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Nagendra Singh (politician, born 1943)

2026-04-20T05:28:01Z

Peter120: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|text=President of the International Court of Justice [[Nagendra Singh]] or Samajwadi Party politician [[Nagendra Singh Yadav]] or BJP politician from Gurh [[Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)|Nagendra Singh]]}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nagendra Singh
| image = [[File:Nagendra Singh.jpg|frameless|Nagendra Singh Judev]]
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Madhya Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagod]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = Yadavendra Singh
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagod]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = Ram Pratap Singh
| successor1 = Yadavendra Singh
| office2 = Member, [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014
| term_end2 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Jeetendra Singh Bundela]]
| successor2 = [[V. D. Sharma]]
| constituency2 = [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| office3 = Minister of the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|3|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagod]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Tara Rajya Luxmi
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[B.Com.]] from [[Allahabad University]]
| signature =
| website = [http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/nagendra-singh Nagendra Singh]
}}

'''Nagendra Singh''' (born 2 March 1943) is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and has won the [[2014 Indian general elections]] from the [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. He was previously a minister in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] before becoming [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]].

==Early life and education==
Nagendra Singh was born into the erstwhile royal family of [[Nagod|Nagod State]], India, as the son of Maharaja Mahendra Singh and Maharani Shyam Kumari. Singh married Tara Rajya Luxmi and has two sons. Singh has taken degree of [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web|title = Know Your MP |url=http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/nagendra-singh |publisher=Indian Government }}</ref>

==Career==
Singh has won several elections. He fought election from [[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] and won then became the cabinet minister of [[Madhya Pradesh Government]] in the ministry of [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]. Singh was elected as a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Position and responsibility==
* 1977 - 1985 : Member of the Legislative Assembly, Madhya Pradesh
* 2005 - 2007 : Minister of State, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
* 2003 - 2008 : Member of the Legislative Assembly, Madhya Pradesh
* 2008 - 2013 : Minister, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
* May 2014 : Member of the Legislative Assembly, Madhya Pradesh
* 1 Sep. 2014 onwards : Elected to 16th Lok Sabha
* 15 Sep. 2014 onwards : Member, Standing Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests
* March. 2015 onwards : Member of water Conservation Committee<ref>{{cite web|title=Member of the world water conservation committee |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2015PR244|publisher= PIB Mumbai India}}</ref>
* MLA from Nagod 2018-2023
* MLA from Nagod 2023<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023: Full list of BJP winning candidates">{{cite news|title=Madhya Pradesh Election Results 2023: Full list of BJP winning candidates|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-list-how-many-seats-bjp-won-101701572284857.html|accessdate=8 August 2024|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808121625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-list-how-many-seats-bjp-won-101701572284857.html|archivedate=8 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="MP Assembly Election Results 2023: Constituency Wise Full List of Winners from BJP, Congress and Other Parties - Vidhan Sabha seat winning candidates">{{cite news|last1=Zee Business|title=MP Assembly Election Results 2023: Constituency Wise Full List of Winners from BJP, Congress and Other Parties - Vidhan Sabha seat winning candidates|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-mp-assembly-election-results-2023-shivraj-chouhan-kamath-nath-narendra-singh-tomar-and-other-strong-candidates-of-madhya-pradesh-mp-election-full-winners-list-267172|accessdate=8 August 2024|work=Zee Business|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808121445/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-mp-assembly-election-results-2023-shivraj-chouhan-kamath-nath-narendra-singh-tomar-and-other-strong-candidates-of-madhya-pradesh-mp-election-full-winners-list-267172|archivedate=8 August 2024}}</ref>-

==Social activity==
Singh promoted cultural activity in the form of "Nagod Mahotsav". Preservation of Wild Life, Forest and Environment.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title= Nagendra Singh BJP on Know your Condidate | url=http://www.bjp.org/en/know-your-candidate/candidate/shri-nagendra-singh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nagendra}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:People from Khajuraho]]
[[Category:People from Satna district]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pusa Basmati 1121

2026-04-18T05:42:23Z

Peter120: Created Data - done

{{Short description|Basmati rice variety}}
[[File:Pusa Basmati 1121.jpg|thumb|Field view of Pusa Basmati 1121. Cooked grains are shown inset]]
'''Pusa Basmati 1121''' is an independently derived [[Basmati]] rice variety, evolved through the process of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] over a long [[Plant breeding|breeding]] process. This variety of [[basmati rice]] was developed by [[Padma Shri]] awardee [[Dr Vijaipal Singh]] at [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), New Delhi. It was released for commercial cultivation in ''[[Kharif]]'' season of 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4). By 2007, the variety has become widely popular with farmers, and was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 in 2008. It holds the world record for highest kernel elongation on cooking.

==Breeding history==
[[File:Pb1121 pedigree.jpg|thumb|Pedigree of Pusa Basmati 1121]]
During the 1990s Indian Agricultural Research Institute was actively pursuing the Basmati varietal development programme with several hybridisations under evaluation. One among these was a cross, Pusa 614 derived from several intermediate crosses made between Basmati 370 and Type 3, two traditional cultivars. With the objective of improving grain length and linear cooked kernel elongation among the progenies of Pusa 614, another hybridisation was done using two sister lines, Pusa 614–1-2 and Pusa 614–2–4-3. Selections made during ''[[Kharif]]'' 1992, from the F2 population of this cross, resulted in one line that showed exceptionally long milled rice kernels and high linear cooked kernel elongation. Further selections in the ensuing generations resulted in a superior line, Pusa 1121–92–8-13-3.<ref name= "Pusa Basmati 1121">{{cite journal | title="Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking" |author1=Vijaipal Singh |author-link1=Vijaipal Singh|author2=Ashok Kumar Singh |author-link2=Ashok K Singh|author3=Trilochan Mohapatra |author-link3=Trilochan Mohapatra|author4=Gopala Krishnan S |author5=Ranjith Kumar Ellur|journal=Rice |volume=11 |issue=19 |year=2018 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6|pmid=29629488 |pmc=5890003 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Rice...11...19S }}</ref> It was evaluated with the number IET 18004 in the National Basmati Trials under the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project<ref>Babu VR, Padmavathi Ch, Neeraja CN, Krishnaveni D, Balakrishnan D, Rao LVS, Rao PR, Prasad GSV, Katti G, Ram T, Subrahmanya D, Kumar RM, Prasad ASH, Surekha K, Prasad MS, and Chaitanya U. 2016. [http://aicrip-intranet.in/Documents/AicripSite/50%20Years%20Book%20.pdf 50 years of AICRIP - Way forward]. Technical Bulletin No. 92/2016.
Rajendranagar: ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 292 pp.</ref> in 2002. The variety was identified for release for commercial cultivation in 2003 as Pusa 1121 (Pusa Sugandh 4) and notified vide Gazette of India S.O. 1566(E) dated 5 November 2005<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.1162 dated November 5, 2005 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/E_1162_2012_007.pdf]</ref> by the Ministry of Agriculture, [[Government of India]]. Initially it was released for the national capital region of Delhi. Following the redefinition of Basmati, the cultivar was renamed as Pusa Basmati 1121 and released for the states of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] in 2008, vide gazette notification no. S.O. 2547(E), dated 29 October 2008.<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.1514 dated October 29, 2008 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2008/E_1514_2010_001.pdf]</ref>

==Special features==
[[File:Pusa Basmati 1121 Limca Book of Reords 2018.png|thumb|The entry showing the world record for Pusa Basmati 1121 in the 2018 Edition of Limca Book of Records]]
Pusa Basmati 1121 is a photo-insensitive cultivar, that yields 19–20 [[quintal]]s of paddy per acre as compared to 9–10 quintals for traditional tall basmati. It requires relatively less water and matures earlier than traditional Basmati cultivars. Well known for its extraordinary kernel (grain) length, which can be as much as {{convert|9|mm}} for a single grain, Pusa Basmati 1121 has very high kernel elongation ratio ranging from 2 to 2.5. Kernel elongation ratio is calculated as the ratio between length of cooked rice kernel and length of uncooked milled kernel. When cooked, the rice does not turn sticky, and possesses minimum breadth-wise expansion. Cooked rice is aromatic and has a fluffy white appearance. The grains have alkali-spreading value of 7.0 and intermediate [[amylose]] content of 22%.<ref>{{cite web |title=1121-Pusa Basmati Rice in India |url=https://ricemasterglobal.co.uk/1121-basmati-rice-exporters-in-india/ |website=ricemasterglobal |date=18 May 2023}}</ref>

As per [[Limca Book of Records]] of 2018, Pusa Basmati 1121 holds the world record for longest kernel elongation of cooking, that is 2.7 times of the raw kernel attaining a cooked length of 21.5mm.<ref>[https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Limca_Book_of_Records/c79aDwAAQBAJ|Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best (2018)], Team LBR</ref>

==Popularity and international trade==
As of 2019, Pusa Basmati 1121 had spread over 69% of the total basmati area in Punjab, 35% in Western Uttar Pradesh, 46% in Haryana, 24% in Uttarakhand, 14% in Jammu and Kashmir and 20% in the hill state of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="apeda">{{cite web|url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/Announcements/Basmati_Crop_survey_Report_1_Season_2019.pdf|author=Kamna Malhotra/TCIG/Corp/NCML|date=2019-09-07|title=Basmati Crop Survey Report Kharif 2019|publisher=National Collateral Management Services Limited|location=Gurugram, Haryana|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> Because of its immense popularity across the world, Pusa Basmati 1121 is an important export commodity. Its export has enhanced India's annual basmati foreign exchange earning from ₹50000 million in 2009 to ₹264165.382 million (US$3,540.4 million) in 2021–22<ref name="apeda2">{{cite web|url=https://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/|website=agriexchange.apeda.gov.in|title= APEDA AgriXchange |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> Pusa 1121 has major export share of ~70%.
Pusa Basmati 1121 is widely recognised as the world's longest grain rice and is grown and traded widely in the neighbouring Pakistan.<ref name="www">{{cite web|url=https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/report/Basmati_Rice_Cluster_Report.pdf/Basmati|website=pc.gov.pk|title=Rice Cluster Feasibility and Transformation StudyCluster Development Based Agriculture Transformation Plan Vision-2025 "Basmati Rice Cluster Feasibility and Transformation Study|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>

==Modified varieties==
Pusa Basmati 1121 is susceptible to major rice diseases such as [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] and [[blast disease]]. It also has poor weed competitiveness. Improved essentially derived varieties of Pusa Basmati 1121 to address its weaknesses were developed and released by [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi recently. All these varieties are [[Marker-assisted selection|near isogeneic lines]] of Pusa Basmati 1121 developed through [[Molecular breeding|marker assisted backcross breeding]] and show total agronomic similarity to Pusa Basmati 1121, coupled with its superior grain quality.

=== Pusa Basmati 1718 (IET 24565) ===
Pusa Basmati 1718 (PB 1718-14-2-150) is a [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] resistant variety, possessing two resistant genes for [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] namely, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21''. It is released and notified for the Basmati growing states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi by the Govt. of India Gazette notification no. S.O.2805(E) dated 25.08.2017.<ref>Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No. 2458 dated 29 August 2017 [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/178372.pdf]</ref> It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 136–138 days and produces an average yield of 4.64 t/ ha but has shown potential to yield up to 6.04 t/ha. It has shown high resistant to [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]] disease on cultivation, and significantly reducing the use of [[streptocyclin]], an antibiotic formulation used to control [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae]].
<ref>Singh AK, Ellur RK, Gopala Krishnan S, et al. (2018) [https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijgpb&volume=78&issue=1&article=020 Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1718]. Indian J. Genet. 78(1): 151.</ref>

=== Pusa Basmati 1885 (IET 28807) ===
Pusa Basmati 1885 (Pusa 1885-13-125-20-6) is a dual disease resistant version of Pusa Basmati 1121 carrying two resistant genes, ''xa13'' and ''Xa21'', for [[Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae|bacterial blight]]; and two resistant genes, ''Pi54'' and ''Pi2'', for [[Magnaporthe grisea|blast]]. At field level, Pusa Basmati 1885 has shown high level of resistance to both the diseases with 5.5% yield superiority over Pusa Basmati 1121. It has a seed-to-seed maturity of 135–140 days and average yield of 4.68 t/ ha. This variety it has been released and notified by Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021<ref name="gazette2">{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/232406.pdf|date=2022-01-04|title=रजजरस्ट् ी सं. डी.एल .- 33004/99 REGD. No. D. L.-33004/99 {{pipe}} Government of India Gazette Extraordinary No.8 dated January 3, 2022 |access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> for cultivation in the Basmati growing regions of the Delhi-NCR, Haryana and Punjab.<ref name="AICRIP2021">[http://aicrip-intranet.in/Documents/AicripSite/Progress%20Report%202021%20Vol.I%20-Varietal%20Improvement.pdf AICRIP Progress Report 2021], ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad</ref>

=== Pusa Basmati 1979 (IET 28812) ===
Pusa Basmati 1979 (Pusa 1979-14-7-33-99-66) is a non-GM herbicide tolerant Basmati rice variety suitable for dry [[direct seeded rice]] (DSR) cultivation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting/ | title=Planting - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank }}</ref> The variety shows complete tolerance to the spraying of [[Imidazolidinone|Imazethapyr]], an herbicide that kills all the common garden land weeds.<ref name="AICRIP2021"/> Owing to this character, Pusa Basmati 1979 is ideal for DSR cultivation, wherein weed competition is a major problem. It possesses a mutant allele of ''AHAS'' gene. It is released and notified by the Government of India Gazette notification S.O. 8(E) dated 24 December 2021.<ref name="gazette2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]

Pulivendla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:37Z

Peter120: Created Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pulivendula
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (129-Pulivendla highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pulivendula Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Shri Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy.jpg
| constituency_no = 129
| electors = 223,407
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Pulivendula Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of seven assembly segments of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency is a bastion for the family members of the late [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]; since 1978, the MLA for the constituency has either been him or a member of his family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-kadapa-jagan-sits-pretty-despite-challenge-from-sister-sharmila-tdp-9322727/ | title=In YSR family's Kadapa fortress, Jagan sits pretty despite sister Sharmila, TDP's bids to queer pitch | date=12 May 2024 }}</ref>

[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]]. He was the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of the state, from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 223,407 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|06}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Simhadripuram]]
|-
| Lingala
|-
| [[Thondur]]
|-
| [[Pulivendula]]
|-
| [[Vemula]]
|-
| [[Vempalle]]
|-
| [[Chakrayapet]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Pulivendla Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q26780891,Q60192872,Q60192856,Q60192879,Q60192875,Q60192876,Q60192849"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Penchikala Basi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Chavva Bali Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |Penchikala Basi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=12}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]
|-
| 1991^
| Y. S. Purushothama Reddy
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| 2010^
| rowspan=2 |[[Y. S. Vijayamma]]
|-
| 2011^
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|61.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|73.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|63.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|70.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#2010|2010]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|100.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|70.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.37}}
}}
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pulivendula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSRCP|candidate=[[ Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]|votes=1,16,315|percentage=61.38|change={{decrease}}12.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=M. Ravindranath Reddy|votes=54,628|percentage=28.83|change={{increase}}5.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mulamreddy Dhruva Kumar Reddy|votes=10,083|percentage=5.32|change={{increase}}4.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,764|percentage=0.93|change={{decrease}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=61,687|percentage=30.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,99,492|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desham Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pulivendla<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSRCP
|candidate = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 1,32,356
|percentage = 73.48
|change = +8.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=S. V. Satish Kumar Reddy|votes=42,246|percentage=23.45|change=-3.74}}
{{Election box majority|votes=90,110|percentage=50.03|change=+8.51}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,88,127|percentage=80.63|change=+0.63}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|swing = +50.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pulivendla<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 1,16,000
|percentage = 63.93
|change = -1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = S. V. Sathish Kumar Reddy
|votes = 39,500
|percentage = 27.19
|change = +3.86
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 75,243
|percentage = 41.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 181,444
|percentage = 80.00
|change = +1.35
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desham Party
|swing = Hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= 2011 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Pulivendla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Y. S. Vijayamma]]
|votes = 1,10,105
|percentage = 70.09
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]
|votes = 28,725
|percentage = 18.29
|change = -52.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Mareddy Ravindranath Reddy
|votes = 11,239
|percentage = 7.15
|change = -16.63
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 81,373
|percentage = 51.80
|change = +4.96
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,57,092
|percentage = 83.00
|change = +4.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2010 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=2010 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Pulivendla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. S. Vijayamma]]
|votes = unanimous
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = unanimous
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = unanimous
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pulivendla<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|votes = 1,03,556
|percentage = 70.62
|change = +3.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[S. V. Sathish Kumar Reddy]]|votes=34,875|percentage=23.78|change=-6.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Veluru Chinna Gangireddy]]|votes=3,629|percentage=2.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=68,681|percentage=46.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=146,644|percentage=78.65|change=+2.18}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pulivendla<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|votes = 74,432
|percentage = 67.37
|change = +2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[S. V. Sathish Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 33,655
|percentage = 30.46
|change = -3.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 40,777
|percentage = 36.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 110,482
|percentage = 76.47
|change = +8.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|14.42|78.22|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Vanshidhar Shukla

2026-04-13T00:44:30Z

Peter120: starting a info...

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter, politician (1904–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vanshidhar Shukla
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|01|23}}
| birth_place = Manyora village, [[Lakhimpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|04|26|1904|01|23}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Freedom fighter, Politician, Poet, Writer
| known_for = Writing the patriotic song ''[[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]''
| notable_works =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sri Nagar Assembly constituency|Sri Nagar]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor =
| successor = Banshidhar Misra
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Chhedilal Shukla (father)
| relatives =
}}
'''Pandit Vanshidhar Shukla''' (23 January 1904 – 26 April 1980) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician, and poet of [[Hindi]] and [[Awadhi language]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बंशीधर शुक्ल ने कलम के जादू से दी क्रांति को धार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri/banshidhar-shukla-gave-edge-to-revolution-with-the-magic-of-pen-lakhimpur-news-c-120-1-sbly1018-3662-2023-08-13 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=13 August 2023 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He is best for writing the patriotic song ''[[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]'', which became the regimental [[quick march]] of the [[Indian National Army]], banned by the [[British Raj|British]] in India post-[[World War II]] but later became a patriotic anthem of India after [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Qadam Qadam: the growing popularity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/qadam-qadam-the-growing-popularity-363722 |newspaper=[[Tribune India]] |date=23 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Kadam Kadam' from 'Gumnaami': A song that has inspired generations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/kadam-kadam-from-gumnaami-a-song-that-has-inspired-generations/articleshow/71254484.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sri Nagar Assembly constituency]] of [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], Uttar Pradesh from 1957 to 1962.<ref name=isahitya>{{cite news
|url=http://isahitya.com/index.php/english-sahitya/77-special-articles/316-vanshidhar-shukl-biography
|title=दुर्भाग्य है की हम जनकवि वंशीधर शुक्ल को भुला बैठे
|date=
|work=Isahitya
|language=hi
|access-date=7 August 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200117/http://isahitya.com/index.php/english-sahitya/77-special-articles/316-vanshidhar-shukl-biography
|archive-date=9 August 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vanshidhar Shukla was born on 23 January 1904 in Manyora village, [[Lakhimpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, and belonged to a farming family. His father, Chhedilal Shukla, was also a farmer and poet, known for his [[Alha]] performances, a form of folk narrative singing. After his father's death in 1919, he took on family responsibilities. By 1925, inspired by [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], he became active in the Indian independence movement.<ref name=isahitya/>

== Work ==
He composed literature dedicated entirely to the independence movement. In 1921, He became fully active in politics, and in 1928, he joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] on [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s call.<ref>{{cite news |title=कविताओं से क्रांति की मशाल रोशन की बंशीधर शुक्ल ने |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri/poetry-illuminating-torch-of-revolution-vanshidhar-shukla |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=13 August 2016 |language=Hindi}}</ref> After the Dum Dum incident, Vanshidhar Shukla wrote a revolutionary poem called ''Khooni Parcha'', which became highly popular at the time and was released nationwide in 1928. After the Kheri bomb incident, Shukla's house was raided by the police, and they confiscated revolutionary literature, and he was sentenced to six months in jail. He openly participated in the [[Swadeshi movement]] and Gandhiji's [[Salt Satyagraha]]. Despite facing challenges, he remained determined to assist revolutionaries. In 1940, he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment and faced several other jail terms during the freedom movement.<ref name=amarujala>{{cite news |title=स्वाधीनता आंदोलन में बंशीधर शुक्ल की रचनाओं ने क्रांतिकारियों में भरा जोश |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri/in-the-freedom-movement-the-writings-of-banshidhar-shukla-filled-the-enthusiasm-of-the-revolutionaries-lakhimpur-news-bly4563660124 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=15 August 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Some of his notable poetic works include ''Utho Sone Waalo, Savera Hua hai, Watan Ke Fakiro ka Fera hua hai'', ''Uth Jaag Musafir, Bhor Bhayo'', ''[[Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja]]'', and ''Mera Rang De Basanti Chola''.<ref name=amarujala/> His compilation of poems ''Vanshidhar Shukla Rachnavali'' has been published by the [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. He established the 'Gandhi Vidyalaya' in Lakhimpur Kheri city in honour of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=isahitya/>

== Politics ==
After India's independence, he contested and won the legislative assembly elections held in 1957, becoming a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He served as an MLA from 1957 to 1962, representing the [[Sri Nagar Assembly constituency]] of [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ऐसे भी विधायक : बंशीधर शुक्ल की सादगी और फक्कड़पन की दी जाती हैं मिसालें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri/such-are-the-mlas-examples-are-given-of-banshidhar-shukla-s-simplicity-and-frivolity-lakhimpur-news-bly4744266161 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=5 February 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref> However, he chose not to accept the MLA salary allowance.<ref name=amarujala/><ref name=isahitya/>

== Award and recognition ==
In 1978, Vanshidhar Shukla was awarded the Malik Muhammad Jayasi Award, with a cash prize of ₹5000, by the [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]], Lucknow, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=Seemapandey>Pandey, Seema. Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla Vyakti Aur Rachnakar. Pilgrims Publishing, Varanasi, 2021. {{ISBN|9789350762738}}. Pg. 2.</ref>

In 1977, he was felicitated by the state government of Uttar Pradesh at [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] in a ceremony chaired by storyteller [[Amritlal Nagar]], and attended by prominent Indian writers. In 1953, he was honoured by the Akhil Bharatiya Abhinandan Hindi Sahitya Parishad, Lakhimpur Kheri and by the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, [[Prayagraj|Prayag]]. From 1962 to 1969, he received multiple honours from Lucknow's Hindi community and the Awadh Academi of [[Bahraich]].<ref name=Seemapandey/>

== Legacy ==
Research has been conducted on Vanshidhar Shukla's works at several universities, and [[Kanpur University]] has included his works in the Hindi curriculum. A road in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]] has been named after him.<ref name=amarujala/> A biography titled Pandit Vanshidhar Shukla: Vyakti Aur Rachnakar, authored by Seema Pandey and published by Pilgrim Publishing, [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pandit Vanshidhar Shukla Vyakti Aur Rachnakar |date=2021 |publisher=Pilgrims Book House, Varanasi |isbn=9789350762738}}</ref> The [[Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan]] established an award in his honour, known as the "Vanshidhar Shukla Sarjana Puraskar", which is presented annually to writers for their contributions to [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=डॉ. विनय को निराला और रमाकांत को वंशीधर शुक्ल पुरस्कार |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/raebareli-nirala-to-dr-vinay-and-vanshihar-shukla-award-to-ramakant-21409711.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=27 February 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Vanshidhar}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Awadhi writers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]

Religious significance of rice in India

2026-04-05T04:06:53Z

Peter120:

{{short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Self-published|date=January 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2023}}}}
[[File:Cpongal.jpg|thumb|right|Women cooking rice with jaggery on the morning of the Pongal festival]]
[[Rice production in India|Rice]] has religious significance and spiritual heritage in India, and is considered a sacred grain in [[Hindu]] scriptures such as the ''[[Vedas]]'', ''[[Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa]]'', ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic, and in archaeological finds in places such as the holy city of [[Varanasi|Kashi]].

It is used in various [[Samskara (rite of passage)|religious life rites of passage]] in India such as: dry rice with 'akshata' smeared with red [[vermilion]]; [[nāmakaraṇa]] – naming ceremony of the new born child; [[annaprashana]] – a ritualistic first feeding of a child; as an offering of cooked rice to the sacrificial fire in the [[Yagna kund|yajña kuṇḍa]]; and in the ''Mahabharata''.

In [[Tamil Nadu]], it is worshipped as Ponni Amman. In [[Manipur]] and northeastern India, rice cultivation rites form an important part in the life of the farmer. The largest harvest festivals in the country are inextricably linked to the time when rice is harvested; invariably held during mid-January. These festivals are [[Bihu]] in [[Assam]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Makara Sankranthi|Makara Sankranti]] in [[Karnataka]] and in the northern and the western states of India.

==History==
Rice is a sacred grain in India.<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Prassanjeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2bIBgAAQBAJ&dq=In+certain+parts+of+India,+the+bride+and+bridegroom+are+made+to+even+stand+on+a+pile+of+rice+during+the+marriage+ceremony&pg=PT11 |title=The Ultimate Guide to Cooking Rice the Indian way |publisher=StreetLib |year=2015 |page=11}}{{self-published source|date=February 2023}}</ref> The Atharvaveda defines rice as the "sons of heaven who never die". According to the ''Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa'', the god of rice is called Annadevata, the ancestor of the sacrifice, and also admonishes people to not decry the role of rice. ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' says rice emerged from the body of [[Indra]], and further elaborates: "[f]rom his marrow his drink, the [[Soma (drink)|soma juice]] flowed, and became rice: in this way his energies, or vital power, went from him". Archaeological findings indicate that rice was first cultivated in the region around [[Varanasi|Kashi]].<ref name="Ponni">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xsAwAAQBAJ&dq=Rice+as+a+sacred+grain+in+India&pg=PT384 |last1=Krishna |first1=Nanditha |last2=M. |first2=Amirthlingam |title=Sacred Plants of India |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789351186915}}</ref>

==Religious uses==
[[File:AnnaPrashan (Anna Prashan) - Hindu First Rice Eating Ceremony.JPG|thumb|The [[Samskara (rite of passage)|rite]] of Annaprashana, a ritualistic first feeding of a child conducted in the child's sixth or seventh month of life|left]]
Rice grains are used in the form of blessings known as ''akshata''. Dry rice is smeared with red [[vermilion]] and applied on the forehead of persons as it is said to bestow favourable characteristics. It is one of the ''navadanya'', the nine sacred grains used in sacred ceremonies. During Hindu religious ceremonies, another use of rice is as a 'havis' offering of cooked rice to the sacrificial fire in the ''yajña kuṇḍa'', propitiating gods. Rice smeared with [[turmeric]] powder is sprinkled over worshippers and the newly married couple as a blessing. Only rice can form the base called ''asanam'' (seat) for placing the sacred [[kalasha]] (pot) upon it during religious celebrations. In certain regions of India, the bride and bridegroom stand on a heap of rice during the marriage ceremony.<ref name=Kumar/><ref name=Ponni/>

In [[Antyesti|funeral rites]] of diverse forms, dry rice or sodden rice is placed at or near the mouth of the corpse by all relatives of the dead person, which is a rite generally done before taking the body to the [[crematorium]]. Cooked rice in white colour is also used to denote a pure soul.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTvNBQAAQBAJ&dq=Use+of+rice+in+funeral+rites&pg=PA72|last=Sharma|first=S.D.|title= Rice Origin, Antiquity and History|year=2010|page=72|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439840566 }}</ref><ref name="Puja">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7AAwAAQBAJ&q=Rice+in+death+rites+in+HInduism|last=Charran|first=Swamiram|title=Antyesti Puja Handbook- Funeral Puja|year=2011|page=20|publisher=Heendu Learning Center Inc|isbn=9781105789014 }}{{Self-published inline|date=January 2023|certain=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90nFBQAAQBAJ|author=Dubois|title=Hindu Manners, Customs & Ceremon |date=28 October 2013|page=|isbn= 9781136213410|publisher= Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Pongal fest.jpg|thumb| [[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]], a dish of [[rice]] and [[jaggery]] cooked for the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal festival]]]]
Festivals are linked to pre-sowing, sowing, pre-transplanting, transplanting, invoking the rain gods, protecting and pre-harvesting. Pongal was the biggest and still the most celebrated festival in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5xEAAAQBAJ&dq=it+is+dedicated+to+the+Hindu+Sun+god+and+corresponds+to+Makar+Sankranti.+The+four+days&pg=PA746|title=General Studies (SSC)|author=YCT Expert Team|page=746|publisher=Lakshmi Narayan Printing Press}}</ref> On the day of Makara Sankranthi, cows and bullocks are washed and beautifully decorated, clothed, horns painted, decked with flowers and fed with Pongal recognising their total involvement in the agricultural process of giving milk and tilling the land.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dmcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Cows+and+bullocks,+who+are+associated+with+the+land+through+grass,+milk+or+tilling+are+beautifully+decorated+with+flowers+and+fed+on+%27pongal%27+which+is+also+a+sweet+made+of+rice+and+jaggery.&pg=PT31|last=Bharadwaj|first=Monisha|title= India's vegetarian Cooking|year=2019|page=31|publisher=not known|isbn=9780857838490 }}</ref>

In [[Coorg district]] in Karnataka, a festival called the Huttari festival with 'pudda ari' ({{Translation|new rice}}) is celebrated during the rice harvest season, during January, with great fervour. There is no [[Brahmin]] interference at the time as the celebration which held for a number of days after tasting fresh rice includes consumption of [[brandy]] and [[pork]], widely as part of the celebrations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaUbAQAAIAAJ&dq=the+Huttari+festival+(pudda+ari-new+rice)&pg=RA1-PA485|title=Calcutta Review Volume XXVI|page=485|year=1856|publisher=W.H. Allen And Co, London}}</ref>

During the harvest season in Kerala, "niraputhari" rituals are held in temples, where new rice (puthari) is offered to the deity.

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rice in India]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine|Rice]]

Aaha Kalyanam

2026-03-27T18:16:11Z

Peter120: Created some info needs work!

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by A. Gokul Krishna}}
{{About|the film|the television series|Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaha Kalyanam
| image = Aaha Kalyanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = 
| director = A. Gokul Krishna
| based_on = ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' by [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| story = [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Habib Faisal]] {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Dialogues by | data1= Rajiv Rajaram
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
*[[Vaani Kapoor]]
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
}}
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]
| editing = Bavan Sreekumar
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|21}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Aaha Kalyanam''''' ({{translation|Wow Marriage}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by debutant A. Gokul Krishna and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]]'s [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=Aaha Kalyanam- Yash Raj Films first Tamil film ! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aaha-kalyanam-yash-raj-films-first-tamil-film-news-tamil-nmujljgcabg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223071639/http://www.sify.com/movies/aaha-kalyanam-yash-raj-films-first-tamil-film-news-tamil-nmujljgcabg.html |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A remake of [[Maneesh Sharma]]'s 2010 Hindi film, ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'', the film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Vaani Kapoor]], and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-20 |title=First look of Nani's Aaha Kalyanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-of-Nanis-Aaha-Kalyanam/articleshow/27684405.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226144438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416864_1_first-look-bollywood-aditya-chopra |archive-date=2013-12-26 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> Although it was planned for bilingual release, it was shot completely in Tamil, and a dubbed Telugu version was released simultaneously along with the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aha Kalyanam movie review: Subject no match for Telugu audience |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140222/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/aha-kalyanam-movie-review-subject-no-match-telugu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231411/http://deccanchronicle.com/140222/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/aha-kalyanam-movie-review-subject-no-match-telugu |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 21 February 2014.

==Plot==
Shakthi, a street-smart and fun-loving guy, attends a wedding where he encounters Shruti, an intelligent and quirky woman assisting the wedding coordinator. Shruti suspects Shakthi of gatecrashing to eat for free, but he convinces her that he's part of the film crew. Intrigued by Shruti's dance at the wedding, Shakthi records a video of her routine and tracks her down the next day. However, Shruti reveals her ambition of starting her own wedding planning business, showing no interest in Shakthi's advances.

Both Shakthi and Shruti face familial pressures—Shakthi is urged to return to his village and work in the sugarcane fields, while Shruti's family wants her to get married soon. Shruti makes a deal with her parents to focus on her exams and take five years to establish her business before marriage. When Shakthi's father arrives to take him back, Shakthi lies about starting a wedding planning business and stays with Shruti. Despite promising no romantic complications, Shruti rejects his advances.

Shruti hopes to learn about planning high-class weddings and meets Chandralekha, a renowned wedding planner. Shakthi accompanies Shruti, and Chandra offers him a job after spotting him. Shakthi accepts on the condition that Shruti is hired too. While working with Chandra, Shruti discovers her unethical practices, leading to a confrontation with an angry client. Shakthi defends Shruti and both quit, starting their own business, "Getti Melam," with equal partnership.

They begin organizing small weddings successfully and eventually land a big client. After a hectic yet successful wedding, they celebrate and end up sleeping together. Shakthi feels uneasy and avoids Shruti, unaware that she has fallen in love with him. Misunderstanding her intentions, he tells her the night meant nothing to him. Shruti hides her true feelings but is heartbroken.

Their strained relationship leads to a major fight, causing Shruti to break their partnership, forcing Shakthi to start his own business. Both struggle financially and accumulate debt. However, they receive a lucrative contract that requires them to work together. Despite their differences, they collaborate to recover their losses, dividing the workload. During the wedding preparations, Shakthi tries to dissuade Shruti from getting married, claiming it's wrong and driven by revenge. However, Shruti defends her decision, revealing she moved on after realizing Shakthi didn't reciprocate her love.

