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No Means No (film)

2026-05-21T19:59:03Z

Peter05220035516: small refine formatting for accuracy additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Indo-Polish multilingual romantic thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = No Means No
| image = No Means No (film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Vikash Verma
| producer = G7 Films Poland
| writer = Hitesh Desai
| screenplay = Vikash Verma
| story = {{ubl | Vikash Verma | Hitesh Desai}}
| starring = {{ubl|Dhruv Verma|Natalia Bak|[[Gulshan Grover]]|[[Sharad Kapoor]]|[[Anna Guzik]]|[[Deepraj Rana]]||}}
| music = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| cinematography = Michal Szewczuk
| editing =
| studio = G7 Films Poland
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|12|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Means No |url=https://www.tribute.ca/movies/no-means-no/153670/ |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=tribute.ca}}</ref>
| country = {{ubl | India | Poland}}
| language = {{ubl | English | Hindi | Polish}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''No Means No'''''<ref>{{Cite web |last=listing on |first=Metacritic |title=Metacritic Listing |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/no-means-no |website=Metacritic}}</ref> (also known as ''Nie Means Nie'') is an upcoming [[India|Indo]]-Polish [[romantic thriller]] film,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Lalatendu |date=2021-01-25 |title=Indo-Polish action thriller aims to rekindle bilateral ties |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indo-polish-action-thriller-aims-to-rekindle-bilateral-ties/article33651920.ece |access-date=2021-01-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which was shot simultaneously in three languages: English, Hindi and Polish.<ref>{{Cite news |work=ANI |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=3 February 2021 |title=The first Indo-Polish film, to boost tourism, reinforce culture connection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/the-first-indo-polish-film-to-boost-tourism-reinforce-culture-connection-101612352488730.html |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref> Produced by G7 Films Poland and directed by Vikash Verma,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Vikash Verma's 'No Means No', is the first-ever Indo-Polish co-production |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/mar/07/filmmaker-vikash-vermas-no-means-no-is-the-first-ever-indo-polish-co-production-2272313.html |access-date=2021-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=6 March 2021}}</ref> it stars Dhruv Verma, [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Sharad Kapoor]] and [[Anna Guzik]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=The first Indo-Polish film – teenage love story "No Means No" to boost tourism, reinforce culture connection |work=[[Asian News International]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/the-first-indo-polish-film-teenage-love-story-no-means-no-to-boost-tourism-reinforce-culture-connection20210203152533 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No Means No By Adam Bijok 2020 {{!}} Behind The Scene – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI99arXYH5U |access-date=2021-01-25|website=G7 Films Channel| date=4 July 2020 }}</ref> The film follows an Indian ski champion (Dhruv Verma), who participates in a ski championship in Poland. There he falls in love with a Polish girl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Films have the power to break boundaries |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/films-have-the-power-to-break-boundaries--23157587 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=www.mid-day.com |date=29 January 2021 }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Dhruv Verma<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 Feb 2021 |title=Dhruv Verma's upcoming film 'No Means No' wins the Best Trailer Award |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhruv-vermas-upcoming-film-no-means-no-wins-the-best-trailer-award/articleshow/81249144.cms |access-date=27 Feb 2021}}</ref> as Raj<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Prakash |date=19 December 2020 |script-title=hi:यूरोप में जलवा बिखेर रहे हैं इंडियन जेम्‍स बांड के नाम से मशहूर बिहारी बॉय ध्रुव वर्मा |language=hi |trans-title=Bihari boy Dhruv Verma, popularly known as Indian James Bond, is making waves in Europe (machine translation) |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihari-boy-dhruv-verma-popularly-known-as-indian-james-bond-is-doing-well-in-europe-ann-1685633 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
* Natalia Bak as Kasia
* Sylvia Czech as Katarzyna
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Raja <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Gulshan Grover - www.dnaindia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-gulshan-grover-s-polish-act-in-nie-means-nie-2557310 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I created the path between Hollywood and Bollywood: Gulshan |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/20170528/7109/no-title |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anna Guzik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Guzik zrobi karierę w Bollywood? |url=https://www.tvn.pl/anna-guzik-zrobi-kariere-w-bollywood-oficjalna-strona-stacji-tvn,256451,n.html |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=www.tvn.pl |date=4 April 2018 |language=pl}}</ref> as Kinga Gora
* Kat Kirstein as Anushka
* Anna Ador as Saanjh
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as Neetu
* [[Sharad Kapoor]] as Shekhar Oberoi (Fake)
* Nazia Hussain as Leena D'Souza
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Stallone<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Raj Rana |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/deepraj_rana |access-date=2021-02-12 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Pawel Czech as Police Officer
* Milind Joshi as Judge
* Abhishek Bhatnagar as Antagonist
* [[Armaan Kohli]] as Shekhar Oberoi (Real) {{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Music ==
{{empty section|date=July 2024}}
The background music of the film is provided by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and his son Akshay Hariharan.<ref name="MOV">Jaidev Hemmady,{{cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Singer Hariharan And Son Akshay To Come Together For Indo-Polish Film 'Nie Means Nie' |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/singer-hariharan-son-akshay-come-together-indo-polish-film-nie-means-nie/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=movietalkies.com}}</ref> Karan Hariharan, [[Javed Ali]]<ref name=":3" /> and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] are among the singers in the movie.<ref name="MOV" /> Rishav Nagh has also made many of the songs in the film.<ref name="MOV" />

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| Tera Dilbar (Female) =
| extra1 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length1 =

| Tera Dilbar (Male) =
| extra2 = Javed Ali
| length2 =
}}

== Filming ==
''"No Means No"'' is produced by G7 Films Poland and directed by Vikash Verma as first Indo-Polish film.<ref>{{cite web |date= 28 September 2017|title=Kultura Na Dzień Dobry – Vikash Verma – Producent Filmów Z Bollywood |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wji5BRytBU&feature=youtu.be |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="MID">{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/director-vikash-vermas-no-means-no-indias-first-indo-polish-film-clocks-spring-2021-release/23098268 |title=Director Vikash Verma's No Means No, India's First Indo-Polish Film Clocks Spring 2021 Release |publisher=[[Mid-day]] |date=20 November 2020 |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20|script-title=mr:कोरोना महामारीमुळे दोन हॉलिवूड बिग बजेट चित्रपट लांबणीवर... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/hollywood/two-hollywood-big-budget-movies-postponed-due-corona-epidemic-a589/ |trans-title=Two Hollywood big budget movies postponed due to Corona epidemic ... |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Michal Szewczuk is the Cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Vikash Verma's Indo-Polish production 'No Means No' trailer hits internet – Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/filmmaker-vikash-vermas-indo-polish-production-no-means-no-trailer-hits-internet-watch-2345428.html/amp |website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bollywood w Polsce: Film "Nie means nie" powstaje w Beskidach. Aktor Gulshan Grover i reżyser Vikash Verma zdradzili kulisy ZDJĘCIA | date=21 February 2018 | url=https://dziennikzachodni.pl/bollywood-w-polsce-film-nie-means-nie-powstaje-w-beskidach-aktor-gulshan-grover-i-rezyser-vikash-verma-zdradzili-kulisy-zdjecia/ar/12951205 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title="Monsunowe wesele", "Kick", "RRR". Polska i Bollywood to dobrana para | work=Rzeczpospolita | url=https://www.rp.pl/plus-minus/art38492961-monsunowe-wesele-kick-rrr-polska-i-bollywood-to-dobrana-para }}</ref>

''No Means No'' is 80% filmed in [[Poland]] and 20% in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2020 |title=Vikash Verma talks about his Indo-Polish venture 'No Means No' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikash-verma-talks-about-his-indo-polish-venture-no-means-no/articleshow/79338545.cms |access-date=2021-01-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It has been a goal for India and Poland to strengthen bilateral relations through movie industry and they have been working on it for some time now.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Filmmaker Imtiaz Ali, Sanjay Dutt And Vikash Verma Honoured With Bihar Foundation Awards |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/filmmaker-imtiaz-ali-sanjay-dutt-vikash-verma-honoured-bihar-foundation-awards/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |publisher=movietalkies.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Release==
The film was originally slated for release on 22 March 2021, but postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=People are fed up watching films on phones & TV, they want to return to theatres, says filmmaker Vikash Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/people-are-fed-up-watching-films-on-phones-tv-they-want-to-return-to-theatres-says-filmmaker-vikash-verma/articleshow/80693086.cms |access-date=2021-02-12 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but release was again pushed back to 17 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1455488790332510209 |title=Taran Adarsh on Twitter "Indo – Polish Film Release Date Locked... #NoMeansNo – an Indo-Polish production – will release on 17 June 2022[...] |first1=Taran |last1=Adarsh |date=2 November 2021 |via=Twitter |language=en |access-date=3 November 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102105602/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1455488790332510209 |archivedate=2 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was expected to release on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Murtaza Ali |title=Murtaza Ali Khan on X: "Lead actors Gulshan Grover and Dhruv Verma are gearing up for the promotions of #NoMeansNo and are to visit[...] |url=https://x.com/MurtazaCritic/status/1770919421969883563 |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |via=X}}</ref> The film was scheduled to be released on 20 December 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Murtaza Ali |date=2024-08-03 |title=Women Empowerment is the Theme of 'No means No': Vikash Verma |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/featured/women-empowerment-is-the-theme-of-no-means-no-vikash-verma |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> The film’s release has been moved to December 18, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parul |first=Prakriti |date=2025-09-20 |title=Steven Seagal comes to Bollywood |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/feature/steven-seagal-comes-to-bollywood-144542/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, [[Steven Seagal]] announced that his production company, [[Steamroller Productions]], would collaborate with Vikash Verma’s G7 Films on the project, as part of a broader agreement between the two companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Tanvi |date=2025-08-14 |title=Hollywood meets Bollywood: Steven Seagal’s film banner rolls into India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hollywood-meets-bollywood-steven-seagals-film-banner-rolls-into-india/articleshow/123298590.cms |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7624920}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/no-means-no/cast/ ''No Means No''] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/no_means_no ''No Means No''] on [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s Polish-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Polish multilingual films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Poland]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Polish romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020s Polish films]]

Archdiocese of Raipur

2026-05-05T06:55:59Z

Peter05220035516: new new pg

{{Short description|Roman Catholic archdiocese in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Archdiocese
|name = Raipur
|latin = Archidioecesis Raipurensis
|local = रायपुर के सूबा
|country = [[India]]
|province = Raipur
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established = {{start date and age|16 January 1964}}
|cathedral = St. Joseph’s Cathedral in [[Raipur]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = Mary Queen of the Apostles
|area_km2 = 60,819
|population = 15,553,000
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 72,997
|catholics_percent= 0.4
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = [[Victor Henry Thakur]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = Joseph Augustine Charanakunnel Archbishop Emeritus (2004-2013)
|image=|coat=|flag=|territory=|metropolitan=|headquarters=|denomination=|parishes=|churches=|sui_iuris_church=|founded=|dissolved=|language=|bishop=|website={{url|http://www.raipurarchdiocese.in/}}}}

[[File:Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Raipur_in_India.jpg | thumb | right | Map of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raipur in India]]
The '''Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Raipur''' ({{langx|la|Raipuren(sis)}}) is an [[archdiocese]] located in the city of [[Raipur]] in India.

==History==
* 16 January 1964: Established as the [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Raipur from the [[Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagpur]]
* 5 July 1973: Promoted as Diocese of Raipur
* 27 February 2004: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Raipur

==Leadership==
* Arch[[bishop]]s of Raipur ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Archbishop-elect [[Victor Henry Thakur]] (3 July 2013 – present); formerly, Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah]], in [[Bettiah, India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/03/news/31344.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-07-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710213245/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/07/03/news/31344.html |archivedate=2013-07-10 }}</ref>
** Archbishop Joseph Augustine Charanakunnel (27 February 2004 – 3 July 2013); retired
* Bishops of Raipur (Latin Rite)
** Bishop [[Joseph Augustine Charanakunnel]] (later Archbishop) (21 November 1992 – 27 February 2004)
** Bishop [[Philip Ekka]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (20 October 1984 – 15 February 1991)
* Prefects Apostolic of Raipur (Latin Rite)
** Fr. [[John A. Weidner]], [[Societas Apostolatus Catholici|S.A.C.]] (17 January 1964 – 1973)

==Suffragan dioceses==
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Ambikapur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jagdalpur|Jagdalpur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jashpur|Jashpur]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raigarh|Raigarh]]

==Education==
===Schools===
*[[Weidner Memorial Senior Secondary School]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=History – Weidner Memorial Senior Secondary School, Rajnandgaon|url=https://weidnerrjn.com/history/index.html|access-date=2021-10-21|language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/raip0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/draip.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|21.2341|N|81.6427|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raipur}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raipur]]

George Joseph K. (writer)

2026-05-01T04:25:15Z

Peter05220035516: added some page added tags.

{{Infobox writer
| name = George joseph K.
| image = George joseph.K DSC 0070.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = June 10, 1955
| birth_place = [[Kaloor]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Short story writer, Novelist, Poet, Journalist
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| spouse = Lovely
| children = 2 children
| parents =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Anantharam Sandhyayayi Ushassayi'' |''Chevittorma'' | ''Avan Maranayogyan'' |''Swayamvaram'' |''Nilaavariyunnu'' | ''Mariyamma Enna Marimaya'' | ''Kunjunni Paranja Yayathi Varalinte Katha'' | ''Althara Vilkkanundu''| ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|T. P. Kishore Award|K. A. Kodungalloor Award|Lalithanjali Literary Award}}
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''George Joseph K.''' (born 1955), is an Indian short story writer, novelist, poet and journalist who writes in [[Malayalam]] language. He has published 9 books which include ''Anantharam Sandhyayayi Ushassayi'', ''Chevittorma'', ''Swayamvaram'', ''Nilaavariyunnu'', ''Avan Maranayogyan'', ''Mariyamma Enna Marimaya'', ''Kunjunni Paranja Yayathi Varalinte Katha'', ''Althara Vilkkanundu'' and ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal'' and is a recipient of such awards as T. P. Kishore Award, K. A. Kodungalloor Award and Lalithanjali Literary Award.

== Biography ==
George Joseph K. was born on June 10, 1955, in [[Kaloor]], in [[Ernakulam district]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Author Bio">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Author Bio |url=https://dcbookstore.com/authors/george-joseph-k |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=DC Books}}</ref> He started his career as a journalist by joining [[Mangalam Publications]] where he worked for two years before joining Pen Books as the Publication Manager. Subsequently, he joined Janani Online Magaziine where he works as a Consultant Editor.<ref name="About US - Janani">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2021 |title=About US - Janani |url=https://jananyonline.com/about-us/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Janani Online |language=en-US}}</ref> In between, he has served in the committees of [[Sahitya Akademi]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Author Bio" />

George Joseph has written a number of novels, short story anthologies and poems,<ref name="George Joseph Forgotten Writer">{{Cite web |title=George Joseph Forgotten Writer |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/george-joseph-forgotten-writer.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref><ref name="Manorama Hortus - Art & Literature Festival Speaker Profile">{{Cite web |title=Manorama Hortus - Art & Literature Festival Speaker Profile |url=https://www.manoramahortus.com/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.manoramahortus.com}}</ref> besides a memoir by name, ''Mariyamma Enna Marimaya'' (An Illusion by name Mariyamma) and is now serialising another memoir titled ''Athmahathyamunanpu'' (Suicide Point) in [[Malayala Manorama|Malayala Manorama weekly]].<ref name="George Joseph K Author Profile University of Calicut">{{Cite web |title=George Joseph K Author Profile University of Calicut |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Author/Home?author=George+Joseph%2CK. |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=University of Calicut}}</ref> [[DC Books]] has brought out an anthology of his short stories under the title, ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal'' (Selected Stories).<ref name="Thiranjedutha Kathakal DC Books">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Thiranjedutha Kathakal DC Books |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/thiranjedutha-kathakal-george-joseph-k |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=DC Books}}</ref> His novel, ''Avan Maranayogyan'', has been included in the syllabus of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="KLF 2027 Kerala Literature Festival Speaker Profile">{{Cite web |title=KLF 2027 Kerala Literature Festival Speaker Profile |url=https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakerview/1157/George%2520Joseph%2520K |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=keralaliteraturefestival.com}}</ref>

The first of the literary awards George Joseph received was K. A. Kodungalloor Award, which was followed by T. P. Kishore Award.<ref name="George Joseph K Author Profile University of Calicut" /> [[Lalithambika Antharjanam|Lalithambika Antharjanam Sahityavedi]] awarded their inaugural ''Lalithanjali Literary Award'' to George Joseph for his contributions to Malayalam literature.<ref name="The ultimate value of Lalithambika Antharjanam's literature was the consciousness of freedom — K. Jayakumar">{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2026 |title=The ultimate value of Lalithambika Antharjanam's literature was the consciousness of freedom. — K. Jayakumar |url=https://www.keralasabdam.in/news/the-ultimate-value-of-the-literature-of-the-lalithambika-antharjana-was-the-sense-of-freedom.-k.-jayakumar/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.keralasabdam.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The first Lalithanjali Literary Award awarded to George Joseph and Ee Sandhya">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-J-JfL9iQ4 |title=The first Lalithanjali Literary Award awarded to George Joseph and Ee Sandhya |date=March 24, 2026 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2026-03-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He has also received a Senior Fellowship of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] by which he did a research on the writings of noted Malayalam writer, [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]] on the topic, ''The women and soil in Sethu's writings''.<ref name="Author Bio" />

George Joseph, who is active in Malayalam literary circles,<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Kathasandhi">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Kathasandhi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/kathasandhi_7-3-17.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251010045733/https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/kathasandhi_7-3-17.pdf |archive-date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="George Joseph K pays homage to Joseph Vyttila and Victor Leenus">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2024 |title=George Joseph K pays homage to Joseph Vyttila and Victor Leenus |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/george-josephk-pays-homage-to-joseph-vyttila-victor-leenus-6432b5db |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref name="George Joseph K remembering writer Thomas Joseph">{{Cite web |title=George Joseph K remembering writer Thomas Joseph |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2021/07/30/george-joseph-k-remembering-writer-thomas-joseph.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=‘അവന്റെ ഓർമകളുടെ വേദന ഒരു നീറ്റലായി മനസ്സിൽ നിറയുന്നു’ |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Manorama Hortus Art & Literature Festival Nov 27–30, 2025">{{Cite web |title=Manorama Hortus Art & Literature Festival Nov 27–30, 2025 |url=https://www.manoramahortus.com/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.manoramahortus.com}}</ref> is married to Lovely and the couple has a son, Appu, and a daughter, Hanna.<ref name="Author Bio" />

== Selected bibliography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:70%"
! scope="col" style="width:27%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Publisher
! scope="col" style="width:18%" | Genre
|-
| ''Chevittorma''<ref name="Chevittorma - Audiobook - George Joseph.K - ISBN 9789395334303 - Storytel International">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Chevittorma - Audiobook - George Joseph.K - ISBN 9789395334303 - Storytel International |url=https://www.storytel.com/tv/books/chevittorma-2415259 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=www.storytel.com |language=en}}</ref> || 1985 || [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam]] || Novel
|-
| ''Anantharam Sandhyayayi Ushassayi''<ref name="Anantharam Sandhyayayi, Ushassayi">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=George Joseph |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Anantharam Sandhyayayi, Ushassayi |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/207261 |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=University of Calicut}}</ref> || 1990 || [[DC Books]] || Novel
|-
| ''Avan Maranayogyan''<ref name="Avan maranayogyan">{{Cite book |last=George Joseph K |url=https://opac.ssus.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=142033&query_desc=su%253A%2522Stories%2520Malayalam%2520%2522%2520and%2520location%253ASTACKS%2520and%2520su-to%253ALiterature |title=Avan maranayogyan |date=2012 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd |isbn=978-81-7130-747-0 |location=Kottayam |publication-date=2012 |language=ml}}</ref> || 1997 || [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam]] || Short story anthology
|-
| ''Swayamvaram'' || 2003 || [[DC Books]] || Novel
|-
| ''Nilaavariyunnu'' || 2006 || [[DC Books]] || Novel
|-
| ''Mariyamma Enna Marimaya''<ref name="Mariyamma Enna Marimaya">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Mariyamma Enna Marimaya |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/233344 |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog}}</ref> || 2011 || [[DC Books]] || Memoir
|-
| ''Kunjunni Paranja Yayathi Varalinte Katha''<ref name="Kunjunni Paranja Yayathi Varalinte Katha">{{Cite web |title=Kunjunni Paranja Yayathi Varalinte Katha |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/232208 |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog}}</ref> || 2012 || [[DC Books]] || Short story anthology
|-
| ''Althara Vilkkanundu''<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=George Joseph |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Althara Vilkkanundu |url=https://www.amazon.in/ALTHARA-VILKKANUNDU-%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-George/dp/9390118530 |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=Amazon}}</ref> || 2021 || Logos Books || Short story anthology
|-
| ''Thiranjedutha Kathakal''<ref name="Thiranjedutha Kathakal">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=George Joseph |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Thiranjedutha Kathakal |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/thiranjedutha-kathakal-george-joseph-k |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=DC Books}}</ref> || 2025 || [[DC Books]] || Short story anthology
|}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[P. F. Mathews]]
* [[Thomas Joseph]]
* [[Socrates K. Valath]]
* [[Ponjikkara Rafi]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=Author Profile - George Joseph K. |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%258D%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258D-%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AB%25E0%25B5%258D-%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2586/5619/ |access-date=March 30, 2026 |website=Kerala Book Store}}
* {{Cite web |date=March 30, 2026 |title=GEORGE JOSEPH K |url=https://dcbooks.com/author/george-joseph-k/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=DC Books |language=en-GB}}
* {{Cite web |title=All books by author George Joseph K - Storytel International |url=https://www.storytel.com/tv/authors/george-joseph-k-707310 |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=www.storytel.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=K |first=George Joseph |date=March 31, 2026 |title=Kunjunni Paranja Varalinte Katha |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/kunhunni-paranja-yayathi-varaalinte-katha |access-date=March 31, 2026 |website=DC Booka}}
* {{Cite web |last=K |first=George Joseph |date=March 31, 2026 |title=Marayamma Enna Marimaya |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/mariyamma-enna-mariyaama |access-date=March 31, 2026 |website=DC Books}}
* {{Cite web |last=K |first=George Joseph |date=March 31, 2026 |title=Althara Vilkkanundu |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D/17201/ |access-date=March 31, 2026 |website=DC Books}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=K |first=George Joseph |date=March 19, 2021 |title=Shareeram... Pranayadhaaham - Truecopy Think |url=https://truecopythink.media/short-story/george-joseph-short-story |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=truecopythink.media |language=ml}}
* {{Cite web |last=Marian Times |date=January 8, 2020 |title=From the word of death to the word of life |url=https://www.mariantimesworld.org/george-joseph-k-feature/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Marian Times World |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=K |first=George Joseph |title=The Dancing Words |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/vayana-dinam-reading-memories-george-joseph-k-269274/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George Joseph, K.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]

Paramjeet Kumar

2026-04-29T13:54:38Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up A Bio Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Paramjeet Kumar''' is an Indian para power lifter from [[Punjab]]. He became the first power lifter from India to win a medal at the [[World Para Powerlifting Championships]]. He qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] in Paris where he finished eighth after lifting 150 kg in his first lift in men's upto 49 kg category. He later failed in his other two lifts at 156 kg and 161 kg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=Paris Paralympics: Powerlifters Sakina Khatun finishes 7th, Parmjeet 8th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-paralympics/paris-paralympics-powerlifters-sakina-khatun-finishes-7th-parmjeet-8th/articleshow/113071403.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Paralympics: Amisha Fails To Bag Shot Put Medal, Parmjeet Kumar Finishes 8th In Para-Powerlifting {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/paralympic-games-2024/paris-paralympics-amisha-fails-to-bag-shot-put-medal-parmjeet-finishes-8th-in-para-powerlifting-6489226 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

At the age of two years, he was affected by polio in his both legs.<ref name=":0" />

He won a bronze medal in the men's 49 kg category at the World Championships in Tbilisi, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-28 |title=Paramjeet Kumar becomes first Indian para powerlifter to win medal at World Championships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/paramjeet-kumar-becomes-first-indian-para-powerlifter-to-win-medal-at-world-championships/articleshow/87965257.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also won a bronze medal in the [[2018 Asian Para Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-08 |title=2018 Asian Para Games: Javelin thrower Sandeep opens India's gold account |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/asian-para-games-javelin-thrower-sandeep-wins-gold-medal/article25154742.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Paramjeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian powerlifters]]
[[Category:Paralympic powerlifters for India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Powerlifting-bio-stub}}

Tenali Municipality

2026-04-26T17:42:05Z

Peter05220035516: new!

{{Short description|Local self-government in Tenali, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Tenali Municipality
| named_after =
| image = Tenali Municipality logo.webp
| image_size =
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| caption =
| map =
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| predecessor =
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| formation = 1909

| founder = [[Natural]]
| founding_location = Tenali
| extinction =
| merger =
| type = [[Governmental organisation]]
| status = [[Local government]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Tenali]]
| location = [[Tenali]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
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| services =
| num_members =
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| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Tadiboyina Radhika
| leader_title2 = DY-Chairman
| leader_name2 = Malapathi Hariprasadh
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = Committee
| parent_organization =
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| website = {{URL|http://tenali.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| remarks =
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Tenali Municipality''' is the [[Self-governance|local self-government]] in [[Tenali]], a city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''Selection grade'' ''municipality''.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=June 4, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[municipality]] was formed in 1909 and was upgraded to special grade municipality in 1965.<ref name="vgtmuda" />

== Administration ==

The municipality is spread over an area of {{convert|17.00|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and comprises [[Tenali]], [[Pinapadu]] and Chinaravuru.<ref name="vgtmuda">{{cite web|title=About Tenali|url=http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/innerpages/aboutvgtm.aspx|website=VGTM Urban Development Authority|accessdate=26 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821063129/http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/Innerpages/AboutVGTM.aspx|archivedate=21 August 2015}}</ref> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the city is B Seshanna .<ref>{{cite news |last1=MN |first1=Samdani |title=Enrolment only on paper, Mepma fills staff pockets {{!}} Amaravati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/enrolment-only-on-paper-mepma-fills-staff-pockets/articleshow/69180416.cms |accessdate=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2019 |location=Amaravati |language=en}}</ref>

'''Wards composition'''

Tenali municipality has a total of 40 election wards. The below table shows the composition of municipal wards with unreserved and reserved wards (women, SC's, ST's and BC's).<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipality wards|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|website=Andhra PRadesh – State Election Commission|accessdate=27 June 2016|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174718/http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Type !! No. of Wards !! Reserved (Women) !! Total
|-
| General (Unreserved) || 9 || 9 || 18
|-
| [[Backward Class|BC's]] || 8 || 6 || 14
|-
| [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC's]] || 3 || 3 || 6
|-
| [[Scheduled Tribes|ST's]] || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| '''Total''' || 21 || 19 || 40
|}

== Civic works and services ==

Most of the city residents rely on [[borewell]]s for water. For the growing usage by the city residents, the ''Public Health Department'' and the municipality undertook a water project, which includes the construction of a head water works reservoir at VSR and NVR College compound, six other overhead service reservoirs and a filtration plant. These are supplied with the [[Krishna River]] water from [[Prakasam Barrage]] at Sitanagaram.<ref>{{cite news|title=New project to quench Tenali's thirst|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-project-to-quench-Tenalis-thirst/articleshow/14617227.cms|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=Times of India|date=3 July 2012|location=Tenali}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delay in drinking water project irks residents|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/delay-in-drinking-water-project-irks-residents/article2926851.ece|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2012|location=Tenali}}</ref>

The city municipality implements two-bin garbage collection and also took up sanitation campaigns like, ''Mana Tenali-It’s people’s creation'' for hygiene of the people.<ref name=civic>{{cite news|title=A litter-free town, the aim of ‘Mana Tenali’|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-litterfree-town-the-aim-of-mana-tenali/article7872064.ece|accessdate=19 November 2015|work=The Hindu|date=13 November 2015|location=Tenali}}</ref> The total length of roads maintained by the municipality is {{Convert|172.50|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|accessdate=27 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archivedate=1 August 2016}}</ref>

'''Projects and infrastructure'''

The notable ''Satyanarayana VGTMUDA Lake Park'' (or Chinaravuru Park) on the outskirts is maintained by [[VGTMUDA]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|CRDA]]). It is home to many floral varieties and was named after the former municipal chairman, ''Ravi Satyanarayana''.<ref>{{cite news|title=A perfect getaway, for children and adults|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-perfect-getaway-for-children-and-adults/article2797859.ece|accessdate=14 March 2016|date=13 January 2012|location=Tenali}}</ref>

Tenali is one of the seven municipalities, along with [[Vijayawada Municipal Corporation|Vijayawada]] and [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]s to be a part of a 15 [[Megawatt|MW]] [[waste-to-energy plant]] project. It is planned to be set up with the collaboration of the ''JITF Urban Infrastructure Limited''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Waste-to-energy plant to be set up in Guntur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/wastetoenergy-plant-to-be-set-up-in-guntur/article8205532.ece|accessdate=18 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
In 2015, the municipality received ''Green Leaf Awards 2015'' in the category of ''Best Decentralised Solid Waste Management'', which was organised by ''NGO Sukuki Exnora''.<ref>{{cite news|title=TS and AP NGOs sweep Green Leaf awards|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-06-08/TS-and-AP-NGOs-sweep-Green-Leaf-awards-155893|accessdate=12 March 2016|work=The Hans India|date=8 June 2015}}</ref> In the 6th Plasticon Awards 2012, it was awarded ''Green City'' of the country for [[waste segregation|waste segregation management]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Green City award for Tenali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/green-city-award-for-tenali/article2852895.ece|accessdate=19 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=2 February 2012|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> The city is one among the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as ''[[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT)''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vadlapatla|first1=Sribala|title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms|accessdate=18 December 2015|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2015|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> In 2015, as per the ''[[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]'' of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], Tenali Municipality was ranked 166th in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandeep Kumar|first1=S|title=Small towns fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/small-towns-fare-better-in-swachh-bharat-rankings/article7520320.ece|accessdate=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1909 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1909]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]
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Entry of women to Sabarimala

2026-04-22T18:04:04Z

Peter05220035516: added first details added tags

{{Short description|Dispute involving a temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Sabarimala 2.jpg|thumb|Women and girls between 10 and 50 years of age were legally banned from entering Sabarimala from 1991 to 2018.]]
[[Sabarimala|Sabarimala Temple]] is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]], located in [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta District]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Sabarimala GoK">{{cite web |title=Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Sabarimala |url=http://sabarimala.kerala.gov.in/ |website=Sabarimala |publisher=Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232128/http://sabarimala.kerala.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Women and girls of reproductive age have traditionally not been permitted to worship there, as Shasta is a [[celibate]] deity.<ref name="britan">{{cite web |title=Ayyappan: Hindu deity |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ayyappan |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 1991, the Kerala High Court upheld this practice, and from then on, women and girls between the ages of 10 and 50 were legally barred from entering the temple.

In September 2018, a landmark judgement of the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that all [[Hindu]] pilgrims, regardless of gender, could enter the temple. The [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution bench]] of the Supreme Court held that "any exception placed on women because of biological differences violates the Constitution." Specifically, the court held that the ban violated the right to equality under [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]] and the right to freedom of religion under [[Freedom of religion in India#Laws and Indian Constitution|Article 25]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sabarimala Temple: India's Supreme Court lifts ban on women entering shrine|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/28/asia/india-temple-women-banned-intl/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala verdict: SC upheld Constitution in letter and spirit by giving preference to equality in recent judgments |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sabarimala-verdict-sc-has-upheld-constitution-in-letter-and-spirit-by-giving-preference-to-equality-in-three-recent-judgments-5281601.html|website=firstpost.com |date=28 September 2018|publisher=FirstPost |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

This verdict led to protests by millions of [[Ayyappan]] devotees who opposed the verdict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala Temple protests: What is happening in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-temple-protest-kerala-women-entry-5408635/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=19 October 2018}}</ref> A month later, about ten female activists attempted to enter the temple despite threats of physical assault but they were unsuccessful.<ref name="rehna">{{cite web |title=Explain Who Is A Devotee, Says Woman Who Couldn't Enter Sabarimala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/sabarimala-protests-rehana-fathima-devotee-and-activist-could-not-enter-sabarimala-temple-her-kochi-1934490 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=As Women Return, Sabarimala Head Priest Says "We Stand With[male] Devotees": Highlights |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/sabarimala-temple-live-updates-devotees-continue-to-block-entry-of-women-say-lord-ayyappa-must-be-pr-1934275 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> On 2 January 2019, two women successfully entered the temple through a rear gate, prompting priests to close the shrine temporarily for purification rituals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/2-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-shut-for-purification/707554.html|title=women-entered.sabarimala-shut-for-purification.|work=Tribune India|archive-date=13 November 2019|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113153654/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/2-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-shut-for-purification/707554.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/two-woman-devotees-below-50-finally-enter-sabarimala-temple-1421578-2019-01-02|title=Two women below 50 enter Sabarimala, temple shuts for purification rituals|date=January 2, 2019|first=P. S. |last=Gopikrishnan Unnithan|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Hindu temple board reverses opposition to entry of women |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/indian-hindu-temple-board-reverses-opposition-to-entry-of-women |website=The Straits Times |access-date=10 November 2021 |date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Sabarimala Reference Hearing is ongoing in the Supreme Court starting from 15th of April, 2026.

==Legend==
Many legends exist about the god Ayyappan and the creation of the temple.

One legend concerns Ayyappan, the celibate deity of Sabarimala Temple, and the evil demoness Mahishi whom he defeated in battle. Mahishi had been cursed to live the life of a demon until the child born to [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]] defeated her in a battle. Ayyappan, the abandoned son of Shiva and [[Mohini]] (a female incarnation of Vishnu),<ref name="eclegend">{{Cite news |title=What you might want to know about Sabarimala |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/what-you-might-want-to-know-about-sabarimala/articleshow/66273712.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Long |first1=Jeffery D. |title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810879607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkkFCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> could therefore set her free after defeating her. She transformed into a beautiful woman after her defeat. After the battle, the young woman proposed marriage to Ayyappan. However, he refused, explaining that he had been ordained to go to the forest, live the life of a [[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]] and answer the prayers of devotees.<ref name="firstpostlegend">{{cite web |title=Here's why women are barred from Sabarimala; It is not because they are 'unclean' - Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/why-women-are-barred-from-sabarimala-its-not-because-they-are-unclean-2583694.html |website=firstpost.com |date=15 January 2016 |publisher=FirstPost |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> However, the young woman was persistent, so Ayyappan promised to marry her the day "kanni-swamis," or new devotees, stopped visiting Sabarimala Temple. Sabarimala was visited by kanni-swamis every year, and she was not able to marry Ayyappan. The woman is worshipped as the goddess [[Maalikapurathamma]] at a neighbouring temple.<ref name="legendNDTV">{{cite web |title=Legend of Sabarimala: Love story that kept women from Lord Ayyappa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sabarimala-legend-women-lord-ayyappa-1351674-2018-09-28 |website=India Today |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
According to the ''Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin States'', women of reproductive age had been denied entry to the Sabarimala temple since at least the 19th century. Lieutenants Benjamin Swain Ward and Peter Eyre Conner, who completed the survey at the end of 1820, reported that, at the time, "Old women and young girls may approach the temple, but those who have attained the age of puberty and to a certain time in life are forbidden to approach, as all sexual intercourse in that vicinity is averse to this deity (Lord Ayyappa)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/11/22/british-era-survey-report-says-sabarimala-ban-existed-200-years-ago.html|title=British era survey report says Sabarimala ban existed 200 years ago|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref>

Before 1991, when the [[Kerala High Court]] forbade the entry of women to Sabarimala, many women had visited the temple, although mostly for non-religious reasons.<ref>{{cite web|last1=P.M.|first1=Jitheesh|title=Appropriation of Ayyappa Cult: The History and Hinduisation of Sabarimala Temple|url=https://thewire.in/history/appropriation-of-ayyappa-cult-the-history-and-hinduisation-of-sabarimala-temple|access-date=22 October 2018|website=The Wire}}</ref> There are records of women pilgrims visiting the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (called [[Annaprashana|Chorounu]]) at the temple premises.{{sfn|KHC1991|loc=paragraph 7}} On 13 May 1940, even the [[Maharani]] of [[Thiruvithamkoor]] visited the temple.{{sfn|KHC1991}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala for allowing women of all ages into Sabarimala temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Kerala-for-allowing-women-of-all-ages-into-Sabarimala-temple/article15160720.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=26 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=8 February 2008}}</ref> In 1986, when young actresses [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]], [[Sudha Chandran]], Anu, [[Vadivukkarasi]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] danced near the deity at the ''pathinettam padi'' (18 steps) for the Tamil movie ''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]'', a fine of {{INRConvert|1000}} was imposed on each of the actresses and the director. The [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Devaswom]] Board, which maintains the temple and premises, was also fined {{INRConvert|7500}}, because it had given the director permission to film at Sabarimala.<ref name="manoramafilm">{{cite web |title=Sabarimala cinema shoot involving actresses forced rigid curbs on women |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/09/29/sabarimala-film0shoot-actresses-women-ban.html |website=OnManorama |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> Former Karnataka minister [[Jayamala]] has also claimed to have entered Sabarimala and touched the idol in 1986, when she was a young woman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview: Jayamala who entered Sabarimala in 1986, now advocates women rights |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/interview-jayamala-who-entered-sabarimala-in-1986-now-advocates-women-rights-1984061.html |publisher=One India |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en|date=2016-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka minister Jayamala hails Sabarimala verdict, calls it historic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/sep/29/karnataka-minister-jayamala-hails-sabarimala-verdict-calls-it-historic-1878694.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1990, the Chorounu ceremony for the granddaughter of a former [[Devaswom boards in Kerala|Devaswom]] commissioner was held at Sabarimala in the presence of female relatives.<ref name="manoramafilm" /><ref name="indianexpresshistory">{{cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |title=Sabarimala temple: Women entry issue first came up in Kerala High Court 28 years ago |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-templewomen-entry-issue-first-came-up-in-kerala-high-court-28-years-ago-5378916/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> Following the court case [[S. Mahendran v. The Secretary, Travancore|''S. Mahendran v. The Secretary, Travancore'']], the high court of Kerala prohibited women and girls between ages 10 and 50 from entering Sabarimala.<ref name="indianexpresshistory" /> In 1995, the district collector Valsala Kumari, aged 42, visited the Sabarimala shrine (although she did not climb the ''pathinettam padi'' to the inner sanctum) under special permission. Her goal was to obtain first-hand information about the conditions at the temple in connection with her official duties. In doing so, she was the first woman recognised as legitimate by the temple's authorities.<ref name="indiatoday1995">{{cite web |last1=M.G. |first1=Radhakrishnan |title=Ban on women of prohibited age group visiting Sabarimala shrine comes under scrutiny |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19950115-ban-on-women-of-prohibited-age-group-visiting-sabarimala-shrine-comes-under-scrutiny-806703-1995-01-15 |website=India Today |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the local press reported that two young women, possibly wives of VIPs, had entered the shrine despite police oversight.<ref name="indiatoday1995" /> In January 2018, temple authorities made it mandatory for female devotees to provide proof of their age when visiting Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Age proof now a must for women to offer worship in Sabarimala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/age-proof-now-a-must-for-women-to-offer-worship-in-sabarimala/story-fF1dJyzuRb7sZITb9YtyXP.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en |date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

===Kerala High Court verdict===
In 1990, S. Mahendran started a legal petition on the notion that young women were visiting Sabarimala.<ref name="indianexpresshistory" /> The verdict was announced in 1991, when Justices [[K. S. Paripoornan|K. Paripoornan]] and K. Balanarayana Marar of the [[Kerala High Court]] banned women and girls between 10 and 50 years of age from Sabarimala. They stated that such a restriction was in accordance with tradition.{{sfn|KHC1991|loc=paragraph 44, (1)}} In addition, the High Court directed the [[Government of Kerala]] to use police force if necessary to prevent women from entering the temple.{{sfn|KHC1991|loc=paragraph 45}} The final decision of the court was as follows:{{sfn|KHC1991|loc=paragraph 44, (3)}}

{{blockquote|Such restriction (of women) imposed by the Devaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India. Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions of Hindu Place of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965, since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the matter of entry to a temple, whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class.}}

===Supreme Court verdict===
{{Infobox court case
|name = Indian Young Lawyers Association vs The State Of Kerala
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Indian Young Lawyers Association & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Ors.
|date decided = 28 September 2018
|citations = WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 373 OF 2006
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = [[Dipak Misra]], A.N. Khanwilkar, [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|Rohintan Nariman]], [[Indu Malhotra]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud Reddy]]
|number of judges = 5
|decision by =
|Majority = Deepak Mishra, A.N. Khanwilkar, Rohintan Nariman, D.Y. Chandrachud
|dissenting = Indu Malhotra
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title = no
}}

In 2006, six female members of the Indian Young Lawyers' Association petitioned the Supreme Court of India, asking them to lift the ban on women of reproductive age.{{sfn|SC2018}} They argued that the practice was a violation of their constitutional rights. They also questioned the validity of provisions in the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules Act of 1965.{{sfn|Hindu2006}}

On 28 September 2018, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that women of all ages could enter the temple of Sabarimala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/keralas-sabarimala-temple-must-allow-women-of-all-ages-says-supreme-court-ending-restriction-1923556|title=Women Of All Ages Can Enter Sabarimala Temple, Says Top Court, Ending Ban|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref> The court stated:

{{blockquote|We have no hesitation in saying that such an exclusionary practice violates the right of [a woman] to visit and enter a temple, to freely practise Hindu religion and to exhibit her devotion towards Lord Ayyappa. The denial of this right to women significantly denudes them of their right to worship.|author=|title=|source=}}

The verdict was passed with a 4-1 majority. Chief Justice [[Dipak Misra]] and Justices [[A. M. Khanwilkar]], [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|R. F. Nariman]] and [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] supported the admission of women to the temple, while Justice [[Indu Malhotra]] dissented.<ref name="ecsc">{{Cite news |last1=Rautray |first1=Samanwaya |title=Women of all ages can enter Sabarimala Temple, rules Supreme Court |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/supreme-court-allows-women-to-enter-sabarimala-temple/articleshow/65989807.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> Indu Malhotra stated that every individual should be allowed to practice their faith regardless of whether the practice is rational or logical. The Supreme Court based their decision on the violation of Article 25 (Clause 1) and Rule 3(b) of Kerala Hindu Places of Worship.<ref name="ecsc" />

On 14 November 2019, [[Constitution bench (India)|The Supreme Court Constitution Bench]] referred the [[review petition]]s as well as the [[Writ#Indian law|writ petitions]] to a larger bench of at least seven judges, to be constituted by the Honourable [[Chief Justice of India]]. Larger benches had previously considered similar cases, such as the [[Islam and gender segregation#In mosques|entry of Muslim women into mosques]] and the entry of [[Parsis|Parsi]] women married to non-Parsi men into the [[Fire temple|holy fireplace]].{{Clarify|date=September 2021}}<ref name="SCI_Review">{{cite web |last1=Gogoi |first1=Ranjan |title=Supreme Court Review Petition Judgement |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2018/38452/38452_2018_1_1501_18283_Judgement_14-Nov-2019.pdf |website=Supreme Court of India |access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> The decision to refer the petitions was supported by the Chief Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]] and Justices [[Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar]] and [[Indu Malhotra]]. Justices [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]] and [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] dissented.<ref name="SCI_Review"/>

As of April 2026, a 9 judges bench is looking into the larger constitutional questions that popped up during 2019 hearings.

==Arguments against the entry of women==
According to one argument against the entry of women, the prohibition of female worshipers is traditional. [[Yugbhushan Suri|Acharya Yugbhushan Suri Maharaj]], a Jain [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]], has said that women's entry is a religious issue connected to fundamental rights. Commenting on the Sabarimala debate, he said, "Whether it is Sabarimala or Jharkhand's [[Shikharji]], the agitations are for sanctity...Religion talks about inner belief and sanctity. This should be respected. I am not against the judiciary or the Supreme Court, but they should not overlook the belief of the people."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/women-should-not-enter-sabarimala-jain-acharya-pandit-maharaj-1370232-2018-10-18|title=Women should not enter Sabarimala: Jain acharya Pandit Maharaj|date=October 18, 2018|first=Pankaj P.|last=Khelkar|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref> Yoga guru [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]] also supported the traditional prohibition of women.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tradition-must-be-followed-sri-sri-ravi-shankar-on-sabarimala-row-1382273-2018-11-04|title=Tradition must be followed: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar on Sabarimala row|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-17|agency=Ist}}</ref>

Others argue that allowing women to enter would disrespect the male deity. [[J. Sai Deepak]], the lawyer representing two women's groups and a devotee sangam in the Supreme Court case,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/small-talk-the-deitys-advocate/articleshow/65275883.cms|title=Meet Sabarimala case lawyer Sai Deepak J, who caught the nation's attention with his 'celibacy' argument|last1=Iyer|first1=Lakshmi|date=August 5, 2018|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> has argued that the deity Ayyappan should be regarded as a person, giving him the constitutional right to privacy under Article 21. When women and girls of reproductive age visit him against his will, the argument follows, it violates Ayyappan's privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-lawyer-for-lord-ayyappa-advocate-sai-deepak-turns-heads-in-supreme-court-arguing-for-sabarimala-deitys-right-to-celibacy-4859291.html|title=A lawyer for Lord Ayyappa: Advocate Sai Deepak turns heads in SC arguing for Sabarimala deity's right to celibacy|last1=Tripathi|first1=Shishir|website=firstpost.com|date=31 July 2018|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> Some Hindu women believe that Ayyappan himself placed restrictions on women entering the temple because he wanted to be celibate, and the presence of women would distract him from this cause.<ref name="firstpostlegend"/>

A few reporters have pointed out that gender segregation exists in other Hindu temples. Some prominent temples also restrict men's entry. For example, the [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar|Brahma temple in Pushkar]] prevents married men from entering the inner sanctum. Other temples prevent men from entering on certain days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/28/indian-temples-where-men-cant-enter-on-certain-days-1878292.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929120717/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/28/indian-temples-where-men-cant-enter-on-certain-days-1878292.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2018|title=Indian temples where men can't enter on certain days|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/heres-list-8-temples-india-where-men-are-not-allowed-enter-706187|title=Here's a list of 8 temples in India where men are not allowed to enter!|last=Sultania|first=Devyani|date=2016-11-29|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/JM-RIT-temples-where-men-not-allowed-5533092-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301233020/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/JM-RIT-temples-where-men-not-allowed-5533092-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2017|title=NO ENTRY: 6 Temples In India Where MEN Are Not Allowed To Enter Or Worship|date=2017-02-20|website=dailybhaskar|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

Some women choose not to enter the temple, believing that it would be an insult to Malikappurathamma's love and sacrifice.<ref name="legendNDTV"/>

There is also a rule for men who want to pray at the temple; they have to take a vow of celibacy for 4 weeks leading up to their visit.{{Better source needed|date=June 2021}} Some argue that female pilgrims will 'distract' the male pilgrims, who follow a 41-day period of strict abstinence from sex.<ref name="indiatoday19952">{{cite web|last1=M.G.|first1=Radhakrishnan|title=Ban on women of prohibited age group visiting Sabarimala shrine comes under scrutiny|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19950115-ban-on-women-of-prohibited-age-group-visiting-sabarimala-shrine-comes-under-scrutiny-806703-1995-01-15|access-date=20 October 2018|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> A statement by the president of the Travancore Devaswom Board stated that allowing women into the temple will lead to 'immoral activities' and turn the place into 'a spot for sex tourism, like Thailand'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Anand |title='Advocating women's entry at Sabarimala non-believers' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/those-seeking-womens-entry-698936.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 October 2018 |language=en |date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Shaju |title=Don't want to turn Sabarimala temple into Thailand, says TDB chairman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dont-want-to-turn-sabarimala-to-thailand-tdb-chairman-4889519/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=22 October 2018 |date=14 October 2017}}</ref>

Another argument is that the Sabarimala temple is situated at the top of a hill surrounded by mountains and dense forests, which some regard as physically challenging for women to navigate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/campus-reporter/2018/10/20/sabarimala-issue-faith-vs-rights.html|title=Sabarimala issue: Faith vs Rights|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> An official of Sabarimala has pointed out that the lack of adequate sanitation facilities for women would make their journey difficult.<ref name="dcchallenges">{{cite web |title=Kochi: Practical impediments for women to trek at Sabarimala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290918/kochi-practical-impediments-for-women-to-trek-at-sabarimala.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=29 September 2018}}</ref> Hospital facilities are also sparse.<ref name="dcchallenges" />

In the review case 2026 in the Supreme Court Senior advocates like Gopal Subramanium and Aryama Sundaram have argued that a temple is the “abode of the deity". Senior Advocate Subramanium argued for focusing on the scope of Articles 25 and 26 and the balance between individual rights and denominational autonomy. Justice B.V. Nagarathna observed that a non-believer has no standing to question customs tied to a temple and deity. A person who does not subscribe to the faith should not litigate against its practices. Justice Nagarathna questioned why courts should go further into “essential religious practice” once a practice is identified as religious rather than secular.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-22 |title=Sabarimala: Non-believer has no biz to challenge customs, says judge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sabarimala-non-believer-has-no-biz-to-challenge-customs-says-judge/articleshow/130429712.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-22 |title=Sabarimala case hearing Day 7: SC on reform powers |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/special-news/sabarimala-case-hearing-day-7-sc-on-reform-powers/article-17217 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=english.dainikjagranmpcg.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Arguments in favour of the entry of women==
Those in favour of allowing women entry to the Sabarimala temple concentrate on the specific point that menstruation is not impure, and the more general point that women deserve equal rights.<ref name="nm">{{cite web |author=Cris |title=Menstruation is not dirty, women are not impure: Campaign to counter myths in Kerala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/menstruation-not-dirty-women-are-not-impure-campaign-counter-myths-kerala-89647 |website=The News Minute |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=8 October 2018}}</ref> Activists, such as the [[Dalit]] public intellectual, [[Sunny M. Kapicadu]], see the struggle as a continuation of [[Kerala reformation movement|Kerala renaissance]] which sought to undo centuries of caste and gender inequality and oppression. They therefore welcome the verdict as a reaffirmation of constitutional morality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameerudheen |first=T. A. |date=2019-01-03 |title=Interview: Sabarimala protests are a reminder of the role of caste in Kerala's enlightened society |url=https://scroll.in/article/904875/interview-sabarimala-protests-remind-us-of-the-role-of-caste-in-keralas-enlightened-society |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some in favor of women's entry state that their opponents are motivated by [[Menstruation and culture|taboos surrounding menstruation]].<ref name="newsclick">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/celibacy-ayyappa-excuse-oppress-women|title=Celibacy of Ayyappa is an Excuse to Oppress Women: NewsClick|last1=S|first1=Yogesh|date=2018-10-14|website=NewsClick|language=en|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref> According to the historian [[Rajan Gurukkal]] there is "neither ritual sanctity nor scientific justification" for the argument of menstrual pollution. He opines that the shrine was originally a "cult spot" for a tribal deity, [[Ayyanar]], of local forest dwellers before it became a place of worship for Ayyappa in the 15th century. Unlike traditional Hindu myth (created by mistranslation of texts) that menstruation is [[Shaucha|impure]], the tribal people considered it to be auspicious and a symbol of fertility. They gathered at the temple along with their women and children of all ages until the 1960s. Gurukkal also argues that there is documented evidence of young [[Savarna (Hinduism)|savarna]] women making their way into the temple until the 1980s.{{sfn|Gurukkal|2018}}

Over 100 temples in Kerala are dedicated to Ayyappan. Women are allowed to enter all other temples of Ayyappan, so some argue that making an exception for Sabarimala is unusual and inconsistent.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |title=The god who bars women from his temple |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45901014 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Ayyappa temples in Kerala |url=https://www.thekeralatemples.com/temple_index_ayyappa.htm |website=Kerala Temples}}</ref>

The chief minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], is in favor of women's entry to Sabarimala. He stated in 2018 that his party ([[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]) has always stood for gender equality and would therefore provide facilities for women pilgrims to Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women have the same right to worship as men: Pinarayi Vijayan on Sabarimala issue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/women-have-the-same-right-to-worship-as-men-pinarayi-vijayan-on-sabarimala-issue-1369509-2018-10-17 |website=India Today |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Attempts to enter the temple==
Prior to the Supreme Court verdict of September 2018, there had been sporadic entries of women to the temple. Former actress and politician [[Jayamala]], for example, claimed to have entered Sabarimala in 1987 as a young woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/sabarimala-temple-entry-case-jayamala-s-bold-claim-that-stoked-controversy-in-2006-2784013.html|title=Sabarimala Temple entry case: Jayamala's bold claim that stoked controversy in 2006|last=P|first=Chennabasaveshwar|date=2018-09-28|website=Oneindia|language=en|access-date=2019-01-03}}</ref> Following the 2018 verdict, there was immediate resistance from protesters, who made it difficult for women to enter. When Sabarimala was opened for pilgrims in October 2018 for the first time since the Supreme Court verdict, protests were immediately staged at nearby [[Nilakkal]] and [[Mini Pampa, Malappuram|Pamba]], both considered to be basecamps for pilgrims on their way to the temple. Many women journalists who had come to report on the opening were assaulted by the protesters. Police had to use a [[Baton charge|lathi charge]] to disperse the protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tension-mounts-in-kerala-as-sabarimala-set-to-open-today/story-YRZuiWacJvlZc8Agn1gfJK.html|title=Sabarimala row: Devotees attack journalists, stop women from approaching temple|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=17 October 2018}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45885996|title=Sabarimala: Mobs attack women near India Hindu temple|work=BBC|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> The protesters also forced a 40-year-old woman from Andhra Pradesh to stop her journey to Sabarimala at Pamba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra woman returns without Sabarimala darshan as protests mount |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-andhra-woman-returns-without-sabarimala-darshan-as-protests-mount-2676311 |website=dna |access-date=26 October 2018 |date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Woman, Family Abandon Sabarimala Trek Out Of Fear, Say No Cops At Temple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-women-devotees-reach-sabarimala-temple-sent-back-by-protesters-1933319 |website=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> [[Suhasini Raj]], a journalist working for [[The New York Times|''The New York Times'']], was also forced to return after she was blocked by protesters near Marakkoottam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/181018/new-york-times-journalist-forced-to-return-sabarimala-amid-protest.html|title=New York Times journalist, colleague forced to return from Sabarimala amid protest|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Two women attempted to enter the temple on 19 October 2018 but were blocked by protesters about 100 metres away from the [[Garbhagriha|''garbagriha'']], the innermost sanctum of the temple. They left after the priest warned that he would close the ''garbagriha'' if they attempted to climb the 18 sacred steps leading to the deity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-women-entry-issue-protests-continue/article25258611.ece|title=Sabarimala protests: Women descend the hill without darshan following protests|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> One of the women, women's rights activist [[Rehana Fathima]]m, was later arrested on grounds of "hurting religious sentiments" for posting a photo on [[Facebook]]. The photos showed her sitting in an allegedly "obscene pose" after dressing up as a devotee of Ayyappan. She was jailed for 18 days and then released on bail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46369651|title=Sabarimala: India activist held for 'explicit' thigh photo|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/long-climb-2-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-look-back-others-who-tried-94394|title=The long climb: As 2 women enter Sabarimala temple, a look back at others who tried|date=3 January 2019|work=News minute|access-date=2019-01-30|language=en-UK}}</ref>

