 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''', 9 hours 00 minutes as 12881 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]'''.<br />
| frequency = 2 days a week. 12882 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' – Monday & Wednesday. 12881 [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] [[Puri railway station|Puri]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' – Tuesday & Thursday.<br />
| class = AC 3 tier<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = No<br />
| catering = No<br />
| observation = Rake Sharing with 22883/84 [[Puri−Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express]]<br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = Storage space under berth<br />
| other facilities = <br />
| stock = [ <br />
LHB coach|<nowiki>LHB]] </nowiki>[[Garib Rath]] Coaches<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = Yes<br />
| map = {{Puri–Shalimar GR Express Route}}<br />
| trainnumber = 12882 / 12881<br />
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum <br/>,{{convert|56.30|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Puri-Shalimar Garib Rath Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Garib Rath]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between [[Puri railway station|Puri]] and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] in [[India]].<br />
<br />
It operates as train number 12882 from [[Puri railway station|Puri]] to [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] and as train number 12881 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[West Bengal]] & [[Odisha]]. Previously the train was used to run between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] and [[Puri railway station|Puri]], but later moved to [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]].<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
<br />
The 12882 / 81 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' has 16 AC 3 tier & 2 End on Generator Coaches. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1iz5cg_Mcg] [http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140606/2404653.html].<br />
<br />
As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
<br />
The 12882 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' covers the distance of {{convert|497|km|0|abbr=on}} in 8 hours 50 mins (56.83&nbsp;km/h) and in 9 hours 00 mins as 12881 [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] [[Puri railway station|Puri]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' (55.78&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a superfast surcharge.<br />
<br />
==Routeing==<br />
<br />
The 12882 / 81 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' runs from [[Puri railway station|Puri]] via [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack railway station|Cuttack]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Junction]] to [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]].<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-7]] powers the train for its entire journey [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1iz5cg_Mcg].<br />
<br />
==Operation==<br />
<br />
12882 [[Puri railway station|Puri]] [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' leaves [[Puri railway station|Puri]] every Monday & Wednesday arriving [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] the next day.<br />
<br />
12881 [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] [[Puri railway station|Puri]] '''[[Garib Rath Express]]''' leaves [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] every Tuesday & Thursday arriving [[Puri railway station|Puri]] the next day.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html<br />
* [https://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/28/puri-howrah-garib-rath-among-eight-new-trains-to-run-in-ecor-1214677975.html Oneindia]<br />
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1iz5cg_Mcg<br />
* http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140606/2404653.html<br />
* http://www.merinews.com/newPhotoLanding.jsp?imageID=10062<br />
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/railways-seeks-free-land-for-linking-konark/article368118.ece<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org|title=&#91;IRFCA&#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}<br />
<br />
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}<br />
{{Garib Rath Express}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Howrah Garib Rath Express}}<br />
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]<br />
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palpreet_Singh_Brar&diff=523987Palpreet Singh Brar2026-02-15T13:31:16Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: made biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
'''Palpreet Singh Brar''' (born 3 January 1994) is an Indian basketball player from Punjab. He plays for the [[India men's national basketball team]] as a 'Centre' and captained the Indian senior men's team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Chandra |date=2026-01-07 |title=Need more exposure trips to improve, says India basketball team captain Palpreet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2026/Jan/07/need-more-exposure-trips-to-improve-says-india-basketball-team-captain-palpreet |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palpreet Singh Brar - India - Player Profile - FIBA Asia Cup {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-asiacup-2025/teams/india/197014-palpreet-singh-brar |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> He plays for Railways in the domestic tournaments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=Palpreet Singh Brar (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/197014-palpreet-singh-brar |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
He is from Kothe Surgapuri,village, in the Gidderbaha taluk, near Doda in Muktsar district, Punjab.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-29 |title=Small steps for giant Palpreet Singh Brar in NBA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nba-development-league-small-steps-for-giant-palpreet-singh-brar-3055138/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He started playing basketball in Ludhiana in Class 9. In 2009 he joined the Ludhiana Basketball Academy, but after three months left the game home sick.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-01 |title=Palpreet had quit the game, but returned to become a star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/palpreet-had-quit-the-game-but-returned-to-become-a-star/articleshow/55171107.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However in 2010, he returned to the Academy as a 16-year-old and settled under basketball coach S Subramaniam and mentor Teja Singh Dhaliwal, the then secretary of the Punjab Basketball Association.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=From Muktsar to leading Indian basketball team — Palpreet Singh Brar’s journey of grit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/from-muktsar-to-leading-indian-basketball-team-palpreet-singh-brars-journey-of-grit/articleshow/123338431.cms |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He works Is Deputy Chief Inspector of trains in the Indian Railways at Ludhiana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab cager Palpreet named India captain for Asia Cup |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/punjab-cager-palpreet-named-india-captain-for-asia-cup/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> His father's name is Farjinder Singh Brar, who stays in Doda with his wife and two children. Brar has an younger brother and a sister.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=Palpreet Singh Brar from Bathinda village joins elite group of Punjabi captains in sports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/123174599.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Brar made his debut for senior India team in the Incheon Asian Games in 2014.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014, he also played the FIBA Asia Cup.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In 2016 he became the second Indian to be drafted into the NBA D-League and he was picked by the Long Island Nets, New York. [[Satnam Singh]], another Punjab cager, was the first to play NBA league from India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-01 |title=Palpreet Singh Brar’s NBA dream comes true |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/another-tall-tale-palpreet-singh-brars-american-dream-comes-true-3731419/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In 2019 and 2023, he played the FIBA Basketball World Cup Asian Qualifiers. Later in 2023, he also represented India in the FIBA Olympic Pre-Qualifying Tournament at Syria. In 2025, he played the FIBA Asia Cup 2025 Qualifiers and later in August 2025, he led the Indian team in the Asia Cup at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.<ref name=":1" /> He also played both the matches in the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027 Asian Qualifiers.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, Palpreet Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's basketball players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Basketball players from Punjab, India]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tehsils_of_Punjab,_Pakistan&diff=549552List of tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan2026-02-15T06:24:18Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: creating data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|None}}<br />
{{Infobox subdivision type<br />
| name = Tehsils of Punjab<br />
| alt_name = <br />
| alt_name1 = <br />
| alt_name2 = <br />
| alt_name3 = <br />
| alt_name4 = <br />
| map = Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan.svg<br />
| caption = Tehsils of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] with their names as of 2025.<br />
| alt = <br />
| category = <br />
| territory = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
| upper_unit = <br />
| start_date = <br />
| start_date1 = <br />
| start_date2 = <br />
| start_date3 = <br />
| start_date4 = <br />
| legislation_begin = <br />
| legislation_begin1 = <br />
| legislation_begin2 = <br />
| legislation_begin3 = <br />
| legislation_begin4 = <br />
| legislation_end = <br />
| legislation_end1 = <br />
| legislation_end2 = <br />
| legislation_end3 = <br />
| legislation_end4 = <br />
| end_date = <br />
| end_date1 = <br />
| end_date2 = <br />
| end_date3 = <br />
| end_date4 = <br />
| current_number = 162<br />
| number_date = 2025<br />
| type = <br />
| type1 = <br />
| type2 = <br />
| type3 = <br />
| type4 = <br />
| status = <br />
| status1 = <br />
| status2 = <br />
| status3 = <br />
| status4 = <br />
| exofficio = <br />
| exofficio1 = <br />
| exofficio2 = <br />
| exofficio3 = <br />
| exofficio4 = <br />
| population_range = <br />
| area_range = <br />
| government = Tehsil Council<br />
| government1 = <br />
| government2 = <br />
| government3 = <br />
| government4 = <br />
| subdivision = [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br />
| subdivision1 = <br />
| subdivision2 = <br />
| subdivision3 = <br />
| subdivision4 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
In [[Pakistan]], a [[tehsil]] is an administrative sub-division of a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]]. Those are sub-divided into [[Union Councils of Pakistan|union councils]].<br />
<br />
==List of the Tehsils of Punjab==<br />
<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Tehsil<br />
!Area (km²)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_1.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Population (2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Density (ppl/km²)<br />
(2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Literacy rate<br />
(2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_districts.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Districts<br />
!Division<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
|1,729 <br />
|976,049 <br />
|564.52<br />
|53.50%<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Bahawalnagar District]]<br />
| rowspan="15" |[[Bahawalpur Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chishtian Tehsil|Chishtian]]<br />
|1,500<br />
|845,439<br />
|563.63<br />
|60.49%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haroonabad Tehsil|Haroonabad]]<br />
|1,295<br />
|615,476<br />
|475.27<br />
|66.28%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Minchinabad Tehsil|Minchinabad]]<br />
|1,818<br />
|603,125<br />
|331.75<br />
|44.05%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fort Abbas Tehsil|Fort Abbas]]<br />
|2,536<br />
|510,253<br />
|201.20<br />
|61.36%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmadpur East Tehsil|Ahmadpur East]]<br />
|1,738<br />
|1,307,578<br />
|752.35<br />
|39.68%<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Bahawalpur District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalpur City Tehsil|Bahawalpur City]]<br />
|1,490<br />
|903,795<br />
|547.12<br />
|18.59%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yazman Tehsil|Yazman]]<br />
|18,374<br />
|687,237<br />
|37.40<br />
|53.55%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalpur Saddar Tehsil|Bahawalpur Saddar]]<br />
|745<br />
|675,950<br />
|907.32<br />
|52.56%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hasilpur Tehsil|Hasilpur]]<br />
|1,490<br />
|508,415<br />
|341.22<br />
|59.64%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khairpur Tamiwali Tehsil|Khairpur Tamewali]]<br />
|993<br />
|290,582<br />
|292.63<br />
|45.82%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
|2,464<br />
|1,778,542<br />
|721.81<br />
|53.66%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Rahim Yar Khan District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sadiqabad Tehsil|Sadiqabad]]<br />
|2,964<br />
|1,381,759<br />
|466.18<br />
|47.04%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Liaquatpur Tehsil|Liaqatpur]]<br />
|3,262<br />
|1,235,264<br />
|378.68<br />
|38.35%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanpur Katora Tehsil|Khanpur Katora]]<br />
|3,190<br />
|1,169,138<br />
|366.50<br />
|50.08%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|2,012<br />
|1,443,409<br />
|717.40<br />
|47.25%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan District]]<br />
| rowspan="20" |[[Dera Ghazi Khan Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Chutta]]<br />
|1,802<br />
|904,836<br />
|502.13<br />
|38.61%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muhammadpur Diwan|Muhammadpur]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Jampur District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jampur Tehsil|Jampur]]<br />
|2,322<br />
|1,012,039<br />
|435.85<br />
|38.07%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dajal Tehsil|Dajal]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tribal Area, Jampur|Jampur Tribal Area]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chowk Sarwar Shaheed Tehsil|Chowk Sarwar Shaheed]]<br />
|1,785<br />
|414,578<br />
|232.26<br />
|55.50%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kot Addu District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Addu Tehsil|Kot Addu]]<br />
|1,686<br />
|1,072,180<br />
|635.93<br />
|58.19%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karor Lal Esan Tehsil|Karor Lal Esan]]<br />
|1,823<br />
|684,729<br />
|375.61<br />
|62.43%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Layyah District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chaubara Tehsil|Chaubara]]<br />
|2,754<br />
|299,082<br />
|108.60<br />
|58.42%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Layyah Tehsil|Layyah]]<br />
|1,712<br />
|1,118,575<br />
|653.37<br />
|62.34%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jatoi Tehsil|Jatoi]]<br />