Shakthi realizes his love for Shruti but was afraid it would affect their business. Desperate to win her back, he confronts Shruti's fiancé and confesses his love for her. Upon learning about Shakthi's actions, Shruti breaks off her engagement and meets Shakthi on a rooftop. They confess their love for each other, and Shruti calls off her engagement, sealing their reconciliation with a passionate hug.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Shakthivel "Shakthi"
* [[Vaani Kapoor]] as Shruti Subramaniam (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Chandralekha, a famous wedding-planner (Voice dubbed by [[Deepa Venkat]])
* Karthik Nagarajan as GK
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Hyder
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Ramesh
* [[Five Star Krishna]] as Inspector Akhilan
* Dhanajayan as Tyre King
* Neela as Shruti's mother
* Paaki as Shruthi's father
* Henna as Shruthi's sister
* Ajith Menon as Shakthi's father
* Azhar as Danny
* Shuvakar S as Rahul
* Shwetha Shekar as Shalini
* Gandarv Dhinora as Abbas
* Gayatri MR as Sana
{{Colend}}

==Production==
[[File:Nani at Aaha Kalyanam audio launch.jpg|thumb|Nani at the Audio Launch of the film]]
UTV Motion Pictures were reported to have cast [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] in the Telugu version of the film titled ''Bamchikbam'', but the studio later dismissed reports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=UTV denies rumours on Band Baja Barat remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/UTV-denies-rumours-on-Band-Baja-Barat-remake/articleshow/8115506.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-29/news-interviews/29486498_1_rumours-telugu-film-gossip-sites |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Other reports suggested that [[Tamannaah]] would feature in a Tamil version of the film alongside a newcomer, but Yash Raj Films maintained that they had not sold the remake rights of the film and would produce South Indian versions of the film themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-05 |title='Band Baja Barat' to be remade in Tamil |url=http://www.tamilkey.com/band-baja-barat-to-be-remade-in-tamil.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203100757/http://www.tamilkey.com/band-baja-barat-to-be-remade-in-tamil.html |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=Tamilkey.com}}</ref> The Tamil and Telugu versions of the film were cast in doubt when Yash Raj Studios chose to pursue legal action against the makers of the Telugu film, ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'', citing the film's plot was inspired directly from ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-25 |title=Yash Raj Films to sue makers of Jabardasth? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Yash-Raj-Films-to-sue-makers-of-Jabardasth/articleshow/18675530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301054837/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-25/news-interviews/37288811_1_movie-jabardasth-yrf |archive-date=2013-03-01 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the producers maintained that a South Indian version would still go ahead.

[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] signed on to be the leading actor of the film in December 2012 and a photo shoot was held with actress [[Vaani Kapoor]], who had appeared in Yash Raj Films' Hindi ventures, by March 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nani does photoshoot for Band Baaja Baarat remake |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Nani-does-photoshoot-for-Band-Baaja-Baarat-remake--4-300545.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207074115/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Nani-does-photoshoot-for-Band-Baaja-Baarat-remake--4-300545.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |publisher=Telugu.way2movies.com}}</ref> During the making of the film, Vaani Kapoor took training in Tamil and Telugu, while she also revealed that the original Hindi film's script would be adapted to suit the culture of the South Indian audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mon, 2 September 2013 11:16am UTC by BollywoodLife |date=2013-09-02 |title=Vaani Kapoor: Sushant Singh Rajput is a fantastic co-star & Parineeti Chopra lights up the room! – Bollywood News & Gossip, Movie Reviews, Trailers & Videos at |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vaani-kapoor-sushant-singh-rajput-is-a-fantastic-co-star-parineeti-chopra-lights-up-the-room/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908050933/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vaani-kapoor-sushant-singh-rajput-is-a-fantastic-co-star-parineeti-chopra-lights-up-the-room/ |archive-date=8 September 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |publisher=Bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> [[Dharan Kumar]] was signed on to be music director for the project, composing new tunes rather than retaining the original film's music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Dharan gets busy |url=http://www.chakpak.com/content/news/dharan-gets-busy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010347/http://www.chakpak.com/content/news/dharan-gets-busy |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |publisher=Chakpak}}</ref>

The project began shoot by the end of May 2013 and shot in Hyderabad with Padam Kumar, head of Yash Raj Film's operation in South India, being appointed the creative producer on the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-21 |title=YRF's 'Band Baaja Baaraat' in Tamil! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94840.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624022015/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/94840.html |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Scenes were shot predominantly in a swift schedule in Chennai, completing most portions of the shoot with little publicity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Astro Ulagam |date=2013-09-13 |title=Nani and Vaani off to Mysore for a song shoot | Celebrity Diaries | Thirai Ulagam |url=http://www.astroulagam.com.my/ThiraiUlagam/CelebrityDiary/ArticleDetails.aspx?articleid=2078&tab=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203104043/http://www.astroulagam.com.my/ThiraiUlagam/CelebrityDiary/ArticleDetails.aspx?articleid=2078&tab=1 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |publisher=Astro Ulagam}}</ref> The team then shot a schedule in early September 2013 in [[Mysore]] in a set erected near Lalith Mahal Hotel, with rain partially disrupting progress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-12 |title=Rain disrupts Nani's film shooting in Mysore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Rain-disrupts-Nanis-film-shooting-in-Mysore/articleshow/22508775.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-12/news-interviews/42007471_1_film-shooting-vaani-kapoor-mysore-city |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Although it was planned as a bilingual it was completely filmed in Tamil only and was later dubbed in Telugu while the songs and climax scenes were individually shot in both the languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-12-21 |title=Etcetera: Debuting with a crime thriller |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-debuting-with-a-crime-thriller/article5486863.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225231730/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-debuting-with-a-crime-thriller/article5486863.ece |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=2014-01-12 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aaha Kalyanam
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 5 January 2014
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Yash Raj Music
| producer = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Inga Enna Solluthu]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Naaigal Jaakirathai]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack for ''Aaha Kalyanam'' was composed by [[Dharan Kumar]]. The lyrics were written by [[Thamarai]] and [[Madhan Karky]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Madhan Karky (except where noted)

| title1 = Kadha Kadha
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Honeyae Honeyae - Male
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Bon Bon
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Koottali Koottali
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Usha Uthup]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Padhiye Padhiye - Female
| extra5 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Mazhaiyin Saaralil
| extra6 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| note6 = [[Thamarai]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Aaha Kalyanam - Instrumental
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 =
| title8 = The Punch Song (Vada En Machi)
| extra8 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Nivas
| length8 =
| title9 = Padhiye Padhiye - Male
| extra9 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| length9 =
| title10 = Honeyae Honeyae - Female
| extra10 = Supriya Ramalingam
| length10 =
}}

== Release ==
The film initially scheduled to release on 7 February 2014 but postponed to 21 February 2014. The film released in 900 screens worldwide for both versions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222195330/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/103260.html 'Aaha Kalyanam' gets U/A - Tamil Movie News]</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Gokul Krishna's remake follows the original almost beat for beat, but never does anything more. And despite some wonderfully conversational dialogue, we're left with the strange feeling of watching a Hindi movie dubbed in Tamil, along with the realisation that a story alone doesn't make a movie."<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2014 |title=Aaha Kalyanam: Conjugal fights |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aaha-kalyanam-conjugal-fights/article5716741.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301211155/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aaha-kalyanam-conjugal-fights/article5716741.ece |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and stated "''Aaha Kalyanam'' is like going to a colourful wedding and being served tasteless food."<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2014 |title='Aaha Kalyanam' review: This Tamil film is a faithful remake sans creativity |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aaha-kalyanam-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-faithful-remake-sans-creativity/453653-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104325/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aaha-kalyanam-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-faithful-remake-sans-creativity/453653-71-178.html |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave a review stating "Indeed, despite high production values (a contrast to most Tamil movies which suffer in this area) and an impressive degree of sophistry (which Bollywood cinema is known for), ''Aaha Kalyanam'' did not wow me" and rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2014 |title=Movie review: Aaha Kalyanam gets its key elements wrong |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-wow-factor-is-missing-from-aaha-kalyanam/article1-1187000.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222220643/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-wow-factor-is-missing-from-aaha-kalyanam/article1-1187000.aspx |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and stated "like the concept of wedding planning, the film too feels a little alien, and we don't really fall in love with it entirely.... And, yet, for all these flaws, ''Aaha Kalyanam'' manages to hold your interest and that is mainly because of Habib Faisal's winning script."<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Aaha Kalyanam Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/aaha-kalyanam/movie-review/30805367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424145121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/aaha-kalyanam/movie-review/30805367.cms |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "This new-age romance works big time due to the spontaneity of the fresh lead pair, as they light up the screen with their terrific on-screen chemistry. Debutant director Gokul Krisha has packaged the film smartly."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222192412/http://www.sify.com/movies/aaha-kalyanam-review-tamil-15049790.html Movie Review : Aaha Kalyanam]</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' too gave a positive review stating "In all, the movie is a clean entertainer for all" and added that the film is a "Fun, frolic and colourful lighthearted enjoyment" and rated the film 3.5/5.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Aaha Kalyanam - Happily ever after |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aaha-kalyanam-tamil-movie-review-18285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226042127/http://www.indiaglitz.com/aaha-kalyanam-tamil-movie-review-18285 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Behindwoods gave 2.75 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Aaha Kalyanam'' is like a near perfect wedding, which has very less unpleasant moments that are completely overshadowed by the overflowing happiness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaha Kalyanam (aka) Aaha Kalyanam review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/aaha-kalyanam/aaha-kalyanam-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302094213/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/aaha-kalyanam/aaha-kalyanam-review.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.aahakalyanam.com}}
* {{IMDb title|2995992}}

[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]

Rural poverty

2026-03-26T17:27:31Z

Peter120: expand intro per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|Poverty in rural areas, which are often less developed than urban areas worldwide}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}

[[File:Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) - Poor Woman of the Village.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Gustave Courbet]] depicted nineteenth century rural poverty in this painting.]]
{{Rural society}}
'''Rural poverty''' refers to situations where people living in [[rural area|non-urban region]]s are in a [[poverty|state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials]] for living. It takes account of factors of [[Rural sociology|rural society]], [[Rural economics|rural economy]], and [[political]] systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic
disadvantage found there.<ref name="Janvry">Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002. [http://are.berkeley.edu/~sadoulet/papers/Handbook_text.pdf "Rural Development and Rural Policy"]. In B.GardnerG. Rausser (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2, A, Amsterdam: NorthHolland: 1593–658.</ref> Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers.

Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet, [[Feminization of poverty|gender parity]], and improved access to credit and income.

In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with [[spatial inequality]], which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas.<ref name="Kanbur">{{cite book | last1 = Kanbur | first1 = Ravi | last2 = Venables | first2 = Anthony J. | author-link1 = Ravi Kanbur | author-link2 = Anthony Venables | title = Spatial inequality and development | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780199278633 }} [https://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/SpatialIneqIntro.pdf Pdf version.]</ref> Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in [[developing countries]] than in [[developed countries]].<ref name="Jazairy">{{cite book|last3=Panuccio|first1=Idriss |last1=Jazaïry|first2=Mohiuddin |last2=Alamgir|first3=Theresa|title=The State of World Rural Poverty: An Inquiry into Its Causes and Consequences|year=1992|publisher=University Press|location=New York|isbn=9789290720034}}</ref>
[[File:Mozambikes Fighting Poverty Using Efficient and Affordable Transportation in Rural Mozambique (18851895624).jpg|thumb|339x339px|Many parts of rural Africa, such as this community in Mozambique, experience rural poverty. This woman was given access to a bicycle through a rural development program through a [[Bicycle poverty reduction]] program. Access to affordable transportation has been a key part of gaining access to greater economic mobility in many parts of the world. For example, distributing bicycles was one of the key strategies used by China to reduce rural poverty in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Frankie |date=2018-12-31 |title=The Rise and Fall of China's Cycling Empires |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/31/a-billion-bicyclists-can-be-wrong-china-business-bikeshare/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in [[rural development]].<ref name="Jazairy" /><ref name="Otuska">Otsuka, Keijiro. 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=14VOKPWCJM0C Rural poverty and income dynamics in Asia and Africa.] New York: Routledge.</ref> According to the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]], 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are [[Smallholding|smallholders]] or [[Farmworker|agricultural workers]] whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming food systems for rural prosperity |url=https://www.ifad.org/en/rural-development-report/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.ifad.org |language=en}}</ref> These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to [[effects of climate change on agriculture|affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Barbier|first1=Edward B.|last2=Hochard|first2=Jacob P.|date=June 2018|title=Poverty, rural population distribution and climate change|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/article/abs/poverty-rural-population-distribution-and-climate-change/AC50CF7C85013A57F8AACCAA49B29C09|journal=Environment and Development Economics|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=234–256|doi=10.1017/S1355770X17000353|s2cid=158642860 |issn=1355-770X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Hallegatte|first1=Stephane|last2=Fay|first2=Marianne|last3=Barbier|first3=Edward B.|date=June 2018|title=Poverty and climate change: introduction|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/article/poverty-and-climate-change-introduction/EAE3DA276184ED0DAEE6062E5DB0DB17|journal=Environment and Development Economics|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=217–233|doi=10.1017/S1355770X18000141|s2cid=158756317 |issn=1355-770X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Thus the [[climate crisis]] is expected to reduce the effectiveness of programs reducing rural poverty and cause [[Climate migrant|displacement of rural communities to urban centers]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Sustainable Development Goal 1|Sustainable Development Goal 1: No Poverty]] sets international goals to address these issues, and is deeply connected with investments in a [[sustainable food system]] as part of [[Sustainable Development Goal 2|Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SDG 2. Zero hunger {{!}} Sustainable Development Goals {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals/goal-2/en/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.fao.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SDG 1. No poverty {{!}} Sustainable Development Goals {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals/goal-1/en/ |access-date=2021-10-10 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref>

==Prevalence==

[[File:Share of rural population living in poverty at national poverty lines, OWID.svg|thumb|A graphic from [[Our World in Data]] representing national evaluations of rural poverty.]]
The first target of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] was to decrease the extent of extreme poverty by one-half by the year 2015, which was achieved globally before its deadline in 2010. By 2011, this MDG target was achieved in all developing regions, with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa. However the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] reported that the world progress in cutting extreme poverty in rural areas lagged behind that of urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=MDG 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - MDG Monitor |url=https://www.mdgmonitor.org/mdg-1-eradicate-poverty-hunger/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Millennium Development Goals |language=en-US}}</ref> Between the 1990s and the 2010s, more than 800 million people escaped "moderate poverty" – defined as living on less than US$3.10 a day.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation |date=2017 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-109873-8 |editor-last=FAO |series=The state of food and agriculture |location=Rome}}</ref>

An analysis by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) found that the urban poor exited poverty at faster rates than the rural poor between the 1990s and 2010s, but the overall rural poverty reduction varied by region. Only in East and Southeast Asia had rural poverty been substantially reduced, where the share of the rural non-poor in total population increased from 9 percent in the 1990s to 33 percent in the 2010s. The poverty rates in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s were comparable with those of East and Southeast Asia, but both urban and rural poor in both regions only modestly reduced. On the other hand, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Near East and North Africa had low overall moderate poverty rates even in the 1990s, and over the course of the studied decades, the exit from poverty was mainly in urban areas. Estimates from 2016 indicate that 58 percent of Latin America’s poor live in urban centres, compared with rates of 25–30 percent in other regions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Transforming food systems for rural prosperity |url=https://www.ifad.org/en/rural-development-report/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.ifad.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:The State of Food and Agriculture 2017 - changes in proportions of rural and urban poor and non-poor.svg|thumb|Changes in the proportions of rural and urban poor and non-poor]]
Estimates from the 2021 edition of the Rural Development Report found that globally 627 million people lived in extreme poverty, of which 70 percent (437 million people) were in rural areas. Moderate poverty was also most concentrated in rural areas, with 74% in rural area. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are the regions facing the highest rates of extreme and moderate poverty in both urban and rural areas.<ref name=":4" />

==Contributing factors==

===Lack of infrastructure===
[[File:Share-of-rural-population-with-improved-sanitation-faciltities.png|thumb|262x262px|Access to health and water infrastructure is crucial for rural communities to overcome challenges like poverty. However, the uneven economic production of rural communities, mean that they may be less likely to get infrastructure investment such as sanitation infrastructure.]]
Rural poverty is often a product of poor [[infrastructure]] that hinders [[Economic development|development]] and [[Economic mobility|mobility]]. Rural areas tend to lack sufficient roads that would increase access to agricultural inputs and [[Marketplace|markets]]. Without roads, the rural poor are cut off from technological development and emerging markets in more urban areas. Poor infrastructure hinders [[communication]], resulting in social isolation among the rural poor, many of whom have limited access to [[media (communication)|media]] and news outlets. Such isolation hinders integration with urban society and established markets, which could result in greater development and economic security. Moreover, poor or nonexistent irrigation systems threaten agricultural yields because of uncertainty in the supply of water for crop production. Many poor rural areas lack any irrigation to store or pump water, resulting in fewer crops, fewer days of employment and less productivity. Both a lack of roads and insufficient irrigation systems result in greater [[Work Intensity]] in many rural communities.

Researchers at the ODI conducted a literature review to assess the relationship between all types of roads and both their security impacts and the effects of road building on access to for example health and education (service delivery) particularly in fragile, sparsely populated and/or ill-served [[rural areas]] in [[developing countries]].

They found no direct evidence relating to the security impact of road [[infrastructure]], and that only theoretical linkages of infrastructure development are discussed in studies. There are various direct and indirect channels through which transport infrastructure may affect security and peace building. They agree that [[infrastructure]] programmes can potentially play three roles in a fragile context: as an engine of economic recovery and improved service provision, as part of a process of strengthening institutions, and in stabilisation and peace-building.

They claim the state of evidence regarding these causal links is weak but some aspects of infrastructure development, including but not exclusive to road construction, has been shown to be effective in [[fragile state|fragile country]] contexts. Quick Impact has not yet proven to be effective in enhancing peace building and security in [[fragile state|Fragile and Conflict Affected States]].

Their literature search presented some evidence of road development resulting in employment sometimes for the most vulnerable and/or poor groups. They found case studies show road development programmes can produce short-term employment opportunities in fragile and conflict affected regions particularly applying to programmes where rural road development is carried out through community-driven development or with special emphasis on inclusion through participatory methods. Evidence is mostly limited to number of hours of employment generated or individuals employed and include little rigorous [[impact evaluation]].

There was also some evidence that rural road construction reduced isolation for minority groups and provided more opportunities for inclusion in wider economic activity. However, this evidence did not relate directly to reducing conflict or improving security. [[Poverty]] and isolation literature defines this as access to inputs and output markets, access to education and health services, and access to labour opportunities through which road access contributes to reduced poverty.

Mostly qualitative evidence found suggests that rural road construction or maintenance has a positive impact on [[public service]] delivery. In general rural road development leads to improved access of both users and suppliers. This occurs due to a reduction in commuting time, as well transport costs but these benefits tend to accrue disproportionately to the influential and well-educated. [[Rural communities]] tend to ascribe great importance to road development and perceive it to improve access to markets, health and education facilities.<ref>Farhat, M. Hayes, J. January 2013, Impact of roads on security and service delivery, EPS-PEAKS (Economic and Private Sector - Professional Evidence and Applied Knowledge Services) http://partnerplatform.org/?c5380566</ref>

===Geographic barriers===
Moreover, poverty may be conduced by geographic barriers. Certain regions find themselves situated within inhospitably rigid geographic landscapes, rendering development virtually unattainable. Inhabitants of these areas typically contend with a lack of access to basic necessities and are sometimes neglected by financially-strung governments; authorities may show little interest in advancing the development of such areas, thereby subjecting the local populace to the adverse consequences of poverty. Prominent geographic impediments—such as remote or diminutive islands, expansive archipelagoes, sparsely populated regions, and rugged terrains like the mountainous landscapes of the Himalayas and Andes—serve as formidable obstacles to development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dugoua |first=Eugenie |last2=Liu |first2=Ruinan |last3=Urpelainen |first3=Johannes |date=2017-07-01 |title=Geographic and socio-economic barriers to rural electrification: New evidence from Indian villages |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421517301921 |journal=Energy Policy |volume=106 |pages=278–287 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.048 |issn=0301-4215|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agha |first=Nadia |last2=Tarar |first2=Maliha Gull |date=2020-05-30 |title=Battling Breast Cancer: Women’s Narratives of Struggle, Family Support and Survival from Rural Sindh, Pakistan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.026.01.0015 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.46521/pjws.026.01.0015 |issn=2708-8065|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garchitorena |first=Andres |last2=Ihantamalala |first2=Felana A |last3=Révillion |first3=Christophe |last4=Cordier |first4=Laura F |last5=Randriamihaja |first5=Mauricianot |last6=Razafinjato |first6=Benedicte |last7=Rafenoarivamalala |first7=Feno H |last8=Finnegan |first8=Karen E |last9=Andrianirinarison |first9=Jean Claude |last10=Rakotonirina |first10=Julio |last11=Herbreteau |first11=Vincent |last12=Bonds |first12=Matthew H |date=2021-07-31 |title=Geographic barriers to achieving universal health coverage: evidence from rural Madagascar |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab087 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=1659–1670 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czab087 |issn=1460-2237|doi-access=free |pmc=8597972 }}</ref>

===Insufficient access to markets===
A lack of access to [[Market (economics)|markets]] - whether due to poor infrastructure or [[productivity]], limited education, or insufficient information - prevents access to both labor and [[Capital (economics)|capital]]. In many rural societies, there are few job opportunities outside of agriculture, often resulting in food and income insecurity due to the precarious nature of farming. Rural workers are largely concentrated in jobs such as owners-cultivators, tenant farmers, [[sharecroppers]], informal care workers, agricultural day-laborers, and livestock herders. Without access to other labor markets, rural workers continue to work for extremely low wages in agricultural jobs that tend to have seasonal fluctuations and thus little income security. In addition to labor, the rural poor often lack access to capital markets and financial institutions, hindering their ability to establish savings and obtain credit that could be used to purchase working capital or increase their supply of raw materials. When coupled with scarce job opportunities, poor access to credit and capital perpetuates rural poverty.<ref name=Jazairy />

====Rural versus urban poverty in the US ====
In the [[United States]], the poverty rate is both higher and more persistent in rural areas than urban areas. Rural workers are disadvantaged by lower wages and less access to better paying labor markets.<ref name="Mosely">Mosely, Jane and Miller, Kathleen. 2004. [http://ipp.missouri.edu/files/ipp/attachments/spatial_variation_in_factors_affecting_poverty.pdf "Spatial Variations in Factors Affecting Poverty"].{{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} RUPRI Rural Poverty Research Center.</ref> As a result, underemployment and informal work are more prevalent in rural areas than urban areas. Where [[informal sector|formal employment]] is found, it acts as less of a buffer against poverty.<ref name=Mosely /> Among persistent poverty counties, 95 percent are rural, while only 2 percent are urban.<ref name="Miller">Miller, Kathleen K., Crandall, Mindy S. and Bruce A. Weber. 2002. [http://arec.oregonstate.edu/jaeger/poverty/FAQpoverty1.pdf "Persistent Poverty and Place: How Do Persistent Poverty and Poverty Demographics Vary Across the Rural Urban Continuum?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607003019/http://arec.oregonstate.edu/jaeger/poverty/FAQpoverty1.pdf|date=June 7, 2010}} Paper prepared for the American Agricultural Economics Association / Rural Sociological Society Annual Meeting, July 2003 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</ref>

Additionally, because of the distribution of people in poverty in the United States, which typically consists of clusters in neighborhoods rather than a nationally even distribution, people who live in such areas where poverty is highly concentrated actually face more adversity than their own circumstances would otherwise provide; it has been found that the actual concentration of poverty further contributes to such things as poor health, higher crime, lower education rates (higher dropout rates), as well as lower employment rates, all when compared to those in poverty.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rural Poverty in the United States |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231544719 |editor-last=Tickamyer |editor-first=Ann |edition=1st |publication-date=2017 |pages=31-32 |language=en |editor-last2=Sherman |editor-first2=Jennifer |editor-last3=Warlick |editor-first3=Jennifer}}</ref>

===Lack of non-motorised load-carrying wheeled vehicles (handcarts and wheelbarrows)===
Numerous international development organisations have studied, reported, recommended and agreed that lack of mobility impedes human progress and development. Yet there is very little evidence of anyone attempting to actually address and alleviate the problem by introducing handcarts and wheelbarrows into remote and rural areas where they would be most beneficial.

===Opening up of economies to international trade===
Some macro-level economic changes have been associated with an increase in spatial inequalities.<ref name=Kanbur /> There have been numerous studies showing a link between more open trade, accompanied by other [[neoliberal]] policies, and higher incidences of rural poverty and spatial inequalities<ref name=KanburR>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kanbur | first1 = Ravi | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Xiaobo | author-link1 = Ravi Kanbur | title = Fifty years of regional inequality in China: a journey through central planning, reform, and openness | journal = Review of Development Economics | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–106 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00265.x | date = February 2005 | s2cid = 10375300 | url = http://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/rp2004-050.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | author-last1 = Rodriguez-Pose | author-first1 = Andres | author-last2 = Sanchez-Reaza | author-first2 = Javier | contribution = Economic polarization through trade: trade liberalization and regional inequality in Mexico | editor-last1 = Kanbur | editor-first1 = Ravi | editor-last2 = Venables | editor-first2 = Anthony J. | editor-link1 = Ravi Kanbur | editor-link2 = Anthony Venables | title = Spatial inequality and development | pages = 237–259 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780199278633 | postscript = .}} [https://oecd.academia.edu/JavierSanchezReaza/Papers/1052652/Economic_polarization_through_trade Online version.]</ref><ref>{{Citation | author-last1 = te Velde | author-first1 = Dirk Willem | author-last2 = Morrissey | author-first2 = Oliver | contribution = Spatial inequality for manufacturing wages in five African countries | editor-last1 = Kanbur | editor-first1 = Ravi | editor-last2 = Venables | editor-first2 = Anthony J. | editor-link1 = Ravi Kanbur | editor-link2 = Anthony Venables | title = Spatial inequality and development | pages = 292–310 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780199278633 | postscript = .}} [http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2003/en_GB/dp2003-066/ Online version.]</ref><ref name="Jensen, Henning Tarp 2005. pp 69-86">Jensen, Henning Tarp, and Finn Tarp. 2005. [http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/research-papers/2004/en_GB/rp2004-035/ "Trade Liberalization and Spatial Inequality: A Methodological Innovation in a Vietnamese Perspective"]. Review of Development Economics. Volume 9, Number 1, February, pp 69-86.</ref> In [[China]], for example, greater trade openness provides at least partial explanation for more pronounced rural-urban disparities,<ref name=KanburR /> and in [[Vietnam]], [[trade liberalization]] has resulted in higher poverty rates in rural areas.<ref name="Jensen, Henning Tarp 2005. pp 69-86"/> Both of these nations demonstrate that despite greater openness and growth, spatial inequalities do not necessarily decrease accordingly with overall economic growth. Moreover, the promotion of export-oriented agriculture has been linked to decreased food security for rural populations.<ref>Wagao, J. (1992) [http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/143 "Adjustment Policies in Tanzania, 1981–9: The Impact of Growth, Structure and Human Welfare"], in G. Cornia, R. van der Hoeven and T.Mkandawire (eds), Africa’s Recovery in the 1990s: From Stagnation and Adjustment to Human Development, New York: St Martin’s Press.</ref><ref>{{Citation | author-last1 = Stewart | author-first1 = Frances | author-link1 = Frances Stewart (economist) | contribution = Are adjustment policies in Africa consistent with long-run development needs? | editor-last1 = Cornia | editor-first1 = Giovanni A. | editor-last2 = Helleiner | editor-first2 = Gerald K. | editor-link = Giovanni Andrea Cornia | title = From adjustment to development in Africa: conflict, controversy, convergence, consensus | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York, New York | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780333613627 | postscript = .}} [https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1991.tb00196.x Also available as a journal article.]</ref>

===Education and social service inadequacies===
[[File:Colonia18.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|A rural school in [[Colonia Department]], Uruguay. [[Education in Uruguay|Uruguay invested in rural school infrastructure]] in the mid-20th century, by commissioning buildings from builders in rural communities, and ensuring that the schools had well trained teachers. This has created long-term changes to rural communities, allowing students greater access to social mobility.]]

In many rural societies, a lack of access to [[education]] and limited opportunities to increase and improve one's skillset inhibit [[social mobility]].<ref name="Jazairy" /> Low levels of education and few skills result in much of the rural poor working as subsistence farmers or in insecure, informal employment, perpetuating the state of rural poverty. Inadequate education regarding health and nutritional needs often results in under-nutrition or [[malnutrition]] among the rural poor.

Social isolation due to inadequate roads and poor access to information makes acquiring [[health care]] (and affording it) particularly difficult for the rural poor, resulting in worse health and higher rates of [[infant mortality]]. There have been noted disparities in both Asia and Africa between rural and urban areas in terms of the allocation of public education and health services.<ref name="Otuska" /><ref name="Sahn">Sahn, D., and D. Stifel. 2003. [http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/jafrec/v12y2003i4p564-597.html "Urban–Rural Inequality in Living Standards in Africa"]. Journal of African Economies 12(1):564–97.</ref>

====Case study: Africa====
[[File:Primary school-age population, in school vs out of school, rural vs urban Ghana.jpg|thumb|316x316px|A graphic depicting the uneven participation of rural children in Education in Ghana. The combination of further distances, pressure to help families in their rural livelihoods, and less value for the results of education, lead to less participation in schools even where there are legal requirements.]]
A study of 24 [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa|African]] countries found that "standards of living in rural areas almost universally lag behind urban areas."<ref name="Sahn" /> In terms of education, school enrollments and the ratio of girl-to-boy enrollments is much lower in rural areas than in urban areas. A similar trend is found in access to neonatal care, as those living in rural areas had far less access to care than their urban counterparts.

There are also far more malnourished children in rural areas of Africa than in urban areas. In [[Zimbabwe]], for example, more than twice the share of children are malnourished in rural areas (34 percent rate of malnourishment) than in urban areas (15 percent rate of malnourishment). Inequality between urban and rural areas, and where rural poverty is most prevalent, is in countries where the adult population has the lowest amount of education.<ref name="Sahn" />

This was found in the Sahelian countries of [[Burkina Faso]], [[Mali]] and [[Niger]] where regional inequality is 33 percent, 19.4 percent, and 21.3 percent, respectively. In each of these countries, more than 74 percent of the adults have no education. Overall, in much of Africa, those living in rural areas experience more poverty and less access to health care and education.

=== Agrifood systems and poverty ===
[[File:Quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems by cost category (left) and subcategory (right), 2020.svg|thumb|Quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems by cost category (left) and subcategory (right), 2020]]
[[File:Share of quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems to gdp by income group (hidden costs per capita on the right-hand side).svg|thumb|Share of quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems to gdp by income group (hidden costs per capita on the right-hand side)]]
Despite an abundance of profits downstream in [[Supply chain|food supply chains]], many workers in [[agrifood systems]] are poor. The [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agricultural Organizatio]]<nowiki/>n of the United Nations views this as a distributional failure as agrifood policies and institutional arrangements fail to guarantee a minimum level of decent income to all people employed by the agrifood systems, despite the availability of resources to do so. A study by FAO estimating the social, health and environmental hidden impacts of agrifood systems using [[True cost accounting|True Cost Accounting]] (TCA) attributes USD 520 billion in social hidden costs driven by poverty and USD 51 billion from undernourishment in 2020 (out of a global total of USD 12.7 trillion). These costs are most pronounced in low-income countries where they amount to more than 50 percent of all quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems. They are also noticeable in lower-middle-income countries where they amount to 12 percent of total agrifood systems hidden costs. When considered as a share of GDP, which gives a better sense of the burden placed on national economies and provides an indication as to where to prioritize international resources to address these costs, social hidden costs in low-income countries reach an estimated 14 percent.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc7724en |title=The State of Food and Agriculture 2023 |date=2023-11-06 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138167-0 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cc7724en}}</ref>

FAO further estimates that, the incomes of the moderately poor working in agrifood systems need to increase, on average, by 57 percent in low-income countries and 27 percent in lower-middle-income countries to avoid distributional failure costs in agrifood systems.<ref name=":5" />

==Women and rural poverty==
{{see also|Gender roles in agriculture}}
[[File:Woman collect water.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Woman taking water from a well]]{{Excerpt|Rural women|Poverty}}

==Policies to combat rural poverty==
{{Further|poverty reduction}}

===Land reform===
Access to [[land (economics)|land]] can alleviate rural poverty by providing households a productive and relatively reliable way to make an income.<ref name=Jazairy /> The rural poor often have less access to land, which contributes to their poverty. The rural poor's access to land can be improved by redistributing land from large farms above a certain size, government legislation that challenges some traditional land systems that keep land concentrated in the hands of a few, and settlement schemes which involves providing poor rural families parcels of newly developed or government owned land. Achieving legislative reform and implementing redistributive policies, however, is a difficult task in many countries because land ownership is a sensitive cultural and political issue. Yet in China, for example, land redistribution policies have found some success and are associated with a reduction in rural poverty and increased agricultural growth.<ref name="Dercon">Dercon, Stefan. 2009. [http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/index.php/papers/details/rural_poverty_old_challenges_in_new_contexts/ "Rural Poverty: Old Challenges in New Contexts"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109203924/http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/index.php/papers/details/rural_poverty_old_challenges_in_new_contexts/|date=November 9, 2009}} Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="Ravallion">Ravallion, M., S. Chen, and P. Sangraula. 2007. [http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/20070711MRavallion.pdf "New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty"]. World Bank Policy Research Paper 4199.</ref>

====Women and land reform====
The development of legal measures to improve women's access to land is linked with achieving greater gender parity.<ref name="WorldSurvey">World Survey. 2009. "Access to Land, Housing and Other Productive Resources". Chapter 3, pp. 27–40, and Chapter 4, pp. 41-46</ref> This requires women to have the legal right to own land, as well as designating women as individual or joint owners of land parcels redistributed during reform. It also involves allowing women to have separate tenancy rights and granting women the right to claim an equal share of family land and resources upon [[divorce]], abandonment, [[widowhood]], and for [[inheritance]] purposes.<ref name=Jazairy /> A lack of access to land and property is linked to [[poverty]], [[Human migration|migration]], [[violence]], and [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name=WorldSurvey /> Increasing a woman's access to land not only benefits herself, but also benefits her family and community both in terms of increased productivity and improved welfare for her children.<ref name="UNICEF">UNICEF. 2007. "Equality in Employment", in The State of the World's Children. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. Chapter 3, pp. 37–49.</ref> Beyond just legislative reform, for laws to actually guarantee women the right to land and equal inheritance, they need to be enforced; in numerous countries, despite women achieving equal land rights, long-standing social and cultural norms continue to bias policy implementation.<ref name=Jazairy /><ref name=WorldSurvey />

====Case study: Bangladesh====
Improved infrastructure in [[Bangladesh]] increased agricultural production by 32 percent through its effect on prices and access to inputs and technology.<ref>Raisuddin, Ahmed and Mahabub, Hossain. 1990. [http://www.ifpri.org/publication/developmental-impact-rural-infrastructure-bangladesh Developmental Impact of Rural Infrastructure in Bangladesh.] BIDS Research Report 83. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.</ref> Improving roads and transportation systems also resulted in a 33 percent increase in the household income of the poor through the ability to diversify production, as well as an increase in savings and investment and better access to financial credit. Moreover, because of increased mobility among rural households, a rise in access to social services was noted, as well as an increase in overall health.