A 46-year-old woman who claimed that "her body was full of divine power from Ayyappa, motivating her to climb Sabarimala" was denied police protection. She had to return home.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another woman reaches Pamba to enter Sabarimala, goes back as cops deny protection |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/another-woman-reaches-pamba-enter-sabarimala-goes-back-cops-deny-protection-90219 |website=The News Minute |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=19 October 2018}}</ref> Another female journalist and the president of Kerala Dalit Mahila Federation also had to leave without reaching the deity due to the actions of protesters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=M.K. |first1=Nidheesh |title=Who is Manju, the Dalit woman devotee who wants to enter Sabarimala? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/R4AjCpX1QX3AhymMuUUy0I/Who-is-Manju-the-Dalit-woman-devotee-who-wants-to-enter-Sab.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=20 October 2018}}</ref> A female Dalit activist, despite being accompanied by police, was attacked at various places by mobs on her way to [[Sabarimala]] and decided to return after reaching Pamba. She lost her job, was forced to leave her home and had to live in an undisclosed location under police protection after threats to her life from the protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/harassed-abused-forced-hiding-woman-s-ordeal-attempting-sabarimala-trek-90453|title=Harassed,abused,forced into hiding: A woman's ordeal for attempting Sabarimala trek|work=The News Minute}}</ref>

[[Trupti Desai]], women's rights activist and founder of [[Bhumata Brigade]], was blocked by protesters at [[Cochin International Airport]] on 16 November 2018 while on her journey to [[Sabarimala]]. She decided to return home after being stranded inside the airport for more than 14 hours, vowing to come back again.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sabarimala-live-trupti-desai-to-return-to-pune-after-day-long-standoff-with-protesters-at-kochi-airport-1940755.html|title=Trupti Desai heads back home after protesters bloch her Sabarimala trek, says "will certainly return"|work=news18}}</ref>

Four trans women who attempted to visit Sabarimala temple were sent back by [[Erumely]] police on 16 December 2018. They alleged that the police harassed them and asked them to dress up like men if they wanted to visit the shrine. Even though they agreed to the demands of the police, they were eventually sent back, with policing citing a general threat to law and order at Sabarimala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/police-block-four-transgender-persons-entering-sabarimala-93451|title="Why are you dressed like women?": Police threaten, block transwomen at Sabarimala|work=The News Minute}}</ref> They returned to the shrine two days later, as the temple authorities did not object to the presence of trans women at Sabarimala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46603112|title=Four transgender women pray at India's Sabarimala temple|work=BBC}}</ref>

A group of 11 women belonging to the [[Chennai]]-based women's rights' organisation ''Manithi'' was chased away by protesters soon after setting out from the Pamba basecamp on 23 December 2018. The women were under police protection. While the police claimed that the group voluntarily left the area without visiting the shrine, the group alleged that the [[Kerala Police]] pressured them to leave.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/11-sabarimala-bound-women-709539.html|title=11 Sabarimala-bound women chased away|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Protests and hartals against the Supreme Court verdict==
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Sabarimala protests
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image = BJP Harthal Protesting against Sabarimala Women Entry 02.jpg
| caption = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] members protesting against Sabarimala women entry
| date = October 2018 - January 2019
| place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| causes = Protests following the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court of India's]] verdict for allowing all women to enter Sabarimala temple.
| goals = {{bulleted list
|To stop women from entering Sabarimala temple
}}
| methods = [[Harthal]]
| side1 = * [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]
| side2 = * [[Government of India]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
In the period following the Supreme Court verdict, a total of seven [[hartal]]s were organised in [[Kerala]] by various Hindu groups under the flag of the Sabarimala Karma Samithi.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

=== October 2018 ===
The first hartal was observed in [[Pathanamthitta district]] on 7 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hartal in Pathanamthitta on Sunday |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hartal-in-pathanamthitta-on-sunday-1.3201331 |website=mathrubhumi.com |date=6 October 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] called for this hartal in response to alleged police violence against Prakash Babu, state president of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], during a protest march held on 6 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP-sponsored hartal peaceful in Pathanamthitta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bjp-sponsored-hartal-peaceful-in-pathanamthitta/article25150210.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 October 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BJP calls for strike in Kerala's Pathanamthitta tomorrow|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-calls-for-strike-in-keralas-pathanamthitta-tomorrow201810062215040001/|access-date=2021-09-15|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref>

The second hartal was held on 18 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sabarimala hartal turns violent, KSRTC buses wrecked |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-hartal-turns-violent-ksrtc-buses-wrecked/article25256048.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> In the lead-up to the hartal, Malayalam actor and BJP member [[Kollam Thulasi]] said that women who enter Sabarimala should be ripped in half. He also declared that the faithful should prevent women from entering the temple.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Philip|first1=Shaju|date=13 October 2018|title=Tear in two all women who enter Sabarimala, says actor Kollam Thulasi as Kerala BJP president listens|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-kollam-thulasi-kerala-ayappa-sc-bjp-5400113/|access-date=26 October 2018|website=The Indian Express|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarimala comment: Kollam Thulasi booked, actor apologises|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/10/13/sabarimala-comment-police-file-case-against-kollam-thulasi-actor-apologises.html|access-date=26 October 2018|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> A [[First information report|First Information Report]] was registered against him, citing his "deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class."<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2018|title=Actor Kollam Thulasi booked for controversial remarks on women entering Sabarimala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-kollam-thulasi-booked-controversial-remakes-women-entering-sabarimala-89973|access-date=20 October 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, held "RSS ([[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]])-driven upper caste religious fanatics" responsible for the violent agitation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pinarayi blames 'RSS-backed upper caste religious fanatics' for Sabarimala violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-violence-pinarayi-blames-rss-backed-upper-caste-religious-fanatics/article25257810.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=20 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=18 October 2018}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] also launched a protest demanding the state government file a review petition against the Supreme Court's verdict.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress launches protest, demands review petition against Sabarimala verdict |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-launches-protest-demands-review-petition-against-sabarimala-verdict/story-sm4qUMSzxhe6gNG8sx28MP.html |access-date=30 October 2018 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=5 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> [[Rahul Easwar]], a member of the family of Sabarimala priests and leader of Ayyappa Dharma Sena, was arrested for inciting violence and rioting near the Sabarimala temple complex. He was denied bail on the grounds that he was likely to return to Sabarimala to incite further trouble.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rahul Easwar, face of 'Save Sabarimala' campaign, on a fast in prison |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rahul-easwar-face-of-save-sabarimala-campaign-on-a-fast-in-prison/article25271833.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=20 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Court denied bail to Rahul Easwar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/court-denied-bail-to-rahul-easwar/article25272748.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=20 October 2018 |language=en-IN |date=20 October 2018}}</ref> By the end of October, over 3,000 people had been arrested and around 500 cases were registered at police stations across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/total-3-345-sabarimala-protestors-arrested-till-now-1938825|title=Total 3,345 Sabarimala protestors arrested till now|work=NDTV}}</ref>

=== November 2018 ===
The third hartal occurred on 2 November 2018. The putative cause was the death a lottery ticket seller, Sivadasan, who had gone on the Sabarimala pilgrimage and was found dead near Laha. BJP called for a hartal in Pathanamthitta district. They blamed police action at Pamba for his death, although police confirmed that Sivadasan had died in a traffic accident.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayyappa devotee found dead; BJP hartal in Pathanamthitta begins. |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/districts/pathanamthitta/2018/11/01/ayyappa-devotee-death-bjp-hartal-pathanamthitta.html |website=manoramaonline.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sivadasan's mysterious death: BJP hartal in Pathanamthitta today |url=http://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/kerala/general/sivadasan%E2%80%99s-mysterious-death-bjp-hartal-in-pathanamthitta-tomorrow-9428 |website=keralakaumudi.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ayyappa Devotee Found Dead, BJP Calls for Strike in Kerala District |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-calls-for-strike-in-kerala-district-after-body-of-devotee-found-police-refute-claims-1941840 |website=NDTV |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP calls for 12-hour strike in Kerala's Pathanamthitta today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-calls-for-12-hour-strike-in-kerala-s-pathanamthitta-today-1380845-2018-11-02 |website=indiatoday |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

Anticipating protests, [[Section 144|IPC Section 144]], which can be used to prevent the assembly of people in the possibility of danger, was declared at [[Sabarimala#Sannidhanam|Sannidhanam]], [[Sabarimala#Pamba|Pamba]], [[Nilakkal]] and Elavunkal when the temple reopened for the 41-day Mandalam Makaravilakku pilgrim season on 16 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=OPENING AND CLOSING DAYS OF SABARIMALA TEMPLE |url=http://travancoredevaswomboard.org/opening-and-closing-days-of-sabarimala-temple-in-2013-14 |website=travancoredevaswomboard.org |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103215304/http://travancoredevaswomboard.org/opening-and-closing-days-of-sabarimala-temple-in-2013-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 70 people were arrested for defying these orders and protesting near the main temple. This included K. Surendran, state secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and K.P. Sasikala, leader of [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]], who were taken into preventive detention during their journey to the temple on 17 November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sabarimala-kerala-court-grants-bail-to-bjp-leader-surendran-and-71-others-1393457-2018-11-21|title=Sabarimala: Kerala court grants bail to BJP leader Surendran and 71 others|work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="fourth harthal">{{cite web |title=Kerala hartal triggered by arrest of Hindu Aikya Vedi leader who wanted to go to Sabarimala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-hartal-triggered-by-arrest-of-hindu-aikya-vedi-leader-who-wanted-to-go-to-sabarimala-temple-5450997/ |website=indianexpress.com |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

The fourth hartal in Kerala was organized by the Bharatiya Janata Party on 17 November 2018. The reason given for this hartal was the arrest of K P Sasikala. It was a statewide demonstration.<ref name="fourth harthal" /><ref>{{cite web |title=State-wide hartal in Kerala after KP Sasikala arrested from Sabarimala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/state-wide-hartal-kerala-after-kp-sasikala-arrested-sabarimala-91704 |website=thenewsminute.com |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sabarimala: Hartal called in Kerala after Hindu woman leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sabarimala-hartal-called-in-kerala-after-hindu-woman-leaders-arrest/articleshow/66663219.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sabarimala: Hartal called in Kerala after Hindu woman leader's arrest|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sabarimala-hartal-called-in-kerala-after-hindu-woman-leaders-arrest/articleshow/66663918.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala row: BJP protest KP Sasikala's arrest; Terms it outrageous |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/nov/17/sabarimala-row-bjp-protest-kp-sasikalas-arrest-terms-it-outrageous-1899450.html |website=newindianexpress.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

On 21 November, [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] Commissioner P Prakash threatened [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]] (NRIs) with "getting their passports cancelled, and forcing [them] to return to India." The police commissioner accused them of "inciting riots and fermenting trouble over the Sabarimala issue" and using social media to deliberately create instability in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/will-cancel-passports-nris-inciting-riots-over-sabarimala-issue-say-kerala-cops-91923|title=Will cancel passports of NRIs inciting riots over Sabarimala issue say Kerala cops|date=2018-11-21|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref> [[Kerala Police|The Kerala police department]] was severely criticised by the [[Kerala High Court|High Court]] for the restrictions it had implemented in Sabarimala, which had caused difficulty for pilgrims.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Following this criticism from the High Court, all restrictions except Section 144 were gradually removed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kerala-hc-lifts-restrictions-imposed-by-police-in-sabarimala-except-section-144-1952449.html|title=Kerala High Court lifts restrictions imposed by police in Sabarimala except section 144|work=News 18}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] launched separate protests demanding the state government revoke the Section 144 restrictions.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== December 2018 ===
The fifth hartal took place on 11 December 2018. Bharatiya Janata Party called this hartal in the [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram District]] of Kerala. It was in response to the alleged police action against the march organised by [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] on 10 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's secretariat march turns violent, hartal in Thiruvananthapuram. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/bjps-secretariat-march-turns-violent-hartal-in-tvm-today/articleshow/67031380.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP march over Sabarimala issue turns violent; hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/dec/10/bjp-march-over-sabarimala-issue-turns-violent-hartal-in-thiruvananthapuram-1909688.html |website=newindianexpress.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP-Yuva Morcha protest turns violent, hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-yuva-morcha-protest-turns-violent-hartal-thiruvananthapuram-tuesday-93107 |website=thenewsminute.com |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP March over Sabarimala Issue Turns Violent; Hartal in Thiruvananthapuram on Tuesday |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjp-march-over-sabarimala-issue-turns-violent-hartal-in-thiruvananthapuram-on-tuesday-1969513.html |website=news18.com |date=10 December 2018 |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

A 49-year-old man committed suicide in front of the protest site on 13 December 2018; afterward, BJP called for another statewide hartal. It was the sixth hartal invoked by BJP on Sabarimala issue since the beginning of the Mandalam Makaravilakku pilgrim season at Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP hartal affects normal life in Kerala |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/12/14/BJP-hartal-affects-normal-life-in-Kerala.html |website=theweek.in |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala row: BJP hartal affects normal life in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/dec/14/sabarimala-row-bjp-hartal-affects-normal-life-in-kerala-1911506.html |website=newindianexpress.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Again, BJP calls for hartal over man's death in front of Secretariat |url=http://www.keralakaumudi.com/en/news/kerala/general/again-bjp-calls-for-hartal-over-mans-death-in-front-of-secretariat-26213 |website=keralakaumudi.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Devotee' ends life, BJP calls for Kerala shutdown today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/devotee-ends-life-bjp-calls-for-12-hour-hartal/articleshow/67083021.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The BJP alleged that the man was an Ayyappa devotee who had immolated himself in protest against the restrictions imposed by the Kerala government at Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis - Why a stranger's suicide prompted BJP to declare a hartal |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/12/14/stranger-suicide-prompted-bjp-declare-hartal-kerala.html |website=english.manoramaonline.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> The police maintained that the man had committed suicide for personal reasons and his [[dying declaration]] did not mention Sabarimala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-temple-kerala-bjp-calls-for-hartal-after-ayyappa-devotee-immolates-self-5492475/|title=Kerala:BJP calls for hartal after Ayyappa devotee immolates self|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

On 26 December, thousands of Ayyappa devotees, mainly women, took part in Ayyappa Jyothi, an event organised by [[Hindutva]] groups to protest the Supreme Court verdict. In some places, the participants at the event were attacked by activists from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] and [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]. In response, Kerala Police arrested 16 people who allegedly planned the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sabarimala-ayyappa-jyothi-left-activists-arrested-attack-on-devotees-1418764-2018-12-28|title=More than dozen left activists arrested for attacking Ayyappa Jyothi|work=indiatoday}}</ref> Cases are also filed against 1400 people who took part in the Ayyappa Jyothi event.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cases filed against 1400 people who took part in Ayyappa Jyothi event in Kerala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cases-filed-against-1400-people-who-took-part-ayyappa-jyothi-event-kerala-94219 |website=thenewsminute.com |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

As a counter protest, women supporting the Supreme Court verdict formed a human chain called [[Vanitha Mathil]] (Women's Wall), which stretched across the state of [[Kerala]]. Around three to five million women participated in the event. Vanitha Mathil was organised by the state government.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/womens-wall-live-updates-massive-turnout-in-kerala-for-equal-rights/articleshow/67335718.cms |title=Women's Wall highlights: Massive turnout in Kerala for equal rights |date=1 January 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

=== January 2019 ===
The seventh hartal was on 3 January 2019. Sabarimala Karma Samithi called a statewide hartal in Kerala, supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party. The hartal was provoked by the successful entry of two women, [[Bindu Ammini]] and Kanakadurga, into Sabarimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protests erupt in Kerala after two women enter Sabarimala; BJP, Congress attack Vijayan govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-women-entry-supreme-court-verdict-5519406/ |website=indianexpress.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hartal Over Entry of Women Into Sabarimala Begins in Kerala; Vehicles Blocked |url=https://thewire.in/politics/hartal-over-entry-of-women-into-sabarimala-begins-in-kerala-vehicles-blocked |website=thewire.in |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> One of the protesters, Chandran Unnithan, a member of Sabarimala Karma Samiti, was injured when CPI(M) members started pelting stones and he died shortly of severe head injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayyappa devotee Chandran died of skull injuries, says preliminary autopsy report |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayyappa-devotee-chandran-died-skull-injuries-says-preliminary-autopsy-report-94434 |website=thenewsminute.com |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

Many cases of violence and arson were reported from across the state during this particular hartal. Fed up with the economic and social effects of the hartals, trade organisations in Kerala had already decided to observe 2019 as 'anti-hartal year' and to defy future hartals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/traders-reject-hartal-call/articleshow/67355377.cms|title=Sabarimala row; trader organizations reject hartal call|work=Times of India}}</ref> Even though police had promised them adequate protection, shops which opened in defiance of the hartal were widely attacked; some were even set on fire. Media organisations boycotted all press conferences by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] following unprovoked, targeted attacks on journalists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala issue live updates - Journalists attacked in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-hartal-over-womens-entry-into-sabarimala-ayyappa-temple-live-updates/article25896604.ece |website=thehindu.com |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/angered-over-attack-media-persons-kerala-journalists-boycott-bjp-pressers-94440|title=Angered over attack on media persons, Kerala journalists boycott BJP pressers|work=The News Minute}}</ref>

More than 100 buses belonging to the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] were damaged. Offices, libraries and businesses related to the ruling Communist party were damaged, and incidents of street fights between CPI(M) and BJP cadres were reported in many places. Anticipating further violence, Section 144 was imposed in the towns of [[Palakkad]] and [[Manjeshwar|Manjeswaram]] the next day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-turns-into-war-zone-after-womens-entry-into-sabarimala/articleshow/67370294.cms|title=Kerala turns into war zone after women's entry into Sabarimala|work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sabarimala protests: Activist succumbs to injuries, Kerala on edge after 2 women enter temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sabarimala-unrest-kerala-activist-dies-in-clash-hartal-today-1422363-2019-01-03 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

There were reports of attacks on the homes of both women who had tried to enter Sabarimala as well as those who supported the verdict. A hotel owned by [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]] at [[Chennai]] was also damaged by unidentified men protesting against women's entry to Sabarimala. Leaders of the ruling CPI(M) compared those unleashing violence over the Sabarimala verdict to [[Taliban]] and [[Khalistan]] terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-man-attacked-supporting-four-young-women-who-wanted-enter-sabarimala-92461?amp|title=Kerala man attacked for supporting four young women who wanted to enter Sabarimala|work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/sabarimala-news-issue-temple-kerala-news-hartal-tomorrow-ktdc-hotel-chennai-attacked-pinarayi-viajayan-sabarimala-women-entry-temple-news-lord-ayyappa/340795|title=Sabarimala protests reached Tamil Nadu: Kerala govt hotel attacked in Chennai by unidentified miscreants|work=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cpi-m-equates-rss-to-taliban-khalistan-terrorists-over-sabarimala-row-1951156|title=CPI(M) equates RSS to Taliban, Khalistan terrorists over Sabarimala row|work=NDTV}}</ref>

==Successful entries==
On 2 January 2019, two women, [[Bindu Ammini]] (aged 40) and Kanakadurga (aged 39), entered the Sabarimala shrine,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=They Entered a Forbidden Hindu Temple in the Name of Women's Rights. Now They're in Hiding |url=https://time.com/longform/bindu-kanakadurga-women-hinduism-india/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |magazine=Time |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114053105/https://time.com/longform/bindu-kanakadurga-women-hinduism-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BBC 2019">{{cite news |title=Sabarimala: Indian women make history by entering temple |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46733750 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=BBC News |date=January 2, 2019}}</ref> which was confirmed with images from CCTV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/01/02/sabarimala-women-claim-entry-kerala-police.html|title=After young women enter Sabarimala, tantri holds purification rituals|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Women defy historic temple ban|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-46742499|access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref> Ammini is a resident of [[Koyilandy]] in [[Kozhikode district]] and Kanakadurga is a native of [[Angadipuram]] in the district of Malappuram. After they entered, the temple was closed for purification,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and many protested.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |last2=Venkataraman |first2=Ayesha |title=2 Indian Women Enter Sabarimala Temple, Setting Off Protests Near Hindu Shrine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/asia/india-women-wall-sabarimala.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=January 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Schultz Jan2019">{{cite news |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |title=Her Visit to a Men-Only Temple Went Smoothly. Then the Riots Started. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/world/asia/temple-india-sabarimala-ammini.html |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> They were the first women to enter Sabarimala following the decision by the Supreme Court to end the 18-year-old restriction on women of menstrual age entering the shrine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-women-below-50-enter-keralas-sabarimala-temple-police-sources-1971204|title=2 Women Below 50 Enter Sabarimala, Temple Reopens After "Purification"|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/indian-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-kerala-protests-190102072009305.html|title=Two Indian women enter Sabarimala temple in Kerala amid protests {{!}} News {{!}} Al Jazeera|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> Ammini and Kanakadurga entered the temple not via the 18 sacred steps but through the staff gate. They did so with police escort at around 3:45 AM on Wednesday 2 January 2019, when few other devotees or protesters were in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46733750|title=Women take historic step into India shrine|date=2019-01-02|work=BBC News|access-date=2019-01-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> They had previously attempted to climb the hill on 24 December, but they were blocked by protesters. According to reports, both women had stayed at a secret location, vowing not to return home until they offered prayers at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-women-below-50-claim-they-entered-keralas-sabarimala-temple/articleshow/67343779.cms|title=Two women below 50 claim they entered Kerala's Sabarimala temple - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, confirmed that the pair had entered the temple, and underlined that the police force was duty-bound to give protection to anyone who asked for security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-women-entry-supreme-court-verdict-5519406/|title=Protests erupt in Kerala after two women enter Sabarimala; BJP, Congress attack Vijayan govt|date=2019-01-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref> He referred to the entry as a historic moment.<ref name="BBC 2019"/>

Their entry was followed by various more successful entries of women to the temple in the same month. On 4 January 2019, a 46-year-old woman from Sri Lanka entered the Sabarimala Ayyappa temple and prayed in the ''garbagriha''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-police-reconfirm-sabarimala-darshan-of-sri-lankan-national/article25909278.ece|title=Kerala police reconfirm Sabarimala darshan of Sri Lankan national|date=2019-01-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She became the first woman under the age of 50 to have climbed the 18 holy steps with ''irumudikkettu'' (offerings to the deity) since the Supreme Court verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/01/04/sabarimala-temple-womens-entry-issue-kerala.html|title=46-year-old Sri Lankan woman enters Sabarimala, Kerala CM's office confirms|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/asia/top-stories/sri-lankan-woman-is-latest-to-enter-sabarimala-temple/ar-BBRMzqu|title=Sri Lankan woman is latest to enter Sabarimala temple|website=MSN|language=en-XL|access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> Four days later, a 36-year-old female Dalit leader claimed to have entered the temple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/36-year-old-kerala-woman-claims-she-entered-sabarimala-temple-on-tuesday-1975332|title=36-Year-Old Dyes Hair Grey, Claims To Have Entered Sabarimala Temple|date=2019-01-10|work=NDTV|access-date=2019-01-11|language=en-IN}}</ref> To prove the claim, a Facebook group called 'Navodhana Keralam Sabarimalayilekku' ('Renaissance Kerala to Sabarimala') posted a series of videos and photos showing the Dalit leader at Sabarimala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/another-woman-pray-at-sabarimala/article25951943.ece|title=35-year-old woman in 'disguise' enters Sabarimala|date=2019-01-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 18 January 2019, the Government of Kerala informed the Supreme Court that, after Ammini and Kanakadurga, 51 women of reproductive age dodged protesters to enter the Sabarimala shrine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-directs-kerala-police-to-provide-round-the-clock-security-to-two-women-who-entered-sabarimala-shrine/article26024728.ece|title=51 women of menstrual age entered Sabarimala shrine post Supreme Court judgment|date=2019-01-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-19|others=Krishnadas Rajagopal|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Media reports have noted several discrepancies in the list submitted by Kerala government; for example, their list included post-menopausal women and even one man.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 19, 2019 |first1=Lokpria |last1=Vasudevan |title=Male driver, wrong Aadhaar details: How Kerala's list of women who entered Sabarimala touched 51 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/51-women-sabarimala-kerala-government-list-errors-1434268-2019-01-19 |access-date=21 January 2019 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala's List Of 51 Women Who Entered Sabarimala Has A Tamil Nadu Man |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/keralas-list-of-51-women-who-entered-sabarimala-has-a-tamil-nadu-man-1979897 |access-date=21 January 2019 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web |title=Indian Young Lawyers Association vs The State Of Kerala on 28 September, 2018 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/163639357/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=24 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|SC2018}}}}
* {{cite web |title=S. Mahendran vs The Secretary, Travancore ... on 5 April, 1991 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1915943/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=24 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|KHC1991}}}}
* {{cite news |title=Sabarimala controversy: women lawyers move Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sabarimala-controversy-women-lawyers-move-supreme-court/article18470164.ece |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=31 July 2006 |ref={{harvid|Hindu2006}} |language=en-IN}}
* {{cite news |last1=Gurukkal |first1=Rajan | author-link = Rajan Gurukkal |title=Yes, Sabarimala Is In Peril, But Not The Way You Think |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/yes-sabarimala-is-in-peril-but-not-the-way-you-think/300818 |access-date=29 October 2018 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=25 October 2018 }}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |last1=Acevedo |first1=Deepa Das |title=Pause for Thought |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=5 June 2015 |volume=53 |issue=43 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/43/commentary/pause-thought.html |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=Gilles Tarabout |editor1-last=Berti |editor1-first=Daniella |editor2-last=Good |editor2-first=Anthony |editor3-last=Tarabout |editor3-first=Gilles |title=Of Doubt and Proof. Legal and Ritual Practices of Judgmen |date=2015 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-1-4724-3451-7 |pages=70–71 |chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01246885/document |chapter=Religious Uncertainty, Astrology and the Courts in South India}}

[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religion in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sabarimala]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Asia]]
[[Category:1991 in India]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

Shaan discography

2026-04-20T19:05:20Z

Peter05220035516: data!

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] is an Indian singer, music director, composer, and lyricist. He primarily works for and sings in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]-language film and music industries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-09|access-date=2025-01-21|title=Shaan plans to release single soon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/shaan-plans-to-release-single-soon/ |website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20181105-beyond-bollywood-1374988-2018-10-27 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Indian today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Shaan's tribute to KK brings back memories of the 90s. Internet is nostalgic|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/shaans-tribute-to-kk-brings-back-memories-of-the-90s-internet-is-nostalgic-2527443-2024-04-15|access-date=2025-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shaan’s moment of pride as sons Maahi and Soham take the spotlight|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/soon-after-their-return-from-cannes-shaan-and-his-sons-soham-and-maahi-provide-a-glimpse-into-their-familial-bond-and-individual-journeys-in-music/article68303401.ece|website=TheHindu|date=2024-06-21|access-date=2025-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shaan Birthday: Father's shadow lifted from his head at a young age, first song sung at the age of 17, interesting Shaan's story|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood-singer-shaan-is-celebrating-his-birthday-today-who-have-also-worked-as-tv-host-2024-09-29|access-date=2025-01-21|date=2024-09-29|website=Amaru Jala}}</ref>

==As a singer==

{{See|List of songs recorded by Shaan}}

==As a composer==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="6" |2000
!rowspan="6" |''Tanha Dil''
|"Gum Sum Ho Kyun"
|rowspan="6" |Shaan
|
|-
|"Bhool Ja"
|
|-
|"Is Pyar Mein?"
|
|-
|"Shaan Se"
|
|-
|"Faasle"
|
|-
|"Baby? Tu Hai Kahan"
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |2006
!rowspan="6" |''Tishnagi''
|"Badal Gaya"
|rowspan="6" |Shaan
|
|-
|"Chipe Chipe"
|
|-
|"Jhoom Le"
|
|-
|"Pyaar Ka Safa"
|
|-
|"Koi To Hoga"
|
|-
|"Shuraat"
|
|-
|2012
!''Love is in the Air''
|"Jaan Ho Mere"
|Shaan
|
|-
|}

==As a music director==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Film(s)
! scope="col"| Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
!''[[Reti (film)|Reti]]''
|"Nimut Taryache"
|Shaan, Nihira Joshi
|
|-
!''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
|"Lipstick Laga Ke"
|Shaan, [[Payal Dev]]
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2018
!rowspan="5" |''[[Baa Baaa Black Sheep (film)|Baa Baaa Black Ship]]''
|"Baa Baaa Black Ship"
|Shaan, Manisha Chakraborty
|
|-
|"Heer"
|Mika Singh, Mahalakshmi Iyer
|
|-
|"Angelina"
|Sonu Nigam
|
|-
|"Ram Leela"
|Kumar Sapan
|
|-
|"Galla Goriyan / Aaja Soniye"
|[[Mika Singh]], [[Kanika Kapoor]]
|
|}

==As a lyricist==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! style="width:33px;" |Year
! Album
! Songs
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
|-
|1991
!''Star Crazy''
|"Nakhro De Nakhre"
|-
|1996
!''Naujawan''
|"Aisa Hota Hai"
|-
|1997
!''Love Ology''
|"Love Ology"
|-
|rowspan="4" |2000
!rowspan="4" |''Tanha Dil''
|"Gumsum"
|-
|"Faasle"
|-
|"(Baby) Tu Hai Kahan?"
|-
|"Shaan Se"
|-
|2001
!''Borosha Bohu Asha''
|"Toktoki Tokarmat"
|-
|2003
!''Aksar''
|All Songs
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Nazir Ahmad Khan (Indian politician)

2026-04-20T05:51:15Z

Peter05220035516: made a entry

{{Short description|Kashmiri politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nazir Ahmad Khan
| caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gurez]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] 
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Graduate, [[Government Degree College, Sopore]]
| father = Late Hamidullah Khan
| office = Minister for [[Animal Husbandry]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| governor = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| office1 = [[Deputy Speaker]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 = 2018
| office2 = Member [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Gurez (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurez]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2015
| governor2 = Narinder Nath Vohra
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| office3 = Member [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Gurez (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurez]]
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2008
| governor3 = [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| other_party =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Nazir Ahmad Khan''' also known as ''Nazir Gurezi'' (born 31 December 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]. He was born in Badwan, [[Gurez]], [[Bandipora]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affidavits filed by Nazir Ahmad Khan |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/AFFIDAVITS/S09/SE/9/NazirAhmadKhan/NazirAhmadKhan_SC4.htm |website=ceojk.nic.in |access-date=27 October 2008}}</ref> He is the leader of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] Party, and has been elected 4 times as the MLA from [[Gurez Assembly constituency]] between 2002 and 2024.

He was serving as the Deputy Speaker of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=NC's Gurezi unanimously elected J-K Assembly Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nc-s-gurezi-unanimously-elected-j-k-assembly-deputy-speaker-115040901274_1.html |access-date=9 April 2015 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> before it was dissolved in 2018 and the state of Jammu & Kashmir ceased to exist on 6 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dy Speaker accorded farewell |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/dy-speaker-accorded-farewell |website=Greater Kashmir |date=4 December 2018 |access-date=4 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

He has also served as the Minister for Jammu and Kashmir Animal and Sheep Husbandry Department from 2008 - 2014, and is the only minister who has represented Gurez in any council of ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bait |first=Lazy |title=Nazir Ahmad Khan Gurezi, Political Career, and Legacy |url=https://www.filmystars.in/nazir-ahmad-khan-gurezi-biography/ |website=Filmy Stars }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life==

Nazir Ahmad Khan was born to Hamidullah Khan on 31 December 1966. He did his schooling at the Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School Gurez and then completed his graduation from Govt. Degree College as a sophomore. Being a graduate, he entered politics at a very young age{{When|date=May 2023}} and contested the 1996 Assembly and 1999 parliamentary elections where he lost both. Nazir Gurezi, who left the post of Secretary General in [[Janata Dal]], joined NC. In 2002, he was elected to the Assembly on [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CEO |first=JK |date=2002 |title=Assembly Constituency-wise Results at a Glance |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/const_res_glance.pdf |website=ceojk.nic.in}}</ref>

Khan won the Gurez seat for the second time in the 2008 Assembly elections after defeating his closest challenger Faqir Mohammad Khan with victory margin of 732 votes. Out of 15,390 votes in Gurez, 11,392 were polled in 2008 with polling percentage at 74.02.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mushtaq |first1=Tasavur |title=NC's Gurezi completes hat-trick from Gurez |url=https://kashmirlife.net/ncs-gurezi-completes-hat-trick-from-gurez-70492/ |work=Kashmir Life |date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2024 elections, he defeated his closest challenger Faqir Mohammad Khan of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] with victory margin of 1,132 votes.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||46.64%||Faqeer Mohammad Khan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||40.34%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||48.29%||Faqeer Mohammad Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47.26%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||51.06%||Faqeer Ahmad Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44.64%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Gurez Assembly constituency|Gurez]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||53.45%||Faqeer Mohammad Khan ||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41.90%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Detention==

On the intervening night of 4 and 5 August 2019, Nazir Ahmad Khan was placed under [[preventive detention]] by the Indian Government under Section 107 of the CRPC. This came as a backdrop to the government's decision of scrapping [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], which gave the state of Jammu & Kashmir semi-autonomous powers.{{Clarify|reason=the heck you talking about boi
In layman's terms: the casual reader wouldn't really understand what this policy is, so a quick summary of it would be nice|date=May 2023}} After the 104 days of detention, Gurezi was released by [[Govt of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K administration releases 4 politicians from house arrest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jk-administration-releases-4-politicians-from-house-arrest/article30584029.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Nazir Ahmad}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:People from Bandipore district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

Shamli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:00Z

Peter05220035516: details!

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shamli
| constituency_no = 10
| map_image = 10-Shamli.svg
| mla = [[Persann Kumar Chaudhary]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shamli district|Shamli]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:311974}}<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
| type = SLA
| incumbent_image =
| map_caption = Incumbent MLA Persann Chaudhary
}}
'''Shamli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Shamli district]] (prior to 2012, Shamli was a part of [[Muzaffarnagar district]]) and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency]]. First assembly election in this assembly constituency was conducted in 2012 after the constituency came into existence in the year 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 15 June 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=15 June 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=15 June 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shamli.html}}</ref>
It is a highly [[Jat]] dominated constituency with influence of sugarcane farmers.

==Wards and areas==

Extent of Assembly constituency is Shamli, Banat, Ailum and all other regions of Shamli Tehsil; Kandrawali, Aaldi, Kandhala, Gangeru of Kairana Tehsil; Nala, Taharpur Bhabisa, Kaniyan, Salfa & Sunna of Budhana Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Shamli Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shamli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Tejendra Nirwal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Persann Kumar Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shamli<ref name="results2022"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = '''[[Persann Kumar Chaudhary]]'''
|votes = {{formatnum:103070}}
|percentage = 48.86
|change = {{increase}}31.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tejendra Nirwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:95963}}
|percentage = 45.49
|change = {{increase}}9.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bijendra Malik S/o Satpal
|votes = {{formatnum:8183}}
|percentage = 3.88
|change = {{decrease}}4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:799}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change = {{decrease}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7107}}
|percentage = 3.37
|change = {{decrease}}11.76
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210952}}
|percentage = 67.62
|change = {{increase}}2.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shamli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = '''[[Tejendra Nirwal]]'''
|votes = {{formatnum:70085}}
|percentage = 35.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:40365}}
|percentage = 20.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Bijendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:33551}}
|percentage = 17.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manish Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:31824}}
|percentage = 16.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Islam
|votes = {{formatnum:17114}}
|percentage = 8.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:901}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29720}}
|percentage = 15.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196347}}
|percentage = 65.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +30.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Elections: Shamli}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = '''[[Pankaj Kumar Malik]]'''
|votes = '''53,947'''
|percentage = '''32.05'''
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Choudhary Virender Singh]]
|votes = 50,206
|percentage = 29.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Balbir Singh
|votes = 45,597
|percentage = 27.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satyendra Verma
|votes = 9,105
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 22 candidates
|votes = 9,449
|percentage = 5.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,741
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,68,304
|percentage = 60.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Shamli district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shamli]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shamli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jasdan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:16Z

Peter05220035516: created stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jasdan
| mla = [[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| established = 2002
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:256485}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 72
}}

'''Jasdan''' is one of the 183 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>
# Jasdan Taluka

# Gondal Taluka (Part) Villages – Dadva Hamirpara, Karmal Kotda.
#Sayla Taluka (Part) of Surendranagar District Village – Ori.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2002 - Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2007 - Kunvarjibhai Bavaliya, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2009 - [[Bharat Boghara]] [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (By Poll)
*2012 - Bholabhai Gohel, [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="sl">{{cite news|url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/politics-news/676520483/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012-results-winners-list.html|title=Gujarat Assembly elections 2012 results: Winners list|last=Samay|first=Live|date=20 December 2012|newspaper=samaylive.com|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101030417/http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/politics-news/676520483/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012-results-winners-list.html|archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="election2012">{{cite web|author=|date=|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat|url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2013|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=3| [[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya]]<ref name=election2017/><ref name="Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise2">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=8 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies|last1=The Times of India|date=9 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref> || rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2018 by-election
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Jasdan Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=63,808|percentage=39.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bholabhai Bhikhabhai Gohel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=45,795|percentage=28.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tejasbhai Bhikhabhai Gajipara|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=47,636|percentage=29.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,073|percentage=1.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,013|percentage=11.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:252,646}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Jasdan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bavaliya Kunvarjibhai Mohanbhai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bholabhai Gohel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=78,055|percentage=47.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Bharatbhai Boghra|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=67,208|percentage=47.46|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,847|percentage=6.60|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,457|percentage=81.21|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rajkot district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|22.04|71.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Ch. Adinarayana Reddy

2026-04-19T01:54:19Z

Peter05220035516: added a details v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chadipiralla Adinarayana Reddy
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1958|06|04|df=yes}}
| office = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Marketing, Warehousing, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Fisheries & Cooperatives]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2 April 2017
| term_end = 29 May 2019
| governor = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
| successor = [[Kurasala Kannababu]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Mule Sudheer Reddy]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency)|Jammalamadugu]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = Ramasubbareddy Ponnapureddy
| successor2 = [[Mule Sudheer Reddy]]
| constituency2 = [[Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency)|Jammalamadugu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019-present)
| other_party = * [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2016-2019)
* [[YSR Congress Party]] (2011-2016)
* [[Indian National Congress]] (2004-2011)
| spouse = Smt C. Arunamma
| children = 2 (son & daughter)
| profession = * [[Politician]]
* [[Lecturer]]
| website =
| source =
}}
'''Chadipiralla Adinarayana Reddy''' is an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency)]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-chandrababu-naidu-inducts-son-4-ysrc-mlas-who-switched-sides/articleshow/57972582.cms | title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet: Chandrababu Naidu inducts son, 4 YSRC MLAs who switched sides | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=2 April 2017 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/dec/13/sit-questions-bjp-leader-c-adinarayana-reddy-in-vivekananda-reddy-case-2075391.html | title=SIT questions BJP leader C Adinarayana Reddy in Vivekananda Reddy case | publisher=New Indian Express | date=13 December 2019 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref> He won as MLA from Indian National Congress party in 2004 and 2009. Later he joined YSRCP and won as MLA in 2014. Later he moved from YSRCP to TDP and worked as Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperatives. Presently he joined BJP and has been posted as vice president for BJP in Andhra Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Chadipiralla's family has been active in politics since 1990. He has worked as chemistry lecturer in B.A.R. junior college, Parlapadu. He has won as MLA on behalf of Indian National Congress 2 consecutive times from Jammalamadugu [2004-2014] and won as MLA on behalf of YSRCP party from Jammalamadugu [2014-2019].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2016, Nara Chandrababu Naidu Garu welcomed him into Telugu Desam Party and has given the responsibility of Kadapa MLC. He has played a key role in TDP's victory. TDP Party president has entrusted him with role of State Cabinet Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperative in 2017.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He has played a major role in TDP towards victory in Nandyal elections 2017.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He has contested as MP candidate from Kadapa parliamentary segment and lost in 2019.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Positions held:
*2004-2009 MLA Jammalamadugu
*2009-2014 MLA Jammalamadugu
*2014-2019 MLA Jammalamadugu
*2017-2019 Cabinet Minister for Marketing & Warehousing, Animal husbandry, Dairy development, Fisheries and Cooperative
*2020 - Incumbent - Vice President - AP - BJP
*2024-2029 MLA Jammalamadugu
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120919/c-adinarayana-reddy-quits-td-likely-to-join-bjp.html | title=Chadipiralla Adinarayana Reddy quits TD, likely to join BJP | publisher=Deccan Chronicle | date=12 September 2019 | access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Chadipiralla Adinarayana}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Kalanaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:57Z

Peter05220035516: created new info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kalanaur
|type= SLA
| map_image = Kalanaur Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 63
|established = 
|abolished = 
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Shakuntla Khatak]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
| electors = 2,17,185
}}
'''Kalanaur''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Nasib Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || rowspan=2 | Satram Dass
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Jai Narain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Kartar Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Jai Narian || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || rowspan=2 | Kartar Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Sarita Narian || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Kartar Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=4 | [[Shakuntla Khatak]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakuntla Khatak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=69,348 |percentage=48.41% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Renu Dabla |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=57,116 |percentage=39.87% |change={{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,415 |percentage=7.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poonam Nigana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,394 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Sundana |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,191 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Bagri |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=429 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,232 |percentage=8.54% |change= {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,261 |percentage=66.28% |change= {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,17,185 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakuntla Khatak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,151 |percentage=38.53% |change={{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramavtar Balmiki |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=71,527 |percentage=44.58% |change={{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender Valmiki |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=8,482 |percentage=6.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,613 |percentage=4.20% |change={{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phul Singh |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=2,219 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baljraj Khasa Bhalli |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,100 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}17.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=795 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,624 |percentage=6.95% |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,558 |percentage=67.26% |change= {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,561 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakuntla Khatak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,451 |percentage=39.63% |change={{decrease}}17.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Avtar Balmiki |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,479 |percentage=36.51% |change={{increase}}24.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fakir Chand |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,280 |percentage=18.29% |change={{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,427 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Hind |party=Independent politician |votes=1,111 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Menpal |party=Independent politician |votes=858 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmod Singhpuria |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=822 |percentage=0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,972 |percentage=3.12% |change= {{decrease}}27.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,299 |percentage=71.86% |change= {{increase}}9.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,154 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakuntla Khatak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,142 |percentage=56.72% |change={{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naga Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=24,282 |percentage=26.42% |change={{decrease}}14.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramavtar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,097 |percentage=12.07% |change={{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender Baliana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,306 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdhari |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=719 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyawan Ranga |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Pacharwal |party=Upekshit Samaj Party |votes=652 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=487 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,860 |percentage=30.31% |change= {{increase}}22.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,922 |percentage=62.14% |change= {{decrease}}8.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,923 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,896 |percentage=49.18% |change={{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mewa Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,053 |percentage=40.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarita Narian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,824 |percentage=3.98% |change={{decrease}}41.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satveer |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,928 |percentage=2.72% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmod Singhpuria |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=814 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satayveer |party=Independent politician |votes=691 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,843 |percentage=8.23% |change= {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,959 |percentage=70.25% |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,011 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarita Narian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,498 |percentage=45.63% |change={{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,981 |percentage=41.29% |change={{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Hind |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=3,630 |percentage=6.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,799 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somesh |party=Independent politician |votes=742 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,517 |percentage=4.33% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,073 |percentage=64.36% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,054 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,733 |percentage=28.47% |change={{decrease}}20.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,818 |percentage=26.91% |change={{increase}}22.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=13,937 |percentage=23.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,724 |percentage=13.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,288 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumitra Devi W/O Jagram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,028 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Labh Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=335 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birmati |party=Janata Party |votes=312 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}29.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=915 |percentage=1.56% |change= {{decrease}}17.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,779 |percentage=65.77% |change= {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,858 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,194 |percentage=49.36% |change={{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardul |party=Janata Party |votes=15,859 |percentage=29.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=7,863 |percentage=14.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,516 |percentage=4.74% |change={{decrease}}55.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Labh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,335 |percentage=19.48% |change= {{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,062 |percentage=60.78% |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,996 |percentage=60.06% |change={{increase}}23.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,211 |percentage=33.35% |change={{decrease}}25.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=467 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishna Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bela Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Kishan |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=293 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,785 |percentage=26.71% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,608 |percentage=65.86% |change= {{increase}}2.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,893 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,060 |percentage=58.73% |change={{increase}}37.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,531 |percentage=36.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Labh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kehar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=426 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan S/O Chandgi |party=Janata Party |votes=395 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}68.87 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,529 |percentage=22.33% |change= {{decrease}}26.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,670 |percentage=61.85% |change= {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,025 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Narain |party=Janata Party |votes=23,213 |percentage=69.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,079 |percentage=21.29% |change={{decrease}}24.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,425 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jalwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phall |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,134 |percentage=48.51% |change= {{increase}}45.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,257 |percentage=57.20% |change= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,754 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satram Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,546 |percentage=45.95% |change={{increase}}13.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasib Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=15,531 |percentage=43.14% |change={{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,177 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=751 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,015 |percentage=2.82% |change= {{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,005 |percentage=68.41% |change= {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,978 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Satram Dass |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=12,446 |percentage=42.26% |change={{decrease}}8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badlu Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,487 |percentage=32.22% |change={{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,850 |percentage=16.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,665 |percentage=9.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,959 |percentage=10.05% |change= {{decrease}}12.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,448 |percentage=60.98% |change= {{decrease}}13.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,288 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{decrease}}8.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: KALANAUR<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228150129/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasib Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=18,103 |percentage=51.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,972 |percentage=28.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Devi |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=6,379 |percentage=18.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sarup |party=Republican Party of India |votes=902 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,131 |percentage=23.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,356 |percentage=76.12% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,962 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rohtak district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.83|76.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Burmese–Meitei relations

2026-04-06T20:18:44Z

Peter05220035516: added the article with sources.

{{Short description|Cultural relationship between Burmese and Meitei traditions}}
{{About|the historical and cultural relationship between two ethnicities|the international [[bilateral relations]]|India–Myanmar relations}}
{{See|Manipuri–Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:Sphere of influence of Maharaja Garib Niwaz of Manipur.jpg|thumb|Meitei imperial influence on Myanmar during [[Garib Niwaz]]'s period]]
[[File:Manipuri horseman.jpg|thumb|A military personnel of [[Meitei ethnicity in Myanmar]]]]
The early political relations between [[Burmese Kingdom]] of historical [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]) and [[Meitei Kingdom]] of erstwhile [[Manipur]] ([[Kangleipak]]) were marked by both diplomatic interactions and periods of conflict.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA15|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=15–17|language=en|chapter=Relation between the Burmese and the Meiteis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dNqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Meitei+Burmese+relations&pg=PA116|title=KANGLA LANPUNG VOLUME XII ISSUE I: Summer 2018|last=Lancha|first=Ningthouja|date=2018-06-30|publisher=RK Sanatomba Memorial Trust, Imphal, Manipur|pages=116|language=en|chapter=Relations between Meitei (Kathe) and Myanmar under Monarchical rule}}</ref><ref>Suresh Singh, Th. The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Vicious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India. India: Quills Ink Publishing, 2014. p. 225-233</ref>

[[Meitei people in Myanmar]] are known as "Kathe" or "Cassay" or "Cassey" or "Ponna". [[Burmese people]] (of [[:en:Bamar people|Bamar ethnicity]] or [[:en:Burman people|Burman ethnic group]]) are known as "Awa" or "Ava", named after one of their historical places, by the [[Meitei people]].<ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Around 500 Meitei horsemen helped the Burmese King [[Alaungpaya]] in his invasion of [[Siam]] ([[Thailand]]).<ref name=":0" />

== Linguistic relationship ==
Both [[Burmese language]] (officially called [[Myanmar language]]) and [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]) belong to the same family, [[Tibeto-Burman]], which is a branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan]] linguistic family.<ref>Hodson, Thomas Callan. The Meitheis. India: D. Nutt, 1908.</ref>

== Relations during 15th century ==
Relations were notably improved during the reign of Meitei King Kyamba (1467–1508 CE), who established a matrimonial alliance with Kikhomba, the king of Pong, a historical kingdom in modern-day [[Myanmar]], around 1470 CE. This alliance facilitated a joint military campaign against the Kyang-a Shan kingdom of Kabo Valley (1470–71 CE), resulting in the collection of significant spoils of war, which were divided between the two rulers. Some Shan captives taken during this campaign were later assimilated into Meitei society.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0620|title=Manipurga Myanmarga Leinabi Mari|last=Brahmacharimayum Kulachandra Sharma|date=2015|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|publication-place=India|language=mni}}</ref>

== Relations during 16th & 17th centuries ==

During the reign of Meitei King Khagemba (1592–1652 CE), Manipur's territorial expansion extended southward, covering the Ango Hills and the Ningthee River. This expansion was accompanied by the capture of numerous individuals as war captives, influencing the region's demographic and cultural composition.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

In 1692, Meitei King Paikhomba (1667–1697) led an expedition as far as Samjok in Burma. The campaign faced resistance when the Kabos rose against him and invaded Manipur. Although he managed to repel the invaders to the Chindwin River, the conflict resulted in significant losses for his forces. Subsequent military campaigns against Mashem Lamthol and Sangang were unsuccessful.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Following Meitei King Paikhomba's death in 1697, his successor King Charairongba strengthened bilateral relations between Manipur and Burma through trade and cultural exchanges.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Relations during 18th century ==

In 1702, Meitei King Paikhomba arranged the marriage of his sister, princess [[Chakpa Makhao Ngambi]], to the king of Samjok. In 1707, he successfully defeated the Tusug people, and later in his reign, he further reinforced diplomatic ties through the marriage of one of his daughters to the chief of Kabo.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

In 1714, Taningawe (1714–1733), the ruler of Burma, expressed his desire to marry Princess Satyamala, the daughter of Garibnawaz (1709–1748). In response, the Burmese were informed that Satyamala would be presented to him three days after the spring festival, Basanta Panchami. Taningawe then sent 300 nobles to receive the princess and escort her to the royal palace. However, upon reaching the designated location on the Yu River, they found no princess present. Instead, Garibnawaz, with his cavalry, captured the Burmese delegation and brought them to Manipur as prisoners.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Following this incident, Garibnawaz initiated military campaigns to expand his territory southward. His forces, under the command of proactive generals, invaded the territories of Canda and later advanced into the Shwebo district in 1735, where they seized cattle and slaves. In 1737, they established a camp near Sagain.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Garibnawaz continued his campaign towards the Burmese capital, Yewa, and succeeded in driving out the Talai king. His dominion extended from Manipur to the Irrawadi River, covering regions where his forces destroyed houses and monasteries. The campaign eventually reached Ava, the former capital of Burma.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

On his return journey via Samsok, Garibnawaz appointed Eu-Aujaya, a Burmese noble, as the ruler of 46 divisions of Burma conquered during his campaign. Eu-Aujaya was given the title of Aaumeiyajee, with Yewa as the capital.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

During Garibnawaz's absence, a Tripuri king invaded Manipur from the west and advanced as far as Moirang in 1739. Faced with the challenge of managing two fronts, Garibnawaz negotiated peace with the Burmese king by offering his daughter, Satyamala, in marriage. He then returned to Manipur to address the situation.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Historian W.S. Desai notes that during this period, raiding neighboring states was often regarded as a legitimate political strategy, generating significant economic benefits. Such practices were common, and counter-raids were considered an expected outcome of these incursions.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Burmese Aggression in Manipur ==
[[File:Cassay horseman.gif|thumb|A military cavalry personnel of Cassay ([[Meitei ethnicity in Myanmar]])]]

Burmese aggression against Manipur was a prolonged and recurrent phenomenon, with major raids and counter-raids documented from the 15th to the 18th century. Following the death of Garibnawaz, Manipur's political stability weakened, leading to a decline in its power and prestige. The region experienced continuous Burmese invasions, internal disputes, and succession conflicts, characterized by political intrigue, rebellion, and shifting allegiances.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

From 1758 to 1824, the Burmese army conducted multiple invasions, resulting in the plundering of Manipur over a span of 66 years. These invasions forced many Meiteis to flee political persecution, seeking refuge in neighboring regions such as [[Cachar]], [[Tripura]], [[East Bengal]] ([[Bangladesh]]), and [[Assam]].<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Key Burmese Invasions ===
These invasions had a profound impact on Manipur, resulting in significant loss of life, economic disruption, and political instability. The repeated invasions also led to cultural exchanges and the forced migration of Meitei populations to other regions.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />
==== 1755 ====
During the reign of Meitei King Moramba Gourashyam (1753–1759), Alaungpaya (also known as Alempara), the founder of the Burmese dynasty, initiated a raiding expedition against Manipur. The aim was to subdue the Meiteis, referred to as "Cassayers." The Burmese forces, equipped with firearms—unfamiliar to the Meiteis—caused widespread panic. The Meitei troops, unprepared for such tactics, fled, leaving the Manipur valley largely deserted. This event is known in Manipur's history as "Khuntak Ahaanba" (the First Great Devastation).<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

==== 1758 ====
After the conclusion of a treaty with Meitei King Gourashyam, which involved the surrender of hostages from the Meitei royal family, Alaungpaya grew dissatisfied with the Manipuris. He led another expedition in 1758, advancing as far as the Ningthee River with a fleet of boats. The Burmese defeated the Meitei forces at Pallel, subsequently marching through the Aimol Pass into Imphal. The Burmese remained in Imphal for two weeks, looting the kingdom and massacring thousands of Meitei people as captives. On their return journey, they carried away thousands of Meiteis, including artisans such as Bamons, silk workers, and silversmiths.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

==== 1764–1793 ====
During the reign of Meitei King Bheigyachandra (1762–1793), the Burmese, under King Hsibyushin (1763–1776), defeated the Meiteis at Kakching in 1764. Between 1764 and 1793, Bheigyachandra lost and regained the throne at least three times, reflecting the region's ongoing political instability. In 1782, he was driven from power, and he, along with his relatives and supporters, sought asylum in neighboring principalities.<ref name=":Meitei_Burmese_relations" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Meitei cultural influence on Burmese ==
{{More|Meitei culture|Burmese culture|Myanmar Meitei people}}
=== Games and sports ===
{{See|Meitei traditional games|Meitei traditional toys}}
The Meiteis introduced [[polo]] and [[hockey|foot hockey]] in the Burmese court.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA96|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=96|language=en}}</ref>
=== Astrology ===
{{See|Meitei astronomy|Indian astrology}}
Meitei people introduced the science of [[astrology]] to the Burmese and the rest of the [[South East Asia]]ns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA101|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> Meitei scholars worked as [[astrologer]]s and [[priest]]s for the Burmese royalties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=meitei+Myanmar&pg=PA19|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=19|language=en}}</ref>
=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Meitei clothing in Myanmar}}

== See also ==
* [[Ming–Tibet relations]]
* [[Song–Tibet relations]]
* [[Tang–Tibet relations]]
* [[Chahi-Taret Khuntakpa]]
* [[Herachandra]]
* [[Manipur Levy]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Nagaland]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]
* [[Meitei martial arts]]
* [[Meitei traditional weapons]]
* [[Meitei clothing in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei monuments in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burmese-Meitei relations}}
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Bamar people]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:History of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Kangleipak]]
[[Category:Middle Ages]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]

Chaurasi Gumbad

2026-03-31T21:05:50Z

Peter05220035516: added some details added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{ infobox historic site
| image = Chaurasi Gumbad (84 domes) is a square nine domed structure in a walled courtyard with two graves under central dome. The probable date assigned to this gumbad late 15th or early 16th century..JPG
| location = [[Kalpi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = Chaurasi Tomb of Lodhi Shah Badshah
| designation1_number = N-UP-L115
}}
'''Chaurasi Gumbad''' is a mausoleum located in [[Kalpi]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==
''Chaurasi Gumbad'' literally means eighty-four domes. This is a [[misnomer]], as the number of domes in the building is only nine. Edmund Smith points out that [[cloister]]s had existed around the building, divided into 80 compartments with groined roofs. If the four domes at the corners are added to this number, the number 84 is obtained. Upon facing these cloisters from all four directions, 21 [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] are seen for each direction, making the total 84. The number of openings in the ground floor of the building is also 84.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Blakiston |first=J. F. |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/21916.pdf |title=The Jami Masjid at Badaun and other buildings in the United Provinces |year=1926 |pages=6–7}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Traveler_at_Chaurasi_Gumbad..JPG|thumb|A group of people seen [[Dua|supplicating]] at the graves within the mausoleum]]
The plan of the building is square. It stands upon a plinth, and at the middle of a quadrangle which used to be surrounded by cloisters. The construction material used for the walls is red [[sandstone]], with blocks of ''[[kankar]]'' set in lime mortar. [[Stucco]] is used for exterior decoration, while the [[Chhajja|''chajjas'']] are built of stone.<ref name=":0" />
All four facades are identical in design, except for slight variations in detail. At each orner is a tapering bastion in the typical [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] style, with the bastion at the north-western corner being more ornate than the others. Its chief architectural feature was the central dome, which is now in a dilapidated state.<ref name=":0" />

It is known as the mausoleum of "Lodi Shah Badshah", and sometimes incorrectly ascribed to [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]], who is actually buried at his [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi|tomb]] in Delhi. It probably belongs to Mahmud Shah Lodi, who was sent by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] to quell a rebellion in Bundelkhand.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-01 |title=The graveyard shift in Kalpi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/the-graveyard-shift-in-kalpi/articleshow/63565632.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.11391|79.72716|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]

Formula One

2026-03-29T06:09:14Z

Peter05220035516: small cleaned up structure as per guidelines also and added references

{{Short description|Motorsport championship held worldwide}}
{{good article}}
{{Redirect-multi|4|F1|Formula 1|FIA F1 World Championship|FIA Formula One World Championship|the film based on Formula One|F1 (film){{!}}''F1'' (film)||F1 (disambiguation)|and|Formula One (disambiguation)|and|List of FIA championships}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox motorsport championship
|name = Formula One
|logo = F1 (registered trademark).svg
|image-size = 275px
|caption = Formula One logo since {{F1|2018}}
|category = [[Open-wheel car|Open-wheel single-seater Formula auto racing]]
|country/region = International
|inaugural2 = {{F1|1950}}
|drivers = 22
|teams = [[List of Formula One constructors|11]]
|engine manufacturers =
{{unbulleted list
|
[[Audi in Formula One|Audi]]
|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
|[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]]
|[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]
|[[Red Bull Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]]
}}
|tyres = [[Pirelli]]
|champion driver = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lando Norris]] ({{F1|2025}}) {{small|([[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]])}}
|constructor = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] ({{F1|2025}})
|most titles = {{plainlist|
* '''[[World Drivers' Championship|Drivers']]'''
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
* (7 titles each)
* '''[[World Constructors' Championship|Constructors']]'''
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] (16)
}}
|website = {{URL|https://formula1.com}}
|current_season = {{CURRENTYEAR}} Formula One World Championship
}}
{{Formula One}}

'''Formula One''' ('''F1''') is the highest class of worldwide [[motorsport| racing]] for [[open-wheel]], single-seater formula [[Auto racing|racing cars]] run by [[Formula One Group]] and sanctioned by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA). The '''FIA Formula One World Championship''' has been one of the world's premier forms of [[motorsport]] since its [[1950 Formula One season|inaugural running in 1950]] and is often considered to be the pinnacle of motorsport. The word ''[[Formula racing|formula]]'' in the name refers to [[Formula One regulations|the set of rules]] all participant cars must follow. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grands Prix]]. Grands Prix take place in multiple countries and continents on either purpose-built [[List of Formula One circuits|circuits]] or closed roads.