|1,010<br />
|862,046<br />
|853.51<br />
|40.67%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Muzaffargarh District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alipur Tehsil|Alipur]]<br />
|1,391<br />
|760,526<br />
|546.75<br />
|39.15%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffargarh Tehsil|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
|2,377<br />
|1,905,995<br />
|801.85<br />
|46.84%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rojhan Tehsil|Rojhan]]<br />
|2,905<br />
|474,077<br />
|163.19<br />
|20.98%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajanpur District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajanpur Tehsil|Rajanpur]]<br />
|2,078<br />
|853,192<br />
|410.58<br />
|41.38%<br />
|-<br />
|[[De-Excluded Area Rajanpur Tehsil|De-Excluded Area Rajanpur]]<br />
|5,013<br />
|41,741<br />
|113.13<br />
|8.6%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Koh-e-Suleman Tehsil|Koh-e-Suleman]]<br />
|5,339<br />
|248,683<br />
|46.58<br />
|36.04%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Tonsa District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tonsa Tehsil|Tonsa]]<br />
|2,769<br />
|796,777<br />
|287.75<br />
|57.96%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wahova Tehsil|Wahova]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
||[[Bhawana Tehsil|Bhowana]]<br />
|879<br />
|428,617<br />
|487.62<br />
|48.94%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Chiniot District]]<br />
| rowspan="18" |[[Faisalabad Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chiniot Tehsil|Chiniot]]<br />
|709<br />
|633,621<br />
|893.68<br />
|57.31%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lalian Tehsil|Lalian]]<br />
|1,055<br />
|500,786<br />
|474.68<br />
|57.26%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chak Jhumra]]<br />
|654<br />
|385,169<br />
|588.94<br />
|70.56%<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Faisalabad District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faisalabad City Tehsil|Faisalabad City]]<br />
|168<br />
|3,691,999<br />
|21,976.18<br />
|81.59%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faisalabad Sadar Tehsil|Faisalabad Sadar]]<br />
|1,186<br />
|1,742,958<br />
|1,469.61<br />
|71.25%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaranwala Tehsil|Jaranwala]]<br />
|1,811<br />
|1,731,148<br />
|955.91<br />
|66.32%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samundri Tehsil|Samundri]]<br />
|754<br />
|729,672<br />
|967.73<br />
|75.99%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tandlianwala Tehsil|Tandlianwala]]<br />
|1,284<br />
|794,873<br />
|619.06<br />
|52.83%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shorkot Tehsil|Shorkot]]<br />
|1,158<br />
|604,763<br />
|522.25<br />
|58.12%<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Jhang District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhang Tehsil|Jhang]]<br />
|2,591<br />
|1,640,676<br />
|633.22<br />
|60.96%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmadpur Sial Tehsil|Ahmadpur Sial]]<br />
|851<br />
|487,905<br />
|573.33<br />
|56.87%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Athara Hazari Tehsil|Athara Hazari]]<br />
|1,566<br />
|332,295<br />
|212.19<br />
|58.05%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandi Shah Jeewna]]<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kamalia Tehsil|Kamalia]]<br />
|486<br />
|422,477<br />
|869.29<br />
|63.55%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Toba Tek Singh District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gojra Tehsil|Gojra]]<br />
|851<br />
|755,579<br />
|887.87<br />
|74.22%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pirmahal Tehsil|Pirmahal]]<br />
|774<br />
|496,636<br />
|641.65<br />
|68.39%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Toba Tek Singh Tehsil|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
|1,141<br />
|849,352<br />
|744.39<br />
|74.45%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Tehsil|Gujrat]]<br />
|1,463<br />
|1,746,173 <br />
|1,193.56 <br />
|82.48%<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Gujrat District]]<br />
| rowspan="12" |[[Gujrat Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kharian Tehsil|Kharian]]<br />
|1,154<br />
|1,174,935<br />
|1,018.14<br />
|79.69%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sarai Alamgir Tehsil|Sarai Alamgir]]<br />
|575<br />
|298,267<br />
|518.73 <br />
|81.55%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalalpur Jattan Tehsil|Jalalpur Jattan]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kunjah Tehsil|Kunjah]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pindi Bhattian Tehsil|Pindi Bhattian]]<br />
|1,178<br />
|558,753<br />
|474.32<br />
|58.70%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Hafizabad District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hafizabad Tehsil|Hafizabad]]<br />
|1,189<br />
|761,156<br />
|640.16 <br />
|70.89%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
|759<br />
|764,532<br />
|1,007.29<br />
|72.69%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Mandi Bahauddin District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakwal Tehsil|Malakwal]]<br />
|759<br />
|429,303<br />
|565.62<br />
|66.28%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Phalia]]<br />
|1,155<br />
|635,651<br />
|550.35<br />
|70.11%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wazirabad Tehsil|Wazirabad]]<br />
|1,196<br />
|993,412<br />
|830.61<br />
|77.39%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Wazirabad District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alipur Chatha Tehsil|Ali Pur Chatta]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujranwala City Tehsil|Gujranwala City]]<br />
|131<br />
|2,511,118<br />
|19,168.84<br />
|79.39%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Gujranwala District]]<br />
| rowspan="11" |[[Gujranwala Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujranwala Saddar Tehsil|Gujranwala Saddar]]<br />
|783<br />
|1,133,101<br />
|1,447.13<br />
|75.71%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kamoke Tehsil|Kamoke]]<br />
|834<br />
|681,339<br />
|816.95<br />
|73.04%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nowshera Virkan Tehsil|Nowshera Virkan]]<br />
|678<br />
|640,780<br />
|945.10<br />
|71.36%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shakargarh Tehsil|Shakargarh]]<br />
|835<br />
|769,339<br />
|921.36<br />
|76.28%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Narowal District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Narowal Tehsil|Narowal]]<br />
|1,065<br />
|680,402<br />
|638.88<br />
|76.78%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zafarwal Tehsil|Zafarwal]]<br />
|437<br />
|501,213<br />
|1,146.94<br />
|71.72%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pasrur Tehsil|Pasrur]]<br />
|975<br />
|970,366<br />
|995.25<br />
|74.52%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Sialkot District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daska Tehsil|Daska]]<br />
|690<br />
|980,547<br />
|1,421.08<br />
|79.19%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sambrial Tehsil|Sambrial]]<br />
|450<br />
|460,280<br />
|1,022.84<br />
|79.89%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sialkot Tehsil|Sialkot]]<br />
|901<br />
|2,088,201<br />
|2,317.65<br />
|79.42%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chunian Tehsil|Chunian]]<br />
|1,212<br />
|979,746<br />
|808.37<br />
|60.64%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Kasur District]]<br />
| rowspan="17" |[[Lahore Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kasur Tehsil|Kasur]]<br />
|1,493<br />
|1,603,658<br />
|1,074.12<br />
|63.63%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Radha Kishan Tehsil|Kot Radha Kishan]]<br />
|398<br />
|424,875<br />
|1,067.53<br />
|64.66%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pattoki Tehsil|Pattoki]]<br />
|892<br />
|1,076,007<br />
|1,206.29<br />
|62.98%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lahore Cantonment Tehsil|Lahore Cantonment]]<br />
|466<br />
|1,885,098<br />
|4,045.27<br />
|81.01%<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Lahore District]]<br />
|-<br />
|Lahore City<br />
|214<br />
|4,123,354<br />
|19,268.01<br />
|80.36%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Model Town Tehsil|Model Town]]<br />
|353<br />
|3,244,906<br />
|9,192.37<br />
|78.94%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raiwind Tehsil|Raiwind]]<br />
|467<br />
|1,080,637<br />
|2,314.00<br />
|72.35%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shalimar Tehsil|Shalimar]]<br />
|272<br />
|2,670,140<br />
|9,816.69<br />
|81.21%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sangla Hill Tehsil|Sangla Hill]]<br />
|223<br />
|269,993<br />
|1,210.73<br />
|72.08%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Nankana Sahib District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nankana Sahib Tehsil|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
|1,662<br />
|1,065,063<br />
|640.83<br />
|59.02%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shah Kot Tehsil|Shah Kot]]<br />
|331<br />
|299,815<br />
|905.79<br />
|69.28%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muridke]]<br />
|1,028<br />
|721,192<br />
|701.55<br />
|69.10%<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Sheikhupura District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ferozewala Tehsil|Ferozewala]]<br />
|511<br />
|997,246<br />
|1,951.56<br />
|66.55%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Safdarabad Tehsil|Safdarabad]]<br />
|461<br />
|320,851<br />
|695.99<br />
|67.55 %<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sheikhupura Tehsil|Sheikhupura]]<br />
|1,369<br />
|1,780,837<br />
|1,300.83<br />
|70.72%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sharak Pur Tehsil|Sharak Pur]]<br />
|375<br />
|229,292<br />
|611.45<br />
|65.05%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jahanian Tehsil|Jahanian]]<br />
|549<br />
|384,822<br />
|700.95<br />
|65.65%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Khanewal District]]<br />
| rowspan="15" |[[Multan Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kabirwala Tehsil|Kabirwala]]<br />
|1,804<br />
|1,119,229<br />
|620.42<br />
|54.13%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanewal Tehsil|Khanewal]]<br />
|784<br />
|987,445<br />
|1,259.50<br />
|63.60%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mian Channu Tehsil|Mian Channu]]<br />
|1,212<br />
|872,581<br />
|719.95<br />
|64.39%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dunyapur Tehsil|Dunyapur]]<br />
|889<br />
|571,333<br />
|642.67<br />
|55.66%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Lodhran District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kahror Pacca Tehsil|Kahror Pacca]]<br />
|778<br />
|547,761<br />
|704.06<br />
|49.81%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lodhran Tehsil|Lodhran]]<br />
|1,111<br />
|809,205<br />
|728.36<br />
|50.10%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalalpur Pirwala Tehsil|Jalalpur Pirwala]]<br />
|978<br />
|608,488<br />
|622.18<br />
|38.50%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Multan District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan City Tehsil|Multan City]]<br />
|304<br />
|2,555,486<br />
|8,406.20<br />
|73.65%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan Saddar Tehsil|Multan Saddar]]<br />
|1,632<br />
|1,516,004<br />
|928.92<br />
|52.01%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shujabad Tehsil|Shujabad]]<br />
|806<br />
|682,327<br />
|846.56<br />
|53.87%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jallah Jeem|Jallah jeem]]<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Vehari District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Burewala Tehsil|Burewala]]<br />
|1,295<br />
|1,204,255<br />
|929.93<br />
|63.98%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mailsi Tehsil|Mailsi]]<br />
|1,639<br />
|1,120,407<br />
|683.59<br />
|54.63%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vehari Tehsil|Vehari]]<br />
|1,430<br />
|1,105,759<br />
|773.26<br />
|58.21%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Attock Tehsil|Attock]]<br />
|1,002<br />
|516,277<br />
|515.25<br />
|74.80%<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Attock District]]<br />
| rowspan="24" |[[Rawalpindi Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fateh Jang Tehsil|Fateh Jang]]<br />
|1,249<br />
|374,726<br />
|300.02<br />
|66.94%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hasan Abdal|Hassan Abdal]]<br />
|350<br />
|253,670<br />
|724.77<br />
|70.22%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazro Tehsil|Hazro]]<br />
|348<br />
|386,544<br />
|1,110.76<br />
|66.45%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jand Tehsil|Jand]]<br />
|2,043<br />
|330,328<br />
|161.69<br />
|71.59%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pindi Gheb Tehsil|Pindi Gheb]]<br />
|1,865<br />
|308,878<br />
|165.62<br />
|70.36%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chakwal Tehsil|Chakwal]]<br />
|2,167<br />
|768,622<br />
|354.69<br />
|79.63%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Chakwal District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil|Choa Saidan Shah]]<br />
|473<br />
|167,537<br />
|354.20<br />
|79.28%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kallar Kahar Tehsil|Kallar Kahar]]<br />
|953<br />
|196,449<br />
|206.14<br />
|79.23%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dina Tehsil|Dina]]<br />
|678<br />
|277,182<br />
|408.82<br />
|84.75%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Jhelum District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]]<br />
|586<br />
|507,788<br />
|866.53<br />
|83.45%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil|Pind Dadan Khan]]<br />
|1,176<br />
|371,971<br />
|316.30<br />
|73.98%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sohawa Tehsil|Sohawa]]<br />
|1,147<br />
|225,367<br />
|196.48<br />
|80.41%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Tehsil|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|1,682<br />
|3,744,590<br />
|2,226.27<br />
|83.97%<br />
| rowspan="6" |[[Rawalpindi District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujar Khan Tehsil|Gujar Khan]]<br />
|1,457<br />
|781,578<br />
|536.43<br />
|79.72%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]]<br />
|637<br />
|237,843<br />
|373.38<br />
|84.05%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kallar Syedan Tehsil|Kallar Syedan]]<br />
|459<br />
|242,709<br />
|528.78<br />
|82.23%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Taxila Tehsil|Taxila]]<br />
|312<br />
|739,244<br />
|2,369.37<br />
|81.98%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daultala]]<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|N/A<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kotli Sattian Tehsil|Kotli Sattian]]<br />
|304<br />
|120,421<br />
|396.12<br />
|88.20%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Murree District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Murree Tehsil|Murree]]<br />
|434<br />
|252,526<br />
|581.86<br />
|84.79%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Talagang]]<br />
|2,022<br />
|457,635<br />
|226.33<br />
|75.63%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Talagang District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lawa, Pakistan|Lawa]]<br />
|910<br />
|144,611<br />
|158.91<br />
|71.37%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan Khurd]]<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|75.63%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]<br />
|2,502<br />
|1,592,201<br />
|636.37<br />