=== Access to mobility ===
Mobility services, such as [[public transport]] and local transportation, such as bicycles, can greatly increase the economic mobility of people in rural communities, and increase access to other poverty-reduction services such as education and healthcare.

==== Bicycle poverty reduction ====
{{Excerpt|Bicycle poverty reduction}}

===Technology===
The development of appropriate [[technology]] can raise a farm's [[productivity]].<ref name=Jazairy /> Successful technological developments that aid the rural poor are achieved through bottom-up policies that involve technological [[innovations]] that require few external inputs and little monetary investment. The most effective innovations are based on the active participation of small farmers, who are involved in both defining the problems and implementing and evaluating solutions. [[Smallholding|Smallholder]] technological developments have focused on processes such as nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, integration of crop agriculture and livestock, use of inland and marine water sources, soil conservation, and use of genetic engineering and biotechnology to reduce fertilizer requirements.

==== Electrification ====
{{Excerpt|Rural electrification}}

===Access to credit===
Providing access to [[credit (finance)|credit]] and financial services provides an entry point to improve rural productivity as well as stimulating small-scale trading and manufacturing.<ref name=Janvry /><ref name=Jazairy /> With credit, rural farmers are able to purchase capital that increases their productivity and income. Increased credit helps expand markets to rural areas, thus promoting rural development. The ability to acquire credit also combats systems of bonded or exploitative labor by encouraging self-employment. Credit policy is most effective when provided in conjunction with other services such as technology and marketing training.

===Diversification===
[[Agricultural diversification]] can provide rural families with higher [[income]] and greater [[food security]].<ref name=Jazairy /> Diversification, or a reallocation of some of a farm's productive resources, reduces farming risk, especially risk related to unpredictable or extreme weather that may be due to climate change. Policies related to diversification have also focused on [[crop rotation]] to increase productivity, as well as improving the production of traditional food crops such as cassava, cowpeas, plantains, and bananas rather than promoting the growth of more precarious cash crops. These crops tend to be at the core of farming systems among the rural poor and are generally more drought resistant and can survive under poor soil conditions. Improving the productivity and marketing of these crops promotes food and income security among rural households.<ref name=Jazairy />

===Universal basic income===
[[Universal basic income]], or UBI, has been suggested as a way to relieve rural poverty.<ref>Suri, T., Niehaus, P., Banerjee, A., Krueger, A., & Faye, M. (2018). The Effects of a Universal Basic Income in Kenya: The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. Retrieved July 12, 2020, from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/effects-universal-basic-income-kenya</ref> Some studies have supported Unconditional Cash Transfers, or UCT, a type of UBI, as a way to alleviate the negative externalities associated with poverty such as food insecurity. Particularly, one study conducted in Kenya from 2011 to 2013, which studied the effects of UCT on a subset of 1500 households in Nyanza Province, found that UCT is an effective method concluding "Results demonstrated that the program had significant welfare-improving impacts, both economically and psychologically, for transfer recipients."<ref>Asman, S., Casarotto, C., Haushofer, J., & Shapiro, J. (2019, February 28). The Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers in Kenya. Retrieved July 12, 2020, from https://www.poverty-action.org/study/impact-unconditional-cash-transfers-kenya</ref>

=== Inclusive rural transformation ===
As agricultural systems go through a process of shifting from mainly subsistence farming to commercial, highly diversified production systems, there can also be a rural transformation – the emergence of livelihood and income-generating opportunities in the rural non-farm sector. Rural transformation is inclusive when it leads to prosperity and the eradication of hunger and poverty, thereby benefiting the entire rural society. Strong links between rural areas and neighboring small cities and towns can amplify economic growth opportunities.<ref name=":3"/>

==See also==
* [[Agrifood systems]]
* [[Capability approach]]
* [[Economic inequality]]
* [[Empowerment]]
* [[Feminization of poverty]]
* [[Food security]]
* [[Gender equality]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Millennium Development Goals]]
* [[Poverty]]
* [[Subsistence agriculture]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Rural development]]
* [[Water scarcity in Africa]]
* [[Work Intensity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Arcury | first1 = Thomas A. | last2 = Preisser | first2 = John S. | last3 = Gesler | first3 = Wilbert M. | last4 = Powers | first4 = James M. | title = Access to transportation and health care utilization in a rural region | journal = The Journal of Rural Health | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–38 | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00059.x | pmid = 15667007 | date = January 2005 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Bern-Klug | first1 = Mercedes | last2 = Barnes | first2 = Nancy D. | title = Income characteristics of rural older women and implications for health status | journal = [[Journal of Women & Aging]] | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–37 | doi = 10.1300/J074v11n01_03 | pmid = 10323044 | date = January 1999 }}
* {{Cite book | last1 = Burns | first1 = Austra | last2 = Bruce | first2 = David | last3 = Marlin | first3 = Amanda | title = Rural poverty (discussion paper) | pages = 1–89 | url = http://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/rural/doc/poverty_pauvrete_e.pdf | date = 2013 }} Prepared for the Rural Secretariat, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada.
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Daneman | first1 = N. | last2 = Lu | first2 = H. | last3 = Redelmeier | first3 = D. | title = Discharge after discharge: predicting surgical site infections after patients leave hospital | journal = Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 188–194 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.01.029 | pmid = 20435375 | date = July 2010 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Yin | first1 = Jan | last2 = Quan | first2 = Hude | last3 = Cujec | first3 = Bibiana | last4 = Johnson | first4 = David | title = Rural and urban outcomes after hospitalization for congestive heart failure in Alberta, Canada | journal = Journal of Cardiac Failure | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 278–285 | doi = 10.1054/jcaf.2003.43 | pmid = 13680548 | date = August 2003 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Menec | first1 = Verena H. | last2 = Nowicki | first2 = Scott | last3 = Kalischuk | first3 = Alison | title = Transfers to acute care hospitals at the end of life: do rural/remote regions differ from urban regions? | journal = Rural and Remote Health | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 1281–1295 | pmid = 20095758 | date = 2010 | url = http://www.rrh.org.au/articles/subviewnew.asp?ArticleID=1281 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Mitton | first1 = Craig | last2 = O'Neil | first2 = David | last3 = Simpson | first3 = Liz | last4 = Hoppins | first4 = Yvonne | last5 = Harcus | first5 = Sue | title = Nurse-physician collaborative partnership: a rural model for the chronically ill | journal = Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 208–216 | pmid = 18076814 | date = Fall 2007 | url = https://www.srpc.ca/PDF/cjrm/vol12n4/pg208.pdf | access-date = June 17, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123940/https://www.srpc.ca/PDF/cjrm/vol12n4/pg208.pdf | archive-date = June 17, 2015 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Saposnik | first1 = G. | last2 = Jeerakathil | first2 = T. | last3 = Selchen | first3 = D. | last4 = Baibergenova | first4 = A. | last5 = Hachinski | first5 = V. | last6 = Kapral | first6 = M. | title = Socioeconomic status, hospital volume, and stroke fatality in Canada | journal = [[Stroke (journal)|Stroke]] | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 3360–3366 | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521344 | pmid = 18772443 | date = Fall 2007 | doi-access = free }}

{{Deprivation Indicators}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Poverty]]
[[Category:Rural development]]

Rajah Banerjee

2026-03-26T07:13:24Z

Peter120: Created A Article

{{Short description|Tea planter and environmentalist}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swaraj Kumar Banerjee
| image = File:Rajah Banerjee at Makaibari Tea Estate.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Rajah Banerjee at Makaibari Tea Estate
| other_names = Rajah Banerjee
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 16 August 1948
| birth_place = [[Makaibari Tea Estate]], [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Environmentalist, Tea Planter, Writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rajah Banerjee''', or Swaraj Kumar Banerjee, is a tea planter, [[environmentalist]] and a writer, best known for his stewardship of his ancestral [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] in [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]. His family was the proprietor of Makaibari Tea Estate from 1859 to 2017,<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Makaibari Tea Estate|date=2021-06-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makaibari_Tea_Estate&oldid=1030025954|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Brewing Sustainability: How to safeguard India's Darjeeling tea industry from climate change|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-evoke/brewing-sustainability-how-to-safeguard-indias-darjeeling-tea-industry-from-climate-change/articleshow/84272572.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title='King' of Makaibari to shed crown|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/king-of-makaibari-to-shed-crown/cid/1454754|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> and he was the fourth generation manager of [[Makaibari]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He is a pioneer of the [[Organic farming|organic]] movement in Darjeeling. Under his guardianship, Makaibari was made [[Organic farming|organic]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Rajah|url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/ref/id/foundation/CBO9788175968455|title=The Rajah of Darjeeling Organic Tea: Makaibari|date=2012|publisher=Foundation Books|isbn=978-81-7596-845-5|location=Delhi|doi=10.1017/upo9788175968455}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Makaibari Tea Estate - Darjeeling Tea Garden|url=https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/makaibari-tea-estate/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=DARJEELING TEA BOUTIQUE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Makaibari Tea Estate|date=2021-06-23|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makaibari_Tea_Estate&oldid=1030025954|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref> and [[Biodynamic agriculture|bio - dynamic]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Anuradha|date=3 November 2018|title=Legacy in a Tea Cup|work=Forbes India|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbeslifes-india/legacy-in-a-tea-cup/51687/1|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> He is famous for his unique Silver Needle Moonlight Plucked Teas, which is only plucked at midnight on a full moon's night during the spring season, in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Jaideep|date=5 September 2014|title=Cosmic secrets behind Makaibari magic|work=The Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cosmic-secrets-behind-Makaibari-magic/articleshow/41813013.cms|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

Rajah holds the world record for the most expensive tea ever sold in a wholesale auction, at ₹1.11 lakh per kilogram.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last1=Mukherji|first1=Udit Prasanna|last2=Manna|first2=Sovon|title=Makaibari bags best ever price for first flush tea at Rs 19,363 a kg|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/makaibari-bags-best-ever-price-for-first-flush-tea-at-rs-19363-a-kg/articleshow/58411241.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He has had multiple documentaries made about him like Lord of Darjeeling by Xavier de Lauzanne,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le seigneur de Darjeeling (TV Movie 2006)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2144070/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Hamro Makaibari'' by Vikram Rai and has also featured in [[Vir Sanghvi|Vir Sanghvi's]] series 'A Matter of Taste'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A MATTER OF TASTE WITH VIR SANGHVI' uncovers Milk's omnipresence and umbilical relationship with the Holy Cow|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/15172_a-matter-of-taste-with-vir-sanghvi-uncovers-milks-omnipresence-and-umbilical-relationship-with-the-holy-cow|access-date=2021-06-23|website=afaqs!|date=12 June 2007 }}</ref>

During his 44-year tenure at Makaibari, he converted it into "an [[Organic farming|organic]] oasis, with a dense forest cover." He is credited with having planted close to 2 million trees at Makaibari, and also creating the Makaibari Joint Body (MBJB) which focused on improving the lives of the community members at the tea estate. Rajah is an ambassador for [[Darjeeling tea|Darjeeling Tea]] worldwide. Makaibari was the official tea partner for the [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], as well as the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Giri|first=Pramod|date=30 March 2018|title=Veteran Bengal planter gifts his stake in iconic Makaibari tea estate to workers|work=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/veteran-bengal-planter-gifts-his-stake-in-iconic-makaibari-tea-estate-to-workers/story-ihlpGgQcfxW0upqqKeSkWO.html|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> On [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi's]] 2015 visit to the [[United Kingdom]], he gifted a batch of Rajah's special Imperial Needles Darjeeling Tea to the Queen<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Rajah now runs the artisanal tea brand - Rimpocha<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Rimpocha Tea|url=https://rimpochatea.com/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Rimpocha|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajah did his schooling in [[Darjeeling]] and completed his undergraduate degree at the [[University of London]] in England. He returned to India in 1970 where he was persuaded to take up the stewardship of the [[Makaibari Tea Estate]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-28 |title=Rajah Banerjee's book instils Makaibari Tea Estate Nostalgia |url=https://www.thunderbolttea.com/makaibari-tea-estate-rajah-banerjee/ |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Thunderbolt Tea, Darjeeling |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajah took over stewardship of the Makaibari Tea Estate in 1970. Under his guardianship, Makaibari was the first garden amongst Darjeeling's 87 tea gardens to become completely organic.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Subsequently, he also converted Makaibari into [[Biodynamic agriculture|bio-dynamic]] status,<ref name=":7" /> on the basis of the philosophy of [[Rudolf Steiner]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-29|title=Voodoo farming of Darjeeling tea goes beyond taste: Book|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/National/2015/12/29140332/Voodoo-farming-of-Darjeeling-tea-goes-beyond-taste.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717160802/https://www.dtnext.in/News/National/2015/12/29140332/Voodoo-farming-of-Darjeeling-tea-goes-beyond-taste.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-06-23|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref>

Over the next decade, Rajah mentored a number of Darjeeling tea gardens like Longview Tea Estate and converted them into organic as well. During this period Rajah had numerous films and documentaries made about him and his practices at Makaibari. These included focusing on women's empowerment through the [[homestay]] initiative, improving education and health facilities for the community members, increasing the overall income levels of the community members through [[Biodynamic agriculture|biodynamic]] practices. These initiatives were supported by the Makaibari Joint Body (MBJB). Rajah also focused on ensuring that Makaibari was a space open for research, art, and culture.<ref name=":4" /> The filmmaker [[Chaitanya Tamhane|Chaitanya Tamhane's]] first film "Six Strands" was in fact shot at Makaibari in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-04|title=Just your cup of tea|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/just-your-cup-of-tea-23181258|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}</ref> In addition to that, multiple research papers and dissertations have been written by students during their time volunteering or interning at Makaibari.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 2014, Rajah sold the majority of his ownership of the Makaibari Garden to the [[Kolkata]]-based Luxmi group.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bolton|first=Dan|date=2014-06-16|title=Luxmi Group Acquires Family-Owned Makaibari Tea Estate|url=https://www.worldteanews.com/Features/luxmi-group-acquires-family-owned-makaibari-tea-estate|access-date=2021-07-17|website=World Tea News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Subhro Niyogi|date=11 Jun 2014|title=Iconic Makaibari tea changes hands - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/iconic-makaibari-tea-changes-hands/articleshow/36368345.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, in 2017, he had a disagreement with them about management practices. Later that year, his heritage bungalow at the garden burnt down, and subsequently he exited the tea estate, and relinquished all management control.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-30|title=Veteran Bengal planter gifts his stake in iconic Makaibari tea estate to workers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/veteran-bengal-planter-gifts-his-stake-in-iconic-makaibari-tea-estate-to-workers/story-ihlpGgQcfxW0upqqKeSkWO.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Rajah started an artisanal tea brand known as Rimpocha, in order to mentor small growers of Darjeeling.<ref name=":9" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* 1988 - Makaibari becomes the first Darjeeling tea garden to be certified as [[Organic farming|organic]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Gurvinder|date=24 June 2021|title=Growers of world-famous Darjeeling tea are going organic|work=Sroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/article/997904/growers-of-darjelings-world-famous-tea-are-going-organic|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref>
* 1991 - The Makaibari Joint Body (MBJB) is set up to advocate for social reform and women's rights in Makaibari<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitro |first=Madhuwanti |title=WORKING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLITY A STUDY OF THE MAKAIBARI TEA ESTATE IN DARJEELING |url=https://www.academia.edu/23684982 |journal=Academia.edu}}</ref>
* 1993 - Makaibari becomes the first tea garden to be accorded the Demeter Certification for [[Biodynamic agriculture|biodynamic]] production<ref name=":7" />
* 2008 - [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] Magazine cover story - "The Best Of Asia" features Makaibari for quality and ethical labour practices<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Singh|first=Madhur|date=2008-04-25|title=The Best of Asia 2008 - TIME|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/best_of_asia/article/0,28804,1734666_1734663_1734651,00.html|access-date=2021-07-04|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
* 2014 - Rajah sets the world record for the most expensive tea sold at $1850 per kg<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alfred|first=Charlotte|date=17 September 2014|title=The Extraordinary Makers Of India's Most Expensive Tea|work=Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/india-most-expensive-tea_n_5836350|access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" />
* 2015 - Makaibari Tea is gifted to [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II of England]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why PM Narendra Modi's gift of tea to Queen Elizabeth was appropriate|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/why-pm-narendra-modis-gift-of-tea-to-queen-elizabeth-was-appropriate/articleshow/49824581.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-24}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Rajah}}
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Tea production]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Abul Kashem Khan

2026-03-23T21:12:35Z

Peter120:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1905–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Abul Kashem Khan
| image = KhanAbulKashem.jpg
| caption = Khan at his residence (1960)

| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| constituency = [[List of members of the 3rd National Assembly of Pakistan|NE-72 (Chittagong-II)]]
| term_start = 1958
| term_end = 1962
| successor = [[A. K. M. Fazlul Quader Chowdhury]]

| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|4|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Panchlaish Thana|Panchlaish]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|3|31|1905|4|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| known_for = Founder of [[A K Khan & Company]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shamsun Nahar Khan|1935}}
| children = 9, including [[A. M. Zahiruddin Khan]]
| party = [[Convention Muslim League]] {{small|(till 1965)}}
| otherparty = [[All India Muslim League]] {{small|(till 1948)}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Mustafizur Rahman Siddiqi|M.R Siddiqi]] (son-in-law)|[[Khondokar Mahmud Hasan|Justice KM Hasan]] (son-in-law)|[[Sayed Farooq-ur-Rahman|Colonel Farooq]] (nephew-in-law)|[[Khandaker Abdur Rashid]] (nephew-in-law)}}
}}
'''Abul Kashem Khan''' (best known as '''A. K. Khan'''; 5 April 1905 – 31 March 1991) was a Bangladeshi lawyer, industrialist and politician. In 1945, he founded [[A K Khan & Company]], one of Pakistan's and later Bangladesh's leading [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|title=Khan, Abul Kashem}}</ref> Khan served as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. He was a federal minister of Pakistan and member in the [[Pakistan National Assembly]].

== Early life ==
Abul Kashem Khan was born in a family historically active in the politics of [[Bengal]] in the village of Mohara in [[Panchlaish Thana|Panchlaish]] in [[Chittagong]] in 1905. His father, Abdul Latif Khan, was a government sub-registrar at Fatehabad, Chittagong, and his mother's name was Wahabun Nessa Khan. Khan's great-great-great grandfather, Shamsher Khan, was a rich politician and minister in the [[Gauḍa (city)|city of Gour]] in the 16th century.{{sfn|Nahid|2017|p=154}} Khan studied law at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]]. In 1934 he joined the Kolkata High court as an advocate. He joined the judicial branch of the Bengali Civil service in 1935. He continued in the service till 1944.<ref name=bpedia/>

== Career ==
Khan entered business during the [[Second World War]] in 1945, when Chittagong was a key base for Allied Forces. A variety of industries, including a match factory, a plywood factory, a garment mill, and a dockyard, have been stepped up by him. He was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of India from the [[All-India Muslim League]] candidate in 1946. He joined the Pakistan Constituent Assembly after the partition of India. In 1951-1952 budget he spoke against the economical discrimination of East Pakistan.<ref name=bpedia/>

''"Sir, I cannot help' remark ' which I hope will not be misinterpreted as an indication of petty provincial-mindedness. Sir, these are the days of decentralisation and regional self-sufficiency. We find that in this six-year plan, the total sum allocated to East Bengal where 56 percent of your people live is less than 23 percent. Under the head 'Agriculture', provision has been made for 82 crores and a sum total of all the projects envisaged for East Bengal is only 5.6 crores. Under the head 'Development of Hydro-Electric Power', a provision for 45 crores has been made and the share of East Bengal is only 5 crores. Under the head 'Industries', provision has been made for textile industries' [for West Pakistan] to the tune of 30 crores and the provision for jute industry' [for East Bengal] is only 11 crores. Now, Sir, this gives a clear indication that not only in the past, not only in the present, but in the future development plans of the country, East Bengal is not expected to get its legitimate share."''<ref name=bpedia/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present|last=Ahmed|first=Salahuddin|date=2004-01-01|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788176484695|page=337|language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
Khan was the minister of Industries, Works, Irrigation, Power and Mineral Resources from 1958 to 1962. From 1962 to 1964 he was a member of the national assembly of Pakistan. He retired from politics in 1965.<ref name=bpedia/>

== Personal life ==
Khan married Shamsun Nahar Khan in 1935. She was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, Abdul Bari Chowdhury, who owned industries in [[British Burma]]. Abdul Bari owned a shipping company and multiple rice mills in [[Rangoon]] until the [[Japanese invasion of Burma]], after which he moved to [[Chittagong]]. In Chittagong, he established a shipping company called the Bengal-Burma Steam Navigation Company, the first maritime company in the area to challenge the dominance of the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]].
Chowdhury also served as a director of the [[Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation]].

Khan had nine children with Shamsun Nahar: five sons and four daughters; [[A. M. Zahiruddin Khan|Zahiruddin (Bambu)]], Shamsuddin (Jambu), Salahuddin, Sadruddin, Ziauddin (Pablo), Latifa (Kohinoor), Zebun Nahar, Yasmin, and Shamima.{{sfn|Nahid|2017|p=162}}

Khan's eldest son, [[A. M. Zahiruddin Khan|Zahiruddin]], was married to Asma Afzal, Daughter of Barrister Khandkar Ali Afzal, the first Bengali secretary of the Bengal Legislative Assembly and Granddaughter of [[Khandakar Fazle Rabbi]], [[Dewan]] for the [[Nawabs of Murshidabad|Nawab of Murshidabad]]

Khan's eldest daughter, Latifa, was married to Bangladesh's first minister of commerce and the first Bangladeshi ambassador to the United States, [[Mustafizur Rahman Siddiqi]].{{sfn|Nahid|2017|p=162}}

== Death ==
Khan died on 31 March 1991.<ref name=bpedia/> His wife, Shamsun Nahar Khan, died two months later.{{sfn|Nahid|2017|p=154}}

==In popular culture==
''AK Khan More'' is a circle located in Chittagong, Bangladesh near Dhaka-Chittagong Trunk Road.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal|last=Nahid|first=Farzana|date=2017|title=Entrepreneurial Capacity and State Incapacity: Family Firms in Bangladesh|url=https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268879125.pdf|journal=Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abul Kashem}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Federal ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi lawyers]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1962–1965]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi industrialists]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi businesspeople]]

Jotedar

2026-03-08T07:39:11Z

Peter120: minor corrected section to improve readability and added references to improve readability

{{short description|Bengal hereditary aristocrat}}
'''''Jotedars''''', also known as '''Hawladars''', '''Ganitdars''', '''Jwaddars''' or ''[[Mandals]]'', were landlords or well-to-do ''ryots'' or wealthy peasants who exercised control and influence comparable to that of a [[Zamindars]] but were perceived as significantly below them in [[social stratification|social strata]] in agrarian [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] during [[Company rule in India]].

Jotedars owned relatively extensive tracts of [[land]], and their [[land tenure]] status stood in contrast to those of poor ''ryots'' and [[bargadars]] (sharecroppers), who were landless or land-poor. Most of the [[Hindu]] ''Jotedars'' in [[West Bengal]] were from the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community, members of Hindu upper castes of [[Bengal]] such as ''[[Kayastha]]'', ''[[Brahmin]]'' etc. Many [[Muslim]] ''Jotedars'' were from an ''[[Sharif|Ashraf]]'' or ''Khandani'' family background and were in the elite nobility of [[Bengali Muslims]] who descended from settled foreigners such as the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]], [[Mughal people|Mughals]], [[Arabs]], [[Persians]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Delhi|North Indian]] immigrants. The socially high-standing Hindu and Muslim ''Jotedars'', who were not actually peasants, had adopted the ''de jure'' status of ''[[ryot]]'' (peasant) solely for financial benefiting from the [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)|Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885]] afforded to ryots and for the claim that ''Jotedars'' had more freedom and powers than Zamindars.

Others belonged to the intermediate landowning peasant castes, such as [[Sadgop|''Sadgops'']], [[Aguri (caste)|''Aguris'']], [[Mahishya|''Mahishyas'']], [[Rajbongshi people|''Rajbongshis'']], ''[[Shershahabadia]]'' and the rural less-educated [[Brahmin|''Brahmins'']].<ref name=":0" /> By the 1920s, a gentrified fraction of Jotedars had emerged from the more prosperous peasants among the tribes such as [[Santhal people|''Santhals'']] and the Scheduled Castes such as the ''[[Bagdi]]'' and the [[Namasudra|''Namasudras'']]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Iqbal |first=I. |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYslngEACAAJ |title=The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840-1943 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |page=107 |isbn=978-0-230-23183-2}}</ref>

''Jotedars'' were long in actual control of the village land and economy<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ |title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |pages=141–142 |language=en}}</ref> and were pitted against in the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Naxalite Movement that was Not in Naxalbari |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1416.html |magazine=Mainstream |access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Naxalbari revisited |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Naxalbari-revisited/articleshow/47044695.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:History of agriculture in India]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]

Star Suvarna

2026-03-04T17:01:40Z

Peter120: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language television channel}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Suvarna
| logo = Star Suvarna logo 2023.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2023
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=y|2007|06|17}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| network = [[Disney Star|JioStar]]
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| key_people =
| type = [[television channel]]
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| area = India
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| sister_channels = Star Suvarna Plus [[Disney Star#Owned channels|JioStar channels]]
| former_names = Asianet Suvarna (2007–2016)
| website = {{URL|https://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-suvarna|Star Suvarna}} on [[JioHotstar]]
| online_serv_1 = [[JioHotstar]]
| online_chan_1 = (India)
}}

'''Star Suvarna,''' ''(formerly Asianet Suvarna)'' is an Indian [[Kannada language]] [[general entertainment]] [[pay television|pay television channel]] owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. It primarily telecast programmes such as serials, reality shows & Kannada films.

==History==
It was launched on 17 June 2007 by Jupiter Entertainment Venture (JEV) as Asianet Suvarna owned by [[Disney Star Asianet|Asianet Communications Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/jevs-suvarna-tv-to-launch-on-june-17tamil-channel-next-26364.html|title=JEV's Suvarna TV to launch on June 17; Tamil channel next |website=Exchange4media|access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref>

Star Suvarna is also the first channel in India to give importance to [[Tulu language]] programming during the year 2010 despite the channel being known for [[Kannada language]] programming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/suvarna-tv-upbeat-about-its-tulu-programming-39705.html|title=Suvarna TV upbeat about its Tulu programming|date=October 11, 2010|website=exchange4media|access-date=2021-02-24}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Disney Star|Star India]] acquired Asianet Communications excluding the news channels from their parent company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/03/223-star-india-asianet/|title=STAR India acquires 100% Stake In Asianet Communications|date=13 March 2014|publisher=Medianama|access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> Suvarna Plus was launched on 14 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-23 |title=A new star in the southern skies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/a-new-star-in-the-southern-skies/1145414/ |website=The Financial Express}}</ref> On 25 July 2016, the channel was rebranded as Star Suvarna along with its sister channel Star Suvarna Plus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/star-india-rebrands-suvarna-channels-revamps-programming-lineup-160720|title=Star India rebrands Suvarna channels, revamps programming lineup|date=20 July 2016|website=[[Indian Television]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.startv.com/newsroom/suvarna-is-now-bigger-with-star-suvarna/|title=Suvarna is now bigger with 'Star Suvarna'|website=Star TV}}</ref>

Star Suvarna launched its own high-definition simulcast, with HD visuals and [[Dolby Digital Plus]] [[5.1]] sound quality on 15 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cablequest.org/index.php/news/national-news/item/10658-star-suvarna-hd-launched-on-tata-sky|title=Star Suvarna HD launched on Tata Sky|website=CableQuest Magazine|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Star Suvarna HD Launch |date=2017-07-15 |publisher=Star India |url=https://www.disneystar.com/newsroom/star-suvarna-hd-launch/}}</ref>

==Sister channel==
===Star Suvarna Plus===
'''Star Suvarna Plus''' is an Indian Kannada-language movie channel owned by [[JioStar]], a Joint Venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. it was launched on August 14, 2013 as Asianet Suvarna Plus, On 25 July 2017,it rebranded as Star Suvarna Plus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishab Shetty-starrer Kantara To Air On Star Suvarna Plus On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rishab-shetty-starrer-kantara-to-air-on-star-suvarna-plus-on-this-date-8634719.html |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Current broadcasts==
===Drama series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Premiere date !! Name !! Adaptation of !! Ref.
|-
| 16 May 2023
| ''Neenadena''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV series ''[[Khelaghor]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/neenadena-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-show/articleshow/100265956.cms|title='Neenadena' To Premiere Today; Here's All You Need To Know About The Show|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2 October 2023
| ''Avanu Matte Shravani''
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-avanu-mathe-shravani-to-premiere-today/articleshow/104105306.cms|title=New Daily Soap Avanu Mathe Shravani To Premiere Today|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 13 November 2023
| ''Gowri Shankara''
| [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-gauri-shankara-to-premiere-on-november-13/articleshow/105146251.cms|title=New Daily Soap 'Gauri Shankara' To Premiere On November 13|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1 July 2024
| ''Sri Devi Mahathme''
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/star-suvarna-sridevi-mahatme-latest-updates-rvj-pvn-1759787.html|title=Kannada Serial: ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಶ್ರೀದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ; ಇಂದಿನಿಂದ ರಾತ್ರಿ 7ಕ್ಕೆ ಶಿವನ ಸತಿ ಪಾರ್ವತಿಯ ಕಥೆ ಪ್ರಸಾರ ಶುರು!|work=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|-
| 26 April 2025
| ''Snehada Kadalali''
| [[Malayalam]] TV series ''Snehakkoottu''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/new-serial-janaki-samsara-starts-in-star-suvarna-on-monday-06-may-2024-srb-scv0c6|title=ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಜಾನಕಿ ಸಂಸಾರ' ಶುರುವಾಗಲಿದೆ; ತುಂಬು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾದವನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತು ಬರ್ತಿದೆ !|work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|-
| 15 September 2025
| ''Vasudeva Kutumba''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/devotional-show-udho-udho-shri-renuka-yellamma-successfully-completes-100-episodes-team-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/100299703.cms|title=Devotional Show Udho Udho Shri Renuka Yellamma Successfully Completes 100 Episodes; Team Celebrates The Milestone|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 4 August 2025
| ''Nee Iralu Joteyalli''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Deivamagal]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/new-serial-janaki-samsara-starts-in-star-suvarna-on-monday-06-may-2024-srb-scv0c6|title=ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಜಾನಕಿ ಸಂಸಾರ' ಶುರುವಾಗಲಿದೆ; ತುಂಬು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾದವನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತು ಬರ್ತಿದೆ !|work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|}

==Former broadcasts==
===Drama series===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Premiere date
!Series
!Last aired
!Adaptation of
|-
|9 June 2008
|''Shivaleelamrutha''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/suvarna-to-air-kannada-televisions-first-mythologicalshivaleelamrutha-31125.html|title=Suvarna to air Kannada television's first mythological, 'Shivaleelamrutha'|date=2008-05-30|website=exchange4media|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|14 August 2009
|
|-
|24 August 2009
|''Parijatha''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/parijata-runs-backwards/articleshow/22065976.cms|title=Parijata runs backwards|date=2009-08-16|website=bangloremirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|11 December 2009
|
|-
|16 November 2009
|''Idhre Irabeku Ninahanga''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sandalwoodnews.blogspot.com/2009/11/socio-political-series-idhre-irabeku.html?m=1|title=Socio Political series- 'Idhre Irabeku Ninhange|date=2009-11-06|website=sandalwood. blogspot.com|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|14 May 2010
|
|-
|2 August 2010
|''Ellaranthalla Namma Raaji''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/ellaranthalla-namma-raaji-is-the-new-fiction-at-suvarna-43912.html|title=Ellaranthalla Namma Raaji is the new fiction at Suvarna|date=2010-07-30|website=Adgully|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|15 October 2010
|
|-
|18 October 2010
|''Beedige Biddavaru''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/oct/16/beedige-biddavaru-on-suvarna-195613.html|title=Beedige Biddavaru on Suvarna|date=2010-10-16|website=New Indian Express|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|10 December 2010
|
|-
|13 December 2010
|''Bombeyatavayya''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/bombeyatavayya-mega-serial-on-suvarna-tv/|title=Bombeyatavayya New Mega Serial on Suvarna TV from 13 Dec|website=Indiatvinfo|access-date=2021-09-11}}</ref>
|29 April 2011
|
|-
|16 April 2012
|''Chukki''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/suvarna-serial-chukki/|title=Chukki – New Fiction Show Of Suvarna Starting From 16th April|date=2012-04-11|website=Indiatvinfo|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>
|7 December 2013
|
|-
|30 July 2012
|''Akashadeepa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/akashadeepa-kannada-serial/|title=Akashadeepa, Keladi Chennamma, Bhagyavantharu – Suvarna Launches 3 Mega Fiction Shows|website=Indiatvinfo|access-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>
|21 June 2014
|Hindi TV series ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|25 July 2016
|[[Hara Hara Mahadeva (TV series)|''Hara Hara Mahadeva'']]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kannadatvshows.com/hara-hara-mahadeva-cast/ |title=Sangeetha Sringeri in Hara Hara Mahadeva}}</ref>
|21 March 2018
|Hindi TV series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
|-
|22 January 2018
|''[[Muddulakshmi]]''
|25 August 2023
|Malayalam TV series ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|30 July 2018
|''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye]]''
|3 April 2020
|Hindi TV series ''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]''
|-
|4 March 2024
|''Lakshmi Tiffin Room''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-lakshmi-tiffin-room-promises-a-gripping-tale-of-dreams-and-determination/articleshow/108206089.cms|title=New Daily Soap 'Lakshmi Tiffin Room' Promises A Gripping Tale Of Dreams And Determination|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|29 March 2024
|[[Hindi]] TV series ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|28 August 2023
|''Kaveri Kannada Medium''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-kaveri-kannada-medium-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-show/articleshow/103122083.cms|title=New Daily Soap 'Kaveri Kannada Medium' To Premiere Today; Here's All You Need To Know About The Show|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|2 March 2025
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV series ''[[Bangla Medium]]''
|-
|17 March 2025
|''Sharade''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/new-serial-janaki-samsara-starts-in-star-suvarna-on-monday-06-may-2024-srb-scv0c6|title=ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಜಾನಕಿ ಸಂಸಾರ' ಶುರುವಾಗಲಿದೆ; ತುಂಬು ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಸ್ವಾದವನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತು ಬರ್ತಿದೆ !|work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|2 August 2025
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''
|-
|23 January 2023
|''Udho Udho Sri Renuka Yellamma''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/devotional-show-udho-udho-shri-renuka-yellamma-successfully-completes-100-episodes-team-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/100299703.cms|title=Devotional Show Udho Udho Shri Renuka Yellamma Successfully Completes 100 Episodes; Team Celebrates The Milestone|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|26 July 2025
|
|}

===Reality shows===
* ''[[Cookku with Kirikku]]''
* ''[[Dance Dance (TV series)|Dance Dance]]'' (seasons 1–2)
* ''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]]'' (seasons 1–3)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.disneystar.com Official website]
* [https://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-suvarna Online programs]

{{Star India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Karnataka]]

Ranna (film)

2026-03-03T21:32:54Z

Peter120: minor cleanup citations as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|2015 film directed by Nanda Kishore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ranna
| image = ranna 1.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Nanda Kishore]]
| producer = M. Chandrashekar
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (Telugu)|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]}}
| screenplay = Nanda Kishore
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sudeepa]]|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Rachita Ram]]|[[Haripriya]]|[[Madhoo]]}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Sudhakar S. Raj
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Sri Nimishamba Productions
| distributor = Sri Gokul Films
| released = {{film date|2015|06|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹18 crore<ref name=":31"/>
| gross = ₹30.80 crore<ref name=":31">{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 | title=Eega to Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films of Kannada Star Sudeep }}</ref>
}}
'''''Ranna''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Nanda Kishore]]. The film features an ensemble cast including [[Sudeepa|Kichcha Sudeep]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Haripriya]], [[Madhoo]], [[Devaraj]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], and [[Sadhu Kokila]]. It is an official remake of the 2013 Telugu film ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''.