A [[List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|points scoring system]] is used at Grands Prix to determine two annual World Championships: [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|one for the drivers]], and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|one for the constructors]]—now synonymous with teams. Each driver must hold a valid [[Super Licence]], the highest class of racing licence the FIA issues, and the races must be held on [[List of motor racing circuits by FIA grade#Grade One|Grade One tracks]], the highest grade rating the FIA issues for circuits.

It has been owned by the [[Liberty Media|Liberty Media Corporation]] that bought the group in 2017 for an estimated $8 billion, previously owned by British business magnate [[Bernie Ecclestone]]. The new ownership have introduced five Grands Prix—namely the [[Miami Grand Prix|Miami]], the [[Las Vegas Grand Prix|Las Vegas]], the [[Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|Saudi Arabian]], the [[Qatar Grand Prix|Qatar]] and the [[Dutch Grand Prix]]—investing mostly in the American and Middle Eastern market.

[[Formula One cars]] are the world's fastest regulated [[Road racing|road-course]] racing cars, owing to high cornering speeds achieved by generating large amounts of aerodynamic [[downforce]], most of which is generated by front and rear wings, as well as [[Ground effect (cars)|underbody tunnels]]. The cars depend on electronics, [[aerodynamics]], [[Car suspension|suspension]], and [[Formula One tyres|tyres]]. [[Traction control]], [[Launch control (automotive)|launch control]], [[automatic shifting]], and other [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|electronic driving aids]] were first banned in {{F1|1994}}. They were briefly reintroduced in {{F1|2001}} but were banned once more in {{F1|2004}} and later {{F1|2008}}.

With the average annual cost of running a team—e.g., designing, building, and maintaining cars; staff payroll; transport—at approximately {{currency|193|GBP}} million as of 2018 (though the [[Formula One#Cost cap|cost cap]] stands at {{currency|215|USD}} million), Formula One's financial and political battles are widely reported. The [[United Kingdom]] is the hub of Formula One racing, with six out of the eleven teams based there.

==History==
{{Main|History of Formula One}}

Formula One originated from the [[World Manufacturers' Championship]] ([[1925 Grand Prix season|1925]]–[[1930 Grand Prix season|1930]]) and [[European Drivers' Championship]] ([[1931 Grand Prix season|1931]]–[[1939 Grand Prix season|1939]]). The [[Formula racing|''formula'']] is a set of rules that all participants' cars must follow. Before [[World War II]], several Grand Prix racing organisations made suggestions for a new championship to replace the European Championship, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, a new International Formula for cars did not become formalised until after the war. Formula One was a formula agreed upon in [[1946 Grand Prix season|1946]] to officially become effective in [[1947 Grand Prix season|1947]]. The first Grand Prix in accordance with the new regulations was the [[1946 Turin Grand Prix]], anticipating the formula's official start. The new World Championship was instituted to commence in [[1950 Formula One season|1950]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Editrice La Stampa |url=https://archive.org/details/lastampa_1946-09-01/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater |title=La Stampa (1946-09-01) |date=1 September 1946 |publisher=Editrice La Stampa S.p.A. |others=CSI Piemonte |pages=3 |language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 1946 |title=L'Équipe : le stade, l'air, la route |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5100156g/f2.item.zoom |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Gallica |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=13 May 2020 |title=Remembering F1's first world championship race 70 years on |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606181346/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/first-f1-race-silverstone-1950/4791619/ |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref>

The first world championship race, the [[1950 British Grand Prix]], took place at [[Silverstone Circuit]] in the United Kingdom on 13 May 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2021 |title=Facts you may not know about Silverstone Circuit and its place on the F1 calendar |url=https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |work=Silverstone Museum |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518141045/https://www.silverstonemuseum.co.uk/about-us/our-organisation/blog/facts-you-may-not-know-about-silverstone-circuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Giuseppe Farina]], competing for [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]], won the first Drivers' World Championship, narrowly defeating his teammate [[Juan Manuel Fangio]]. Fangio won the championship in {{F1|1951}}, {{F1|1954}}, {{F1|1955}}, {{F1|1956}}, and {{F1|1957}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2003 |title=Michael Schumacher surclasse ses rivaux et dépasse Juan Manuel Fangio |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |newspaper=Le Monde |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518140148/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/10/13/michael-schumacher-surclasse-ses-rivaux-et-depasse-juan-manuel-fangio_337886_1819218.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This set the record for the most World Championships won by a single driver, a record that stood for 46 years until [[Michael Schumacher]] won his sixth championship in 2003.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Alfa-Romeo-159-(1951).jpg|thumb|right|[[Juan Manuel Fangio]]'s {{F1|1951}} title-winning [[Alfa Romeo 158/159 Alfetta|Alfa Romeo 159]]]]

A Constructors' Championship was added in the [[1958 Formula One season|1958 season]]. [[Stirling Moss]], despite often being regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, never won the Formula One championship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawton |first=James |date=18 September 2011 |title=Hamilton still on track to greatness |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/james-lawton-hamilton-still-on-track-to-greatness-397525.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=2 November 2021 |newspaper = The Independent |location=London}}</ref> Between 1955 and 1961, Moss finished in second in the championship four times and in third the other three times.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawton |first=James |date=28 August 2007 |title=Moss can guide Hamilton through chicane of celebrity |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/james-lawton-abramovich-the-tinker-man-undermines-mourinho-s-own-vision-of-a-dream-team-5334983.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913012627/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/james-lawton-abramovich-the-tinker-man-undermines-mourinho-s-own-vision-of-a-dream-team-5334983.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |newspaper = The Independent |publisher= |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Alan |date=12 March 2007 |title=Hamilton's chance to hit the grid running |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/mar/12/formulaone.motorsports15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418205919/http://sport.guardian.co.uk/formulaone/story/0,,2032039,00.html |archive-date=18 April 2008 |access-date=30 October 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> Fangio won 24 of the 52 races he entered—still the record for the highest Formula One winning percentage by an individual driver.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seymour |first=Mike |date=7 December 2023 |title=In Numbers: How Verstappen compares to other F1 greats at this stage of his career |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/in-numbers-how-verstappen-compares-to-other-f1-greats-at-this-stage-of-his.m8QeD2t7xQGjmY4tqTd0q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521103406/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/in-numbers-how-verstappen-compares-to-other-f1-greats-at-this-stage-of-his.m8QeD2t7xQGjmY4tqTd0q |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 | website=formula1.com |language=en |quote=Juan Manuel Fangio—Stats after 51 Grands Prix: 5 world titles, 24 wins (47%), 35 podiums (68.6%), 29 pole positions (56.8%)}}</ref>

Promoters also held races following Formula One regulations outside the championship for many years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bishop |first1=Matt |title=When non-championship races gave F1's B-list a chance to shine |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/when-non-championship-races-gave-f1s-b-list-a-chance-to-shine/ |website=Motor Sport Magazine |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=11 March 2025}}</ref> These events often took place on circuits that were not always suitable for the World Championship and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the championship.<ref name="lastnopointsrace">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=10 April 2021 |title=The beer and curry secret of F1's last non-points race |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190942/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-race-champions-sullivan-1983/4779232/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref> For example, [[South African Formula One Championship|South Africa's domestic Formula One championship]] from 1960 to 1975 used locally built or modified cars in addition to recently retired world championship cars.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sutherland |first1=Ben |title=F1 in Africa: South Africa's own F1 Championship |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64127266 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Similarly, the [[British Formula One Championship]] utilised second-hand cars, from manufacturers such as [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] and [[Fittipaldi Automotive]], fitted with [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] from 1978 to 1980.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Gary |title=The British F1 championship: brief brilliance of Aurora AFX series |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/march-2001/82/what-my-backyard/ |website=Motor Sport Magazine |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The increasing cost of competition, however, made such competitions less common in the 1970s. 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the [[1983 Race of Champions]] at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion [[Keke Rosberg]] in a [[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]] in a close fight with American [[Danny Sullivan]].<ref name="lastnopointsrace"/>

===Technological developments===
[[File:MossLotusClimax19610806.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stirling Moss]]'s [[Lotus 18]] at the [[Nürburgring]], {{F1|1961}}]]

The first major technological development in the series was [[Bugatti]]'s introduction of [[mid-engined]] cars. [[Jack Brabham]], the world champion in {{F1|1959}}, {{F1|1960}}, and {{F1|1966}}, soon proved the mid-engine's superiority over all other engine positions. By {{F1|1961}}, all teams had switched to mid-engined cars. The [[Ferguson P99]], a [[four-wheel drive]] design, was the last front-engined Formula One car to enter a world championship race. It entered the [[1961 British Grand Prix]], the only front-engined car to compete that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|title=Ferguson P99|access-date =17 November 2007|publisher=[[GP Racing]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231253/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm|archive-date=30 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In {{F1|1962}}, [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet [[monocoque]] chassis instead of the traditional [[space-frame]] design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=See how technology has changed Formula One for the better |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/7-times-new-technology-changed-the-f1-game |work=Red Bull |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en-in |date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

In {{F1|1968}}, [[Formula One sponsorship liveries|sponsorship was introduced to the sport]]. [[Team Gunston]] became the first team to run cigarette sponsorship on its [[Brabham]] cars, which [[Privateer (motorsport)|privately entered]] in the orange, brown, and gold colours of [[Gunston (cigarette)|Gunston]] cigarettes in the [[1968 South African Grand Prix]] on 1 January 1968.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/09/18/behind.sponsorship/index.html |title=Sponsorship, the big business behind F1 |access-date=8 November 2007 |last=Bartunek |first=Robert-Jan |date=18 September 2007 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222045715/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/09/18/behind.sponsorship/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Five months later, Lotus, initially using [[British racing green]], became the first [[Factory-backed|works team]] to follow this example when it entered [[Lotus 49|its cars]] painted in the red, gold, and white colours of [[Imperial Tobacco]]'s Gold Leaf livery at the [[1968 Spanish Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Here are 13 great racecar liveries |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/motorsport/here-are-13-great-racecar-liveries |work=Top Gear |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=8 February 2021}}</ref>

Aerodynamic [[downforce]] slowly gained importance in car design with the appearance of [[aerofoil]]s during the 1968 season. The wings were introduced by Lotus's owner, [[Colin Chapman]], who installed modest front wings and a rear spoiler on his [[Lotus 49B]] at the [[1968 Monaco Grand Prix]]. In the late 1970s, Lotus introduced [[Ground effect (cars)|ground-effect]] aerodynamics, previously used on [[Jim Hall (racing driver)|Jim Hall]]'s [[Chaparral 2J]] in 1970, that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds. The aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track were up to five times the car's weight. As a result, extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant [[ride height]], leaving the suspension virtually solid. This meant that the drivers depended entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities in the road surface.<ref>{{cite book |last=Staniforth |first=Allan |title=Competition Car Suspension |publisher=Haynes |year=1994 |page=96|isbn=978-0-85429-956-0}}</ref>

===Big business===
Beginning in the 1970s, [[Bernie Ecclestone]] rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the series into the multi-billion dollar business it now is.<ref name="guardian280397">{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Williams|title=The Formula for Striking It Rich|newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="mrformula">{{cite news |date=13 March 1997 |title=Mr Formula One |page=72 |newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231014115131/https://www.economist.com/business/1997/03/13/mr-formula-one |archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team in 1971, he gained a seat on the [[Formula One Constructors' Association]] (FOCA), and in 1978 he became its president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernie Ecclestone timeline|url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|access-date=18 January 2022|website=ESPN UK|language=en|archive-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817112028/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/32358.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually; Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.<ref name="mrformula"/> He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package they could take or leave. In return for the package, almost all that was required was to surrender trackside advertising.<ref name="guardian280397"/>

The formation of the [[Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile]] (FISA) in 1979 set off the [[FISA–FOCA war]], during which FISA and its president, [[Jean-Marie Balestre]], argued repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Rachel |title=The Grand Prix that birthed modern Formula 1 {{!}} GRR |url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/the-grand-prix-that-birthed-modern-formula-1/ |website=goodwood.com |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' said that Ecclestone and [[Max Mosley]] "used [FOCA] to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view". FOCA threatened to establish a rival series and boycotted a Grand Prix, and FISA withdrew its sanction from races.<ref name="guardian280397"/> The result was the 1981 [[Concorde Agreement]], which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.<ref name="Concorde">{{cite web |last1=Hardy |first1=Ed |title=Everything you need to know about the F1 Concorde Agreement |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/what-is-the-f1-concorde-agreement-all-to-know-about-the-contract/10703778 |website=motorsport.com |date=16 March 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The Racing Analyst |url=http://www.allinsport.ch/allinsport-opinion/the-fisa-foca-war/ |title=The FISA-FOCA War |website=Allinsport.ch |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=12 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712233304/http://www.allinsport.ch/allinsport-opinion/the-fisa-foca-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The teams signed a second [[Concorde Agreement]] in 1992 and a third in 1997.<ref name="Concorde"/>

FISA imposed a ban on [[Ground effect (cars)|ground-effect aerodynamics]] from {{F1|1983}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: The origins of ground effect |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/watch-the-origins-of-ground-effect.6i1MZBs5xe6cjO2deb57hV |website=formula1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> But by then, [[turbocharged]] engines, which [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] had pioneered in {{F1|1977}}, were producing over {{cvt|700|bhp|kW|disp=flip}} and were essential to be competitive. By {{F1|1986}}, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of {{cvt|5.5|bar|psi}} of pressure, which was estimated to be over {{cvt|1300|bhp|kW|disp=flip}}, in qualifying for the {{F1 GP|1986|Italian}}. The next year, power in race trim reached around {{cvt|1100|bhp|kW|disp=flip}}, with boost pressure limited to only {{cvt|4|bar|psi}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bamsey |first=Ian |title=The 1000 BHP Grand Prix cars |author2=Benzing, Enrico |author3=Stanniforth, Allan |author4=Lawrence, Mike |publisher=Guild Publishing |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-85429-617-0 |pages=8–9}} BMW's performance at the Italian GP is the highest qualifying figure given in Bamsey. The figure is from Heini Mader, who maintained the engines for the [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]] team, though maximum power figures from this period were necessarily estimates; BMW's [[dynamometer]], for example, was only capable of measuring up to {{cvt|1100|bhp|kW|disp=flip}}. Figures higher than this are estimated from engine plenum pressure readings. Power in race trim at that time was lower than for qualifying due to the need for greater reliability and fuel efficiency during the race.</ref> These cars were the most powerful [[open-wheel]] circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in {{F1|1984}}, and [[Turbocharger|boost]] pressures in {{F1|1988}}, before banning turbocharged engines completely in {{F1|1989}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=The technology behind Formula One racing cars|newspaper=The Press|quote=rivalling the 1200hp turbocharged monsters that eventually had to be banned in 1989|date=26 December 2005}}</ref>

The development of electronic driver aids began in the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of [[active suspension]], which first appeared in 1983 on the [[Lotus 92]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Active suspension|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/december-2001/69/active-suspension|access-date=26 January 2022|newspaper= Motor Sport Magazine|date=7 July 2014|language=en-GB|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105152745/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/december-2001/69/active-suspension|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by [[Ayrton Senna]] in the [[1987 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco Grand Prix]] that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit, and [[semi-automatic gearboxes]] and [[traction control]] were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining races' outcomes more than driver skill, banned many such aids for the {{F1|1994}} season. This resulted in cars that previously depended on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive. Observers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only, as they "proved difficult to police effectively".<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Baldwin|title=F1 Plans Return of Traction Control|newspaper = The Independent|publisher = Newspaper Publishing|date=17 February 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=F1 bans traction control for 2008 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6511907.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=30 March 2007 |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103055756/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6511907.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:1985 European GP Stefan Johansson 01.jpg|thumb|[[Stefan Johansson]] driving for [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] at the [[1985 European Grand Prix]]]]

The rivalry between [[Ayrton Senna]] and [[Alain Prost]] became F1's central focus in {{F1|1988}} and continued until Prost retired at the end of {{F1|1993}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slater |first1=Luke |title='I had a front-row seat for the explosive Senna-Prost rivalry' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/2025/05/22/front-row-seat-explosive-ayrton-senna-alain-prost-rivalry/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> Senna [[Death of Ayrton Senna|died]] at the [[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]] after crashing into a wall on the exit of the [[Tamburello (corner)|Tamburello]] curve.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayrton Senna: Remembering a racing legend 30 years on |url=https://www.silverstone.co.uk/news/ayrton-senna-remembering-racing-legend-30-years |website=Silverstone |access-date=3 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Roland Ratzenberger]] also died in an accident during Saturday qualifying that weekend.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tremayne |first1=Sam |title=A racer through and through – Roland Ratzenberger remembered {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/a-racer-through-and-through-ratzenberger-remembered.4GgLrhjq9vSL5anb023G7 |website=formula1.com |access-date=3 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Since Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths, the FIA has used [[Safety in Formula One|safety]] as a reason to impose rule changes that otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams. The resultant 'narrow track' era from {{F1|1998}} onwards resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall, and the introduction of grooved tyres to reduce mechanical grip. According to the FIA, the objective behind this decision was to reduce cornering speeds and produce racing similar to rainy conditions by enforcing a smaller [[contact patch]] between the tyre and the track.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mosley's Equations | website=formula1.com | date=20 May 2019 | url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/mosley_equations.html | access-date=2 September 2019 | archive-date=15 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915195546/http://formula1-dictionary.net/mosley_equations.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

No driver died of injuries sustained on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car for 20 years until the [[2014 Japanese Grand Prix]], where [[Jules Bianchi]] collided with a recovery vehicle after [[aquaplaning]] off the circuit, dying on 17 July 2015 from his injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Japanese Grand Prix: Memories of Jules Bianchi death trigger anger over recovery truck on track |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/63190448 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=16 September 2025 |date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

===Manufacturers' return===
[[File:Michael Schumacher, Ferrari F2001 (8968595731) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Michael Schumacher]] (pictured in {{F1|2001}}) won five consecutive titles with [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]].]]

Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won five consecutive Drivers' Championships and six consecutive Constructors' Championships. Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins, wins in a season, and most Drivers' Championships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schumacher makes history |work=BBC Sport |date=21 July 2002 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |access-date=12 September 2006 |archive-date=5 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505185104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2141834.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005, when Renault driver [[Fernando Alonso]] became Formula One's youngest champion at that time (until Lewis Hamilton in {{F1|2008}} and followed by [[Sebastian Vettel]] in [[2010 Formula One World Championship|2010]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=The youngest Formula 1 world champions – Where does Max Verstappen rank alongside Vettel, Alonso and Hamilton? {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-youngest-world-champions-where-does-verstappen-rank-alongside-vettel.5maXjugCVIKMSrPdky0p7Q |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again.<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Teams' Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2006/team |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Drivers' Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2006/drivers |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Schumacher retired at the end of 2006, after 16 years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for the newly formed Mercedes works team, following the rebrand of [[Brawn GP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Schumacher: When he announced his first f1 retirement |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12525/10561418/michael-schumacher-when-he-announced-his-first-f1-retirement |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

During this period, FIA frequently changed the championship rules with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations: 2006 season changes |website=formula1.com|url=http://www.formula1.com/insight/rulesandregs/13/995.html |access-date=11 May 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061109185035/http://www.formula1.com/insight/rulesandregs/13/995.html |archive-date = 9 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Team orders]], legal since the championship started in 1950, were banned in 2002, after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the [[2002 Austrian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paddocktalk.com/news/html/modules/ew_filemanager/07images/f1/fia/033007_2008_F1_SPORTING_REGULATIONS.pdf|title=2008 FIA Formula One Sporting Regulations|publisher=|accessdate=16 March 2018|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929075510/http://paddocktalk.com/news/html/modules/ew_filemanager/07images/f1/fia/033007_2008_F1_SPORTING_REGULATIONS.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other changes included the qualifying format, the point-scoring system,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2010|title=Formula 1 adopts new points system for 2010 season|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8493082.stm|url-status=live|access-date=10 April 2021|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129191226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8493082.stm}}</ref> the technical regulations,<ref>{{cite web |title=FIA publishes new Formula One regulations to cover the 2010 season |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/feb/12/fia-formula-one-regulations-2010-season |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=12 February 2010}}</ref> and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wise |first1=Michael |title=2010 rule changes |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/5980709/2010-rule-changes |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> A 'tyre war' between suppliers [[Michelin]] and [[Bridgestone]] saw lap times fall. At the [[2005 United States Grand Prix]] at Indianapolis, seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use, leading to Bridgestone becoming the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season by default.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holding |first1=Joe |title=Formula One: remember when... the US GP went ahead with just six cars? |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/formula-one/formula-one-remember-when-us-gp-went-ahead-just-six-cars |website=Top Gear |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> On 20 December 2007, Bridgestone signed a contract that officially made it the exclusive tyre supplier for the next three seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noble|first=Jonathan|title=Bridgestone signs sole supplier contract|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/bridgestone-signs-sole-supplier-contract-4418515/4418515/|access-date=3 January 2022|website= autosport.com|date=20 December 2007|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103164629/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/bridgestone-signs-sole-supplier-contract-4418515/4418515/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Pedro de la Rosa 2012 Malaysia FP2.jpg
| width1 = 216
| image2 = Kamui Kobayashi 2014 Bahrain.jpg
| width2 = 216
| image3 = Haryanto Bahrain 2016.jpg
| width3 = 216
| caption3 = The three teams that debuted in 2010 all disappeared within seven years of their debuts. [[HRT Formula 1 Team|HRT]] (top) departed the series in 2012, whilst [[Caterham F1|Caterham]] (middle), and [[Manor Racing|Manor]] (bottom) left in 2014 and 2016, respectively.}}

In 2008 and 2009, [[Honda in Formula One|Honda]], [[BMW in Formula One|BMW]], and [[Toyota in Formula One|Toyota]] all withdrew from Formula One racing within a year, blaming the [[Great Recession|economic recession]]. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance of the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become [[Brawn GP]], with [[Ross Brawn]] and [[Nick Fry]] owning and running the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP laid off hundreds of employees, but won the year's world championships. BMW F1 was bought out by the founder of the team, [[Peter Sauber]]. The [[Lotus F1 Team]]{{efn|This is not the same entity as the [[Team Lotus|1954–1994]] or [[Team Lotus (2010–2011)|2010–2011]] iterations.}} was another, formerly manufacturer-owned team that reverted to "privateer" ownership, together with the buy-out of the [[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] team by [[Genii Capital]] investors. A link with its previous owners, however, still survived, with its car continuing to be powered by a Renault engine until 2018, except for 2015, when Lotus used Mercedes engines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Formula 1: Lotus agree Renault engine deal until 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/26270798 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes-Benz.<ref>{{cite web |title=McLaren buy back 40% stake of company from Mercedes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/18/mercedes-mclaren-shares-formula-one |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=18 March 2010}}</ref> McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour after the former was guilty of [[2007 Formula One espionage controversy|spying on Ferrari]].<ref>{{cite web |title=McLaren charged over 'spy' scandal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2007/jul/12/motorsports.formulaone2007 |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=12 July 2007}}</ref> Hence, during the 2010 season, Mercedes-Benz re-entered the series as a manufacturer after it purchased Brawn GP and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Straw |first1=Edd |title=Mercedes takes over Brawn |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mercedes-takes-over-brawn-4433692/4433692/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

During the {{F1|2009}} season, Formula One was gripped by the [[FIA–FOTA dispute]]. FIA President Max Mosley proposed numerous cost-cutting measures for the next season, including an optional budget cap for the teams;<ref name=budgetcap>{{cite news| title = £40 million budget cap and 13 teams for 2010| website= formula1.com| date = 30 April 2009| url = http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/4/9290.html| access-date = 21 March 2010| archive-date = 18 February 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100218045714/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/4/9290.html| url-status = live}}</ref> teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings, and an engine not subject to a [[rev limiter]].<ref name=budgetcap/> The [[Formula One Teams Association]] (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a two-tier championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. Talks broke down and the FOTA teams, with the exception of Williams and [[Force India]],<ref name="compromise">{{cite news |title=Mosley offers compromise on 2010 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8107436.stm |work=BBC News |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317125821/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8107436.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timeline">{{cite news |first=Gemma |last=Briggs |title=How the Formula One crisis unfolded |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/19/formula-one-crisis-timeline |newspaper=The Guardian |location=UK |date=24 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605180441/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/19/formula-one-crisis-timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> announced that "they had no choice" but to form a [[Grand Prix World Championship|breakaway championship series]].<ref name="timeline" />

[[File:Bernie Ecclestone 2012 Bahrain.jpg|thumb|[[Bernie Ecclestone]] was the former Chief Executive of the [[Formula One Group]]—founding the group in 1987.]]

On 24 June, Formula One's governing body and the teams reached an agreement to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed that teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990s within two years, exact figures were not specified; and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for reelection to the FIA presidency in October.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8116756.stm |title=F1 deal ends threat of breakaway |work=BBC News |date=24 June 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016235200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8116756.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Following further disagreements, after Mosley suggested he would stand for reelection,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/f1news/5642225/Max-Mosley-makes-dramatic-U-turn-over-his-future-as-FIA-president.html |title=Max Mosley makes dramatic U-turn over his future as FIA president |last=Cary |first=Tom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614013133/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/f1news/5642225/Max-Mosley-makes-dramatic-U-turn-over-his-future-as-FIA-president.html |archive-date=14 June 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=26 June 2009}}</ref> the FOTA made it clear that breakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, the FOTA issued a press release stating it had been informed it was not entered for the 2010 season,<ref name="FOTA Press Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.teamsassociation.org/press-release/2009-07-08/press-release |title=Press release |publisher=Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) |date=8 July 2009 |access-date=8 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711161729/http://www.teamsassociation.org/press-release/2009-07-08/press-release |archive-date=11 July 2009 }}</ref> and, as an FIA press release stated, the FOTA representatives had walked out of the meeting.<ref name="FIA Press Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2009/Pages/2010_fia_fota.aspx |title=Press Release |publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile |date=8 July 2009 |access-date=8 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710120028/http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2009/Pages/2010_fia_fota.aspx |archive-date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> On 1 August, it was announced that the FIA and FOTA had signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's future until 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Concorde Agreement finally signed |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77481 |last=Beer |first=Matt |date=1 August 2009 |website = autosport.com| access-date=1 August 2009 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621065909/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77481 |url-status=live }}</ref>

To compensate for the loss of manufacturer teams, four new teams were accepted into the 2010 season ahead of a much-anticipated "cost-cap". Entrants included a reborn [[Team Lotus (2010–2011)|Team Lotus]]—led by a Malaysian consortium including [[Tony Fernandes]], the boss of [[Air Asia]]; [[HRT Formula 1 Team|Hispania Racing]]—the first Spanish Formula One team; and [[Virgin Racing]]—[[Richard Branson]]'s entry into the series following a successful partnership with Brawn the year before. They were also joined by the [[US F1 Team]], which planned to operate out of the United States as the only non-European-based team in the sport. Financial issues befell the teams before they even made the grid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Straw |first1=Edd |title=Brutal failure of F1's last influx of new teams is a warning |url=https://www.the-race.com/formula-1/brutal-failure-of-f1s-last-influx-of-new-teams-is-a-warning/ |website=The Race |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=2 February 2023}}</ref> Despite the entry of these new teams, the proposed cost-cap was repealed and these teams—which did not have the budgets of the midfield and top-flight teams—ran around at the back of the field until they collapsed: HRT in 2012,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=HRT owners Thesan expect to sell team 'in coming weeks' |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/20302796 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=12 November 2012}}</ref> Caterham (formerly Lotus) in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sylt |first1=Christian |title=Caterham F1 Team Sold For Just $1.60 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2014/12/01/caterham-f1-team-sold-for-just-1-60/ |website=Forbes |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and Manor (formerly Virgin, then Marussia), having survived falling into administration in 2014, at the end of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Manor F1: Team fold after administrator fails to find buyer |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/38772098 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

===Hybrid era===
A major rule change in {{F1|2014}} saw the 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 engines replaced by 1.6-litre turbocharged hybrid power units.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Formula 1 bosses confirm engines will not change until 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/13878359 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=22 June 2011}}</ref> This prompted Honda to return to the series in 2015 as the championship's fourth power-unit manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=James |title=Honda confirms F1 return and McLaren engine deal for 2015 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12479/8715380/honda-confirms-f1-return-and-mclaren-engine-deal-for-2015-season |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Mercedes emerged as the dominant force, with [[Lewis Hamilton]] winning the championship, closely followed by his main rival and teammate, [[Nico Rosberg]], with the team winning 16 out of the 19 races that season.<ref name="twenty fourteen">{{cite web |title=2014 Race Results |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2014/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The team continued this form in the next two seasons, again winning 16 races in {{F1|2015}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Race Results |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2015/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> before taking a record 19 wins in [[2016 Formula One World Championship|2016]],<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Race Results |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2016/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> with Hamilton claiming the title in the former year<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Drivers' Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2015/drivers |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and Rosberg winning it in the latter, by five points.<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Drivers' Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2016/drivers |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The 2016 season also saw a new team, [[Haas F1 Team|Haas]], join the grid,<ref>{{cite web |title=FIA grants Formula One entry to Haas |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/fia-grants-formula-one-entry-to-haas.1MKbqHjGaY6HNjiLSPoq75 |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> while [[Max Verstappen]] became the youngest-ever race winner at age 18 in [[Spanish Grand Prix|Spain]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ostlere |first=Lawrence |date=15 May 2016 |title=F1: Max Verstappen wins Spanish GP after Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg crash – as it happened |language=en-GB |newspaper=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/may/15/f1-spanish-gp-live-lewis-hamilton-nico-rosberg |access-date=28 April 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070554/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/may/15/f1-spanish-gp-live-lewis-hamilton-nico-rosberg |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:FIA F1 Austria 2018 Nr. 44 Hamilton.jpg|thumb|[[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] won eight consecutive constructors' titles whilst [[Lewis Hamilton]] won six drivers' titles during the beginning of the hybrid era.]]

After revised aerodynamic regulations were introduced, the [[2017 Formula One World Championship|2017]] and [[2018 Formula One World Championship|2018]] seasons featured a title battle between Mercedes and Ferrari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=1 December 2017 |title=An Exciting F1 Season That Still Ended With Mercedes on Top |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/sports/autoracing/mercedes-f1-season-review.html |url-access=registration |access-date=6 February 2023 |issn= |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206222629/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/sports/autoracing/mercedes-f1-season-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=2018 F1 World Championship {{!}} Motorsport Database |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/2018-f1-world-championship/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |newspaper= Motor Sport Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206222630/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/2018-f1-world-championship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mercedes ultimately won the titles with multiple races to spare and continued to dominate until 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2017/team.html|website=formula1.com|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109013649/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2017/team.html|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/formula1/45190875|title=Highlights of the Brazilian GP|date=6 November 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126094017/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/formula1/45190875|archive-date=26 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Team Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2019/team |website=formula1.com |access-date=16 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Team Standings |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/2020/team |website=formula1.com |access-date=16 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In [[2021 Formula One World Championship|2021]], the Honda-powered Red Bull team began to seriously challenge Mercedes, with Verstappen beating Hamilton to the Drivers' Championship after a season-long battle that saw the pair exchange the championship lead multiple times.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mortlidge |first1=Matt |title=Max Verstappen vs Lewis Hamilton: The story and escalating drama of a remarkable Formula 1 title fight |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12488949/max-verstappen-vs-lewis-hamilton-the-story-and-escalating-drama-of-a-remarkable-formula-1-title-fight |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

This era has seen an increase in car manufacturers' presence in the sport. After Honda's return as an engine manufacturer in 2015, Renault came back as a team in 2016, upon buying back the [[Lotus F1 Team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Renault to return to F1 in 2016 after agreeing Lotus takeover |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/dec/03/renault-2016-f1-constructor-return-lotus-takeover |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=3 December 2015}}</ref> In 2018, [[Aston Martin]] and [[Alfa Romeo]] became Red Bull and Sauber's title sponsors, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aston Martin to become Red Bull title sponsor in 2018 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/aston-martin-to-become-red-bull-title-sponsor-in-2018.1HIhDOGGzuugSuoscKceK2 |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=James |title=Alfa Romeo name returning to F1 in 2018 in Sauber tie-up |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/11148670/alfa-romeo-name-returning-to-f1-in-2018-in-sauber-tie-up |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Sauber was rebranded as [[Alfa Romeo Racing]] for the 2019 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formula 1: Sauber renamed Alfa Romeo Racing from start of 2019 season |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/47089294 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=1 February 2019}}</ref> [[Racing Point]] part-owner [[Lawrence Stroll]] bought a stake in Aston Martin to rebrand the Racing Point team as Aston Martin for the 2021 season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Aston Martin F1: Owner Lawrence Stroll aiming for world titles with renamed team |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/55567562 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=7 January 2021}}</ref> In August 2020, all ten F1 teams signed a new Concorde Agreement committing them to the sport until 2025, including a $145 million budget cap for car development to support equal competition and sustainable development.<ref>{{cite news |last=Richards |first=Giles |date=23 May 2020 |title=F1 teams agree to introduce budget cap from 2021 onwards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/may/23/f1-teams-agree-to-introduce-budget-cap-from-2021-onwards |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065814/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/may/23/f1-teams-agree-to-introduce-budget-cap-from-2021-onwards |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Luke|title=All 10 Formula 1 teams sign up for new Concorde Agreement|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/151511/all-f1-teams-sign-up-for-new-concorde-agreement|access-date=5 October 2020|website=autosport.com|date=19 August 2020|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204120305/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/151511/all-f1-teams-sign-up-for-new-concorde-agreement|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] forced the series to adapt to budgetary and logistical limitations. A significant overhaul of the technical regulations intended to be introduced in the 2021 season was pushed back to 2022,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.fia-announce-new-f1-regulations-to-be-delayed-until-2022.1lwtaLmpNcQd0z9SnMEyK8.html |title=FIA announce new F1 regulations to be delayed until 2022 |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=9 June 2021 |website= formula1.com|archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112224909/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.fia-announce-new-f1-regulations-to-be-delayed-until-2022.1lwtaLmpNcQd0z9SnMEyK8.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with constructors instead using their 2020 chassis for two seasons, and the introduction of a token system that limited which parts could be modified.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2021 F1 rules and regulation changes you need to know about: Aero tweaks, new tyres and the budget cap|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/aero-tweaks-new-tyres-and-the-cost-cap-the-2021-f1-rules-and-regulation.r1cq36aI6bvzMeZtiFru3 |website=formula1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The start of the {{F1|2020}} season was delayed by several months,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/52883244 |title=Formula 1 season to start with eight races in Europe |first=Andrew |last=Benson |date=2 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609183003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/52883244 |url-status=live }}</ref> and both it and the {{F1|2021}} seasons were subject to several postponements, cancellations, and rescheduling of races due to [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|shifting restrictions]] on international travel. Many races took place [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] and with only essential personnel present in order to adhere to rules regarding [[social distancing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/29149401/f1-closed-doors-how-exactly-work |title=F1 behind closed doors – how exactly will that work? |first1=Laurence |last1=Edmondson |first2=Nate |last2=Saunders |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=ESPN |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609183002/https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/29149401/f1-closed-doors-how-exactly-work |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, the F1 governing body announced a major rule and car design change intended to promote closer racing through the use of [[Ground effect (cars)|ground effects]], new aerodynamics, larger wheels with low-profile tyres, and redesigned nose and wing regulations.<ref name="2022Car">{{Cite web |title=10 things you need to know about the all-new 2022 F1 car |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525004734/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-all-new-2022-f1-car.4OLg8DrXyzHzdoGrbqp6ye.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 key rule changes for the 2022 season |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website= formula1.com |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425005024/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.7-key-rule-changes-for-the-2022-season.2E7JH9MywymU8xxw6r5yDS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]] emerged as the dominant force after the rule shakeup. The [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]] and [[2023 Formula One World Championship|2023]] Constructors' and Drivers' championships were won by Red Bull and Verstappen, with multiple races to spare.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=9 December 2022 |title=This Formula 1 Season Was All Max Verstappen and Red Bull |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-access=registration |access-date=9 January 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030145/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/sports/autoracing/f1-max-verstappen-red-bull.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaswami |first=Sundaram|title=The F1 records Verstappen and Red Bull broke in 2022 |url=https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=motorsport.com |date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109030143/https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/the-f1-records-verstappen-and-red-bull-broke-in-2022/10403498/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkes |first=Ian |date=13 December 2023 |title=For Red Bull and Max Verstappen, 2023 Was a Dominant Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-access=registration |access-date=15 January 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114170342/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/sports/autoracing/f1-red-bull-max-verstappen-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Samuel |date=9 October 2023 |title=Why Red Bull's RB19 is one of the most dominant F1 cars ever |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115131543/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/sport/red-bull-rb19-f1-motorsport-spt-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early 2024, the Formula One landscape underwent a significant change in the sphere of team sponsorships and collaborations. Having competed for five seasons under the [[Alfa Romeo in Formula One|Alfa Romeo]] name, Sauber introduced a title partnership with the online casino [[Stake (online casino)|Stake]], resulting in the team's new identity as [[Stake F1 Team Kick Sauber]]. Sauber would hold Stake's sponsorship name until the end of 2025, after which it would become the Audi works team for the 2026 season onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drake launches Sauber's new era as they unveil rebrand |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.drake-sauber-stake-f1-team-identity-rebrand-name.5pFuGt23QzaUwBZ7flxhhw.html |access-date=14 February 2024 |website= formula1.com |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222113052/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.drake-sauber-stake-f1-team-identity-rebrand-name.5pFuGt23QzaUwBZ7flxhhw.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Luke |title=New name, new goals: Stake bids to stop its F1 slide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5254751/2024/02/06/stake-f1-alfa-romeo-car-launch/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The New York Times|language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214133637/https://theathletic.com/5254751/2024/02/06/stake-f1-alfa-romeo-car-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Scuderia AlphaTauri]], Red Bull's junior team, dropped its name and took on sponsors from Hugo Boss and Cash App, becoming [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] RB, or VCARB for 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baldwin |first1=Alan |title=AlphaTauri becomes Visa Cash App RB F1 team |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/formula1/alphatauri-changes-name-visa-cash-app-rb-f1-team-2024-01-24/ |website=Reuters |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Also in 2024, Formula One announced partnerships with [[Mattel]] to release [[Hot Wheels]] die-cast cars,<ref>{{cite web |title=Formula 1 announces new multi-year partnership with Hot Wheels |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-new-multi-year-partnership-with-hot-wheels.7yBhBlS17Bmt8hxLfVxqE2 |date=9 October 2024 |website= formula1.com |url-status=live |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128174631/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-new-multi-year-partnership-with-hot-wheels.7yBhBlS17Bmt8hxLfVxqE2}}</ref> and with [[Lego]], with the first new sets releasing in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lego.com/en-us/aboutus/news/2024/september/lego-f1-partnership-announcement?locale=en-us&consent-modal=show&age-gate=grown_up|title=We're Putting Play in Pole Position! The LEGO Group and Formula 1® To Go Full Throttle On New Brand Partnership|author=The Lego Group|date=18 September 2024|website=LEGO.com|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> In early 2025, Cadillac received final approval to join the Formula One grid as an 11th team for the 2026 season onward.<ref name="Cadillac-11th-team">{{Cite web |title=Cadillac receive final approval to join F1 grid in 2026 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/cadillac-receive-final-approval-to-join-formula-1-grid-in-2026-as-11th-team.1saxQLtLPc7k9TFl4eNrQN |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=formula1.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Racing==
{{Main|Formula One regulations|Formula One tyres|Racing flags|Formula One race weekend}}

A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It typically begins with two free practice sessions on Friday and a third on Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as [[third driver]]s) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A qualifying session is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.<ref name="QDetail2">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|title=Practice and qualifying|website= formula1.com|access-date=21 October 2009|archive-date=16 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516014918/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8686/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DriveChang">{{cite web|title=Driver changes and additional drivers|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|website= formula1.com|date=10 June 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=20 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620024651/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8694/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tyre rules===
[[File:Pirelli Tire Range (52849596009).jpg|thumb|The 2023 Pirelli tyres include (from left to right) the three slick compound tyres: soft, medium, and hard {{ndash}} and the two wet-weather tyre compounds: intermediate and full-wet.]]

Each driver is allotted thirteen sets of dry-weather tyres, three sets of wet-weather tyres, and four sets of intermediate tyres for each race weekend. All unused tyres must be returned.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2020|title=2021 Formula 1 Sporting Regulations|url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2021_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_5_-_2020-12-16.pdf|publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217153320/https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2021_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_5_-_2020-12-16.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Qualifying===
For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; drivers would have one or more sessions to set timed laps, with the grid order determined by each driver's best single lap, the fastest getting the position at the front, referred to as the [[pole position]]. From 1996 to 2002, the format was a one-hour shootout. Following this, the rules were changed again because the teams were not running in the early part of the session to take advantage of better track conditions later on.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/features/2016/3/deciding-the-grid-a-history-of-f1-qualifying-formats.html|title=Deciding the grid – A history of F1 qualifying formats|website= formula1.com|date=17 March 2016|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=30 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830180030/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/features/2016/3/deciding-the-grid-a-history-of-f1-qualifying-formats.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The current qualifying format, known as "knock-out" qualifying, was introduced in the 2006 season. It is divided into three stages, referred to as Q1, Q2, and Q3. Drivers may complete as many laps as they choose in an attempt to progress to the next stage, with the slowest drivers being eliminated at the end of each round. Any timed lap started before the end of that period may be completed and will count toward that driver's placement. The number of cars eliminated in each session is dependent on the total number of cars entered in the championship.<ref name=Qual>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Practice and qualifying|url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|website=formula1.com|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501104833/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Practice_qualifying_and_race_start_procedure.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2026}}, with 22 cars on the grid, Q1 runs for 18 minutes and eliminates the slowest six drivers. During this session, any driver whose best lap takes longer than [[107% rule|107%]] of the fastest time in Q1 will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the stewards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Madeline |title=F1's 107% rule: How it works, and why race stewards don't always enforce it |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5227587/2024/02/15/f1-107-rule-how-it-works/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=26 February 2024}}</ref> In Q2, the 16 remaining drivers have 15 minutes to set one of the ten fastest times and proceed to the next period. Finally, Q3 lasts 12 minutes and determines the first ten grid positions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginner's guide to the F1 weekend |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-the-formula-1-weekend.5RFZzGXNhEi9AEuMXwo987 |website=formula1.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Each car is allocated one set of the softest tyres for use in Q3. The cars that qualify for Q3 must return them after the session; the cars that do not qualify for the round can use them during the race.<ref name=2020Regs>{{cite web|title=2020 Formula One Sporting Regulations|url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2020_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_8_-_2020-05-27_0.pdf|publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604223100/https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2020_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_8_-_2020-05-27_0.pdf|archive-date=4 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Any penalties that affect grid position are applied at the end of qualifying.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jenkins |first1=Keith |title=How do F1 penalties work? Rules for warnings, fines, more |url=https://www.espn.in/racing/story/_/id/45508089/how-do-f1-penalties-work-rules-warnings-fines-more |website=ESPN |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en |date=26 June 2025}}</ref>

===Sprints===
2021 saw the tryout of a "sprint qualifying" race on the Saturday of three race weekends, with the intention of testing a new approach to qualifying. The traditional qualifying would determine the starting order for the sprint, and the result of the sprint would then determine the start order for the Grand Prix.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.planetf1.com/news/sprint-races-finalised-imola/|website=PlanetF1.com|access-date=7 April 2021|title=New F1 Sprint Races to be finalised by Imola|date=6 April 2021|last1=Rawcliffe|first1=Tom|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407000617/https://www.planetf1.com/news/sprint-races-finalised-imola/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2023, sprint races no longer impacted the start order for the main race, which would be determined by traditional qualifying. Sprints would have their own qualifying session, titled the "sprint shootout".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-formula-1-announces-venues-for-six-f1-sprint-events-across-2023.4tvAAXFGdkoHKE8Onjh8Ya.html|title=Formula 1 announces venues for six F1 Sprint events across 2023 season|website= formula1.com|date=7 December 2022|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207113722/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-formula-1-announces-venues-for-six-f1-sprint-events-across-2023.4tvAAXFGdkoHKE8Onjh8Ya.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sprint qualifying sessions are much shorter than traditional qualifying runs, and each session requires teams to fit new tyres, mediums for SQ1 and SQ2, and softs for SQ3.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.explained-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-f1-sprint-format.583WHWKbWVVBemPKi6pJxH.html|title=Explained: Everything you need to know about the 2023 F1 Sprint format|website= formula1.com|date=25 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520011029/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.explained-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-f1-sprint-format.583WHWKbWVVBemPKi6pJxH.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Race===
The race begins with a formation lap to allow the drivers to check the condition of their car and the track, and to warm up their tyres to increase traction and grip,<ref>{{cite news |title=F1 Explained: The formation lap |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/video/36363/13237888/f1-explained-the-formation-lap |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=Sky Sports}}</ref> after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified.