|55.29%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Okara District]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Sahiwal Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Okara Tehsil|Okara]]<br />
|1,241<br />
|1,393,746<br />
|1,123.08<br />
|63.34%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Renala Khurd Tehsil|Renala Khurd]]<br />
|634<br />
|529,543<br />
|835.24<br />
|66.98%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arif Wala Tehsil|Arifwala]]<br />
|1,241<br />
|999,278<br />
|805.22<br />
|58.24%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Pakpattan District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pakpattan Tehsil|Pakpattan]]<br />
|1,483<br />
|1,136,892<br />
|766.62<br />
|56.11%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chichawatni Tehsil|Chichawatni]]<br />
|1,591<br />
|1,155,978<br />
|726.57<br />
|65.25%<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sahiwal District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Tehsil|Sahiwal]]<br />
|1,610<br />
|1,725,833<br />
|1,071.95<br />
|64.44%<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[Khushab Tehsil|Khushab]]<br />
|2,115<br />
|816,682<br />
|386.14<br />
|65.94%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Khushab District]]<br />
| rowspan="18" |[[Sargodha Division]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Noorpur Thal]]<br />
|2,500<br />
|264,597<br />
|105.84<br />
|55.58%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quaidabad]]<br />
|1,080<br />
|274,959<br />
|254.59<br />
|55.11%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Naushera, Punjab|Naushera]] (Wadi-e-Soon)<br />
|816<br />
|144,851<br />
|177.51<br />
|70.43%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhalwal Tehsil|Bhalwal]]<br />
|663<br />
|387,262<br />
|584.11<br />
|79.31%<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Sargodha District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhera]]<br />
|504<br />
|384,403<br />
|762.70<br />
|67.37%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Momin]]<br />
|948<br />
|544,208<br />
|574.06<br />
|56.33%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Tehsil, Sargodha|Sahiwal]]<br />
|829<br />
|407,487<br />
|491.54<br />
|63.34%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Tehsil|Sargodha]]<br />
|1,536<br />
|1,800,455<br />
|1,172.17<br />
|71.82%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shahpur Tehsil, Pakistan|Shahpur]]<br />
|769<br />
|424,746<br />
|552.34<br />
|61.85%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sillanwali Tehsil|Sillanwali]]<br />
|607<br />
|385,887<br />
|635.73<br />
|63.07%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhakkar Tehsil|Bhakkar]]<br />
|2,427<br />
|809,789<br />
|333.66<br />
|58.56%<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Bhakkar District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Darya Khan Tehsil|Darya Khan]]<br />
|1,719<br />
|421,309<br />
|245.09<br />
|51.09%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalurkot Tehsil|Kaloorkot]]<br />
|2,239<br />
|415,708<br />
|185.67<br />
|55.43%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mankera Tehsil|Mankera]]<br />
|1,768<br />
|310,664<br />
|175.71<br />
|54.83%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isakhel Tehsil|Isakhel]]<br />
|1,863<br />
|414,100<br />
|222.28<br />
|55.02%<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Mianwali District]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mianwali Tehsil|Mianwali]]<br />
|2,689<br />
|908,405<br />
|337.82<br />
|66.09%<br />
|-<br />
|[[Piplan Tehsil|Piplan]]<br />
|1,288<br />
|475,763<br />
|369.38<br />
|63.46%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of the tehsils by population over the years ==<br />
{{static row numbers}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Tehsil<br />
!Population<br />
(2023)<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Population<br />
(2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/punjab_tehsil.pdf}}</ref><br />
!Population<br />
(1998)<br />
!Population<br />
(1981)<br />
!Population<br />
(1972)<br />
!Population<br />
(1961)<br />
!Population<br />
(1951)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|Bahawalnagar]]<br />
|976,049 <br />
|813,390<br />
|541,553<br />
|367,367<br />
|309,199<br />
|228,598<br />
|182,683<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chishtian Tehsil|Chishtian]]<br />
|845,439<br />
|691,221<br />
|498,270<br />
|326,790<br />
|254,448<br />
|197,437<br />
|148,868<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fort Abbas Tehsil|Fort Abbas]]<br />
|510,253<br />
|422,768<br />
|285,596<br />
|195,476<br />
|136,060<br />
|102,362<br />
|64,749<br />
|-<br />
|[[Haroonabad Tehsil|Haroonabad]]<br />
|615,476<br />
|525,598<br />
|381,767<br />
|258,276<br />
|188,199<br />
|156,230<br />
|115,284<br />
|-<br />
|[[Minchinabad Tehsil|Minchinabad]]<br />
|603,125<br />
|526,428<br />
|354,261<br />
|225,838<br />
|185,985<br />
|138,200<br />
|118,846<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmadpur East Tehsil|Ahmadpur East]]<br />
|1,307,578<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalpur City Tehsil|Bahawalpur City]]<br />
|815,202<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bahawalpur Saddar Tehsil|Bahawalpur Saddar]]<br />
|675,950<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hasilpur Tehsil|Hasilpur]]<br />
|508,415<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khairpur Tamiwali Tehsil|Khairpur Tamewali]]<br />
|290,582<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yazman Tehsil|Yazman]]<br />
|687,237<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanpur Katora Tehsil|Khanpur Katora]]<br />
|1,169,138<br />
|982,085<br />
|683,865<br />
|420,688<br />
|325,447<br />
|227,722<br />
|108,335<br />
|-<br />
|[[Liaquatpur Tehsil|Liaqatpur]]<br />
|1,235,264<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil|Rahim Yar Khan]]<br />
|1,778,542<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sadiqabad Tehsil|Sadiqabad]]<br />
|1,381,759<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil|Dera Ghazi Khan]]<br />
|1,443,409<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Chutta]]<br />
|904,836<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muhammadpur Diwan|Muhammadpur]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jampur Tehsil|Jampur]]<br />
|1,012,039<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dajal Tehsil|Dajal]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tribal Area, Jampur|Jampur Tribal Area]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chowk Sarwar Shaheed Tehsil|Chowk Sarwar Shaheed]]<br />
|414,578<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Addu Tehsil|Kot Addu]]<br />
|1,072,180<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karor Lal Esan Tehsil|Karor Lal Esan]]<br />
|684,729<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chaubara Tehsil|Chaubara]]<br />
|299,082<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Layyah Tehsil|Layyah]]<br />
|1,118,575<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jatoi Tehsil|Jatoi]]<br />
|862,046<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alipur Tehsil|Alipur]]<br />
|760,526<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muzaffargarh Tehsil|Muzaffargarh]]<br />
|1,905,995<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rojhan Tehsil|Rojhan]]<br />
|474,077<br />
|405,689<br />
|208,563<br />
|126,654<br />
|93,801<br />
|63,188<br />
|46,500<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajanpur Tehsil|Rajanpur]]<br />
|853,192<br />
|706,770<br />
|395,953<br />
|214,517<br />
|156,405<br />
|104,533<br />
|85,071<br />
|-<br />
|[[De-Excluded Area Rajanpur Tehsil|De-Excluded Area Rajanpur]]<br />
|41,741<br />
|34,191<br />
|14,051<br />
|21,492<br />
|5,399<br />
|6,968<br />
|3,610<br />
|-<br />
|[[Koh-e-Suleman Tehsil|Koh-e-Suleman]]<br />
|248,683<br />
|212,652<br />
|126,198<br />
|82,251<br />
|59,296<br />
|44,925<br />
|41,406<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tonsa Tehsil|Taunsa]]<br />
|796,777<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wahova]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhawana Tehsil|Bhowana]]<br />
|428,617<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chiniot Tehsil|Chiniot]]<br />
|633,621<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lalian Tehsil|Lalian]]<br />
|500,786<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chak Jhumra]]<br />
|385,169<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faisalabad City Tehsil|Faisalabad City]]<br />
|3,691,999<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faisalabad Sadar Tehsil|Faisalabad Sadar]]<br />
|1,742,958<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaranwala Tehsil|Jaranwala]]<br />
|1,731,148<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Samundri Tehsil|Samundri]]<br />
|729,672<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tandlianwala Tehsil|Tandlianwala]]<br />
|794,873<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shorkot Tehsil|Shorkot]]<br />
|604,763<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhang Tehsil|Jhang]]<br />
|1,640,676<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ahmadpur Sial Tehsil|Ahmadpur Sial]]<br />
|487,905<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Athara Hazari Tehsil|Athara Hazari]]<br />
|332,295<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandi Shah Jeewna]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kamalia Tehsil|Kamalia]]<br />
|422,477<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gojra Tehsil|Gojra]]<br />
|755,579<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pirmahal Tehsil|Pirmahal]]<br />
|496,636<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Toba Tek Singh Tehsil|Toba Tek Singh]]<br />
|849,352<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujrat Tehsil|Gujrat]]<br />
|1,746,173 <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kharian Tehsil|Kharian]]<br />
|1,174,935<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sarai Alamgir Tehsil|Sarai Alamgir]]<br />
|298,267<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalalpur Jattan Tehsil|Jalalpur Jattan]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kunjah Tehsil|Kunjah]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pindi Bhattian Tehsil|Pindi Bhattian]]<br />
|558,753<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hafizabad Tehsil|Hafizabad]]<br />
|761,156<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil|Mandi Bahauddin]]<br />
|764,532<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malakwal Tehsil|Malakwal]]<br />
|429,303<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Phalia]]<br />
|635,651<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wazirabad Tehsil|Wazirabad]]<br />
|993,412<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Alipur Chatha Tehsil|Ali Pur Chatta]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujranwala City Tehsil|Gujranwala City]]<br />
|2,511,118<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujranwala Saddar Tehsil|Gujranwala Saddar]]<br />
|1,133,101<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kamoke Tehsil|Kamoke]]<br />
|681,339<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nowshera Virkan Tehsil|Nowshera Virkan]]<br />
|640,780<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shakargarh Tehsil|Shakargarh]]<br />
|769,339<br />
|672,030<br />
|520,855<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Narowal Tehsil|Narowal]]<br />
|680,402<br />
|596,539<br />
|425,879<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zafarwal Tehsil|Zafarwal]]<br />
|501,213<br />
|439,006<br />
|318,363<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pasrur Tehsil|Pasrur]]<br />
|970,366<br />
|840,847<br />
|611,871<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daska Tehsil|Daska]]<br />
|980,547<br />
|847,117<br />
|605,435<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sambrial Tehsil|Sambrial]]<br />
|460,280<br />
|410,823<br />
|298,431<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sialkot Tehsil|Sialkot]]<br />
|2,088,201<br />
|1,796,151<br />
|1,207,744<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chunian Tehsil|Chunian]]<br />
|979,746<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kasur Tehsil|Kasur]]<br />
|1,603,658<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Radha Kishan Tehsil|Kot Radha Kishan]]<br />
|424,875<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pattoki Tehsil|Pattoki]]<br />
|1,076,007<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lahore Cantonment Tehsil|Lahore Cantonment]]<br />
|1,885,098<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lahore City, Tehsil|Lahore City]]<br />
|4,123,354<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Model Town Tehsil|Model Town]]<br />
|3,244,906<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raiwind Tehsil|Raiwind]]<br />
|1,080,637<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shalimar Tehsil|Shalimar]]<br />
|2,670,140<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nishtar Town|Nishtar]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Wagah tehsil|Wagah]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Iqbal Town, Lahore|Iqbal Town]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ravi, Tehsil|Ravi]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Saddar lahore|Saddar]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sangla Hill Tehsil|Sangla Hill]]<br />
|269,993<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Nankana Sahib Tehsil|Nankana Sahib]]<br />
|1,065,063<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shah Kot Tehsil|Shah Kot]]<br />
|299,815<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muridke]]<br />
|721,192<br />
|639,589<br />
|452,369<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ferozewala Tehsil|Ferozewala]]<br />
|997,246<br />
|794,489<br />
|396,069<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Safdarabad Tehsil|Safdarabad]]<br />
|320,851<br />
|272,807<br />
|227,715<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sheikhupura Tehsil|Sheikhupura]]<br />
|1,780,837<br />
|1,555,660<br />
|1,049,264<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sharak Pur Tehsil|Sharak Pur]]<br />
|229,292<br />
|197,459<br />
|150,747<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jahanian Tehsil|Jahanian]]<br />
|384,822<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kabirwala Tehsil|Kabirwala]]<br />
|1,119,229<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khanewal Tehsil|Khanewal]]<br />
|987,445<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mian Channu Tehsil|Mian Channu]]<br />
|872,581<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dunyapur Tehsil|Dunyapur]]<br />
|571,333<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kahror Pacca Tehsil|Kahror Pacca]]<br />
|547,761<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lodhran Tehsil|Lodhran]]<br />
|809,205<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalalpur Pirwala Tehsil|Jalalpur Pirwala]]<br />
|608,488<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan City Tehsil|Multan City]]<br />
|2,555,486<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan Saddar Tehsil|Multan Saddar]]<br />
|1,516,004<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shujabad Tehsil|Shujabad]]<br />
|682,327<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jallah Jeem|Jallah jeem]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Burewala Tehsil|Burewala]]<br />
|1,204,255<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mailsi Tehsil|Mailsi]]<br />
|1,120,407<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vehari Tehsil|Vehari]]<br />
|1,105,759<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Attock Tehsil|Attock]]<br />
|516,277 <br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fateh Jang Tehsil|Fateh Jang]]<br />