The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] with cinematography by Sudhakar S. Raj and editing by K. M. Prakash. The film released on 4 June 2015 to receive mixed reviews from critics, but it was declared successful at the box office.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-Attarintiki-Daredi-remake-to-be-named-Ranna/articleshow/40909497.cms Sudeep’s Attarintiki Daredi remake to be named Ranna? – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (26 August 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref><ref name="newindianexpress1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141101225629/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sudeep-Plays-Everybody%E2%80%99s-Sweetheart-in-Ranna/2014/09/03/article2411215.ece Sudeep Plays Everybody’s Sweetheart in Ranna]. The New Indian Express (3 September 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref>

==Plot==
In Zurich, wheelchair-using business tycoon Sharat Chandra reveals to his grandson, Bhargav Nanda, his wish to mend relations with his estranged daughter Saraswathi, whom he disowned for marrying Prakash against his wishes. Determined to reconcile the family before Sharat Chandra's 80th birthday, Bhargav travels to Hyderabad, India. Disguised as a driver named Chandu, he earns the trust of Prakash, who has suffered a heart attack, and his family by admitting Prakash to the hospital.

Bhargav, posing as Chandu, is hired as a driver by Saraswathi and befriends her eldest daughter, Indira, while Saraswathi’s second daughter, Rukmini, grows suspicious of him and his friend Laxmi, Prakash's nurse. Saraswathi discloses to Bhargav that she is aware of who he is and warns him from doing anything with an intent to take her back to Sharat Chandra whom she refuses to forgive as the latter shot Prakash in his arm in a fit of rage when they got married after eloping. Bhargav saves Indira from a suicide attempt and she divulges that she was trying to run away with Rohith, whom Bhargav assumed to be the kidnapper. Indira requests Bhargav to bring Rohith to her as he is being forced to marry Neelamani, daughter of a fierce factionist Veerappa, the very next day and Bhargav obliges to her plea.

Bhargav and Laxmi travel to Siddhappa’s village to retrieve Rohith, but Rukmini inadvertently falls into their jeep and suffers from amnesia. To protect her, Bhargav pretends to be her lover, whom she ran away with against her mother’s wishes. Bhargav and Laxmi successfully rescue Rohith, but are pursued by Siddhappa and his men. During a confrontation, Rukmini regains her memory. Siddhappa then confronts Prakash and Saraswathi, demanding compensation for the damage caused to her daughter and their reputation. To prevent further conflict, Saraswathi offers to get Rukmini married to Siddhappa’s elder son and Prakash dismisses Bhargav from his job. Rukmini confesses her love for Bhargav, which is overheard by her cousin.

Bhaskar, an affluent NRI and Siddhappa's nephew, arrives as a guest at Saraswathi’s home. Saraswathi reveals to her assistant Murthy that Bhaskar was her previous assistant, who had become wealthy by discovering diamonds in a plot he bought in Uganda with the ₹2 lakh he stole from her. Bhargav traps Bhaskar, who has a penchant for women and desires to marry Rukmini and joins him as his assistant, entering Saraswathi's residence with his support.

Bhaskar's conspiracies to get close to Rukmini are constantly thwarted by Bhargav who takes Rukmini to the railway station for eloping to Chennai apparently. Siddhappa's men arrive at the station after learning from Rukmini's cousin about her love for Bhargav but the latter thrashes them and Rukmini perceives Bhargav's true identity and his intentions. Prakash arrives at the station and attempts to shoot Bhargav. Bhargav wonders that if Sharat Chandra was wrong at that time for shooting Prakash then why is the latter doing the same right now. Bhargav reflects on Sharat Chandra’s past actions and reveals that after Saraswathi eloped with Prakash, Sharat Chandra, overwhelmed with guilt, accidentally killed Bhargav’s mother Pooja while trying to shoot himself. Despite this tragedy, Bhargav and his father had forgiven Sharat Chandra.

Realizing their errors, Prakash and Saraswathi reconcile with Bhargav and agree to mend their relationship with Sharat Chandra. Bhaskar, seeking revenge, kidnaps Rukmini, but Bhargav and Laxmi rescue her. Bhaskar discovers that the Ugandan government has seized his wealth, leaving him with only ₹2 lakh. Saraswathi travels to Zurich with her family, publicly supporting Sharat Chandra during a board meeting and endorsing Bhargav as the new CEO of the company.

The film concludes with Bhaskar resuming his position as Saraswathi’s assistant, and Sharat Chandra expressing his affection for Bhargav, solidifying the family’s reconciliation and unity as the entire family eat together happily.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sudeepa]] as Bhargava Chandra / Chandu
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Sharat Chandra, Bhargava's grandfather
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Rukmini, Saraswathi's daughter
* [[Haripriya]] as Indira, Saraswathi's daughter
* [[Madhoo]] as Saraswathi, Sharat Chandra's daughter
* [[Devaraj]] as Prakash, Saraswathi's Husband
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Udaya Chandra, Bhargava's father
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Veerappa
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Bhaskar, a rich NRI
* [[Chikkanna]] as Nurse Laxmi Narayana, Bhargava's friend
* [[Mandya Ramesh]] as Moorthy
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Bhargava's PA#1
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Om Shakthi
* Muniraju as Bhargava's PA#2
* [[Keerthiraj]] as Sharat Chandra's PA#1
* Dr. Nagesh as Sharat Chandra's PA#2
* [[Kuri Prathap]] as Bhaskar's assistant
* [[Nanda Kishore]] as Special Appearance in song "Seereli Hudugeena"
* [[Priyamani]] as Special Appearance in song "What to Do"
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Special Appearance in song "What to Do"
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Special Appearance in song "What to Do"
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as Special Appearance in song "What to Do"
* [[Sparsha Rekha]] as Special Appearance in song "What to Do"
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Rachita Ram]] was cast for the role portrayed by [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] in the original, while [[Haripriya]] was signed to reprise the role of [[Pranitha Subhash]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-to-romance-Rachita-Ram-and-Hariprriya/articleshow/39108086.cms Sudeepa to romance Rachita Ram and Hariprriya – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (28 July 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> Former lead actress [[Madhoo]] was selected for a pivotal role in the film,<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-caught-crying-in-Madhoos-lap/articleshow/43348221.cms Sudeep caught crying in Madhoo's lap! – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (25 September 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> which was originally played by [[Nadhiya]].<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Madhoo-returns-to-Kannada/articleshow/37334805.cms Madhoo returns to Kannada]. Bangalore Mirror (27 June 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> The team suggested her to watch ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' but Madhoo chose not to, stating that she did not want to be influenced by Nadhiya but wanted to "understand and interpret the role my way".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/back-in-the-limelight/article6158052.ece Back in the limelight]. The Hindu (29 June 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> In early October, it was reported that [[Prakash Raj]] was also a part of the cast.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeep-and-Prakash-Raj-together-for-the-first-time/articleshow/44488844.cms Sudeep and Prakash Raj together for the first time – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (7 October 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref>

Earlier speculated titles for the film were ''Rayaru Bandaru Atteya Manege'', ''Sanjeeva Sarovara'', ''Rayabhaari'', ''Bhageeratha'' and ''Bhargava''.<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5406-sudeep-s-new-film-title-ranna-exclusive.html Sudeep's new film title Ranna - Exclusive - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726140725/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/5406-sudeep-s-new-film-title-ranna-exclusive.html |date=26 July 2018 }}. chitraloka.com (2 September 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> The film was named ''Ranna'' in September 2014, although the title had been registered by ''[[Psycho (2008 film)|Psycho]]'' director Devdutta, later the title was purchased for Rs. 5 lakhs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924195814/http://www.sify.com/movies/ranna-title-costs-a-bomb-news-kannada-oj3iSAaeifjfi.html Ranna title costs a bomb]. Sify.com (29 September 2014). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref>

The first schedule of ''Ranna'' was completed in Hyderabad. The second schedule of the film began on 16 September 2014.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> In early October, a shooting was held at Rockline Studio.<ref>Features, Express. (8 October 2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20141111095242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Its-Bangalore-Days-for-Team-Ranna/2014/10/08/article2466583.ece It's Bangalore Days for Team Ranna]. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> The unit had planned to shoot a song sequence at [[Hong Kong]] which later shifted to [[Italy]], owing to the [[Chinese New Year]] celebration rush at the former place. The movie was released on 4 June and received commercial and critical acclaim for Sudeepa's performance.<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/11615-ranna-cancels-hong-kong-going-to-italy-exclusive.html Ranna Cancels Hong Kong, Going to Italy - Exclusive - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110208/http://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/11615-ranna-cancels-hong-kong-going-to-italy-exclusive.html |date=4 March 2016 }}. chitraloka.com (12 February 2015). Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ranna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 16 April 2015
| recorded = D Beats studio, [[Bangalore]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:14
| label = D Beats Music world
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title = [[Rana Vikrama]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Mr. Airavata]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] composed the film's background score and music for its soundtrack collaborating with [[Sudeepa]] for the fourth time. The soundtrack album was released on 15 April 2015 with the composer's label D-Beats acquiring the audio rights.<ref>{{cite web |title= Ranna Audio Release on 16th of April and the movie successfully joined 20 crore club in 1st week itself which is first in sandalhood. |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/news/11819-ranna-audio-release-on-16th-of-april.html |publisher= Chitraloka |date= 11 April 2015 |access-date= 24 April 2015 |archive-date= 10 August 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220810195005/https://chitraloka.com/news/11819-ranna-audio-release-on-16th-of-april.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Babbar Sher
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Seereli Hudugeena
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 =
| title3 = What to Do
| lyrics3 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Thithli Thithli
| lyrics4 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Sangeetha Ravindranath
| length4 =
| title5 = Jagadoddharana
| lyrics5 = [[Purandara Dasa]]
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Vani Harikrishna]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Ranna Theme
| length6 =
}}

== Release ==
''Ranna'''s distribution rights for the entire Karnataka region were acquired by Sri Gokul Films for {{INRConvert|25|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/distribution/articleshow/50162054.cms|title=ವಿತರಣೆಗೂ ಬಂತು ಚೈತ್ರಕಾಲ }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
;[[IIFA Utsavam]]:
* [[1st IIFA Utsavam#Kannada cinema|Best Music Director - Kannada]] (2015) - [[V. Harikrishna]] - nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=https://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-awards-2015-kannada-nominees-winners/|title=IIFA Utsavam Awards 2015 Kannada Nominees & Winners|publisher=updatebro.com|date=January 24, 2016}}</ref>

;IBNLive Movie Awards:
* Best Actor South (2015) - [[Sudeepa]] - nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actor-south-1198638.html|title=IBNLive Movie Awards 2016: Nominees for Best Actor (South)|publisher=ibnlive.com|date=February 3, 2016|access-date=23 March 2016|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415230917/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/ibnlive-movie-awards-2016-nominees-for-best-actor-south-1198638.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;[[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Critics Best Actress – Kannada]] (2015) - [[Rachita Ram]] - won
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress - Kannada]] (2015) - [[Rachita Ram]] - nominated<ref name="63rd ffas">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/63rd-filmfare-awards-south-2016-nominations-krishna-leela-rangitaranga-dominate-kannada-list-681852|title=63rd Filmfare Awards (South) 2016 nominations|publisher=ibtimes.co.in|date=June 8, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress - Kannada]] (2015) - [[Madhoo]] - nominated<ref name="63rd ffas"/>

;[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* Best Actress - Kannada (2015) - [[Rachita Ram]] - won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2016-kannada-nominations-kendasampige-rangitaranga-top-list-680162|title=SIIMA 2016 Kannada Nominations|publisher=ibtimes.com|date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3817652}}

{{Nanda Kishore}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nanda Kishore]]
[[Category:2015 action drama films]]

Apoorva Sahodarigal

2026-03-03T05:16:20Z

Peter120: correct section per standard format and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Apoorva Sahodarigal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]]
| writer = Thooyavan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Vijaya Kaul
| story = Vijaya Kaul
| producer = C. Dhandayuthapani
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = M. G. Balu Rao
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| studio = [[Devar Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1983|11|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Apoorva Sahodarigal''''' ({{Translation|Unique Sisters}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] and produced by [[Devar Films]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]. It was released on 4 November 1983,<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 1983 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரிகள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_19/4.jp2/full/1000,1393/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250621024931/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_19/4.jp2/full/1000,1393/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aboorva Sagodarigal ( 1983 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=630 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117053449/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=630 |archive-date=17 November 2004 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: ஒரே படத்தில் ஆக்ஷனில் கலக்கிய 80ஸ் ஹீரோயின்கள் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/127546/cinema/Kollywood/80s-heroines-mixed-with-action-in-the-same-picture-of-flashback.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250621033017/https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/127546/cinema/Kollywood/80s-heroines-mixed-with-action-in-the-same-picture-of-flashback.htm |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=April 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]
*[[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoorva Sagothararigal Tamil Film LP VInyl Record |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/apoorva-sagothararigal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205204807/https://macsendisk.com/product/apoorva-sagothararigal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 1983 |title=Apoorva Sagotharigal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/apoorva-sagotharigal/1iYPRdny1yk_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621031902/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/apoorva-sagotharigal/1iYPRdny1yk_ |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[disco]] song "My Name is Rosy" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2022 |title='Naan Oru Disco Dancer' to 'Papa Rita': Bappi Lahiri's disco music in south cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/naan-oru-disco-dancer-papa-rita-bappi-lahiri-s-disco-music-south-cinema-161046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260112180435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/naan-oru-disco-dancer-papa-rita-bappi-lahiri-s-disco-music-south-cinema-161046 |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ennai Yaarum
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Annai Ennum
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 =
| title3 = Nallathukku
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 =
| title4 = Ondre Engal Jeevan
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 =
| title5 = My Name is Rosy
| note5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 =
| title6 = Engenge Nee Thaan
| note6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length6 =
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote even if it is a tiny plot, they keep telling it without hesitation and the film ends quickly before we sit up straight.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=20 November 1983 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரிகள் |url=https://ibb.co/6JGKF7H |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427051603/https://ibb.co/6JGKF7H |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=24 |language=Ta}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music and called it a film made for general audiences who love [[masala film]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=6 November 1983 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரிகள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621012414/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. Thyagarajan (director)}}

[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 action films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about sisters]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Thyagarajan (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

M. Dutta Ray Trophy

2026-02-24T10:00:59Z

Peter120: Creating...

{{short description|Indian football tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|name = M. Dutta Ray Trophy U-21 National Football Championship
|logo =
|founded = {{Start date and age|1992}}
|abolished = 2010
|region = India
|number of teams = 36
|related comps = [[B.C. Roy Trophy]]
|current champions =
|most successful team = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] (6 titles)
|broadcasters =
|website =
|current =
}}

The '''U-21 National Football Championship''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero Junior NFC |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-nfc |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=2021-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091511/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-nfc |url-status=live }}</ref> also known as '''M. Dutta Ray Trophy''', was an [[India|Indian]] [[Association football|football]] tournament held for players under 21 years of age. This trophy was named after Manindra Nath Dutta Ray, former president of the AIFF. This was introduced when Olympic football became a U-23 event in [[1992 Summer Olympics]] at Barcelona in Spain. The 19th and last edition was held in Gurgaon and Faridabad in Haryana state from 15 to 28 February 2010. The Goa football team won the 2010 tournament by beating Haryana football team 1–0 in the final.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dutta Ray Trophy |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=5123390 |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185448/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=5123390 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-02 |title=Delhi enter final of North Zone Dutta Roy U 21 football |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/delhi-enter-final-of-north-zone-dutta-roy-u-21-football-029256.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=www.mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutta Ray Trophy {{!}} Gurgaon {{!}} Faridabad {{!}} Delhi Football Squad {{!}} DSA Selection Committee {{!}} దత్తా రే ట్రోఫీకి 20మంది సభ్యులుగల జట్టు ఎంపిక..! |url=https://telugu.webdunia.com/article/sports-news/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF-20%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95-110021100014_1.htm |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=telugu.webdunia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185426/https://telugu.webdunia.com/article/sports-news/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87-%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF-20%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95-110021100014_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal champions |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/bengal-champions/cid/1054730 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185426/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/bengal-champions/cid/1054730 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur held in Dutta Roy trophy : 30th apr09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..300409.apr09 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=2009-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506142226/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..300409.apr09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala, Bengal, Assam in last eight |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/kerala-bengal-assam-in-last-eight/27195 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185428/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/kerala-bengal-assam-in-last-eight/27195 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-16 |title=Mizoram to take on Punjab in U-21 National final today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mizoram-to-take-on-punjab-in-u21-national-final-today/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185427/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mizoram-to-take-on-punjab-in-u21-national-final-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2009 |title=Shantanu to lead Delhi in U-21 National Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/shantanu-to-lead-delhi-in-u-21-national-championship/articleshow/4456225.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613185428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/shantanu-to-lead-delhi-in-u-21-national-championship/articleshow/4456225.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Results==
The following is the list of winners and runners-up:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Football |url=https://punjab.football/national_events.php?id=3 |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=punjab.football |archive-date=2022-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408034352/http://punjab.football/national_events.php?id=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Dutta Ray Trophy (Under-21) |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/duttaray.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503074144/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/duttaray.html |archive-date=3 May 2018 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Season
!Host
! style="background:gold" |Winner
!Score
! style="background:silver" |{{nowrap|Runner-up}}
|-
|1992
|[[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]]
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|1–0
|[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|-
|1993
|[[Margao]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|2–0
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|1994
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|1–0
|[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|-
|1995
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|0–0 {{pso|3–1}}
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|1996
|[[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|3–1
|[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|-
|1997
|[[Midnapore]]
|[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|1–0
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|1998
|[[Nimbahera]]
|[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|1–0
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|1999
|[[Dumka]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|1–0
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|2000
|[[Duliajan]]
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|3–1
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|-
|2001
|[[Mandya]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|1–1 {{nowrap|(draw of lots)}}
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|-
|2002
|[[Ballia]]
|[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|2–1
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|-
|2003
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]]
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|4–1
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|-
|2004
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|1–1 {{pso|4–3}}
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2005
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]]
|{{nowrap|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]}}
|1–0
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|2006
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|2–1
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|-
|2007
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|2–0
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2008
|[[Margao]]
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|3–2
|[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|-
|2010
|[[Faridabad]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|1–0
|[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Youth football in India]]
[[Category:Youth association football competitions in Asia]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct football competitions in India]]

2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka

2026-02-22T08:14:37Z

Peter120: Created initial article and citations!

{{Short description|Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka, India}}
The '''2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka''' refers to the series [[Violence against Christians in India|violence against Christians]] by [[Right-wing politics|right wing]] [[Hindutva]] groups in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] in 2021. The attacks increased after September 2021 when leaders of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) declared of an [[anti-conversion bill]] in the state to check [[religious conversion]]s. The violence again intensified over the Christmas period when right-wing mobs disrupted Christmas celebrations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Boruah|first=Maitreyee|title=Christians on edge in India's Karnataka ruled by Modi's BJP|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/29/christians-india-karnataka-anti-conversion-bill-bjp-hate-attacks|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Human rights organisation, [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) documented 39 violent incidents against Christians in Karnataka from January to November 2021, all carried out by Hindutva organizations.
<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /> The violence included physical assaults, church vandalism, filming the attacks and later circulating the videos to celebrate.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />

In many cases, the local administration and the police told Christians to stop holding prayer meetings in order to avert violence by right wing groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11" /> The PUCL reported that the local police and the local Kannada media had collaborated with Hindutva activists during the attacks.<ref name=":6" /> The report also stated that the perpetrators abused their victims with [[Caste system in India|casteist]] slurs in almost all of their attacks.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

== Background ==
In 1971, Christians accounted for 2.09 percent of Karnataka's population and 2.60 percent of India's population while in 2011, the Christian population decreased to 1.87 percent of the Karnataka's population and 2.3 percent of India's population.<ref name=":0" /> Attacks against Christians all over India increased since the BJP regime took over the country in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-27|title=Jesus statue smashed in spate of attacks on India's Christian community|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/27/jesus-statue-smashed-in-spate-of-attacks-on-indias-christian-community|access-date=2022-01-09|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

Activists alleged that the number of vigilantism increased after [[Basavaraj Bommai]] took office as the Chief minister of Karnataka in July 2021.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-19|title=Attacks on Christian groups expose fault lines in Karnataka|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/attacks-on-christian-groups-expose-fault-lines-in-karnataka-101639857433500.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> According to the Karnataka Communal Harmony Forum, over 120 communal incidents occurred in the districts of [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] of Coastal Karnataka in 2021, the highest number in the previous four years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paniyadi|first=Gururaj A.|date=2022-01-04|title=Rise in communal incidents in Coastal Karnataka|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/040122/rise-in-communal-violence-in-coastal-karnataka.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

There was a significant increase in vigilante attacks against Christians all over the country in December 2021, including many attacks by Hindutva organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Navya|date=2021-12-25|title=Right Wing Group Interrupts School's Christmas Celebrations, Alleges Conversion|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/right-wing-group-interrupts-schools-christmas-celebrations-allege-conversion|access-date=2022-01-10|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> A number of these were carried out by mobs organized by Hindu right-wing outfits, especially on the basis of accusations of religious conversion. The majority of these occurred in BJP-ruled states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Church vandalised, school stormed, Xmas disrupted: These are 8 attacks on Christians since Oct|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/church-vandalised-school-stormed-xmas-disrupted-these-are-8-attacks-on-christians-since-oct/790764/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Protection of Right to Freedom of Religion Act, 2021 ===
The issue of forcible conversions gained momentum since September 2021 when a BJP politician, Goolihatti Shekhar from [[Hosadurga]], claimed that there was a huge number of [[forced conversion]]s to Christianity had occurred in his constituency including his mother. However, officials conducted a survey in Hosadurga and concluded that there was no forcible act of religious conversion and Christians attend prayers in churches voluntarily and without coercion. The tehsildar who conducted the investigation was transferred out on December 16 without any posting.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Karnataka BJP MLA alleges mass forced conversions, probe report exposes his claim|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnataka-bjp-mla-alleges-mass-forced-conversions-probe-report-exposes-his-claim-158780|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> On October 16, the Karnataka's Intelligence Department issued a directive to top police and intelligence officers in Karnataka to acquire information on "authorized and unauthorised" churches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Nikhila|date=2021-10-23|title=Not Just a 'Survey': Karnataka Govt Gets Intelligence Wing to Spy on Churches|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/anti-conversion-not-just-a-survey-karnataka-govt-gets-intelligence-wing-to-spy-on-churches|access-date=2022-01-10|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> The police department, which is overseen by the Home Minister of Karnataka, [[Araga Jnanendra]], concluded that no unauthorised churches exist inside any of the district boundaries in Karnataka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Nikhila|date=2021-11-06|title=Karnataka 'Church Survey': Intelligence Wing, State Police Not on the Same Page|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/karnataka-anti-conversion-bill-church-survey-intelligence-police-disagree-on-illegal-churches|access-date=2022-01-09|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

In the aftermath of numerous attacks on churches by right-wing organizations, the BJP administration was able to get the Karnataka Protection of Right to Freedom of Religion Act, 2021 or anti-conversion law passed in the lower house of the state legislature on December 23, 2021, in the winter session in Belagavi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Karnataka Assembly passes anti-conversion bill: What we know so far|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/karnataka-assembly-passes-anti-conversion-bill-what-we-know-so-far-1061074.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=Karnataka: Christian groups, Opposition slam passage of anti-conversion bill|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-christian-groups-opposition-slam-passage-of-anti-conversion-bill-101640286554392.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The bill makes it illegal to convert a person by deception, undue influence, force, allurement, coercion or any other fraudulent methods. It prohibits conversion for marriage, a long-standing demand of right-wingers who claimed of an increase in the [[Love jihad]] conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-21|title=Indian Christians fear attacks or jail over conversions|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59724425|access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Conversion to Hinduism has been excluded since the BJP claimed it is about the return of Hindus who have accepted a foreign religion.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Ahead of assembly polls in Karnataka, BJP focuses on pro-hindutva legislation|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2022/01/01/ahead-of-assembly-polls-in-karnataka-bjp-focuses-on-pro-hindutva-legislation.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> The Bill seeks a maximum sentence of ten years in prison for forced religious conversion of minors, women and persons from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Karnataka: Hindutva supremacists attack Dalit family on charges of religious conversion|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1014164/karnataka-hindutva-supremacists-attack-dalit-family-on-charges-of-religious-conversion|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Scroll.in|date=3 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Several parties, including the Christian community and human rights groups opposed the Bill, alleging that it might be abused to target religious minorities.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Karnataka Assembly passes anti-conversion Bill amid protests|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1013508/karnataka-assembly-passes-anti-conversion-bill|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Scroll.in|date=23 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the anti-conversion laws are part of the BJP's strategy of using religion to polarize the people and gain support from the Hindu majority.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-22|title=Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India's Christians|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/22/world/asia/india-christians-attacked.html|access-date=2022-01-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Violence ==
A series of attacks were carried out by HINDUTHVA groups and vigilante groups against Christians in Karnataka in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-12|title=Karnataka: Right-wing groups attack Christians, set their religious books on fire|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-right-wing-groups-attack-christians-set-religious-books-on-fire-7669416/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The attacks increased after September 2021 when leaders of BJP including Chief minister Basavaraj Bommai declared of an "anti-conversion" bill in the state to check religious conversions. The violence intensified over the Christmas period when right-wing Hindu mobs disrupted Christmas celebrations. The majority of the attacks were carried out by the Bajrang Dal, Banjara Nigama and the Hindu Jagaran Vedike (HJV).<ref name=":0" /> Incidents of Hindutva activists affiliated to right-wing organisations such as the Bajrang Dal and [[Sri Ram Sena|Sri Rama Sene]] barging into churches and Christian prayer halls were reported across several places including Udupi, Chikballapur, [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], Belagavi, [[Kanakapura]] and [[Arsikere]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-29|title=Bajrang Dal disrupts Christian prayer meet in Karnataka, alleges conversion|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bajrang-dal-disrupts-christian-prayer-meet-karnataka-alleges-conversion-158156|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

Christians missionaries were trying to convert the Dalit and [[adivasi]] into Christianity. Missionary community were the most affected. In some cases after CONVERTING to Christianity still keep the identity of [[DALITS]] [[ADIVASI]] for the Reservation <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Nikhila|date=2021-12-15|title='Anti-Conversion' Bill: Dalit, Adivasi Christians the Most Attacked in Karnataka|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/karnataka-anti-conversion-dalit-christians-tribal-christians-attacks-on-churches|access-date=2022-01-09|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> In many cases, the local administration and the police told Christians to stop holding prayer meetings in order to avert violence by right wing groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-26|title=In Belagavi, cops tell Christians to avoid prayer meets if they don't want RW attacks|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/belagavi-cops-tell-christians-avoid-prayer-meets-if-they-dont-want-rw-attacks-158053|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Many Christians faced social boycotts and threats.<ref name=":0" />