[[File:Jacques Villeneuve (Sauber) qualifying at US Grand Prix 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Villeneuve]] qualifying at the [[2005 United States Grand Prix]] in his [[Sauber C24]]]]

Once all the cars have lined up on the grid, the medical car positions itself behind the pack.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baxter-Priest |first=Matthew |date=2 March 2023 |title=What is the car at the back of the F1 grid? {{!}} Esquire Middle East – The Region's Best Men's Magazine |url=https://www.esquireme.com/sports/what-is-the-car-at-the-back-of-the-f1-grid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153821/https://www.esquireme.com/sports/what-is-the-car-at-the-back-of-the-f1-grid |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=Esquire Middle East – The Region's Best Men's Magazine}}</ref> Five red lights are then illuminated above the track at intervals of one second; before being extinguished simultaneously after an unspecified time to signal the start of the race.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Formula 1 rules that every new fan needs to know|url=https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/881ba06f-3898-4fe1-8d5c-4c01af217c0e/the-f1-rules-that-every-new-fan-needs-to-know|website=Atlassian Williams Racing |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The start procedure may be aborted in the event of a serious accident, dangerous conditions, or if a driver stalls on the grid or on the track in an unsafe position, signalled by raising their arm.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Adam |title=McLaren: F1's aborted-start rule "a little confusing" amid Norris fine |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren-aborted-start-rule-confusing-norris-fine/10671253/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref> The race may also be started from behind the Safety Car if a racing start is considered excessively dangerous, such as in extremely heavy rainfall. There is no formation lap in such a circumstance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8691/ |title=Race start procedure |website= formula1.com|access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704181035/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8691/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Throughout the race, drivers may make [[pit stop]]s to change tyres and repair damage. Three dry tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Under wet conditions, drivers may switch to one of two specialised wet-weather tyres with additional grooves. Over the course of a race, drivers must make at least one pit stop and use two different available tyre compounds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Braybrook |first2=Rebecca |title=F1 tyres: What are the Pirelli compounds and 2024 rules |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-tyres-what-are-the-compounds-and-what-do-they-mean/10344284/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en |date=15 September 2025}}</ref>{{efn|A mandatory two-pit stop rule was enforced for the [[2025 Monaco Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EXPLAINER: What is the new two-stop rule for Monaco? |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/explained-what-is-the-new-two-stop-rule-for-the-monaco-grand-prix-and-how.1qropbdmR05S3BqgYsHtpE |website=formula1.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The race finishes when the leader has completed the predetermined number of laps.{{efn|This number varies around each track. It is defined as the minimum amount of laps required for the total race distance to exceed 305 km, with the exception of the Monaco Grand Prix, for which it is set at 260km.<ref name="2025 sporting regs"/>}} Positions for drivers on the same lap are then determined in the order that they cross the finish line. Lapped cars that have completed at least 90% of the distance are then classified according to their relative track position and number of laps completed. Races can, however, be paused or ended early if the conditions become unsafe. In the case of suspension, a ten-minute warning is given before the race is resumed behind the safety car.<ref name="2025 sporting regs">{{cite web |title=2025 Formula 1 Sporting Regulations |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/fia_2025_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_issue_1_-_2024-07-31.pdf |website=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

====Race director====
{{Main|Race director#Formula One}}

This race director manages the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, enforcing FIA rules and controlling the lights at the start of each race.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Austin |first1=Daniel |title=F1 race director: Job explained and Rui Marques profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/articles/cdxyw4ygdw7o |website=BBC Sport |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=13 November 2024}}</ref> The race director can also refer incidents to the race stewards, who may impose penalties, such as drive-through penalties (or stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications, and fines, should parties break regulations. As of the [[2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix]], the race director is [[Rui Marques (Formula One)|Rui Marques]], with [[Herbie Blash]] as a permanent advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Masi replaced as race director amid FIA structural changes|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.michael-masi-replaced-as-race-director-amid-fia-structural-changes.174xskJuXpEIAiXPQ98oPE.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=formula1.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F1 Race Director Niels Wittich to step down |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-race-director-niels-wittich-to-step-down.16N8MAvayeUNcM2mw2pXEv |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website= formula1.com|language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=12 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112054445/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-race-director-niels-wittich-to-step-down.16N8MAvayeUNcM2mw2pXEv}}</ref>

====Safety car====
{{Main|Safety car#Formula One}}

{{Multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Formula 1 Safety Car Mercedes-AMG GT R.jpg
| alt1 = A Mercedes Safety Car during the 2019 Formula One World Championship
| image2 = Aston Martin Safety Car F1 2022.jpg
| alt2 = An Aston Martin Safety Car during the 2022 Formula One World Championship
| footer = The [[Mercedes-AMG GT R]] (top) and [[Aston Martin Vantage (2018)#F1 Safety Car|Aston Martin]] (bottom) safety cars at the [[2019 Hungarian Grand Prix]] and [[2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix]], respectively
}}

In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside [[Motorsport marshal|race marshals]], race officials may choose to deploy the [[safety car]]. This neutralises the race, with drivers required to follow the safety car in race order at reduced speed, and overtaking is not allowed. Lapped cars may, if permitted by the race director, be allowed to unlap themselves in order to ensure a smoother restart. The safety car remains on the track until the danger is cleared. After the safety car comes off the track, the race restarts with a [[rolling start]], with the leading car taking over its role until they reach the timing line. Pit stops under a safety car are permitted, and in many cases can offer a great advantage to teams who can pit and change tyres before the end of the safety car period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coleman |first=Madeline |date=22 March 2023 |title=F1 safety cars explained: How caution laps shaped the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4331763/2023/03/22/f1-safety-cars-explained-saudi-arabian-grand-prix/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127044400/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4331763/2023/03/22/f1-safety-cars-explained-saudi-arabian-grand-prix/ |archive-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>

[[Mercedes-Benz]] has supplied a variety of its [[Mercedes-AMG|AMG]] models to Formula One to use as the safety car since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bart-Williams |first=Nadim |date=17 June 2023 |title=Timeline: The 50-year history of the Safety Car's evolution in Formula 1 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/timeline-the-50-year-history-of-the-safety-cars-evolution-in-formula-1.3pYd8T6uM4dVWnp1VQ30Vz |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=formula1.com |language=en |quote=However, that all changed midway through the [[1996 Formula One World Championship|1996 season]], thanks to an agreement that has lasted until this day. Formula 1 and Mercedes joined forces, giving the German manufacturer the responsibility of supplying the Official Safety Car for all races. |url-status=live |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114131435/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/timeline-the-50-year-history-of-the-safety-cars-evolution-in-formula-1.3pYd8T6uM4dVWnp1VQ30Vz}}</ref> From 2021 onwards, [[Aston Martin]] has supplied the [[Aston Martin Vantage (2018)|Vantage]] to share duties with Mercedes-AMGs.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2021 |title=Check out the new Mercedes and Aston Martin Safety Cars that'll be used in F1 in 2021 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.check-out-the-new-mercedes-and-aston-martin-f1-safety-cars-2021.6oPIsF0xEkmJXmwkvrp3Tu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170924/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.check-out-the-new-mercedes-and-aston-martin-f1-safety-cars-2021.6oPIsF0xEkmJXmwkvrp3Tu.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website= formula1.com}}</ref> Since 2000, the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver [[Bernd Mayländer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borgne |first1=Louise |title=Meet Bernd Mayländer, Formula 1's safety car driver |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2023/03/19/formula-1-bernd-maylander-safety-car-driver-and-single-seater-tamer_6019929_9.html |newspaper= Le Monde |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en |date=19 March 2023}}</ref> He is usually joined by FIA technical assistant Richard Darker, who relays information between the safety car and race control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Charles |date=13 May 2023 |title=Why Bernd Maylander is the safest pair of hands in F1 |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bernd-maylander-f1-safety-car-interview/10468948/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527143733/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/bernd-maylander-f1-safety-car-interview/10468948/ |archive-date=27 May 2023 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website= motorsport.com}}</ref>

=====Virtual Safety Car (VSC)=====
{{Main|Safety car#Virtual safety car (VSC)}}

In 2014, the FIA established an "accident panel" to investigate the circumstances surrounding [[Jules Bianchi]]'s fatal crash at the [[2014 Japanese Grand Prix|Japanese Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jules Bianchi: Ross Brawn included on FIA accident panel |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/29696237 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=20 October 2014}}</ref> They were tasked with identifying measures to reduce the risk of similar incidents, particularly in situations where deploying a safety car is not justified and yellow flags alone are inadequate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Braybrook |first1=Rebecca |title=F1 safety car: What is it and how does it work? |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-safety-car-how-does-it-work/10553952/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

One of the recommendations was the introduction of a Virtual Safety Car period during which drivers must keep their lap times above a pre-determined minimum, also known as keeping a positive delta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=FIA clarifies new virtual safety car procedures |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2015/1/FIA-clarifies-new-virtual-safety-car-procedures.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422185038/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2015/1/FIA-clarifies-new-virtual-safety-car-procedures.html |archive-date=22 April 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2024 |website= formula1.com |language=en}}</ref> The system was first implemented during the [[2015 Monaco Grand Prix]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Adam |date=22 May 2023 |orig-date=24 May 2021 |title=When Mercedes "screwed up" Hamilton's race in Monaco |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mercedes-hamilton-monaco-screwed-rosberg/4795991/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021093557/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mercedes-hamilton-monaco-screwed-rosberg/4795991/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref>

===Flags===
{{main|Racing flags}}

Flags specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H of the [[FIA]]'s International Sporting Code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/appendix_h_2021_published_09_03_2021.pdf|title=FIA International Sporting Code: Appendix H|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510213732/https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/appendix_h_2021_published_09_03_2021.pdf|publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-date=10 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Flag
!Name
!Meaning
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[File:Auto Racing Yellow.svg|50px]]
!SC Board (Safety Car)
|Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the [[Safety Car]] is on track. Drivers must hold position and slow down.
|-
!VSC Board (Virtual Safety Car)
|Shown in conjunction with a yellow flag to indicate that the [[Safety car#Virtual safety car (VSC)|virtual safety car]] is in use. During this time, the drivers are given minimum sector times that they must stay above, otherwise they will be penalised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virtual Safety Car: what it is and how it works |url=https://www.monzanet.it/en/virtual-safety-car-what-it-is-and-how-it-works/ |work=Autodromo Nazionale Monza |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
!Yellow
|Indicates a hazard on or near the track. Double waved yellows inform drivers that they must slow down, and be prepared to stop, as marshals are working on or near the track.
|-
![[File:Auto Racing Green.svg|50px]]
!Green
|Normal racing conditions apply. This is usually shown following a yellow flag or a safety car to indicate that the hazard has been passed. A green flag is also shown at the start of a session.
|-
![[File:Auto Racing Oil.svg|50px]]
!Yellow and red striped
|Slippery track, due to oil, water, or loose debris. It is also 'rocked' from side to side to indicate a small animal on track.
|-
![[File:Auto Racing Plain Blue.svg|50px]]
!Blue
|Indicates that the driver must let faster cars behind them pass because they are being lapped. If a driver misses the flag three times, they can be penalised.
|-
![[File:F1 white flag.svg|50px]]
!White
|Indicates that there is a slow car ahead. Often waved at the end of the pit lane when a car is about to leave the pits.
|-
![[File:F1 black flag with orange circle.svg|50px]]
!Black and orange circle
|Car is damaged or has a mechanical problem, must return to the pit lane immediately.
|-
![[File:F1 black and white diagonal flag.svg|50px]]
!Black and white
|Warns a driver about poor sportsmanship or dangerous behaviour. Can be followed by a Black flag upon further infringement.
|-
![[File:Auto Racing Black.svg|50px]]
!Black
|Indicates that a driver is disqualified. It can be issued after a black and white flag.
|-
![[File:F1 red flag.svg|50px]]
!Red
|Immediately halts the race or session when the conditions become too dangerous to continue.
|-
![[File:F1 chequered flag.svg|50px]]
!Chequered flag
|End of the practice, qualifying, or racing session.
|}

===Points system===
{{Main|List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
!4th
!5th
!6th
!7th
!8th
!9th
!10th
|-
|style="background-color:#ffffbf"|25
|style="background-color:#dfdfdf"|18
|style="background-color:#ffdf9f"|15
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|12
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|10
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|8
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|6
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|4
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|2
|style="background-color:#dfffdf"|1
|}

Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. The current system, in place since 2010,{{efn|From 2019 to 2024, an additional point was awarded to the car which set the fastest lap, if that car finished inside the top 10.}} awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, with the winner receiving 25 points. Points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Points|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|website= formula1.com|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003050849/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8681/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A driver must be classified to receive points. They must complete at least 90% of the race distance to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting regulations: Classification|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8682/|website= formula1.com|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118032822/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8682/|url-status=live}}</ref>

From some time between the [[1977 Formula One season|1977]] and [[1980 Formula One season|1980]] seasons to the end of the [[2021 Formula One World Championship|2021 season]], if less than 75% of the race laps were completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table were awarded to drivers and constructors. The half-points rule was replaced by a distance-dependent, gradual-scale system for [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=2022 Formula One sporting regulations |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2022_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_5_-_2022-03-15.pdf |access-date=18 March 2022 |pages=4–5 |publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316112413/https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/2022_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_iss_5_-_2022-03-15.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Constructors==
{{See also|List of Formula One constructors|List of Formula One engine constructors|List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions}}

[[File:2025 Japan GP - Ferrari - Lewis Hamilton - FP1.jpg|thumb|[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] (pictured with [[Lewis Hamilton]]) have competed in every season of the championship.]]

A Formula One constructor is the entity credited with designing the chassis and the engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Verlin|first=Kurt|date=10 October 2017|title=Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors|url=https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|access-date=2 December 2020|website=The News Wheel|language=en-US|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231220547/https://thenewswheel.com/quick-guide-to-formula-one-constructors/|url-status=live}}</ref> If both are designed by the same company, that company receives sole credit as the constructor (e.g., [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]). If they are designed by different companies, both are credited, with the name of the chassis designer being placed before that of the engine designer (e.g., {{nowrap|[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]]}}). All constructors are scored individually, even if they share a chassis or engine with another constructor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1983 Constructor Standings|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|access-date=2 December 2020|website= formula1.com|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201065752/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1983/team.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a $450 million up-front payment to the FIA, which is then shared equally among the existing teams.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maher |first1=Thomas |title=Cadillac's $450m payment declared 'too low' for F1 2026 entry |url=https://www.planetf1.com/news/toto-wolff-cadillac-f1-team-anti-dilution-payment-too-low-f1-2026 |website=PlanetF1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en |date=18 January 2025}}</ref>

Since {{F1|1981}}, Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forix.autosport.com/8w/fiasco-introduction-timeline.html |title=Poachers turned gamekeepers: how the FOCA became the new FIA ''Part 1: Introduction and timeline'' |last=Diepraam |first=Mattijs |date=21 November 2007|website=forix.com |access-date=16 October 2010 |archive-date=11 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611091438/http://forix.autosport.com/8w/fiasco-introduction-timeline.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This requirement distinguishes Formula One from series, such as the [[IndyCar Series]], that allows teams to purchase chassis, and "[[spec series]]", such as [[FIA Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2]], that require all cars be built to identical specifications.<ref>{{cite web |title=NTT INDYCAR SERIES Prepares To Introduce Innovative New Car for 2028 |url=http://www.indycar.com/news/2025/06/06-21-newcar-update |website=IndyCar.com |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=F1 vs F2: what's the difference? |url=https://www.redbull.com/int-en/f1-vs-f2 |website=Red Bull |access-date=15 September 2025 |language=en |date=26 July 2023}}</ref> Despite this rule, however, two teams used chassis built by other teams in 2007. [[Super Aguri]] started the season using a modified [[Honda RA106|Honda Racing RA106]] chassis, while [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] used the same chassis used as its parent [[Red Bull Racing]] team, which was formally designed by a separate subsidiary. The exploitation of these loopholes was ended for 2010 with the publication of new technical regulations, which require each constructor to own the intellectual property rights to their chassis,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/interviews/2008/3/7527.html|title=Formula 1: Interview – Toro Rosso's Gerhard Berger|access-date=23 May 2008|date=23 May 2008|website= formula1.com|archive-date=26 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726075748/http://www.formula1.com/news/interviews/2008/3/7527.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Niko Hulkenberg-Test Days 2018 Circuit Barcelona (1).jpg|thumb|[[Renault in Formula One|Renault]] (pictured with [[Nico Hülkenberg]]) have had an active role in Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier since {{F1|1977}} before withdrawing from the series in {{F1|2026}}.]]

Ten out of the eleven teams competing in Formula One have some form of base in England, in an area centred around [[Oxfordshire]] called "Motorsport Valley".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=United Kingdom - Electric Vehicles/Autonomous Technologies |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-kingdom-electric-vehiclesautonomous-technologies |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=International Trade Administration |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Sam |date=2025-06-12 |title=F1 team HQs: Where each team is based and plan major upgrades |url=https://www.planetf1.com/features/where-f1-teams-based |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=PlanetF1.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Ferrari is the only team to not have an English presence and have both their chassis and engine assembly in [[Maranello]], Italy.<ref>{{cite web |title=A special 'home' called Maranello |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/architettura-maranello-ferrari-headquarters |work=Ferrari |access-date=16 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Racing Bulls]] is based close to Ferrari in [[Faenza]] but also has a base in [[Milton Keynes]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Racing Bulls has adopted its "location-free" approach with Red Bull relationship |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/how-racing-bulls-has-adopted-its-location-free-approach-with-red-bull-relationship/10700977/ |website=autosport.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321011255/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/how-racing-bulls-has-adopted-its-location-free-approach-with-red-bull-relationship/10700977/ |archive-date=21 March 2025 |access-date=2025-07-15 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> whilst [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] is based in [[Hinwil]], Switzerland, with a "technology centre" in [[Bicester]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sauber Motorsport Opens Technology Centre at Bicester Motion, UK |url=https://www.sauber-group.com/corporate/news/detail/sauber-motorsport-opens-technology-centre-at-bicester-motion-uk |access-date=2025-07-15 |work = Sauber Motorsports}}</ref> Haas is U.S.-based and has its primary base in [[Kannapolis, North Carolina]], with another facility in [[Banbury]] and a design office in Maranello.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Britain's Motorsport Valley – the home of Formula 1 |language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/23048643|date=26 June 2013|access-date=6 August 2021|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927174311/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/23048643|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |last2=Hardy |first2=Ed |title=Where are F1 teams based? Ferrari, Red Bull and more |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/where-are-f1-teams-based/10348715/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United States {{!}} Haas F1 Team |url=https://www.haasf1team.com/united-states |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Haas F1 Team |language=en}}</ref> [[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]] has bases in [[Fishers, Indiana]], [[Warren, Michigan]], and [[Silverstone]].<ref name="Cadillac-11th-team"/>

==Drivers==
{{See also|List of Formula One drivers|List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|List of Formula One driver numbers}}
[[File:Lap4 Canada2005.jpg|thumb|[[Kimi Räikkönen]] leading Michael Schumacher, with [[Jarno Trulli]] ([[Toyota in Formula One|Toyota]]) and [[Takuma Sato]] ([[British American Racing|BAR]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]]) fighting for positions at the [[2005 Canadian Grand Prix]]]]

Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in a Grand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in a season.<ref name="DriveChang" /> A team may also run two additional drivers during Free Practice sessions,<ref name="DriveChang"/> which are often used to test potential new drivers for a career as a Formula One driver or allow experienced drivers to evaluate the car.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Ida |title=The young drivers who used F1 free practice to make an impact |url=https://formulascout.com/the-young-drivers-who-used-f1-free-practice-to-make-an-impact/55299 |website=FormulaScout.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Most drivers are typically contracted for at least the duration of a season,<ref>{{cite web |title=How long do the F1 drivers' current deals last? |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-driver-contracts-from-max-verstappen-to-fernando-alonso-how-long-do-their.2Whfs8HMxllxTxHFbXVUMl |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> with driver changes taking place in-between seasons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Hamilton decided now was the time to jump to Ferrari |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/analysis-lewis-hamilton-mercedes-ferrari-switch-2025.17ehPp0qVZ60VQTCYSzMkN |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Recent years, however, have seen a move away from this trend, with teams replacing drivers such as [[Daniel Ricciardo]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ricciardo to leave RB as team get set for driver change |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-ricciardo-to-leave-rb-with-immediate-effect-as-team-get-set-for-mid.1O8CDJ6kYB9VsxpPrbqxX0#:~:text=%E2%80%9CEveryone%20here%20at%20VCARB%20would,foster%20a%20tight%20team%20spirit. |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Logan Sargeant]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Williams decided to axe Sargeant for Colapinto |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/analysis-williams-logan-sargeant-franco-colapinto-axed.5f9FpK122kaYg3Pj4fdnAK |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jack Doohan]] mid-season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colapinto to replace Doohan at Alpine for next five rounds |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/alpine-confirm-colapinto-to-replace-doohan-for-next-five-rounds-as-team-opt.4lH96VnGHyC45S3yjeJOMK |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Each competitor must be in the possession of an [[FIA Super Licence]] to compete in a Grand Prix,<ref name=AppL>{{cite web|title=Appendix L to the International Sporting Code|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/C30FA5AA9E36713DC125786B004EDCFC/$FILE/11.04.07_Annexe%20L_%202011.pdf|publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|date=7 April 2011|access-date=10 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002144005/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/C30FA5AA9E36713DC125786B004EDCFC/$FILE/11.04.07_Annexe%20L_%202011.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref> a licence that is issued to drivers who have met the criteria of success in junior motorsport categories and have achieved {{convert|300|km}} of running in a Formula One car in 2 days.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holding |first1=Joe |title=How do you get an F1 super-licence? |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/formula-one/how-do-you-get-f1-super-licence |website=Top Gear |date=25 October 2022 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref name=AppL/> Teams can also contract reserve drivers to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and develop the team's car.<ref>{{cite web |title=All the 2025 reserve drivers for every F1 team |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/all-the-2025-reserve-drivers-for-every-f1-team.rrmAe0qcgsARqNG07ZrqA |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> With the reduction in testing, however, the reserve drivers' role mainly takes places on a [[simulator]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coleman |first1=Madeline |title=The life of an F1 reserve driver: Sim time, data crunching — and Candy Crush |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5295836/2024/02/26/f1-reserve-drivers-explained/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=25 May 2025}}</ref> such as ''[[rFpro]]'',<ref name=rFPro>{{cite web|title=Taking the lag out of dynamics simulation|url=http://articles.sae.org/12760/|newspaper=SAE Automotive Engineering Magazine|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004173929/http://articles.sae.org/12760/|url-status=live}}</ref> which is used by most of the F1 teams.<ref name=rFProISI>{{cite web|title=History of the Image Space Inc. Software Engine|url=http://imagespaceinc.com/software.php|work=Image Space Incorporated|access-date=31 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033750/http://www.imagespaceinc.com/software.php|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Each driver chooses an unassigned number from 2 to 99 (excluding 17, which was permanently retired following the death of [[Jules Bianchi]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Number 17 to be retired in Bianchi's honour|url=https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/headlines/2015/7/number-17-to-be-retired-in-bianchis-honour.html|website= formula1.com|access-date=31 August 2015|date=20 July 2015|archive-date=9 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909203456/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/headlines/2015/7/number-17-to-be-retired-in-bianchis-honour.html|url-status=live}}</ref> upon entering Formula One and keeps that number during their time in the series. The number one is reserved for the reigning Drivers' Champion, who retains their previous number and may choose to use it instead of the number one.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benson|first=Andrew|title=Formula 1's governing body confirm drivers' numbers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/25694748|work=BBC Sport|access-date=21 March 2014|date=11 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112134808/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/formula1/25694748|url-status=live}}</ref> At the onset of the championship, numbers were allocated by race organisers on an ad hoc basis from race to race.<ref name="F1 number">{{cite web|last=Fearnly|first=Paul|title=F1's number conundrum|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/f1s-number-conundrum|newspaper= Motor Sport Magazine|access-date=4 February 2020|date=5 December 2013|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204220739/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/f1s-number-conundrum|url-status=live}}</ref>

Permanent numbers were introduced for the {{f1|1974}} season. Teams were allocated numbers in ascending order based on the Constructors' Championship standings at the end of the 1973 season. The teams would hold those numbers from season to season except for the team with the World Drivers' Champion, which would swap its numbers with the one and two of the previous champion's team.<ref name="drivernum">{{cite web |title=An Introduction to Driver Numbers in Formula 1 |url=https://www.williamsf1.com/posts/b0a21eb2-dacc-4831-ab49-c5f821e28af9/an-introduction-to-driver-numbers-in-formula-1 |website=Atlassian Williams Racing |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> New entrants were allocated spare numbers, except for the number 13, which has only ever been used by [[Divina Galica]] and [[Pastor Maldonado]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Adam |title=How F1 teams overcame superstition to embrace number 13 |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how-f1-teams-overcame-superstition-to-embrace-number-13/8133419/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Drivers' World Championship trophy 2004 replica front1 2019 Michael Schumacher Private Collection.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A replica of the trophy given to the F1 World Drivers' Champion at the end of the season]]

As teams kept their numbers for long periods of time, car numbers became associated with a team, such as [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari's]] 27 and 28.<ref name="F1 number" /> A different system was used from {{f1|1996}} to {{f1|2013}}. During that time, at the start of each season the current Drivers' Champion was designated number one, their teammate number two, and the rest of the teams assigned ascending numbers according to the previous season's Constructors' Championship order.<ref name="drivernum"/>

{{As of|2025}}, a total of 35 separate drivers have won the World Drivers' Championship, with Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton holding the record for most championships, each with seven.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginner's guide to the F1 Drivers' Championship |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-the-f1-drivers-championship.53MjXJzTDxQnfxfoCLnxNZ |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jochen Rindt]] is the only posthumous World Champion, after his points total was not surpassed despite his fatal accident at the [[1970 Italian Grand Prix]], with 4 races remaining in the season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wyatt |first1=Ben |title=Jochen Rindt: The F1 champion crowned beyond the grave |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/54973818 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=18 November 2020}}</ref> [[Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom|Drivers from the United Kingdom]] have been the most successful in the sport, with 21 championships among 11 drivers and {{#expr:204+{{F1stat|HAM|wins}}+{{F1stat|NOR|wins}}+{{F1stat|RUS|wins}}+{{F1stat|BEA|wins}}+{{F1stat|LIN|wins}}}} wins {{as of|2026|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom • STATS F1 |url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/united-kingdom.aspx |access-date={{F1 records date}} |website=statsf1.com}}</ref>

===Physical demands===
Driving in Formula One is highly demanding physically, with drivers typically burning around 1,000 calories per hour and losing up to 5% of their body weight per race.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Formula 1 drivers need to weigh the same at every race. See inside their intense training regimen. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/f1-drivers-weight-limit-fitness-training-diet-2023-10 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fit For F1: Why nutrition is so important for Formula 1 drivers |last=Hynes |first=Justin |date=25 February 2024 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/fit-for-f1-why-nutrition-is-so-important-for-formula-1-drivers.1kODg9YslcgdxBgKZT8FQ5 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website= formula1.com |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807211658/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/fit-for-f1-why-nutrition-is-so-important-for-formula-1-drivers.1kODg9YslcgdxBgKZT8FQ5}}</ref> A key reason for the physical demands is the extreme [[g-force]] generated by driving at high speeds, with modern Formula One cars capable of generating forces of up to 6.5 ''g''s when cornering (i.e. feeling a force equivalent to six and a half times their body weight), 6 ''g''s when braking, and 2 ''g''s when accelerating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Analysing 2017's massive rises in G-Force |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/video-analysing-2017s-massive-rises-in-g-force.vX8IhGjqmsaCoyy2uKKOi |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website= formula1.com |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205025721/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/video-analysing-2017s-massive-rises-in-g-force.vX8IhGjqmsaCoyy2uKKOi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2024 |title=G-Force in F1: What is it and how many G's do drivers experience during a race |url=https://www.gpfans.com/en/f1-news/1010709/f1-g-force/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=GPfans.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lane |first=Barnaby |title=I went through testing to discover what it takes to be a Formula One driver and I was left super impressed by just how fit, strong, and fast they have to be |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/f1-how-fit-strong-fast-do-drivers-have-to-be-2022-6 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Another factor is the high temperature inside the car, as the engine is mounted directly behind the driver. The temperature in the cockpit of a Formula One car can be as high as {{convert|60|°C|°F}}, and drivers have to wear several layers of fireproof [[Racing suit|clothing]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Adam |title=Why cockpit heat is such a big issue for F1 drivers |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/why-cockpit-heat-is-such-a-big-issue-for-f1-drivers/10535663/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why the Singapore Grand Prix is F1's toughest race |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/why-the-singapore-grand-prix-is-f1s-toughest-race/10617249/ |website=autosport.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The steering wheel and brake pedal also require considerable strength to operate. Before the introduction of [[power steering]] in the 2000s, drivers had to cope with steering forces of up to {{convert|40–50|Nm|lbft}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary of Honda Third-Era Formula One Chassis Development |url=https://www.hondarandd.jp/point.php?pid=595&lang=en |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Honda R&D}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Electric Power Steering System for F-1 Race Car |url=https://www.hondarandd.jp/point.php?pid=522&lang=en |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=Honda R&D}}</ref> while achieving maximum braking power requires drivers to apply around {{convert|330|lb|kg|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} of force to the brake pedal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Surprising Physical Demands of Being an F1 Driver |url=https://mph.com/news/54/the-surprising-physical-demands-of-being-an-f1-driver |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=MPH.com |date=26 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Every extra kilogram of weight noticeably reduces a drivers performance, as such, they must be light – though a minimum limit of {{convert|82|kg|lb|abbr=on}} has been enforced by the FIA "in the interests of well-being".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=F1 commission rules out points system change |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-commission-rules-out-points-system-change-and-sets-out-2026-pre-season.4ZmaeF5mnPLMkoHXtUoZLD |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> They also need to train for cardiovascular fitness since heart rates can, on average, exceed 170 bpm during a race.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holding |first=Joe |date=22 March 2021 |title=F1 Driver Training, What's their workout regime, diet, cardio, & more |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-driver-training-workout-regime-diet-cardio/5847575/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=motorsport.com |url-status=live |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228190543/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-driver-training-workout-regime-diet-cardio/5847575/}}</ref>

===Feeder series===
{{See also|Formula racing|FIA Global Pathway from Karting to Formula One}}
[[File:FIA F2 Austria 2024 Nr. 12 Colapinto.jpg|thumb|The [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]] (F2) has been the main F1 feeder series since {{F2|2017}}.]]
[[File:FIA F3 Austria 2024 Nr. 4 Fornaroli.jpg|thumb|[[FIA Formula 3 Championship]] (F3) has been the main F2 feeder series since [[2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship|2019]].]]

Most F1 drivers start in [[kart racing]] competitions and then progress through traditional entry-level European single-seater series such as [[Formula Ford]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nickless |first=Steve |date=2019-01-07 |title=Don't call it a comeback: Formula Ford at 50 is showing fresh legs |url=https://racer.com/2019/01/07/dont-call-it-a-comeback-formula-ford-at-50-is-showing-fresh-legs/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=racer.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Formula Renault]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2020-11-20 |title=Where Formula Renault is headed next, and how it got there |url=https://formulascout.com/where-formula-renault-is-headed-next-and-how-it-got-there/70938 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=FormulaScout.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Formula 4]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Messham |first=Paul |title=The Path to F1 |url=https://atlasf1.autosport.com/97/jpn/messham.html |access-date=2025-03-15|website=autosport.com}}</ref> From there, drivers typically progress to higher-level regional championships at the [[Formula Three]] level, which include championships such as [[British Formula 3 International Series|British F3]] and [[FIA Formula 3 European Championship|European F3]] historically, although similar series now hold the [[Formula Regional]] designation. In addition to this, there are also international F3 championships, including [[GP3 Series|GP3]] and its present-day successor, [[FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA F3]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Championnat F3 |url=https://www.art-grandprix.com/en/championnats/championship-f3/ |work=ART Grand Prix |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> The highest level series on the F1 ladder is the [[FIA Formula 2 Championship]]. In the past, the top level series was [[GP2 Series|GP2]] (2005–2016), [[International Formula 3000]] (1985–2004 under the [[Formula 3000]] class), and [[Formula Two]] (1948–1984).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newbold |first1=James |title=Formula 3000: In defence of F1's unloved feeder series |url=https://www.motorsport.com/fia-f2/news/formula-3000-f1-unloved-feeder-series/6201132/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Edmondson |first1=Laurence |title=GP2 renamed Formula Two |url=https://www.espn.in/f1/story/_/id/18864027/gp2-renamed-formula-two |website=ESPN India |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en |date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

Drivers are not required to have competed at all levels to enter Formula One. [[British F3]] has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions, including [[Nigel Mansell]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigel Mansell {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information/drivers-hall-of-fame-nigel-mansell.3mLYxotFMTyLgIRxilGObS |website=formula1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ayrton Senna]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ayrton Senna {{!}} Death, Crash, Biography, Titles, Movie, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ayrton-Senna |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en |date=9 August 2025}}</ref> and [[Mika Häkkinen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Skipping Class in School |url=https://atlasf1.autosport.com/2000/dec20/tytler.html |website=autosport.com |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> having moved straight from that series to Formula One. [[Max Verstappen]] made his F1 debut following a single season in [[FIA Formula 3 European Championship|European F3]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Max Verstappen: Formula 1's 'bull fighter' & the family that shaped him |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/59555388 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=9 December 2021}}</ref> More rarely, a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with [[2007 Formula One World Championship|2007]] World Champion [[Kimi Räikkönen]], who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 reasons why Top Gear loves Kimi Raikkonen |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/formula-one/10-reasons-why-top-gear-loves-kimi-raikkonen |work=Top Gear |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

[[American open-wheel car racing]] has also contributed to the Formula One grid. [[Championship Auto Racing Teams|CART]] champions [[Mario Andretti]] and [[Jacques Villeneuve]] became F1 World Champions, while [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] won seven races in F1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Drivers active in both IndyCar and F1 |url=https://honda.racing/indy-car-series/post/drivers-in-both-indycar-and-f1 |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=Honda Racing Corporation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Grands Prix==
{{See also|List of Formula One Grands Prix}}
[[File:Formula 1 all over the world.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|World map showing the location of Formula 1 Grands Prix: countries marked in green are on the current race schedule, those in dark grey have hosted a Formula One race in the past.{{efn|''De facto'' status of the territories is shown.}}]]

The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. The inaugural {{F1|1950}} World Championship season comprised only seven races,<ref name="inaugural season">{{cite web |title=1950 RACE RESULTS |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results/1950/races |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> alongside several non-championship Formula One events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non World Championship Grand Prix - 1950|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/1950-hc.aspx |website=statsf1.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> These, however, came to an end in 1983.<ref name="lastnopointsrace"/> The {{F1|2024}} season contained 24 races, the highest number of World Championship races in one season.<ref name="2024 calendar">{{cite web |title=F1 2024 calendar revealed: Saturday night Grands Prix in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia to kick off record 24-race season |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Sky Sports |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708215051/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12915418/f1-2024-calendar-revealed-saturday-night-grands-prix-in-bahrain-and-saudi-arabia-to-kick-off-record-24-race-season |url-status=live}}</ref>

Six of the original seven races took place in Europe;<ref name="inaugural season"/> the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the [[Indianapolis 500]], which was held to different regulations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coleman |first1=Madeline |title=F1 at 75: The historic tracks that held the sport's first world championship season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6350551/2025/05/13/1950-f1-75-anniversary/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> Some of these races pre-dated the formation of the World Championship, such as the [[French Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=French Grand Prix: Adding to the history of F1's oldest race |url=https://www.pirelli.com/global/en-ww/race/racingspot/formula-1/french-grand-prix-adding-to-the-history-of-f1-s-oldest-race-53352/ |website=pirelli.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=it}}</ref> Over time, the F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries. [[Argentine Grand Prix|Argentina]] hosted the first [[1953 Argentine Grand Prix|South American Grand Prix]] in {{F1|1953}}, and [[Moroccan Grand Prix|Morocco]] hosted the first [[1958 Moroccan Grand Prix|African Grand Prix]] in {{F1|1958}}. Asia and Oceania followed ([[Japanese Grand Prix|Japan]] in {{F1|1976}} and [[Australian Grand Prix|Australia]] in {{F1|1985}}), and the first race in the Middle East was held in {{F1|2004}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Since 2004: How Bahrain's International Circuit put Middle East on global F1 map with its first race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/since-2004-how-bahrains-international-circuit-put-middle-east-on-global-f1-map-with-its-first-race/articleshow/122916906.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=26 July 2025}}</ref> The 19 races of the {{F1|2014}} season were spread over every populated continent except for Africa, with 10 Grands Prix held outside Europe.<ref name="twenty fourteen"/>

The [[British Grand Prix|British]] and [[Italian Grand Prix|Italian]] Grands Prix are the only events to have been held every Formula One season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which country has hosted the most F1 races? |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/which-country-hosted-most-f1-races/10560961/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> The [[Monaco Grand Prix]] was first held in 1929 and has run continuously since [[1955 Monaco Grand Prix|1955]], except in 2020,<ref>{{cite web |title=Monaco announce cancellation of 2020 F1 race due to coronavirus {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/monaco-announce-cancellation-2020-f1-race.4tpwalvxWpDL0uwRMnV9TI |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> and is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Serene Highness Prince Rainier of Monte Carlo awarded the first FIA Gold Medal for Motor Sport|website=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|date=14 October 2004|url=http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115023910/http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2004/141004-01.html|archive-date=15 November 2007}}</ref>

All Grands Prix have traditionally been run during the day, until the inaugural {{F1 GP|2008|Singapore}} hosted the first Formula One night race in 2008,<ref name="night race">{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |title=Singapore confirms 2008 night race |website= formula1.com |date=11 May 2007 |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100517074908/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/5/6063.html |archive-date=17 May 2010 }}</ref> which was followed by the day–night [[Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] in 2009<ref>{{cite news | title=Abu Dhabi confirms 5 pm race start | url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78061 | publisher=autosport.com | date=29 October 2009 | access-date=30 October 2009 | archive-date=26 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215828/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/78061/abu-dhabi-confirms-5pm-race-start | url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Bahrain Grand Prix]], which was converted to a night race in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahrain switches to night race for 2014 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/bahrain-switches-to-night-race-for-2014.2VWwajOgHGr31qaC2A7s5g |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Other Grands Prix in Asia have had their start times adjusted to benefit the European television audience.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malaysia start time under review|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7985631.stm|work=BBC Sport|access-date=25 April 2014|date=6 April 2009|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530094916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7985631.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Contracted Grands Prix===
The following twenty-two Grands Prix have contracts to be hosted at the listed circuits for the {{F1|2026}} season: 

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
![[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]]
![[List of Formula One circuits|Circuit]]
! Contract ends
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|[[Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Yas Marina Circuit]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| 2030
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-renews-abu-dhabi-grand-prix-contract-until-2030.4oNR96dTUunnErAiruurFd.html|title=Formula 1 renews Abu Dhabi Grand Prix contract until 2030|date=9 December 2021|work=Formula 1|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612142007/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-renews-abu-dhabi-grand-prix-contract-until-2030.4oNR96dTUunnErAiruurFd.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Australian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Albert Park Circuit]], [[Melbourne]]
| 2037
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne In The Formula 1 Driver's Seat Until 2037 |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-formula-1-drivers-seat-until-2037|website=Premier of Victoria (Government of Victoria) |date=15 December 2022 |access-date=1 July 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218033731/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-formula-1-drivers-seat-until-2037 |archive-date=18 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Austrian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Ring]], [[Spielberg, Styria|Spielberg]]
| 2041
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-austria-through-to-2041-with-new-extension.HgOK1qQjX444utFdp1A6J|title=Formula 1 to race in Austria through to 2041 with new extension
|date=29 June 2025|work=Formula 1|access-date=1 July 2025 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629093324/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-austria-through-to-2041-with-new-extension.HgOK1qQjX444utFdp1A6J}}</ref>
|-
|[[Azerbaijan Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku City Circuit]], [[Baku]]
| 2030
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Cleeren |first=Filip |date=20 September 2025 |title=Azerbaijan GP secures F1 contract extension until 2030 |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/azerbaijan-grand-prix-nets-f1-contract-extension-until-2030/10760922 |work=Autosport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019234827/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/azerbaijan-grand-prix-nets-f1-contract-extension-until-2030/10760922 |archive-date=19 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], [[Montmeló]]
| 2032{{efn|The event will not be held in 2027, 2029 and 2031 under the rotational contract.}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-announces-multi-year-extension-with-the-circuit-de-barcelona-catalunya-to.34PBcnuzB9vYVzFIwdEgf4|title=F1 announces multi-year extension with the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya to race in rotation with Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|date=16 February 2026|work=formula1.com|access-date=16 February 2026|archive-date=16 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216182605/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-announces-multi-year-extension-with-the-circuit-de-barcelona-catalunya-to.34PBcnuzB9vYVzFIwdEgf4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Belgian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]], [[Stavelot]]
| 2031{{efn|The event will not be held in 2028 and 2030 under the rotational contract.}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Formula 1 announces multi-year extension with the Belgian Grand Prix|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-multi-year-extension-with-the-belgian-grand-prix.7FR5zJUgLAB7htZrRQUB07 |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=Formula 1 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[British Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Silverstone Circuit]], [[Silverstone]]
| 2034
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silverstone confirmed as host of the Formula 1 British Grand Prix until 2034 |url=https://www.silverstone.co.uk/news/silverstone-confirmed-home-formula-1-british-grand-prix-until-2034 |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Silverstone Circuit |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209050007/https://www.silverstone.co.uk/news/silverstone-confirmed-home-formula-1-british-grand-prix-until-2034 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Canadian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]], [[Montreal]]
| 2035
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rainbird |first1=Daniel |title=Canadian Grand Prix signs Formula One contract extension through 2035 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/canadian-grand-prix-jean-philippe-paradis-event-future-montreal-1.7562655 |work=CBC Canada |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinese Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai International Circuit]], [[Shanghai]]
| 2030
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2024 |title=Formula 1 to race in Shanghai until 2030 with new five-year extension |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-shanghai-until-2030-with-new-five-year-extension.773NjupGSMZ1sBQZUfTgY3 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=Formula 1 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207062217/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-shanghai-until-2030-with-new-five-year-extension.773NjupGSMZ1sBQZUfTgY3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Dutch Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Circuit Zandvoort]], [[Zandvoort]]
| 2026
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Formula 1 to celebrate final Dutch Grand Prix in 2026 after one-year extension confirmed for Zandvoort|date=4 December 2024|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-celebrate-final-dutch-grand-prix-in-2026-after-one-year.7EYLHSMGIJyqefI5tMjLrZ|work=Formula 1|language=en|url-status=live |archive-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201220318/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-celebrate-final-dutch-grand-prix-in-2026-after-one-year.7EYLHSMGIJyqefI5tMjLrZ}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hungarian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hungaroring]], [[Mogyoród]]
| 2032
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-to-race-in-hungary-until-2032.hKn4fTq1yH00eDOYi3Pbg.html|title=Formula 1 to race in Hungary until 2032|work=Formula 1|date=22 July 2023|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728013023/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-to-race-in-hungary-until-2032.hKn4fTq1yH00eDOYi3Pbg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Italian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Monza Circuit]], [[Monza]]
| 2031
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-monza-until-2031-with-new-six-year-extension.1ICunI10PkuvLwuozkjxQ8|title=F1 News: Formula 1 to race in Monza until 2031 with new six year extension|date=27 November 2024|work=formula1.com|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Japanese Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuka International Racing Course]], [[Suzuka, Mie|Suzuka]]
| 2029
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-to-race-in-japan-until-2029-after-new-five-year-extension.7yAlDYf8uDZBUBZn5fBcLx.html|title=Formula 1 renews Suzuka contract until 2029|date=9 December 2021|work=formula1.com|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612142007/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-renews-abu-dhabi-grand-prix-contract-until-2030.4oNR96dTUunnErAiruurFd.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Las Vegas Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Las Vegas Strip Circuit]], [[Paradise, Nevada]]
| 2027
|<ref>{{cite news|title=F1 gives two-year extension to Las Vegas Grand Prix|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-gives-two-year-extension-to-las-vegas-grand-prix/10732694/|work=Autosport|date=14 June 2025|access-date=1 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mexico City Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]], [[Mexico City]]
| 2028
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Formula 1 to race in Mexico City until 2028 with new three year extension|date=30 April 2025|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-mexico-city-until-2028-with-new-three-year-extension.5ulR004lsElEueJ1pZQnJV|access-date=1 July 2025|work=Formula 1}}</ref>
|-
|[[Miami Grand Prix]]
|{{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami International Autodrome]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida]]}}
| 2041
| <ref name="official name">{{Cite news|date=2 May 2025|title=Formula 1 to race in Miami until 2041 as new extension agreed|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-miami-until-2041-as-new-extension-agreed.6rJEbQ5yl00iLsHLTtYoEV|access-date=1 July 2025|work=Formula 1|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Monaco Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Circuit de Monaco]], [[Municipality of Monaco|Monaco]]
| 2035
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Monaco Grand Prix contract extended until 2035 by Formula 1 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/articles/c36k1wpk6wgo |work=BBC Sport |access-date=5 September 2025 |date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Qatar Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Lusail International Circuit]], [[Lusail]]
| 2032
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=F1 to hold first Qatar Grand Prix at Losail this November|url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/f1-to-hold-first-qatar-grand-prix-at-losail-this-november|access-date=2 February 2024|newspaper=Motor Sport Magazine|language=en-GB|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930114809/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/single-seaters/f1/f1-to-hold-first-qatar-grand-prix-at-losail-this-november|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[São Paulo Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Interlagos Circuit]], [[São Paulo]]
| 2030
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Formula 1 to race in Sao Paulo until 2030 after new five-year extension|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-race-in-sao-paolo-until-2030-after-new-five-year-extension.5UhmDjszyMNhTSbmPloxt9|access-date=1 July 2025|work=Formula 1|date=3 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Singapore Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Marina Bay Street Circuit]], [[Singapore]]
| 2028
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/formula1/2022/01/27/f1-signs-7-year-contract-extension-with-singapore-grand-prix/49726135/ |title=F1 signs 7-year contract extension with Singapore Grand Prix |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127104245/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/motor/formula1/2022/01/27/f1-signs-7-year-contract-extension-with-singapore-grand-prix/49726135/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |work=SA Today |date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Spanish Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madring]], [[Madrid]]
| 2035
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/madrid-formula-1-calendar-2026-spanish-grand-prix.rKwSPJ74MczwzDhHVxdQz|title=Madrid to join Formula 1 calendar from 2026 in new long-term deal|date=23 January 2024|work=Formula 1|access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[United States Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Circuit of the Americas]], [[Austin, Texas]]
| 2034
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-extension-of-the-united-states-grand-prix-through-2034.1Qxc1oXyrxaSVLKn2IPvRu|title=Formula 1 announces expansion of the United States Grand Prix through 2034|date=19 October 2025|work=Formula 1|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

The following three Grands Prix have contracts to be hosted at the listed circuit for the {{F1|2027}} season:
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
![[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]]
![[List of Formula One circuits|Circuit]]
! Contract ends
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|[[Bahrain Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain International Circuit]], [[Sakhir]]
| 2036
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Edmondson|first=Laurence|date=11 February 2022|title=Bahrain Grand Prix to remain in F1 until 2036|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/33265777/bahrain-grand-prix-signs-new-deal-remain-f1-2036|access-date=2 February 2024|work=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211114147/https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/story/_/id/33265777/bahrain-grand-prix-signs-new-deal-remain-f1-2036|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2026-cancellation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/bahrain-and-saudi-arabian-grands-prix-will-not-take-place-in-april.1hnqllVG85RSt8pbFc5Ivx|title=Bahrain and Saudi Arabian Grands Prix will not take place in April|date=15 March 2026|work=Formula 1|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Algarve International Circuit]], [[Portimão]]
| 2028
|<ref name="F1-return-Portugal">{{Cite news|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-to-return-to-portugal-in-2027-and-2028.6kRRgAnvEoGiOkJMkzp1Cr|title=Formula 1 to return to Portugal in 2027 and 2028|date=16 December 2025|work=Formula 1|access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| nowrap="" |[[Saudi Arabian Grand Prix]]
|{{flagicon|SAU}} [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit]], [[Jeddah]]{{efn|The event will move to a purpose built circuit in [[Qiddiya City]] in 2028.}}
| 2030
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=Jeddah expects to host F1 race until Qiddiya circuit is ready in 2027 |url=https://racer.com/2023/01/19/jeddah-expects-to-host-f1-race-until-qiddiya-circuit-is-ready-in-2027/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Racer |language=en-US |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162122/https://racer.com/2023/01/19/jeddah-expects-to-host-f1-race-until-qiddiya-circuit-is-ready-in-2027/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2026-cancellation"></ref>
|}

==Circuits==
{{See also|List of Formula One circuits}}
[[File:Monza aerial photo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Autodromo Nazionale Monza]], home to the [[Italian Grand Prix]], is the oldest purpose-built track still in use {{as of|2025|lc=y}}.]]
[[File:Circuit Sochi.svg|thumb|right|[[Sochi Autodrom]], host venue for the [[Russian Grand Prix]] from 2014 to 2021]]

Formula One races are held on [[List of motor racing circuits by FIA grade#Grade One|Grade A tracks]], the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA for tracks.<ref name="FIA Super">{{cite web|url= http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1797101136__Appendix_L_a.pdf |title= International Sporting Code |publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile |date= 28 March 2007 |access-date= 30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090806060829/http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1797101136__Appendix_L_a.pdf |archive-date= 6 August 2009}}</ref> Under the current regulations, circuit layouts and lap distances may vary considerably, provided that each Grand Prix covers a total race distance of {{convert|305|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Ed |date=4 December 2023 |title=How long is an F1 race? Laps, time, distance and more explained |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how-long-is-an-f1-race-laps-time-distance-explained/10554259/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=11 September 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102100530/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how-long-is-an-f1-race-laps-time-distance-explained/10554259/}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Monaco Grand Prix]], run over {{convert|260|km|mi|abbr=on}}, is the only exception to this rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile |date=31 July 2024 |title=FIA 2024 Formula 1 Sporting Regulations – Issue 7 |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/fia_2024_formula_1_sporting_regulations_-_issue_7_-_2024-07-31.pdf |page=4 |publication-date=31 July 2024 |quote=5.4 The distance of all races, from the start signal referred to in Article 44.10 to the end-of-session signal referred to in Article 59.1, shall be equal to the least number of complete laps which exceed a distance of 305km, with the exception of the two following circumstances: a) The distance of the race in Monaco shall be equal to the least number of complete laps which exceed a distance of 260km.}}</ref>}} While most tracks are made to be run in a [[clockwise]] direction, there are a handful of tracks in the Championship that are to be run anticlockwise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/circuit/index.html?season=2012 |title=Circuits |publisher=ESPN |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524072712/http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/circuit/index.html?season=2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A typical circuit features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated, with the [[pit lane]] normally located right next to it.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000trem_m9u1|publisher=Parragon |year=2002 |first1=Mark |first2=David |last1=Hughes |last2=Tremayne |author-link1=Mark Hughes (journalist)|author-link2=David Tremayne|isbn=0-75258-766-8 |pages=62–97|url-access=registration}}</ref> The pit lane is home to each team's garage, where cars are stored and serviced before a race. During a [[Pit stop#Formula One|pit stop]], drivers enter the pit lane to change their tyres, receive repairs or aerodynamic adjustments from their pit crew, or [[Did not finish|retire]] from the race (if the car is in a condition to do so). Prior to the [[2010 Formula One World Championship|2010]] season, pit stops also facilitated mid-race refueling of the cars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula 1 – 2010 season changes |url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8692 |website=formula1.com|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417224427/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/sporting_regulations/8692 |archive-date=17 April 2010 |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> Special pit roads and track markings help to make sure drivers pit and rejoin the track safely.<ref>{{cite web |title=How do F1 teams service their cars in less than two seconds? |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/anatomy-of-a-pit-stop-how-do-f1-teams-service-their-cars-in-less-than-two.5p9LNdd8XJdvP4mRsXoGsB |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{As of|2025}}, most of the circuits are specially constructed for competition, but the calendar also features several circuits that use converted public streets to varying degrees. These tracks include [[Circuit de Monaco|Monaco]], [[Albert Park Circuit|Melbourne]], [[Marina Bay Street Circuit|Singapore]], [[Baku City Circuit|Baku]], [[Miami International Autodrome|Miami]], [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit|Jeddah]], and [[Las Vegas Strip Circuit|Las Vegas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keith |first1=Paul |title=The best street circuits in motor racing |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/10-best-street-circuits-formula-1-motorsport-worldwide |website=Red Bull |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en-in |date=21 March 2024}}</ref> Three-time World champion [[Nelson Piquet]] famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room".<ref>{{cite web|last=Widdows |first=Rob |url=http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/f1/monaco-challenge-remains-unique/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424210656/http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/f1/monaco-challenge-remains-unique/ |title=Monaco Challenge Remains Unique |newspaper= Motor Sport Magazine |archive-date=24 April 2012 |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref>

Circuit design to protect the [[Safety in Formula One|safety]] of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by [[Hermann Tilke]], however, have also been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as [[Spa-Francorchamps]] and Imola.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Mark |date=1 October 2019 |title=Hermann Tilke responds to criticism of his track designs |url=https://www.planetf1.com/news/hermann-tilke-responds-to-criticism |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=PlanetF1.com |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119072652/https://www.planetf1.com/news/hermann-tilke-responds-to-criticism}}</ref> His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany, for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuit was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. However, it is generally agreed that these newer circuits meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones.<ref name="Track Des">{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Gemma |date=21 March 2009 |title=Tilke, tailor, circuit maker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/21/hermann-tilka-formula-one-designer |access-date=11 September 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120181721/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/mar/21/hermann-tilka-formula-one-designer |archive-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

The [[Circuit of the Americas]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], the [[Sochi Autodrom]] in [[Sochi]], and the [[Baku City Circuit]] in [[Azerbaijan]] have all been introduced as brand new tracks since 2012.<ref name="Track Des"/> In 2020, [[Algarve International Circuit]] debuted on the F1 calendar as the venue of the [[Portuguese Grand Prix]], with that country having last hosted a race in 1996;<ref>{{cite web |title=Formula 1 confirms Portuguese Grand Prix will take place on May 2 calendar slot {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-confirms-portuguese-grand-prix-will-take-place-on-may-2-calendar.3rIBafoGkoPn9OYMoNGm6k |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The Portuguese Grand Prix featured on the {{f1|2020}} calendar following the cancellation of events due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It featured on the {{f1|2021}} calendar for reasons unrelated to the pandemic.|name=POR-COVID}} Formula One announced its return to Portimão for the 2027 and 2028 seasons.<ref name="F1-return-Portugal"/> In 2021, [[Circuit Zandvoort]] returned to the F1 calendar as the [[Dutch Grand Prix]], having last hosted a race in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verstappen beats Hamilton at Dutch GP, retakes championship lead |url=https://www.espn.com/f1/report/_/id/600001768 |date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=ESPN |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127054216/https://www.espn.com/f1/report/_/id/600001768}}</ref> The [[Las Vegas Grand Prix]] entered the series in 2023.<ref name="VegasNightRace">{{Cite web |title=Las Vegas to host Formula 1 night race from 2023 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-las-vegas-to-host-formula-1-night-race-from-2023.69O9nKLwKraqAhR5rr8TQg |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website= formula1.com |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214183737/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/breaking-las-vegas-to-host-formula-1-night-race-from-2023.69O9nKLwKraqAhR5rr8TQg}}</ref>

==Cars and technology==
{{Main|Formula One car|Formula One engines|Formula One tyres}}

[[File:Button Spain 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Jenson Button]] in the [[Brawn BGP 001]]]]

Modern Formula One cars are [[mid-engined]], hybrid, semi-open cockpit, [[open-wheel]], single-seaters. The [[chassis]] is made largely of [[carbon-fibre composite]]s, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, including the driver but not fuel, weighs only {{convert|800|kg|lb|abbr=on}} – the minimum weight set by the regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elshebiny |first=Yara |date=March 23, 2025 |title=The F1 Car Weight Rule That Cost Leclerc And Gasly 2025 Chinese GP Results |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323141021/https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/03/23/the-f1-car-weight-rule-that-cost-leclerc-and-gasly-2025-chinese-gp-results/ |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=9 April 2025 |newspaper=Forbes |language=en-US}}</ref> If the construction of the car is lighter than the minimum, [[ballast]] can be added to reach the necessary weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby lowering the [[centre of gravity]] as much as possible in order to improve handling and [[weight transfer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2014/1/15408.html |title=A racing revolution? Understanding 2014's technical regulations |website= formula1.com |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109221052/http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2014/1/15408.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 }}</ref>

Aerodynamic [[downforce]], generated by the "wings" mounted at the front and rear of Formula One cars along with [[Ground effect (cars)|ground effect]] created by low air pressure under the flat bottom of the car, plays a large role in determining the car's ability to be handled at high speeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/evolution-of-f1-cars|title=Evolution of F1 cars|work=[[Red Bull Racing]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> A downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed, and a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in cornering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5281.html |title=Aerodynamics |website= formula1.com |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180548/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5281.html |archive-date=26 March 2014 }}</ref>

The other major factor facilitating the cornering of the cars is the design of the [[tyres]]. From {{F1|1998}} to {{F1|2008}}, Formula One did not use "[[slicks]]" as in most other circuit racing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of the cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |title=Tyres |access-date=4 July 2008 |website= formula1.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218202246/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5283.html |archive-date=18 December 2008 }}</ref> Slick tyres were reintroduced by Formula One in the {{F1|2009}} season, and are now exclusively supplied by [[Pirelli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beginner's guide to F1 tyres |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/the-beginners-guide-to-formula-1-tyres.61SvF0Kfg29UR2SPhakDqd |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Formula One cars must also have four wheels made of the same metallic material, which must be one of two [[magnesium alloy]]s specified by the FIA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/tyres-and-wheels.html|title=Tyres and wheels|website= formula1.com|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301141640/https://www.formula1.com/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/tyres-and-wheels.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Magnesium wheels|Magnesium alloy wheels]] made by [[forging]] are used to achieve maximum [[Unsprung weight|unsprung rotating weight]] reduction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dziubinska |first1=Anna |last2=Siemionek |first2=Ewa |last3=Surdacki |first3=Piotr |last4=Kulisz |first4=Monika |last5=Koczurkiewicz |first5=Bartosz |title=Review of Magnesium Wheel Types and Methods of Their Manufacture |journal=Materials |date=25 January 2024 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=584 |doi=10.3390/ma17030584 |pmid=38591406 |pmc=10856444 |bibcode=2024Mate...17..584D |doi-access=free |issn=1996-1944}}</ref> As of 2022, the wheels are covered with standardised wheel covers, the wheel diameter has increased from 13 inches to 18 inches, and small winglets have been placed over the front tyres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula 1 in 2022: Explaining the new rules and car changes as teams prepare for first launches |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=Sky Sports |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030411/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12524402/formula-1-in-2022-explaining-the-new-rules-and-car-changes-as-teams-prepare-for-first-launches |url-status=live }}</ref>