|374,726<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hasan Abdal|Hassan Abdal]]<br />
|253,670<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hazro Tehsil|Hazro]]<br />
|386,544<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jand Tehsil|Jand]]<br />
|330,328<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pindi Gheb Tehsil|Pindi Gheb]]<br />
|308,878<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chakwal Tehsil|Chakwal]]<br />
|768,622<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil|Choa Saidan Shah]]<br />
|167,537<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kallar Kahar Tehsil|Kallar Kahar]]<br />
|196,449<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dina Tehsil|Dina]]<br />
|277,182<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]]<br />
|507,788<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil|Pind Dadan Khan]]<br />
|371,971<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sohawa Tehsil|Sohawa]]<br />
|225,367<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rawalpindi Tehsil|Rawalpindi]]<br />
|3,744,590<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gujar Khan Tehsil|Gujar Khan]]<br />
|781,578<br />
|678,503<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]]<br />
|237,843<br />
|220,576<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kallar Syedan Tehsil|Kallar Syedan]]<br />
|242,709<br />
|217,273<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Taxila Tehsil|Taxila]]<br />
|739,244<br />
|677,951<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Daultala]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kotli Sattian Tehsil|Kotli Sattian]]<br />
|120,421<br />
|119,312<br />
|81,524<br />
|83,255<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|...<br />
|-<br />
|[[Murree Tehsil|Murree]]<br />
|252,526<br />
|233,471<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]<br />
|1,592,201<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Okara Tehsil|Okara]]<br />
|1,393,746<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Renala Khurd Tehsil|Renala Khurd]]<br />
|529,543<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Arif Wala Tehsil|Arifwala]]<br />
|999,278<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pakpattan Tehsil|Pakpattan]]<br />
|1,136,892<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chichawatni Tehsil|Chichawatni]]<br />
|1,155,978<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Tehsil|Sahiwal]]<br />
|1,725,833<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Khushab Tehsil|Khushab]]<br />
|816,682<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Noorpur Thal]]<br />
|264,597<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Quaidabad]]<br />
|274,959<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Naushera Tehsil|Naushera]]<br />
|144,851<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhalwal Tehsil|Bhalwal]]<br />
|387,262<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhera]]<br />
|384,403<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kot Momin]]<br />
|544,208<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahiwal Tehsil, Sargodha|Sahiwal]]<br />
|407,487<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sargodha Tehsil|Sargodha]]<br />
|1,800,455<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Shahpur Tehsil, Pakistan|Shahpur]]<br />
|424,746<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sillanwali Tehsil|Sillanwali]]<br />
|385,887<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhakkar Tehsil|Bhakkar]]<br />
|809,789<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Darya Khan Tehsil|Darya Khan]]<br />
|421,309<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalurkot Tehsil|Kalurkot]]<br />
|415,708<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mankera Tehsil|Mankera]]<br />
|310,664<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Isakhel Tehsil|Isakhel]]<br />
|414,100<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mianwali Tehsil|Mianwali]]<br />
|908,405<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Piplan Tehsil|Piplan]]<br />
|475,763<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Talagang Tehsil|Talagang]]<br />
|457,635<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lawa Tehsil|Lawa]]<br />
|144,611<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Multan Khurd]]<br />
|...<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan by literacy rate]]<br />
* [[List of tehsils in Pakistan|List of tehsils of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of tehsils of Balochistan|Tehsils of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of tehsils of Sindh|Tehsils of Sindh, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of tehsils of Azad Kashmir|Tehsils of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of tehsils of Gilgit-Baltistan|Tehsils of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Balochistan|Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Sindh|Districts of Sindh, Pakistan]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Azad Kashmir|Districts of Azad Kashmir]]<br />
** [[List of districts in Gilgit-Baltistan|Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Pakistan|Punjab]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_V._Vaitheeswaran&diff=460785Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran2026-02-12T20:15:05Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American journalist}}<br />
[[File:Vijay vaitheeswaran 2007.jpg|thumb|Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran in 2007.]]<br />
'''Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2006/09/28/award |title=Award |publisher=The Economist |date=2006-09-28 |access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref> (b. April 5, 1969) is the global energy and climate innovation editor of ''[[The Economist]]''. Previously he served as ''The Economist's'' U.S. business editor and its first China bureau chief.<ref name="economist1">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory/vijay-vaitheeswaran |title=Mr Vijay Vaitheeswaran |publisher=The Economist |access-date=2013-10-31 |date=2011-06-09}}</ref> His editorial expertise includes climate change, energy and the environment, business, corporate governance, finance, international trade, geopolitics and economics, science, technology and innovation.<br />
<br />
Vaitheeswaran was born in [[Madras]], [[India]] and grew up in [[Cheshire, Connecticut]]. He graduated from [[MIT]] with a degree in mechanical engineering and was named a Harry S. Truman Presidential Scholar by the [[U.S. Congress]].<br />
<br />
He started working at ''The Economist'' as an intern. After a year as a correspondent, he opened the publication's first office in [[Latin America]], in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mr Vijay Vaitheeswaran |url=http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory/vijay-vaitheeswaran |title=Mr Vijay Vaitheeswaran |publisher=The Economist |access-date=2013-10-31 |date=2011-06-09}}</ref> From 1998 to 2006 he was the Environment and Energy Correspondent for The Economist and from 2007 to 2011 he covered innovation and health issues.<ref name="economist1"/><br />
<br />
Vijay is a life member at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=V |title=Membership Roster - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref> He is an advisor on sustainability and innovation to the [[World Economic Forum]], and a regular speaker at the [[Clinton Global Initiative]]. He teaches at [[NYU]]'s Stern Business School. He served previously as chairman of ''The'' ''Economist's'' provocative series of conferences on innovation known as the Ideas Economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ideas.economist.com/event/innovation-0/programme |title=Ideas Economy: Innovation 2012 &#124; The Economist |publisher=Ideas.economist.com |date=2012-03-28 |access-date=2013-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2003 he published ''Power to the People, How the Coming Energy Revolution will Change our Lives, and maybe even Save the Planet''.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Vaitheeswaran<br />
| first = Vijay<br />
| author-link = Vijay Vaitheeswaran<br />
| title = Power to the People: How the Coming Energy Revolution Will Transform an Industry, Change Our Lives, and Maybe Even Save the Planet<br />
| date = 2004-12-09<br />
| publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux<br />
| isbn = 978-0-374-52970-3<br />
| page = 368<br />
}}</ref> The book pays particular attention to [[alternative fuel]] sources, such as those used in the [[Tesla Roadster (2008)]] and [[plug-in hybrid]]s. The book also examines the benefits of distributed power and [[smart grid]]s. The book was reviewed by Nobel Prize winner (and former Chief Science Advisor to the [[White House]]) [[John Holdren]] in ''[[Scientific American]]'' as "by far the most helpful, entertaining, up-to-date and accessible treatment of the energy-economy-environment problematique available."<ref>{{cite web|last=Holdren |first=John P. |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hodren-quest-for-affordable-energy |title=The Quest for Affordable Energy |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, he co-authored ''ZOOM": The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future'', with Iain Carson.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Vaitheeswaran<br />
| first = Vijay<br />
| author-link = Vijay Vaitheeswaran<br />
| author2 = Iain Carson<br />
| title = ZOOM: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future<br />
| year = 2007<br />
| publisher = Twelve<br />
| isbn = 978-0-446-58004-5<br />
| page = [https://archive.org/details/zoomglobalraceto00cars/page/352 352]<br />
| url-access = registration<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/zoomglobalraceto00cars/page/352<br />
}}</ref><br />
''ZOOM'' was nominated as a finalist for the [[Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award|Financial Times Business Book of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4142fee4-7d60-11dc-9f47-0000779fd2ac |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221231/https://www.ft.com/content/4142fee4-7d60-11dc-9f47-0000779fd2ac#axzz1mL4Wkiy6 |archive-date=2022-12-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Excerpt: Zoom, by Iain Carson and Vijay Vaitheeswaran |publisher=FT.com |date=2007-10-18 |access-date=2012-07-23 }}</ref><br />
<br />
His 2012 [[HarperCollins]] book on the future of global innovation, ''Need, Speed and Greed: How the New Rules of Innovation Can Transform Businesses, Propel Nations to Greatness, and Tame the World's Most Wicked Problems,''<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Vaitheeswaran<br />
| first = Vijay<br />
| author-link = Vijay Vaitheeswaran<br />
| title = NEED, SPEED and GREED<br />
| year = 2012<br />
| publisher = HarperCollins<br />
| isbn = 978-0-06-207599-4<br />
| page = 304<br />
}}</ref> which was called "the perfect primer for the postindustrial age."<ref>{{cite web|last=McKinney |first=Phil |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/vijay-v-vaitheeswaran/need-speed-greed/#review |title=NEED, SPEED, AND GREED by Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran &#124; Kirkus Book Reviews |publisher=Kirkusreviews.com |access-date=2012-07-23}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vijaytothepeople.com/ Power to the People] ''official website''<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/mediadirectory/listing.cfm?journalistID=30 Profile] at ''[[The Economist]]''<br />
*[http://us.macmillan.com/author/vijayvvaitheeswaran Author profile] at ''[[Macmillan Publishers]]''<br />
*[http://www.insightbureau.com/VijayVaitheeswaran.html Speaking Agent - The Insight Bureau]<br />
*[http://www.thelavinagency.com/speaker-vijay-v-vaitheeswaran.html Profile] at The Lavin Agency<br />
*{{C-SPAN|1014375}}<br />
*{{Charlie Rose view|1112}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|1587507}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]<br />
[[Category:The Economist people]]<br />
[[Category:American male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Hybrid electric vehicle advocates]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cheshire, Connecticut]]<br />
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilahara_dynasty&diff=534968Shilahara dynasty2026-02-06T06:27:50Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding a stub w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|8th-13th century Indian dynasty}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name = Shilahara Dynasty<br />
| common_name = Shilahara<br />
| year_start = 800<br />
| year_end = 1212<br />
| capital = [[Kolhapur]], [[Thane]]<br />
| religion = [[Jainism]]<br />
| common_languages = [[Kannada]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannada Inscriptions From Maharashtra |url=https://210.212.169.38/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1931/Kannada%20Inscription%20from%20maharashtra.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref name="Pai">The Shilaharas were Kannadigas as established in their inscriptions (Govind Pai, 1993, p. 99)</ref> [[Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite book |author= Richard Salomon |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA100 |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 0195099842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=V. V. Mirashi|chapter=Texts and Translations|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.6 (inscriptions Of The Silaharas)|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108176/mode/2up?q=Marathi|year=1977|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi}}</ref><br />
| government_type = Monarchy<br />
| p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty<br />
| flag_p1 = Indian Rashtrakuta Empire map.svg<br />
| s1 = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty<br />
| flag_s1 = Map of the Yadavas.png<br />
| today = [[India]]<br />
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1000|center||{{Annotation|75|133|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|40px]]}}||none}}<br />
| image_map_caption = {{center|Main South Asian polities in 1000, on the eve of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] invasions of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=32|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=069#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}<br />
| image_coat = Shilaharas Coins 25-07-20 15-25-17-821.png<br />
| coa_size = 300px<br />
| symbol_type = Anonymous Gold Coins (perhaps from Kolhapur Shilaharas) dating from the 10th–11th centuries.<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Shilahar.jpg|thumb|Billon Drachm coins of the Shilahara dynasty, c. 1210–1302.<br><br />
'''Obv:''' Head of a king.<br />
'''Rev:''' A horseman fighting two foot-soldiers with a third behind him and a fourth dead at his horse's feet.]]'''Shilahara dynasty''' (IAST: Śilāhāra) was a royal house that ruled parts of western India between the 8th and 13th centuries CE. The Shilaharas Originally vassals of the powerful [[Rashtrakutas|Rashtrakuta Empire]], the Shilaharas rose to prominence and established three semi-independent branches that governed over North Konkan, South Konkan, and the Kolhapur region of present-day Maharashtra. Their rule was marked by regional consolidation, temple patronage, and the promotion of religious pluralism—especially Jainism.<ref>Fleet, J. F. (1896). *The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency. Government Central Press. pp. 152–156.</ref><br />
<br />
The dynasty is believed to have been of Kannadiga origin, with deep cultural and administrative ties to the Deccan. Their early records, composed in Sanskrit and Kannada, point to close associations with Jain Acharyas and they were instrumental in the spread of Jainism in western Maharashtra.<ref>Settar, S. (1991). Jainism in South India. Kannada University, Dharwad. pp. 117–119.</ref><br />