== Incidents ==

* On September 10, right-wing activists including members of the Hindu Jagarana Vedike forced into a Christian prayer facility in [[Karkala]], Udupi district, and reportedly assaulted the devotees while a prayer service was taking place.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-11|title=Prayer hall attacked over conversion charges in Karkala|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/prayer-hall-attacked-over-conversion-charges-in-karkala-1029411.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Karnataka Assembly passes anti-conversion bill: What we know so far|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/karnataka-assembly-passes-anti-conversion-bill-what-we-know-so-far-1061074.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
* On October 18, activists of the Bajrang Dal and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] forced into a church sang Hindu prayer songs as a protest and accused the Church of forced religious conversions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Right-Wing Activists Sing Bhajans At Karnataka Church As "Protest"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/karnataka-news/karnataka-hubbali-bajrang-dal-vishwa-hindu-parishad-activists-sing-bhajans-at-church-as-protest-2579526|access-date=2022-01-10|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* On November 7, 25 vigilantes allegedly disrupted a prayer gathering at a temporary prayer hall in [[Aladakatti]], [[Haveri]], and physically manhandled a preacher.<ref name=":2" />
* On November 7, right-wing activists of the [[Sri Ram Sena|Sri Rama Sene Hindustan]] reportedly locked up a preacher and congregants in a prayer facility in [[Belagavi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=Karnataka: Ahead of discussions on anti-conversion bill, church vandalised in Chikkaballapur|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-chikkaballapur-church-vandalised-anti-conversion-bill-7686757/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Karnataka to pass anti-conversion bill as Hindutva groups target Christians & churches|url=https://theprint.in/india/karnataka-to-pass-anti-conversion-bill-as-hindutva-groups-target-christians-churches/780529/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
* On November 29, Bajrang Dal activists barged into a prayer hall and stopped the service midway in Belur, Hassan district accusing them of religious conversion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Uneasiness shrouds Christian community in Karnataka after recent attacks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uneasiness-shrouds-christian-community-in-karnataka-after-recent-attacks-101639508943686.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-30|title=Hate Watch: Alleged Bajrang Dal Members Create Ruckus at Christian Prayer Hall in Belur, Karnataka|url=https://www.newsclick.in/hate-watch-alleged-bvajrang-dal-members-create-ruckus-christian-prayer-hall-belur-karnataka|access-date=2022-01-09|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 11, a man wielding a [[sword]] chased a [[parish priest]] and attempted to assault him at the St. Joseph Worker Church in Belagavi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-12|title=Belagavi church priest escapes sword attack by a whisker|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/belagavi-church-priest-escapes-sword-attack-by-a-whisker-1059990.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Quint|first=The|date=2021-12-12|title=Caught on Camera: Man With Machete Chases Priest Inside Church in Karnataka|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/caught-on-camera-man-with-machete-chases-priest-inside-church-in-karnataka|access-date=2022-01-10|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 12, members of right-wing groups set fire to Christian religious books in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], accusing the Church of conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Karnataka, Right-Wing Groups Set Christian Religious Books On Fire|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-karnataka-right-wing-activists-set-christian-religious-books-on-fire-2647730|access-date=2022-01-09|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* On December 12, a mob of Hindutva activists disrupted a prayer session in [[Srinivaspur|Srinivasapura]], Kolar claiming illegal religious conversion.<ref name=":3" />
* On December 23, right-wing activists of the [[Hindu Jagarana Vedike]] forced into a Christian school and disrupted the Christmas celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Convent Attacked By Right Wing Activists|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-hindutva-activists-disrupt-christmas-gathering-at-school-threaten-administration|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-25|title=Hindu right wing group disrupts Christmas celebration at Karnataka school|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindu-right-wing-group-disrupts-christmas-celebration-karnataka-school-159143|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 23, a 150-year-old church was vandalized in [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapur district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=150-year-old church vandalised in Karnataka's Chikkaballapur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/150yearold-church-vandalised-in-karnataka-s-chikkaballapur-101640244850768.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 24, members of the RSS disrupted a child's naming ceremony in [[Huli District|Hubli district]] and accused people religious conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-25|title=Karnataka: RSS barges into child's naming ceremony alleging religious conversion|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnatakarss-barges-into-child-s-naming-ceremony-alleging-religious-conversion-101640375121607.html|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 28, a gang of Hindutva vigilantes forced into a residence in [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] where Dalit women were attending a Christmas function.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: Right-Wing Group Assaults Dalit Family, Accuses Them of 'Forced' Religious Conversion|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-right-wing-group-assaults-dalit-family-accuses-them-of-forced-religious-conversion|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-30|title=Women fight off Hindutva vigilantes who disrupted Christmas prayers in Karnataka|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-fight-hindutva-vigilantes-who-disrupted-christmas-prayers-karnataka-159320|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* On December 29, members of a Hindutva group allegedly assaulted and robbed a family and accused them of conversion. A women was hospitalized for burn injuries when the group splashed hot curry on her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=Hindutva group attacks family over 'conversions' in Belagavi, one woman suffers burns|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindutva-group-attacks-family-over-conversions-belagavi-one-woman-suffers-burns-159395|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaipurkar|first=Anoop|date=2022-01-03|title=Right-wing group barges into pastor's house in Karnataka; disrupts prayer|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/karnataka/right-wing-hindu-organisation/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref> The Bajrang Dal alleged that the family assaulted them in a police complaint. The police said that no conversions took place and the family did not assault the Hindutva members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-04|title=Karnataka Dalit family attacked by Bajrang Dal, but family booked for attempt to murder|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnataka-dalit-family-attacked-bajrang-dal-family-booked-attempt-murder-159480|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Reports ==
According to a fact-finding report released in December 2021 by numerous civil society organizations, Karnataka has one of the highest incidence of attacks on Christians.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06|title=Karnataka witnessing rise in attacks on Christians since anti-conversion law proposal: Report|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-attacks-against-christians-anti-conversion-law-7658233/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> According to the report, Karnataka ranks third in India in terms of the number of attacks against the Christians and their religious sites after [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavitha|date=2021-12-06|title=Attacks on Christians have increased in Karnataka: Report|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/karnataka/attacks-on-christians-have-increased-in-karnataka-report/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== People's Union for Civil Liberties ===
The Human rights organisation, [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL) published a report titled "Criminalising Practice of Faith- A Report" on hate crimes against Christians in Karnataka.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-31|title=Karnataka: Fear of Intimidation Grips Christian Community Post Anti-Conversion Law Passage|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Karnataka-Fear-Intimidation-Grips-Christian-Community-Post-Anti-Conversion-Law-Passage|access-date=2022-01-10|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> The report documented 39 violent incidents against Christians in Karnataka from January to November 2021. These incidents occurred at churches and prayer halls throughout the state, with Belagavi in northern Karnataka having the largest number of incidences. The report noted that in nearly every case of mob violence, the police actively attempted to criminalize the lives of Christians and prevent them from holding prayer meetings.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Cops, media worked with Hindutva groups in attacks on Christians, says report|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cops-media-worked-hindutva-groups-attack-christians-say-rights-group-158779|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The perpetrators are all Hindutva organizations, such as the RSS, [[Hindu Jagarana Vedike|Hindu Jagrana Vedike]], [[Bajrang Dal]], and a more violent, new organization named Banjara Nigama.<ref name=":7" /> Local police have been spotted collaborating with Hindutva extremists to instil fear and [[Anti-Christian sentiment|hatred towards Christians]], and the police frequently looked the other way to incidences of violence, sexual attacks, abuse and social and economic boycotts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: Rights Group Accuses Police Of Complicity In Growing 'Hate Crimes' Against Christians|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-karnataka-rights-group-accuses-police-of-complicity-in-growing-hate-crimes-against-christians/405175|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.outlookindia.com/|date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=Cops, MLAs colluded with vigilantes for hate crimes against Christians in Karnataka: Report|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/cops-mlas-colluded-with-vigilantes-for-hate-crimes-against-christians-in-karnataka-report-1060812.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The report stated that "mass conversion" as claimed by attackers, is an excuse for violence on Churches and Christians.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title='Complicity of Police; Forced Conversion a Myth': PUCL on Attacks on Christians in Karnataka|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/complicity-of-police-forced-conversion-a-myth-pucl-on-attacks-on-christians-in-karnataka|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Wire}}</ref>

It reported that major Kannada news agencies such as [[Suvarna News|Asianet Suvarna News]], TV 5 and Public TV broadcast a mix of false arguments, blatant lies, misleading statements, one-sided reporting and prejudice in favour of Hindutva groups and against Christianity. The study also examined that the mainstream media reporting coordinated with the online activities of Hindutva through videos of the attacks uploaded on social media.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" />

In nearly every incident, the perpetrators yelled casteist insults and abuse at those present in the prayer meetings.<ref name=":7" /> The report said that the attackers hurl casteist slurs since the Christians in rural areas are mostly daily wage workers and labourers from Dalit communities.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Attacks on Christians in Karnataka: Police colluded with Hindutva groups, finds report|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1012779/attacks-on-christians-in-karnataka-police-colluded-with-hindutva-groups-finds-report|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Scroll.in|date=14 December 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Mob operations ====
The PUCL observed a pattern in the operations of the mob.<ref name=":8" /> This includes Hindutva mobs beating people up, vandalizing churches, filming the incidents and then sharing the footage to celebrate a "Hindu victory".<ref name=":6" />

# Hindutva leaders organize a mob and designate locations in their community where Sunday prayers are held.<ref name=":8" />
# The mob notifies the local police department of the impending attack that they are going to carry out.<ref name=":8" />
# The mob of 25 to 30 people breaks into the religious building, accusing preachers of proselytizing. They spew casteist remarks at them and beat them with sticks and rods. Women are sexually, verbally and physically assaulted.<ref name=":8" />
# Soon, the cops arrive to the spot and violently demand identification papers.<ref name=":8" /> In the majority of cases, police showed up minutes after the mob crashed a prayer meeting.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-12-15|title=39 attacks on Christians in Karnataka this year: PUCL report|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/39-attacks-on-christians-in-karnataka-this-year-pucl-report/article37956603.ece|access-date=2022-01-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On several occasions, instead of helping victims of assault, the police took pastors and worshippers to police stations and booked cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Karnataka: 39 incidents of hate crimes against Christians this year, police colluded with Hindutva groups, finds report|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-39-incidents-of-hate-crimes-against-chrstians-this-year-police-colluded-with-hindutva-groups-finds-report-7673723/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2008 Kandhamal violence]]
*[[1999 Ranalai violence]]
*[[1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Persecution of Christians}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka, 2021 anti-Christian violence}}
[[Category:Anti-Christian riots in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2021]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on churches in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:2021 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Hindus]]
[[Category:2021 in Christianity]]
[[Category:Attacks during Christmas celebrations]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Book burnings]]
[[Category:Arson in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]
[[Category:Sword attacks in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2021]]

Dipak Sarkar

2026-02-15T15:54:17Z

Peter120: created new info.

{{Short description|Communist Indian Politician}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dipak Sarkar
| image = Dipak Sarkar.jpg
| caption = CPI(M) Leader Dipak Sarkar
| birth_date = 1940
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date = October 13, 2025
| death_place = Midnapore, West Bengal
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}


'''Dipak Sarkar''' (1940 – October 13, 2025) was a veteran Indian trade unionist and Communist leader from [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]] who served as a member of the All India Working Committee of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]] and the State Secretariat of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Tapan |date=October 13, 2025 |title=Red Salute to Comrade Dipak Sarkar |url=https://www.citucentre.org/917-red-salute-to-comrade-dipak-sarkar |url-status=live |website=[[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Communist Party Of India (Marxist) |url=https://cpim.org/new-state-secretariat-constituted-west-bengal/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en}}</ref>

A professor of politics at the [[Midnapore College]], Sarkar became the District Secretary of undivided [[Midnapore]] in 1992 and was an instrumental figure in leading the counter-insurgency against [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] in the [[Jungle Mahals|Junglemahal]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-04 |title=Return to sanity |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30182313.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> Under his leadership, the Communist government under [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] wrested [[Lalgarh, Jhargram|Lalgarh]] from Maoists as part of the [[Operation Lalgarh]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=2011-05-12 |title=From Soviet Union in Alimuddin Street to a watch repair shop in Singur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/from-soviet-union-in-alimuddin-street-to-a-watch-repair-shop-in-singur/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sarkar was born in 1940 in [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]], and joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the 1960s.<ref name=":0" /> He died at his residence in Biddhannagar, Midnapore, on October 13, 2025, at the age of 85.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=October 14, 2025 |title=প্রয়াত অবিভক্ত মেদিনীপুরের সিপিএমের প্রাক্তন জেলা সম্পাদক দীপক সরকার, ‘অন্তিমযাত্রা’ সমাপ্ত হবে দেহদানের মধ্য দিয়ে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/veteran-left-leader-deepak-sarkar-passed-away-dgtl/cid/1639908 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Sarkar's body was donated to the [[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital|Midnapore Medical College]], an institution he had helped establish during his political career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=তাঁর উদ্যোগে শুরু মেদিনীপুর মেডিক্যাল কলেজ তৈরির কাজ, সেখানেই দান বাম নেতা দীপক সরকারের দেহ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/body-of-left-leader-dipak-sarkar-donated-to-midnapore-medical-college/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]], [[Susanta Ghosh]], and [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]] were among his contemporaries who attended his final ceremony, which also included leaders from the [[Trinamool Congress]] and the Bengal [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 15, 2025 |title=বিতর্কিত অতীত, মেঠো লড়াইয়ের দীপক নিভল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/veteran-cpm-leader-dipak-sarkars-body-handed-over-to-medical-college-prnt/cid/1640163? |url-status=live |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== Career and Controversies ==

In his political career, Sarkar was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Midnapore Medical College and Hospital|Midnapore Medical College]], Sports Development Authority, the [[Vidyasagar Institute of Health]], and other institutions in and around the [[Midnapore|Midnapore district]].<ref name=":1" /> Until his death, he remained the chairman of the governing body of the [[Vidyasagar Institute of Health]] and was one of the patrons of the [[Vidyasagar Shishu Niketan]], the first local school affiliated with [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman Desk |url=https://vihmid.org.in/the-president-of-the-govorning-body-chairman/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Vidyasagar Institute of Health |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Dipak Sarkar at CPI(M) Rally.jpg|thumb|Sarkar, seen here with [[Biman Bose]] and [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]]]
Sarkar retired from the State Secretariat in 2022 and continued as an advisor.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-09 |title=CPM’s Bengal old guard passes on party baton |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cpms-bengal-old-guard-passes-on-party-baton/articleshow/63226508.cms? |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was seen as a political patron for the controversial Bengal minister [[Susanta Ghosh]], when Sarkar confronted [[Anil Biswas (politician)|Anil Biswas]] regarding the inclusion of Ghosh in the secretariat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Anindya |date=August 12, 2011 |title=CPM's love-hate relationship with Sushanta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cpm-s-love-hate-relationship-with-sushanta/cid/364613 |url-status=live |access-date=November 15, 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> Considered one of the most powerful political figures in Bengal, Sarkar was frequently targeted by Naxal leaders like [[Kishenji]] who named him alongside [[Lakshman Chandra Seth|Lakshman Seth]] MP and Anuj Pandey as targets of the insurgents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-04-27 |title=Trinamool armed us to fight in Nandigram: Naxal leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trinamool-armed-us-to-fight-in-nandigram-naxal-leader/articleshow/4452548.cms |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2010, during the Maoist resistance to a steel plant project by the [[Jindal Steel]] conglomerate in West Midnapore's [[Salboni]] region, Sarkar helped organise the ''Harmath'' militia to counter the insurgents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2010-03-21 |title=West Bengal villagers pay with blood for a steel plant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/21/west-bengal-steel-plant-murders-india |access-date=2025-11-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Later, after the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]] [[P. Chidambaram]] wrote to Chief Minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] about the internal security of the Lalgarh region, Sarkar worked as an advisor with state cabinet Minister [[Susanta Ghosh]] and established the ''Harmath'' defence squads in Jungle mahal areas recovered by the Communist government from Maoist insurgents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Pronab |date=January 1, 2011 |title=Rebel pill on rebels |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rebel-pill-on-rebels/cid/445820 |url-status=live |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

In 2016, Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] accused Sarkar, alongside Politburo member [[Surjya Kanta Mishra]], [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]], and [[Susanta Ghosh]] of mudering democracy for demanding Central Force and electoral observers during the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=M. Post |date=2016-04-09 |title=Mamata accuses CPI(M) of murdering democracy |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/mamata-accuses-cpim-of-murdering-democracy-135818 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> He was also named and later acquitted in the [[Nandigram violence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 24, 2011 |title=Nandigram murder heat on Lakshman |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/nandigram-murder-heat-on-lakshman/cid/364846 |url-status=live |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Dipak}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]

Nuvama Group

2026-02-13T17:00:29Z

Peter120:

{{short description|Indian wealth management firm}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nuvama Group<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Paramita |title=India: PAG-backed Nuvama Group in talks to raise $479m for crossover fund |url=https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/nuvama-crossover-fund-390510 |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[DealStreetAsia]] |language=en}}</ref>
| logo = File:Nuvama Group.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|NUVAMA}} {{BSE|543988}}
| foundation = 1993
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE531F01015}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| num_locations = 100+ offices<ref name="IP"/>
| area_served = {{hlist|India|Hong Kong|Singapore|UAE|United Kingdom|United States<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Preeti |title=Nuvama Targets Indian Wealth in Dubai, Singapore |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-06/pag-backed-nuvama-targets-indian-wealth-in-dubai-singapore |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=6 August 2024|access-date=4 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Wealth Managers: Tapping the uber-rich; Initiate coverage |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/898584243/Bernstein-Wealth-Managers-July-2025 |publisher=[[AllianceBernstein|Bernstein]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>}}
| key_people = Ashish Kehair (MD & CEO)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oberoi |first1=Rahul |title=Wealth management in India will quadruple in the coming decade: Nuvama Group MD & CEO Ashish Kehair |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/wealth-management-in-india-will-quadruple-in-the-coming-decade-nuvama-group-md-ceo-ashish-kehair-399749-2023-09-26 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| industry = [[Investment management]]
| services = [[Wealth management]] [[Asset management]] [[Asset|Asset services]] [[Capital market]]s<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Aakriti |title=The Jane Street bug in Nuvama’s money machine |url=https://the-ken.com/story/the-jane-street-bug-in-nuvamas-money-machine/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[The Ken]] |date=3 September 2025}}</ref>
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|2901|c|lk=on}} (FY2025)<ref name="Annual"/>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|986|c}} (FY2025)<ref name="Annual">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Annual Report FY 24-25 |url=https://www.nuvama.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Nuvama-Annual-Report-FY-24-25-1.pdf |publisher=Nuvama |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
| aum = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|4.6|t}} (June 2025)<ref name="IP"/>
| num_employees = 3,400 (June 2025)<ref name="IP"/>
| owner = [[PAG (investment firm)|PAG]] (54.74%)<ref>{{cite web |first1=Baiju|last1=Kalesh|first2=Manuel|last2=Baigorri|title=PAG Is Said To Mull Sale Of $1.2 Billion Stake In India's Nuvama |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-02-26/pag-is-said-to-mull-sale-of-1-2-billion-stake-in-india-s-nuvama |website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |access-date=4 November 2025|date=25 February 2025}}</ref>
| rating = AA– ([[CRISIL]])<ref name="crisil">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth Management Limited Rating outlook revised to 'Positive'; Ratings Reaffirmed |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/NuvamaWealthManagementLimited_May%2026_%202025_RR_369265.html |publisher=[[CRISIL]] |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> A1+ ([[ICRA Limited|ICRA]])<ref name="icra2" />
| homepage = [https://www.nuvama.com nuvama.com]
}}

'''Nuvama Wealth Management Limited''' (doing business as '''Nuvama Group''') is an Indian multinational [[wealth management]] company headquartered in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Preeti |last2=Kalesh |first2=Baiju |title=PAG-Backed Indian Asset Manager Eyes Mideast For $400 Million |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-04/pag-backed-indian-asset-manager-nuvama-eyes-mideast-for-400-million-fundraising
|access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="icra2">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth Management Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=136125
|publisher=[[ICRA Limited|ICRA]] |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Established in 1993, the company offers services in [[wealth management]], [[asset management]], asset servicing, and [[capital markets]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Riding the Wealth Wave; Initiate with Buy on 360 ONE and Nuvama |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/794189014/Brokers-Asset-Mgrs-Exchanges-Jefferies-241029-160936
|publisher=[[Jefferies Group|Jefferies]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Manish |title=For Nuvama Wealth, Jane Street impact is more about sentiment than financials |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/nuvama-wealth-management-share-price-jane-street-sebi-ban-indian-financial-market-11751877618717.html
|access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=7 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

As of June 2025, Nuvama reported [[assets under management]] of approximately {{INRconvert|4.6|t}}.<ref name="IP">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Investor Presentation Q1 FY26 |url=https://www.nuvama.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Nuvama_Investor-Presentation_Q1-FY-25-26.pdf
|publisher=Nuvama |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> Since 2021, the company has been majority owned by PAG, a multinational investment firm.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Baiju|last1=Kalesh|first2=Manuel|last2=Baigorri|title=PAG’s Nuvama Stake Sale Is Said to Slow Down On Jane Street Case |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-09-08/pag-s-nuvama-stake-sale-is-said-to-slow-down-on-jane-street-case
|website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=8 September 2025|language=en|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PAG exploring options for majority stake in Nuvama |url=https://www.privatebankerinternational.com/news/pag-exploring-options-for-nuvama/?cf-view
|website=Private Banker International|date=26 February 2025|language=en|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
==History==
The company was established in August 1993 as Kayjay Financial Research Services Private Limited. In 1998, its name was changed to KJS Securities Private Limited and then to Rooshnil Securities Private Limited.<ref name="Arihant">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth Management Ltd |url=https://www.arihantcapital.com/company-information/about-company/26648 |publisher=Arihant Capital |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=December 2025}}

In 2002, the company was acquired by the [[Edelweiss Group]], and changed its name to Edelweiss Securities Limited in 2004. During the fiscal year 2009–10, it acquired Arum Investments Private Limited.<ref name="Arihant"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Edelweiss Securities Limited |url=https://www.brickworkratings.com/Admin/PressRelease/Edelweiss-Securities-30Mar2019.pdf |publisher=Brickwork Ratings |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

In 2021, multinational investment firm [[PAG (investment firm)|PAG]] acquired a controlling stake in the company from Edelweiss Group and minority shareholders-Kora Management and Sanaka Capital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sneha |last2=Barman |first2=Arijit |title=PAG to acquire 51% in wealth management, investment banking biz of Edelweiss for Rs 2,244 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pacific-alliance-group-to-acquire-wealth-management-investment-banking-biz-of-edelweiss-for-rs-2244-cr/articleshow/77788286.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 August 2020}}</ref> In 2022, the company was renamed as Nuvama Wealth Management Limited, before being listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] on 26 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sreedhar |first1=Vidya |title=Nuvama to demerge from Edelweiss Financial in June, co aims to triple client assets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nuvama-to-demerge-from-edelweiss-financial-in-june-co-aims-to-triple-client-assets/articleshow/99431724.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ankit |first1=Gohel |title=Nuvama becomes third wealth management company to list on stock exchanges |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/nuvama-wealth-management-makes-stock-market-debut-lists-at-rs-2-699-per-share-on-bse-11695784458617.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Nuvama formed a 50:50 joint venture with [[Cushman & Wakefield]] to establish a real estate fund.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Babar |first1=Kailash |title=Nuvama, Cushman and Wakefield JV raises Rs 1,700 cr through office fund first close |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/nuvama-cushman-and-wakefield-jv-raises-rs-1700-cr-through-office-fund-first-close/articleshow/117461792.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=22 January 2025}}</ref> Later that year, Nuvama established a wholly-owned subsidiary based in [[Dubai International Finance Centre]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reyes |first1=Bianca |title=Nuvama Private launches Dubai branch to serve non-resident Indians |url=https://www.financeasia.com/article/nuvama-private-launches-dubai-branch-to-serve-non-resident-indians/497697 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[FinanceAsia]] |date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries and services==
Nuvama is engaged in [[wealth management]] services through two divisions: Nuvama Wealth for [[high-net-worth individual|HNIs]] and Nuvama Private for UHNIs.<ref name="Centrum">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth Management Ltd: Almost a perfect quarter |url=https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/market-reports/equity-brokertips/2024-10/17301949100.76207500.pdf |publisher=Centrum |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="JMF">{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth Management - First cut: In line results, Wealth outperforms Private in a QoQ reversal |url=https://www.jmflresearch.com/JMnew/JMCRM/analystreports/pdf/Nuvama_1QFY26_Result_Flash_Update_13Aug25.pdf |publisher=[[JM Financial]] |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> In 2021, it established a wholly-owned subsidiary called Nuvama Asset Management, which provides [[alternative investment]] services through private and public markets, and [[commercial real estate]] assets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Sidhanth |title=Nuvama or 360 One: Who's Ahead in Wealth Management? |url=https://premium.capitalmind.in/2024/10/nuvama-or-360-one-whos-ahead-in-wealth-management/ |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=Capitalmind |date=28 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Nuvama Capital Markets division includes Nuvama Institutional Equities, which is engaged in [[equity research]] and [[Broker|broking]] business; Nuvama Investment Banking, which includes [[Equity capital markets|equity]]/[[debt capital]] markets, [[private equity]], and [[Mergers and acquisitions|M&A advisory]] services; and Nuvama Asset Services, which provides [[Clearing (finance)|clearing]], [[Custodian bank|custody]], [[fund accounting]], and [[Financial reporting|reporting]] services to [[financial institutions]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nuvama Wealth: A diversified play in the wealth management space |url=https://images.assettype.com/bloombergquint/2025-02-13/ipux6x0y/Motilal_Oswal_Nuvama_Company_Update.pdf |publisher=[[Motilal Oswal Financial Services|Motilal Oswal]] |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Navdeep |title=Jane Street Exit: Why Nuvama could feel the heat while BSE stays largely unscathed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/jane-street-exit-why-nuvama-could-feel-the-heat-while-bse-stays-largely-unscathed/articleshow/122288488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Investment management companies of India]]
[[Category:Investment banks in India]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Jai Jai Jai Haryana

2026-02-12T18:36:17Z

Peter120: put up new article

{{Short description|Official song of the state of Haryana, India}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = Jai Jai Jai Haryana
| transcription =
| english_title = Victory to Haryana
| type = song
| alt_title =
| image = Emblem of Haryana.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Emblem of Haryana]]
| prefix = State
| country = Haryana
| author = Balkrishan Sharma
| lyrics_date =
| composer = Paras Chopra
| music_date =
| adopted = 28 March 2025
| until =
| successor =
| sound =
| sound_title =
| module = '''Director''' Malvika Pandit
}}

'''"Jai Jai Jai Haryana"''' (English: "Victory to Haryana") is the official song of the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]]. It was adopted on 28 March 2025 by a unanimous resolution of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manav |first=Sushil |date=2025-03-04 |title=Haryana has its official state anthem. 'Jai Jai Jai Haryana' to debut in budget session this week |url=https://theprint.in/india/haryana-has-its-official-state-anthem-jai-jai-jai-haryana-to-debut-in-budget-session-this-week/2531848/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title='Reflects our pride': Haryana officially adopts 'Jai Jai Jai' as state song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pride-haryana-jai-jai-jai-state-song-9911530/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
The song's lyrics, written by Balkrishan Sharma, incorporate the [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] and [[Haryanvi]] languages.<ref>https://en.theharyanastory.com/article/1807/haryana-gets-its-official-state-song-as-jai-jai-jai-haryana-echoes-in-assembly</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
![[English language|English]] translation
|- style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>Victory for Haryana, Victory for Haryana,
The holy land of [[Vedas]], where [[Hari]] came,
Victory for Haryana, Victory for Haryana!

[[Gita]] is its heritage of knowledge,
[[Mahabharata]] is its crown of history,
Shivalik is its base Aravali,
Yamuna flows nearby,
Enjoy yourself,
Katak takes a bath,
The heart’s hope is fulfilled,
The nectar of [[Saraswati]]'s juice,
here always resides Simple life, simple arrows,
food of milk and curd,
Victory for Haryana, Victory for Haryana!

Handsome, unique men, beautiful women,
Celebrate [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Gurpurab]] festivals,
Brotherhood is different from the world,
Love grows double by day and quadruple by night,
Education and business,
Deeru, drums, nagadas, songs, ragnis are played
Victory for Haryana, Victory for Haryana!

Golden crops are produced by farmers in the fields,
Sports players bring medals and make the country proud,
The brave soldiers here are always alert on the borders,
A small state, the country’s unique pride,
Guest is God, here service is the duty yes,
Victory for Haryana, Victory for Haryana!</poem>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian state songs]]
*[[Emblem of Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TTTLQ4F1jc Jai Jai Jai Haryana]

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}
{{Haryana}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian state songs]]
[[Category:Symbols of Haryana]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:2025 songs]]

Rusi Brij

2026-02-10T03:10:20Z

Peter120: Created A Post

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rusi Brij
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1955|11|17}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|05|20|1955|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| years_active =
| organization =
| known_for = Vice-chairman of Hexaware Technologies
| spouse =
| children =
| website = 
}}

'''Rusi Brij''' (17 November 1955 – 20 May 2009) was an Indian business executive and entrepreneur. He was executive director of [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computers]], and CEO and vice-chairman of Hexaware Technologies.<ref>[http://www.nasscom.in/Nasscom/templates/NormalPage.aspx?id=1808 NASSCOM] {{Dead link|date=December 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 2003, he was named by [[Bain & Company|Bain & Co.]] as one of India's hottest dealmakers in software. Rusi was well known and respected for his amicable mannerism, mentoring skills, people-oriented approach and a fine collection of vintage wines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.executiveaccess.co.in/ceo_interview2.html|title=Interview}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rusi began his career with Living Media Limited, the leading magazine publishing house in India, where he was instrumental in setting up the first Market Research Unit in the publishing industry. He was the product manager for [[India Today]], and also conceptualized and launched the Computers Today magazine. He entered the IT industry in 1986 when he joined Sonata Software, Bangalore.

He had over 25 years of varied experience in diverse portfolios ranging from M & A, International Business Development, Sales & Marketing, Project Management and Corporate Planning. His experience also included a long tenure with Satyam Computer Services Ltd. culminating in his appointment to executive director and EVP. He was widely known as a marketing-whiz at Satyam, where he once turned a $2 million deal into $20 million, the biggest deal of its kind in the Indian software industry at the time.<ref>[http://npsloyaltyinstitute.com/bainweb/LocalOffices/in_the_news_detail.asp?office_id=146&language=1&menu_id=127&id=10332&menu_url=office_publications.asp NPS Loyalty Institute]</ref> He was instrumental in acquiring some of their largest customers, setting up many of their international operations, and also serving as chairman on several of their joint ventures, with Fortune 500 firms such as [[General Electric|GE]], [[IBM]] and the [[Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe]].

He left Satyam in 2001 to join beleaguered Mumbai, India based Hexaware Technologies. The merger of Aptech Inc., a software training firm with Hexaware, a software development firm, had been slammed by Indian analysts. [[Morgan Stanley]], while calling the venture "undoubtedly attractive", noted the uncertainty and volatility in the stock price as a major reason to be cautious.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2001/apr/05satyam.htm|title=rediff.com: Satyam's Rusi Brij may take over as Aptech MD|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Prior to his joining Hexaware, the merger announcement had sent the stock tumbling from Rs. 450 per share to Rs. 90. 5 out of the 6 subsidiaries of the company were making a loss, and revenues seemed stalled at $52 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-investmentworld/article29199094.ece|title=Aptech-Hexaware: On course?|website=@businessline|date=22 June 2002 }}</ref> By 2007, revenues had crossed $250 million, with year-on-year growth consistently over 35%.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/|title=Latest News, India News, News Headlines & Share/Stock Market News - Latest NSE, BSE, Business News, Stock/Share Tips, Sensex Nifty, Commodity, Global Market News & Analysis|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

While at Hexaware, he guided the company into key markets including [[PeopleSoft]], Travel & Transportation, and Financial Services. He principally focused on business strategy, M&A, leadership development, and investor relations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theplacementpapers.50webs.com/hexaware.html |title=Hexawae details |access-date=2011-10-05 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023835/http://theplacementpapers.50webs.com/hexaware.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, he was elevated to vice-chairman of the board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29020483.ece|title=Rusi Brij quits Satyam Computer|website=@businessline|date=30 March 2001 }}</ref> Under his tenure, Hexaware grew from a small BPO outfit to one of the top 20 software companies in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-info-tech/article28879659.ece|title=Hexaware Tech elevates Rusi Brij|website=@businessline|date=20 August 2004 }}</ref> It was also ranked as the fastest growing mid-size company in India. By 2005, the company was listed at number 11 on NASSCOM's Top 20 Indian software firms.

In 2005, Hexaware faced problems after PeopleSoft, a key client, was acquired by [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]]. Hexaware was amongst the top five vendors of PeopleSoft and had set up operations under a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) agreement. However, after Peoplesoft's acquisition, this center was transferred to Oracle; along with some section of its employees. With a loss of 14% of Hexaware's revenue, which came from this center, the company had faced a major financial challenge.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} To offset this loss, Rusi spearheaded the all-cash acquisition of FocusFrame by Hexaware for $34 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-07/news/27422506_1_focusframe-hexaware-technologies-hexaware-chairman-atul-nishar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812022048/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-07/news/27422506_1_focusframe-hexaware-technologies-hexaware-chairman-atul-nishar|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2011|title=Hexaware acquires US-based FocusFrame in $34m deal}}</ref> By 2007, the company was growing at record highs again, with Q1 2007 revenue growing more than 50% from 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=not found |url=http://www.hexaware.com/fileadd/q1-07.pdf |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=www.hexaware.com}}</ref>

Rusi left Hexaware in 2008 to focus on private venture capital activities. After his departure, former senior Wipro executive P.R Chandrashekhar was appointed new CEO. Rusi remained on the board as vice-chairman however.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hexaware-technologies-ltd/companyid-4784,cn-hexaware-technologies-ltd.cms|title=Hexaware Technologies Ltd. News | Announcement | Recos|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2002, along with entrepreneur Tapaas Chakravarti, Rusi had co-founded & started DQ Entertainment, a Cannes & Palme d'Or award-winning animation company. DQ is listed on both the London (FTSE) and Bombay Stock (BSE) Exchanges.<ref name="auto"/> Rusi was also a major investor in Karmic Lifesciences, an Indian Clinical Research Organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karmiclifesciences.com/investors.html|title=Karmic Life Sciences}}</ref>

Rusi Brij died on May 20, 2009, after a prolonged battle with multiple myeloma. He is survived by his wife and 2 children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200905211205466544S|title=Investegate |DQ Entertainment PLC Announcements | DQ Entertainment PLC: Non Executive Director}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brij, Rusi}}
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple myeloma in India]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]

Vishal Sinha

2026-02-05T02:08:10Z

Peter120: add section for consistency and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishal Sinha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|03|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Cinematographer, Photographer
| spouse = Maria Philipose Sinha (2003–present)
| children = {{unbulleted list|Vir Sinha}}
| website = {{URL|vishalsinhadop.com}}
| years_active = 2003–present
}}

'''Vishal Sinha''' (born 7 March 1975) is an Indian cinematographer who works in [[Hindi film]]s. He has shot films such as ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003), [[Bhoot (film)|''Bhoot'']] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |title=20th Anniversary of Ram Gopal Varma’s 'Bhoot'{{!}}How the Film Was Made? |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/ampstories/web-stories/20th-anniversary-of-ram-gopal-varmas-bhoothow-the-film-was-made |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]'' (2004),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ab Tak Chhappan: How The Story Of 'Encounter Specialist' Daya Nayak Became A Pop Cult |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ab-tak-chhappan-how-the-story-of-encounter-specialist-daya-nayak-became-a-pop-cult-8983697 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806222145/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ab-tak-chhappan-how-the-story-of-encounter-specialist-daya-nayak-became-a-pop-cult-8983697 |archive-date=6 August 2025 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jun/210613-raanjhanaa-movie-review-bollywood.htm | title=Movie Review: 'Raanjhanaa' | first=Shubha | last=Shetty-Saha | publisher=Mid-Day | accessdate=30 May 2018 }}</ref> He debuted as an independent cinematographer with the film [[Bhoot (film)|''Bhoot'']] directed by [[Ram Gopal Verma]], and worked as camera operator in [[Ketan Mehta]]'s ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''. Besides feature films, he has also shot many advertising films, [[documentaries]] and short films.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]''
| rowspan="18" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]''
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''
| Camera operator
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Chingaari]]''
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Viva Sunita!''
| Short film
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Allah Ke Banday]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| ''[[Raanjhnaa]]''
|
|-
| ''Outpost''
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Issaq]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Chup: Revenge of The Artist]]''
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Ghoomer]]''
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba]]''
|
|-
| 2025
| {{pending film|[[Inspector Zende]]}}
|
|}

== Nominations ==

=== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ===

* [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] - ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]''
* Best Cinematography - ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1343514}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Vishna}}
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Maharashtra]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Payal Rohatgi

2026-01-21T16:52:15Z

Peter120: reworked structure after review

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

{{csection|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Payal Rohatgi
| image = Payal Rohatgi snapped at the YOLO Foundation Initiative event (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Rohatgi in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|9 November 1978}} <ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/payalrohatgi/p/DASXC1It-p6/ | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2002–2022
| title = Supermodel Miss Tourism World 2001 Miss India Tourism 2001<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reocities.com/hollywood/7723/links_misstourismworld.html |title=MABUHAY, PAGEANTS! Links (Miss Tourism World Title Holders) |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002310/http://www.reocities.com/hollywood/7723/links_misstourismworld.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| spouse(s) = {{marriage|[[Sangram Singh]]|2022}}
}}

'''Payal Rohatgi''' (born 9 November 1978)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/payalrohatgi/p/DASXC1It-p6/ | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is an Indian actress and [[reality TV]] performer who appears in [[Hindi]] films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Detractors-are-trying-to-distort-my-Bharatpedia-profile-Payal-Rohatgi/articleshow/29600642.cms |title=Detractors are trying to distort my Bharatpedia profile: Payal Rohatgi |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019 |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Vinita}}</ref> She was a contestant in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|2008]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=10 |title=Bigg Boss Season2 – Payal Rohatgi |date=22 August 2008 |access-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822082811/http://biggboss2.in.com/contestants.php?id=10 |archive-date=22 August 2008}}</ref> In 2022, she participated in [[ALT Balaji]]'s reality television show ''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp]]'' and emerged as the runner-up.