For most of the 21st century, Formula One cars have used [[double wishbone]] or [[Multi-link suspension|multilink]] suspensions at the front and rear, with pushrod-operated springs and [[Shock absorber|dampers]] on the [[chassis]], though there have been some notable exceptions.<ref>{{cite web |title=F1 EXPLAINER: What's the difference between pull-rod and push-rod suspension? {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/explainer-whats-the-difference-between-pull-rod-and-push-rod-suspension.1I3wL4LEL0nQZbKZbx1Dhz |website=formula1.com |access-date=3 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Red Bull Racing]] [[RB5]] used a pullrod suspension at the rear.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Gemma |last2=Bagchi |first2=Rob |title=F1 2010: Red Bull team guide |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/08/f1-2010-red-bull-team-guide |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=8 March 2010}}</ref> [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] used a pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their {{F1|2012}} car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/technical/2012/0/930.html|title=2012 Ferrari – pre-launch overview|access-date=2 February 2012|website= formula1.com|archive-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202081523/http://www.formula1.com/news/technical/2012/0/930.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In {{F1|2022}}, the [[McLaren]] [[McLaren MCL36|MCL36]] and the [[Red Bull Racing]] [[RB18]] switched to a pullrod front suspension and push rod rear suspension.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Red Bull Racing |url=https://www.redbullracing.com/int-en |access-date=2 March 2022 |work= Red Bull Racing |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301212942/https://www.redbullracing.com/int-en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis: The key feature on the MCL36 that McLaren are hoping will give them an edge on rivals |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.analysis-the-key-feature-on-the-mcl36-that-mclaren-are-hoping-will-give-them.6IaZdMm4KfhJmt9toSxVTO.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |website= formula1.com|language=en |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212182234/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.analysis-the-key-feature-on-the-mcl36-that-mclaren-are-hoping-will-give-them.6IaZdMm4KfhJmt9toSxVTO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Carbon-carbon]] [[disc brakes]] are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spurgeon |first1=Brad |title=Putting on the brakes to get ahead in formula one |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/sports/autoracing/putting-on-the-brakes-to-get-ahead-in-formula-one.html |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=New York Times |date=27 May 2016 }}</ref> The carbon material enhances the brakes by maintaining an effective performance under extreme heat. To optimise this, the brakes feature 1,000 ventilation holes, ensuring cooling and thus helping maximum performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Formula One Breaking Systems |url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/news/formula-one-brake-systems-explained |website=Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team}}</ref>

In {{F1|2022}}, the technical regulations were altered considerably in order to reduce the [[turbulence]] produced by the aerodynamics of the car. This includes a redesigned front and rear wing, larger wheels with a lower tyre profile, wheel covers, small winglets, the banning of [[Bargeboard (aerodynamics)|barge boards]], and the reintroduction of [[Ground effect (cars)|Ground effect]] downforce production. These changes have been made to allow cars to follow each other at much closer distances, by helping to prevent lower downforce in the following car due to "dirty air".<ref name="2022Car" />

[[File:BMW Sauber F1.06 engine.jpg|thumb|A [[BMW Sauber]] P86 V8 engine, which powered their {{F1|2006}} F1.06]]

In 2014, the engines were changed from a 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8 to turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 power units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|title=2013 engine changes approved, but postponement possible|date=3 June 2011|access-date=16 December 2012|website= formula1.com|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117085257/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12134.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> These run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol, get a significant amount of their power from electric motors, and include energy recovery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|title=FIA Sporting Regulations – Fuel|access-date=23 May 2008|website= formula1.com|archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908052019/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6852/default.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 [[rpm]] and produced over {{cvt|780|bhp|kW|disp=flip}}. Following the engine specification freeze, this was reduced to 19,000 rpm with limited development allowed in {{F1|2007}} and 18,000 rpm in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6851/|title=FIA Sporting Regulations – Engine|access-date=23 May 2008|website= formula1.com|archive-date=1 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501075024/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/rules_and_regulations/technical_regulations/6851/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7C4F8D883039AF6AC125757D00369C58/$FILE/1-2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS_Showing-Alterations_17-03-2009.pdf|title= FIA Formula One World Championship – 2009 Technical Regulations|access-date=4 April 2009|publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407080302/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7C4F8D883039AF6AC125757D00369C58/$FILE/1-2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS_Showing-Alterations_17-03-2009.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

A wide variety of technologies, including active suspension, are banned under the current regulations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Suspension_and_steering_systems.html |title=F1 regulations: Suspension and steering systems |access-date=9 August 2015 |website=formula1.com|archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822064341/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Suspension_and_steering_systems.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, the current generation of cars can reach speeds in excess of {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at some circuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Prix of Italy |url=http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |access-date=12 October 2006 |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609113707/http://www.fia.com/sport/Championships/F1/F1_Circuits/2006/Italy/circuit.html |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The highest straight line speed recorded during a Grand Prix was {{convert|372.6|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, set by [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] during the [[2005 Italian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fastest speed outright in a Formula One Grand Prix |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-outright-in-a-formula-one-grand-prix |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> During qualifying for the [[2016 European Grand Prix#Qualifying|2016 European Grand Prix]], [[Valtteri Bottas]] set a record top speed of 378 km/h (234.9 mph).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coleman |first=Madeline |title=F1 Azerbaijan GP track breakdown: Baku's unique challenge requires compromise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5760603/2024/09/12/f1-azerbaijan-gp-track-breakdown-baku-circuit/ |date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126130823/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5760603/2024/09/12/f1-azerbaijan-gp-track-breakdown-baku-circuit/ |archive-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

{{as of|2019}}, each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Spare_cars.html |title=F1 regulations: Spare Cars |access-date=9 August 2015 |website=formula1.com|archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822063733/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Spare_cars.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Each driver is limited to four engines during a championship season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Lewis Hamilton: Formula 1's three-engine limit for drivers 'sucks' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/41964197 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Power_Unit_and_ERS.html |title=F1 regulations: Power unit and ERS |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812044522/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Power_Unit_and_ERS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They are also allowed one new gearbox for every six consecutive races and three power units per season, beyond which they incur grid penalties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Transmission_gearbox.html |title=F1 regulations: Gearboxes |website= formula1.com |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822064019/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/rules-regs/Transmission_gearbox.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2026Engine">{{cite web |title=7 things you need to know about the 2026 F1 engine regulations|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/more-efficient-less-fuel-and-carbon-net-zero-7-things-you-need-to-know-about.ZhtzvU3cPCv8QO7jtFxQR |website= formula1.com |access-date=3 April 2024 |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403102337/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/more-efficient-less-fuel-and-carbon-net-zero-7-things-you-need-to-know-about.ZhtzvU3cPCv8QO7jtFxQR |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Revenue and profits==
For much of the sport's history, engine costs varied significantly between teams. In 2006, Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari each spent an estimated $200 million, Renault $125 million, while Cosworth developed its V8 for just $15 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=The real cost of F1 |publisher=F1 Racing |agency=Haymarket Publishing |date=March 2007}}</ref> From 2007, however, the sporting regulations banned performance-related engine development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mclaren.com/f1season/regulations.php|title= 2007 FIA Regulations|access-date=23 May 2007|work=McLaren Racing |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070520021421/http://www.mclaren.com/f1season/regulations.php |archive-date = 20 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The estimated cost of running a team was approximated to {{currency|193|GBP}} million as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sylt |first=Christian |date=20 April 2020 |title=Formula One budget cuts are expected to crash 1,600 jobs |language=en |newspaper =The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/04/20/formula-onebudget-cuts-expected-tocrash-1600-jobs/ |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614061916/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2020/04/20/formula-onebudget-cuts-expected-tocrash-1600-jobs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Formula One teams pay entry fees of $500,000, plus $5,000 per point scored the previous year, or $6,000 per point for the winner of the Constructors' Championship. Formula One drivers pay a [[FIA Super Licence]] fee, which in 2013 was €10,000, plus €1,000 per point.<ref name=aw>{{cite journal|last=Sylt|first=Christian|title=The Price of Power|journal=Autoweek|date=28 October 2013|pages=64–66}}</ref>

There have been controversies with the way profits are shared among the teams. The smaller teams have complained that the profits are unevenly shared, favouring established top teams. In September 2015, [[Force India]] and [[Sauber]] officially lodged a complaint with the [[European Union]] against Formula One, questioning the governance and stating that the system of dividing revenues and determining the rules is unfair and unlawful.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/29/formula-one-possible-investigation-european-union-force-india-sauber|title=F1 faces possible investigation from the European Union|date=29 September 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|agency=Press Association|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012755/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/29/formula-one-possible-investigation-european-union-force-india-sauber|url-status=live}}</ref>

The cost of building a brand-new permanent circuit can be hundreds of millions of dollars, while the cost of converting a public road into a temporary circuit is much less.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sylt |first1=Christian |title=The $1 Billion Cost Of Hosting An F1 Race |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2017/03/13/the-1-billion-cost-of-hosting-an-f1-race/ |website=Forbes |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Shanghai International Circuit]] cost over $300 million,<ref>{{cite news |last=Benson |first=Andrew |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3692888.stm |title=High price takes shine off F1 |work=BBC News |date=27 September 2004 |access-date=30 August 2009 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202022406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3692888.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Istanbul Park]] circuit cost $150 million to build.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pioneer-investors.com/news2.asp?newsid=2785 |title=Pioneer Investors |date=7 February 2006 |access-date=30 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823025428/http://www.pioneer-investors.com/news2.asp?newsid=2785 |archive-date=23 August 2009 }}</ref>

In the second quarter of 2020, Formula One reported revenues of $24 million, down from the previous year's $620 million, with an operating loss of $122 million, down from a profit of $26 million the previous year. This was a result of the delay of the racing championship start due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/67515b3a-9db9-49b0-9f56-130317ed3f08 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/67515b3a-9db9-49b0-9f56-130317ed3f08 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|title= F1 revenues almost wiped out by pandemic halt to races |newspaper=Financial Times|first=Samuel |last=Agini|date=10 August 2020|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

===Cost cap===
When Formula 1 began in 1950, the sport's governing body did not have any regulations limiting spending by a team. Over time, this led to teams with large budgets performing significantly better than their competitors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asher |first1=Richard |title=F1 cost cap: What is it and how does it work? |url=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-cost-cap-what-is-it-how-it-works/10379799/ |website=motorsport.com |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref> For instance, in 2019, Mercedes, the Constructors' Champion, spent $420 million, while the lowest-scoring teams, Williams and Haas, spent only $125 million and $150 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Chris |title=Formula One's Most Valuable Teams: Ferrari And Mercedes Gain Ground Amid A Cost-Cutting Tug-Of-War |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrissmith/2019/11/26/formula-one-team-values-ferrari-mercedes/ |access-date=19 August 2025 |newspaper=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rencken |first=Dieter |date=27 December 2019 |title=The cost of F1 2019: Team budgets analysed – part one |url=https://www.racefans.net/2019/12/27/the-cost-of-f1-2019-team-budgets-analysed-part-one/ |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=RaceFans.net |language=en-GB}}</ref>

To curb the growing advantage that these wealthier teams gained from extensive track time, the FIA first introduced a ban on unlimited private testing, before eventually implementing a cost cap of $175 million in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everything you need to know about F1 pre-season testing |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/everything-you-need-to-know-about-pre-season-testing-as-f1-heads-to-bahrain.5TFJ9pFqUKGP0B0lydxsF4 |website=formula1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It was reduced to $145 million soon after, due to the economic turmoil caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It fell further to $140 million in 2022, before settling at $135 million for the next three years.<ref name="globalsportsadvocates.com">{{Cite web |title=What You Need to Know About the F1 Cost Cap |url=https://www.globalsportsadvocates.com/blog/understanding-the-f1-cost-cap.cfm |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=Global Sports Advocates, LLC |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103094545/https://www.globalsportsadvocates.com/blog/understanding-the-f1-cost-cap.cfm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=F1 2024: A guide to the season – including calendar, sprint races, teams and drivers |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/67787837 |access-date=14 September 2024 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB |last=Chowdhury |first=Tasnim |date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117032143/https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/67787837 |archive-date=17 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="AutosportCap">{{cite web |last=Asher |first=Richard |date=2025-10-28 |title=All to know about the F1 cost cap |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-cost-cap-all-to-know/10379447/ |website=Autosport |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref>

Critics have argued that the cap might not be sufficient to close the gap in competition because it excludes certain expenses such as driver salaries, compensation for the three highest-paid staff members, and marketing costs.<ref name="globalsportsadvocates.com" /> In practice, however, the cost cap seems to have helped teams maximise efficiency and foster innovation within their financial means. McLaren started the [[2023 Formula One World Championship|2023 season]] as the slowest car on the track, with their drivers finishing outside the points. Seven months later, they were the fastest car on the grid in both qualifying and race pace, and, in [[2024 Formula One World Championship|2024]], they won the constructors' championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=How McLaren went from the back to the front of the F1 grid |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/timeline-how-mclaren-went-from-the-back-of-the-f1-grid-to-the-front-in-under.7jVgj0FPB8RGdJYDHHdMRu |website=formula1.com |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Future==
[[File:F1 yellow flag and SC sign.jpg|thumb|A sign announcing that the [[safety car]] (SC) is deployed]]

The expense of Formula One has seen the FIA and the Formula One Commission attempt to create new regulations to lower the costs for a team to compete in the sport.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=James|last2=Noble|first2=Jonathan|title=Small F1 teams hopeful of progress on cost cuts before season start|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/117446|website=autosport.com|publisher=Haymarket Media|access-date=8 March 2015|date=23 January 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323012933/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/117446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Changes2016>{{cite web|last1=Benson|first1=Andrew|title=Mercedes & Red Bull split on changes to F1 cars for 2016|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/31454550|work= BBC Sport|access-date=8 March 2015|date=13 February 2015|archive-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216000634/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/formula1/31454550|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following their purchase of the commercial rights to the series in 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Benson |first=Andrew |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/38723001|title= Bernie Ecclestone removed as Liberty Media completes $8bn takeover|date= 23 January 2017|work= BBC Sport|access-date= 23 January 2017|quote= Bernie Ecclestone has been removed from his position running Formula 1 as US giant Liberty Media completed its $8bn (£6.4bn) takeover of the sport.|archive-date= 26 February 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200226064633/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/38723001|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ir.libertymedia.com/news-releases/news-release-details/liberty-media-corporation-completes-acquisition-formula-1|title=Liberty Media Corporation Completes Acquisition of Formula 1|website=Liberty Media Corporation|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034434/http://ir.libertymedia.com/news-releases/news-release-details/liberty-media-corporation-completes-acquisition-formula-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Liberty Media]] announced their vision for the future of Formula One at the [[2018 Bahrain Grand Prix]]. Their proposal identified five key areas, including streamlining the governance of the sport, emphasising cost-effectiveness, maintaining the sport's relevance to road cars, and encouraging new manufacturers to enter the championship whilst enabling them to be competitive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Giles |title=Lewis Hamilton handed five-place grid penalty for Bahrain Grand Prix |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/06/f1-teams-proposal-cheaper-louder-engines-2021 |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=6 April 2018}}</ref> On 19 August 2020, it was announced that all 10 teams had signed the new Concorde Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All 10 teams reach new Formula 1 Concorde Agreement|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-all-10-teams-reach-new-formula-1-concorde-agreement.4jufgsSeN47TYwLhbcznXi.html|date=19 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020|website= formula1.com|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004003924/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-all-10-teams-reach-new-formula-1-concorde-agreement.4jufgsSeN47TYwLhbcznXi.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This came into effect at the start of the 2021 season and changed how prize money and TV revenue are distributed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barretto|first=Lawrence|title=What the new Concorde Agreement means for Formula 1|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.analysis-what-the-new-concorde-agreement-means-for-formula-1.1Z97Z6vRwfDTHVhGbSS510.html|date=19 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020|website= formula1.com|language=en|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822142434/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.analysis-what-the-new-concorde-agreement-means-for-formula-1.1Z97Z6vRwfDTHVhGbSS510.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Environmental impact===
Formula One has initiated a plan to become [[carbon neutral]] by 2030. By 2025, all events should have become "sustainable", including eliminating single-use plastics and ensuring all waste is reused, recycled, or composted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-announces-plan-to-be-net-zero-carbon-by-2030.5IaX2AZHyy7jqxl6wra6CZ.html|title=Formula 1 announces plan to be Net Zero Carbon by 2030|date=12 November 2019|website= formula1.com|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112101211/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-announces-plan-to-be-net-zero-carbon-by-2030.5IaX2AZHyy7jqxl6wra6CZ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A report conducted by Formula One estimated that the series was responsible for 256,000 tonnes of [[carbon dioxide]] emissions in the [[2019 Formula One World Championship|2019 season]], finding that 45% of emissions were from logistics and 0.7% were from emissions from the cars themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Net Zero Carbon: How Formula 1 is going to meet this ambitious target by 2030|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.net-zero-carbon-how-formula-1-is-going-to-meet-this-ambitious-target-by-2030.5QsK9NpYbz7pXp7423I3iJ.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website= formula1.com|language=en |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705222000/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.net-zero-carbon-how-formula-1-is-going-to-meet-this-ambitious-target-by-2030.5QsK9NpYbz7pXp7423I3iJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://corp.formula1.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Environmental-sustainability-Corp-website-vFINAL.pdf |title=2019 Carbon Dioxide Report |publisher=Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401202335/https://corp.formula1.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Environmental-sustainability-Corp-website-vFINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2020, the FIA and Formula One signed the United Nations Sports for Climate Action framework.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://formulaspy.com/f1/fia-and-formula-1-sign-un-sports-for-climate-action-framework-67105|title=FIA and Formula 1 sign UN Sports for Climate Action Framework|access-date=22 January 2020|website=FormulaSpy.com|date=22 January 2020|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731181801/https://formulaspy.com/f1/fia-and-formula-1-sign-un-sports-for-climate-action-framework-67105|url-status=live}}</ref> From the 2021 season onwards, all cars increased the bio-component of their fuel, using [[E10 fuel]], rather than the 5.75% of [[Ethanol fuel|ethanol]] previously used. This percentage is expected to grow again in the future.<ref name="2022Car" /> In December 2020, the FIA claimed that it had developed a fuel with 100% sustainability to be used in Formula One from either 2025 or 2026, when new engine regulations come into force.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Benson|first=Andrew|date=17 December 2020|title=F1: FIA says it has developed 100% sustainable fuel|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/55352108|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217163521/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/55352108|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Social inequities===
Before the beginning of the [[2020 Formula One World Championship]], F1 announced and launched the #WeRaceAsOne initiative.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Formula 1 launches #WeRaceAsOne initiative to help fight challenges of COVID-19 and global inequality|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-launches-we-race-as-one-initiative.3s2AhNDApNDzrCoQDc1RY8.html|access-date=11 January 2022|website= formula1.com|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810004101/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-launches-we-race-as-one-initiative.3s2AhNDApNDzrCoQDc1RY8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The initiative primarily focuses on visible displays of solidarity in the fight against racism on Grand Prix weekends, as well as the creation of a Formula 1 Task Force that will "listen to people from across the paddock [...] and make conclusions on the actions required to improve the diversity and opportunity in Formula 1 at all levels".<ref name=":02" /> The move stems from the growing questions about racism and global inequalities perpetuated by the sport.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mngqosini |first1=Sammy |title=Human rights group accuses motorsport's governing body of 'suppressing drivers' freedom of speech' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/25/motorsport/fia-freedom-of-speech-human-rights-intl-spt |website=CNN |access-date=3 November 2025 |language=en |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Onwurah |first1=Chi |title=Lewis Hamilton is right about diversity. But the issue goes way beyond motorsport |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/16/lewis-hamilton-motorsport-diversity-f1-commission-black-female-minorities |website=The Guardian |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

In addition to organization-wide measures, individual teams have also acknowledged deficiencies in the sport's cultural and political activism. During the 2020 season, the [[Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team]] conducted a study of its racial composition and found that approximately 95% of its workforce was white.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Luke|date=7 August 2020|title=Lewis Hamilton Is Demanding Change|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/sports/autoracing/lewis-hamilton-formula-1-diversity.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807151729/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/sports/autoracing/lewis-hamilton-formula-1-diversity.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-access=registration |url-status=live|access-date=11 January 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In effort to change this, they ran a black livery to promote anti-racism messages and also launched the Accelerate 25 programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mercedes to race in black F1 livery in message against racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jun/29/mercedes-lewis-hamilton-unveil-new-black-f1-livery-in-message-against-racism |website=The Guardian |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> The program vows that approximately 25% of all new hires to the team will come from underrepresented minorities in the series until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Launches 'Accelerate 25' Diversity & Inclusion Programme|url=https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/news/2020/12/mercedes-launches-accelerate-25-diversity-inclusion-programme/|access-date=11 January 2022|work= Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS F1 Team|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111030404/https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/news/2020/12/mercedes-launches-accelerate-25-diversity-inclusion-programme/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 20 drivers on the grid also stood in solidarity on multiple occasions in the fight against racism, both on and off the track. Following the [[murder of George Floyd]] in the summer of 2020, all twenty drivers wore "End Racism" shirts and took part in an organised anti-racism protest during the pre-race formalities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formula One drivers wear 'End Racism' shirts and take a knee before season opener|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/formula-one-drivers-wear-end-racism-shirts-take-knee-season-n1232925|access-date=11 January 2022|newspaper=NBC News|date=5 July 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111025332/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/formula-one-drivers-wear-end-racism-shirts-take-knee-season-n1232925|url-status=live}}</ref> In the following season, Lewis Hamilton remained vocal through his race weekend attire, with other drivers occasionally wearing change-demanding clothing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=Lewis Hamilton admits change of approach in fight against racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/apr/01/lewis-hamilton-admits-change-of-approach-in-fight-against-racism |access-date=26 October 2024 |newspaper=The Guardia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211101512/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/apr/01/lewis-hamilton-admits-change-of-approach-in-fight-against-racism |archive-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

==Women in Formula One==
Since the creation of Formula One in 1950, [[List of female Formula One drivers|five women]] have competed in a Grand Prix, only one of whom finished within the points.<ref name="Lombardi">{{cite web |title=Trailblazing racer Lella Lombardi remembered, 30 years on from her death {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/trailblazing-racer-lella-lombardi-remembered-30-years-on-from-her-death.6zz9pupcxc97yy5SEL1kkR |website=formula1.com |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The involvement of women in the Formula One paddock has ranged from team principals, race engineers, and strategists to media and communications personnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influential women from every decade of F1 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/fearless-racers-and-engineering-masterminds-influential-women-from-every.2kEoo0yUGSjhal6EpuBNZI |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> With the release of the Netflix show, [[Formula 1: Drive to Survive|''Drive to Survive'']], female viewership of the series has risen.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=How a Netflix show 'Drive to Survive' transformed F1's global popularity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/formula-one/news/how-a-netflix-show-drive-to-survive-transformed-f1s-global-popularity/articleshow/118326343.cms |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2019, 20% of the total Formula One viewership was female, and by 2022 this number had increased to 40%.<ref name="FemaleFans">{{Cite web |title='Leading the way to change' – How the growth of female fans and F1 ACADEMY are encouraging women to explore opportunities in motorsport |url=https://www.f1academy.com/Latest/6Rcggc1UglZIVXmoW2TphW/leading-the-way-to-change-how-the-growth-of-female-fans-and-f1-academy-are |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=F1Academy.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Drivers===
[[Maria Teresa de Filippis]] was the first woman to compete in the series at the [[1958 Monaco Grand Prix]]. She drove in a total of five Grands Prix, racing under the Italian flag, and has been hailed as a pioneer of women in motorsport.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Maria Teresa de Filippis, Pioneer of Auto Racing, Dies at 89|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/sports/autoracing/maria-teresa-de-filippis-pioneer-of-auto-racing-dies-at-89.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 16 January 2016|access-date = 11 February 2016|issn = 0362-4331|first = Daniel E.|last = Slotnik}}</ref>

[[Lella Lombardi]] is the only woman to place within the points at a Formula One Grand Prix. She competed in three seasons, entering seventeen races and starting twelve.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fearnley |first1=Paul |title=Lella Lombardi: She made her point |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-2015/110/she-made-her-point/ |website=Motor Sport Magazine |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=28 August 2015}}</ref> After finishing sixth in the [[1975 Spanish Grand Prix]], Lombardi became the first and only woman to score points during an official Formula One Grand Prix. Due to the race not reaching full completion, half points were awarded, and Lombardi only gained 0.5 points.<ref name="Lombardi"/>

[[Desiré Wilson]] is the only woman to win a Formula One race of any kind, winning the second round of the [[1980 British Formula One Championship|1980 Aurora AFX F1 Championship]].<ref name="Small">{{cite book |last=Small |first=Steve |title=The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who |year=1994 |publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]] |location=Enfield |isbn=0-85112-702-9 |page=415 }}</ref>

[[Giovanna Amati]] was the last female driver to attempt to qualify for a Formula One Grand Prix. In 1992, she was signed by Brabham and participated in three races—South Africa, Mexico, and Brazil—but failed to qualify for any of them. Amati faced significant challenges, including an underperforming car and limited testing opportunities. She was replaced by Damon Hill after Brabham struggled with financial difficulties and performance issues.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nathanson |first=Patrick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/34771317 |title=Giovanna Amati: The remarkable story of F1's last female driver |date=13 November 2015 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=BBC Sport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717071053/https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/34771317 |archive-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> Her participation also marked the last time a female driver was officially listed on an F1 entry list until [[Susie Wolff]] took part in free practice sessions for Williams during her four years with the team as a development driver.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benson |first1=Andrew |title=Susie Wolff to drive for Williams in F1 race practice sessions |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/26303405 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Holding |first1=Joe |title=Susie Wolff retires from motorsport, saying F1 seat 'didn't look achievable' |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/formula-one/susie-wolff-retires-motorsport-saying-f1-seat-didnt-look-achievable |website=Top Gear |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2022, Formula One announced the creation of [[F1 Academy]] in an effort to "change perceptions and inspire the next generation of girls".<ref name="FemaleFans" /><ref>{{cite web |title=F1 Academy: Formula 1 announces F1 Academy, a new all-female driver series for 2023 {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-f1-academy-a-new-all-female-driver-series-for-2023.6EAcJceyDTqjKkMcPMwk9e |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It is the only female single-seater racing championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=F1 Academy: All 10 F1 teams to have drivers and liveries for 2024 season in all-female single-seater series |url=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/12927995/f1-academy-all-10-f1-teams-to-have-drivers-and-liveries-for-2024-season-in-all-female-single-seater-sereies |website=Sky Sports |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> Its inaugural championship was won by [[Marta García (racing driver)|Marta García]] of [[Prema Racing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Marta Garcia wins inaugural F1 Academy title |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/marta-garcia-wins-inaugural-f1-academy-title-after-thrilling-race-1-victory.4mPPK3ZsfT5HeIKzgCwteP |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The establishment of F1 Academy has attracted significant levels of attention to women in motorsport. [[Netflix]] premiered a docuseries in 2025 about the academy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coleman |first1=Madeline |title=F1 Academy's Netflix debut opens doors, but struggles to tell the series' full story |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6449049/2025/06/25/f1-academy-netflix-series-review/ |website=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2025 |date=25 June 2025}}</ref> In addition to this, companies such as [[Tommy Hilfiger (company)|Tommy Hilfiger]],<ref>{{cite web |title=F1 ACADEMY announces Tommy Hilfiger as Official Partner |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/f1-academy-announces-tommy-hilfiger-as-official-partner.4XdnOGz3DOM7wsmGw6q8CG |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Charlotte Tilbury Beauty|Charlotte Tilbury]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilbury |first=Charlotte |date=16 February 2024 |title=Charlotte Tilbury X F1 Academy |url=https://www.charlottetilbury.com/us/secrets/charlotte-tilbury-f1-academy |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=Charlotte Tilbury |language=en-us}}</ref> and [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]<ref>{{cite web |title=PUMA and F1 Academy™ join forces in new partnership {{!}} PUMA® |url=https://about.puma.com/en/newsroom/news/puma-and-f1-academytm-join-forces-new-partnership |website=PUMA |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> have become sponsors due to the sport's increasing popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adgate |first=Brad |title=Here's Why Formula 1 Racing Is Growing In Popularity With Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradadgate/2024/03/11/heres-why-formula-1-racing-is-growing-in-popularity-with-women/ |date=11 March 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024 |newspaper=Forbes |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114134736/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradadgate/2024/03/11/heres-why-formula-1-racing-is-growing-in-popularity-with-women/}}</ref>

===Team personnel===
Austrian [[Monisha Kaltenborn]] became the sport's first-ever female team principal when she took over the role at [[Sauber Motorsport|Sauber Formula One Team]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Ms Monisha KALTENBORN, AUSTRIA |url=https://www.fia.com/profile/ms-monisha-kaltenborn-austria |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile |language=en}}</ref> English [[Claire Williams]] became the only other woman to ever manage a Formula One team when she assumed the role of Deputy Team Principal for Williams Racing in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Parkes|work=The Independent|date=27 March 2013|title=Frank Williams promotes daughter Claire to deputy team principal at F1 team|access-date=27 May 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/frank-williams-promotes-daughter-claire-to-deputy-team-principal-at-f1-team-8551205.html}}</ref>

{{As of|2025}}, [[Hannah Schmitz]] holds the role of principal strategy engineer at [[Red Bull Racing]]. She has been with the team since 2009 and has played a strong role in its victories in 2021, 2022, and 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Coleman |first=Madeline |title='The linchpin': How F1 strategy expert Hannah Schmitz helps keep Red Bull on top |work=The New York Times |date=30 May 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4514419/2023/05/15/hannah-schmitz-red-bull-strategy-f1/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624064725/https://theathletic.com/4514419/2023/05/15/hannah-schmitz-red-bull-strategy-f1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in [[2025 Formula One World Championship|2025]], [[Laura Müller (motorsport)|Laura Müller]] has served as the [[race engineer]] for [[Esteban Ocon]] at [[Haas F1 Team|Haas]], making her the first woman to serve as a race engineer on a full-time basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elshebiny |first=Yara |date=22 January 2025 |title=Haas' Laura Mueller Becomes First Female Race Engineer In F1 History |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yaraelshebiny/2025/01/22/haas-appoints-laura-mueller-as-first-female-race-engineer-in-f1/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |newspaper=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2025 |title=Mueller becomes F1's first female Race Engineer at Haas |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/laura-mueller-becomes-f1s-first-female-race-engineer-as-haas-confirm-key.3gFdz46OphteLHNKnGAIM6 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=formula1.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
{{See also|List of Formula One broadcasters}}

Formula One is broadcast live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory, and attracts one of the largest global television audiences.<ref name="broadcast">{{cite web |title=F1 Broadcast Information {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information/f1-broadcast-information.45y3LNsT1D6VoK0ZmX8ciJ |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The cumulative television audience for the 2001 season, which was broadcast to 200 territories, was calculated to be 54 billion,<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC Sports |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/1842217.stm |title=F1 viewing figures drop |date=26 February 2002 |access-date=10 March 2007 |quote=The cumulative figure, which exceeds the total population of the planet by many times, counts all viewers who watch F1 on any programme at any time during the year. |archive-date=7 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407064920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/1842217.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and has since fallen to 1.55 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formula 1 announces TV, race attendance and digital audience figures for 2021 {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-announces-tv-race-attendance-and-digital-audience-figures-for-2021.1YDpVJIOHGNuok907sWcKW |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

All broadcasters are provided with an identical world feed produced by [[Formula One Management]] (FOM).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Kunal |title=For F1 fans in India, lack of official broadcaster is sign of larger malaise |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/for-f1-fans-in-india-hotstar-s-loss-of-streaming-rights-is-sign-of-larger-malaise-11683791926945.html |website=Mint |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en |date=11 May 2023}}</ref> Previously, this footage was provided by local broadcasters who provided one feed for all, or two separate feeds – a feed for local viewers and a feed for international viewers. This approach was significantly criticised as viewers would tend to miss out on important action and incidents due to local biases.<ref name="Broadcast">{{cite web |last1=Seymour |first1=Mike |title=Insight: How F1 TV takes fans to the heart of the action |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/insight-how-f1-tvs-ever-evolving-presenter-pundit-and-production-team-take.73cTy4IgiS71O2k8Fkibir |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=formula1.com |language=en}}</ref>

An enhanced package called [[F1 Digital+]] was launched by FOM in 1996, which included live broadcast of all sessions as well as additional channels, including onboard and pit-lane cameras. It was initially only offered in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, though it later became available in France, Italy, Spain, and the UK.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Piranha Club |last=Collings |first=Timothy |publisher=Virgin Books |year=2001 |isbn=1-85227-907-9 |page=237}}</ref> The service was never financially viable and was discontinued at the end of [[2002 Formula One season|2002]].<ref name="F1+ Digital">{{cite web |title=Digital F1 service scrapped |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/2502589.stm |last=Warren |first=Dan |work=BBC Sport Online |date=12 December 2002}}</ref>

The official Formula One website has live timing charts that can be used during the race to follow the leaderboard in real time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Improved Live Timing on F1.com for the 2022 season {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/improved-live-timing-on-f1-com-for-the-2022-season.3Y1ipx839mv7xeteTqQ8Mk |website=formula1.com |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> An official [[smartphone]] application, that has been available for the [[Apple App Store]] since 2009<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Official timing application for iPhone announced |url=https://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/6/9499.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617083209/https://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/6/9499.html |archive-date=17 June 2009 |access-date=20 November 2017 |website= formula1.com}}</ref> and on [[Google Play]] since 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Play Store |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.softpauer.f1timingapp2014.basic |url-status=live |publisher=Google Play Store"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314100356/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.softpauer.f1timingapp2014.basic |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> shows users a real-time feed of driver positions, timing, and commentary.<ref>{{cite web |title=F1 launches Live Timing in dedicated app |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/subscribe/download-the-official-f1-live-timing-app.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310010157/https://www.formula1.com/en/subscribe/download-the-official-f1-live-timing-app.html |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website= formula1.com}}</ref> On 26 November 2017, Formula One unveiled a new logo, which replaced the previous "flying one" in use since 1993.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2017 |title=Formula One unveils new logo |url=http://www.espn.in/f1/story/_/id/21568245/f1-formula-one-unveils-new-logo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128012416/http://www.espn.in/f1/story/_/id/21568245/f1-formula-one-unveils-new-logo |archive-date=28 November 2017 |access-date=27 November 2017 |website=ESPN}}</ref>

In March 2018, Formula One announced the launch of F1 TV, an [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top streaming platform]] that lets viewers watch multiple simultaneous video feeds and timing screens in addition to traditionally directed race footage and commentary.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Formula 1 to launch F1 TV, a live Grand Prix subscription service |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/2/formula-1-to-launch-f1-tv-a-live-grand-prix-subscription-service.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041604/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/headlines/2018/2/formula-1-to-launch-f1-tv-a-live-grand-prix-subscription-service.html |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=10 March 2018 |website=formula1.com}}</ref> In April 2024, FOM launched a [[free ad-supported streaming television]] channel known as the Formula 1 Channel in the United States, which plays classic Grands Prix, documentaries, and analysis from past races.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cleeren |first1=Filip |date=25 April 2024 |title=F1 announces 24/7 streaming channel in the US |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-announces-24-7-streaming-channel-in-the-us/10603093/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525111344/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-announces-24-7-streaming-channel-in-the-us/10603093/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=autosport.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Television broadcasters===
In the United Kingdom, several companies have retained the right to broadcast races. In 2012, [[BSkyB|Sky]] launched a dedicated channel, [[Sky Sports F1]], which covered all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions, along with F1 programming, including interviews, archive action, and magazine shows.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://badgergp.com/2011/12/qa-with-sky-f1-a-chat-with-martin-david-and-ted/|title=Q&A with Sky F1|last=Mills|first=Adam|date=13 December 2011|publisher=Badger GP|access-date=21 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108034339/http://badgergp.com/2011/12/qa-with-sky-f1-a-chat-with-martin-david-and-ted/|archive-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> The BBC retained similar rights until 2015, when they ended their contract three years earlier than planned.<ref name="bbctoc4">{{cite news |last=Sweney |first=Mark |date=21 December 2015 |title=F1 snapped up by Channel 4 as BBC exits deal early |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/dec/21/formula-one-channel-4-bbc-deal |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731202843/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/dec/21/formula-one-channel-4-bbc-deal |url-status=live }}</ref> The free-to-air TV rights were picked up by [[Channel 4]] until the end of the 2018 season.<ref name="C4F1">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-becomes-terrestrial-home-of-formula-1 |title=Channel 4 becomes terrestrial home of Formula 1 |work=Channel 4 |date=21 December 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115714/http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-becomes-terrestrial-home-of-formula-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2025, BBC Radio 5 Live, 5 Sports Extra, and BBC Sounds have rights to such coverage until 2028.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formula 1: BBC Radio 5 Live & BBC Sounds secure radio rights in UK |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/articles/c62krne1l4wo |work=BBC Sport |access-date=19 August 2025 |date=13 March 2025}}</ref>

In Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa, Formula One is broadcast by [[beIN Sports]]. In India, sessions are broadcast by streaming service [[FanCode]] and satellite television provider [[Tata Play]]. In China, the rights are held by [[Tencent]], [[Guangdong Television|Guangdong TV]], and [[Shanghai Television|Shanghai TV]].<ref name="broadcast"/>

In the United States, [[ESPN]] has held the rights since 2013, carrying the broadcast and commentary feed provided by Sky Sports UK.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Luke |date=2025-03-19 |title=Netflix? ESPN? Amazon? Why the race for F1's U.S. TV rights could change the sport |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6129337/2025/02/12/f1-tv-rights-netflix-espn-amazon-streaming/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The New York Times |language= |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to ''[[The Athletic]]'', the fee paid by ESPN is estimated at $90 million per year as of 2025, with the current deal set to expire after the 2025 season.<ref name=":4"/> Ahead of the [[2025 United States Grand Prix]], it was announced that [[Apple Inc.]] had acquired the U.S. rights to Formula One under a five-year deal; most coverage will be exclusive to [[Apple TV (streaming service)|Apple TV subscribers]], with practice sessions and selected races available for free.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marchand |first=Andrew |date=2025-10-17 |title=F1 must now navigate the slipstream of Apple's previous media deals with MLB, MLS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6724507/2025/10/17/f1-apple-tv-media-tim-cook-eddie-cue/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-17 |title=Apple swoops on exclusive F1 US TV rights amid expansion into sports |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2025/oct/17/apple-f1-us-tv-rights |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Switzerland, the exclusive rights are held by [[Pay television|pay TV]] broadcaster [[Sky Sport (Germany)|Sky Sport]].<ref name="broadcast"/> The rights were previously shared with free-to-air channel [[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL]] for many years, which had broadcast all Formula One qualifying and racing sessions since 1991, but lost its rights after the 2020 season due to being outbid by Sky Sport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niemeier |first=Timo |date=2018-01-25 |title=Nach fast 30 Jahren: RTL steigt aus der Formel 1 aus |url=https://www.dwdl.de/nachrichten/78157/nach_fast_30_jahren_rtl_steigt_aus_der_formel_1_aus/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=DWDL.de |language=de}}</ref> Despite no longer holding the rights themselves, RTL has broadcast selected sessions on free-to-air television and its streaming service [[RTL+]] as part of various sublicensing agreements with Sky Sport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weis |first=Manuel |date=2021-03-05 |title=Formel 1 zurück bei RTL, Sky bekommt Europa-League-Rechte |url=https://www.dwdl.de/nachrichten/96092/formel_1_zurueck_bei_rtl_sky_zwei_europaleaguespiele_pro_woche/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=DWDL.de |language=de}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Formula One}}
* [[Formula One video games]]
* [[Go-kart]]
* [[DHL Fastest Lap Award]]
* [[DHL Fastest Pit Stop Award]]
* [[FIA Pole Trophy]]
* [[Overtake Award]]
* [[Lorenzo Bandini Trophy]]
* [[Formula One Esports Series]]
* [[Historic Formula One Championship]]
* [[British Formula One Championship]]
* [[South African Formula One Championship]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Arron, Simon & Hughes, Mark (2003). ''The Complete Book of Formula One''. Motorbooks International. {{ISBN|0-7603-1688-0}}.
* Gross, Nigel et al. (1999). "Grand Prix Motor Racing". In, ''100 Years of Change: Speed and Power'' (pp. 55–84). Parragon.
* Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). ''Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition)''. Haynes, Sparkford, UK. {{ISBN|1-84425-223-X}}.
* Higham, Peter (2003). ''The international motor racing guide''. David Bull, Phoenix, AZ, USA. {{ISBN|1-893618-20-X}}.
* {{cite web |title=Inside F1 |date=2011 |url=http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/ |website= formula1.com |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111070300/http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/ |url-status=live }}
* Jones, Bruce (1997). ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One''. Hodder & Stoughton.
* Jones, Bruce (1998). ''Formula One: The Complete Stats and Records of Grand Prix Racing''. Parragon.
* Jones, Bruce (2003). ''The Official ITV Sport Guide: Formula One Grand Prix 2003''. Carlton. Includes foreword by Martin Brundle. {{ISBN|1-84222-813-7}}.
* Jones, Bruce (2005). ''The Guide to 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship: The World's Bestselling Grand Prix Guide''. Carlton. {{ISBN|1-84442-508-8}}.
* Lang, Mike (1981–1992). ''Grand Prix! volumes 1–4''. Haynes, Sparkford, UK.
* Menard, Pierre (2006). ''The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1, 5th edition''. Chronosport, Switzerland. {{ISBN|2-84707-051-6}}
* Miltner, Harry (2007). ''Race Travel Guide 2007''. egoth: Vienna, Austria. {{ISBN|978-3-902480-34-7}}
* Small, Steve (2000). ''Grand Prix Who's Who (3rd edition)''. Travel Publishing, UK. {{ISBN|1-902007-46-8}}.
* Tremayne, David & Hughes, Mark (1999). ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One''. Parragon
* Twite, Mike. "Formula Regulations: Categories for International Racing" in Northey, Tom, ed. ''The World Of Automobiles'', Volume 6, pp. 701–3. London: Phoebus, 1978.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Navboxes|list=
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{{Formula One Championship}}
{{Formula One races}}
{{Formula One circuits}}
{{Formula One constructors}}
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{{Formula One World Constructors' Champions}}
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[[Category:Formula One| ]]
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Raazi

2026-03-27T10:03:34Z

Peter05220035516: added references

{{Short description|2018 spy thriller film by Meghna Gulzar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raazi
| image = Raazi - Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Vineet Jain]]|[[Karan Johar]]|Hiroo Yash Johar|[[Apoorva Mehta]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Bhavani Iyer]] Meghna Gulzar {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Meghna Gulzar}}
| story = Harinder Sikka
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Calling Sehmat]]''|Harinder Sikka}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Alia Bhatt]]
* [[Vicky Kaushal]]
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
}}
| music = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = Jay I. Patel
| editing = Nitin Baid
| studio = {{ubl|[[Junglee Pictures]]|[[Dharma Productions]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|5|11|df=y|ref1=<ref name="release">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-raazi-release-date-may-2018-4777282 |title=Alia Bhatt, Bhanu Chander singh film Raazi gets a release date |first=A. |last=Kameshwari |date=1 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073053/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-raazi-release-date-may-2018-4777282/ |archive-date=4 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|35–40 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/B52j1XMR0BDnHgHym0b8NJ/Why-Raazi-profits-signal-good-times-for-small-Bollywood-fi.html |title=Why 'Raazi' profits signal good times for small Bollywood films |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=17 May 2018 |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140729/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/B52j1XMR0BDnHgHym0b8NJ/Why-Raazi-profits-signal-good-times-for-small-Bollywood-fi.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|195–207 crore}}<ref name=boxrbh>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raazi/box-office/ |title=Raazi Box Office |date=16 January 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-raazi/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Raazi |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512105652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-raazi/ |archive-date=12 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mumbaimirror"/><ref name="economictimes"/>
}}

'''''Raazi''''' ({{translation|Agreement/Secretive}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy fiction|spy thriller film]] directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]] and produced by [[Vineet Jain]], [[Karan Johar]], Hiroo Yash Johar and Apoorva Mehta under the banners of [[Junglee Pictures]] and [[Dharma Productions]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Faisal |first=Shah |date=27 May 2018 |title=What a spy thriller teaches us about patriotism and empathy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/what-a-spy-thriller-teaches-us-about-patriotism-and-empathy/articleshow/64335499.cms? |access-date=27 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Alia Bhatt]], alongside [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Rajit Kapur]], [[Shishir Sharma]], and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]].<ref name="Lohana">{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-kicks-off-meghna-gulzars-upcoming-espionage-thriller-raazi-in-july/articleshow/59276486.cms |title=Alia Bhatt kicks off Meghna Gulzar's upcoming espionage thriller, Raazi, in July |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |date=23 June 2017 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625203429/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-kicks-off-meghna-gulzars-upcoming-espionage-thriller-raazi-in-july/articleshow/59276486.cms |archive-date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-week-in-cinema-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-start-shooting-for-raazi-a-sequel-to-baby-driver/article19239944.ece |title=This week in cinema: Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal start shooting for 'Raazi'; a sequel to 'Baby Driver' |date=8 July 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208111828/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-week-in-cinema-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-start-shooting-for-raazi-a-sequel-to-baby-driver/article19239944.ece |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film is an adaptation of Harinder Sikka's 2008 novel ''[[Calling Sehmat]]'', a [[List of films based on actual events#2018|true account]] of an Indian [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) agent who, upon her father's request, is married into a family of military officers in Pakistan to relay information to India, prior to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/That-spy-princess/article15446864.ece |title=That spy princess! |date=3 May 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raazi-trailer-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-put-up-a-promising-act/19303154 |title=Raazi Trailer: Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal Put Up A Promising Act |date=10 April 2018 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410135828/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/raazi-trailer-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-put-up-a-promising-act/19303154 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/script-was-my-bible-and-meghna-gulzar-was-my-priest-vicky-kaushal-4011.html |title=Script was my bible and Meghna Gulzar was my priest: Vicky Kaushal |website=Connected to India |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184305/https://www.connectedtoindia.com/script-was-my-bible-and-meghna-gulzar-was-my-priest-vicky-kaushal-4011.html |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in July 2017 in [[Mumbai]] and concluded on 27 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/spotted-alia-bhatt-dons-look-raazi-simply-pretty/ |title=Spotted: Alia Bhatt dons this look for Raazi and it is simply pretty |date=28 July 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132956/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/spotted-alia-bhatt-dons-look-raazi-simply-pretty/ |archive-date=9 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was shot across several locations including [[Patiala]], [[Nabha]], [[Malerkotla]] and [[Doodhpathri]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/discovery-of-india/articleshow/63356801.cms |title=From Meghna Gulzar to Vikas Bahl, filmmakers explore the untapped interiors of India |last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |date=19 March 2018 |newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233437/http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/discovery-of-india/articleshow/63356801.cms |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Raazi'' was released on 11 May 2018.<ref name="release" /> Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|350|m}}, ''Raazi'' went on to gross {{INRConvert|195.75|c}} worldwide,<ref name=boxrbh /><ref name="mumbaimirror" /> emerging as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] featuring a female lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3954 |title=Top Fifteen Films Driven By Female Leads |date=23 May 2018 |website=Box Office India |access-date=23 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523104703/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3954 |archive-date=23 May 2018}}</ref> It was also a critical success,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raazi |title=Raazi |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date={{RT data|access date|df=dmy}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510232159/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raazi/ |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Meghna's direction and Bhatt's performance receiving praise.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> At the [[64th Filmfare Awards]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |date=12 March 2019 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> ''Raazi'' received 15 nominations and won a leading 5 awards (tying with ''[[Andhadhun]]''), including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Gulzar) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Bhatt).<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Winners of the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-33004-3.html |date=23 March 2019 |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Preceding the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War|Bangladeshi War of Independence, 1971]], Hidayat Khan is an [[India]]n [[intelligence agent]] posing as an [[informant]] for the [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] military. Presenting as an Indian [[traitor]] trading secrets to Pakistan, he cultivates a friendship with [[Brigadier]] Parvez Syed of the [[Pakistan Army]] and is alerted of an operation planned against India. Fearing he will not live long enough to uncover further details due to his [[lung cancer]], he asks his 20-year-old daughter Sehmat, a student at [[Delhi University]], to become an undercover agent of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], India's [[Espionage|external intelligence]] agency, in Pakistan through an arranged marriage with Syed's younger son, [[Major (rank)|Major]] Iqbal, a Pakistani military officer. Sehmat joins the RAW and is trained by senior RAW officer Khalid Mir and his assistant, Nikhil Bakshi. Despite her youth and inexperience, Sehmat is a quick study, surprising her superiors with her acumen for intelligence work. After her marriage, she moves to their home with Iqbal in [[Rawalpindi]], the Pakistan Army's headquarters. Sehmat wins the trust of the entire family except Abdul, Syed's trusted servant. A kind man, Iqbal is patient with Sehmat, frequently apologising to her for his father's denigration of India. Feelings develop between them leading to consummation of their marriage, and they start falling in love. Despite her feelings, Sehmat remains true to her mission and establishes communication channels with her [[Agent handling|handlers]] back in [[India]], relaying information.

Brigadier Syed is promoted to [[Major General]], resulting in crucial documents and members of their defense forces passing through his house. Sehmat relays information on the planning of an offensive against India, which points to a planned attack by a Pakistani submarine on the Indian aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}, then deployed in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Abdul discovers Sehmat's communication tools in her bathroom and realises she is an Indian spy. He rushes off to tell Syed, forcing Sehmat to run him down with an army jeep, causing a heavy emotional toll on her. Abdul tries to reveal Sehmat's name in the hospital before he dies, and Iqbal's older brother, Mehboob, starts an investigation. Before he can provide his information to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], Pakistan's internal security agency, Sehmat reluctantly kills him by injecting him with poison. Realising her cover is about to be blown, Mir visits her in disguise and conveys to her an escape plan from Pakistan. Later, Iqbal finds the communication tools concealed in Abdul's room alongside a piece of an anklet he had given Sehmat as a wedding gift, discovering her secret.

Heartbroken, he confronts Sehmat, who tearfully holds him at gunpoint and tells him her duty is to her country. Before their confrontation can escalate, Mehboob's young son, whom Sehmat had been tutoring to sing a patriotic song for his school's annual Army Day celebration, rushes in, giving her a chance to get away. Realising her duty requires her to kill both the boy and her driver to prevent them from discovering her identity, she walks away and arrives at the meeting point concealed in a [[burqa]]. Iqbal confronts her there, having notified the ISI, but when Mir spots them, he orders his undercover RAW team to shoot Sehmat and throws a grenade, killing both Sehmat and Iqbal. Mir and his team escape to a safe house, where the real Sehmat shows up, revealing the woman who died in the blast with Iqbal was another secret agent she had switched places with before Iqbal caught up to her. Traumatised by her husband's death and Mir's orders to kill her, Sehmat returns with the RAW team to her hometown. She faints shortly after arriving and later discovers she is pregnant, deciding to keep Iqbal's child.

Newsreel footage reveals the Indian Navy was able to [[Sinking of PNS Ghazi|sink]] the Pakistani submarine {{PNS|Ghazi}} before it could carry out its planned attack on the [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS Vikrant]] with the assistance of Sehmat's findings. In the present-day, [[Indian Navy|Indian Army]] officer Lieutenant General Nikhil Bakshi addresses a group of officers and soldiers of tri-services and also cadets of [[National Defence Academy (India)|NDA]], including officer [[Colonel]] Samar Syed, aboard the Indian aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat}}, off the coast of [[Vishakapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]. Colonel Samar Syed is revealed to be Iqbal and Sehmat's son. Sehmat Khan's sacrifices are remembered. The movie ends with a bungalow shown in an unknown location where a now-elderly Sehmat is living under security but alone.