<br />
Shilahara rulers were known for building and endowing Jain temples (basadis) and Hindu shrines, issuing copperplate grants, and commissioning inscriptions in Kannada, Sanskrit, and early Marathi. Their courts supported [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Marathi literature|Marathi]] literature, and they maintained a legacy of decentralized yet stable governance.<ref>Nandgude, S. (2002). Shilahara Dynasty of Maharashtra. University of Pune Dissertation.</ref><br />
<br />
While the North Konkan branch was centered in Thane and ruled until the 13th century, the Kolhapur line, which became the most prominent, lasted until around 1212 CE, when it fell to the Yadavas of Devagiri. Despite their decline, the Shilaharas left a lasting architectural and epigraphic footprint, particularly in Konkan and southern Maharashtra.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
===Origins and branches===<br />
The dynasty was founded under the suzerainty of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Govinda III]]. Kapardin I was placed in charge of Northern Konkan, while Sanaphulla established the Southern Konkan branch. The powerful Kolhapur branch emerged later under Jatiga II, eventually ruling independent of direct Rashtrakuta genealogy.<br />
<br />
The dynasty's [[origin myth]] traced their family's ancestry to a [[vidyadhara]] prince named Jimutavahana and a warrior named Silara who defended Konkan against [[Parashurama]]'s arrows.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mayur Thakare |title=The Witness of Ages: Archaeology of the Madh Island and Versova, Mumbai Suburban District |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=4 |year=2016 |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume4/36.pdf |page=547 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Territorial Extent and Branches===<br />
<br />
The Shilahara dynasty ruled different parts of western India between the 8th and 13th centuries. The kingdom was divided into three major branches:<br />
<br />
• North Konkan Branch: Centered around modern-day Mumbai and Thane districts, with key ports and trade centers.<br />
<br />
• South Konkan Branch: Controlled areas along the southern coastal belt, including present-day Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg.<br />
<br />
• Kolhapur Branch: The most powerful and enduring branch, it governed much of present-day southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka.<br />
<br />
Each branch functioned semi-independently under the nominal suzerainty of larger empires like the Rashtrakutas and later the Chalukyas. Kolhapur eventually became the most dominant, with rulers like Jatiga II asserting near-complete independence.<ref>Fleet, J.F. (1896). The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency. Government Central Press. pp. 92–95.</ref><ref>Deshpande, M.N. (1986). Art and Architecture of the Deccan. ASI. p. 41.</ref><br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
The Shilaharas were Kannada speaking [[Jains]], though early rulers of the Kolhapur and Southern Konkan branches were especially devoted to [[Jainism]]. Several rulers and queens funded Jain Basadi's, honored Digambara monks, and issued land grants to Jain basadis. King Gonka built a Jain Basadi at Kolhapur after being cured of snakebite by a Jain monk.<ref>Kamatar, A. R. (1984). Jaina Dharma Mattu Kannada Samskriti. Kannada University, Hampi. p. 88.</ref> Under Bhoja I, the Jain Acharya Maghanandi established a Jain religious center at Rupanarayana Basadi, and royal patronage included kings and queens becoming his disciples.<ref>Narasimhachar, R. (1934). *Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. III. p. 34.</ref><br />
<br />
kings like Gandaraditya I and Bhoja II, also supported [[Hinduism]] But Jain influences remained strong in court circles and temple building. Many Jain temples from this era, such as in Kolhapur and Kharepatan, exhibit Chalukyan architectural features fused with Jain iconography.<ref>Settar, S. (1991). Jainism in South India. Dharwad: Kannada University. pp. 117–119.</ref><br />
<br />
Several Jain basadis (temples) were constructed during the Shilahara period, especially in regions such as Kolhapur, Miraj, and North Karnataka.<ref>Settar, S. (1991). ''Jainism in South India''. Kannada University, Dharwad. pp. 117–119.</ref><ref>Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Mandala. pp. 58–60.</ref><ref>Gokhale, B.G. (1984). ''Cultural History of Maharashtra''. Popular Prakashan. p. 76.</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture and Legacy==<br />
[[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Ibrahimpur and Bhogoli in [[Chandgad]] <br />
<br />
King Chhittaraja (North Konkan branch, ruled 1022–1035 CE) commissioned the famous Shiv Mandir [[Ambarnath]] near Kalyan. <br />
<br />
In Kolhapur, Sri [[Shiva|Adinath]] Jain Temple and [[Kopeshwar Temple]] at Khidrapur was built between 1109–1178 CE by Shilahara kings such as Gandaraditya I and Bhoja II. Inscriptions and sculpture indicate a Jain origin<br />
<br />
The [[Walkeshwar Temple]] and the [[Banganga Tank]] were built during the reign of Chittaraja, a king of this dynasty.<ref>[http://www.gsbkonkani.net/TEMPLES/BANGANGA%20SHRI%20WALKESHWAR.htm Banganga, Walkeshwar history]</ref> and [[Kopineshwar Mandir, Thane|Kopineshwar Mandir]], a Shiva temple in [[Thane]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thanecity.gov.in/marathi/page.php?id=4 | title=प्राचीन श्रीस्थानक ते आधुनिक ठाणे शहर |language=mr | publisher=[[Thane Municipal Corporation]] | access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Roopanarayan [[Jain]] temple of 4 different [[tirthankar]] consisting 2 [[Old Kannada]] stone inscriptions of king Bhoja and King Gandaraditya. (10 C.AD) -Mahadwar road [[kolhapur]].<br />
<br />
22nd [[Jain]] tirthnakar [[Neminath]] temple at Khidrapur of king Gandaraditya era of Kolhapur shilaharas, [[Rishabhnath]] [[Jain]] temple at Pattankodoli in [[Hatkanangale]] taluka of Kolhapur Shilaharas has Kannada inscription stating the reign of king Gandaraditya. Temple dedicated to The First tirthankar Of Jainism (11th century A.D), [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Ainapur in [[Gadhinglaj]] taluka, [[Chandraprabhu]] 8th [[Jain]] tirthankar temple at Herle, near Kolhapur with Kannada inscriptions of Shilaharas. [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Baamni and Sangaon in [[Kagal]] taluka. Idol of [[Parshwanath]] [[Jain]] tirthankar found in excavation of [[Hupari]] in [[Hatkanangale]] Taluka has Kannada inscriptions Kolhapur Shilaharas.<ref>Settar, S. (1991). ''Jainism in South India''. Kannada University, Dharwad. pp. 117–119.</ref><ref>Nandgude, S. (2002). ''Shilahara Dynasty of Maharashtra''. University of Pune Dissertation.</ref><br />
<br />
The Shilahara rulers were known for constructing both Jain and Hindu temples across parts of present-day Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref>Gokhale, B.G. (1984). ''Cultural History of Maharashtra''. Popular Prakashan. p. 76.</ref><br />
<br />
==Three main branches of the dynasty later emerged==<br />
<br />
• North Konkan(c. 800–1265 CE), with its capital at Thane<br />
<br />
• South Konkan (c. 765–1029 CE), centered in Kharepatan–Goa region <br />
<br />
• Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE), covering present-day southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka<br />
<br />
These branches ruled semi-independently but shared a common heritage of [[Rashtrakuta]] allegiance, [[Kannada]] influence, and [[Jain]] patronage.<ref>Nandgude, S. (2002). Shilahara Dynasty of Maharashtra. University of Pune Dissertation.</ref><br />
<br />
==North Konkan (Thane) branch (c. 800–1265 CE)==<br />
<!--Location to be determined<br />
"Vihār in the Thāṇā District"<br />
Vihar village in Mumbai (around Vihar lake)?<br />
Virar, which was earlier in Thane district?<br />
<br />
"Chaudharapāḍā, near Lōnāḍ in the Bhiwaṇḍī tālukā"<br />
Chiradpada? Chuadharipada?<br />
<br />
"Nandui, about twelve miles south-west of Vāḍā in the Ṭhāṇā District"<br />
Nandani Gaigotha, to the south-west of Wada in Thane district?<br />
<br />
Kutapur or "Kutāpura village situated in Madhya Pradēśa"<br />
--><br />
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of North Konkan{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|pp=xi-xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="72.99" latitude="18.4"><br />
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8885, 18.62797] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Agarwada (Āgar)" },<br />
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.0848, 18.14813] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Ranwad (Rānvaḍ near Uraṇ)" },<br />
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9180, 18.88057] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9283, 18.46378] }<br />
}<br />
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}<br />
</mapframe><br />
<br />
After [[Rashtrakuta]] power became weak, the last known ruler of this family, Rattaraja, declared his independence. But [[Chalukya]] Jayasimha, the younger brother of Vikramaditya, overthrew him and appropriated his possessions. The second northern Shilahara king, [[Pullashakti]], acknowledged the overlordship of the [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler [[Amoghavarsha]] ({{reign|815|877}}) and was the governor of Mangalpuri under him.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Shilahara records that acknowledge Amoghavarsha, the immediate predecessor of Krishna II, as their overlord |first=|last=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJb-DwAAQBAJ|title=The Archaeology of Knowledge Traditions of the Indian Ocean World|page=|date=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-22073-5}}</ref> The northern Shilaharas continued to be vassals under the Rashtrakutas until the ninth king Aparajit assumed independent rule in 997.<ref>{{cite book|quote=|first=Alexander Kyd |last=Nairne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzPCcILP-XwC|title=History of the Konkan|pages=17–18|date=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0275-5 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Rulers===<br />
<br />
# [[Kapardin I]] (800–825 CE)<br />
# [[Pullashakti]] (825–850 CE)<br />
# Kapardin II (850–880 CE)<br />
# [[Vappuvanna]] (880–910 CE)<br />
# [[Jhanjha]] (910–930 CE)<br />
# [[Goggiraja]] (930–945 CE)<br />
# Vajjada I (945–965 CE)<br />
# Chhadvaideva (965–975 CE)<br />
# [[Aparajita]] (975–1010 CE)<br />
# [[Vajjada II]] (1010–1015 CE)<br />
# [[Arikesarin]] (1015–1022 CE)<br />
# [[Chhittaraja]] (1022–1035 CE)<br />
# Nagarjuna (1035–1045 CE)<br />
# Mummuniraja (1045–1070 CE)<br />
# Ananta Deva I (1070–1127 CE)<br />
# [[Aparaditya I]] (1127–1148 CE)<br />
# [[Haripaladeva]] (1148–1155 CE)<br />
# [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]] (1155–1170 CE)<br />
# Aparaditya II ( 1170–1197 CE)<br />
# Ananta Deva II (1198–1200 CE)<br />
# [[Keshideva II]] (1200–1245 CE)<br />
# Ananta Deva III (1245–1255 CE)<br />
# [[Someshvara (Shilahara dynasty)|Someshvara]] (1255–1265 CE)<br />
<br />
==South Konkan branch (c. 765–1020 CE)==<br />
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of South Konkan{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|p=xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="74.03" latitude="16.48"><br />
{<br />
"type": "FeatureCollection",<br />
"features": [<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
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This house's history is known through one record, the Kharepatan plates of Rattaraja issued in 1008. Rattaraja was the last ruler of this dynasty. The document is extremely important as it not only gives the genealogy of the ten ancestors of Rattaraja but also mentions their exploits. The founder, Sanaphulla, was vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rastrakuta]] emperor Krisna I who had established his power over [[Konkan]] by 765 and probably handed it to Sanaphulla. The Kharepatan plates declare that Sanaphulla obtained lordship over the territory between Sahya mountain and the sea through the favour of Krisnaraja.<br />
<br />
Sana-phulla's son Dhammayira is known to have built a fort at Vallipattana on the Western Coast. Aiyaparaja secured victory at Chandrapuri ([[Chandor]]) in Goa. The reign of Avasara I proved to be uneventful. His son Adityavarman, who is described as brilliant as the Sun in valour, offered help to the kings of Chandrapuri and Chemulya (modern Chaul), 30 miles to the south of Bombay, so the influence of the Shilaharas had spread over the whole of [[Konkan]]. At this time Laghu Kapardi, the ruler of the [[Thane]] branch, was just a boy and the help given to the ruler of Chaul must have been at his expense. Avasara II continued the policy of his father. Indraraja's son Bhima is styled as 'Rahuvadgrasta Chandramandala' because he overthrew the petty ruler of Chandor. At this time the Kadamba ruler Sasthadeva and his son Chaturbhuja were trying to overthrow the Rastrakuta rule. This explains Bhima's opposition to Chandrapuri or Chandor. Avasara III, no doubt, ruled in troubled times, but had no contribution of his to make. Finally, Rattaraja, loyal to the Rastrakutas, was compelled to transfer his allegiance to Taila II.<br />
<br />
Soon after the issue of the plates in 1008, the rule of [[Konkan]] passed over to the later Chalukyas. (Dept. Gazetteer: Kolaba, 1964, Dept. Gazetteer: 2002)<br />
<br />
===Rulers===<br />
# Sanaphulla (765–795 CE)<br />
# Dhammayira (795–820 CE)<br />
# Aiyaparaja (820–845 CE)<br />
# Avasara I (845–870 CE)<br />
# Adityavarma (870–895 CE)<br />
# Avasara II (895–920 CE)<br />
# Indraraja (920–945 CE)<br />
# Bhima (945–970 CE)<br />
# Avasara III (970–995 CE)<br />
# Rattaraja (995–1020 CE)<br />
<br />
==Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE)==<br />
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the reign of the Shilaharas of Kolhapur{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|p=xiii}}" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="74.28" latitude="16.66"><br />
{<br />
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"features": [<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Kolhapur - Mahalakshmi temple and Khāsbāg" },<br />
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{<br />
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"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.3190665, 16.7286767] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Jugul (Jugal)" },<br />
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.6898085, 16.6225433] }<br />
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{<br />
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Shedbal" },<br />
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{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Miraj fort" },<br />
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{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Vhannur - Jain temple (Honnur)" },<br />
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"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Herle" },<br />
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.3264869, 16.7496199] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Tarale Khurd / Tarle Kasaba (Tāḷale)" },<br />
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"type": "Feature",<br />
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The Shilahara family at [[Kolhapur]] was the latest of the three and was founded about the time of the downfall of the [[Rashtrakuta]] Empire. They ruled over southern [[Maharashtra]] and Northern [[Karnataka]], the modern districts of Satara, Kolhapur and Belagavi. Their family deity was the goddess Mahalakshmi, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch of [[Konkan]], the Shilaharas of [[Kolhapur]] claimed to be of the lineage of the Vidyadhara Jimutavahana. They carried the banner of golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was ''Tagarapuravaradhisvara'', or supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.{{sfnm|1a1=Bhandarkar|1y=1957|2a1=Fleet|2y=1896}}<br />