==Early life==
Payal was born on 9 November 1978 in [[Hyderabad]] and earned a degree in computer engineering and was also a Gujarat Board Topper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2020 |title=Birthday: Payal Rohatgi remains in discussions for her controversial statements |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/happy-birthday-payal-rohatgi-sc87-nu901-ta272-1128300-1.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=News Track |language=English}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rohatgi started her career by being part of the ''[[Femina Miss India]]'' pageant. She later went on to represent India as Miss India Tourism in [[Miss Tourism World]] pageant internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.misstourismworld.com/winners/ |title=Winners - Miss Tourism |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809053141/http://www.misstourismworld.com/winners/ |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}} There Rohatgi won the title of Supermodel Miss Tourism World.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20011022-payal-rohatgi-wins-prestigious-miss-tourism-world-contest-774479-2001-10-22 "India Today Magazine Issue – Dated May 6, 2019"]. ''www.indiatoday.in''.</ref>

Rohatgi modeled for various brands, including [[Amul]], [[Nirma]], [[Nescafe]], and [[Dabur|Dabur Hair Oil]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} She gained attention after appearing in a television ad for [[Cadbury plc|Cadbury]]'s Temptations Chocolates. Around this time she also appeared in [[music videos]] by rock band ''[[Silk Route (band)|Silk Route]]'' and [[Indipop]] artist [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Payal Rohatgi – Biography |url=http://www.itimes.com/public/payal.rohatgi |work=iTimes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062954/http://www.itimes.com/public/payal.rohatgi |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}}

In 2002, she did her debut with ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'', and in 2006, she appeared in ''[[36 China Town]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} In the same year, she was offered an [[item song]] in the [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] film ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''. She made a cameo appearance in ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]'', which was released in August 2008. In mid-September, she appeared opposite [[Irrfan Khan]] in ''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Rohatgi was considered a sex symbol by the Indian media during her early career in films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Nikhil |title=Payal Rohatgi – More than a sex bomb! |work=India Forums |date=22 February 2006 |quote=Just a few weeks back, Payal had said in an interview that she wants to be known as an actress and not just a sex symbol. Well, about her sex appeal there is hardly any doubt. The sexy movies in Payal's filmography include Tauba Tauba, Fun: Can Be Dangerous Sometimes, Men Not Allowed and Mazaa Mazaa.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Payal Rohatgi: From Bollywood sex siren to yoga hottie |url=https://www.mid-day.com/videos/payal-rohtagi-from-bollywood-sex-siren-to-yoga-hottie/1019809 |language=en |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref>

Payal Rohatgi made her [[theatre]] debut with director and producer Vandana Sajnani's play called ''[[Fourplay]]'' in 2010.<ref>15 Oct, Updated:; 2010; Ist, 03:01. [https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Payal-Rohatgi-to-act-in-a-play/articleshow/16062690.cms "Payal Rohatgi to act in a play"]. ''Mumbai Mirror''.</ref>
[[File:Payal Rohatgi & Sangram Singh with Sumeet Raghavan on the sets of Jay Hind show 02.jpg|right|thumb|Payal Rohatgi and Sangram Singh with Sumeet Raghavan on the sets of [[Jay Hind!]] show]]
In September 2013, Rohatgi was featured in [[Life OK|Life OK's]] TV fiction show ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains|Hum Ne Li Hai Shapath]]'' where she played the supervillain Gong in a special episode of the comic series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/payal-rohatgis-look-in-..shapath-inspired-by-lady-gaga-211627-2013-09-20 |title=Payal Rohatgi's look in '..Shapath' inspired by Lady Gaga |date=20 September 2013 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> In 2014, Rohatgi was part of the [[national anthem]] shot by director Rajeev Walia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Rajeev-Walias-version-of-the-National-Anthem-70-Indian-celebs-roped-in/articleshow/40178018.cms |title=Rajeev Walia's version of the National Anthem: 70 Indian celebs roped in |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019 |last1=Vyavahare |first1=Renuka}}</ref> In September 2014, Rohatgi made her television debut on the [[Sony TV]] show ''[[Humsafars]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rohatgi-excited-about-her-TV-fiction-show-debut/articleshow/43160256.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi excited about her TV fiction show debut – Times of India ► |website=The Times of India |last1=Bhatia |first1=Saloni}}</ref> In April 2015, Rohatgi with her fiancé wrestler Sangram Singh were seen in the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]'', on [[Star Plus]]. They lasted in the show till the seventh final episode.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Trends247 |author=India Trends 🇮🇳 |number=599546849532317697 |date=16 May 2015 |title=6. #StarWorldWeekendBinge 7. #WhyBapujiTargeted 8. Payal Sangram Slaying 9. MoUs 10. Gerrard 380217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-7-controversies-on-nach-baliye-7-2106009 |title=7 controversies on Nach Baliye 7! |first=Letty Mariam |last=Abraham |date=19 July 2015 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/did-sangram-leave-nach-baliye-in-protest/story-cPGk5QP8duvOVEN7Gdw9YK.html |title=Did Sangram leave Nach Baliye in protest? |date=8 June 2015 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Both of them also did a film together, called ''Night''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} In February 2022, she made a comeback to entertainment industry as she participated in the OTT reality show [[Lock Upp]].

==Personal life==
Rohatgi started dating wrestler [[Sangram Singh]] in 2011, whom she met on the sets of reality show ''[[Survivor India]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Want-to-settle-down-with-Sangram-Payal-Rohatgi/articleshow/26696168.cms "Want to settle down with Sangram: Payal Rohatgi – Times of India ►"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref> On 27 February 2014, she got engaged to wrestler Sangram Singh in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/sangram-singh-brought-stability-in-my-life-says-payal-rohatagi/ |title=Sangram Singh brought stability in my life, says Payal Rohatgi |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> They both got married in August 2022.

They were the [[brand ambassadors]] of International Human Rights Organisation (IHRO), an Indian [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] from New Delhi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ihroworld.org/about.php |title=About IHRO|publisher=Internantional Human Rights Organization |website=ihroworld.org |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605152226/https://www.ihroworld.org/about.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Payal-Sangram-to-spread-education-and-health-awareness/articleshow/14674504.cms |title=Payal-Sangram to spread education and health awareness |work=The Times of India |last1=Shukla |first1=Richa}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}}

== Controversies ==
Rohatgi shared fake news and fringe theories multiple times from Twitter account.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.altnews.in/image-from-bangladesh-shared-as-roads-blocked-to-offer-namaz-in-india/ |title=Image from Bangladesh shared as roads blocked to offer Namaz in India |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |date=5 June 2019 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.altnews.in/how-hyderabad-vets-rape-murder-was-communalised-by-right-wing-handles-and-outlets-on-social-media/ |title=How Hyderabad vet's rape-murder was communalised by right-wing handles and outlets on social media |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |date=30 November 2019 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.altnews.in/viral-fake-quote-ascribed-to-raveena-tandon-circulates-on-social-media/ |title=Viral: Fake quote ascribed to Raveena Tandon circulates on social media |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |date=11 April 2019 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> She was locked from Twitter for a week for "communalising" [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-hyderabad-vets-rape-and-murder-was-communalised-social-media-113219 |title=How Hyderabad Ver's rape and murder was communalised on social media |website=News Minute |date=30 November 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Twitter handle of Mumbai police blocked Rohatgi in 2019 but later unblocked her when Chief Minister's wife, [[Amruta Fadnavis]], voiced support for her.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-as-a-hindu-i-am-scared-to-live-in-hindustan-payal-rohatgi-after-mumbai-police-blocks-her-2770924 |title='As a Hindu, I am scared to live in Hindustan': Payal Rohatgi after Mumbai Police blocks her |date=11 July 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711162501/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-as-a-hindu-i-am-scared-to-live-in-hindustan-payal-rohatgi-after-mumbai-police-blocks-her-2770924 |archive-date=11 July 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/twitter-war-payal-rohatgi-calls-gauahar-khan-a-muslim-aunty-in-an-unsuccessful-relationship-with-a-hindu-guy/articleshow/68670151.cms ]<nowiki/> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528182320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/twitter-war-payal-rohatgi-calls-gauahar-khan-a-muslim-aunty-in-an-unsuccessful-relationship-with-a-hindu-guy/articleshow/68670151.cms |date=28 May 2024 }}</ref>

During [[2018 Kerala floods]], Payal Rohatgi claimed that it was wrath of God due to cow slaughter.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-payal-rohatgi-enrages-twitter-as-she-shares-her-views-on-kerala-floods-sunny-leone-swara-bhasker-s-masturbation-scene-2656572 |title=Payal Rohatgi enrages Twitter as she shares her views on Kerala floods, Sunny Leone, Swara Bhasker's masturbation scene |date=29 August 2018 |website=DNA India |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Her remarks were called as "insensitive" and she was trolled on Twitter due to her remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/payal-rohatgi-trolled-for-her-kerala-tweet-takes-a-jibe-at-swara-bhasker/19756180 |title=Payal Rohatgi trolled for her Kerala tweet; takes a jibe at Swara Bhasker |date=31 August 2018 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

In July 2019, she also commented on inequality in [[Islam]] in Instagram over [[Zaira Wasim|Zaira Wasim's]] decision to leave Bollywood.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/complaint-filed-against-payal-rohatgi-on-comment-over-zaira-wasims-bollywood-exit |title=Complaint filed against Payal Rohatgi on comment over Zaira Wasim's Bollywood exit |website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Police complaint against her was lodged at Oshiwara police station in August 2019 over her remarks.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-crime-complaint-against-payal-rohatgi-over-instagram-post-on-zaira-wasim-s-decision-to-quit-bollywood/21883158 |title=Mumbai Crime: Complaint against Payal Rohatgi over Instagram post on Zaira Wasim's decision to quit Bollywood |date=10 October 2019 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/complaint-against-payal-rohatgi-at-oshiwara-police-station-on-zaira-wasim-post-reaction |title=जायरा के बॉलीवुड छोड़ने के पोस्ट पर रिएक्ट करके बुरी फंसी पायल रोहतगी, मुंबई में शिकायत दर्ज |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

Rohatgi also attacked the 19th century Indian social reformer [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] as a "traitor" & lackey of British, and accused him of defaming the tradition of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/payal-rohatgi-seems-to-know-nothing/articleshow/69581932.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi seems to know nothing: Raja Ram Mohan Roy museum secy {{!}} Kolkata News |author=Utsav Basu |date=4 June 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/payal-rohatgi-glorifies-sati-attacks-raja-ram-mohan-roy-twitter-is-divided-1535657-2019-05-27 |title=Payal Rohatgi glorifies Sati, attacks Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Twitter is divided |newspaper=India Today |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019 |agency=Ist}}</ref> She also glorified the tradition of Sati, saying that women burned themselves alive in order to evade rape by Islamic invaders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/payal-rohatgi-sparks-row-over-tweet-on-ram-mohan-roy-736464.html |title=Payal Rohatgi sparks row over tweet on Ram Mohan Roy |date=27 May 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/actor-payal-rohatgi-calls-raja-ram-mohan-roy-a-traitor-and-sati-a-womans-choice-532814 |title=Actor Payal Rohatgi calls Raja Ram Mohan Roy a traitor, and Sati a woman's choice |last=Maddela |first=Jagruthi |date=27 May 2019 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news-plus/shorts/why-is-payal-rohatgi-talking-about-sati-raja-ram-ram-mohan-roy/32968 |title=Why is Payal Rohatgi talking about Sati & Raja Ram Ram Mohan Roy? |website=timesnownews.com |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> [[Hindol Sengupta]] and [[Sanjeev Sanyal]] presented balanced view of the events over her remarks. Museum Secretary of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Memorial Museum said that Rohatgi seems to know nothing about him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/payal-rohatgi-seems-to-know-nothing/articleshow/69581932.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi seems to know nothing: Raja Ram Mohan Roy museum secy |date=4 June 2019 |first=Utsav |last=Basu |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

In June 2019, Rohatgi claimed that [[Maratha Empire|maratha]] ruler [[Shivaji]] was born in [[shudra]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] and later moved up in caste hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040619/actress-payal-rohatgi-triggers-row-with-tweet-then-apologises.html |title=Actress Payal Rohatgi triggers row with tweet, then apologises |date=4 June 2019 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/payal-rohatgi-stirs-row-over-shivaji-tweet-then-apologises/articleshow/69646074.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi stirs row over Shivaji tweet, then apologises – Times of India ► |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> NCP leader [[Jitendra Awhad]] filed complaint against her in Mumbai and demanded arrest of her over her remarks.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} She issued a video apology over Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/payal-rohatgi-stirs-row-over-chhatrapati-shivaji-tweet-then-apologises-2047608 |title=Actress Payal Rohatgi Stirs Row With Shivaji Tweet, Then Apologises |website=NDTV.com |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/040619/payal-rohatgi-terms-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-a-shudra-apologises-later.html |title=Payal Rohatgi terms Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj a shudra, apologises later |date=4 June 2019 |website=The Asian Age |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/maharashtra-minister-fumes-over-payal-rohatgis-controversial-tweet-on-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-says-strict-action-will-be-taken-2209061.html |title=Maha minister fumes over Payal Rohatgi's controversial tweet, says 'strict action' will be taken |date=4 June 2019 |website=Zee News |language=en |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref>

Rohatgi claimed that [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first prime minister of India, was not legitimate child of [[Motilal Nehru]] but born out of an illicit relationship of [[Kamala Nehru]] with another man in Facebook video in October 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/actress-booked-for-offensive-content-on-gandhi-nehru-clan/articleshow/71548322.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi: Actress booked for offensive content on Gandhi-Nehru clan |date=12 October 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> She also alleged that Motilal Nehru had five wives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsnation.in/entertainment/bollywood/payal-rohtagi-responds-on-case-filed-against-her-for-objectionable-comments-on-motilal-nehrus-family-says-i-love-india-240611.html |title=Payal Rohatgi Responds To Case Filed Against Her For Defaming Nehru Family, Says She Loves India – News Nation |website=News nation |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Youth Congress leader lodged police complaint against her for insulting the Nehru family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/police-case-against-payal-rohatgi-over-objectionable-comments-on-facebook-video-2343027.html |title=Police Case Against Payal Rohatgi Over Objectionable Comments on Facebook Video |website=News18 |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/case-against-payal-rohatgi-over-facebook-video-1608518-2019-10-12 |title=Case against ex-Bigg Boss contestant Payal Rohatgi over Facebook video |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=12 October 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-case-against-actor-payal-rohatgi-over-objectionable-comments-2115530 |title=Police Case Against Actor Payal Rohatgi Over "Objectionable" Comments |website=NDTV.com |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lawyer-seeks-registration-of-case-against-payal-rohatgi-119101001436_1.html |title=Lawyer seeks registration of case against Payal Rohatgi |agency=Press Trust of India |date=10 October 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Later, she offered public apology to Priyanka Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/video/946391/watch-reality-tv-star-payal-rohatgi-issues-public-apology-to-sonia-and-priyanka-gandhi |title=Watch: Reality TV star Payal Rohatgi issues public apology to Sonia and Priyanka Gandhi |website=Scroll.in |date=10 December 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> On 15 December, she was detained by [[Rajasthan Police|Bundi Police]] in [[Ahmedabad]] due to her remarks on Nehru-Gandhi family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/payal-rohatgi-says-she-was-arrested-by-rajasthan-police-for-making-a-video-on-nehru |title=Payal Rohatgi says she was arrested by Rajasthan Police for making a video on Motilal Nehru |website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal |language=en |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> She was later arrested. On 16 December 2019 Court sent her in Judicial custody for 9 days till 24 December 2019.<ref name="Bail Denied">{{cite news |title=Bail Denied, Actress Payal Rohatgi to be Behind Bars Till 24 December Over Video on Nehru-Gandhis |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actress-payal-rohatgi-sent-to-jail-till-december-24-for-her-controversial-comment-2425841.html |access-date=16 December 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> On 17 December she was released on bail.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 December 2019 |title=Payal Rohatgi granted bail 2 days after being detained by Rajasthan Police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/payal-rohatgi-granted-bail-2-days-after-being-detained-by-rajasthan-police-1629043-2019-12-17 |access-date=22 September 2020 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Rohatgi wrote a series of vulgar tweets about Muslim women participating in [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship (Amendment) Bill protests]] for which Twitter suspended her account for a week in June 2020. Her account was permanently suspended in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2021 |title=Court seeks police report as case filed against Payal Rohatgi over offensive tweets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/11/court-seeks-police-report-as-case-filed-against-payal-rohatgi-over-offensive-tweets-2262785.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212123745/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/11/court-seeks-police-report-as-case-filed-against-payal-rohatgi-over-offensive-tweets-2262785.html |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A Metropolitan Magistrate court in Mumbai noted that the tweets prima facie "show disregard against Muslim women and Community" and ordered a technical investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Shubhangi |date=6 April 2021 |title=Mumbai court orders probe against actor Payal Rohatgi for derogatory tweets on Muslim women |url=https://theprint.in/india/mumbai-court-orders-probe-against-actor-payal-rohatgi-for-derogatory-tweets-on-muslim-women/635137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410063156/https://theprint.in/india/mumbai-court-orders-probe-against-actor-payal-rohatgi-for-derogatory-tweets-on-muslim-women/635137/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hakim |first=Sharmeen |date=6 April 2021 |title='Tweets Prima Facie Show Disregard Against Muslim Women': Andheri Court Orders Police Inquiry Against Actor Payal Rohatgi Over Her Tweets On Safoora Zargar |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/payal-rohatgi-andheri-court-court-payal-rohatgi-safoora-zargar-muslim-women-right-to-religion-172182 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407061920/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/payal-rohatgi-andheri-court-court-payal-rohatgi-safoora-zargar-muslim-women-right-to-religion-172182 |archive-date=7 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1991
|Keechu Raallu
|child artist
|Telugu film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'' || Esha || Hindi debut film ||
|-
|-
| ''Patth'' || || rowspan="13" | Hindi ||
|-
|2003|| ''Tumse Milkar'' || Flora ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004 || ''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'' ||Tanya ||
|-
| ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]'' || Item Song ||
|-
| ''[[Rakht]]'' || Tanya ||
|-
| ''[[Tauba Tauba]]''|| Payal ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 || ''Laila – A Mystery''|| Laila ||
|-
| ''Chetna: The Excitement'' || Chetna ||
|-
| ''[[Fun - Can Be Dangerous Sometimes]]'' || Natasha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 || ''[[36 China Town]]'' || Gracy ||
|-
| ''Mr. 100%'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' || Item Song||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007 || ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' || Special appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/photo_gallery_3-Tamil-Movies-Thirupachi_Aruva-Photo-Galleries-3,4,1865,13.php |title=Payal Rohatgi – Thirupachi Aruva{{pipe}}Thirupachi Aruva Movie Stills, Thirupachi Aruva Movie Gallery, Thirupachi Aruva Photo Gallery, Thirupachi Aruva Photos |website=Bharatstudent}}</ref> || Item Song || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Dhol (2007 film)|Dhol]]'' || Sophie || rowspan="4" | Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]'' || Guest appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Kabaddi]]'' || Kaya ||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Valentine's Night]]'' || Sanjana ||
|-
|2018 ||''Halfa Macha Ke Gail''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/payal-rohatgi-bhojpuri-film-will-release-today/405924 |title=अब भोजपुरी फिल्म में दिखेगा 'बिग बॉस' की इस एक्स-कंटेस्टेंट का जलवा, देखें तस्वीरें |date=1 June 2018 |website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref>|| Item Song || Bhojpuri ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| {{no wrap |''Fear Factor India 2''}}
| rowspan="5" | Contestant
| 4th Place
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 1]]''
| Eliminated, 13th place
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-2-winner-revealed/|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi -Season 2 winner revealed?|date=2 September 2009}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]''
| 9th place (Evicted on Day 54)
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>[http://www.biggboss.org/housemates/payal-rohatgi "Payal Rohatgi on Bigg Boss"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231026/https://www.biggboss.org/housemates/payal-rohatgi |date=1 April 2019 }}. Retrieved 6 December 2010.</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka (TV Series)|Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Herself
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout|Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout 1]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Survivor India (season 1)|Survivor India 1]]''
| 6th place(Semifinalist)
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains|Hum Ne Li Hai-Shapath]]''
| Payal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki|Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki 1]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities |work=india.com |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910025418/http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Humsafars]]''
| Anam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
| Contestant
| 9th place
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[2025 Jaane Kya Hoga Aage]]''
| Forum
| rowspan="2" | Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Agent Raghav - Crime Branch]]''
| Manjeera
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
| [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] / [[Shikhandini]] / [[Shikhandi]]
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp]]''
| Contestant
|1st Runner-up
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1204009|Payal Rohatgi}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|payal-rohatgi}}

{{Bigg Boss 2}}
{{Nach Baliye}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohatgi, Payal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Akkitham Narayanan

2026-01-16T23:29:07Z

Peter120: reworked content

{{short description|Indian painter}}
{{for|the Indian poet|Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Akkitham Narayanan
| image = Akkitham_Narayanan_face.png
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1939}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| movement =
| field = [[Painter]]
| training =
| works =
| spouse =
| awards = {{ubl|1963 [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Chennai Award|1965 Association of Young Painters and Sculptors Award|1966 [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Chennai Award|1972 [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]] International Painting Festival Award|2009 [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] [[K. C. S. Paniker]] Award|2017 [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] [[Raja Ravi Varma]] Award}}
}}
'''Akkitham Narayanan''' (born 1939) is a Paris-based Indian painter from [[Kerala]]. A student of such artists as [[K. C. S. Paniker]], [[D. P. Roy Choudhury]] and [[Jean Bertholle]], Narayanan's paintings are on display at various museums and galleries in many countries such as India, France, Japan, Poland and Germany. He is a three time recipient of the Tamil Nadu State [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] Award, Raja Ravi Varma Award of the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] and the [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]] International Festival of Painting Award.

== Biography ==
Akkitham Narayanan was born in 1939<ref name="Akkitham Narayanan - Safronart profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/akkitham-narayanan |title=Akkitham Narayanan - Safronart profile |date=2019-03-14 |website=Saffronart |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> at Amettikkara, near [[Kumaranallur]] in [[Palakkad district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Akkithathu Manayil Vasudevan Namboothiri and Checkur Manaykkal Parvathy Antharjanam.<ref name="Padma Shri for Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/akkitham-achuthan-nampoothiri-life-sketch-1.1682922 |title=Padma Shri for Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri |website=Mathrubhumi |date=25 January 2017 |language=en |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> In 1956, he joined the [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai]]<ref name="Reminiscences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/essay_by_akkithamnarayanan.pdf |title=Reminiscences |date=2019-03-14 |website=akkitham.in |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> from where he secured a diploma in 1961 and, on receiving a Government of India scholarship, he did advanced studies until 1964.<ref name="Profile - Cholamandalam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cholamandalartistvillage.com/Akkitham%20Narayanan.html |title=Profile - Cholamandalam |date=2019-03-14 |website=Cholamandalam Artists' Village |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> His days at the Government College of Fine Arts gave him the opportunity to come in contact with [[D. P. Roy Choudhury]], the then principal and [[K. C. S. Paniker]],<ref name="Art of lyrical intuition">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/130217/art-of-lyrical-intuition.html |title=Art of lyrical intuition |last=Issac |first=Shruthi |date=2017-02-13 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> who was the vice principal of the institution, and Narayanan was also involved with Paniker's efforts to found [[Cholamandal Artists' Village]] in 1966.<ref name="Interview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/akkitham.pdf |title=Interview |date=2019-03-14 |website=akkitham.in |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> In between, he worked at [[Ethiraj College for Women]] for a short while, as a teacher of [[Batik|batik painting]]. He received another scholarship, this time from the Government of France, which assisted him to move to Paris to study at [[École des Beaux-Arts]], where he studied until 1970; at the institution, he studied monumental art under [[Jean Bertholle]] and engraving under Lucien Couteau.<ref name="Profile - Cholamandalam" /> Subsequently, he settled in Paris where lives.<ref name="Akkitham Narayanan Namboothiri - biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/narayanan.html |title=Akkitham Narayanan Namboothiri - biography |date=2019-03-14 |website=Akkitham |language=en |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref><ref name="Akkitham Narayanan - Wide Walls">{{Cite web |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/artist/akkitham-narayanan |title=Akkitham Narayanan - Wide Walls |date=2019-03-14 |website=Widewalls |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

[[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]], noted Malayalam poet, is Narayanan's elder brother.<ref name="Poet’s life, as seen by his daughter">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/poets-life-as-seen-by-his-daughter/article7670148.ece |title=Poet's life, as seen by his daughter |last=Anoop |first=Aabha |date=2015-09-20 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Narayanan received the state award of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], Chennai, in 1963 and twice more in 1965 and in 1966.<ref name="Akkitham Narayanan - Safronart profile" /> In between, he received the Association of Young Painters & Sculptors Award, sponsored by the Akademi in 1965 and in 1972, he received an award at 4th International Painting Festival, Cagnes-sur_Mer.<ref name="Akkitham Narayanan Namboothiri - biography" /> [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] awarded him the K. C. S. Paniker Puraskaram in 2009.<ref name="State Awards - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lalithkala.org/content/state-awards |title=State Awards - Kerala Lalithakala Akademi |website=www.lalithkala.org |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref> The [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi|Akademi]] honoured him again with the Raja Ravi Varma Award to Narayanan in 2017.<ref name="Art of lyrical intuition" /> The Akademi has also produced a 27-minute documentary film on the life of the artist, which was directed by K. N. Shaji.<ref name="Travelling with art from Kumaranalloor to Paris">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/travelling-with-art-from-kumaranalloor-to-paris/article26045389.ece |title=Travelling with art from Kumaranalloor to Paris |date=2019-01-21 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/mathrubhumi_11-06-2010.jpg |title=Report in Mathrubhumi |date=2019-03-14 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2019-03-14}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/img00153-20121214-0946.jpg |title=Report in City Express|date=2019-03-14 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2019-03-14}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/narayananreport.pdf |title=Report in Life Metro |date=2019-03-14 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2019-03-14}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.akkitham.in/uploads/2/8/1/9/28191043/manorama.jpg |title=Report in Malayala Manoram |date=2019-03-14 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=2019-03-14}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.cholamandalartistvillage.com/img%20Akkitham%20Narayanan.html |title=Akkitham Narayanan's Paintings |date=2019-03-14 |website=Cholamandal Artists'Village |access-date=2019-03-14}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.artalivegallery.com/artists.php?page=4&cat=artists&scat=129&show_display=&show_work=true#4 |title=Gallery on Art Alive |date=2019-03-14 |website=Art Alive |access-date=2019-03-14}}

{{Painters from Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Akkitham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Lokesh Anand

2026-01-11T10:08:08Z

Peter120: minor improve article for consistency and updated info

{{short description|Indian Shehnai Player (Born 1978)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pandit Lokesh Anand
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Lokesh Anand
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|03|13}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| instrument = [[Shehnai]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Musician
| website = {{URL|www.lokeshanand.com}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Lokesh Anand''' (born 1978) is an Indian [[shehnai]] player. He studied with [[Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pandit Jasraj enthralled the audience with his Hindustani classical vocals - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/pandit-jasraj-enthralled-the-audience-with-his-hindustani-classical-vocals/articleshow/26778704.cms|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-29|title=लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/lokesh-anand-plays-madhuvanti-raga-032628-3532436.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> and belongs to the [[Mewati gharana|Mewati Gharana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200902/282162178608521|title= A homage to panditji|access-date=2021-07-15|via=PressReader}}</ref>

Anand is empanelled with the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] ([[Government of India]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iccr.gov.in/cultural/list-of-empanelment-artist/lokesh-anand-shehnai-group-shri-lokesh-anand|title=Lokesh Anand Shehnai Group Shri Lokesh Anand |website=iccr.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

Lokesh performs solo and in duet and also does fusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgevent.in/artist/view_artist.php?artistid=0000001450/|title=Lokesh Anand (Shehnai Player) working as Instrument - Organ Player, Instrument - Sahnai Wadak, Sahnai Wadak, Tasa Party from Shahdara Delhi, India|website=www.dgevent.in|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eventaa.com/shehnaiplayer-1459411202-5394|title=Lokesh Anand-Shehnai Player, Delhi|website=eventaa.com|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anandfoundation.com/business-directory/5294/lokesh-anand/|title=Lokesh Anand|website=Anand Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]], he performed online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, tune in to Facebook for classical music|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/may/19/now-tune-in-to-facebook-for-classical-music-2145062.html|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Anand was born in [[Delhi]] and started receiving training from his father Kalicharan at the age of eight. Later in life, Lokesh received training from [[Anant Lal|Pandit Anant Lal]], Pandit Dayashankar Lokesh, and further developed vocal nuances by becoming a disciple of Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj of the Mewati Gharana.<ref name="लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/lokesh-anand-plays-madhuvanti-raga-032628-3532436.html|title=लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग|date=2018-12-29|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

Lokesh Anand married Payal Anand in 1999. They have two children.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Performances ==
* Beemsen [[Sawai Gandharva]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrKAy7rKFFp9AEAb5i7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzIEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1768136172/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.punekarnews.in%2fpune-day-one-of-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-begins-with-the-melodious-sound-of-shehnai-by-lokesh-anand-and-vocalist-chetna-pathak%2f/RK=2/RS=J9Y9avO4lVU9ShYFIxArwP8G_Qw- Mahotsav</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrKAy7rKFFp9AEAbpi7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1768136172/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2findianexpress.com%2farticle%2fcities%2fpune%2fshehnai-bhimwanti-and-a-historic-honour-sawai-gandharva-mahotsav-opens-on-a-luminous-note10413828%2f/RK=2/RS=Cth0p_sTLi_7EZuz096Z7jjSA28- </ref>
*[[Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] Music Festival<ref>{{Cite web|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/two-day-national-music-and-dance-festival-celebrates-ustad-bade-ghulam-ali-khan-in-hyderabad/articleshow/126002793.cms</ref>
* Pandit Jasraj Sangeet Samaroh<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-pt-jasraj-continues-to-inspire-artistes/article65407462.ece|title= how pt. Jasraj continues to inspire artists|access-date=2022-05-13|website=The Hindu|date= 12 May 2022|language=en|last1= Sinha|first1= Manjari}}</ref>
* Vishnu Digambar Sammelan, Agra<ref name="लोकेश आनंद ने बजाया मधुवंती राग"/>
* A Chinese Concert in Drama<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/all-in-a-days-work/article19318652.ece|title=All in a day's work|last=Rajan|first=Anjana|date=2017-07-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Harivallabh Festival, Jalandhar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strains of shehnai, Dhrupad vocals mark beginning of Harivallabh Sammelan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/strains-of-shehnai-dhrupad-vocals-mark-beginning-of-harivallabh-sammelan-705703|access-date=2021-05-26|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
* Sangeet Utsav Patiala<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/music-maestros-cast-a-spell/329900.html|title=Music maestros cast a spell|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*[[Tansen Samaroh]], Gwalior<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/blog/hitting-the-right-notes-at-the-tansen-samaroh-in-gwalior|title=Hitting the Right Notes at the Tansen Samaroh in Gwalior|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh|Sankatmochan Sangeet Samaroh]], Varanasi<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khanna|first=Shailaja|date=2021-05-06|title=What's unique about the Sankat Mochan festival|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/whats-unique-about-the-sankat-mochan-festival/article34501918.ece|access-date=2021-07-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Saptak Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rajesh Iyer|date=Jan 3, 2016|title=Shehnai sets opening tone, flute closes the day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/shehnai-sets-opening-tone-flute-closes-the-day/articleshow/50424296.cms|access-date=2021-05-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*Sur Benaras<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2016-04-07|title=Not gone with the wind|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/not-gone-with-the-wind/article8447002.ece|access-date=2021-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Vani Veena Venu<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/lucknowites-enjoyed-this-enchanting-musical-evening/articleshow/99555757.cms|title=Lucknowites enjoyed this enchanting musical evening|access-date=2023-04-17|website=The Times of India|date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] sangeet sammelan<ref name=":1" />
*The Shehnai Saga by Lokesh Anand [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre (NMACC)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/events/the-shehnai-saga-by-lokesh-anand/ET00449797 |title=The Shehnai Saga by Lokesh Anand music-shows Mumbai |publisher=BookMyShow |access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref>

== Played Shehnai in Movie and Background music ==
*The Lokesh Anand Extraordinary man behind the Tune. shehnai Played by [[Lokesh Anand]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=www-indulgexpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org</ref> song Movie [[Dhurandhar]] Rehman Dakait entry song

*[[Mimi (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] of 2021 [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movie [[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]] led by [[A. R. Rahman]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
* Shehnai In Background Score [[Mira, Royal Detective]] season-3
*in the song "Khelo khellum under Aman pant" in [[Lust Stories 2]], a 2023 [[Netflix]] production,.
*[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things Season 3]] on [[Netflix]] and [[Dice Media]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo Khellum (From the Netflix Series "Lust Stories 2") |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWGeaIcnYlc?si=_vVX4lToqqCDijQ7|date=December 2024}}</ref>
*Played Shehnai for the track [[Devara]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-song-chuttamalle-anirudh-ravichander-romantic-melody-ntr-jr-janhvi-kapoor-dance-skills-sizzling-chemistry-9496373/ |title=Devara song Chuttamalle: Anirudh Ravichander's romantic melody explores NTR Jr, Janhvi Kapoor's dance skills, sizzling chemistry |website=indianexpress.com |date=2024-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929135859/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devara-song-chuttamalle-anirudh-ravichander-romantic-melody-ntr-jr-janhvi-kapoor-dance-skills-sizzling-chemistry-9496373/ |archive-date=2024-09-29}}</ref>(south Indian movie) song Music Director [[Anirudh Ravichander]] Chuttamalle:

== Awards and recognition ==
*Ustad Bharat Ratna Bissmillah Khan award 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/shehnai-artist-lokesh-anand-honored-with-bharat-ratna-ustad-bismillah-khan-award-1503337964.html|title=Shehnai artist Lokesh Anand honored with Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan Award |publisher=Statesman News Service |location=New Delhi |date=August 31, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/new/shehnai-maestro-lokesh-anand-honoured-with-prestigious-ustad-bismillah-khan-award.html |title=Shehnai Maestro Lokesh Anand honoured with prestigious Ustad Bismillah Khan Award|date=23 August 2024 |website=dailypioneer.com |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
*Shehnai Ratna Award in 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/bhajan-sopori-and-faiyaz-khan-honoured_54916.html|title=Bhajan Sopori and Faiyaz Khan honoured|date=2010-02-26|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref>
*Sangeet Ratna in 2005<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2018/08/05/artist-profiles-lokesh-anand/|title=Artist Profiles: Lokesh Anand|website=World Music Central.org|date=5 August 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
*Nomination for “[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|GIMA]]” Awards for Swan-Lake Op20{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Lokesh}}
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sheikh Siraj Ali

2026-01-02T20:29:10Z

Peter120: starting new biography

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Distinguish|Siraj Ali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sheikh Siraj Ali
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1987
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = [[Sheikh Najmul Haque]]
| constituency = [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Rural]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Sheikh Siraj Ali''' was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a four-time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life==
Ali was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Sheikhs]] in [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]].