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Sehmat Syed ({{Nee|Khan}})
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as Iqbal Syed
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Manav Chaudhary alias Khalid Mir, a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as Hidayat Khan
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[Brigadier]] (later Major General) Parvaz Syed
* [[Ashwath Bhatt]] as Mehboob Syed
* [[Soni Razdan]] as Teji Khan
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as Abdul Ahmed
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as Munira Syed
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Nikhil Bakshi
** Aman Vasishth as young Nikhil Bakshi
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Sarwar
* Pallavi Batra as Mitali
* [[Sanjay Suri]] as Samar Syed (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Development===
Since 2014, Priti Sahani, president of Junglee Pictures, was trying to acquire the film rights to Harinder S. Sikka's 2008 novel ''[[Calling Sehmat]]'', which details the true story of an Indian woman secret agent married to a Pakistani army officer to provide the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) with confidential information prior to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name="A2"/> During the production of ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]'' (2015), she got in touch with Meghna Gulzar and enquired if she was interested in directing a film adaptation of the novel.<ref name="A2"/> Meghna agreed but was informed a few months later that the film didn't materialize.<ref name="A2"/> In February 2016, she was approached by another producer to adapt the same novel, and she agreed again, thinking it was "a tad serendipitous" to be offered the same project twice.<ref name="A2"/>

When talks on that proposal also fell through, Meghna decided she had "a karmic connection"<ref name="A1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/meghna-gulzars-next-based-novel-female-spy/ |title=Meghna Gulzar's next based on a novel about a female spy |date=8 December 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051820/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/meghna-gulzars-next-based-novel-female-spy/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> with ''Calling Sehmat'' given that Sikka had approached her father [[Gulzar]] to direct the film adaptation when the novel was released; she had developed a rapport with Sikka during previous meetings while discussing the production and told the author that they approach Sahani again for the film adaptation.<ref name="A2"/> The talks were successful, and in December 2016, Meghna announced the project as her next film.<ref name="A2">{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzars-next-based-on-an-espionage-thriller-about-a-kashmiri-girl-married-to-a-pakistani-army-officer/articleshow/55860812.cms |title=Meghna Gulzar's next based on an espionage thriller about a Kashmiri girl married to a Pakistani army officer |date=8 December 2016 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527203441/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/meghna-gulzars-next-based-on-an-espionage-thriller-about-a-kashmiri-girl-married-to-a-pakistani-army-officer/articleshow/55860812.cms |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Meghna was drawn to the story as it was "an ordinary girl's extraordinary feat" and was "not chest-thumpingly anti-Pak, pro-India, pro-war sloganeering", and it being a true account "makes [the film] that much more powerful".<ref name="A2"/> She tried to remain as true to the story as possible during production.<ref name="A2"/>

Even though the film was set in the backdrop of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, it didn't feature action scenes unlike other films under the same backdrop since the story leads to the beginning of the war and not the actual conflict.<ref name="A2"/> Meghna had heard stories of the war from her family members, having been born after the war was over.<ref name="A2"/> She felt it was "an important milestone in [Indian] history" and was motivated to make the film as the story is important in present times when neighboring countries have non-cordial relationships.<ref name="A2"/> Meghna said: "The human element makes it timeless. From my father’s friends in Pakistan, I understand that the lines are on paper and brought up politically but at the end of the day, we’re similar in our clothes, cuisine, and culture."<ref name="A2"/>

In December 2016, it was being speculated that Alia Bhatt had been offered the lead role in the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/alia-bhatt-star-meghna-gulzars-next/ |title=Alia Bhatt to star in Meghna Gulzar's next? |date=14 December 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/alia-bhatt-star-meghna-gulzars-next/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> a news which was confirmed to be true in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/alia-bhatt-said-yes-when-script-wasnt-ready-says-meghna-gulzar/19329193 |title=Alia Bhatt said yes when script wasn't ready, says Meghna Gulzar |first=Mohar |last=Basu |date=18 April 2018 |newspaper=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-karan-johar-to-produce-alia-bhatt-s-film-with-meghna-gulzar-2413248 |title=Karan Johar to produce Alia Bhatt's film with Meghna Gulzar |date=24 April 2017 |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527204958/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-karan-johar-to-produce-alia-bhatt-s-film-with-meghna-gulzar-2413248 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Karan Johar]]'s production house [[Dharma Productions]] came on board to co-produce the film along with [[Junglee Pictures]] in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-johars-dharma-productions-coproduce-meghna-gulzars-espionage-thriller/ |title=Karan Johar's Dharma Productions to coproduce Meghna Gulzar's espionage thriller |date=22 April 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051737/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-johars-dharma-productions-coproduce-meghna-gulzars-espionage-thriller/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The casting of Vicky Kaushal was officially announced in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/alia-bhatts-co-star-in-film-on-1971-war-with-pakistan-might-be-vicky-kaushal-1708005 |title=Alia Bhatt's Co-Star in Film On 1971 War With Pakistan Might Be Vicky Kaushal |first=Tishya |last=Misra |date=5 June 2017 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201540/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/alia-bhatts-co-star-in-film-on-1971-war-with-pakistan-might-be-vicky-kaushal-1708005 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-official-now-alia-bhatt-and-vicky-kaushal-team-up-for-meghna-gulzar-s-raazi-2481845 |title=It's official now! Alia Bhatt and Vicky Kaushal team up for Meghna Gulzar's Raazi! |date=23 June 2017 |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527212006/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-it-s-official-now-alia-bhatt-and-vicky-kaushal-team-up-for-meghna-gulzar-s-raazi-2481845 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===

The filming process of ''Raazi'' began in July 2017<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-begin-shooting-for-meghna-gulzar-s-raazi/story-BvYinmcJhhrFYpffqYqLZL.html |title=Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal begin shooting for Meghna Gulzar's Raazi |date=25 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-begin-shooting-for-meghna-gulzar-s-raazi/story-BvYinmcJhhrFYpffqYqLZL.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the first schedule which took place in [[Mumbai]] was wrapped up by mid-August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meghna-gulzars-wraps-up-first-schedule-of-raazi-1491913.html |title=Meghna Gulzar Wraps Up First Schedule of Raazi |date=15 August 2017 |website=[[News18]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527203553/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meghna-gulzars-wraps-up-first-schedule-of-raazi-1491913.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, the first schedule of ''Raazi'' was supposed to be held in [[Kashmir]] but due to the state of unrest in the valley, the makers decided to shift the shooting location to Mumbai where all the indoor scenes were filmed at a set created inside [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/heres-kashmir-recreated-mumbai-alia-bhatt-starrer-raazi/ |title=Here's why Kashmir has to be recreated in Mumbai for Alia Bhatt starrer Raazi |date=19 July 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051801/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/heres-kashmir-recreated-mumbai-alia-bhatt-starrer-raazi/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-will-fly-down-kashmiri-artworks-to-mumbai-for-alia-bhatt-s-raazi/story-iUhuKJZZyVNwB3zZHzV2qI.html |title=Meghna Gulzar will fly down Kashmiri artworks to Mumbai for Alia Bhatt's Raazi |date=19 July 2017 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meghna-gulzar-will-fly-down-kashmiri-artworks-to-mumbai-for-alia-bhatt-s-raazi/story-iUhuKJZZyVNwB3zZHzV2qI.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second schedule of the film took place in [[Punjab]], where filming was done in [[Patiala]] and [[Malerkotla]] during August and September 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-news-alia-bhatt-de-glam-raazi-meghna-gulzar-malerkotla-punjab-photos/18565188 |title=Alia Bhatt's de-glam look for 'Raazi' goes viral |date=9 September 2017 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202240/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-news-alia-bhatt-de-glam-raazi-meghna-gulzar-malerkotla-punjab-photos/18565188 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting in Patiala was stalled for a few days due to the violence that erupted after the conviction of [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] chief [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] on 25 August 2017 and the curfew that was imposed as a consequence of which.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/alia-bhatt-patiala-raazi-meghna-gulzar-film-ram-rahim-singh-carnage-bollywood-news/18536180 |title=Alia Bhatt stuck in Patiala due to the Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh carnage |first=Shaheen |last=Parkar |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201954/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/alia-bhatt-patiala-raazi-meghna-gulzar-film-ram-rahim-singh-carnage-bollywood-news/18536180 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raazi-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-films-shoot-halted-due-to-dera-sacha-sauda-disturbance-will-it-resume-anytime-soon-4817705/ |title=Alia Bhatt-Vicky Kaushal film's shoot halted due to Dera Sacha Sauda disturbance |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202615/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raazi-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-films-shoot-halted-due-to-dera-sacha-sauda-disturbance-will-it-resume-anytime-soon-4817705/ |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/heres-why-alia-bhatts-raazi-shooting-was-stalled-in-punjab-23386.html |title=Here's why Alia Bhatt's Raazi shooting was stalled in Punjab |date=28 August 2017 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051745/https://www.filmfare.com/news/heres-why-alia-bhatts-raazi-shooting-was-stalled-in-punjab-23386.html |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> After completing the Punjab schedule,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140917/alia-bhatt-and-vicky-kaushal-wrap-punjab-schedule-of-meghna-gulzars-raazi.html |title=Alia Bhatt and Vicky Kaushal wrap Punjab schedule of Meghna Gulzar's Raazi |date=14 September 2017 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527205216/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140917/alia-bhatt-and-vicky-kaushal-wrap-punjab-schedule-of-meghna-gulzars-raazi.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> the production team of ''Raazi'' arrived in [[Kashmir]] on 17 September 2017 for a ten-day schedule where filming was done at [[Pahalgam]], Shiv Pora in [[Srinagar]] and [[Doodhpathri]] in [[Budgam]] district.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://freepresskashmir.com/2017/09/24/after-srinagar-schedule-bollywood-celebrity-alia-bhatt-shoots-at-pahalgam-for-film-raazi/ |title=After Srinagar schedule, Bollywood celebrity Alia Bhatt shoots at Pahalgam for film 'Raazi' |first=Idrees |last=Bukhtiyar |date=24 September 2017 |newspaper=[[Free Press Kashmir]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051941/https://freepresskashmir.com/2017/09/24/after-srinagar-schedule-bollywood-celebrity-alia-bhatt-shoots-at-pahalgam-for-film-raazi/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-and-meghna-gulzar-in-a-postcard-worthy-pic-from-kashmir-1755827 |title=Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal And Meghna Gulzar in a Postcard-Worthy Pic From Kashmir |first=Shruti |last=Shiksha |date=27 September 2017 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201912/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-and-meghna-gulzar-in-a-postcard-worthy-pic-from-kashmir-1755827 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The final schedule of shooting was supposed to take place in Punjab, but was completed in [[Delhi]] instead due to the unrest caused by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's arrest.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/alia-shoots-for-raazi-in-cinematographers-delight/articleshow/61082009.cms |title=Alia shoots for Raazi in 'cinematographer's delight' |first=Aarushi |last=Nigam |date=15 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/alia-shoots-for-raazi-in-cinematographers-delight/articleshow/61082009.cms |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-alia-bhatt-shoots-raazi-iconic-miranda-house-delhi/ |title=Alia Bhatt shoots for Raazi at the iconic Miranda House in Delhi |date=16 October 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127164850/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-alia-bhatt-shoots-raazi-iconic-miranda-house-delhi/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming came to an end on 27 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-raazi-shoot-wrap-meghna-gulzar-4910688/ |title=Alia Bhatt wraps up the shoot on an emotional note |date=28 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201920/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-raazi-shoot-wrap-meghna-gulzar-4910688/ |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Costumes for the film were designed by [[Maxima Basu]].

== Controversy ==

Amidst a heated atmosphere of public anger and discussion during July 2020, Sikka alleged that Meghna changed the title of the film without his permission and he was not shown the director's cut of the film which was part of the contract. He also alleged that Gulzar and her father took a pro-Pakistani stand in the film, and that producers Jain and Johar attempted to discredit him.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/letting-meghna-gulzar-direct-raazi-was-the-biggest-blunder-rues-calling-sehmat-author-harinder-sikka/story-3ghzvrTRrMzGtKNRP3euBM.html |title=Letting Meghna Gulzar direct Raazi was the biggest blunder, rues Calling Sehmat author Harinder Sikka |date=25 July 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |first=Harinder S. |last=Sikka |user=sikka_harinder |number=1285920350614679553 |title=At #Gulzar request, I signed ⁦@meghnagulzar ⁩ as #Raazi Director.... |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

The author also claimed that Meghna Gulzar "tweaked" the story to demean [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] and praised the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Sikka |first=Harinder S |user=sikka_harinder |number=1591634019208556544 |title=Every Indian must watch & share... |access-date=2022-11-13}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Raazi (soundtrack)}}
The music and background score for the film was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] while the lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]]. The songs featured in the film are sung by [[Arijit Singh]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]], Vibha Saraf, [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]. The song "Ae Watan" also contains the lyrics of [[Allama Iqbal]]'s [[nazm]] "[[Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua]]", the national prayer of Pakistan. The soundtrack was officially released on 19 April 2018 by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raazi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1373693427 |title=Raazi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |website=[[iTunes]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527203929/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/raazi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1373693427 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yHVbhbiSKU |author=Zee Music Company |title=Raazi – Full Movie Audio Jukebox |date=11 April 2018 |website=YouTube |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617013551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yHVbhbiSKU |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first poster of ''Raazi'' was released on 9 April 2018<ref>{{cite tweet |user=RaaziHoon |author=Raazi |number=983264744776675328 |title=Sehmat is the perfect daughter any father would be proud of}}</ref> through the official [[Twitter]] handle of the film, while the trailer of the film was launched on 10 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjMSttRJrhA |title=Raazi – Official Trailer – Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410051559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjMSttRJrhA |archive-date=10 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 11 May 2018.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Raazi'' received universal critical acclaim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/raazi-movie-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-alia-vicky-starrer-768876 |title=Raazi movie review roundup: What critics have to say about Alia-Vicky starrer |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=May 11, 2018 |website=[[International Business Times]], India Edition |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511075006/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/raazi-movie-review-roundup-what-critics-have-say-about-alia-vicky-starrer-768876 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=11|average=7.9|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=25 February 2024}}

[[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' termed the film as a heart-stopping, heartbreaking espionage drama and gave it 4.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-stupendous-in-meghna-gulzars-heart-stopping-heartbreaking-espionage-drama-4465137.html |title=Raazi movie review: Alia Bhatt is stupendous in Meghna Gulzar's heart-stopping, heartbreaking espionage drama |first=Anna M.M. |last=Vetticad |date=11 May 2018 |website=Firstpost |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511215732/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-stupendous-in-meghna-gulzars-heart-stopping-heartbreaking-espionage-drama-4465137.html |archive-date=11 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, stating that "''Raazi'' rewrites the spy-thriller genre with emotions, instead of explosions."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/raazi/movie-review/64111363.cms |title=Raazi Movie Review {4/5}: Raazi Rewrites the Spy-Thriller Genre with Emotions, Instead of Explosions |first=Neil |last= Soans |date=15 May 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524212447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/raazi/movie-review/64111363.cms |archive-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Alia Bhatt's performance and gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "''Raazi'' is a sensibly written and finely performed film that takes a close look at the ordinary lives of extraordinary people. Not to miss."<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-s-vulnerable-indian-spy-is-spotless-and-superlative/story-MVcn1wyCuXb14FBwwdUn5K.html |title=Raazi movie review: Alia Bhatt's vulnerable Indian spy is spotless and superlative |date=12 May 2018 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527132927/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-s-vulnerable-indian-spy-is-spotless-and-superlative/story-MVcn1wyCuXb14FBwwdUn5K.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Shalini Langer of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised director Meghna Gulzar for not allowing ''Raazi'' to become a "chest-thumping spectacle of jingoism" and gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "at a time when hate and anger are the currency of the subcontinent, a film like ''Raazi'' needs to be made."<ref name=":3">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raazi-review-alia-bhatt-5172237/ |title=Raazi movie review: A film like Raazi needs to be made |first=Shalini |last=Langer |date=11 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202500/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/raazi-review-alia-bhatt-5172237/ |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5, saying that, "Alia Bhatt-Vicky Kaushal starrer will blow your mind!"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-starrer-will-blow-your-mind-2613927 |title=Raazi movie review: Alia Bhatt-Vicky Kaushal starrer will blow your mind! |first=Meena |last=Iyer |date=11 May 2018 |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612201756/http://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-starrer-will-blow-your-mind-2613927 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' appreciated the acting performances of the film, its music composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], cinematography as well as editing, and gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "''Raazi'' is a rarity. It is intense, riveting, clever, dark, sad, lyrical, heartfelt, relevant and understated."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-raazi-is-a-rarity/20180511.htm |title=Review: Raazi is a rarity |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |date=11 May 2018 |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202126/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-raazi-is-a-rarity/20180511.htm |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[News18]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5, calling Bhatt the "beating heart of ''Raazi''", and stated, "The film is admirable also because it's a measured, mostly intelligent thriller that asks us to consider concepts of patriotism and honor without spoon-feeding us with manipulative background music or provocative dialogue."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-this-film-beating-heart-1745695.html |title=Raazi Movie Review: Alia Bhatt is This Film's Beating Heart |first=Rajeev |last=Masand |date=12 May 2018 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202526/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-this-film-beating-heart-1745695.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2018}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5, saying that, "''Raazi'' is an interesting thriller brilliantly narrated by Meghna Gulzar that makes for mature viewing. It is a film that celebrates nationalism that is devoid of the colors of religion."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raazi/critic-review/raazi-movie-review/ |title=Movie Review: Raazi by Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=10 May 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201903/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raazi/critic-review/ |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Suhani Singh from ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Alia Bhatt steals the show in Meghna Gulzar's spy thriller".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-steals-the-show-in-meghna-gulzar-s-spy-thriller-1231396-2018-05-11 |title=Raazi Movie Review: Alia Bhatt steals the show in Meghna Gulzar's spy thriller |first=Suhani |last=Singh |date=11 May 2018 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140534/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-steals-the-show-in-meghna-gulzar-s-spy-thriller-1231396-2018-05-11 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

In a negative review, Kennith Rosario of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented, "There's a lot going for ''Raazi'' yet there's a nagging lack of novelty – whether it is the film's plot, message or Bhatt's ability to cry."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raazi-review-love-in-the-time-of-nationalism/article23848320.ece |title='Raazi' review: Love in the time of nationalism |first=Kennith |last=Rosario |date=11 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "There is a lot to like in Meghna Gulzar's spy movie, but Alia Bhatt makes it hard to take ''Raazi'' seriously."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-struggles-with-a-realistic-film-1850695 |title=Raazi Movie Review: Alia Bhatt Struggles With A Realistic Film |first=Raja |last=Sen |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214653/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raazi-movie-review-alia-bhatt-struggles-with-a-realistic-film-1850695 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |url-status=live}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that, "Alia Bhatt shines in a muddled and improbable spy thriller."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/878197/raazi-film-review-alia-bhatt-shines-in-a-muddled-and-improbable-spy-thriller |title='Raazi' film review: Alia Bhatt shines in a muddled and improbable spy thriller |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |date=11 May 2018 |website=Scroll |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529235329/https://scroll.in/reel/878197/raazi-film-review-alia-bhatt-shines-in-a-muddled-and-improbable-spy-thriller |archive-date=29 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Raazi'' emerged as the [[List of Bollywood films of 2018|tenth highest-grossing]] Hindi film of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-raazi-surpasses-pad-man-becomes-5th-highest-worldwide-grosser-2018/ |title=Box Office: Raazi surpasses Pad Man; becomes the 5th highest worldwide grosser of 2018 |date=22 May 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524003942/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-raazi-surpasses-pad-man-becomes-5th-highest-worldwide-grosser-2018/ |archive-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It became the second film driven by a female lead to gross more than {{INR}} 100 crore nett in India, after ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns|Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3961 |title=Raazi Solid Hold Again – 102 Not Out Decent Runner |date=26 May 2018 |website=Box Office India |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142317/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3961 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed more than {{INR}}158 crore in India,<ref name=boxrbh/> emerging as the highest-grossing film for Alia Bhatt, surpassing ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3993 |title=Raazi And Parmanu Update |date=6 June 2018 |website=Box Office India |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141732/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3993 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Raazi'' has grossed a total of {{INRConvert|2.07|b}} worldwide.<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news |date= |title=Alia Bhatt-Vicky Kaushal's 'Raazi' mints Rs 207 crore worldwide |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/raazi-mints-rs-207-cr-worldwide-118062000356_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="mumbaimirror">{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raazi-box-office-collection-alia-bhatt-vicky-kaushal-starrer-enters-rs-200-crore-club/articleshow/64664437.cms |title=Raazi box office collection: Alia Bhatt, Vicky Kaushal-starrer enters Rs 200 crore-club |date=20 June 2018 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="15"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="15"| [[64th Filmfare Awards|23 March 2019]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Dharma Productions]] – [[Karan Johar]], Hiroo Yash Johar, Apoorva Mehta
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |date=12 March 2019 |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/68382881.cms |title=64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019: Official list of nominations |date=23 March 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| Gulzar – "Ae Watan"
| {{won}}
|-
| Gulzar – "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| Arijit Singh – "Ae Watan"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]] – "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| Harshdeep Kaur, Vibha Saraf – "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan – "Ae Watan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Bhavani Iyer and Meghna Gulzar
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Nitin Baid
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and Tubby
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="3"| 10 August 2018
| Best Film
| ''Raazi''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iffm.com.au/nominees.html |title=Nominees |website=Indian Film Festival Melbourne |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922084231/http://www.iffm.com.au/nominees.html |archive-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| [[20th IIFA Awards|18 September 2019]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Raazi''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/iifa-2019-nominations-list-out-andhadhun-bags-13-noms-raazi-and-padmaavat-get-10-noms-each/story-yC2gwp5oaIGxEHwVdS7GhN.html |title=IIFA 2019 nominations list out: Andhadhun bags 13 noms, Raazi and Padmaavat get 10 noms each |date=28 August 2019 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/sep/19/bollywood-film-awards-kashmiri-spy-thriller-raazi-wins-best-picture |title=Bollywood film awards: Kashmiri spy thriller Raazi wins best picture |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |date=19 September 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Vicky Kaushal]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Alia Bhatt
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| Harinder Singh Sikka
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Gulzar]] – "Ae Watan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Arijit Singh]] – "Ae Watan"
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]] & [[Vibha Saraf]] – "Dilbaro"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Ae Watan"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="10"| [[11th Mirchi Music Awards|16 February 2019]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Gulzar – "Ae Watan (Male)"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2018/nominations-hindi-2018/ |title=Nominations 2018 |website=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/11th-mirchi-music-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/68040370.cms |title=11th Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners |date=18 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Gulzar – "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Ae Watan (Male)"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Gulzar, Allama Iqbal
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Arijit Singh – "Ae Watan (Male)"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Harshdeep Kaur – "Dilbaro"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Sunidhi Chauhan – "Ae Watan (Female)"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy and Tubby
| {{nom}}
|-
| Listeners' Choice Album of the Year
| Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Gulzar, Allama Iqbal
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Navbharat Times|NBT Utsav Awards]]
| 30 June 2018
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress
| rowspan="2" | [[Alia Bhatt]]
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/alia-bhatt-receives-the-best-actress-award-for-raazi-at-nbt-utsav-2018/articleshow/64799292.cms |title=Alia Bhatt receives the Best Actress Award for 'Raazi' at NBT Utsav 2018 |date=30 June 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[News18|News18 Reel Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 26 March 2019
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/news18-reel-movie-awards-badhaai-ho-to-quality-content-as-small-films-win-big-2078905.html |title=News18 REEL Movie Awards: Badhaai Ho, Raazi, Tumbbad Dominate Celebration of Quality Cinema |first=Shantanu |last=David |date=27 March 2019 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyricist
| Gulzar
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
| Harshdeep Kaur, Vibha Saraf – "Dilbaro"
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Editing
| Nitin Baid
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[25th Screen Awards|16 December 2018]]
| Best Actress
| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088 |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 FULL winners list: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt, Rajkummar Rao walk away with trophies |first=Pooja |last=Nayak |date=17 December 2018 |website=Times Now News |language=en-GB |access-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133937/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088 |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 complete winners list |date=17 December 2018 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-star-screen-awards-2018/ |title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2018 |date=16 December 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Arijit Singh]] (for the song "Ae Watan")
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| Harshdeep Kaur (for the song "Dilbaro")
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Gulzar]] (for the song "Ae Watan")
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| Amit Ray, Subrata Roy
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Zee Cine Awards 2019|19 March 2019]]
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Vineet Jain]], Hiroo Yash Johar, [[Karan Johar]] and Apoorva Mehta
| {{won}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Zee Cine Awards 2019 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-cine-awards-2019/0-6-1385 |access-date=26 April 2019 |series=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |network=[[Zee Cinema]] |date=31 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Meghna Gulzar
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Popular)]]
| rowspan="2" | Alia Bhatt
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female (Critics)]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor – Male]]
| [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]
| Gulzar for "Dilbaro"
| {{won}}
|-
| Gulzar for "Ae Watan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
| Arijit Singh for "Ae Watan"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
| [[Harshdeep Kaur]] and Vibha Saraf for "Dilbaro"
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
*''[[The Ghazi Attack]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7098658}}
* {{Mojo title|raazi}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raazi/ Raazi] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
{{Meghna Gulzar filmography}}{{Karan Johar}}{{Dharma Productions}}{{Navboxes
|title=Awards for ''Raazi''
|list=
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}
}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
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National Film Award for Best Direction

2026-03-22T22:07:54Z

Peter05220035516: made a details

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Direction
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in cinematic direction achievement
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1967
| reward = {{ubl|Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus)|{{INR}}3,00,000}}
| former name = Award for excellence in direction (1967{{endash}}1976)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Sudipto Sen]], ''[[The Kerala Story]]'' (2023)
| alt =
}}
The '''National Film Award for Best Direction''' is an honour presented annually at India's [[National Film Awards]] ceremony by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NFDC), an organisation set up by the Indian [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name=nfa>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |title=About National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025223102/http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |archive-date=25 October 2011 }}</ref> Since 1967, the award is given by a national panel appointed annually by the NFDC to a director for their work within [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref name=nfa/> It is presented by the [[president of India]] at a ceremony held in New Delhi.<ref name=nfa/><ref>{{cite news|title=National Awards 2015, as it happened: Winners, wishes and morel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/national-film-awards-2015-coverage-ceremony-all-winners-delhi-president-pranab-mukherjee-kangana-ranaut-queen-haider-shashi-kapoor-dadasaheb-phalke-award-251257-2015-05-03|access-date=21 May 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=3 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523170629/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/national-film-awards-2015-coverage-ceremony-all-winners-delhi-president-pranab-mukherjee-kangana-ranaut-queen-haider-shashi-kapoor-dadasaheb-phalke-award/1/433458.html|archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>

The winner is given a "Swarna Kamal" (Golden Lotus) certificate and a cash prize of {{INR|3,00,000}}.{{efn|The cash prize was {{INR|2,50,000}}, from [[54th National Film Awards]] (2006) until [[69th National Film Awards]] (2021).<ref name="54thawardPDF"/> Before the [[54th National Film Awards]] (2006), the cash prize was {{INRConvert|50|k}},<ref>{{cite web|title=53rd National Film Awards – 2006|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=2006|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195640/http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{INRConvert|25|k}} during the [[35th National Film Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=9 January 2012|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714102331/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref> {{INRConvert|20|k}} from [[21st National Film Awards]] until 34th<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=29 September 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101091451/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|20|k}} from 1967 to 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=21 September 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065700/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>}} Including ties and repeat winners, the NFDC has presented a total of 53 Best Direction awards to 34 different directors. Although Indian cinema produces films in more than twenty languages,<ref name=nfa/> the performances of films that have won awards are of nine languages: [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (16 awards), [[Malayalam]] (14 awards), [[Hindi]] (11 awards), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (4 awards), [[Indian English|English]], [[Kannada]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (3 awards each), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (1 each).

The first recipient was [[Satyajit Ray]], who was honoured at the [[15th National Film Awards]] for directing the Bengali film ''[[Chiriyakhana]]'' (1967).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/rays-chiriyakhana-to-be-remade-by-anjan-dutta-528727-2015-12-11|title=Rays Chiriyakhana to be remade by Anjan Dutta|work=India Today|date=11 December 2015|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312093520/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/rays-chiriyakhana-to-be-remade-by-anjan-dutta-528727-2015-12-11|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> Ray is also the most frequent recipient, with six wins.<ref name=fact>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/fun-facts-about-the-national-awards-rediff-labs/20150407.htm|title=Fun Facts about the National Awards|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 April 2015|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312093520/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/fun-facts-about-the-national-awards-rediff-labs/20150407.htm|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] has won 5 awards, which includes his debut Malayalam film ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' (1972).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/230517/adoor-gopalakrishnan-wins-annual-jc-daniel-award-for-contribution-to-cinema.html|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan wins JC Daniel award for contribution to Malayalam cinema|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312093520/http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/230517/adoor-gopalakrishnan-wins-annual-jc-daniel-award-for-contribution-to-cinema.html|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref> [[Mrinal Sen]] has been awarded four times. He is also the only recipient to win the award for directing films in two different languages: Bengali and Hindi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/hoax-of-mrinal-sens-death-goes-viral-on-twitter/945150|title=Hoax of Mrinal Sen's Death Goes Viral on Twitter|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326030309/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/hoax-of-mrinal-sens-death-goes-viral-on-twitter/945150|archive-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> At the [[19th National Film Awards]], [[Girish Karnad]] and [[B.V. Karanth]] shared the award for co-directing the Kannada film ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'' (1972).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/girish-karnad-another-intellectual-to-receive-death-threat-115111300683_1.html|title=Girish Karnad, another intellectual to receive death threat|last=PS|first=Krishna|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 November 2015|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902015230/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/girish-karnad-another-intellectual-to-receive-death-threat-115111300683_1.html|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>

==Winners==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 250
| image1 = Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_(cropped).jpg
| width1 = 400
| height1 = 500
| image2 = Adoor_Gopalakrishnan_in_2022_4.jpg
| width2 = 400
| height2 = 500
| image3 = Mrinal-sen.jpg
| width3 = 400
| height3 = 500
| image4 = Aparna_Sen_-_Kolkata_2014-01-31_8162.JPG
| width4 = 400
| height4 = 500
| footer = {{bulleted list
|Top left: [[Satyajit Ray]] is the most frequent recipient with six wins.
|Top right: [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] has received the honour five times.
|Bottom left: [[Mrinal Sen]] has been awarded four times.
|Bottom right: [[Aparna Sen]] is the only woman director honored by this award..}}
}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, film and language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Year{{efn|Denotes the year in which the film was [[Censorship in India#Censorship by medium|censored]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].}}
! scope="col" |Recipient
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=21 September 2011|page=2,9|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231524/http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011|page=2|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517061411/http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Mrinal Sen]]}}
| ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011|page=2,6|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226002621/http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Pratidwandi]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011|page=2|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226002621/http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Karanth|[[B. V. Karanth]]}}
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="19thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iti-worldwide.org/ambassador_karnad.php|title=World Theatre Ambassador Girish Karnad|publisher=[[International Theatre Institute]]|access-date=18 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063618/http://iti-worldwide.org/ambassador_karnad.php|archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Karnad|[[Girish Karnad]]}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|page=2|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Kaul|[[Mani Kaul]]}}
| ''[[Duvidha]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011|page=2,32|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122553/http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-04}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011|page=2,33|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122730/http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Jana Aranya]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=1|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724234749/http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Lankesh|[[P. Lankesh]]}}
| ''[[Pallavi (1976 film)|Pallavi]]''
| [[Kannada]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/30/stories/2005013000380400.htm|title=Moments of epiphany|last=Dasgupta|first=Uma Mahadevan|date=30 January 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715235741/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/30/stories/2005013000380400.htm|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
| ''[[Kanchana Sita]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=2,44|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119143000/http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
| ''[[Thampu]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114857/http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Mrinal Sen]]}}
| ''[[Ek Din Pratidin]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-mrinal-sen-films-that-you-cant-do-without-14255-5.html|title=5 Mrinal Sen films that you can't do without|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|work=[[Filmfare]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104556/https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-mrinal-sen-films-that-you-cant-do-without-14255-5.html|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Mrinal Sen]]}}
| ''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=6|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114857/http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Aparna Sen]]}}
| ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]''
| [[English language|English]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|title=29th National Film Awards|access-date=4 October 2011|page=4|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082256/http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Chakrabarty|[[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]]}}
| ''[[Chokh]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011|page=6|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114806/http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Mrinal Sen]]}}
| ''[[Khandhar]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011|page=6|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114953/http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012|page=7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203732/http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Benegal|[[Shyam Benegal]]}}
| ''[[Trikal]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012|pages=8–9|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053550/http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
| ''[[Oridathu]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012|pages=10–11|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| ''[[Anantaram]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=12–13|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322020437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Karun|[[Shaji N. Karun]]}}
| ''[[Piravi]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=12–13|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104103209/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| ''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|title=37th National Film Awards|access-date=29 January 2012|pages=12–13|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002235001/http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sinha|[[Tapan Sinha]]}}
| ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=14–15|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215163809/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ray|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| ''[[Agantuk]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012|pages=14–15|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215070453/http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ghosh|[[Goutom Ghosh]]}}
| ''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012|pages=14–15|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Chandran|[[T. V. Chandran]]}}
| ''[[Ponthan Mada]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012|pages=12–13|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012936/http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Barua|[[Jahnu Barua]]}}
| ''[[Xagoroloi Bohudoor]]''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012|pages=6–7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015003/http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Mirza|[[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]}}
| ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012|pages=6–7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114315/http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Agathiyan|[[Agathiyan]]}}
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012|pages=6–7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013544/http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Jayaraj|[[Jayaraj]]}}
| ''[[Kaliyattam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 March 2012|pages=6–7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Rajeevnath|[[Rajeevnath]]}}
| ''[[Janani (1999 film)|Janani]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012|pages=6–7|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003914/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Dasgupta|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]}}
| ''[[Uttara (film)|Uttara]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 March 2012|page=32|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015045700/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ghosh|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]}}
| ''[[Utsab]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012|pages=22–23|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195537/http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Lenin|[[B. Lenin]]}}
| ''[[Ooruku Nooruper]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=18–19|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185814/http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Sen|[[Aparna Sen]]}}
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
| [[English language|English]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012|pages=18–19|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224027/http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ghosh|[[Goutom Ghosh]]}}
| ''[[Abar Aranye]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012|pages=10–11|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120817/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Dasgupta|[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]}}
| ''[[Swapner Din]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012|pages=10–11|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Dholakia|[[Rahul Dholakia]]}}
| ''[[Parzania]]''
| [[English language|English]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012|pages=10–11|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195640/http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Bhandarkar|[[Madhur Bhandarkar]]}}
| ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012|pages=8–9|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193647/http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012|pages=14–15|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192455/http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Bala|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]}}
| ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm55NFAAward.aspx|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002034853/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm55NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Ghosh|[[Rituparno Ghosh]]}}
| ''[[Abohomaan]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 March 2012|pages=48–49|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235404/http://dff.nic.in/2011/57thNFA.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Vetrimaaran|[[Vetrimaaran]]}}
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="58thawarddff">{{cite web|title=58th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/Press%20Release%20-%2058th%20National%20Film%20Awards%20Winners%202010.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2012|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120534/http://dff.nic.in/Press%20Release%20-%2058th%20National%20Film%20Awards%20Winners%202010.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Singh|[[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]}}
| ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=7 March 2012|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031200819/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|archive-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Patil|[[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]}}
| ''[[Dhag (film)|Dhag]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="60thaward">{{cite web|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=18 March 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611113348/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Mehta|[[Hansal Mehta]]}}
| ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Mukherji|[[Srijit Mukherji]]}}
| ''[[Chotushkone]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite web|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Bhansali|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]}}
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite web|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007194418/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Mapuskar|[[Rajesh Mapuskar]]}}
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="64thaward">{{cite web|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Jayaraj|[[Jayaraj]]}}
| ''[[Bhayanakam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite press release |title=65th National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |page=21 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Aditya|[[Aditya Dhar]]}}
| ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|access-date=9 August 2019|title=66th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
!scope="row" | {{Sort|Sanjay|[[Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan]]}}
|''[[72 Hoorain|Bahattar Hoorain]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/News/1098_winners_for_67th.pdf|access-date=30 May 2021|title=67th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020]] [[68th National Film Awards|{{Small|(68th)}}]]
!scope="row" | {{Sort|Sachy|[[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]]}}
|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[69th National Film Awards|2021]] [[69th National Film Awards|{{Small|(69th)}}]]
!scope="row" | Nikhil Mahajan
|''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[70th National Film Awards|2022]] [[70th National Film Awards|{{Small|(70th)}}]]
!scope="row" | [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
|''[[Uunchai]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-2024-announcement-live-updates-winners-list-9517355/|access-date=18 August 2024|title=70th National Film Awards 2024 Announcement Live Updates: Aattam declared Best Film; Rishab Shetty, Nithya Menen, Mansi Parekh win acting honours|date=16 August 2024 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[71st National Film Awards|2023]] [[71st National Film Awards|{{Small|(71st)}}]]
!scope="row" | [[Sudipto Sen]]
|''[[The Kerala Story]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{National Film Awards}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Direction]]
[[Category:Awards for best director]]

Vasishta N. Simha

2026-03-21T23:07:45Z

Peter05220035516: reworked layout per sources for clarity

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vasishta N. Simha
| image = Vasishta N. Simha (4).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Vasishta Niranjan Simha
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|10|19}}
| birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Karnataka]], India
| othername = Simha, Vashishta, Chitte
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = {{Marraige|[[Hariprriya]]|2023}}
| height =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer}}
}}

'''Vasishta Niranjan Simha''' (born 19 October 1988) is an Indian actor and playback singer who predominantly works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is known for playing [[antagonist]] roles, with most notable role performance which critical acclaim in [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'']] (2018{{Ndash}}2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/24/Bracing-for-a-Curve-with-a-New-Role/article2537519.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127180740/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/24/Bracing-for-a-Curve-with-a-New-Role/article2537519.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2014|title=Bracing for a Curve with a New Role}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2011, Vasishta quit his job as a software engineer and decided to enter the film industry as an actor. He initially worked on an unreleased film titled ''Hubballi Hudagaru'', before having his first release with ''Arya's Love'' (2013). He subsequently made a breakthrough with his role as the main antagonist in ''[[Raja Huli]]'' (2013), a remake of the Tamil film, ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012). He later also appeared in ''[[Rudra Tandava]]'' (2014), a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Techie-Vasishta-N-Simha-is-the-new-toast-of-Sandalwood/articleshow/29189134.cms|title=Techie Vasishta N Simha is the new toast of Sandalwood|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Vasishta then appeared in [[JKS (director)|JKS]]'s bilingual film, ''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Alone]]'', in a leading role alongside [[Nikesha Patel]]. Portraying the male lead, the actor managed to get an introduction into the Tamil film industry and the film won mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Stale-Script-Shoddy-Writing-Washes-Flick-on-to-Shores-of-Boredom/2016/01/02/article3206730.ece|title=Stale Script, Shoddy Writing Washes Flick on to Shores of Boredom}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-cinema-tidbits/article7386634.ece|title=Etcetera|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 July 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He made his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] debut with the film ''[[Narappa]]'' in 2021. In [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'']], Vasishta played the role of [[Bangalore]]-based gangster Kamal, one of the major antagonists in the film.

== Filmography ==
* ''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Language!! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''Arya's Love''
|
| rowspan="4" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Huli]]''
|| Jagga ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Rudra Tandava]]''
|| Jagga ||
|-
| ''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Alone]]''
|| Lighthouse John / Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[Alone (2015 Kannada film)|Karai Oram]]''
|| Lighthouse John / Ram
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Nan Love Track]]''
|| Raaj
| rowspan="13" |Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
|| Ranga ||
|-
| ''[[Sundaranga Jaana]]''
||Ajay ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Upendra Matte Baa]]'' || Vasishta ||
|-
| ''[[Mufti (film)|Mufti]]''
|| Kashi ||
|-
|''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]''|| Proxy ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Tagaru]]''
|| Chitte ||
|-
|''[[Yogi Duniya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
|| Kamal ||
|-
| ''[[8MM Bullet]]''
||Karthik ||
|-
|2019
| ''[[Kavacha]]''
||Vasudeva ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[India vs England]]''
|Kanishka ||
|-
|''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
||Raji ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Narappa]]''
|Seenappa
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|''Nayeem Dairies''
|Nayeem
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''|| Kamal
| rowspan="2" |Kannada|| [[Cameo appearance]]
|-
|''[[Dear Vikram]]'' || Bharat ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jayesh |first1=Jayadeep |title='Dear Vikram' review: A total misfire |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dear-vikram-review-a-total-misfire-1122931.html |access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Odela Railway Station]]''
|Tirupati
|Telugu||
|-
|''[[Head Bush]]''
|Kothwal Ramachandra
| rowspan="2" |Kannada||
|-
|rowspan ="3"|2023
|''[[Yadha Yadha Hi]]''
|ACP Aditya Varma
|
|-
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|
| rowspan="2"|Telugu
| Dubbed for Prabhas in Kannada dubbed version<ref>{{cite web | title=KGF actor Vasishta N Simha to dub for Prabhas in Salaar Kannada? Here's what we know | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kgf-actor-vasishta-n-simha-to-dub-for-prabhas-in-salaar-kannada-heres-what-we-know/4f04fa1528491 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''
|Samudra / Agent Trojan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Love Li]]''
|Jai
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Yevam]]''
|Yugandhar
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Simbaa]]''
|Anurag
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|[[Odela 2|''Odela 2'']]
|Tirupati
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=8 March 2024 |title='Odela 2': Tamannaah Bhatia is an ardent Shiva bhakt in first look from film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/odela-2-tamannaah-bhatia-is-an-ardent-shiva-bhakt-in-first-look-from-film-2512196-2024-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308071506/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/odela-2-tamannaah-bhatia-is-an-ardent-shiva-bhakt-in-first-look-from-film-2512196-2024-03-08 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tribanadhari Barbarik]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
| {{pending film|italic=yes| [[Ram (film)|Ram]]}}
|
| [[Malayalam]]
|Delayed
|}

== Discography ==
=== As playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Song
!Composer
!Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kirik Party]]''|| "Neecha Sullu Sutho Naalige"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]''|| "Marete Hodenu (unplugged)"
|[[Anoop Seelin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Kirrak Party]]''|| "Neechamaina"
|B. Ajaneesh Loknath
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]
|-
| ''[[6ne Maili]]''
| "6ne Maili Title Track"
|Sai Kiran
|
|-
| ''[[Dhwaja (film)|Dhwaja]]''
| "Dhwaja"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|2020
|[[Gentleman (2020 film)|''Gentleman'']]
|"Nadugutide"
|B. Ajaneesh Loknath
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Ramarjuna]]''
|"Bloodshed of Ramarjuna"
|Anand Rajavikram
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Abbabba]]''
|"Odu Odu"
|Deepak Alexander
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Work !! Award !! Ceremony !! Result !! Ref
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor in a Negative Role
|{{won}}
|<ref name="bs1">{{cite news|title='Janatha Garage', 'Kirik Party' bag top honours at IIFA Utsavam 2017|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/janatha-garage-kirik-party-bag-top-honours-at-iifa-utsavam-2017-117033000677_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122023/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/janatha-garage-kirik-party-bag-top-honours-at-iifa-utsavam-2017-117033000677_1.html|archive-date=30 March 2017|date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th SIIMA Awards]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South)]</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]''
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actor
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2018-telugu-kannada-nomination-list-out-date-place-7th-edition-revealed-777016|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 - Telugu, Kannada nomination list out|website=International Business Times|date=5 August 2018|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tagaru]]''
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922|title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out!|website=Times Now|date=18 July 2019|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Awards]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simha, Vasishta N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Harinie Jeevitha

2026-03-14T10:02:41Z

Peter05220035516: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harinie Jeevitha
| image = Ganesha-6239.png
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Harinie Jeevitha Narasimhan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|1|16}}
| birth_place = India
| years_active = 2005–present
| known_for = Bharatanatyam
| style = Melattur
| occupation = [[Bharatanatyam dancer]], [[Choreographer]], [[Author]]
}}
'''Harinie Jeevitha''' (Tamil: ஹரிணி ஜீவிதா) is an Indian classical dancer and choreographer. A senior disciple of Sheela Unnikrishnan of Sridevi Nrithyalaya,<ref name="SheelaUnni">{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> she started training at the age of six in the Melattur style of Bharatanatyam<ref name="Training">{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> and, within three months, performed a small role in the production ''Balaramayanam''.<ref name="BalaRamayanam">{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref>

From a very young age, Harinie became a well-known name in dance circles and is "recognized for the depth of research, understanding, and internalization" she brings to her performances.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref> According to ''The Hans India'', Harinie brought "conversational vibrancy" to her work through her "skillful blending of nritta, natya, and abhinaya".<ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}</ref>

At the age of 9, she performed her first solo<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Harinie Jeevitha: Fine Blending of Tradition and Innovation |url=https://indiaartreview.com/stories/harinie-jeevitha-bharatanatyam/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and completed her [[Arangetram (dance)|arangetram]] in 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Drama and Bhakti that keep up with rhythm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/09/drama-and-bhakti-that-keep-up-with-rhythm-1749229.html |access-date= |website=}}</ref> From a very young age, Harinie became a well-known name in dance circles and is 'recognized for the depth of research, understanding, and internalization' she brings to her performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangavalli |first=Anna Rao |date=2024-12-12 |title=A Mesmerising Celebration of Bharatanatyam in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/a-mesmerising-celebration-of-bharatanatyam-in-hyderabad-929015 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> According to ''Hans India'', Harinie brought 'conversational vibrancy' to her work through her 'skillful blending of ''nritta'', ''natya'', and ''abhinaya''. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangavalli |first=Anna Rao |date=2024-12-12 |title=A Mesmerising Celebration of Bharatanatyam in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/a-mesmerising-celebration-of-bharatanatyam-in-hyderabad-929015 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"Harinie’s performance stood out for its grace and artistry." ''The Hindu, 2024 <ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ramadevi |first=B. |date=2024-04-22 |title=Harinie Jeevitha’s ‘Varadarajam Upasmahe’ had all the artistic elements in the right proportion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/harinie-jeevithas-varadarajam-upasmahe-had-all-the-artistic-elements-in-the-right-proportion/article68093449.ece |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''</blockquote>
[[File:Parsvanikutttakam.jpg|left|thumb|''Parsvanikutttakam'' - one of the 108 karanas in the classical Indian dance.]]
In 2009, Harinie was conferred the Bal Shree title by the [[National Bal Bhavan]] in the field of Creative Performance, an honor constituted by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Dance critic, Rupa Srikanth of ''The Hindu'' described Harinie as 'a dancer who has it all: a personable presence, an excellent sense of timing, grace, agility, suppleness, perfection in execution, an expressive face, and a palpable passion.' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-02 |title=Full of verve |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/full-of-verve/article7379538.ece |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, after participating in eighteen dance dramas choreographed by her teacher, Harinie presented her first independent production, titled ''Varadarajam Upasmahe.'' <ref name=":2" />

She has authored and published two poetry collections: ''Perspectives'' and ''The Siblings of Kanchipuram: A Garland of Poems''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harinie Jeevitha |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21957790.Harinie_Jeevitha |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

Harinie continues to perform at prestigious dance festivals in India and abroad as part of Sheela Unnikrishnan's troupe, and has also conducted international dance workshops alongside her teacher.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Harinie Jeevitha detailed |url=https://www.sridevinrithyalaya.com/harinie-jeevitha |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Sridevi Nrithyalaya |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Indian-dance.png|thumb|Harinie Jeevitha]]
Harinie graduated with a degree in English Literature and later completed her post-graduation in Dance. <ref name=":2" /> She was awarded a scholarship by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, under the Scholarship to Young Artists Scheme for the years 2015–16 and 2016–17. <ref name=":3" />

Harinie is also an 'A' grade artiste with [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":3" />

== Awards & Recognition ==

* Bala Shree title from National Bal Bhavan, 2009<ref name=":0" />
* Won the Excellency Award by the VDS Arts Academy
* Received Ranjani Rajan Award as the Best Dancer
* 1st prize at the Classical Duo (with Archana Raja) and the 2nd at the Classical Solo dance contests of Akhil Bharatiya Sanskrutik Sangh (Pune, 2009)
* 1st prize in the final round of Konjum Salangai dance competition series by Doordarshan TV (Podigai), 2008
* 1st prize (Feb 2008) and 2nd prize (2009) in the all-India level (mixed age group) Bharatanatyam * competition in Hyderabad organized by Navya Nataka Samiti
* 1st prize in the all-India level Bharatanatyam competition in Bangalore (2008) conducted by Gopinath Das Nyasa
* 1st prize in Thaka-Dhimi-Tha, a dance competition show conducted by Jaya TV
* 1st prize in Bharathanatyam dance contest conducted by Sivan Arts Academy (2005)
* 1st prize in the junior category at the Bharatanatyam contest by Concern India in 2009
* Best Bharatanatyam Dancer 2007 Award in the Junior Category from the Auroville Cultural Exchange
* Prize from Kanaka Sabha (Mumbai) in all-India Level Competition
* Prizes in Jawahar Bala Bhawan ([[Tamil Nadu]]) state- and Chennai district- level competitions
* 1st prize in the Jaya Vidya Learning Centre's Bharatanatyam contest
* Received the YGP Golden Jubilee Award as the "Best Actor" is also a recipient of the Bharat Kalachar scholarships for dance for 2004 - 2010

== Notable Solo Performances (Abroad) ==
Source:<ref name=":3" />
* Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2020)
* Sydney, Australia (2019)
* Melbourne, Australia (2018)
* Toronto, Canada (2017)
* Singapore (2014)

* Oslo, Norway (2012)

== Notable Solo Performances (India) ==
Source:<ref name=":3" />
* Kartik Fine Arts (2020)
* SABHA, Sridevi Nrithyalaya (2020)
* [[Narada Gana Sabha]] (2019)
* IIT, Mumbai (2019)
* Chamber concerts in Bangalore (2019)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2019)
* Annual Dance Festival, The Music Academy (2019)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2018)
* Satyam Sivam Sundaram (2018)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2017)
* Annual Dance Festival, The Music Academy (2017)
* Mid Year Dance Festival, Music Academy (2016)
* Satyam Sivam Sundaram (2016)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2016)
* HCL Concert Series, Music Academy (2015)
* Natyarangam, Narada Gana Sabha (2015)
* RR Sabha (2014)
* Spirit of Youth, Music Academy (2014)
* Mylapore Fine Arts Club (2013)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2013)
* Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha (2012)
* Indian Fine Arts Society (2012)
* Sri Krishna Gana Sabha (2011)
* Yuva Utsav, Bharat Kalachar (2011)
* Satyam Sivam Sundaram (2011)
* Brahma Gana Sabha (2010)
* Thyaga Brahma Gana Sabha (2010)
* Kartik Fine Arts (2009)
* Nungambakkam Cultural Academy (2008)
* Parthasarathy Swami Sabha (2007)
* VDS Arts Academy (2007)
* Guruvayur Temple, Trivandrum (2006)
* Pollachi Tamil Sangham (2006)
* Balasaraswathi Festival (2005)
* VDS Arts Academy (2004)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/how-youngsters-perceive-a-future-in-dance/article3425200.ece The Hindu]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235848/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArchiveView.asp?Skin=TOINEW&Daily=TOICH&AppName=1&BaseHref=TOICH/2010/03/17&GZ=T&Enter=true&Page=27 Times of India]

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KbndB5alc8 YouTube]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeevitha, Harinie}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Nivedita Jha

2026-03-13T17:53:21Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up New Stub Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian journalist and women's-rights activist}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Nivedita Jha
| image = Nivedita Jha addressing.jpg
| caption = Nivedita Jha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| occupation = Journalist, social activist, poet
| known_for = Reporting on the Muzaffarpur shelter home case
}}

'''Nivedita Jha''' (born 4 April 1965) is an Indian journalist, social activist and poet from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Patna NEET aspirant’s death puts Bihar Police under scanner after post-mortem flags sexual violence
|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/patna-neet-aspirants-death-puts-bihar-police-under-scanner-after-post-mortem-flags-sexual-violence
|work=Outlook India
|author=Md Asghar Khan
|date=20 January 2026
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Heat on CM
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/heat-on-cm/cid/1443930
|work=The Telegraph
|location=Patna
|date=20 June 2018
|access-date=8 March 2026
|author=S.M. Shahbaz
}}</ref> She is known for her work on issues related to women’s rights and social justice and currently serves as the president of the [[Bihar Mahila Samaj]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Opposition slams Nitish for removing hijab of AYUSH doctor, raises questions about his mental health
|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/opposition-slams-nitish-for-removing-hijab-of-ayush-doctor-raises-questions-about-his-mental-health
|work=The Wire
|author=Umesh Kumar Ray
|date=18 December 2025
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Women seek 50% political representation
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/women-seek-50-political-representation/articleshow/119493130.cms
|work=The Times of India
|location=Patna
|date=25 March 2025
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Women on protest path
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/women-on-protest-path/cid/1445565
|work=The Telegraph
|location=Patna
|date=21 July 2018
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=In Patna, three hospital staff accused of sexually assaulting a critical COVID-19 patient
|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/patna-three-hospital-staff-accused-sexually-assaulting-critical-covid-patient
|work=The Caravan
|date=3 June 2021
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Economic abuse through the eyes of five Patna women
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/economic-abuse-through-the-eyes-of-five-patna-women/article67641746.ece
|work=The Hindu
|date=14 December 2023
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref> She is also the president of the Bihar chapter of South Asian Women in Media (SAWM).<ref>{{cite news |title=Countering ‘love jihad’ by celebrating Indian interfaith couples |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/10/countering-love-jihad-by-celebrating-indian-interfaith-couples |work=Al Jazeera |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>

Nivedita Jha began her journalism career with ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' and later worked as an independent journalist. Over the years she has reported on social justice issues, women's rights and public policy matters in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Meet Nivedita Jha: Real-life journalist and inspiration behind Bhumi Pednekar’s ‘Bhakshak’
|url=https://www.india.com/women/meet-nivedita-jha-real-life-journalist-and-inspiration-behind-bhumi-pednekars-bhakshak-6725098/
|work=India.com
|date=9 February 2024
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home case: Petitioner pins hope on SC-monitored probe
|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/media/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-petitioner-pins-hope-on-sc-monitored-probe
|work=National Herald
|author=Ashutosh Sharma
|date=21 September 2018
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=No credit has been given to me: Journalist Nivedita on 'Bhakshak'
|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/no-credit-has-been-given-to-me-journalist-nivedita-on-bhakshak-1709107195690
|work=Inshorts
|date=28 February 2024
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref>
She came into wider public attention for her reporting and activism related to the [[Muzaffarpur shelter case|Muzaffarpur shelter home case]], a major criminal case involving allegations of sexual abuse of minor girls in a government-funded shelter home in Bihar. The issue received national attention and led to demands for investigation and judicial intervention.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Muzaffarpur shelter-home case: How the CBI ignored crucial leads by the Bihar police
|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-verdict-sentence-cbi-bihar-police-sexual-assault
|work=The Caravan
|date=2019
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home abuse case: Probing complaint on murder of 11 girls at shelter home, CBI tells SC
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-abuse-case-probing-complaint-on-murder-of-11-girls-at-shelter-home-cbi-tells-sc-5709830/
|work=The Indian Express
|date=4 May 2019
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref>

Jha also filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking directions regarding the investigation and media reporting in the Muzaffarpur shelter home case.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Nivedita Jha v. State of Bihar
|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5d848ceb714d58266e07f92a
|website=CaseMine
|publisher=Supreme Court of India
|date=20 September 2018
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Girls believed dead are alive: CBI tells Supreme Court in Bihar shelter case
|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-5-girls-believed-murdered-are-alive-cbi-to-top-court-on-bihar-shelter-2160679
|work=NDTV
|author=Ashish Kumar Bhargava
|date=8 January 2020
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Plea for proper probe into Muzaffarpur shelter case
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/plea-for-proper-probe-into-muzaffarpur-shelter-case/article26849108.ece
|work=The Hindu
|date=15 April 2019
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref> She received the Laadli Media Award for Gender Sensitivity (2010–11) for Best Hindi News Report.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laadli Media Awards presented |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2011/Feb/09/laadli-media-awards-presented-226108.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Point of View wins Laadli Media Award: “An encouragement to keep fighting for gender equality”
|url=https://www.apc.org/en/news/point-view-wins-laadli-media-award-encouragement-keep-fighting-gender-equality
|publisher=Association for Progressive Communications
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref>

Apart from journalism, Jha has also been associated with social activism in Bihar. As the president of Bihar Mahila Samaj, she has been involved in campaigns and protests related to women’s rights and gender justice.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Left activists clash with police in Patna during protest over increasing crimes against women
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/left-activists-clash-with-police-in-patna-during-protest-over-increasing-crimes-against-women/article70615312.ece
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=M for Misogyny: Of lit fest and drawing parallels
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/roundabout-m-for-misogyny/story-oUSlugkOIA3ojLQjDeCoVN.html
|work=Hindustan Times
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Hindi writer, #MeToo, and the debate in Patna
|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/gender/hindi-writer-metoo-patna/article69759812.ece
|work=Frontline
|publisher=The Hindu Group
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite report
|title=Workshop for Strengthening Women's Voices for Creating Gender Just Spaces in Literature, Art, Media and Culture
|url=https://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/Report_%20Workshop%20for%20Strengthening%20Womn's%20Voices%20for%20creating%20gender%20just%20Spaces%20in%20Literature,%20Art,%20media%20and%20Culture.pdf
|publisher=Oxfam India
|date=2015
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref>

Nivedita Jha is also known for her literary work. She has written several poetry collections including ''Zakhm Jitne The'', ''Prem Mein Dar'', ''Patna Diary'', and ''Ab Ke Basant''. Her poetry often reflects social realities, human emotions and experiences from everyday life.<ref>{{cite web
|title=निवेदिता झा का जीवन परिचय
|url=https://www.hindwi.org/poets/nivedita-jha/profile
|website=Hindwi
|publisher=Rekhta Foundation
|access-date=8 March 2026
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Nivedita}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]

Surbhi Chandna

2026-03-05T21:05:00Z

Peter05220035516: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surbhi Chandna
| image = Surbhi Chandna graces the premiere of Hume Tumse Pyaar Kitna (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chandna in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|11|df=yes}}<ref name="news18-DOB">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/on-surbhi-chandnas-birthday-nakuul-mehtas-surprise-for-his-ishqbaaz-co-star-5946535.html |title=On Surbhi Chandna's Birthday, Nakuul Mehta's Surprise for His Ishqbaaz Co-Star |website=News18 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913061030/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/on-surbhi-chandnas-birthday-nakuul-mehtas-surprise-for-his-ishqbaaz-co-star-5946535.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for = ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'' ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Karan Sharma|2024}}
}}

'''Surbhi Chandna''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈsuɾbʱi ˈt͡ʃəɳɖnaː|pron}}; born 11 September 1989) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who primarily works in Hindi television. Chandna is widely recognised for her portrayal of Anika Trivedi Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and Bani Sharma Singhania in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''. Both these performances earned her two [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular]].