<br />
The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga-II as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana.{{sfn|Dept. Gazetteer|2002}} Hence sometimes they are referred as 'Shilaharas of Karad'. Later on although the capital was shifted to [[Kolhapur]], some of their grants mention Valavada, and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala ([[Panhala]]) as the places of royal residence. Even though the capital was shifted to [[Kolhapur]], Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power during the latter part of the [[Rashtrakuta]] rule and so, unlike the kings of the other two branches, those of this branch do not mention the genealogy of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s even in their early grants. Later on they acknowledged the suzerainty of the [[Kalyani Chalukya|later Chalukya]] for some time. This branch continued to hold the Southern [[Maharashtra]] from circa 940 to 1220.<br />
<br />
It seems that [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]], the last ruler of this family, was overthrown and dispossessed by Singhana in or soon after 1219-20 (Saka 1131) as is borne out by one of Singhana's inscriptions dated Saka 1160.{{sfn|Fleet| 1896}}<br />
<br />
===Rulers===<br />
# Jatiga I (940–960 CE)<br />
# Naivarman (960–980 CE)<br />
# Chandra (980–1000 CE)<br />
# [[Jatiga II]] (1000–1020 CE)<br />
# [[Gonka]] (1020–1050 CE)<br />
# Guhala I (1050 CE)<br />
# Kirtiraja (1050 CE)<br />
# Chandraditya (1050 CE)<br />
# [[Marsimha]] (1050–1075 CE)<br />
# Guhala II (1075–1085 CE)<br />
# [[Bhoja I (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja I]] (1085–1100 CE)<br />
# Ballala (1100–1108 CE)<br />
# Gonka II (1108 CE)<br />
# [[Gandaraditya I]] (1108–1138 CE)<br />
# [[Vijayaditya I]] (1138–1175 CE)<br />
# [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] (1175–1212 CE), last ruler of dynasty<br />
<br />
==Decline and Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The decline of the Shilahara dynasty began in the late 12th century as larger powers in the Deccan, such as the Yadavas of Devagiri started expanding their influence. The northern branch of the Shilaharas in Konkan was subdued by the Yadava ruler Singhana II around the beginning of the 13th century.<ref>Deshpande, M.N. (1976). ''A Cultural History of Maharashtra''. Government of Maharashtra. p. 102.</ref> Similarly, in southern regions like Kolhapur, Shilahara rulers eventually lost control to the expanding Seuna (Yadava) power.<ref>Gokhale, B.G. (1984). ''Cultural History of Maharashtra''. Popular Prakashan. p. 78.</ref><br />
<br />
After their decline, many of the temples, inscriptions, and water tanks built during the Shilahara period continued to be used and maintained by successor dynasties. Some of their temples were modified or expanded by later rulers, but inscriptions bearing Shilahara grants remain important sources of regional history and temple patronage.<ref>Desai, P.B. (1957). ''Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs''. Sholapur: Jaina Samshodhana Mandala. pp. 63–65.</ref><br />
<br />
The legacy of the Shilaharas survives through their architectural contributions, particularly their support to religious institutions, which shaped the cultural landscape of parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka.<ref>Settar, S. (1991). ''Jainism in South India''. Kannada University, Dharwad. p. 119.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Konkan]]<br />
* [[History of India]]<br />
* [[History of Maharashtra]]<br />
* [[History of Karnataka]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="lower-alpha" /><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
* {{cite book |author=Neerkaje Thirumaleshwara Bhat, M. Thirumaleshwara Bhat |title=Govind Pai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvHhDqmJw8C&dq=shilahara+and+their+origin&pg=PA98 |year=1993 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn= 978-81-720-1540-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Dr. Nalini Avinash Waghmare |year=2018 |title=KANNADA INSCRIPTION FROM MAHARASHTRA |url=https://210.212.169.38/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1931/Kannada%20Inscription%20from%20maharashtra.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=R.G. |year=1957 |title=Early History of Deccan |publisher=Sushil Gupta (I) Pvt Ltd |location=Calcutta}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Fleet |first=J.F. |year=1896 |title=The Dynasties of the Kanarese District of The Bombay Presidency}}. Written for ''The Bombay Gazetteer''.<br />
* {{wikicite|reference=<br />
Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (2002): Itihaas : Prachin Kal, Khand -1 (Marathi)<br />
|ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|2002}}}}<br />
* {{wikicite|reference=<br />
Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1960): Kolhapur District Gazetteer<br />
|ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1960}}}}<br />
* {{wikicite|reference=<br />
Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1964): Kolaba District Gazetteer<br />
|ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1964}}}}<br />
* {{wikicite|reference=<br />
Department of Gazetteer, Govt of Maharashtra (1982): Thane District Gazetteer<br />
|ref={{sfnref|Dept. Gazetteer|1982}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Altekar |first=A.S. |year=1936 |title=The Śilāhāras of Western India}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-last=Mirashi |editor-first=V. V. |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum |volume=VI: Inscriptions of the Śilāhāras |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1977 |oclc=5240794 |url=https://archive.org/stream/corpusinscriptio014678mbp#page/n3/mode/2up }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026231253/http://geocities.com/ancientcoinsofindia/shilacoinex.html Silver Coin of Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra (Coinex 2006 – Souvenir)] (archived)<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilhara}}<br />
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Jain_empires_and_kingdoms]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]<br />
[[Category:Shilahara dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Jainism_in_Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Jain dynasties]]<br />
[[Category:History of Jainism]]<br />
[[Category:Jainism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval history of India]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sujit_Guha&diff=454700Sujit Guha2026-02-05T20:07:00Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film director (born 1950)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Sujit Guha''' (born 23 July 1950) is an Indian film director known for his works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090220/jsp/entertainment/story_10561503.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912195929/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090220/jsp/entertainment/story_10561503.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=KoJee on a roll|publisher=telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2013-11-10|last=Nag|first=Kushali|date=2009-02-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
* ''[[Miss Butterfly]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Kellafote]]'' (2010) <br />
* ''[[Mon Je Kore Uru Uru]]'' (2010) <br />
*''[[Neel Akasher Chandni]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Naa]]'' (2008) <br />
* ''[[Sangharsha]] '' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Eri Naam Prem]]'' (2006) <br />
* ''Agnipath'' (2005)<br />
* ''[[Nayak - The Real Hero|Nayak]]'' (2005) <br />
* ''[[Deva (2002 film)|Deva]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''Prem Pratigya'' (2001)<br />
* ''Kulangar'' (2000)<br />
* ''Agnisikha'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Ganga (1998 film)|Ganga]]'' (1998) <br />
* ''[[Manasa Kanya]]'' (1997)<br />
* ''[[Moner Manush (1997 film)|Moner Manush]]'' (1997) <br />
* ''[[Pratham Dekha]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Ananda Niketan]]'' (1991) <br />
* ''[[Mandira (film)|Mandira]]'' (1990) <br />
* ''[[Amar Prem (1989 film)|Amar Prem]]'' (1989) <br />
* ''[[Aakrosh (1989 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (1989) <br />
* ''[[Jhankar]]'' (1989)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nB1AAAAIAAJ&q=sujit+guha+jankhar |title=Indian Cinema |date=1990 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Bandini (1989 film)|Bandini]]'' (1989) <br />
* ''[[Asha O Bhalobasha]]'' (1989) <br />
* ''[[Dolanchanpa]]'' (1987) <br />
* ''[[Amar Sangi|Amar Sangee]]'' (1987) <br />
* ''[[Kshyapa Thakur]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''[[Bouma (film)|Bouma]]'' (1986) <br />
* ''[[Abhimaan (1986 film)|Abhiman]]'' (1986) <br />
* ''[[Lalmahal]]'' (1986) <br />
* ''[[Dadamoni]]'' (1984) <br />
* ''[[Sankalpa (film)|Sankalpa]]'' (1982)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|0346623}}<br />
<br />
{{Sujit Guha}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Sujit}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jessore District]]<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhyamgram_railway_station&diff=514536Madhyamgram railway station2026-02-05T18:11:34Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Madhyamgram<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway<br />
| image = Madhyamgram station.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = [[Madhyamgram]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.694665|88.452830|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|13|m|ft}}<br />
| line = <!-- line information is detailed under "services" --><br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]<br />
| platform = 3<br />
| tracks = 3<br />
| parking = Not available<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|1906}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = {{start date and age|1972}}<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = MMG<br />
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| status = {{color|green|Active}}<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_type = India West Bengal<br />
| map_dot_label = Madhyamgram<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
| map_caption = Location of Madhyamgram railway station in West Bengal<br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=New Barrackpur|right=Hridaypur|to-left=Sealdah|to-right=Bangaon Junction|type=[[Dum Dum–Bangaon branch line]]}}<br />
| route_map = {{Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}'''Madhyamgram railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station in the town of [[Madhyamgram]]. It serves the local areas of [[Madhyamgram]], Badu and Sajirhat in [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The main line of the Eastern Bengal Railway from {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} to [[Ranaghat]], was opened in 1862 and extended the same year to [[Kushtia Sadar Upazila|Kushtia]], now in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R.P. Saxena |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |access-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html |title =Nadia, Bengal District Gazetteers (1910) |last= J.H.E.Garrett | publisher= [[IRFCA]] | access-date = 2012-02-10 }}</ref> In 1882–84 the Bengal Central Railway Company constructed two lines: one from [[Dum Dum]] to [[Khulna]], now in Bangladesh, via [[Bangaon]] and the other linking Ranaghat and Bangaon.<ref name=history/> The Madhyamgram railway station lies in the Dum Dum–Bangaon section and was opened in 1906.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}.<br />
<br />
===Redevelopment===<br />
In 2024, [[Ministry of Railways]] allocated {{INRConvert|13.27|c}} for the redevelopment purpose of this station under the [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]].<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলার এই ১৭ স্টেশনকে ঝাঁ চকচকে করে তুলছে রেল! কাজের পরে কেমন দেখতে হবে? রইল ছবি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/17-stations-of-wb-under-eastern-railways-to-be-redeveloped-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-check-images-of-panagarh-others-31708782064751.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145651/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/17-stations-of-wb-under-eastern-railways-to-be-redeveloped-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-check-images-of-panagarh-others-31708782064751.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=Hindustantimes Bangla |date=24 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electrification ==<br />
The Sealah–Dum Dum–Barasat–Ashok Nagar–Bangaon sector was electrified in 1972.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Station complex==<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title =Madhyamgram track layout<br />
| title-bg=<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map =<br />
cd!~\\CONTg\<br />
cd!~\ENDEa\STR\CONTg<br />
cd!~\KRWg+l\KRWgr\STR<br />
cd!~\STR\KRWg+l\KRWgr<br />
cd!~\STRg\STRg\STRf<br />
cd!~\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stnlnk|Bangaon Junction}}<br />
\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L)\c!~c*1<br />
cd!~\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\PSTR(L) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}<br />
cd!~\STRg\STRg\STRf<br />
cd!~\STR\KRWg+l\KRWgr<br />
cd!~\STR\STR\STR<br />
cd!~\WASSERq\WVIADUKT1-R\STR\WVIADUKT1-L\WASSERq~~ Noai Canal<br />
cd!~\KRWgl\KRWg+r\STR<br />
cd!~\ENDEe\STR\STR<br />
cd!~\\STRg\STRf<br />
cd!~\\CONTf\CONTf<br />
| bottom = {{center|Station with three tracks<br>and one side platforms<br>and two island platforms}}<br />
}}}}<br />
The structure of the station is not so large. There is only one entrance in [[Railway platform|platform]] no. 1. The computerised ticket counter is present in platform no. 1. All the [[Sealdah]] and [[Dum Dum]]-bound trains arrive at platform no.1 and all the [[Bangaon]], [[Gobardanga]], [[Thakurnagar]], [[Habra]], [[Duttapukur]], [[Basirhat]] and [[Hasnabad]]-bound trains arrive at platform no. 2 and 3. There are many [[Street food|food stalls]] and vendors on both the platforms. A [[Footbridge|foot overbridge]] connects the two platforms. A [[level crossing]] exists at the southernmost end of the railway station. There is a road [[overbridge]] to the north of the station and to the south, there exists the bridge over the Noai Canal.<br />
<br />
=== Station layout ===<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], <small>[[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Towards →{{stnlnk|Sealdah}}→ →<br />
|-<br />
|'''Track 2'''<br />
|{{0|→}} Towards ←[[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon]]← ←<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], <small>[[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right </small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Island platform]], No- 3 doors will open on the left/right</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 3'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Metro Railway ==<br />
<br />
=== Extension plan from Noapara to Barasat ===<br />
<br />