==Career==
He contested in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Local Assembly constituency]], but lost to Congress politician [[Ajit Kumar Basu]]. In the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Ali lost to Basu once again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1972/kharagpur/|title=Kharagpur, 1972|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> In the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Ali was elected to the new Kharagpur Rural constituency. In the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], he was re-elected to Kharagpur Rural after defeating [[Deben Das]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1982/kharagpur/|title=Kharagpur, 1982|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Sheikh Siraj}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

G. Venkateswaran

2026-01-02T05:42:01Z

Peter120:

{{Short description|Indian film producer (d. 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Indian name|Venkateswaran|Gopalaratnam}}
{{infobox person
| name = G. Venkateswaran
| birth_name = Gopalaratnam Venkateswaran
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|5|3|1948|1|13}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = Film producer, chartered accountant
| spouse = Sujatha
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Mani Ratnam]] (brother)
}}

'''Gopalaratnam Venkateswaran''' (died 3 May 2003), popularly known as '''G.V.''', was an Indian [[film producer]] and [[chartered accountant]]. He was the elder brother of director and screenwriter [[Mani Ratnam]] and G. Srinivasan. Venkateswaran was the promoter of [[GV Films]], one of the first movie companies in India to raise capital through the stock market and Sujatha Productions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/gv.asp|title=Big is Beautiful|website=Chennai Online|access-date=2 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824184440/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/gv.asp|archive-date=24 August 2004}}</ref>

== Early life ==
G. Venkateswaran was the eldest son of S. Gopala Ratnam, who produced films for Venus Pictures. His younger brothers were [[Mani Ratnam]] and G. Srinivasan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 May 2007|title=Mani Ratnam's brother dies in trekking fall|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnam-s-brother-dies-in-trekking-fall/32057/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124230517/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnam-s-brother-dies-in-trekking-fall/32057|archive-date=24 November 2017|access-date=2020-11-11|website=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=live}}</ref> Venkateswaran studied commerce at [[University of Madras]], and became a [[chartered accountant]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zubin|first=Kharleez|date=19 November 1991|title=G.V. has the right mix for art and profit|page=28|work=[[New Straits Times]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zmJPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6639%2C1584460|access-date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111150925/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zmJPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6639,1584460|url-status=live}}</ref> He remained one for nearly a decade before venturing into film distribution, and production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Kavitha|date=May 31, 1990|title=Glamour and quick money draw professionals from other fields to Tamil cinema|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19900531-glamour-of-arc-lights-and-lure-of-quick-money-draw-professionals-into-cinema-812644-1990-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104123/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19900531-glamour-of-arc-lights-and-lure-of-quick-money-draw-professionals-into-cinema-812644-1990-05-31|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=2020-11-11|website=[[India Today]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1986
|''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''
|
|-
|''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Thalapathi]]''
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]''
|
|-
|1994
|''[[May Maadham]]''
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Thamizhan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]''
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Chokka Thangam]]''
|
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="3"|'''Films produced after GV's death'''
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Ullam Ketkume]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Urchagam]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[TN 07 AL 4777]]'' ||
|}

;Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' || Himself
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' || Principal
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || Padmanabhan
|}

== Personal life and death ==
Venkateswaran was married to Sujatha, and they had two children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sathiya Moorthy|first=N|date=May 3, 2003|title=Film producer GV commits suicide|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03gv.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614193404/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/03gv.htm|archive-date=14 June 2021|access-date=2020-11-11|website=[[Rediff.com]]|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 May 2003, Venkateswaran, aged 55, committed suicide by hanging at his residence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=S.|date=2003-05-10|title=The seamier side of film financing|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-seamier-side-of-film-financing/article27771151.ece|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705132315/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/the-seamier-side-of-film-financing/article27771151.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=1234765|name=G. Venkateswaran}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkateswaran, G.}}
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:2003 suicides]]

{{India-film-producer-stub}}

Ranbir (newspaper)

2025-12-14T05:17:44Z

Peter120: Created New Stub

{{Short description|Urdu language newspaper}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Ranbir
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type =
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher =
| editor =
| president =
| chief_editor = Lala Mulkraj Saraf
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| advertisingdirector =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{start date|df=yes|1924|06|24}}
| political_position =
| language = [[Urdu language]]
| ceased_publication = {{end date|df=yes|1950|05|18}}
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Jammu]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}

'''''Ranbir''''' ({{langx|ur|رنبیر}}) was a daily [[Urdu language]] newspaper published from [[Jammu]], India.<ref name="d4">New Book Society of India, New Delhi. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8_AAAAIAAJ Indian Book Trade and Library Directory]''. New Delhi: New Book Society of India, 1950. p. 478</ref><ref name="a1"/> It was the first daily newspaper in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Founding==
''Ranbir'' was founded and edited by Lala Mulkraj Saraf.<ref name="a1"/><ref name="g8">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HiFuAAAAMAAJ J & K Yearbook & Who's Who]''. Jammu: Rabir Publications, 1987. p. 4</ref> He had previously worked as sub-editor of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]'s nationalist organ ''Bande Mataram''.<ref name="g8"/> Saraf had negotiated for some time to obtain the permission from the Maharaja [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]] to publish ''Ranbir'' as a statewide weekly.<ref name="b2"/><ref name="e5"/>

The newspaper was named after Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]].<ref name="b2">Taseer, C. Bilqees. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KNpHAAAAMAAJ The Kashmir of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah]''. Lahore: Ferozsons, 1986. pp. 225–226</ref> The first issue of ''Ranbir'' was published on 24 June 1924.<ref name="b2"/><ref name="e5">Kapur, Manohar Lal. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ik1uAAAAMAAJ Maharaja Hari Singh, 1895–1961]''. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995. p. 107</ref> ''Ranbir'' would become the first daily newspaper in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="a1">Das, Sisir Kumar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA589 A History of Indian Literature. 2.]''. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1995. p. 589</ref> The newspaper was printed at the Government Press.<ref name="c3"/> Instantly after its foundation, the paper gained a wide readership in the state.<ref name="e5"/>

==1930 ban==
In May 1930 Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] issued a ban on ''Ranbir'' (accusing it of 'subversive propaganda'), following an article about an agitation in Jammu related to the arrest of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[British India]].<ref name="b2"/><ref name="c3">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XQYzAQAAIAAJ Journalism]'', Vol. 1–4. Department of Journalism, University of the Punjab, 1968. p. 34</ref><ref name="g8"/><ref name="h9">Ravinderjit Kaur. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&pg=PA121 Political Awakening in Kashmir]''. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp, 1996. p. 121-122</ref> The Maharaja argued that ''Ranbir'' had, in its 7 May 1930 (Baisakh 25, 1987) issue exaggerated the participation figures in the Jammu protest and that the newspaper had false alluded that the Maharaja himself would have supported the protests.<ref name="h9"/> The newspaper was allowed to resume publication in November 1931.<ref name="b2"/> This period was marked by increased pressure towards responsible government in Jammu and Kashmir, a movement that ''Ranbir'' supported.<ref name="g8"/>

==1947 ban and later years==
The newspaper was banned in June 1947, following having demanded accession to [[India]] and urged for the release of [[Sheikh Abdullah]].<ref name="f7">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA4 Epilogue]'', Vol 4, Issue 11. p. 4</ref> The ban was eventually lifted and ''Ranbir'' re-appeared in September 1947. In the following years ''Ranbir'' was an important mouthpiece of the anti-Pakistani tendency in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="g8"/> ''Ranbir'' was finally closed down on 18 May 1950.<ref name="b2"/>

==References==
{{Portal|Journalism|India}}
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Banned newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct daily newspapers]]

Muntjac

2025-12-12T08:50:50Z

Peter120: updated page and added references

{{short description|Genus of deer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Muntjac
| fossil_range = [[Miocene]] to present
| image = Indian Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak by Raju Kasambe DSCN3312 (1) 02.jpg
| image_caption = Male muntjac in [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]], India
| taxon = Muntiacus
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| type_species = ''[[Southern red muntjac|Cervus muntjak]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmerman]], 1780
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| range_map = Range of Muntjac species, including ones introduced into Wales and England.png
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#c60000| native (Asia) and exotic (Great Britain) ranges of genus ''Muntiacus''}}
}}

'''Muntjacs''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ʌ|n|t|dʒ|ae|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-muntjac.wav}} {{respell|MUNT|jak}}),<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |date=3 April 2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> also known as the '''barking deer'''<ref name="NewScientist1959" /> or '''rib-faced deer''',<ref name="NewScientist1959">{{Cite magazine |title= Notes and comments – The alien deer of the Chilterns |date=1959-04-09 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kD2vCBb8xwIC&dq=%22rib-faced%20deer%22&pg=PA784 |page=784}} (URL is Google Books)</ref> are small [[deer]] of the genus '''''Muntiacus''''' native to [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Muntjacs are thought to have begun appearing 15–35 million years ago, with remains found in [[Miocene]] deposits in France, Germany<ref>{{Cite EB9 |wstitle=Muntjak |volume=17}}</ref> and Poland.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Teresa |last1=Czyżewska |first2=Krzysztof |last2=Stefaniak |title=''Euprox furcatus'' (Hensel, 1859) (''Cervidae, Mammalia'') from Przeworno (Middle Miocene, Lower Silesia, Poland) |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=37 |issue=1 |date=December 1994 |pages=55–74 |url=https://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc/pdf/azc_v/37(1)/37(1)_05.pdf }}</ref> Most are listed as [[least-concern species]] or Data Deficient by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), although others such as the [[black muntjac]], [[Bornean yellow muntjac]], and [[giant muntjac]] are [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]], [[Near-threatened species|near threatened]], and [[critically endangered]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136551/22165292 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus vaginalis |date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42190/56005589 |title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Muntiacus Muntjak |date = 18 November 2015}}</ref>

==Name==
The present name is a borrowing of the [[latinisation of names|Latinized]] form of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|muntjak}}, which was borrowed from the [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] {{lang|su|mencek}} ({{IPA|su|mənt͡ʃək|pron|small=no}}). The [[Latin]] form first appeared as {{lang|la|[[Cervus]] muntjac}} in [[E.A.W. von Zimmerman|Zimmerman]] in 1780.<ref>{{citation |title=Oxford English Dictionary |contribution=muntjac, ''n''. |date=2003 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Von Zimmerman |first=Eberhard August Wilhelm |author-link=Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann |title=Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfussigen Thiere |date=1780 |volume=II |page=131 }}. {{in lang|de}}</ref> An erroneous alternative name of ''Mastreani deer'' has its origins in a [[Vandalism on Wikipedia|mischievous Wikipedia entry]] from 2011 and is incorrect.<ref>Smith-Jones, C. (2020), 'Mastreani deer, a very modern hoax', ''The British Deer Society: Deer Journal'' Summer 2020 p25 https://online.fliphtml5.com/svis/tqfn/#p=12</ref>

==Distribution==
The present-day species are native to Asia and can be found in Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Kalbe |date=2019-10-27 |title=The thriving wildlife in the Margalla Hills |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1513110 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, the Indonesian islands, Taiwan and Southern China. Their habitat includes areas of dense vegetation, rainforests, monsoon forests and they like to be close to a water source.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson |first=Adria |title=''Muntiacus muntjak'' (Indian muntjac) |url= https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Muntiacus_muntjak/ |access-date=2021-07-20|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en}}</ref> They are also found in the lower Himalayas ([[Terai]] regions of [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]).

[[File:Muntiacus muntjak 50960281, crop.jpg|thumb|Adult female and her offspring in Malaysia]]

An [[invasive species|invasive]] population of [[Reeves's muntjac]] exists in the United Kingdom and in some areas of Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nies.go.jp/biodiversity/invasive/DB/detail/10250e.html|title=Reeves's (or Chinese) Muntjac / Invasive Species of Japan |website=www.nies.go.jp|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, wild muntjac descended from escapees from the [[Woburn Abbey]] estate around 1925.<ref name="Whitehead1964">{{cite book
|first= George Kenneth |last=Whitehead |title= The deer of Great Britain and Ireland: an account of their history, status and distribution |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2yDxAAAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |location=London |page={{page needed |date=September 2011}}}}</ref> Muntjac have expanded rapidly, and are present in most English counties and also in [[Wales]], although they are less common in the north-west. The British Deer Society in 2007 found that muntjac deer had noticeably expanded their range in the UK since 2000.<ref name="BDS2011">[http://www.bds.org.uk/c2/uploads/muntjac.pdf Deer Distribution Survey 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183044/http://www.bds.org.uk/c2/uploads/muntjac.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }} The British Deer Society. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</ref> Specimens appeared in Northern Ireland in 2009, and in the Republic of Ireland in 2010.

Inhabiting tropical regions, the deer have no seasonal [[Rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], and mating can take place at any time of year; this behaviour is retained by populations introduced to [[temperate]] countries.

==Description==
===Tusks===
[[File:Muntiacus reevesi 2024-05-24 JM 5D412904 2.jpg|thumb|A captive young [[Reeves's muntjac|Chinese muntjac]] buck with exposed canine tooth]]
[[File:Barking deer skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skull of a buck in advanced maturity, showing [[canine tooth]], slanted pedicles and branched antlers. A distinct coronet, or burr, is visible at the antler-pedicle junction.]]
Males have short antlers, which can regrow, but they tend to fight for territory with their "tusks" (downward-pointing canine teeth). The presence of these "tusks" is otherwise unknown in native British wild deer and can be an identifying feature to differentiate a muntjac from an immature native deer. [[Water deer]] also have visible tusks<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emily |title=Chinese water deer |url=https://ptes.org/get-informed/facts-figures/chinese-water-deer/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=People's Trust for Endangered Species |language=en-GB}}</ref> but they are much less widespread.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Although these tusks resemble those of both water deer and the [[musk deer]], the muntjac is not related to either of these (and they are not related to each other). The tusks are of a quite different shape in each.

=== Glands ===
[[File:BarkingDeer.jpg|thumb|Barking deer in [[Jim Corbett National Park]], India]]

[[File:Barking Deer - Kolkata 2011-05-03 2409.JPG|thumb|Head of a muntjac buck, showing the slanted, furred pedicles. Its [[antler]]s have been shed for summer.]]

Muntjacs possess various scent glands that have crucial functions in communication and territorial marking. They use their facial glands primarily to mark the ground and occasionally other individuals, and the glands are opened during defecation and urination, as well as sometimes during social displays. While the frontal glands are typically opened involuntarily as a result of facial muscle contractions, the [[Preorbital gland|preorbital glands]] near the eyes can be voluntarily opened much wider and even everted to push out the underlying glandular tissue. Even young fawns are capable of fully everting their preorbital glands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barrette |first=C. |date=1976 |title=Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=122 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=61–66 |issn=0021-8782 |pmc=1231931 |pmid=977477}}</ref>

==Genetics==
[[File:Metaphase spread of the Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis).jpg|thumb|''Muntiacus muntjak'' chromosomes]]
Muntjac are of great interest in evolutionary studies because of their dramatic [[chromosome]] variations and the discovery of several new species. The [[Southern red muntjac]] (''M. muntjak'') is the mammal with the lowest recorded chromosome number: The male has a [[diploid number]] of 7, the female only 6 chromosomes. [[Reeves's muntjac]] (''M. reevesi''), in comparison, has a diploid number of 46 chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.168.3937.1364 |title=Indian Momtjac, Muntiacus muntiak: A Deer with a Low Diploid Chromosome Number |journal=Science |volume=168 |issue=3937 |pages=1364–1366 |year=1970 |last1=Wurster |first1=D. H. |last2=Benirschke |first2=K. |pmid=5444269 |bibcode=1970Sci...168.1364W |s2cid=45371297 }}</ref>

==Species==
The genus ''Muntiacus'' has 14 recognized species:

* [[Bornean yellow muntjac]], ''Muntiacus atherodes''
* [[Hairy-fronted muntjac]] or black muntjac, ''Muntiacus crinifrons''
* [[Fea's muntjac]], ''Muntiacus feae''
* [[Gongshan muntjac]], ''Muntiacus gongshanensis''
* [[Malabar red muntjak]], ''Muntiacus malabaricus''<ref>{{BioRef |asm |id=1006331|title=''Muntiacus malabaricus'' Lydekker, 1915 |access-date= 21 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sumatran muntjac]] ''Muntiacus montanus''
* [[Southern red muntjac]], ''Muntiacus muntjak''
* [[Leaf muntjac]] ''Muntiacus putaoensis''
* [[Pu Hoat muntjac]] ''Muntiacus puhoatensis''
* [[Reeves's muntjac]] or Chinese muntjac, ''Muntiacus reevesi''
* [[Roosevelt's muntjac]], ''Muntiacus rooseveltorum''
* [[Truong Son muntjac]] ''Muntiacus truongsonensis''
* [[Northern red muntjac]], ''Muntiacus vaginalis''<ref name="Groves2003100341">{{cite journal | last1 = Groves | first1 = C. | year = 2003 | pages = 341–362 | title = Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian subcontinent | journal = Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | volume = 100 | issue = 2–3}}</ref>
* [[Giant muntjac]], ''Muntiacus vuquangensis''

==See also==
*[[Deer of Great Britain]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/index.shtml BBC Wales Nature: Muntjac deer article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170118033213/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWLYfasFEOc&app=desktop Video of muntjac barking]
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Muntjac|year=1905|short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Muntjac |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Muntjac|year=1921 |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q234121}}

[[Category:Muntjacs| ]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Japan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Bourne & Shepherd

2025-11-26T13:26:22Z

Peter120: refine lead per sources and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian photographic studio}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
''' Bourne & Shepherd''' was an Indian [[photographic studio]] and one of the oldest established photographic businesses in the world.<ref name=np>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp08090&role=art Bourne & Shepherd (floruit 1865–)] ''[[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]]'', London</ref> Established in 1863,<ref name=mac>''Macmillan Biographical Encyclopedia of Photographic Artists & Innovators'', by Turner Browne, Elaine Partnow. Published by Macmillan, 1983. {{ISBN|0-02-517500-9}}. ''Page 70''.</ref><ref name=cam>[http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022C-E Photographs of India. circa 1862 – circa 1872 – Samuel Bourne Biography] ''[[Cambridge University Library]]''.</ref><ref name=tel>[https://archive.today/20121216150103/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060923/asp/opinion/story_6775604.asp Samuel Bourne, not only set up a studio in Simla in 1863] ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 23 September 2006.</ref> at its peak, it was the most successful commercial firm in 19th-and early 20th-century India,<ref>''Camera Portraits: Photographs from the National Portrait Gallery 1839–1989'', by National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain), Malcolm Rogers. Published by National Portrait Gallery, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85514-004-7}}. ''Page 37''.</ref><ref>''The Last Empire: Photography in British India, 1855–1911'', by [[Clark Worswick]], [[Ainslie Thomas Embree]], Asia House Gallery. Edition: illustrated. Published by Aperture, 1976. {{ISBN|0-912334-99-1}}. ''Page 4''.</ref><ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/bourne-shepherd Bourne & Shepherd] ''[[Answers.com]]''.</ref> with agencies all over India, and outlets in London and Paris, and also ran a mail order service.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8paweQpDMzEC&dq=Bourne+%26+Shepherd&pg=PA44 The Nineteenth Century] ''Travelling Light: Photography, Travel and Visual Culture'', by Peter Osborne. Edition: illustrated. Manchester University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7190-4401-4}}. Page 44-46.</ref> A devastating fire in 1991 destroyed much of the studio's photographic archive and resulted in a severe financial loss to the firm. The long-term impact of the fire, legal difficulties with the Indian government, which owned the studio building, and the increasing dominance of digital technology, finally forced the studio's closure in June 2016. At its closure, the studio had operated continuously for 176 years.<ref name="oldest">{{cite news|title=World's Oldest Working Photo Studio Shuts Down After Long Legal Battle|url=http://petapixel.com/2016/06/18/worlds-oldest-working-photo-studio-shuts-long-legal-battle/|access-date=19 June 2016|work=PetaPixel|date=18 June 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Bourne & Shepherd - 141 SN Banerjee Road - Kolkata 2016-06-23 5137.JPG|thumb|170px|The Bourne & Shepherd studio in [[Esplanade, Kolkata]], 2011.]]

==History==
Some sources consider its inception to be 1862, when noted British photographer [[Charles Shepherd (photographer)|Charles Shepherd]] established a photographic studio, with Arthur Robertson, called 'Shepherd & Robertson' in [[Agra]],<ref name=mac/><ref name=brit>''The British Empire from Photographs: India'', by John Fabb. Published by Batsford, 1986.''Page 16''</ref> which later moved to Shimla and eventually became the part of ‘Howard, Bourne & Shepherd’, set up by [[Samuel Bourne]], Charles Shepherd, along with William Howard. It is currently permanently closed and is located [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bourne+%26+Shepherd/@22.5633047,88.3500629,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a027700d1003ba1:0xd522caafc81dee89!8m2!3d22.5633047!4d88.3522516!16s%2Fg%2F1wn_4j86?coh=164777&entry=tt here]. First established in [[Shimla]] around 1863, Howard's studio in Kolkata dates back to 1840,<ref>''Magicians of Light: Photographs from the Collection of the National Gallery of Canada'', by National Gallery of Canada, James Borcoman. Published by The Gallery, 1993. {{ISBN|0-88884-627-4}}. ''94''</ref><ref>''Re-visioning the Past: Early Photography in Bengal 1875–1915'', by Malavika Karlekar. Edition: illustrated. [[Oxford University Press]], 2005. {{ISBN|0-19-567155-4}}. ''Page 50-51''.</ref> at Esplanade Row, in [[Esplanade, Kolkata]] ([[Calcutta]]<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pramanick/11652065645/ Bourne & Shepherd, Esplanade, Kolkata, India – Image] ''[[Flickr]]''</ref><ref name=exp>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=246630 DOWN MEMORY LAN E: Bourne and Shepherd Studio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522115509/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=246630 |date=22 May 2013 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 19 July 2007.</ref> Today some of their earlier work is preserved at [[Cambridge University Library]],<ref name=cam/> the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery, London]],<ref name=np/> the National Geographic Society's Image Collection and the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>[http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=12325331VVE69.124095&limitbox_1=LO01+%3D+naa&menu=search&aspect=subtab164&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=allimg&ri=1&source=~!siarchives&index=.GI&term=Bourne+and+Shepherd&x=0&y=0&aspect=subtab164 Bourne and Shepherd −113 images] ''[[Smithsonian Institution]]''.</ref>

[[File:Portrait of Samuel Bourne, 1864.jpg|right|thumb|[[Samuel Bourne]], one of the founders in an 1864 portrait]]
[[Samuel Bourne]] came to India in 1863, and set up a partnership with the Calcutta photographer William Howard, and they set up a new studio Howard & Bourne at [[Shimla]]. Meanwhile [[Charles Shepherd (photographer)|Charles Shepherd]] had already established a photographic studio, with Arthur Robertson, called Shepherd & Robertson in [[Agra]] in 1862, and subsequently he too moved to Shimla in 1864. At some point Robertson left the business and Charles Shepherd joined the company to form Howard, Bourne & Shepherd. In 1863, he made first of three major Himalayan photographic expeditions, followed by another one 1866, prior to which he took an expedition to Kashmir in 1864, in fact all photographic histories of that era carry his works.<ref>''Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage'', by Lindsay MacDonald. Edition: illustrated. Published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7506-6183-6}}. ''Page 566''</ref> He was known to travel heavy, as he moved with a large retinue of 42 coolies carried his cameras, darkroom tent and chests of chemicals and glass plates, he was to become one of India's greatest photographers of that era.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/722965/India-Fishlocks-empire.html Samuel Bourne, who went to India in 1863, became one of the great India photographers...] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]]'', 5 February 2001.</ref> Charles on the other hand became known as a master printer, he stayed back in Shimla and managed the commercial distribution and printing aspects of the business.<ref>''The History of Photography from the Earliest Use of the Camera Obscura in the Eleventh Century Up to 1914: From the Earliest Use of the Camera Obscura in the Eleventh Century Up to 1914'', by Helmut Gernsheim, Alison Gernsheim. Published by Oxford University Press, 1955.''Page 216''</ref> Through the 1860s, Bourne's work was exhibited in public exhibition in Europe and was also part of the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867. He also wrote several despatches for 'The British Journal of Photography between' 1863–1870,<ref name=tel/><ref>''The British Journal of Photography'', by Liverpool Photographic Society. Published by H. Greenwood, 1982. ''Page 426''.</ref> and the company became an avid provider of the Indian landscape views to the common visitors to the country and also to Britishers back home,<ref>''Encyclopedia of Photography: Encyclopedia Photography'', by International Center of Photography. Edition: illustrated, Published by Crown, 1984. {{ISBN|0-517-55271-X}}. ''Page 75''.</ref> and not just survived but the thrived in an era of fierce competition between commercial photographers.<ref name=brit/>
[[File:Bourne & Shepherd Kolkata Dec2013.JPG|thumb|Bourne & Shepherd – the oldest photo studio in the world – 1840]]
In 1866 after the departure of Howard, the company became 'Bourne & Shepherd'. In 1867 Bourne returned to England briefly to get married and came back to run the new branch in Calcutta.<ref>[http://www.photographymuseum.com/bourne.html Samuel Bourne] ''The American Museum of Photography''.</ref> Soon it became the company premier photographic studios in India. At their peak their work was widely retailed throughout the subcontinent by agents and in Britain through wholesale distributors,<ref name=np/> and were patronised by the upper echelons of the [[British Raj]] as well as Indian royalty, so much so that at one point no official engagement, investiture or local [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] was considered complete without being first captured Bourne & Shepherd photographers.<ref>''Raj: A Scrapbook of British India, 1877–1947'', by [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]]. Edition: illustrated. Published by A. Deutsch, 1977. {{ISBN|0-233-96921-7}}.''Page 32''.</ref>

In 1870, the year when Bourne went back to England,<ref>''The Dictionary of Art'', by Jane Turner. Published by Grove, 1996. {{ISBN|1-884446-00-0}}.''Page 587''.</ref> Bourne and Shepherd were operating from Shimla and Calcutta. Soon he started cotton-doubling business at [[Nottingham]], and founded the Britannia Cotton Mills, and also become a local magistrate. He sold off his shares in studios, and left commercial photography all together; we also left behind his archive of some 2,200 glass plate negatives with the studio, which were constantly re-printed and sold, over the following 140 years, until their eventual destruction, in a fire at Bourne & Shepherd's present studio in Calcutta, on 6 February 1991.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106174457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/kolkata/28283232_1_studio-treasure-trove-photographs Kolkata studio since 1840]</ref> After Bourne's departure, new photographic work was undertaken by Colin Murray from 1840 to 84, following which in the 1870s Charles Shepherd continued to photograph and at least sixteen Europeans are listed as assistants.