Chandna made her acting debut in 2009 with the cameo as Sweety, in ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''. She had her first major role in ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Hayaa Qureshi. She is also known for playing Dr. Ishani Arora in ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' and Manmeet Shergill in ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-surbhi-chandna-on-sherdil-shergill-the-biggest-apprehension-for-me-was-playing-a-mother-on-screen-but-my-character-manmeets-story-changed-things/articleshow/94383772.cms |title=Exclusive - Surbhi Chandna on Sherdil Shergill: The biggest apprehension for me was playing a mother on-screen, but my character Manmeet's story changed things |website=The Times of India |date=23 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> In 2024, Chandna expanded to web shows with [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Mini TV]]'s ''Rakshak - India's Braves''.

==Early life==
Surbhi Chandna was born on 11 September 1989 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="news18-DOB"/>

==Career==
===Debut and early roles (2009-2015)===
Chandna debuted on television in 2009 with a cameo in the longest-running sitcom ever, ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' that airs on [[Sony SAB]] as Sweety. After a break of four years, she played Suzanne in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi… Meri Bhabhi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-chandna-to-karan-patel-did-you-know-popular-actors-were-part-of-these-iconic-shows/photostory/69773734.cms |title=Surbhi Chandna to Karan Patel: Did you know popular actors were part of these iconic shows |website=The Times of India |date=13 June 2019 |language=en |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614054259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-chandna-to-karan-patel-did-you-know-popular-actors-were-part-of-these-iconic-shows/photostory/69773734.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Chandna played Aamna Khan in the Hindi film ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674568 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112105849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674568 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2013 |title=Bobby Jasoos (2014) | Box Office Earnings |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date= |accessdate=2014-07-22}}</ref>

From 2014 to 2015, Chandna played the deaf and mute Haya Qureshi Ansari in ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' opposite [[Deepak Wadhwa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Breaking-stereotypes-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/16991761.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518004942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34781452_1_qubool-hai-questions-stereotypes-asad |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Breaking stereotypes: Qubool Hai |last=Times News Network|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 October 2012 |access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref> In 2015, she also played Sia in an episode of ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishqbaaaz Fame Surbhi Chandna flaunts Clovia's dazzling bralette collection |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/ishqbaaaz-fame-surbhi-chandna-flaunts-clovias-dazzling-bralette-collection20220219122232/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213133556/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/ishqbaaaz-fame-surbhi-chandna-flaunts-clovias-dazzling-bralette-collection20220219122232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Success with ''Ishqbaaaz'' and expansion (2016–2021)===
[[File:Surbhi Chandna.jpg|thumb|upright|Chandna with [[Nakuul Mehta]] at an event in 2017]]

From 2016 to 2018, Chandna played Anika Trivedi Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' opposite [[Nakuul Mehta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-video-after-confirming-surbhi-chandna-aka-anika-s-exit-gul-khan-now-bids-good-bye-to-the-super-six-of-ishqbaaz-2688890|title=Producer Gul Khan bids good-bye to the 'Super Six' of Ishqbaaz|website=Daily News and Analysis |date=24 November 2018 |accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/from-qubool-hai-to-ishqbaaz-surbhi-chandnas-glamorous-transformation/photostory/60461147.cms |title=From Qubool Hai to Ishqbaaz: Surbhi Chandna's glamorous transformation |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312163454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/from-qubool-hai-to-ishqbaaz-surbhi-chandnas-glamorous-transformation/photostory/60461147.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The show proved to be a major success for her and earned her recognition. For playing Anika, she won numerous accolades including [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular]] and her pairing with Mehta won them [[Gold Awards|Gold Best Onscreen Jodi]] award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaazs-nakuul-mehta-my-chemistry-with-surbhi-chandna-was-magical-and-quite-beautiful/articleshow/68436313.cms|title=Ishqbaaz's Nakuul Mehta: My chemistry with Surbhi Chandna was magical and quite beautiful |website=The Times of India |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> In 2017, she played Anika in Indian television's first [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] series, ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' opposite Nakuul Mehta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The promo of India's first spin off tv series 'Dil Bole Oberoi' is here and it looks very promising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-first-promo-of-dil-bole-oberoi-is-here-and-it-looks-very-promising/articleshow/56806340.cms|website=Times of India |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

From 2019 to 2020, Chandna played Dr. Ishani Arora Mathur opposite [[Namit Khanna]] in ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-and-namit-khanna-join-mohnish-bahl-and-gurdeep-kohli-for-sanjivanis-reboot/articleshow/69780722.cms |title=Surbhi Chandna and Namit Khanna join Mohnish Bahl and Gurdeep Kohli for Sanjivani's reboot |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621120559/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-and-namit-khanna-join-mohnish-bahl-and-gurdeep-kohli-for-sanjivanis-reboot/articleshow/69780722.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was a reboot version of the 2002 series [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|of the same name]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Sanjivani actor Surbhi Chandna: My mother is really excited to see me play a doctor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanjivani-actor-surbhi-chandna-dr-ishani-5898512/ |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201131456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanjivani-actor-surbhi-chandna-dr-ishani-5898512/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2020 to 2021, Chandna played Bani Sharma Singhania, a shape-shifting serpent in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', opposite [[Sharad Malhotra]].<ref name="Keshri 2021">{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Here's how Surbhi Chandna and Sharad Malhotra's Naagin 5 came to an end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/here-s-how-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-s-naagin-5-came-to-an-end-1766789-2021-02-07 |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008140508/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/here-s-how-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-s-naagin-5-came-to-an-end-1766789-2021-02-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> She won another ITA Award for Best Actress - Popular, for the show.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=I was unsure of taking up Naagin 5, says Surbhi Chandna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-naagin-5-hina-khan-colors-6570585/ |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008140510/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-naagin-5-hina-khan-colors-6570585/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she appeared in her debut music videos, ''Bepanah Pyaar'' and ''Bepanah Ishq'', alongside Sharad Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-chandna-aka-bani-of-naagin-5-introduces-her-character-anjum-fakih-shares-fun-photos-with-male-lead-sharad-malhotra/articleshow/77584682.cms |title=Surbhi Chandna aka Bani of Naagin 5 introduces her character|website=The Times of India |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818113659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-chandna-aka-bani-of-naagin-5-introduces-her-character-anjum-fakih-shares-fun-photos-with-male-lead-sharad-malhotra/articleshow/77584682.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Recent work (2022–present)===
In 2022, Chandna debuted as a host, on ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan|Hunarbaaz]]'' replacing [[Bharti Singh]] and then she appeared in the music video, ''Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar'' alongside [[Arjun Bijlani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surbhi Chandna replaces Bharti Singh in Hunarbaaz after latter welcomes baby boy. Watch video from set |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-replaces-bharti-singh-in-hunarbaaz-after-latter-welcomes-baby-boy-watch-video-from-set-101649137206232-amp.html |date=5 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406180909/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/surbhi-chandna-replaces-bharti-singh-in-hunarbaaz-after-latter-welcomes-baby-boy-watch-video-from-set-101649137206232-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2022 to 2023, she played a single mother, Manmeet Shergill Yadav opposite [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] in ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/surbhi-chandna-and-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-play-leads-in-sherdil-shergill-1970894-2022-07-06|title=Surbhi Chandna and Dheeraj Dhoopar to play leads in Sherdil Shergill|first1=Shweta|last1= Keshri|website=India Today|date=6 July 2022 |accessdate=12 September 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706180909/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/surbhi-chandna-and-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-play-leads-in-sherdil-shergill-1970894-2022-07-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Chandna made her web debut with ''Rakshak - India's Braves: Chapter 2'', playing an army officer's wife Alka Singh opposite [[Barun Sobti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/barun-sobti-surbhi-chandna-starrer-rakshak-chapter-2-pays-homage-to-soldiers-of-operation-kulgam |title=Barun-Surbhi starrer 'Rakshak: Chapter 2' pays homage to soldiers of 'Operation Kulgam' |website=Outlook India|date=19 February 2024 |accessdate=20 February 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302180909/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/barun-sobti-surbhi-chandna-starrer-rakshak-chapter-2-pays-homage-to-soldiers-of-operation-kulgam |url-status=live }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted, "Surbhi Chandna is decent in her limited screen time."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/rakshak-indias-braves/season-2/seasonreview/107855095.cms |title=Rakshak India's Braves Season 2 Review: A gripping tale of fearless men in uniform after the Pulwama attack|website=Times of India|access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304180909/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/surbhi-chandna-and-dheeraj-dhoopar-to-play-leads-in-sherdil-shergill-1970894-2022-07-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chandna and entrepreneur Karan Sharma were in a relationship, since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishaqbaaz actor Surbhi Chandna shares cutest wedding announcement with boyfriend Karan Sharma|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ishaqbaaz-actor-surbhi-chandna-shares-wedding-announcement-with-karan-sharma-101705325961156.html|access-date=2024-01-18|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Soon-to-be married Surbhi Chandna and Karan Sharma step out for their last date before their wedding|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/soon-to-be-married-surbhi-chandna-and-karan-step-out-for-their-last-date-before-their-wedding/articleshow/107995228.cms|access-date=2024-03-02|website=The Times of India|date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> After dating for 13 years, the couple got married on 2 March 2024 in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bride-to-be Surbhi Chandna radiates elegance in golden sharara at her 'Chooda Ceremony'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bride-to-be-surbhi-chandna-radiates-elegance-in-golden-sharara-at-her-chooda-ceremony/articleshow/108161549.cms|access-date=2024-03-02|website=The Times of India|date=2 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Surbhi Chandna marries longtime boyfriend Karan Sharma in Jaipur; see pics|url=https://lwww.indiatoday.in/amp/television/celebrity/story/see-videos-pics-surbhi-chandna-marries-longtime-boyfriend-karan-sharma-in-jaipur-2509701-2024-03-02|access-date=2024-03-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Surbhi Chandna at the 25th SOL Lions Gold Awards 2018.jpg|thumb|Chandna in 2019]]

In [[The Times of India|Times' Most Desirable Women on TV]], she was placed 12th in 2018 and 4th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet The TV's 20 Most Desirable Actresses of 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-tops-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2018/articleshow/69281775.cms |website=Times of India |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2019/amp_articleshow/77935861.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=12 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815031541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In UK-based newspaper ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s list of 50 Sexiest Asian Women, she ranked 16th in 2018 and 5th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Sexiest Asian Women: Deepika tops the list, Priyanka is in second position |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/lite/ |access-date=18 December 2018 |work=The Indian Express|date=6 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Alia Bhatt named Sexiest Asian Female of 2019; Deepika leads the decade chart |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/alia-bhatt-named-sexiest-asian-female-of-2019-deepika-on-top-of-the-decade-chart/articleshow/72488808.cms |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=The Economics Times}}</ref> She was placed 9th in ''[[Eastern Eye]]'''s Top 50 Asian celebrities list of 2020. Manju Chandran noted: "TV took over in 2020 in a big way and small screen queen Surbhi ruled. The talented actress connected with cross-generational audiences globally, like no other Asian."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Asian celebrities of 2020: A countdown of Global stars who broke boundaries, did great work and made a positive impact! |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-celebrities-of-2020/ |date=12 December 2020 |work=Eastern Eye}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''
| Aamna Khan / Aditi
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2016 |title=Surbhi Chandna ditched Bollywood for small screen |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/surbhi-chandna-ditched-bollywood-for-small-screen/17410152 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050604/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/surbhi-chandna-ditched-bollywood-for-small-screen/17410152 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Sia
| Episode 26
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=SET India |title=Aahat - आहट - Episode 26 - 16th April 2015 |website=[[YouTube]] |date=16 April 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVMTYzY952I |language=en |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915215937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVMTYzY952I |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Haya Qureshi Ansari
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2016 |title=Surbhi Jyoti's painting bond with Surbhi Chandna |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/surbhi-jyotis-painting-bond-with-surbhi-chandna-413965 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=ABP |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045904/http://www.abplive.in/television/surbhi-jyotis-painting-bond-with-surbhi-chandna-413965 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| rowspan="2"|Anika Trivedi Singh Oberoi
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 2016 |title=ISHQBAAZ actor Nakul Mehta hurted Surbhi Chandna! |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/ishqbaaz-actor-nakul-mehta-hurted-surbhi-chandna-420809 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=ABP |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050209/http://www.abplive.in/television/ishqbaaz-actor-nakul-mehta-hurted-surbhi-chandna-420809 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
| Dr. Ishani Arora Mathur
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-surbhi-chandna-namit-khannas-show-to-premiere-in-august/articleshow/70383275.cms |title=Sanjivani 2: Surbhi Chandna, Namit Khanna's show to premiere in August |website=The Times of India |date=25 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727084600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjivani-2-surbhi-chandna-namit-khannas-show-to-premiere-in-august/articleshow/70383275.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''
| Bani Sharma Singhania
|
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]''
| Host
| Episodes 23–26
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surbhi Chandna to replace Bharti Singh as host of Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/surbhi-chandna-replace-new-mom-bharti-singh-host-hunarbaaz-desh-ki-shaan-1060174?amp |date=5 April 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509213658/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/surbhi-chandna-replace-new-mom-bharti-singh-host-hunarbaaz-desh-ki-shaan-1060174?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''
| Manmeet Shergill Yadav
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/breaking-dheeraj-dhoopar-signs-a-new-show-will-romance-surbhi-chandna-in-saurabh-tewaris-next/articleshow/92200883.cms |title=Breaking! Dheeraj Dhoopar signs a new show; will romance Surbhi Chandna in Saurabh Tewari's next |website=The Times of India |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619080812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/breaking-dheeraj-dhoopar-signs-a-new-show-will-romance-surbhi-chandna-in-saurabh-tewaris-next/articleshow/92200883.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Sweety
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi… Meri Bhabhi]]''
| Suzanne
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
| rowspan="4" | Anika Trivedi Singh Oberoi
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| rowspan="2" |Dr. Ishani Arora Mathur
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Nach Baliye 9: Sanjivani 2's Surbhi Chandna is excited to perform ahead of their show's grand launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nach-baliye-9-sanjivani-2s-surbhi-chandna-is-excited-to-perform-ahead-of-their-shows-grand-launch/articleshow/70566945.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nach-baliye-9-sanjivani-2s-surbhi-chandna-is-excited-to-perform-ahead-of-their-shows-grand-launch/articleshow/70566945.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="3" | Bani Sharma Singhania
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14 November 15 episode: Highlights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-14th-nov-full-episode-live-updates-weekend-ka-vaar-7050965/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202010634/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-14th-nov-full-episode-live-updates-weekend-ka-vaar-7050965/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2021 |title=Sunny Leone, Surbhi Chandna and Sharad Malhotra to join Salman Khan on Bigg Boss 14 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/sunny-leone-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-to-join-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-14-1755230-2021-01-02 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164520/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/sunny-leone-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-to-join-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-14-1755230-2021-01-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kuch Toh Hai: Naagin Ek Naye Rang Mein]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
| Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anita Hassanandani and Surbhi Chandna share pics with Salman Khan from Bigg Boss 15 sets |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/anita-hassanandani-and-surbhi-chandna-share-pics-with-salman-khan-from-bigg-boss-15-sets-1873967-2021-11-07 |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2021 |website=India Today |date=7 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107155124/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/anita-hassanandani-and-surbhi-chandna-share-pics-with-salman-khan-from-bigg-boss-15-sets-1873967-2021-11-07 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann]]''
|Pallavi Sachdeva
|style="text-align:center;" |
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2024
| ''Rakshak - India's Braves: Chapter 2''
| Alka Singh
| Season 2
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=4 February 2024 |title=Surbhi Chandna opens up on making her OTT debut with 'Rakshak- India's Braves: Chapter 2' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/qubool-hai-actor-surbhi-chandna-opens-up-on-making-her-ott-debut-with-rakshak-indias-braves-chapter-2-23333372 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=Mid-Day |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301050604/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/web-series/article/qubool-hai-actor-surbhi-chandna-opens-up-on-making-her-ott-debut-with-rakshak-indias-braves-chapter-2-23333372 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Psycho Saiyaan (TV series)|Psycho Saiyaan]]''
|Rucha Sanyal
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Surbhi Chandna reacts after Tejasswi Prakash refuses to promote Psycho Saiyaan with her: ‘Unfortunate situation’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-reaction-tejasswi-prakash-refuses-promotion-psycho-saiyaan-unfortunate-10557025/|website=Indian Express|date=28 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
| ''Bepanah Pyaar''
| rowspan="2" |[[Payal Dev]], [[Yasser Desai]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bepanah Pyaar Song: सुरभि चंदना- शरद मल्होत्रा के 'रोमांस' ने लगाई 'आग', रिलीज होते ही छाया गाना |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bepanah-pyaar-song-out-now-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-intense-love-hate-chemistry-loved-by-fans/articleshow/81667151.cms |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=2 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102104811/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bepanah-pyaar-song-out-now-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-intense-love-hate-chemistry-loved-by-fans/articleshow/81667151.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Bepanah Ishq''
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bepanah Ishq music video out. Surbhi Chandna, Sharad Malhotra song have an unhappy ending |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bepanah-ishq-music-video-out-surbhi-chandna-sharad-malhotra-song-have-an-unhappy-ending-1844663-2021-08-24 |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2021 |website=India Today |date=24 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107160249/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bepanah-ishq-music-video-out-surbhi-chandna-sharad-malhotra-song-have-an-unhappy-ending-1844663-2021-08-24 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar''
| [[Yasser Desai]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Surbhi Chandna & Arjun Bijlani are newlyweds looking for some time to love in new song Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-song-out-surbhi-chandna-arjun-bijlanis-soulful-track-depicts-tale-budding-romance-1162354 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720051520/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ho-gaya-hai-pyaar-song-out-surbhi-chandna-arjun-bijlanis-soulful-track-depicts-tale-budding-romance-1162354 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|Best Actress - Popular]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ita2017.com/weeklytop |title=.: Weekly Top {{!}} The Indian Television Academy 2017 Winners |website=www.ita2017.com |language=en-US |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-date=3 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103220610/http://www.ita2017.com/weeklytop |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| Female Actor Of The Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05|title=Ishqbaaaz wins big at Asian Viewers Television Awards|website=India Today|date=5 December 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093120/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05|archive-date=2018-09-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gold Awards]]
| Most Fit Actor (Female)
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=10th BOROPLUS GOLD AWARDS, 2017 WINNERS|url=https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152134/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|archive-date=5 October 2017|work=Gold Awards}}</ref>
|-
| Best Onscreen Jodi (with [[Nakuul Mehta]])
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/hina-khan-jennifer-winget-and-mouni-roy-win-big-at-gold-awards-2018-tv-winners-list-inside-1264800-2018-06-20 |title=Hina Khan, Jennifer Winget and Mouni Roy win big at Gold Awards 2018; TV winners list inside |website=India Today |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012073636/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/top-stories/story/hina-khan-jennifer-winget-and-mouni-roy-win-big-at-gold-awards-2018-tv-winners-list-inside-1264800-2018-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Stellar Performance Of The Year - Female
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|Best Actress - Popular]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-harshad-chopda-divyanka-tripathi-surbhi-chandna-walk-away-with-trophies-875426 |title=ITA Awards 2018: Harshad Chopda, Divyanka Tripathi, Surbhi Chandna walk away with trophies! |website=ABP Live |date=12 December 2018 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322081754/https://www.abplive.in/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-harshad-chopda-divyanka-tripathi-surbhi-chandna-walk-away-with-trophies-875426 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| Female Actor Of The Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Harshad, Surbhi bags Asian Viewers Television Awards|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/harshad-bags-award-700540|website=Tribune India|language=en|accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Stylish Diva
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=Gold Awards 2019: Surbhi Chandna, Hina Khan, Mohsin Khan win big |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Gold-Awards-2019-Winners-List-Surbhi-Chandna-Hina-Khan-Mohsin-Khan-win-big-21894169 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2021 |website=mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825050837/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-mohsin-khan-win-big-21894169 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India|Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards]]
| Favourite TV Actress
| rowspan="2"|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin 5'']]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Surbhi's Awards List">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=List of awards and nominations received by Surbhi Chandna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Surbhi-Chandna/awards|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Drama - Popular|Best Actress - Popular]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Shweta Keshri |date=15 February 2021 |title=ITA Awards 2021 full winners list out. Surbhi Chandna and Pratik Gandhi win big |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2021-full-winners-list-out-surbhi-chandna-and-pratik-gandhi-win-big-1769533-2021-02-15 |access-date=1 April 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
| Hot Stepper Female - TV
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 25 November 2020|title=Gold Glam and Style Awards 2020: Hina Khan, Sidharth Shukla win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922162735/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Most Popular Actress - TV
| [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin 5'']]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Surbhi's Awards List" />
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish TV Actor - Female
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress - Comedy|Best Actress - Comedy]]
| ''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 11 December 2023|title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to 'Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of accolades received by Ishqbaaaz]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|7409438}}
*{{Instagram|officialsurbhic}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Surbhi Chandna
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandna, Surbhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

List of highest-grossing Marathi films

2026-03-05T18:21:05Z

Peter05220035516:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

[[Marathi cinema]] is the filmmaking industry mainly based in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Pune]] & other regions of [[Maharashtra]]. The 1988 film ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹1 crore. The 1992 film ''[[Maherchi Sadi]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹10 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रक भरून प्रेक्षक, कानाकोपऱ्यात गाजला पण 'माहेरची साडी' चित्रपटाच्या तिकीटाची किंमत किती |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114023/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]'' is a first Marathi film grossed over {{Indian Rupee|25 crore}} at the box office.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2015 |title=Court, Lai Bhaari and more: The rise and rise of Marathi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/court-lai-bhaari-and-more-the-rise-and-rise-of-marathi-cinema/story-GAJnA7XbF1LdCJ7nxvN1pN.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Natsamrat]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹50 crores.{{efn|name="nst"}} ''[[Sairat]]'' was the first Marathi film to cross ₹100 crores.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2018 |title=Made in Marathi |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104813/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-made-in-marathi-1141162/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This ranking lists the highest-grossing Marathi films produced by Marathi cinema, based on conservative global [[box office]] estimates as reported by organizations classified as green by Bharatpedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} The figures are not adjusted for inflation. However, there is no official tracking of figures, and sources publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their estimates.

== Key ==
:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film, or at least one from a series, is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}

== Highest-grossing films ==
The top 25 highest-grossing films worldwide are listed here.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank{{efn|name="ro"|Sorted based on the lowest value when figures are presented as a range, and for the same value, the older item is given a higher order.}}
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110–130 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |date=8 May 2024 |title=Made in Rs 4 crore, this film earned Rs 110 crore, is highest-grossing movie, its climax shocked everyone |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-made-in-rs-4-crore-this-film-sairat-earned-rs-110-crore-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-climax-shocked-everyone-3088554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082323/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-made-in-rs-4-crore-this-film-sairat-earned-rs-110-crore-highest-grossing-marathi-movie-climax-shocked-everyone-3088554 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=Ved Marathi Movie : रितेश- जिनिलियाच्या 'वेड'ने १०० दिवसांत किती केली कमाई, वाचा एकूण आकडा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-ved-marathi-movie-100-days-box-office-report-a-a590/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|align="right" |₹92 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| align="right" |₹75.50 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=Riteish Deshmukh And Genelia's Ved Wins Big At Maharashtracha Favourite Kon Awards |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelias-ved-wins-big-at-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-awards-8747605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082401/https://www.news18.com/movies/riteish-deshmukh-and-genelias-ved-wins-big-at-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-awards-8747605.html |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
| align="right" |₹75 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |title=Ved box office day 4: Riteish Deshmukh’s Marathi film passes first Monday test, beats Cirkus' day 4 collection |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-day-4-riteish-deshmukh-s-marathi-film-passes-first-monday-test-beats-cirkus-day-4-collection-3014711 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |{{efn|name="nst"|''Natsamrat''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹48 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=With Sairat, Marathi cinema flies high on box office, appreciation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524103745/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>) – ₹50 crore ([[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA India'']],<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=9 December 2018 |title='Box Office figures don't matter, people's reactions do': Riteish Deshmukh on 'Mauli' and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507060936/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2016 |title=Marathi, Punjabi films that made a mark in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Marathi-Punjabi-films-that-made-a-mark-in-2016/article16944908.ece1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>)}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
| align="right" |₹41 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name="auto6" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |7
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
| align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name="auto7" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |8
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|align="right" |₹37 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=आजपर्यंत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर सर्वाधिक कमाई केलेले १० मराठी चित्रपट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/top-10-highest-grossing-marathi-movies-at-the-box-office-till-date/mh20220801115243555555727 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |language=mr}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=Is it reliable for factual reporting?|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |9
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|align="right" |₹33 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
| style="background:#b6fcb6;"" |''[[Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam]]''
| align="right" |₹32 crore
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krantijyoti Vidyalay Marathi Madhyam ending explained: How did Shirke’s viral speech save the school and what is next for the Nagaon alumni? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/krantijyoti-vidyalay-marathi-madhyam-ending-explained-sachin-khedekar-prajakta-koli-zee5/79bb7f62dd594 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |11
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
| align="right" |₹32 crore
| align="center" |2013
| align="center" |<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Marathi cinema and its struggle for success |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/marathi-films-devendra-fadnavis-shobhaa-de-multiplexes-marathi-cinema-248208-2015-04-12 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |12
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''{{efn|name="mh"|The film was produced in both the Marathi and Hindi languages, according to the filmmakers.}}
| align="right" |₹31.60 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Thackeray Box Office Collection Day 7: Nawazuddin Siddiqui's Film Earns Rs 31.60 Crore |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thackeray-box-office-collection-day-7-nawazuddin-siddiquis-film-earns-rs-31-60-crore-1986915 |access-date=13 December 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114025/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/thackeray-box-office-collection-day-7-nawazuddin-siddiquis-film-earns-rs-31-60-crore-1986915 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |13
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
| align="right" |₹30 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |title=‘Box Office figures don’t matter, people’s reactions do’: Riteish Deshmukh on 'Mauli' and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-box-office-figures-don-t-matter-people-s-reactions-do-riteish-deshmukh-on-mauli-and-more-2693685 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: right;" |14
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| align="right" |₹28.47–30 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025's breakout stars: Regional films rewrite year's box office script |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/regional-films-dominated-box-office-2025-125111900805_1.html |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=The India Box Office Report: September 2025 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-india-box-office-report-september-2025.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Ormax Media Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |15
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
| align="right" |₹27 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Rajwadkar |first=Sadhana |date=2024-06-21 |title=Nach Ga Ghuma OTT Release :'नाच गं घुमा' सिनेमा ओटीटी प्लॅटफॉर्मवर झाला रिलीज, कुठे बघता येईल जाणून घ्या |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mukta-barve-and-namrata-sambherao-nach-ga-ghuma-marathi-movie-released-on-ott-platform-amazon-prime-article-111165810 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |16
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| align="right" |₹26.13 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |17
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| align="right" |₹26 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=बॉलिवूडचे रिमेक पाहण्यापेक्षा ओरिजिनल मराठी सिनेमा भारी! ६ महिन्यातच कोट्यवधींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-movies-box-office-collection-marathi-films-made-crores-of-rupees-in-first-half-of-2022/articleshow/92793382.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |18
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| rowspan="4" align="right" |₹25 crore
| align="center" |2016
| align="center" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
| align="center" |2009
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Why Bollywood is jumping on the Marathi cinema bandwagon |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/why-bollywood-is-jumping-on-the-marathi-cinema-bandwagon-15551183 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aapla Manus]]''
| align="center" |2018
|align="center" |<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Flashback 2018: Aapla Manus to Mauli, 10 Marathi movies that were released in 2018 and have earned in millions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aapla-manus-to-mauli-10-marathi-movies-that-were-released-in-2018-and-have-earned-in-millions/333115 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303180555/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aapla-manus-to-mauli-10-marathi-movies-that-were-released-in-2018-and-have-earned-in-millions/333115 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title='Navra Maza Navsacha 2': How Sachin Pilgaonkar Made His Blockbuster Marathi Film With ₹5 Crores |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/navra-maza-navsacha-2-how-sachin-pilgaonkar-made-his-blockbuster-marathi-film-with-5-crores |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |22
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
| align="right" |₹24–31.3 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Several single screens in Maharashtra yet to open bookings for Salman Khan's Tiger 3 due to the release of the Marathi film Naal 2 on November 10 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/several-single-screens-maharashtra-yet-open-bookings-salman-khans-tiger-3-due-release-marathi-film-naal-2-november-10/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |23
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
| align="right" |₹24 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Cinema: Planet Marathi, Everest Entertainment Lead Industry To Steady Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2023/05/08/marathi-cinema-planet-m-everest-entertainment-lead-industry-to-steady-growth/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Jhimma 2 To Baipan Bhaari Deva, Marathi Movies That Ran Over 50 Days In Theatres |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jhimma-2-to-baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movies-that-ran-over-50-days-in-theatres-8738708.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803144214/https://www.news18.com/movies/jhimma-2-to-baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movies-that-ran-over-50-days-in-theatres-8738708.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |24
|[[Classmates (2015 film)|''Classmates'']]
| align="right" |₹21 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-07 |title=\'नटसम्राट\'चा पहिल्या तीन दिवसांत 10 कोटींचा गल्ला, \'लय भारी\'चा रेकॉर्ड काढला मोडीत |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-nana-patekar-starrer-natsamrat-collects-rs-10-crores-in-3-days-at-box-office-5216361-nor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027204032/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-nana-patekar-starrer-natsamrat-collects-rs-10-crores-in-3-days-at-box-office-5216361-NOR.html |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |25
|''[[Double Seat]]''
| align="right" |₹20 crore
| align="center" |2015
| align="center" |<ref name=":13" />
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening day ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|4.23}} crore
|align="center" |2016
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-06 |title=पहिल्या आठवड्यात ‘सैराट’ची रेकॉर्ड ब्रेक २५ कोटींची कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/first-week-sairat-record-breaks-25-crores-earned/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}3.75 crore
|align="center" |2015
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title='टाइमपास २' सुसाट; तीन दिवसांत कमवला 11 कोटींचा गल्ला! |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/news/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A5%A8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-167341.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=lokmat.news18.com}}</ref><ref name=":22" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}3.5 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=पहिल्याच दिवशी लावलं प्रेक्षकांना 'वेड'; जमवला इतक्या करोडचा गल्ला |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/ved-day-1-box-office-collection-is-3-5-riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-mhgm-807889.html |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=mr |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231213953/https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/ved-day-1-box-office-collection-is-3-5-riteish-and-genelia-deshmukh-mhgm-807889.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|3.5 crore}}
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":22" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
| align="right" |{{INR|3.10 crore}}
| align="center" |2014
| align="center" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Riteish Deshmukh storms box office again, Lai Bhaari earns Rs 10.55 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/riteish-deshmukh-storms-box-office-again-lai-bhaari-earns-rs-10-55-crore/story-e2dcerLKvWio2GSXiKmTsN.html/1000 |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-14 |title=Lai Bhaari rules Maha box office, grosses Rs 10.55 cr in opening weekend |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lai-bhaari-gets-cash-register-ringing-grosses-rs-10-cr-opening-weekend-1618379.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-13 |title=रितेशच्या ‘लय भारी’ची विक्रमी कमाई |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/lai-bhaari-box-office-collection-break-records-666420/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|3.1 crore}}
|align="center" |2018
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |7
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|2.25 crore}}
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=Har Har Mahadev' box office: Subodh Bhave and Sharad Kelkar starrer collects 2.25 crores on Day 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/har-har-mahadev-box-office-subodh-bhave-and-sharad-kelkar-starrer-collects-2-25-crores-on-day-1/articleshow/95121228.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |8
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|align="right" |₹2.25 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Box Office Collections Day 1: Sachin Pilgaonkar's comedy opens to PACKED HOUSES; Nets Rs 2.25 crore on National Cinema Day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collections-day-1-sachin-pilgaonkars-comedy-opens-to-packed-houses-nets-rs-2-25-crore-on-national-cinema-day-1349344 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921072953/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collections-day-1-sachin-pilgaonkars-comedy-opens-to-packed-houses-nets-rs-2-25-crore-on-national-cinema-day-1349344 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |9
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|2.13 crore}}
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title='नाच गं घुमा' ठरला पहिल्या दिवशी सर्वाधिक कमाई करणारा तिसरा चित्रपट, जमवला इतका गल्ला |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/paresh-mokashi-nach-ga-ghuma-first-day-box-office-collection-3rd-highest-first-day-grosser-ever/804315 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |10
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|align="right" |₹2.05 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE Studios Dharmaveer Mukkam Post Thane, Saunkan Saunkne first day Box Office collections beat YRFs Jayeshbhai Jordaar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/zee-studios-dharmaveer-mukkam-post-thane-saunkan-saunkne-first-day-box-office-collections-beat-yrfs-jayeshbhai-jordaar-2463607.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening weekend ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹12.20 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-06 |title=‘सैराट’ची पहिल्या आठवड्यात रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sairat-record-breaking-box-office-collection-220173 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[Timepass 2]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹11 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-05 |title=Timepass 2 earns Rs 11 crore in three days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/timepass-2-earns-rs-11-crore-in-three-days/articleshow/47152860.cms |access-date=2025-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":20" />
|-
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref name=":19" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹10.55 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Yogesh |title=Natsamrat smashes all records of Marathi cinema in opening weekend |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-natsamrat-smashes-all-records-of-marathi-cinema-in-opening-weekend-2162661 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Ved Box Office: Riteish Deshmukh directorial starts on a good note; collects Rs. 10 cr over opening weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/ved-box-office-riteish-deshmukh-directorial-starts-good-note-collects-rs-10-cr-opening-weekend/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right|6
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|align="right" |₹9.08 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Dharmaveer Box Office: Film draws in Rs. 9.08 cr on opening weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/dharmaveer-box-office-film-draws-rs-9-08-cr-opening-weekend/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
| align="right" |₹8.71 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=मराठी चित्रपट हाऊसफुल्ल अन् कंगना रणौत, अक्षय कुमारच्या चित्रपटांकडे प्रेक्षकांची पाठ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2968203/kangana-ranaut-akshay-kumar-movie-less-response-from-audience-and-marathi-movie-more-collection-on-box-office-kmd-95/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Sarsenapati Hambirrao Box Office Collection : ‘सरसेनापती हंबीरराव’ चित्रपटाचे बॉक्स ऑफिस कलेक्शन समोर, तीन दिवसात कमावले इतके कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/pravin-tarde-sarsenapati-hambirrao-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-three-day-nrp-97-2951405/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
| align="right" |₹7.92 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Dharmveer 2 : साहेबांच्या हिंदुत्त्वाची गोष्ट प्रेक्षकांना भावली! 'धर्मवीर २'ची तीनच दिवसांत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर बंपर कमाई |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dharmveer-2-prasad-oak-pravin-tarde-movie-box-office-collection-day-3-details-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
| align="right" |₹7.75–9.50 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Kimaya |date=2024-09-23 |title=Navra Maza Navsacha 2 Collection : बॉक्स ऑफिसवर नवरा माझा नवसाचा 2 ची सुस्साट कमाई ! वीकेंडला प्रेक्षकांचा दमदार प्रतिसाद |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/navara-maza-navsacha-2-superhit-in-box-office-made-784-crore-in-weekend-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Sakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पुळ्याचा गणपती पावला!नवरा माझा नवसाचा २ तिसऱ्या दिवशीही हाऊसफुल्ल, केली इतकी कमाई |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-day-3/articleshow/113587432.cms |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073451/https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-day-3/articleshow/113587432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|[[Baipan Bhari Deva|''Baipan Bhari Deva'']]
| align="right" |₹6.45 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-07-04 |title=Baipan Bhaari Deva: बाईपण भारी देवा सिनेमाची बॉक्स ऑफीसवर रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, आजवर केली ईतकी कमाई |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/baipan-bhaari-deva-marathi-movie-box-office-report-news-directed-by-kedar-shinde-drj96 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Sakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by opening week ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹25.50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=\'सैराट\'ची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, 11 दिवसात कमावले 41 कोटी |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-marathi-film-sairat-box-office-collection-5320618-pho.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Divya Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Sairat amasses Rs 25.50 cr in first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Sairat-amasses-Rs-25-50-cr-in-first-week/articleshow/52172670.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|align="right" |₹20.18 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Ved Marathi Movie : लय भारी ! मराठमोळं 'वेड' वाढतंच चाललंय, गाठला 50 कोटींचा टप्पा, रितेश म्हणाला, 'शब्द...' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/ved-marathi-movie-50-crore-box-office-collection-and-still-going-strong-riteish-deshmukh-shared-post-a945/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹17.10 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2014-07-18 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania' Enters Hit Zone; 'Lai Bhaari' Earns ₹17 Crore in Week 1 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-humpty-sharma-ki-dulhania-enters-hit-zone-lai-bhaari-earns-17-crore-604784 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=[[International Business Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹16.50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-27 |title=\'नटसम्राट\'ने रचला इतिहास, 35.10 कोटींचा गल्ला जमवत मोडला \'लय भारी\'चा विक्रम |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-marathi-movie-natsamrats-record-break-box-office-collection-earn-35-5233469-nor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117003803/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-marathi-movie-natsamrats-record-break-box-office-collection-earn-35-5233469-NOR.html |archive-date=2022-01-17 |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |5
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2]]''
|align="right" |₹14.36 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title='नवरा माझा नवसाचा २' चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर जोरदार घौडदोड; १० दिवसांत कमावले 'इतके' कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-ashok-saraf-starr-navra-maza-navsacha-2-box-office-collection-in-10-days-pps-98-4627001/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|[[Naal (film)|''Naal'']]
| align="right" |₹14 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Studios’ Marathi film Naal smashes records at the box office |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/zee-studios-marathi-film-naal-smashes-records-at-the-box-office-2158433.html/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17262398858327&referrer=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/zee-studios-marathi-film-naal-smashes-records-at-the-box-office-2158433.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| align="right" |₹13.87 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Dharmaveer Box Office: Marathi film does roaring business in week 1; collects Rs. 13.87 cr |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/dharmaveer-box-office-marathi-film-roaring-business-week-1-collects-rs-13-87-cr/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Pranali |date=2022-12-27 |title=Year End 2022: 'या' मराठी सिनेमांनी बॉक्स ऑफिसवर घातला धुमाकूळ |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/year-end-2022-marathi-movie-success-journey-on-boxoffice-ppm81 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227050859/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/year-end-2022-marathi-movie-success-journey-on-boxoffice-ppm81 |archive-date=2022-12-27 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
| align="right" |₹12.50 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=With 83 Crore In Bag, Baipan Bhari Deva Is Now 2nd Highest Grossing Marathi Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/with-83-crore-in-bag-baipan-bhari-deva-is-now-2nd-highest-grossing-marathi-film-8478049.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title='बाईपण भारी देवा' चित्रपटाने मोडला 'वेड'चा रेकॉर्ड, आतापर्यंत कमावले इतके कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/baipan-bhari-deva-box-office-collection-ved-movie-record-break-kedar-shinde-post-know-details-nrp-97-3811646/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725120928/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/baipan-bhari-deva-box-office-collection-ved-movie-record-break-kedar-shinde-post-know-details-nrp-97-3811646/ |archive-date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right"|9
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|align="right" |₹10–12.17 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=हर हर महादेव! 'पावनखिंड'ची बॉक्सऑफिस मोहीम फत्ते, पहिल्या आठवड्यात १० कोटींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathhi-movei-pawankhind-box-office-collection-races-towards-the-10-crore-mark/articleshow/89746927.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2022-04-29 |title=Marathi film ‘Sher Shivraj’ clocks ₹4 crore in opening weekend |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/marathi-film-sher-shivraj-clocks-rs-4-crore-in-opening-weekend-11651207936670.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| align="right" |₹9.25–12 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Prabhavalkar’s Dashavatar Sees Steady Growth On Week 1, Next Stop Rs 10 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/dilip-prabhavalkars-dashavatar-sees-steady-growth-on-week-1-next-stop-rs-10-crore-aa-9582556.html |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Dashavatar: १६ दिवसांनंतरही 'दशावतार' सुसाट, आत्तापर्यंत किती कमावले? जाणून घ्या |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavatar-marathi-movie-crossed-19cr-on-box-office-see-collection-details-a-a971/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-09-22 |title=Dashavatar film 10th Day Collection {{!}} 'दशावतार' दस नंबरी! विकेंडचा जबरदस्त फायदा, ओलांडला इतक्या कोटींचा टप्पा |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/dashavatar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-10-crosses-15-crore-ss88 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by month ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Month
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |January
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |{{efn|name="nst"}}
|-
!scope="row" |February
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|align="right" |₹75 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Ved box office collection day 3: Riteish Deshmukh film sees fourth-highest opening weekend by Marathi film ever |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-collection-riteish-deshmukh-film-sees-fourth-highest-opening-weekend-by-marathi-film-ever-3014511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910082332/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ved-box-office-collection-riteish-deshmukh-film-sees-fourth-highest-opening-weekend-by-marathi-film-ever-3014511 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |March
|''[[Baban (film)|Baban]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|15 crore}}
|align="center" |2018
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title='बबन' चित्रपटाचं असामान्य यश; मुंबईत साजरा केला आनंद |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/baban-marathi-movie-success-party-for-completing-non-stop-50-days-1680350/ |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Loksatta |language=mr |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913072126/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/baban-marathi-movie-success-party-for-completing-non-stop-50-days-1680350/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |April
||''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110 crore
|align="center" |2016
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
!scope="row" |May
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''{{Efn|Simultaneously shot in Hindi}}
|align="right" |₹76.86 crore
|align="center" |2017
|align="center" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Sachin – A Billion Dreams Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |June
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|align="right" |₹92 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |July
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
!scope="row" |August
|''[[Subhedar]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|18 crore}}
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/ |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |September
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|28.28 crore}}
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=2025-09-27 |title=Dashavtar Marathi Film: Konkan’s Ecology vs Development Battle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/dashavtar-marathi-film-konkan-ecology/article70101136.ece |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |October
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|37 crore}}
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":4" />
|-
!scope="row" |November
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |2015
|align="center" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=With Sairat, Marathi cinema flies high on box office, appreciation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/with-sairat-marathi-cinema-flies-high-on-box-office-appreciation-2814848/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |December
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|align="right" |₹75 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref name="auto4" />
|}

==Highest-grossing milestone films==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Film
!scope="col" |Worldwide gross
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1972
|''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]''
| align="right" |₹ 90 lakh
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिंजरा चित्रपटाची ५० वर्षे – Marathisrushti Articles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/articles/50-years-of-pinjara-movie/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.marathisrushti.com}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1988
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|align="right" |₹3 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 1 Crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुफान गाजलेल्या 'बनवाबनवी'चं तेव्हाचं तिकीट किती होतं ठाऊक आहे का? लागलेले हाउसफुलचे बोर्ड |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301041306/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1991
|''[[Maherchi Sadi]]''
|align="right" |₹12 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title='माहेरची साडी'नं 31 वर्षांपूर्वी बॉक्स ऑफिसवर केला होता राडा, आजही रडतात बायका.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maherchi-sadi-movie-complete-31-years-release-date-cast-alka-kubal-ramesh-bhatkar-vikram-gokhle-usha-nadkarni-ajinkya-deo-ashalata-nsa95 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217175711/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maherchi-sadi-movie-complete-31-years-release-date-cast-alka-kubal-ramesh-bhatkar-vikram-gokhle-usha-nadkarni-ajinkya-deo-ashalata-nsa95 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|align="right" |₹25 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 25 crore<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|align="right" |₹30 crore
|align="center" |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title='दुनियादारी' ब्लॉकबस्टर सिनेमाला 10 वर्षे पूर्ण |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/duniyadari-marathi-movie-release-ten-years-sanjay-jadhav-swapnil-joshi-sai-tamhankar-urmila-kothare-ankush-choudhary-jitendra-joshi-sushant-shelar-duniyadari-starcast-duniyadari-famous-dialogue-know-marathi-movie-atest-update-1193753 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|align="right" |₹40 crore
|align="center" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|align="right" |₹48–50 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 50 crore{{efn|name="nst"}}
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
|align="right" |₹110 crore
|align="center" |First to cross 100 crore<ref name=":3" />
|}

==Highest-grossing single-day films==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Collection
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1
|''[[Baipan Bhari Deva]]''
|₹6.10 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baipan Bhari Deva Collects Rs 62 Crore In 18 days, Earns Blockbuster Tag |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/baipan-bhari-deva-collects-rs-62-crore-in-18-days-earns-blockbuster-tag-8377627.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2
|[[Ved (film)|''Ved'']]
|₹5.7 crore
|align="center"|<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=Riteish Deshmukh’s Ved reports highest single-day box office collection for a Marathi film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-reports-highest-single-day-box-office-collection-for-a-marathi-film/cid/1909431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620023742/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-reports-highest-single-day-box-office-collection-for-a-marathi-film/cid/1909431 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=Telegraph India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |3
|''[[Sairat]]''
|₹4.61–4.85 crore
|align="center"|<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title='सैराट'ची रेकॉर्डब्रेक कमाई, 11 दिवसात 'नटसम्राट'ला धोबीपछाड |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/sirat-earns-record-break-11-days-natsamastra-will-be-spoiled/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Lokmat |language=mr |quote=‘सैराट’ने पहिल्या आठवड्यातील शुक्रवारी 3.55 कोटी, शनिवारी 3.80 कोटी आणि रविवारी '''4.85 कोटी''' आणि सोमवारी 2.90 कोटी रुपयांचा गल्ला जमवला होता. |trans-quote='Sairat' collected Rs 3.55 crore on Friday, Rs 3.80 crore on Saturday, Rs '''4.85 crore''' on Sunday and Rs 2.90 crore on Monday in its first week.}}</ref>
|}

== Highest-grossing films by year ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Studio
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1951
|''[[Amar Bhoopali]]''
|[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1952
|''[[Lakhachi Gosht]]''
|Gajraj Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1953
|''Gulacha Ganpati''
|Swati Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1954
|''Maharani Yesubai''
|Prabhakar Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1955
|''[[Shevagyachya Shenga|Shevgyachya Shenga]]''
|Sadashiv Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1956
|''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1956 film)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]''
|Mangal Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1957
|''Naikinicha Sazza''
|Jay Bhavani Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1958
|''Dhakti Jaaoo''
|Mangal Pictures
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1959
|''[[Sangtye Aika]]''
|Chetana Chitra
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-02 |title=3-day film fest in Kolhapur marks Mane’s birth centenary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/3-day-film-fest-in-kolhapur-marks-manes-birth-centenary/articleshow/48767784.cms |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1960
|''[[Jagachya Pathivar]]''
|Shripad Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1961
|''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]''
|Kala Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1962
|''Ha Maza Marg Ekalaa''
|Shriram Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1963
|''[[Mohityanchi Manjula]]''
|Jay Bhavani Chitra Jaiprabha Studio
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |url= |title=Maharashtra: Birthplace of Indian Film Industry |date=1969 |publisher=Chief Information Officer, Maharashtra Information Centre |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1964
|''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''
|Chetana Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1965
|''[[Sadhi Mansa]]''
|Gayatri Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1966
|''Pavna Kathcha Dhondi''
|Mahalakshmi Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1967
|''Santh Wahate Krishna Mai''
|Shakari Film Studio Ltd.
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1968
|''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]''
|Prem Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1969
|''Aparadh''
|Manorama Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1970
|''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
|Parijat Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1971
|''[[Songadya]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-02 |title=Standing tall |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/standing-tall/article5186217.ece |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1972
|''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]''
|[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1973-01-01 |title=Pinjra Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pinjra/box-office/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1973
|''Andhala Marto Dola''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1974
|''Sugandhi Katta''
|Chitra Mauli
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1975
|''[[Pandu Havaldar]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1976
|''[[Tumcha Aamcha Jamala]]''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1977
|''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]''
|Dada Kondke Productions
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SoBo single-screen theatre Central Plaza shuts its doors |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/sobo-single-screen-theatre-central-plaza-shuts-its-doors/articleshow/77813871.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1978
|''Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1979
|''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]''
|Manorama Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1980
|''Hyoch Navra Pahije''
|Dada Kondke Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1981
|''Gondhalat Gondhal''
|Smita Arts
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1982
|''Aali Angavar''
|Sadichha Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1983
|''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]''
|Shivshakti Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1984
|''[[Bin Kamacha Navra]]''
|Shivshakti Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1985
|''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=KOTHARE |first=MAHESH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f2lEAAAQBAJ&dq=damn+it+ani+barach+kahi+reviews&pg=PT199 |title=DAMN IT ANI BARACH KAHI |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-959709-6-4 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1986
|''[[Maaficha Sakshidar]]''
|Hemhira Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1987
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
|Shree Tulsi Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1988
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|V. Shantaram Productions
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=तुफान गाजलेल्या 'बनवाबनवी'चं तेव्हाचं तिकीट किती होतं ठाऊक आहे का? लागलेले हाउसफुलचे बोर्ड |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/know-the-ashi-hi-banvabanvi-movie-ticket-rate-in-1988/articleshow/98250009.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1989
|''[[Thartharat]]''
|Shree Ashtavinayak Chitra
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1990
|''[[Dhadakebaaz]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1991
|''[[Maherchi Sadi]]''
|Jyoti Pictures
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रक भरून प्रेक्षक, कानाकोपऱ्यात गाजला पण 'माहेरची साडी' चित्रपटाच्या तिकीटाची किंमत किती |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/what-was-the-ticket-price-of-alka-kubal-fame-maherchi-sadi-movie/articleshow/100501715.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1992
|''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]''
|Amar Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1993
|''[[Zapatlela]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |1994
|''[[Majha Chakula]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2018-06-18 |title=Ten Bollywood remakes of Marathi films |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qlQfWuXchh5FFSvms8iShK/Ten-Bollywood-remakes-of-Marathi-films.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602113559/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/qlQfWuXchh5FFSvms8iShK/Ten-Bollywood-remakes-of-Marathi-films.html |archive-date=2025-06-02 |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1995
|''[[Bangarwadi]]''
|[[National Film Development Corporation of India]] [[Doordarshan]]
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1996
|''[[Putravati]]''
|Manasi Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1997
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
|J. K. Films
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1998
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|Asmita Chitra
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |1999
|''[[Bindhaast]]''
|Matchindra Chate
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2000
|''[[Astitva]]''
|Friends India Satyashwami Entertainment Ltd.
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-10-06 |title=Astitva Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/astitva/box-office/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2001
|''[[Chimani Pakhar]]''
|Devyani Movies
|align="center" |<ref name=":21" />
|-
!scope="row" |2002
|''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
|Vichitra Nirmiti Productions Everest Entertainment
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2003
|''[[Shwaas]]''
|Universal/Universal Int
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2004
|''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''
|Ark Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2005
|''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
|Jenma Films International
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2006
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad]]''
|Sri Sai Productions
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2007
|''[[Saade Maade Teen]]''
|Anubhuti Art
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-01-26 |title=Marathi films gross over Rs 100 cr, a whopping 42% growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/marathi-films-gross-over-rs-100-cr-a-whopping-42-growth/articleshow/2733103.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2008
|''[[De Dhakka]]''
|Satya Films [[Zee Marathi|Zee Talkies]]
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sapre |first=Omkar |date=2009-01-10 |title=Will the good times last for Marathi Cinema? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/will-the-good-times-last-for-marathi-cinema/articleshow/3958542.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|Sanjay Chhabria Ashwami Manjrekar
|align="center" |<ref name=":8" />
|-
!scope="row" |2010
|''[[Natarang]]''
|[[Zee Marathi|Zee Talkies]] Nikhil Sane Amit Phalke Meghana Jadhav
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" |2011
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|Iconic Chandrakant Productions Pvt. Ltd.
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" |2012
|''[[Kaksparsh]]''
|Great Maratha Entertainments L.L.P
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-01 |title=Monetary boost giving Marathi cinema a new lease of life? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/monetary-boost-giving-marathi-cinema-a-new-lease-of-life--15648157 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|Dreaming 24/7 Productions Deepak Rane
|align="center" |<ref name=":16" />
|-
!scope="row" |2014
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|Mumbai Film Company Cinemantra Production
|align="center" |<ref name="auto6" />
|-
!scope="row" |2015
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
|[[Essel Vision Productions]] Ganesh Films Nittin Keni Creations
|align="center" |<ref name="auto7" />
|-
!scope="row" |2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Aatpat Production [[Essel Vision Productions]]
|align="center" |<ref name="auto2" />
|-
!scope="row" |2017
|''[[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]''
|200 NotOut Productions Carnival Motion Pictures
|align="center" |<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sachin – A Billion Dreams |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sachin-billion-dreams/ |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=28 May 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2018
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Aatpat Production Mrudganda Films
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=आजपर्यंत बॉक्स ऑफिसवर सर्वाधिक कमाई केलेले १० मराठी चित्रपट |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/top-10-highest-grossing-marathi-movies-at-the-box-office-till-date/mh20220801115243555555727 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2019
|''[[Thackeray (film)|Thackeray]]''
|[[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] Raut'ers Entertainment Carnival Motion Pictures
|align="center" |<ref name=":17" />
|-
!scope="row" |2020
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|[[Zee Studios]] Pratisaad Production
|align="center" |{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
!scope="row" |2021
|''[[Jhimma]]''
|Chalchitra Company Crazy Few Films
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Punekars Still Head To Theatres To Watch Marathi Films? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/do-punekars-still-head-to-theatres-to-watch-marathi-films |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2022
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|[[Mumbai Film Company]]
|align="center" |<ref name="auto3" />
|-
!scope="row" |2023
|''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]''
|[[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]] EmVeeBee Media
|align="center" |<ref name="auto" />
|-
!scope="row" |2024
|''[[Nach Ga Ghuma]]''
|Hiranyagarbha Manoranjan [[Panorama Studios]]
|align="center" |<ref name=":6" />
|-
!scope="row" |2025
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
|{{Plainlist|*Ocean Film Company
*Ocean Art House}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=‘दशावतार’ चित्रपटाची बॉक्स ऑफिसवर कमाई — २०व्या दिवशी आणि तिसऱ्या आठवड्यात ‘कांतारा’ला किती पुढे? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/dashavtar-marathi-movie-box-office-collection-day-20-third-week-in-front-kantara-chapter-1-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Lokmat}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi-language films]]
** [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films]]
*** [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing films in India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Film box office}}
[[Category:Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of highest-grossing films by region]]

Edward Dawson Atkinson

2026-03-04T18:12:35Z

Peter05220035516:

{{Short description|British military officer, aviator and flying ace}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Edward Dawson Atkinson
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname= "Spider"
|birth_date= {{Birth date|df=yes|1891|11|10}}
|birth_place= [[Calcutta]], India
|spouse= Nancy Rowan (m. 1918 at Auld Kirk of Ayr)
|death_date= 24 June 1954
|death_place= Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Indian Army]] [[Royal Air Force]]
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Second Lieutenant]] [[Squadron Leader]]
|unit= [[No. 1 Squadron RAF|No. 1 Squadron RFC]] [[No. 56 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 64 Squadron RAF]] 40th Pathans
|commands= [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[World War I]]
|awards= [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]]
1914 Star & Bar (Cpl. 35/Div. Sig. Coy); British War Medal; Victory Medal (Capt. R.A.F.); King Faisal Active Service War Medal
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
'''Edward Dawson Atkinson''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|DFC|AFC}} (10 November 1891 – 1934) was a British military officer, aviator, and a [[flying ace]] of the [[First World War]], credited with a total of 10 aerial victories while serving in three different squadrons. He would serve postwar in the [[Royal Air Force]] until invalided out due to ill health. He then turned to a business career.