The proposed [[Kolkata Metro Yellow Line]] extension alignment pass through [[Dum Dum]] Cantonment and [[Jessore Road]] up to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Biman Bandar]] station. From there, the line would run under [[National Highway 34 (India)|Jessore Road]] until [[New Barrackpore]] before reaching the surface at [[Madhyamgram]] station. From Madhyamgram to Barasat, the alignment would be elevated. However, for crossing the existing road [[overbridge]] at Madhyamgram and Barasat, the alignment would descend gradually to ground level and rise again on viaduct. This is supposed to be beneficial for the people of [[North 24 Parganas district]] and will bring them closer to [[Kolkata]]'s Business district. This would reduce the heavy pressure on Sealdah–Barasat section of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]. The Madhyamgram Metro railway station is to be constructed in the Madhyamgram–Barasat section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata Metro Official Map|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1504000368490-System%20Map%20of%20Metro%20Railway_31_03_2017.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barasat Metro Progressing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-to-run-below-surface-after-airport/articleshow/70342134.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
Work for the [[Noapara, West Bengal|Noapara]]–[[Barasat]] (via [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSC Bose Airport]]) metro extension has come to a halt as construction giant [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] has pulled out of the 17 [[Kilometre|km]] metro corridor project. L&T was unable to get on with the work due to the encroachment on railway land. L&T has moved out all major equipment from the project site at Barasat and has closed down two of the three site offices. The lone site office is locked.<ref>{{cite web|title=End of the road for Noapara–Barasat metro extension|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/End-of-the-road-for-Dum-Dum-Barasat-metro-extension/articleshow/17755909.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-25/kolkata/35999100_1_railway-land-metro-corridor-encroachment|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=25 December 2012|format=Web page|work=[[The Times of India]]|year=2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
* [[North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
* [[Indian Railways]]<br />
* [[Sealdah railway station]]<br />
* [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line]]<br />
* [[Bangaon Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Transport in West Bengal]]<br />
* [[List of railway stations in India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/madhyamgram-mmg/8652 Madhyamgram railway station map]<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}<br />
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Madhyamgram/@22.6947381,88.4527216,94m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f89f3a6403a015:0x54945a95b0bcb79b!8m2!3d22.6947689!4d88.4528267|title=Madhyamgram Railway station}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}<br />
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1906]]<br />
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Trade_Center_Thane&diff=545855World Trade Center Thane2026-02-05T06:16:51Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding new info v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Business complex in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}'''World Trade Centre, Thane (WTC Thane)''' is a commercial and logistics complex under construction in [[Wagle Estate]], Thane, [[Maharashtra]], India. The project is licensed by the [[World Trade Centers Association]] (WTCA), it is planned to include India's tallest Urban Distribution Centre (UDC) as part of a mixed-use high-rise integrating Grade A office space, retail units, and customer experience zones.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=World Trade Centers Association |url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-thane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709161925/https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-thane |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=www.wtca.org |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s Tallest Urban Distribution Center In Thane |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/newsviews/indias-tallest-urban-distribution-center-in-thane-117995.html |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=Realty Plus Magazine |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History and development ==<br />
The development was announced in 2024 following a licensing agreement between Welspun One and the WTCA. The project carries an estimated investment of ₹800 [[crore]] (approximately USD 103 million) and is described as a first-of-its-kind integrated facility in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=17 December 2024 |title=Welspun One, WTCA ink pact for Rs 800-cr urban warehousing project In Thane |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/welspun-one-wtca-ink-pact-for-rs-800-cr-urban-warehousing-project-in-thane/articleshow/116370940.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It is located in Wagle Estate, an established commercial and industrial area in Thane.{{cn|date=November 2025}} The location was selected for its proximity to residential areas, corporate offices, and transport infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan to increase number of India licensees to 50: World Trade Centers Association |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/plan-to-increase-number-of-india-licensees-to-50-world-trade-centers-association-12952764.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308104348/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/plan-to-increase-number-of-india-licensees-to-50-world-trade-centers-association-12952764.html |archive-date=8 March 2025 |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
WTC Thane is part of the World Trade Centers Association, a network of more than 300 World Trade Centers in nearly 100 countries.<ref name="auto1"/> The design takes inspiration from vertical logistics facilities associated with other World Trade Centers in Singapore, Tokyo, and Hong Kong.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=Welspun One has huge plans in funding; brings WTC to Thane |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/welspun-one-to-raise-rs-4000-cr-brings-world-trade-centre-to-thane |access-date=11 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The complex is located in central Thane with direct access to the [[Eastern Express Highway]] and planned metro corridors. It is within a 30-minute travel radius of over 200,000 households and a comparable working population.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Welspun One To Invest Rs 800 Crore In Urban Distribution Centre In Thane |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/welspun-one-to-invest-rs-800-crore-in-urban-distribution-centre-in-thane |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:World Trade Centers]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patti,_Uttar_Pradesh&diff=458910Patti, Uttar Pradesh2026-02-03T21:16:04Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: updated lead for consistency per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Patti<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.92|N|82.2|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_m = 84<br />
| population_total = 10788<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=21 August 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP - 72<br />
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->'''Patti''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It's located 25 km of distance from District headquarter. <br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Patti is located at {{coord|25.92|N|82.2|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Patti.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Patti]</ref> It has an average elevation of 84&nbsp;metres (275&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
Patti is a Nagar Panchayat city in district of Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh. The Patti city is divided into 10 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Patti Nagar Panchayat has population of 10,788 of which 5,607 are males while 5,181 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<br />
<br />
The population of children aged 0-6 is 1462 which is 13.55% of total population of Patti (NP). In Patti Nagar Panchayat, the female sex ratio is 924 against state average of 912. Moreover the child sex ratio in Patti is around 889 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Patti city is 81.41% higher than the state average of 67.68%. In Patti, male literacy is around 87.27% while the female literacy rate is 75.09%.<br />
<br />
Patti Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 1,576 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801074-patti-uttar-pradesh.html|title=Census Detail of Patti|last=|first=|date=|website=Census 2011|publisher=Census|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Pratapgarh district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Pratapgarh-geo-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayajirao_Gaekwad_I&diff=533732Sayajirao Gaekwad I2026-01-20T04:46:02Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: adding basic biography and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharaja of Baroda from 1768 to 1778}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{for|Sayajirao Gaekwad III (1863–1939), Maharaja of Baroda State from 1875 to 1939|Sayajirao Gaekwad III}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty <br />
| name = Sayaji Rao I<br />
| title = Sena Khas Khel<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = [[Maharaja of Baroda]]<br />
| reign = 18 August 1768 – 1778<br />
| coronation = <br />
| predecessor = [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] <br />
| successor = [[Fateh Singh Rao Gaekwad]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = <br />
| royal house = [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]]<br />
| father = [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] <br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| death_date = 1792<br />
| death_place = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sayaji Rao Gaekwad''' (died 1792) was the [[Maharaja]] of Baroda from 1768 to 1778. He was the eldest son of [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]].<ref name="playne">{{cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |last3=Playne |first3=Somerset |last4=Solomon |first4=R. V. |author2-link=Arnold Wright |author3-link=Somerset Playne |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |date=1922 |publisher=Asian Educational Services (Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Co.) |location=London |isbn=9788120619654 |oclc=836381195 |pages=14 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA9 |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en |chapter=The State of Baroda}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gaekwad dynasty]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130102172501/http://www.gaekwadsofbaroda.com/ Official Website of the Gaekwads of Baroda]}}<br />
<br />
{{MarathaEmpire}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaekwad, Sayaji Rao}}<br />
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1792 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Gaekwad dynasty|Sayaji Rao I]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Vadodara]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]<br />
<br />
{{India-royal-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Ashok_Nagar_metro_station&diff=460065New Ashok Nagar metro station2026-01-18T22:07:02Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: added details based on references and cleaned formatting based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Ashok Nagar metro station}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />New Ashok Nagar<br />
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br />
| style = Delhi Metro<br />
| image = Noida Metro7.jpg<br />
| image_caption = New Ashok Nagar station<br />
| address = A-706, Block B, New Ashok Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110096<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]]<br />
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| parking = <br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|11|12}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| connections = &nbsp;{{ric|RapidX}} {{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}}<br />
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br />
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}<br />
| code = {{#property:P296}}<br />
| owned = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] Ltd. (DMRC)<br />
| zone = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = Average 12,188 /day<br />377,841 (Month of Jan)<br />
| pass_year = 2015<br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|type=main|left=Mayur Vihar Extension|right=Noida Sector 15}}<br />
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''New Ashok Nagar Metro Station''' is a metro station on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|title=Station Information|access-date=2010-06-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|blue}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''South East bound'''</span><br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 15}} (Delhi-UP Border)</small><br />
|-<br />
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|blue}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span><br />
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar Extension}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
|valign=top|'''L1'''<br />
|valign=top|Concourse<br />
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br />
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
New Ashok Nagar metro station has the following stores:<br /><br />
[[Domino's Pizza|Domino's]], [[KFC]]<br />
<br />
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at New Ashok Nagar metro station are<br />
State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Federal Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Axis Bank & ICICI Bank<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref><br />
<br />
Parking<br />
<br />
== Connections ==<br />
<br />
Auto-rickshaw and E-rickshaw services are available from New Ashok Nagar metro station to Vasundhara Enclave, Dharamshila Cancer Hospital, New Ashok Nagar Police Chowki and supermarkets like Plaza Market or DDA Market.<br />
<br />
Good connectivity to Noida as well<br />
<br />
E-rickshaw facilities also available from New Ashok Nagar to Noida Sec-15, Sec-16,Sec-18(Atta) & Sec-37<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Delhi]]<br />
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br />
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br />
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/ ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
<br />
{{Delhi Metro}}<br />
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Delhi-metro-stub}}<br />
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_Indian_Bengali_films&diff=477716Lists of Indian Bengali films2026-01-14T10:18:57Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{For|the Bengali films produced in Bangladesh|List of Bangladeshi films}}<br />
<br />
'''Lists of Indian Bengali films''' produced in [[Cinema of West Bengal|West Bengal]].<br />
[[Image:Dena paona 1931.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A scene from [[Dena Paona]], 1931 - first Bengali talkie]]<br />
<br />
==2020s==<br />
* List of Indian Bengali films of 2027<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2026]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2025]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2023]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2022]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2021]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2020]]<br />
<br />