Later the [[Bombay]] branch was opened in about 1876, operated by Charles Shepherd until his own departure from India around 1879, the branch continued operations till about 1902. In 1880, they even brought their services to as far as [[Lahore]] for a month, where they advertised in a local newspaper, in fact newspaper advertising has been a primary reason of the success of many photographers of that era.<ref>[http://www.harappa.com/photographers/bournesamuel.html Samuel Bourne] harappa.com.</ref> Soon their work was widely retailed throughout the subcontinent by agents and in Britain through wholesale distributors.<ref name=np/> Between 1870 and 1911 the firm sent photographers to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, Nepal and Singapore, had also become Art Publishers, with titles like 'Photographs of Architecture of Gujarat and Rajputana' (1904–05),<ref>''Report for the Year Ended ...'', by India Office Library and Records, Published by India Office Library & Records, 1985. Page 25, 99.</ref> and were now employing Indian photographers as well.<ref>''The Corporeal Image: Film, Ethnography, and the Senses'', by David MacDougall. Published by Princeton University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-691-12156-7}}. ''Page 160''.</ref>

In 1911, they were the official photographers of the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1911|Delhi Durbar]] held to commemorate the coronation of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] as Emperor and Empress of India, where they were given the title, 'Kaiser-e-Hind' which they still use as part of their official letterhead. During World Wars the studio thrived on the contracts for photographing Indian, British and American services personnel.<ref name=ind/>

In the following years, the studio changed hands several times, so much so the sequence of owners has been all but lost, however the last European owner, Arthur Musselwhite who took over the studio in the 1930s,<ref name=ind>[https://archive.today/20070625164106/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=156181 ACTIONLINE : Heritage Buildings] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 9 November 2005.</ref> later after a major business slump following the [[independence of India]], and exodus of European community and the end of princely states, he held an auction in 1955, in which it was bought over by its present owners, and today the building itself is a heritage property.<ref name=exp/>

== Reception ==
In a 2009 auction by [[Bonhams]] in London, sixteen views and portraits taken in [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] between 1860 and 1900 by photographers working for Bourne and Shepherd [Colin Murray], J. Jackson and Lawton, on [[Albumen print|albumen]] and [[Gelatin silver process|gelatin silver prints]], were sold for US-$540. Among these were portraits of a Burmese gentleman and of girls dressing their hair as well as views depicting two men tied up by the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] river in a scene of public punishment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonhams : BURMA Sixteen views and portraits in Burma by Bourne and Shepherd [Colin Murray], J. Jackson and Lawton |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16854/lot/362/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.bonhams.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dufferin Indian Viceroy.jpg|[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], in the [[regalia]] of the [[Viceroy of India]], by Bourne & Shepherd, [[Calcutta]]
File:Choonasee pant churidar.jpg|Son of H.H. Chunnasee Rajoonath Pant, by Bourne and Shepherd, late 1860s, the Archaeological Survey of India Collections
File:GhausTomb.jpg|Tomb of Muhammad Ghaus at [[Gwalior]], Madhya Pradesh, taken by Bourne & Shepherd c. 1883, from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] Collections
File:Khusru Bagh, Allahabad, 1870s.jpg|[[Khusro Bagh]], [[Allahabad]], 1870s
File:Mariage-parsi.jpg|[[Parsi]] Marriage, Bourne & Shepherd, Bombay
File:Mowbray Thomson.jpg|[[Mowbray Thomson |Gen. Sir Mowbray Thomson]], Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta, 1876
File:Rudyard Kipling three quarter length portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Rudyard Kipling]], Bourne & Shepherd, c. 1892
</gallery>

==Works==
* ''Album of early photographs of India'', by Charles Shepherd, Samuel Bourne, James Robertson. Published by s.n.
* ''An Album of Photographs of Indian Architecture, Views and People'', by Robertson & Shepherd S. Bourne. Published by s.n.
* ''Photographic Views in India'', by Bourne & Shepherd. Published by [s.l.], 1866.
* ''Photographic Views of Jumnootri, Mussoorie, Hurdwar, Roorkee, Nynee Tal and Bheem Tal'', by Bourne & Shepherd. Published by Bourne & Shepherd., 1867.
* ''A Permanent Record of India: Pictures of Viceroys, Moghul Emperors, Delhi Durbars, Temples, Mosques, Architectures, Types, All Indian Industries, Himalayan Scenes, Views from the Khybar Pass to the Andaman Islands : from 1840 to the Present Day'', by Bourne & Shepherd. Published by Bourne & Shepherd.
* ''India and Burma'', by Bourne & Shepherd. Published by [s.l.], 1870.
* ''Photographic Views in India, by Bourne and Shepherd, Simla, Calcutta, & Bombay''. by Bourne and Shepherd. Published by Bourne & Shepherd.
* ''Photographic Views in India, by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta and Simla'', by Bourne & Shepherd, Published by Thomas S. Smith, City Press, 1878.
* ''Photographic Views in India'', by Bourne & Shepherd, Published by Howard Ricketts Limited.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Arthur Ollmann, ''Samuel Bourne: Images of India,'' a profound book on Bourne and his photography. {{ISBN|0-933286-36-8}}.
* ''The Imperial Gaze. The Photographs of Samuel Bourne (1863–1870)''. 28 page catalogue of exhibition, with 17 images essay, notes and bibliography. The Alkazi Collection of Photography and Sepia (2004).
* Cambridge University Library: Royal Commonwealth Society Library, ''Photographs of India. circa 1862 – circa 1872'', Y3022C-E.
* Falconer, John (2001), ''India: pioneering photographers 1850–1900'', London: [[The British Library]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113033530/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/india/overview.html Online]
* Lenman, Robin (ed.) 2005 ''The Oxford Companion to the Photograph'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [Includes a short biography on Bourne & Shepherd.]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bourne & Shepherd}}
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp08090&role=art Bourne & Shepherd (floruit 1865–) – Catalogue of Images] ''[[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]].''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bourne and Shepherd}}
[[Category:Photographic studios]]
[[Category:Photographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1863 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Photography companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2016]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1863]]

Jantsar

2025-11-22T15:40:44Z

Peter120: put up article.

{{Short description|Bhojpuri folk song}}
'''Jantsar''' ([[Kaithi]]: 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂮𑂰𑂩; [[Devanagari]]: जंतसार; [[IAST]]: jāṃtasār) are a type of [[Bhojpuri music|Bhojpuri folk songs]] sung by women while by grinding something in a hand-mill made of stone (jāṃtā).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boodhoo |first=Dr Sarita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF2oEAAAQBAJ&dq=jantsar+bhojpuri&pg=PT120 |title=Geet Gawai (Bhojpuri Folk Songs in Mauritius): Geet Gawai (Bhojpuri Folk Songs in Mauritius) by Boodhoo, Dr. Sarita: Preserving the Rich Cultural Heritage of Bhojpuri Music in Mauritius |date=2023-01-19 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-95386-74-6 |language=en}}</ref> These songs describe the hard and painful labour undergone by women who grind [[Wheat]] in heavy [[Grinding wheel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDglDwAAQBAJ&dq=jantsar+bhojpuri&pg=PA145 |title=Culture and Emotional Economy of Migration |date=2016-11-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-44803-9 |language=en}}</ref> These songs are considered as the ''labour songs'' in Bhojpuri folk culture as they are sung while doing labour. The labour songs sung by women (i.e. Jatsaar) are different from that of men. These songs are sweet and full of pathos. They are sung to a characteristic melody which fits well with the movement of the mill.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deva |first=Indra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDfaAAAAMAAJ&q=jantsar+bhojpuri |title=Folk Culture and Peasant Society in India |date=1989 |publisher=Rawat |isbn=978-81-7033-074-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
Jantsar (jāṃtasāra) is composed of two words: ''jāṃt'' and ''sār.'' Jant is the name of the grinding wheel on which wheat is ground and sar means house or place. Thus, it refers to the songs that are sung in the room in which wheat is ground.<ref name=":0" />

== Types ==
{{Verse translation|akhara gaṃhuā ke choṭī-choṭī jhikiyā
sīdhavā girelā jhajhakari nu re rāmā
hathavā pirāi jaba jaṅghiyā pirāle
muhavā se chuṭe jantasāra nu re rāma
sāsu gāve "serahī", nanada mora "paserahī"
ta gotinī "duserahī" ke rāga nu re rāma

𑂃𑂎𑂩 𑂏𑂧𑂹𑂯𑂳𑂄 𑂍𑂵 𑂓𑂷𑂗𑂲-𑂓𑂷𑂗𑂲 𑂕𑂱𑂍𑂱𑂨𑂰
𑂮𑂲𑂡𑂫𑂰 𑂏𑂱𑂩𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂕𑂕𑂍𑂩𑂱 𑂢𑂳 𑂩𑂵 𑂩𑂰𑂧𑂰
𑂯𑂟𑂫𑂰 𑂣𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂅 𑂔𑂥 𑂔𑂑𑂹𑂐𑂱𑂨𑂰 𑂣𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂪𑂵
𑂧𑂳𑂯𑂫𑂰 𑂮𑂵 𑂓𑂳𑂗𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂞𑂮𑂰𑂩 𑂢𑂳 𑂩𑂵 𑂩𑂰𑂧
𑂮𑂰𑂮𑂳 𑂏𑂰𑂫𑂵 "𑂮𑂵𑂩𑂯𑂲", 𑂢𑂢𑂠 𑂧𑂷𑂩 "𑂣𑂮𑂵𑂩𑂯𑂲"
𑂞 𑂏𑂷𑂞𑂱𑂢𑂲 "𑂠𑂳𑂮𑂵𑂩𑂯𑂲" 𑂍𑂵 𑂩𑂰𑂏 𑂢𑂳 𑂩𑂵 𑂩𑂰𑂧|I am grinding wheat in the grinding wheel
The flour is falling below gradually
My hands and thighs are paining
And in this situation I am expressing my pain by singing Jantsar
My mother in laws sings "Serahi" while my sister in laws sings "Paserahi"
and my Husband's Brother's wife sings "Duserahi"}}
Jantsar songs can be categorized on the basis of quality and quantity of the wheat viz. ''Chhatkahi'', ''Pavahi'', ''Serahi'', ''Duserahi'', ''Teen-Serahi'', ''Paserahi''.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Folk songs]]

Sreemoolanagaram

2025-11-06T16:03:16Z

Peter120: adjust references after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Village in Ernakulam District, Kerala, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Sreemoolanagaram''' is a small town near [[Aluva]] and is a part of the Sreemoolanagaram Grama Panchayat. The Panchayat is a part of [[Aluva]] Taluk in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The [[Chowara]] village is a part of Sreemoolanagaram Panchayat.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

List of Namasudras

2025-10-25T16:37:14Z

Peter120: rework formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
This article contains a list of notable people from the '''[[Namasudra]]''' caste, organized by profession, field, or focus.

== Social reformers ==

* [[Harichand Thakur]], founder of [[Matua Mahasangha]]
* [[Boro Maa|Binapani Devi]], the matriarch of Matua community, also known as "[[Boro Maa]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=How The Demise Of Matua Matriarch Boroma Could Change The Political Landscape Of Bengal|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-how-the-demise-of-matua-matriarch-boroma-will-change-the-political-landscape-of-bengal/326626|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

== Judiciary and bureaucracy ==

* [[Upendra Nath Biswas]], former joint director and Minister (East) of the CBI, MLA from [[Bagdah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagdah]] and former Minister of Backward Classes & Welfare of [[Government of West Bengal]]. (2011–16)<ref>{{Cite web|title='Bengal Hasn't Produced A Jagjivan Ram Or Even A Mayawati'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/bengal-hasnt-produced-a-jagjivan-ram-or-even-a-mayawati/281957|website=outlookindia.com/|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Mukunda Behari Mullick]], former lawyer, professor of Pali, senate member in [[Calcutta University]], founder of All Bengal Namasudra Association, MLA and minister in first [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] 's government<ref>{{cite web |title=A Secret History of the Mallik family |url=http://www.museumofmaterialmemory.com/a-secret-history-of-the-mallik-family/ |website=Museum of Material Memory |access-date=15 December 2021 |date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

== Politicians ==

=== Ministers ===

* [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]], one of the leading founding fathers of the modern state of [[Pakistan]] and first minister of law and labour of the country<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jogendra Nath Mandal, a Bengali Dalit leader who went on to become a Pakistani minister|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jogendra-nath-mandal-a-bengali-dalit-leader-who-went-on-to-become-a-pakistani-minister/184687/|last=Munsi|first=Sharanya|date=2019-01-29|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Birat Chandra Mandal]], minister and member of [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Uday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qXbCgAAQBAJ&q=birat+chandra+mandal+depressed+classes+league&pg=PA62|title=The Politics of Caste in West Bengal|last2=Heierstad|first2=Geir|last3=Nielsen|first3=Kenneth Bo|date=2015-09-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-41477-3|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kanti Biswas]], former MLA of [[Gaighata]] and minister of Youth Affairs and Home (Passport)<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Chandal education minister|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/02/a-chandal-education-minister/|last=विस्वास|first=A. K. Biswas एके|date=2016-02-12|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Shantanu Thakur]], M.P from [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] and Minister of State of [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] in the [[Second Modi ministry]] (2021–present).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ground Report: Why BJP's Identity Politics in Bengal's Bongaon Will Likely Fall Flat|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-west-bengal-bongaon-matua|website=thewire.in|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Santanu Thakur, Matua Leader From Bengal, Becomes Union Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/santanu-thakur-matua-leader-from-bengal-becomes-union-minister-2481541 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== MPs and MLA ===
* [[Bagdah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Apurba Lal Majumdar]], two-time MLA and former speaker of West Bengal Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|title=FORMER SPEAKER DIES|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/former-speaker-dies/cid/937154|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Kapil Krishna Thakur]], former Sanghadhipati of Matua Mahasangha and M.P from Bangaon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matuas: nobody's people, everybody's votebank|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/matuas-nobody-s-people-everybody-s-votebank/cid/1686964|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Mamata Bala Thakur]], religious mother of the Matua Mahasangha and M.P from Bangaon<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Bengal and Assam, BJP-TMC Tussle Over Namasudra Votes Has Reached New Heights|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bengal-assam-tmc-bjp-dalits-nrc|website=thewire.in|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Pramatha Ranjan Thakur]], former MLA and head of Matua Mahasangha<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19NjDwAAQBAJ&q=namasudra+caste+mla&pg=PT308|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-07-01|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-072-8|language=en}}</ref>

== Writers and journalists ==
* [[Manoranjan Byapari|Manoranjan Bayapari]], [[Indian Bengali]] writer and socio-political activist, also known as the pioneer of ‘[[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Bengal|Dalit literature in Bengali]]’<ref>{{Cite web|title=A migrant from East Bengal, Manoranjan Byapari "interrogated" his life as chandal|date=25 November 2018 |url=https://www.counterview.net/2018/11/a-migrant-from-east-bengal-manoranjan.html|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
* [[Manohar Mouli Biswas|Manohar Mauli Biswas]], bilingual poet, essayist and writer of [[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Bengal|Bengali Dalit Literature]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Das|first1=Sukanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvlVDwAAQBAJ&q=manohar+mouli+biswas+namasudra&pg=PA192|title=Border, Globalization and Identity|last2=Bhowal|first2=Sanatan|last3=Syangbo|first3=Sisodhara|date=2018-04-18|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-1076-0|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kalyani Thakur Charal|Kalyani Thakur]], [[Dalit feminism|Dalit feminist]] writer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Bengali Dalit feminist poet and writer Kalyani Thakur added Charal (for Chandal) to her name|url=https://scroll.in/article/872273/why-bengali-dalit-feminist-poet-and-writer-kalyani-thakur-added-charal-for-chandal-to-her-name|last=Ghose|first=Amita|website=Scroll.in|date=18 March 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chandala]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Indian castes]]

Mumtaz Ali Khan (politician)

2025-10-09T07:57:54Z

Peter120:

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2021)}}
{{Others|Mumtaz Ali (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}

'''Mumtaz Ali Khan''' (1926/1927 – 7 June 2021) was a cabinet minister in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ministry of [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]]. He was Minister for Haj, Wakf and Minority welfare. He was a professor of Sociology and headed the party's minority wing in Karnataka. He quit the Bharatiya Janata Party and joined the Congress party in 2013.

Khan died at his residence in Bengaluru on 7 June 2021. He was 94 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Shaik Zakeer|date=7 June 2021|title=Former Karnataka Haj & Wakf Minister & Ex-BJP Leader Mumtaz Ali Khan Passes Away|url=https://thecognate.com/former-karnataka-haj-wakf-minister-ex-bjp-leader-mumtaz-ali-khan-passes-away/|access-date=7 June 2021|website=The Cognate|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090104203034/http://bjpkarnataka.org/state-legislators/karnataka-ministers/ BJP karnataka]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mumtaz Ali}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Brown Line (Delhi Metro)

2025-08-31T08:39:10Z

Peter120: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)]]

Siva temple

2025-08-14T00:01:00Z

Peter120: starting new location

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Notability|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

'''Siva temple''' or '''Shiva temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]].

== Forms ==
The following are some of the forms of Shiva appearing mainly in temples:

* Natarajar in [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. |url=https://cuddalore.nic.in/tourist-place/chidamabaram/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Ekambareswarar in [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekambareswarar Temple |url=https://behindeverytemple.org/hindu-temples/shiva/ekambareswarar-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Behind Every Temple |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Arunachaleswarar in [[Arunachalesvara Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Arunachaleswarar Temple |url=https://thiruvannamalai.in/tiruvannamalai-temple/tiruvannamalai-arunachaleswarar-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Thiruvannamalai.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Jambukeswarar in [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvanaikoil / Jambukeshwar Temple, Tiruchirappalli - Timings, History, Pooja & Aarti schedule |url=https://www.trawell.in/tamilnadu/tiruchirappalli/thiruvanaikoil-jambukeshwar-temple |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>
* Kalahasteeswara in [[Srikalahasteeswara temple]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikalahasti Tourism |url=https://www.trawell.in/andhra/srikalahasti |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Trawell.in}}</ref>
* Viswanathar in [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Kashi Vishvanath Temple |url=https://varanasi.nic.in/tourist-place/shri-kashi-vishwanath-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Mahadevar in [[Pandalam Mahadeva Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandalam Mahadeva Temple - Info, Timings, Photos, History |url=https://www.templepurohit.com/hindu-temple/pandalam-mahadeva-temple/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples]]

Chunar stone

2025-07-23T17:09:57Z

Peter120:

{{dmy|date=May 2021}}
'''Chunar stone''' or '''Red-spotted sandstone''' is a kind of reddish or buff-colored, finely grained, hard [[sandstone]] quarried in the [[Chunar]] in the [[Mirzapur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and widely used in the architecture of [[India]].<ref name=Medlicott>{{cite book|last1=Medlicott|first1=Henry Benedict|title=A Manual of the Geology of India: Economic geology|date=1881|publisher=Geological Survey Office|page=544}}</ref><ref name=Mahajan>Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', New Delhi: S.Chand, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, p.349</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|page=358}}</ref>
==Background==
Notable buildings and monuments carved from chunar stone include:

* [[Pillars of Ashoka]].<ref name=Thapar>Thapar, Romila (2001). ''{{IAST|Aśoka}} and the Decline of the Mauryan'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-564445-X}}, pp.267-70</ref>
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]].<ref name=Victorian>{{Cite web|last= Banerjee |first= Jacqueline|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/30.html|title=St Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata, India, by William Nairn Forbes: The First Victorian Cathedral|publisher=The Victorian Web}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Building stone]]

Vipul Amrutlal Shah

2025-07-01T17:21:47Z

Peter120: minor rework references to improve readability and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Vipul Shah]]

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Khadur Sahib

2025-06-29T05:11:46Z

Peter120: put up data

{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date = February 2020}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khadur Sahib
| population_demonym =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.13
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,054
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| governing_body =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 143117
| registration_plate = PB-63
| website =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type =
| other_name = Khadoor Sahib
| coordinates = {{coord|31.4239|N|75.0977|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| named_for =
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region of Punjab
| subdivision_name3 = [[Majha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khadur Sahib''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Tarn Taran district]] of Khadur Sahib tehsil of the [[Majha]] region of Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Khadur Sahib is a historical place in view of eight out of ten [[sikh gurus]] having visited this place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tarntaran.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of interest in Tarn Taran district|last=|first=|date=|website=Tarn Taran district official website|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/GurudwaraDetail.aspx?gid=8244|title=Gurudwara Shri Darbar Sahib, Khadoor Sahib|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> The [[Postal Index Number|postal index number]] of Khadur Sahib is 143117.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/khadur-sahib-post-office-khadoor-tarn-taran-punjab-143117|title=Postal code of Khadur Sahib, Tarn Taran|website=|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920's. Published in the 1930 first edition of Mahan Kosh by Kahn Singh Nabha.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, ca.1920s. Published in the 1930 first edition of ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'' by [[Kahn Singh Nabha]]. Possibly photographed in 1924.]]
Khadur is a village associated with the second ''[[Sikh gurus|guru]]'' of the Sikhs, [[Guru Angad]] (1504–1552). He moved the early Sikh community's centre from [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] to Khadur after becoming the guru after Nanak's passing and due to opposition from Nanak's sons. Khadur was the base of operations of Guru Angad from 1539–1551.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=May 3, 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198029878 |pages=9 |chapter=Table 1. Towns Associated with the Sikh Gurus}}</ref> After Guru Angad passed, the community's headquarters was again moved by [[Guru Amar Das]] (1551–1574) to [[Goindval]] for similar reasons, them namely being challenges he faced from Angad's sons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |s2cid=234146387 |issn=1744-8727 |quote=The second Guru, Angad (1504–1552), established a new Sikh center at his native village Khadur because Guru Nanak’s sons made the legal claim as rightful heirs of their father’s properties at Kartarpur. It confirmed an organizational principle – that the communal establishment at Kartarpur should not be considered a unique institution, but rather a model that could be cloned and imitated elsewhere. Similarly, the sons of Guru Angad inherited the establishment at Khadur, forcing his successor to move to Goindval (‘City of Govind’, an epithet of God) on the right bank of the river Beas.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=May 3, 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198029878 |pages=9 |chapter=Table 1. Towns Associated with the Sikh Gurus}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Khadur Sahib had 2,027 number of households and total population was 11,054 persons. There were a total of 5,795 males, 5,259 females in 2011 in this town. The total number of children of 6 years or below were 1,318. The percentage of male population was 52.42%, the percentage of female population was 47.58% and the percentage of child population was 11.92%. Average Gender Ratio (AGR) of Khadur Sahib was 908 which is higher than Punjab state average of 895.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=43112|title=Khadur Sahib census details 2011|website=[[Census of India]]|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

=== Literacy ===
In 2011, the literacy rate of Khadur Sahib was 73.45 % compared to 75.84 % for Punjab; male literacy was 77.46 % and female literacy rate was 69.08 %.

==Education==
Shri Guru Angad Dev College is located in Khadur Sahib, which is affiliated to [[Guru Nanak Dev University|Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar]]. It was established in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indcareer.com/punjab/tarn-taran/shri-guru-angad-dev-college-khadur-sahib | title=Shri Guru Angad Dev College, Khadur Sahib | date=4 January 2014 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0316_PART_B_DCHB_TARN%20TARAN.pdf DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK TARN TARAN 2011 - VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)]

{{Tarn Taran district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tarn Taran district]]

Sriranga Gadyam

2025-05-27T06:28:08Z

Peter120: Improved wording and formatting

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Hindu hymn}}
[[File:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, in Srirangam, near Tiruchirappali (16) (36842412443).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Statues of Ranganatha and his consorts, extolled in this text, Srirangam]]
The '''''Sriranga Gadyam''''' ({{Langx|sa|श्रीरंगगद्यम्|translit=Śrīraṅgagadyam}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] prayer written by the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Srilata Raman |date=2004 |title=Soteriology in the Writings of Rāmānuja: Bhakti and/or Prapatti? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43381578 |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=85–129 |jstor=43381578 |issn=0341-0137}}</ref> towards the end of the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uppe |first=Dr Shivakumar V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPagEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sriranga+Gadyam&pg=PA87 |title=Major Socio -Religious Reform Movements in India |date=2022-12-10 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-43350-6 |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marga |first=Bhakti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jp7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sriranga+Gadyam&pg=PA79 |title=Prathana: Prayers of Bhakti Marga – Complete with Translations and Vedic Chants |date=2018-01-31 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-96343-022-0 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the first [[bhakti]] prayers in the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] school of thought and is the basis for many prayers, like the ''[[Raghuvira Gadyam]]'', also of this style. It is recited in the 108 [[divya desam|Divya Desam]] temples, including [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moser |first1=Paul K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioLoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Srirangagadyam&pg=PA208 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Religious Experience |last2=Meister |first2=Chad |date=2020-07-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-47217-3 |pages=208 |language=en}}</ref>

==Composition==
According to the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] narrative, [[Ramanuja]] and his disciples visited the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] in [[Srirangam]] on Panguni Uttiram (Uttara Phalguni), a day in the [[Tamil calendar]] month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] on the day of the ascension of the star called [[Uttara Phalgunī|Uttiram]]. In [[Tamil mythology]], Uttiram was in ascent when the chief goddess of the temple, [[Ranganayaki]], a form of [[Lakshmi]], was born. Ramanuja was inspired by the festivities of the day and composed the ''Sriranga Gadyam'', the ''[[Saranagati Gadyam]]'', and the ''[[Vaikuntha Gadyam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&dq=Ramanuja+Srirangam+Sharanagati&pg=PA1050 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |date=2012 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7 |pages=1050 |language=en}}</ref>

==Content==
{{Vaishnavism}}
The ''Sriranga Gadyam'', unlike the commentaries of Ramanuja on [[Vedanta]], does not have detailed philosophical debates. Instead, it is a pure expression of bhakti and gives a detailed description of the deity [[Ranganatha]] as the repository of infinite ''[[Guṇa|guna]]'', which he calls ''kalyana guna'' (virtuous quality).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SAWAI |first=YOSHITSUGU |date=1993 |title=RĀMĀNUJA'S THEORY OF KARMAN |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23445643 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |doi=10.1007/BF01092743 |jstor=23445643 |s2cid=170661901 |issn=0022-1791|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

First he describes Ranganatha as [[gyan (sanskrit)|''jnana'']] (true and perfect knowledge), ''bala'' (strength), ''aishvarya'' (sovereignty), [[veerya|''virya'']] (virility), ''[[shakti]]'' (power), ''agni'' (radiance), ''saushilya'' (good-naturedness), ''vatsalya'' (pure love), ''mardava'' (affection), ''arjava'' (honesty), ''sauharda'' (benevolence), ''samya'' (equanimous), ''karunya'' (mercy), ''madhurya'' (sweetness), ''gambhirya'' (majesty), ''audharya'' (liberal), ''chaturya'' (intelligence), ''sthairya'' (tenacious), ''dhairya'' (courage), ''shaurya'' (valour), ''parakrama'' (vitality), ''satyakama'' (the lover of truth), ''satya sankalpa'' (true resolve), ''krititvam'' (achiever of goals), ''kritanganatha'' (lord of actions) and the repository and ocean of all such innumerable virtues. He is extolled as [[Parabrahman]] and [[Purushottama|Purushotthama]] (the ultimate being).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanujacharya |first=Sri |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ok5/livermore/pdf/Sri_Ranga_Gadyam.pdf |title=Sriranga Gadyam |publisher=Hindu Community and Cultural Center}}</ref>

Next, he explains how he is trapped in the cycle of ''[[samsara]]'' and bound by his ''[[karma]]'' into doing actions that result in sins. Neither ''[[jnana yoga]]'', the yoga of knowledge, nor ''[[karma yoga]]'', the part of virtuous deeds as described in [[Bhagvad Gita|Bhagavad Gita]] help him achieve [[moksha]].

Finally, he asks that unworthy as he is in so many ways, he be granted the grace of Ranganatha.

==Style==
The prose of this hymn comprises alternate long and short sentences with many adjectival phrases.

== See also ==

* ''[[Sharanagati Gadyam]]''
* ''[[Vaikuntha Gadyam]]''
* ''[[Raghuvira Gadyam]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:11th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]

Jamunia village

2025-03-05T19:56:22Z

Peter120: further reworked details as per guidelines further and added references

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamunia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jamunia''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Jamunia had a population of 2042 in 374 households. Males constitute 52.69% of the population and females 47.3%. Jamunia has an average literacy rate of 43.29%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 62.3%, and female literacy is 37.6%. In Jamunia, 21% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Champaran district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

British Committee of the Indian National Congress

2025-03-02T07:14:13Z

Peter120: refine content after review per sources

{{Short description|1889 organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
The '''British Committee of the Indian National congress''' was an organization established in Britain by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1889.<ref name=Sen1997p69>{{Harvnb|Sen|1997|pp=69–70}}</ref> Its purpose was to raise awareness of Indian issues to the public in Britain, to whom the [[Government of India]] was responsible.<ref name=Sen1997p69/> It followed the work of [[W.C. Bonnerjee]] and [[Dadabhai Naoroji|Dadabhoi Naoroji]], who raised India related issues in the British parliament through the support of radical MPs like [[Charles Bradlaugh]].<ref name=Sen1997p69/> [[William Wedderburn]] served as the first chairmanship and [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] as secretary.

==History==
The decades following the [[1857 rebellion]] were a period of growing political awareness in India, moulding of Indian public opinion for self-governance, and emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels. [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] formed the East India Association in 1867 and [[Surendranath Banerjee]] founded the [[Indian National Association]] in 1876. The Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the [[Theosophical Society]] movement, including Scotsman [[Allan Octavian Hume]].<ref name="escholarship">{{cite web |url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all |title= Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress|last= Bevir |first = Mark |date= 9 February 2013|publisher = [[University of California, Berkeley]]|access-date = 1 January 2003}}</ref> Its objective was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between educated Indians and the British Raj. From its inception, the organisation met annually to express its loyalty to the British Raj and passed numerous resolutions on less controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government (especially in the civil service). These resolutions were submitted to the Viceroy's government.

[[Alan Octavian Hume]] left India in 1894 to return to Britain. At the time of his departure, Hume held the opinion that to implement political change and self-governance in India, political work was required in Britain to raise awareness of Indian issues among the British public.<ref name=Sen1997p69/> William Wedderburn held the same train of thought, since the Government of India was constitutionally responsible to the British electorate.<ref name=Sen1997p69/> Congress leaders like [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and [[W.C. Bonnerjee]] had been able to enlist the support of radical MP [[Charles Bradlaugh]] to take up Indian issues in the British Parliament.

In 1888 the Congress recruited an agency in Britain to publicise Indian issues to the British public. Headed by Digby, this organisation arranged public lectures in England and began public distribution of pamphlets highlighting issues in India. In July 1889, a permanent committee was established with [[William Wedderburn]] as chairman and [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]] as secretary. Bradlaugh died in 1891, but the British committee of the Congress had been able to establish an Indian Parliamentary Committee pressure group.<ref name=Sen1997p69/>

In 1903, [[Henry John Stedman Cotton|Henry Cotton]], a radical politician, joined the committee and rapidly became the leading member of Labour party MPs who formed the core group of the parliamentary committee. Cotton's efforts championed, among others, the labour-rights of tea-plantation workers in Assam. Among other notable members of the committee was [[Keir Hardie]]. The British Committee of the Congress continued to function up to 1920, when it lost its support in the Congress due to a decline in moderatist membership, and it was abolished.<ref name=Sen1997p70>{{Harvnb|Sen|1997|p=70}}</ref>

==Activities==
The British Committee published the journal ''[[India (journal)|India]]'' as an organ for the Congress's views. It also organised public meetings. The influence of its early works resulted in the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]].<ref name=Sen1997p69/> However, its moderatist approach came in for criticism by politicians like [[Henry Hyndman]], who advocated more radical approaches including "insurrection" and violence.<ref name=Sen1997p70/> Indian nationalists like [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] castigated what he saw as the timid approach of the Congress's British committee. Krishna Varma later founded [[India House]] with the support of Hyndman and other radical Indian nationalists. To counter the ''India'', he began publishing his own radical journal called ''[[The Indian Sociologist]]''.<ref name=FischerTine334>{{Harvnb|Fischer-Tinē|2007|p=334}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of the Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal
|last=Fischer-Tinē
|first=Harald
|year=2007
|title=Indian Nationalism and the 'world forces': Transnational and diasporic dimensions of the Indian freedom movement on the eve of the First World War.
|journal=Journal of Global History
|volume=2
|issue=3
|pages=325–344
|publisher = Cambridge University Press.
|issn=1740-0228
|doi=10.1017/S1740022807002318
|s2cid=145323846
}}
*{{Cite book | surname1 = Sen | given1 = S.N.| year = 1997 | title = History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947)
| location = New Delhi | publisher = New Age International | isbn=8122410499|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&q=History+of+the+Freedom+Movement+in+India+1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126232936/https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&dq=History+of+the+Freedom+Movement+in+India+1997|archive-date=2015-11-26}}
*{{citation |last= Owen |first= Nicholas |year = 2007|title= The British Left and India |place= Oxford, UK |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-923301-4}}.
{{India House}}

[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Select Citywalk

2025-01-31T14:53:38Z

Peter120: adjusted content for clarity and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Nexus Select Citywalk]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Shibani Vaishali Rajapurkar

2024-11-30T01:34:02Z

Peter120: starting a biography...

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1959)}}

'''Shibani Vaishali Rajapurkar''' (born 3 November 1959, in [[Mumbai]]) is an Indian painter, best known for her [[watercolour painting]]s. A graduate of [[Delhi University]], her work has been exhibited at the [[Darpan Art Gallery]], the [[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir]], the [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]] and the [[Nehru Centre, London]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Project GBA&C |title=Shibani Vaishali Rajapurkar - Art Exhibit, India |date=14 September 2020 |publisher=Cleveland eHealth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nb8DwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=At first edition of Pune Art Festival, the life of Aarey, the physics of Big Bang & more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/at-first-edition-of-pune-art-festival-the-life-of-aarey-the-physics-of-big-bang-more-6188333/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shibani Vaishali Rajapurkar |url=https://bombayartsociety.org/product/shibani-vaishali-rajapurkar-2/ |website=Bombay Art Society |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shibani Vaishali Rajapurkar |url=https://www.theluxurychronicle.com/portfolio/shibani-vaishali-rajapurkar/ |website=The Luxury Chronicle |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=15 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artist Vaishali Rajapurkar - Maharashtra, India |url=https://www.indigalleria.com/artists/vaishali-rajapurkar-96 |website=Indi Galleria |access-date=24 February 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajapurkar, Shibani Vaishali}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

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Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

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#REDIRECT [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]]
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Daudpur, Bewar

2023-12-26T19:31:20Z

Peter120: created a info.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{other uses|Daudpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daudpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.17434|N|79.36339|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.948
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1222
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daudpur''' ({{IAST|Dāūdpur}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India As of 2011, it had a population of 1,222, in 200 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Daudpur had a population of 1,222, in 200 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|200}} This population was 52.1% male (637) and 47.9% female (585). The 0-6 age group numbered 206 (106 male and 100 female), or 16.9% of the total population. 520 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 42.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|148-9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Daudpur as having a population of 743 people, in 125 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Daudpur (as "Daundapur") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 573 people (306 male and 267 female), in 104 households and 88 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 235 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|c}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Daudpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|200-5}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election

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#REDIRECT [[1937 Sind Provincial Assembly election]]

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2008 Indian Premier League Final

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#REDIRECT [[2008 Indian Premier League final]]

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Sneha College of Architecture

2022-10-21T19:26:35Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calicut#Sneha College of Architecture]] {{R from school}}

Raja Nabakrishna Deb

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#REDIRECT [[Nabakrishna Deb]]

Rapti

2022-09-01T23:17:31Z

Peter120: Created Article - done

{{wiktionary|rapti}}
'''Rapti''' may refer to:

*[[Rapti, Dang]], a rural municipality in Dang district, Province no.5, Nepal
* [[Rapti Municipality]], a municipality in Narayani zone of Nepal
* [[Rapti Zone]], in Nepal, a first order administrative district west of Kathmandu
* [[West Rapti River]], a river rising in Rapti Zone
* [[East Rapti River]], a small river draining the Chitwan valley in Nepal

{{place name disambiguation}}