==2010s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2019]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2018]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2017]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2016]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2015]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2014]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2013]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2012]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2011]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2010]]<br />
<br />
==2000s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2009]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2008]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2007]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2006]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2005]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2004]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2003]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2002]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2001]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2000]]<br />
<br />
==1990s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1999]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1998]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1997]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1996]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1995]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1994]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1993]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1992]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1991]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1990]]<br />
<br />
==1980s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1989]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1988]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1987]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1986]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1985]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1984]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1983]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1982]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1981]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1980]]<br />
<br />
==1970s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1979]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1978]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1977]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1976]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1975]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1974]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1973]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1972]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1971]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1970]]<br />
<br />
==1960s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1969]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1968]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1967]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1966]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1965]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1964]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1963]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1962]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1961]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1960]]<br />
<br />
==1950s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1959]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1958]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1957]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1956]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1955]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1954]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1953]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1952]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1951]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1950]]<br />
<br />
==1940s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1949]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1948]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1947]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1946]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1945]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1944]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1943]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1942]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1941]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1940]]<br />
<br />
==1930s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1939]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1938]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1937]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1936]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1935]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1934]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1933]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1932]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1931]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1930]]<br />
<br />
==1920s==<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1929]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1928]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1927]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1926]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1925]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1924]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1923]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1922]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1921]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 1920]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Cinema of West Bengal]]<br />
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films]]<br />
* [[List of Indian Bengali actresses]]<br />
* [[List of Indian film series]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian film list}}<br />
{{Film lists by country}}<br />
{{list of lists|film}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali films}}<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language films|*]]</div>PhilSalisbury74https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sobhan_Babu&diff=451955Sobhan Babu2026-01-13T05:59:12Z<p>PhilSalisbury74: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor (1937-2008)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sobhan Babu<br />
| image = Sobhan Babu.JPG<br />
| birth_name = Uppu Sobhana Chalapathi Rao<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1937|01|14|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Krishna District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age |2008|3|20|1937|1|14|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| other_names = Natabhushana<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Santhakumari|1957}}<br />
| children = 4<br />
| yearsactive = 1959{{endash}}1996<br />
| works = [[Sobhan Babu filmography|Full list]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Uppu Sobhan Babu''' (born '''Uppu Sobhana Chalapathi Rao'''; 14 January 1937 – 20 March 2008) was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|title=Telugu star Shoban Babu passes away|work=dna|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102143259/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">Bangaru Panjaram in Venditera Paatalu, Krishnasastri Sahityam, third volume, Vishalandhra Publishing House, Hyderabad, pp.78-82.</ref> He made his film debut in ''[[Bhaktha Sabari|Bhakta Sabari]]'' (1959), but ''[[Daiva Balam]]'' (1959) was his first official release.<ref name="Actor Sobhan Babu passes away">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/actor-sobhan-babu-passes-away/article1224200.ece|title=Actor Sobhan Babu passes away|date=21 March 2008|via=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sobhan-babus-statue-unveiled-in-kurnool/article3318805.ece|title=Sobhan Babu's statue unveiled in Kurnool|date=16 April 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=23 May 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040941/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sobhan-babus-statue-unveiled-in-kurnool/article3318805.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He garnered four [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Filmfare Awards South for Best Actor]], and [[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|Special Mention]] for ''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]'' (1969) at the [[4th International Film Festival of India|4th IFFI]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-telugu-winners-1st-page | title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 1st Page | date=19 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=484 | title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who 1984 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sobhan Babu passes away|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|publisher=DNA India}}</ref> Sobhan Babu was featured in [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|National Award]] winning films such as ''[[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)|Sita Rama Kalyanam]]'' (1961), ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1962), ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963), ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' (1963), which was featured at the 3rd [[Afro-Asian Film Festival]], and ''[[Desamante Manushuloyi]]'' (1970).<ref name="Actor Sobhan Babu passes away"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Panjaram 1969 Telugu Movie Online |url=http://www.basthi.com/movies/bangaru-panjaram-1969-telugu-movie-online/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402185708/http://www.basthi.com/movies/bangaru-panjaram-1969-telugu-movie-online/ |archive-date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |title=6th International Film Festival of India |date=1 November 1976 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=2 May 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is often referred to as ''Nata Bushana.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-27 |title=Sobhanbabu's 100 Days Films List |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927124102/http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |archive-date=2012-09-27 |website=CineGoer}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a film career spanning more than thirty five years, Sobhan Babu starred in over 200 feature films in a variety of roles in films such as ''[[Veerabhimanyu]]'' (1965), ''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' (1969), ''[[Tara Sasankam]]'' (1969), ''[[Kalyana Mandapam]]'' (1971), ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' (1971), ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanamu|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1972), ''[[Sarada (1973 film)|Sarada]]'' (1973), ''[[Manchi Manushulu]]'' (1974), ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (1975), [[Soggadu (1976 film)|''Soggadu'']] (1976), ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (1977), ''[[Mallepoovu]]'' (1978), ''[[Gorintaku (1979 film)|Gorintaku]]'' (1979), [[Karthika Deepam (film)|''Karthika Deepam'']], (1979), ''Mosagadu'' (1980), ''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]'' (1982), and ''[[Mundadugu]]'' (1983).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film world|year=1973|volume=9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Sobhanbabu was born to Uppu Suryanarayanarao and had four siblings, three sisters, Dhanaranga, Jhansi and Nirmala, and a brother, Sambasivarao. Sobhanbabu completed his initial schooling at Kuntamukkula, [[Mylavaram]]. He pursued his Intermediate in [[Krishna District]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> He completed [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] degree in [[Physics]] at [[Andhra Christian College]], [[Guntur]]. After that he opted for a Law degree in [[Chennai|Madras]] to pursue his cinema career.<ref name="teluguswag.com">{{Cite web|title=A star is born after lot of struggle! {{!}} Telugu Swag|url=https://teluguswag.com/a-star-is-born-after-lot-of-struggle/|access-date=2020-07-28|website=teluguswag.com|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125131818/https://teluguswag.com/a-star-is-born-after-lot-of-struggle/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He married Santhakumari on May 15, 1958. They had three daughters, and a son Karunasesh. He never introduced his son into film industry and he made him a successful businessman. He enjoyed a peaceful family life. Shoban Babu and KV Chalam were best friends, till KV Chalam's death, after that he shared a close friendship with Chandramohan until his last breath. He also helped his workers (driver, chefs, etc) financially and got them settled well. He also used to give valuable suggestions to film actors regarding buying assets and investments. Actor Murali Mohan followed his suggestions and is well settled.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|title=Telugu star Shoban Babu passes away|work=dna|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102143259/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
[[File:Shibhan babu.png|thumb|256x256px|screenshot of Sobhan Babu from a movie scene]]<br />
Babu died on 20 March 2008, aged 71. Shobanbabu, after completing yoga, he freshened up and sat on his favourite "rocking chair" reading newspaper, waiting for breakfast. Suddenly, he suffered a massive heart attack and fell down from his chair and injured his nose. Immediately, family members rushed him to hospital and he was pronounced dead. Tollywood and Kollywood stars paid homage to him, and the whole film fraternity mourned his death. He was cremated at his farm in chennai.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|title=Telugu star Shoban Babu passes away|work=dna|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102143259/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-telugu-star-shoban-babu-passes-away-1157011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] – ''[[Khaidi Babai]]'' (1974)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/sobhan-babu-filmfare-best-actor-award-for-khaidi-babai-film | title=Sobhan Babu Filmfare Best Actor Award for Khaidi Babai Film | date=3 November 2022 }}</ref><br />
*Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu – ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (1975)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/sobhan-received-best-actor-award-for-jeevanajyoti | title=Sobhan Received Filmfare Best Actor Award for Jeevanajyoti | date=3 January 2024 }}</ref><br />
*Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu - ''[[Soggadu (1976 film)|Soggadu]]'' (1976)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/sobhan-received-best-actor-award-for-soggadu | title=Sobhan Received Best Actor Award for Soggadu | date=3 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/1976-filmfare-telugu-winners | title=1976 Filmfare Telugu Winners | date=15 November 2022 }}</ref><br />
*Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu - ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]'' (1979)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/sobhan-won-filmfare-best-actor-award-for-karthika-deepam | title=Sobhan Won Filmfare Best Actor Award for Karthika Deepam | date=4 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-telugu-winners-1st-page | title=Filmfare Awards Telugu Winners 1st Page | date=19 July 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Main|Sobhan Babu filmography}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0004576|name=Sobhan Babu }}<br />
<br />
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Sobhan}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2008 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from Krishna district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>PhilSalisbury74