==Early life==
Atkinson was the son of Joseph Henry Atkinson and Elizabeth Mary M'Carthy,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Families of French of Belturbet and Nixon of Fermanagh and Their Descendants |first=The Rev. Henry Biddall |last=Swanzy |year=1908 |page=124 |location=Dublin |publisher=Alex. Thom & Co. Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/stream/familiesoffrench00swan#page/124/mode/2up |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> and was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], India, on 10 November 1891, when it was still part of the [[British Empire]].<ref name="theaerodrome">{{cite web |url= http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/ireland/atkinson1.php |title=Edward Dawson Atkinson |work=theaerodrome.com |year=2014 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> He became an officer in the [[40th Pathans]] of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="gracesguide">{{cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Aviators_Certificates_-_UK_1915 |title=Aviators Certificates – UK 1915 |work=gracesguide.co.uk |year=2012 |accessdate=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227004747/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Aviators_Certificates_-_UK_1915 |archivedate=27 December 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Flight364">{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1915/1915%20-%201024.html |title=Aviators Certificates |issue=364 |volume=VII |page=988 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=17 December 1915 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

==First World War==
On 12 December 1915, [[Second Lieutenant]] Edward Dawson Atkinson of the 40th Pathans was awarded Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate no. 2145 after training at the London and Provincial School, [[RAF Hendon|Hendon]].<ref name="gracesguide"/><ref name="Flight364"/>

On 25 January 1917, he was already a [[pilot officer]]; on that date, he was appointed [[flight commander]] and acting captain.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1917/1917%20-%200187.html |title=Royal Flying Corps: Promotions |issue=426 |volume=IX |page=187 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=22 February 1917 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> Two months later, on 25 March, while serving in No. 1 Squadron on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], he used a [[Nieuport]] to destroy a German [[observation balloon]]. He drove down two enemy planes in April, an [[Albatros D.II]] fighter on the 22nd and an Albatros reconnaissance craft on the 29th. He would not score again for over a year.<ref name="theaerodrome"/>

Atkinson was reassigned to No. 56 Squadron, which was equipped with [[Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5]]as. On 3 May 1918, in conjunction with [[William Roy Irwin]] and Trevor Durrant, he destroyed a [[Rumpler]] in one dogfight, and drove another down out of control 20 minutes later. Atkinson was now an ace.<ref name="theaerodrome"/>

A transfer to No. 64 Squadron quickly ensued. Still flying a SE.5a, Atkinson ran off a string of five more victories during the last week of May 1918. His final count came to a balloon and four enemy planes destroyed, and five more enemy planes driven down out of control while he was in France.<ref name="theaerodrome"/>

On 2 July 1918, Atkinson was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] for his exploits.<ref name="Flight498">{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1918/1918%20-%200764.html |title=Honours for the RAF |issue=498 |volume=X |page=762 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=11 July 1918 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> It would be announced in the ''London Gazette'' on 3 August 1918:
{{blockquote|A brilliant fighting pilot whose flight has proved very successful under his leadership, often in combats where the enemy formation was numerically superior. Capt. Atkinson destroyed single-handed five enemy machines during May, and previously, whilst serving with another squadron, he brought down two enemy aeroplanes and one balloon.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=30827 |date=3 August 1918 |page=9198 |supp=y }}</ref>}}

==Post-war==
On 1 January 1919, Atkinson was awarded the [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31098 |date=1 January 1919 |page=97 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref> He remained in service during the postwar demobilization. On 14 September 1923, he was assigned to aviation duty in Iraq; records disagree as to whether he served with either [[No. 8 Squadron RAF]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200587.html |title=Royal Air Force: Intelligence |issue=770 |volume=XV |page=587 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=27 September 1923 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> or [[No. 84 Squadron RAF]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200705.html |title=Royal Air Force: Intelligence |issue=777 |volume=XV |page=705 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=15 November 1923 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, on 1 January 1924, he was promoted to [[squadron leader]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200013.html |title=Royal Air Force: Promotions |issue=784 |volume=XVI |page=13 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=3 January 1924 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> On 25 May 1924, he was given command of No. 1 Squadron in Iraq.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200415.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=809 |volume=XVI |page=415 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=26 July 1924 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

He then returned to England; on 2 April 1926 he was posted to [[RAF Uxbridge]] as a transfer to [[Home Establishment]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200335.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=907 |volume=XVIII |page=289 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=13 May 1926 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> He was still tasked as Commanding Officer of 1 Squadron before November 1926, when it was drawn down from Iraq in cadre status, and then returned to England; it is unknown whether this was a continuing appointment or a reappointment.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1933/1933%20-%200494.html |title=No.1 (Fighter) Squadron |first=F. A. de V. |last=Robertson |issue=1289 |volume=XXV |pages=890–891 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=7 September 1933 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

He was the commanding officer again (or still) on 11 April 1927,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200315.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=958 |volume=XIX |page=283 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=5 May 1927 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> in time to lead No. 1 Squadron for manoeuvres in late July and early August 1927.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200574.html |title=Air Defence Manoeuvres |first=F.A. de V. |last=Robertson |issue=970 |volume=XIX |page=526 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=28 July 1927 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

On 2 January 1928, he was again posted to RAF Uxbridge.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200013.html |title=Royal Air Force: Intelligence |issue=993 |volume=XX |page=13 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=5 January 1928 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> On 1 September 1928, he was posted to [[No. 21 Group RAF]] HQ, [[RAF West Drayton]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200891.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=1030 |volume=XX |page=827 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=20 September 1928 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

On 1 August 1930, he was once again posted to RAF Uxbridge.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201037.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=1131 |volume=XXII |page=981 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=29 August 1930 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

On 21 October 1930, Atkinson was placed on half pay, Scale A.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201549.html |title=Royal Air Force |issue=1147 |volume=XXII |page=1471 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=19 December 1930 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> He remained in this status until 16 March 1931, when he was restored to full pay and posted to [[No. 10 Group RAF]] HQ at [[RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus)|RAF Lee-on-Solent]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200349.html |title=Royal Air Force: Intelligence |issue=1163 |volume=XXIII |page=325 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=10 April 1931 |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>

On 18 January 1932, Edward Dawson Atkinson was invalided into retirement from the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33791 |date=19 January 1932 |page=423 |nolink=yes }}</ref>

On 29 March 1934, he was chairman of R. J. Barnett & Coley Limited in [[New Malden]], Surrey, when it was voluntarily liquidated. Atkinson was one of the two appointed liquidators.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34038 |date=3 April 1934 |page=2203 |nolink=yes }}</ref>

Nothing is known of him after that.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{wwi-air}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Edward Dawson}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:British World War I flying aces]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]

Kalyanaraman (2002 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:47Z

Peter05220035516: adjust article per sources

{{Short description|2002 film directed by Shafi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyanaraman
| image = Kalyanaraman (2002).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| producer = [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
| writer = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dileep]] [[Navya Nair]] [[Kunchacko Boban]]
| music = [[Berny-Ignatius]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = [[Lal Creations]]
| distributor = Lal Release
| released = {{Film date|2002|12|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kalyanaraman''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] and written by [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]], starring [[Dileep]], [[Navya Nair]] and [[Kunchacko Boban]]. The plot follows Ramankutty and family who runs a [[catering service]] and the events that follows after they take the work of Ambattu Thampi's daughter's wedding. The music was composed by [[Berny-Ignatius]]. The film was a blockbuster and developed a [[cult]] fan following, especially the character Ponjikkara played by [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=From 'Kalyanaraman' to 'Two Countries': Remembering Shafi's best works till date |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/26/kalyanaraman-two-countries-shafi-malayalam-movies-best-works.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raj|first=Midhun|date=2021-09-03|title=ദിലീപിന് മുന്‍പ് നായകനായി തീരുമാനിച്ചത് ചാക്കോച്ചനെ, അന്ന് സംഭവിച്ചത് പറഞ്ഞ് തിരക്കഥാകൃത്ത്‌|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kalavoor-ravikumar-revealed-kunchacko-boban-was-the-first-choice-for-dileep-s-role-in-ishtam-movie-074728.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Filmibeat|language=ml|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906152544/https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/kalavoor-ravikumar-revealed-kunchacko-boban-was-the-first-choice-for-dileep-s-role-in-ishtam-movie-074728.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film opens in a temple, set in the later, which is frequently visited by young couples. One day, a group of friends notices an old man about ninety, visiting the temple and asked him the reason for visiting this temple. The man, named Ramankutty, narrates his story back in 2000s.
Ramankutty, in his thirties was an [[Event management|event organizer]]. He meets Gauri while doing the preparations for the wedding of her sister Radhika, both daughters of a family friend Ambattu Madhavan Thampi. However, Radhika's fiancée does not turn up for the wedding and Radhika passes out upon learning the news. Ramankutty suggests that his brother Dr. Sivadas marry Radhika and it takes place very gracefully. In a hilarious turn of events, Ramankutty and Gauri realize their love for each other which also rejoices their families, and they start arrangements for their wedding. But on the day of their engagement, Radhika dies in a kitchen fire accident.

After a long time from Radhika's demise, the family finally fixes Ramankutty's and Gauri's wedding. On the eve of the wedding, Gauri gets an electric shock. Deeply disturbed by this, Thampi visits an astrologer Meppattu Thirumeni to see the horoscope match, where he tells them that women married into the Thekkedathu family are fated to die young. He referred to the family's history. Ramankutty's grandmother died from her first pregnancy. Ramankutty's mother died shortly after giving birth to him. Ramankutty's eldest brother Achuthankutty's wife died one month after their wedding, due to a snake bite. And now Thampi's daughter Radhika has also died as she was married into Thekkedathu. Thampi, scared for his only remaining daughter's life, requests Ramankutty to back out of the marriage without the knowledge of Gauri.

Saddened and yet wanting to do the right thing, Ramankutty calls off the wedding on the pretense of not being comfortable with Gauri's close relations with her cousin Unni. Devastated by this allegation, Gauri backs out of the marriage, only to find the truth later. She runs out in search of Ramankutty, but gets into a road accident on the way. She is rushed to the hospital and while still battling for life, she wishes that Ramankutty tie the wedding knot before her surgery. Ramankutty ties the knot, fearing the worst. Miraculously, Gauri survives the surgery. Before the surgery, Ramankutty had prayed at the temple from the start of the film to protect his and Gauri's love. That is why he visits the temple frequently; to offer his thanks to God.

Ramankutty reveals that Gauri and Ramankutty then started a family and that Gauri is still alive. Gauri then joins Ramankutty in doing the rituals for the temple and Ramankutty's audience is left shocked.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Thekkedathu Ramankutty / Kalyanaraman
* [[Navya Nair]] as Gouri
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Unni, Gouri's Cousin
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Thekkedathu Achuthankutty / Achuvettan, Ramankutty's Eldest Brother
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Ambattu Thampi, Radhika and Gouri's Father
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Ponjikkara Kesavan
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Pyarilal / Pyari
* [[Boban Alummoodan]] as Dr. Sivadasan, Ramankutty's Second Elder Brother
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Radhika, Gouri's Elder Sister
* [[Kalaranjini]] as Saraswathy, Radhika and Gouri's Mother
* [[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]] as Thekkedathu Gopalakrishnan, patriarch of the Thekkedathu family
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Doctor (Cameo)
* [[Thilakan]] as Meppattu Thirumeni (Cameo)
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Ambattu Thampi's Relative
* [[Kochu Preman]] as U. P. P. Menon, Thampi's Manager
* [[Jose Pellissery]] as Swamy
* [[Narayanankutty]] as Suku
* [[Subbalakshmi]] as A. K. Karthyani
* Dimple Rose
* [[Kunjikkuttan Thampuran (actor)|Kunjikkuttan Thampuran]] as an aged person, uncredited role
* Beena Sabu as Bhavani
* Eloor George as Kalyana Raman's Assistant
* Kaviraj Achari as a college student
* Sreeni Njarakkal as Astrologer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kalyanaraman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Berny–Ignatius (composer)|Berny–Ignatius]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2002|12|01}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[Berny–Ignatius]]
| prev_title = Sisiram
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = Uthara
| next_year = 2003
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] except where noted
| all_music = [[Berny–Ignatius]]
| title1 = Kadhayile Rajakumariyum
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title2 = Thinkale Poothinkale
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Afsal]]
| title8 = Kaithudi Thaalam Thatti
| extra8 = Afsal
| title4 = Raakadal Kadanjedutha
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas
| title3 = Thumbi Kalyanathinu Vannethiya
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title6 = Kadhayile Rajakumariyum
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Gayatri Asokan]]
| title5 = Onnam Malakeri (Thalayum Kuthi)
| extra5 = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Kochu Preman]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Narayanankutty]], [[T. P. Madhavan]], [[Boban Alummoodan]], [[Choir]]
| title7 = Raakadal Kadanjedutha
| extra7 = Sujatha Mohan, Fahad
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Kalyanaraman'' was released theatrically on 20 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuriakose |first=M. K. |date=2020-12-11 |title=17 years of Kalayanaraman: Shafi reveals how Dileep's character was reversed |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/14/kalyanaraman-dileep-malayalam-movie-by-shafi.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Kalyanaraman'' was released on [[VCD]] by Saina Video Vision and [[DVD]] by [[Moser Baer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyanaraman |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/Kalyanaraman/oclc/435820453 |website=[[WorldCat]]}}</ref> The satellite rights were bought by [[Surya TV]]. The film is available on [[streaming media]] platforms [[Sun NXT]] and [[Eros Now]] (could also acquire from [[Amazon Prime Video]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Divya |date=2025-05-02 |title=Dileep's 5 best Malayalam entertainers to watch on OTT: CID Moosa, Kalyanaraman and more |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle/dileep-malayalam-entertainers-to-watch-on-ott/9db8087dfb242 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
K. T. Thomas of ''Now Running'' called the film "a hilarious laugh riot" and wrote, "The story is wafer thin and has been made keeping Dileep's current image in mind. Anyways the film is all fun 'n' frolic as director Shafi and script writer Benny P. Nairambalam could have made it a whole lot more cherishable as simplicity is forsaken for chaos. Dileep is superb and Navya Nair is improving with every film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-26 |title=Kalyana Raman Review {{!}} Kalyana Raman Malayalam Movie Review by K. T. Thomas |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/200/malayalam/kalyanaraman/82/review.htm |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914143724/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/200/malayalam/kalyanaraman/82/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Nettv4u'' wrote, "''Kalyanaraman'' is a fun movie and the wedding celebration scenes add to the feel good factor. It has a few elements which make it enjoyable. Audiences can relish a simple, sweet love story." However, criticized the film's "predictable storyline" and felt that the script could've been "better."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyanaraman is a tale of unconditional love and marriage (2002) - Rating, Cast & Crew With Synopsis |url=https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/malayalam/kalyanaraman |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=nettv4u |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402222608/https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/malayalam/kalyanaraman |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Kalyanaraman'' is a movie perfect for Friday evenings. From hilarious catchphrases to goofy comedy, the film will make you laugh till your jaws hurt. Laced with comedy, the film is also rich with emotions and will leave you glued to the screen."<ref>{{Cite news |title=#FilmyFriday! Kalyanaraman: A wedding that reshaped the fate |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-kalyanaraman-a-wedding-that-reshaped-the-fate/articleshow/92428124.cms |access-date=2023-04-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204102353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-kalyanaraman-a-wedding-that-reshaped-the-fate/articleshow/92428124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote, "It is a pure entertainer. Dileep as ''Kalyanaraman'' with his usual humorous numbers is holding on to the position as the dearest actor of the viewers."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2003-02-07 |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Box Office - Kalyanaraman leads the show |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/boxoffice/kalayanaraman.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030207214713/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/boxoffice/kalayanaraman.html |archive-date=7 February 2003 }}</ref> A critic from entertainment portal ''[[Sify]]'' called the film a "watchable comedy" and wrote, "Making a film with a superstar and meeting the audience's stratospheric expectations is a challenge. Fortunately, director Shafi and producer Lal have passed the tough test with the Christmas release ''Kalyanaraman'', a hilarious laugh riot."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kalyanaraman-review-malayalam-pcluy3eaabhea.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410213653/https://www.sify.com/movies/kalyanaraman-review-malayalam-pcluy3eaabhea.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2022|title = Kalyanaraman|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was a major commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2003 |title=A filmi shot in the arm |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221190650/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm |archive-date=21 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2016 |title=Dileep-Kavya tie the knot |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/261116/dileep-kavya-tie-the-knot.html?fromNewsdog=1 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403215726/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/261116/dileep-kavya-tie-the-knot.html?fromNewsdog=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2003 |title=Dull year-end for film industry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/12/16/stories/2003121600790200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Meghna George |date=1 December 2009 |title=Mammootty's Chattambinadu |language=en-IN |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/01/south-malayalam-first-look-mammoottys-chattambinadu.htm |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202539/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/01/south-malayalam-first-look-mammoottys-chattambinadu.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=The hero of the masses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dileep-on-being-an-entertainer/article7996151.ece/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205632/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dileep-on-being-an-entertainer/article7996151.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released in the [[Christmas and holiday season|Christmas holiday period]] and took one of biggest openings of the year and emerged the [[Christmas]] winner.<ref name=":1" /> A trade analysis by entertainment portal ''Indiainfo,'' said "''[[Meesa Madhavan|Meesha Madhavan]]'' and ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikkoonan]]'' the two earlier hits of Dileep have been shifted from its releasing centers and have started showing in interior centers."<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
The title of the 2026 Malayalam film ''[[Chatha Pacha]]'' was adopted from a dialogue delivered by Salim Kumar to Dileep, which is a slang in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Entertainment Desk |title=കല്യാണരാമനിലെ പ്യാരിയിൽ നിന്നും കിട്ടിയ പേര്; ചത്താ പച്ചയുടെ അർത്ഥമെന്തെന്നറിയാമോ? |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/decoding-chatha-pacha-the-meaning-and-the-kalyanaraman-connection-behind-the-title-11019031 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[Indian Express Malayalam]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB title}}

{{Shafi}}

[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]
[[Category:2002 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shafi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Uthaman (2001 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:34Z

Peter05220035516: formatting fix

{{short description|2001 film}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=April 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uthaman
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Anil Babu|Anil-Babu]]
| producer = {{unbulleted list|child=yes|C Subramanya Menon|J Jayaraj}}
| writer = [[T. A. Razzaq]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Jayaram]]|[[Sindhu Menon]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]|[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]|[[Babu Antony]]}}
| music = Johnson
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = P. C. Mohan
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2001|09|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uthaman''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Anil - Babu and written by [[T. A. Razzaq]], starring [[Jayaram]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Sindhu Menon]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Babu Antony]] and [[Meghanathan]]. The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4666|title=Uthaman|publisher=Malayala Sangeetham|access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

==Plot==
Uthaman, an orphan, puts his life in jeopardy when he accepts the blame for a murder committed by a member of the family he is living with. Soon, the siblings of the deceased decide to seek revenge.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jayaram]] as Uthaman
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Kerala |S.I]] Jayaraj
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Uthaman's and Jayaraj's Mother
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Gouri<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/sindhu-menon-becomes-media-victim-after-kanaka-119464.html|work=Filmibeat|title=After Kanaka, Sindhu Menon Becomes Media Victim|author=Gayathry V Pillai|date=10 September 2013|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Devika
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as A.S.I Cheriyan
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Gouri's Mother
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kochantony
* [[Babu Antony]] as Pulimuttathu Sunny
* [[Meghanathan]] as Pulimuttathu Alexi
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Ashokan
* [[CI Paul]] as Kanaran, Jayaraj's Uncle
* [[Indrans]] as Head Contable Ismayil
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Head Constable Padmanabha Pillai
* [[Machan Varghese]] as Manikandan
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Beeranikka
* [[Zeenath]] as Saramma (Cheriyan's Wife)
* [[Kannur Sreelatha]]
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 5 songs, all composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and lyrics by [[Kaithapram]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Paalaazhi Theeram Kandu Njan (M)"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 2
| "Paalaazhi Theeram Kandu Njan (F)"
| [[Gayatri Asokan]]
|-
| 3
| "Anthikkudam"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Kadalum Kadangalum"
| [[K. L. Sreeram]]
|-
| 5
| "Pathinezhin Azhakaay"
| K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chitra]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0324390}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Dove (film)

2026-03-03T21:23:23Z

Peter05220035516: added new page w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dove
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Santhu
| writer =
| based_on =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Anoop Govindu
*Adithi Rao
*[[Rakesh Adiga]]
}}
| cinematography = K S Chandrashekhar
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Dove''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Santhu. It stars
Anoop Govindu, Adithi Rao and [[Rakesh Adiga]]. It was released theatrically on 9 October 2015 after a two year delay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/oct/08/dove-releases-after-a-three-year-delay-826474.html |title=Dove Releases After a Three Year Delay |date=8 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101094406/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/oct/08/Dove-Releases-After-a-Three-Year-Delay-826474.html |archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Anoop and Aditi love each other but face an unexpected obstacle when Anoop gets charged with murder. Meanwhile, Kumar and Sona, who share an intimate relationship, try to overcome their challenges.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Anoop Govindu as Anoop
*Adithi Rao as Aditi
*[[Rakesh Adiga]] as Kumar
*[[Madalasa Sharma]] as Sona
*[[Daniel Balaji]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[Pavithra Lokesh]]
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Jaggesh]] (Guest Appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jaggesh-appears-in-item-number-for-dove/articleshow/22067936.cms?from=mdr |title=Jaggesh appears in item number for Dove |date=26 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=kn|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jaggesh-appears-in-item-number-for-dove/articleshow/22067936.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
==Production==
===Filming===
Filming begun on 2 February 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dove-action-scene-shot-with-5-cameras/articleshow/18304636.cms?from=mdr |title=Dove action scene shot with 5 cameras |date=2 February 2013|work=[[The Times Of India]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102070727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dove-action-scene-shot-with-5-cameras/articleshow/18304636.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> and on 4 December 2013, shooting was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/final-shooting-schedule-of-dove-on/articleshow/21879368.cms?from=mdr |title=Final shooting schedule of Dove on |date=2 February 2013|work=[[The Times Of India]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102071218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/final-shooting-schedule-of-dove-on/articleshow/21879368.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/why-kannada-movie-dove-release-delayed-079867.html |title=ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾರು 'ಡವ್' ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೋ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ... |date=4 December 2013|work=filmibeat.com|language=kn|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028012147/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/why-kannada-movie-dove-release-delayed-079867.html |archive-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dove
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:32
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|wodgLJfRTmw| Dove - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack of the audio was released on 25 October 2014. composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title= Karnataka CM shows his filmi side in Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/karnataka-cm-shows-his-filmi-side-in-bangalore/articleshow/44895707.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102091551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/karnataka-cm-shows-his-filmi-side-in-bangalore/articleshow/44895707.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr&from=mdr&from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website= [[The Times of India]]|language=en
}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist(s)
|total_length = 25:32
| title1= Ello Nan Dove
| extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title= Reviving Dove |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/puneeth-rajkumar-power-sa-ra-govindu-anoop-arjun-janya-shivrajkumar/articleshow/43096722.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102092119/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/i-dont-do-negative-roles-upendra/articleshowajax/43018430.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=43018430&photocount=12&photoexclude=9 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website= [[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en
}}</ref>
| lyrics1 = Santhu
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Heegu Irabahude Male
| extra2 = Chandan
| lyrics2 = Santhu
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Hello Hello
| extra3 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| lyrics3 = Santhu
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Haalade Haalade
| extra4 = Karthik
| lyrics4 = Santhu
| length4 = 4:54
| title5 = Heegu Irabahude (Female)
| extra5 = Vani Harikrishna
| lyrics5 = Santhu
| length5 = 4:31
| title6 = Miss Call Manji
| extra6 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| lyrics6 = Santhu
| length6 = 5:13
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
A reviewer of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Otherwise, Dove, where seasoned veterans deliver, has nothing much by way of an engaging entertainer. It is purely time-pass for lovebirds who can indulge in themselves with Dove as excuse to spend time in togetherness in the darkened theatre".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505734/love-lust-murder-heady-cocktail.html |title=Love, lust, murder, a heady cocktail |date=11 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102063231/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505734/love-lust-murder-heady-cocktail.html |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S from [[Bangalore Mirror]] said "Overall, Dove is a film that will not disappoint and is worth a watch for the novelty".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anup-sa-ra-govindu-aditi-rao-rakesh-adiga-avinash-madalasa-sharma-sharat-lohitashava/articleshow/49293234.cms? |title=Movie Review: Dove |date=9 October 2015|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102063857/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anup-sa-ra-govindu-aditi-rao-rakesh-adiga-avinash-madalasa-sharma-sharat-lohitashava/articleshow/49293234.cms? |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh from [[The Times of India]] wrote "If you like your films with an extra dose of action and violence, this one’s for you. A good script is an added bonus".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Dove/movie-review/49309012.cms |title=Dove Movie Review |date=9 October 2015|work=[[The Times Of India]]|language=en|access-date=2 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027204426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dove/movie-review/49309012.cms |archive-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13282610}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]

Keedam

2026-03-03T09:41:50Z

Peter05220035516: created data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keedam
| image = Keedam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rahul Riji Nair]]
| producer = [[Rahul Riji Nair]] Sujith Warrier Lijo Joseph Ranjan
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajisha Vijayan]]
*[[Sreenivasan]]
*[[Manikandan Pattambi]]
*[[Rahul Riji Nair]]
}}
| music = Sidhartha Pradeep
| cinematography = Rakesh Dharan
| editing = Christy Sebastian
| studio = First Print Studios Fairy Frames Productions
| distributor = Capital Studioz
| released = {{Film date|2022|5|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Keedam''''' ({{translation|[[Pest (organism)|Pest]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Rahul Riji Nair]] and starring [[Rajisha Vijayan]] and [[Sreenivasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Riji Nair's new film 'Keedam' discusses current theme of data theft |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/05/23/rahul-riji-nair-keedam-discusses-current-theme-data-theft.html |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/keedam-teaser-rajisha-vijayan-in-a-never-seen-before-avatar-will-keep-you-hooked/articleshow/90623140.cms |title=Keedam teaser: Rajisha Vijayan in a never seen before avatar will keep you hooked |website=The Times of India |date=3 April 2022}}</ref> The film was released in theatres on 20 May 2022.

==Plot==
[[Computer security|Cybersecurity]] expert Radhika Balan's life turns chaotic when she falls prey to a [[cyberstalking]] incident. She decides to settle the score with the criminals.

== Cast ==
*[[Rajisha Vijayan]] as Radhika Balan
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Balan
*[[Rahul Riji Nair]] as Vijay
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as CI Charles<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/a-man-of-pure-dedication-says-vijay-babu-after-sharing-a-picture-with-sreenivasan/articleshow/87906911.cms |title="A man of pure dedication", says Vijay Babu after sharing a picture with Sreenivasan |website=The Times of India |date=25 November 2021}}</ref>
*[[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Kuttettan
*Renjit Shekar Nair as Thurumbu Aji
*Anand Manmadhan as Zam
*Mahesh Nair as Kili Biju

*Arjun Ranjan as Muthu

==Production ==
The film's director, [[Rahul Riji Nair]], previously directed the Sports Drama ''[[Kho-Kho (2021 film)|Kho-Kho]]'' starring [[Rajisha Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajisha-vijayan-and-rahul-riji-nair-to-reunite-for-keedam-heres-the-first-look/articleshow/89291200.cms |title=Rajisha Vijayan and Rahul Riji Nair to reunite for 'Keedam', here's the first look |website=The Times of India |date=2 February 2022}}</ref> In this film, Rajisha Vijayan plays a cyber security expert.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/keedam-rajisha-vijayan-to-play-a-cyber-security-expert-in-the-film/articleshow/89319857.cms |title=Keedam: Rajisha Vijayan to play a cyber security expert in the film |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

==Music==
The music rights of the film is owned by [[Saregama]].
The music of the film is composed by Sidhartha Pradeep. Lyrics are written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], Neeraj Kumar and Mridul.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kattu Thee
| length1 = 3:30
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra1 = Souparnika Rajagopal, Bindu Anirudhan
| title2 = Subah
| length2 = 3:03
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], Neeraj Kumar, Mridul
| extra2 = Amrita Jayakumar
| total_length = 6:33
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| all_writing =
| title1 = Murder on Road
| length1 = 1:48
| title2 = Radhika Kidnapped
| length2 = 2:51
| title3 = Intension or Purpose
| length3 = 0:20
| title4 = The Brutal Fight
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = The New Beginning
| length5 = 1:38
| title6 = Father Daughter Theme 2
| length6 = 0:28
| title7 = Prostitute in Car
| length7 = 2:09
| title8 = The Hunt for the Hunter
| length8 = 2:07
| title9 = Radhika Kidnap Flashback
| length9 = 1:04
| title10 = Decoding Muthumani
| length10 = 3:36
| title11 = Balans Trauma
| length11 = 2:51
| title12 = Gold Smuggling Busted
| length12 = 6:34
| title13 = Keedam Theme 1
| length13 = 0:31
| title14 = Radhika Balan Theme
| length14 = 0:19
| title15 = Hacker Theme
| length15 = 0:51
| title16 = Hook Up for a Date
| length16 = 0:18
| title17 = Gold Unravels
| length17 = 2:18
| title18 = Have you Hacked your Wife
| length18 = 0:45
| title19 = Porn Message
| length19 = 0:37
| title20 = Are you Tracking Me
| length20 = 0:34
| title21 = Gang Internal Conflicts
| length21 = 1:01
| title22 = Kuttetan Radhika Face Off
| length22 = 1:31
| title23 = Police gets a Lead
| length23 = 0:50
| title24 = CCTV Case Solving
| length24 = 1:28
| title25 = Hacker Theme 2
| length25 = 0:22
| title26 = Stalking Radhika
| length26 = 1:29
| title27 = Secret Reveal
| length27 = 0:50
| title28 = Biju Thrash Talk
| length28 = 0:22
| title29 = Biju Second Call
| length29 = 0:39
| title30 = Biju Third Call
| length30 = 0:13
| title31 = Biju Fourth Call
| length31 = 1:00
| title32 = Murder Mystery Unfolds
| length32 = 1:49
| title33 = Intruder Identified by Criminals
| length33 = 1:24
| title34 = Social Engineering Theme
| length34 = 0:48
| title35 = Police Station Confrontation
| length35 = 0:20
| title36 = Ajith Phone Missing
| length36 = 0:29
| title37 = Unethical Hacking
| length37 = 1:31
| title38 = Radhika Tries to Call Balan
| length38 = 0:24
| title39 = Charles Confronts Aji and Biju
| length39 = 0:33
| title40 = Ajith in Police Station
| length40 = 0:37
| total_length = 54:11
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released in theatres on 20 May 2022.

=== Home media ===
The film was digitally streamed on [[ZEE5]] from 1 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Rajisha Vijayan starrer 'Keedam' gets an OTT release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rajisha-vijayan-starrer-keedam-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/92515017.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is also available in [[Hindi]] & [[Marathi language]] dubbed versions currently streaming on [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Play]] & [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]] app respectively.

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Setting aside the ethical part, the movie can be viewed positively as one woman's valiant fightback, using her own tools, against a group of thugs who intrude into her personal space".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/keedam-movie-review-a-discourse-on-the-ethical-concerns-around-surveillance-and-cybersecurity/article65439369.ece |title='Keedam' movie review: A discourse on the ethical concerns around surveillance and cybersecurity |first=S. r |last=Praveen |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 May 2022 }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]'' wrote that "Nevertheless, Keedam is a mirror on the invasion of privacy and the concerns arising from that portrayed through the prism of cybersecurity, though we wish it could pan a wider canvas".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/05/21/keedam-review-rajisha-vijayan-rahul-riji-nair.html |title=Keedam review: A mirror on cybersecurity and its ethical concerns |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

[[Anna M.M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said that "''Keedam'' is, wisely, not prescriptive on the question of technology-driven vigilante justice, but it avoids addressing the complexities involved in the use of surveillance techniques including their misuse by the powers that be".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/keedam-movie-review-suspenseful-but-simplistic-tech-thriller-scores-by-overturning-the-man-as-protector-trope-10715611.html |title=Keedam movie review: Suspenseful but simplistic tech thriller scores by overturning the man-as-protector trope |date=25 May 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated that "Even though all the elements are there – a good cast, convincing villains, a setting that fits – the filmmaking falls inadequate".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/keedam-review-rajisha-vijayan-shines-unconvincing-film-stalking-164214 |title=Keedam review: Rajisha Vijayan shines in an unconvincing film on stalking |date=21 May 2022 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/keedam-malayalam-movie-review-rating-rajisha-vijayan-sreenivasan-652903/ |title=കെട്ടുറപ്പുള്ള തിരക്കഥ, കയ്യടക്കത്തോടെ രജിഷയും ശ്രീനിവാസനും; 'കീടം' റിവ്യൂ}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15943910}}
* ''[https://www.ultraplay.in/movie/keeda-keedam/ncjrzdxkzmxd Keedam (Hindi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Play]]
* ''[https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/movie/keeda-keedam/6bx6yaf8gdpt Keedam (Marathi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Jhakaas]]

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]

Selvi (film)

2026-03-03T05:21:59Z

Peter05220035516: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Selvi (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Natraj]]
| screenplay = [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] (dialogues)
| producer = C. Dhandayudhapani
| starring = [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Revathi]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = M. G. Balu Rao
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Dhandayudhapani Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|3|1|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Selvi''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[K. Natraj]] and produced by [[Dhandayudhapani Films]]. The film stars [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and [[Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=நாய்களுக்கு இளையராஜா போட்ட சூப்பர் ஹிட் டூயட் பாடல்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-selvi-old-movie-revathy-suresh-starer-tamil-super-hit-romantic-love-battle-movie-music-director-ilayaraja-776023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811062614/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-selvi-old-movie-revathy-suresh-starer-tamil-super-hit-romantic-love-battle-movie-music-director-ilayaraja-776023.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=[[News18]] |language=Ta}}</ref> It was released on 1 March 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 1985 |title=செல்வி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_122/3.jp2/0,0,6196,8464/6196,8464/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221042523/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_122/3.jp2/0,0,6196,8464/6196,8464/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=October 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*[[Revathi]]
*[[Radha Ravi]]
*[[Jeevitha]]
*[[R. Dilip]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Vadivukkarasi]]
*[[Gandhimathi]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selvi Tamil FIlm LP VInyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/selvi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602220207/https://macsendisk.com/product/selvi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1985 |title=Selvi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/selvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1605108946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231027044042/https://music.apple.com/in/album/selvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1605108946 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics=[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilamanadhu
| length1 = 4:31
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Onne Onnu
| length2 = 4:17
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| title3 = Yaar Yaaro
| length3 = 4:25
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. Janaki
| title4 = Kuyile Kuyile
| length4 = 4:20
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| title5 = Ilamanadhu
| note5 = instrumental
| length5 = 4:30
| extra5 = —
| title6 = Poda Poda
| length6 = 4:22
| extra6 = Malaysia Vasudevan, S. Janaki
| total_length = 26:25 
}}
==Critical reception==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the scenes involving dogs and Vietnam Veedu Sundaram's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=24 March 1985 |title=செல்வி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-03-24/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230320091543/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-03-24/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=59–60 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music, dialogues, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=10 March 1985 |title=செல்வி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_132/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250630104603/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_132/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Natraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bambara Kannaley

2026-03-03T04:19:40Z

Peter05220035516: add references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bambara Kannaley.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Parthe Bhaskar
| writer = Parthe Bhaskar
| producer = Senthil-Ganesh
| starring = [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] [[Aarthi Agarwal]] [[Namitha]]
| cinematography = S. Saravanan
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Annamalai Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|01}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bambara Kannaley''''' ({{translation|With the eyes like spinning top}}; spelt onscreen as '''''Bambharakannaley''''') is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=26 November 2005 |title=Success guaranteed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/success-guaranteed/article28215420.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121021344/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/success-guaranteed/article28215420.ece |archive-date=21 November 2021}}</ref> film directed by Parthi Bhaskar. The film stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Aarthi Agarwal]] and [[Namitha]]. Its title is based on a song from ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' (1957).

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
Arumugam comes to Ooty for a job and falls in love with Pooja. However, Pooja already has a fiancé Gautham, who isn't as good as he appears to be. What happens to Arumugam's love is the rest of the film.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Arumugam
*[[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Pooja
*[[Namitha]] as Mynaa
*[[Vadivelu]] as Kadalai Muthu
*[[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramadithya]] as Gautham
*[[Shreekumar]] as Gunasekar
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Crane Manohar]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Karate Raja]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Cool Suresh]]
*Prema Priya
}}

== Production ==
This was Aarthi Agarwal's first and only film in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 June 2015 |title=I was shocked to hear the news: Shrikanth |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150607/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-was-shocked-hear-news-shrikanth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306175238/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150607/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-was-shocked-hear-news-shrikanth |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2015 |title=Bambara Kannaley actress passes away |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bambara-kannaley-actress-passes-away/articleshow/47572373.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121022318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bambara-kannaley-actress-passes-away/articleshow/47572373.cms |archive-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]] and released by Star Music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bambara Kannalae (2006) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/bambara-kannalae-songs-T0000749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317053832/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/bambara-kannalae-songs-T0000749 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:12
| all_lyrics = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| title1 = Bambhara Kaanaley
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 = 5:30
| title2 = En Kaadhalum
| extra2 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Reshmi
| length2 = 3:04
| title3 = Korukupettai
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 5:23
| title4 = Mana Magale
| extra4 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]]
| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Om Muruga
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length5 = 5:39
| title6 = Om Muruga
| extra6 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| note6 = version 2
| length6 = 5:39
| title7 = Thakadhimi Thakadimi
| extra7 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length7 = 3:21
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Bambara Kannaley" is a love story without much love. Romance is the basis for everything that happens in the film but the romance itself occupies very little of its running time. That by itself is not a bad thing. But the rest of the running time is occupied by things that range from the uninteresting to the outright bad".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 November 2005 |title=Bambhara Kannaale |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/11BambharaKannaale.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015011922/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/11BambharaKannaale.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote looking at the fresh approach in several scenes, we can expect aesthetic films from Parthi Bhaskar but panned the climax for wasting reels around 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=27 November 2005 |title=பம்பரக் கண்ணாலே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-11-27/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240428144152/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-11-27/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "The director is confused whether he should make it a romantic film or a comedy film. He slips in between the two".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=27 November 2005 |title=Bambara Kannaley |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov272005/movies16482720051126.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007035056/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov272005/movies16482720051126.asp |archive-date=7 October 2006 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Primate (bishop)

2026-03-01T23:12:56Z

Peter05220035516: formatting fix

{{Short description|High-ranking bishop in certain Christian churches}}
{{Other uses|Primate (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Primas}}
{{Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
'''Primate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|aɪ|m|ə|t}}; {{langx|la|Primas}}) is a title or rank bestowed on some important archbishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority ([[title of authority]]) or (usually) ceremonial precedence ([[title of honour]]).

=={{anchor|Catholic}}Catholic Church==
{{See also|Catholic Church hierarchy#Primates|Bishop (Catholic Church)#Primate}}
In the [[Latin Church]], a primate is an [[archbishop]]—or, rarely, a [[suffragan]] or [[Exemption (church)|exempt]] [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]]—of a specific (mostly metropolitan) [[episcopal see]] (called a ''primatial see'') who has precedence over the bishoprics of one or more [[ecclesiastical province]]s of a particular historical, political or cultural area. Historically, primates of particular sees were granted privileges including the authority to call and preside at national [[synod]]s, jurisdiction to hear appeals from [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] tribunals, the right to crown the sovereign of the nation, and presiding at the [[investiture]] (installation) of archbishops in their sees.<ref name=ce>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Primate}}</ref>

[[File:Template-Patriarch (Latin_Rite) - Primate.svg|left|thumb|Catholic Primate (non-cardinal) coat of arms]]
The office is generally found only in older Catholic countries, and is now purely honorific, enjoying no effective powers under [[canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]]—except for the [[archbishop of Esztergom]] (Gran) in Hungary.<ref name=ce/> Thus, e.g., the [[primate of Poland]] holds no jurisdictional authority over other Polish bishops or their dioceses, but is ''durante munere'' a member of the standing committee of the episcopal conference, and has honorary precedence among Polish bishops (e.g., in liturgical ceremonies). The Holy See has also granted Polish primates the privilege of wearing cardinal's crimson attire, except for the skullcap and [[biretta]], even if they have not been made [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06590b.htm| title = Joseph Lins, "Gniesen-Posen" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York 1909)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15555a.htm| title = Aurelio Palmieri, "Archdiocese of Warsaw" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (New York, 1912)}}</ref>

Where the title of primate exists, it may be vested in one of the oldest archdioceses in a country, often based in a city other than the present capital, but which was the capital when the country was first Christianized. The city may no longer have the prominence it had when the title was granted. The political area over which primacy was originally granted may no longer exist: for example, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Archbishop of Toledo]] was designated "Primate of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]]", and the [[Archbishop of Lyon]] is the "[[Primate of the Gauls]]".<ref name=ce/> The title of Primate can, therefore, also be disputed between different Archdioceses who, at some point, held proeminence over a shifting territory; such is the dispute over the [[Primacy of the Spains]] that was fought over by the Archdioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Braga]], Toledo and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela|Santiago de Compostela]]. After the founding of [[Portugal]], the Archbishop of [[Braga]] held precedence over all other archbishops in the country, though his role declined under the rise of the [[Patriarchate of Lisbon|Archdiocese of Lisbon]], which culminated in 1716, when Archbishop [[Tomás de Almeida]] (1670–1754) was elevated to [[Patriarch]].

Some of the leadership functions once exercised by Primates, specifically presiding at meetings of the bishops of a nation or region, are now exercised by the president of the [[conference of bishops]]: "The president of the Conference or, when he is lawfully impeded, the vice-president, presides not only over the general meetings of the Conference but also over the permanent committee."<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-last=Beal|editor1-first=John P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&q=President%2520of%2520the%2520Episcopal%2520conference|title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law|editor2-last=Coriden|editor2-first=James A.|editor3-last=Green|editor3-first=Thomas Joseph|date=2000|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4|page=595
| author1= John G. Johnson
| chapter= Book II Part II Section II Title II Chapter IV: Conferences of Bishops
}}</ref> The president is generally elected by the conference, but by exception the President of the [[Italian Episcopal Conference]] is appointed by the Pope, and the [[Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference]] has the [[Primate of All Ireland]] as president and the [[Primate of Ireland]] as vice-president. Other former functions of primates, such as hearing appeals from [[Ecclesiastical court|metropolitan tribunal]]s, were reserved to the [[Holy See]] by the early 20th century.<ref name=ce/> Soon after, by the norm of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, confirmed in the 1983 Code, the tribunal of second instance for appeals from a metropolitan tribunal is "the tribunal which the metropolitan has designated in a stable manner with the approval of the Apostolic See".<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-last=Beal|editor1-first=John P.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&q=tribunal%2520of%2520second%2520instance%2520%2522canon%2520law%2522&pg=PA1631|title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law|editor2-last=Coriden|editor2-first=James A.|editor3-last=Green|editor3-first=Thomas Joseph|date=2000|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4|page=1631
| chapter= Book VII Part I Title II Chapter II: The Tribunal of Second Instance
| author1= Lawrence G. Wrenn
}}</ref>

The closest equivalent position in the Eastern Churches in 1911 was an [[exarch#Ecclesiastical exarchs|Exarch]].<ref name=ce/>

The Holy See has continued in modern times to grant the title of Primate. With the [[papal decree]] ''Sollicitae Romanis Pontificibus'' of 24 January 1956 it granted the title of Primate of Canada to the Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Quebec]].<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Église catholique. Diocèse de Québec (Québec)|url=https://archive.org/details/mandementslettre18glis/page/n48/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Mandements, lettres pastorales et circulaires des évêques de Québec|editor1-last=Têtu|editor1-first=Henri|editor2-last=Gagnon|editor2-first=Charles Octave|date=1967|pages=44–46|language=fr}}</ref> As stated above, this is merely an honorary title involving no additional power.<ref>{{Cite book|editor1-last=Bramadat|editor1-first=Paul|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HzXN4HQkQC&q=%2522primate%2520of%2520the%2520Roman%2520Catholic%2520Church%2520in%2520Canada%2522&pg=PA131|title=Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada|editor2-last=Seljak|editor2-first=David|date=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9584-8|pages=101–137
| author1= Solange Lefebvre
| chapter= The Francophone Roman Catholic Church
}}</ref>{{rp|131}}

A right of precedence over other bishops and similar privileges can be granted even to a bishop who is not a Primate. Thus, in 1858, the Holy See granted the [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] precedence in meetings of the United States bishops.<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle= Archdiocese of Baltimore}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Westminster|Archbishop of Westminster]] has not been granted the title of Primate of England and Wales, which is sometimes applied to him, but his position has been described as that of "Chief Metropolitan" and as "similar to" that of the Archbishop of Canterbury.<ref>" As Ordinary of the Diocese of Westminster his jurisdiction extends over much the same area as that of the Bishop of London. As chief Metropolitan, he occupies a position similar to that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England" ({{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Westminster}}). "By the grant in the [[Apostolic Constitution]] of 'certain new distinctions of preeminence', for the preservation of unity in government and policy, to the Archbishop of Westminster for the time being, comprised under the following three heads: He will be permanent chairman of the meetings of the Bishops of all England and Wales, and for this reason it will be for him to summon these meetings and to preside over them, according to the rules in force in Italy and elsewhere. (2) He will take rank above the other two Archbishops, and will throughout all England and Wales enjoy the privilege of wearing the [[Pallium]], of occupying the throne, and of having the cross borne before him. (3) Lastly, in all dealings with the Supreme Civil Authority, he will in his person represent the entire Episcopate of England and Wales. Always, however, he is to take the opinion of all the Bishops, and to be guided by the votes of the major part of them'. Thus, though the Archbishop of Westminster was vested with more powers and privileges than Primates usually enjoy, unity of action has been safeguarded" ({{CathEncy|wstitle=Reorganization_of_the_English_Hierarchy}}).</ref>

The title of Primate is sometimes applied loosely to the Archbishop of a country's capital, as in the case of the Archbishops of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul|Seoul]] in South Korea and of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] in Scotland.

The pre-reformation metropolitan [[Archdiocese of Nidaros|Archbishop of Nidaros]] was sometimes referred to as Primate of Norway,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.fortidsminneforeningen.no/properties/59/111 | title= Steinvikholm fortress ruin
|work=Fortidsminneforeningen |access-date=2014-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131504/http://old.fortidsminneforeningen.no/properties/59/111 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> even though it is unlikely that this title ever was officially granted to him by the Holy See.

=== Catholic primatial sees ===
The heads of certain [[episcopal see|sees]] have at times been referred to, at least by themselves,<ref name=Dainville>{{Cite book|last=Dainville|first=François de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6v1st4ny8YC&q=%2522droit%2520de%2520primatie%2522&pg=PA275|title=Cartes anciennes de l'église de France: historique, répertoire, guide d'usage|date=1956|publisher=Vrin|isbn=978-2-7116-8055-9|language=fr| page= 275}}</ref> as primates:
;In Europe
{{div col}}
* [[Andorra]], [[Austria]], [[Catholic Church in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Catholic Church in France|France]], [[Roman Catholicism in Germany|Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]], [[Netherlands]], [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Portugal]], [[Catholic Church in Spain|Spain]] and [[Switzerland]]
**[[Ancient Diocese of Arles|Arles]] – Gaul and Spain<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese_of_Aix}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch|Auch]] – Novempopulania and the kingdom of Navarre<ref name=Dainville/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] – [[Aquitaine]]<ref name=Dainville/><ref name="CathEncy|wstitle=Bordeaux">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Bordeaux}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges|Bourges]] – Aquitaine (8th century)<ref name=Dainville/><ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Bourges}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Braga]] – the Spains, i.e., the Iberian Peninsula (since 440-446 d.C.)
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Cologne]] – [[Germany]] 1240-
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon|Lyons]] – the [[Gaul]]s, i.e., the provinces called [[Gallia Lugdunensis|Lugdunenses]]<ref name=ce/><ref name=Dainville/>
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg|Magdeburg]] – [[Germany]] until 1566<ref name=ce/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mainz|Mainz]] – Germany 798-1802<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mainz}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels|Mechelen(-Brussels)]] – [[Belgium]] 1560–<ref name="CathEncy|wstitle=Mechlin">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mechlin}}</ref>
**[[Diocese of Nancy|Nancy]] – [[Lorraine]] 1602– (a notable exception, considering the fact that Nancy became a bishopric in 1777)
**[[Ancient Diocese of Narbonne|Narbonne]]<ref name=ce/><ref name=Dainville/>
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Regensburg|Regensburg]] – [[Germany]] 1802-1817; [[Confederation of the Rhine]] 1806–1813 (only the former title recognized by the papacy)
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims|Reims]] – [[Gallia Belgica]]<ref name=ce/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen|Rouen]] – [[Primate of Normandy|Normandy]]<ref name=Dainville/><ref name=ha>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Hierarchy}}</ref><ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Rouen}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens|Sens]] – Gauls and Germany<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sens}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg|Salzburg]] – [[Germany]] 798/1689–
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tarragona|Tarragona]] – the Spains<ref>{{cite web |last1=Albiñana y de Borrás |first1=Juan Francisco |title=La primacía de Tarragona |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159261365.pdf |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tarragona, "Hispaniarum primas" de las Españas |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/20140420/abci-tarragona-hispaniarum-primas-espanas-201404191724.html |website=ABC España |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>
**[[Primacy of the Diocese of Toledo|Toledo]] – [[Visigothic Kingdom]]<ref name=ce/>; the Spains<ref name=ha/> (Bull of 1088)<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Toledo}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier|Trier]] – [[Gallia Belgica|Belgica prima]] until 1802<ref name=ce/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht|Utrecht]] – the [[Netherlands]] -
**[[Ancient Diocese of Vienne|Vienne]] – Burgundy, ''Primate of Primates''<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Grenoble}}</ref>
* [[Belarus]], [[Lithuania]], [[Catholic Church in Poland|Poland]] and [[Catholic Church in Ukraine|Ukraine]]
** [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] – [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|Poland]] [[Council of Constance|1418-]]; [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] 1418-1795<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Gnesen-Posen}}</ref>
** [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Lviv (Latin)]] – [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]] 1817-1848 (title conferred by the [[Emperor of Austria]], but unrecognized by papacy)
** [[Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv|Lviv (Eastern Catholic)]] – Galicia and Lodomeria 1848-1858 (title conferred by the [[Emperor of Austria]], but unrecognized by papacy)
** [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warsaw|Warsaw]] – [[Congress Kingdom of Poland]] 1815-1829; [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)]] 1916-1938
** [[Vilnius]] – [[Lithuania]] 1661-1665 (title claimed by the bishop, but unrecognized elsewhere)<ref>{{cite wikisource|Zygmunt Gloger-Słownik rzeczy starożytnych.djvu/366}}</ref>
* [[Catholic Church in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
** [[Veliko Tarnovo]] – Bulgaria and Vlachia (in Bulgaria) 1204–1235
* [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Roman Catholicism in Hungary|Hungary]]
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest|Esztergom(-Budapest)]] – [[Hungary]] –1541, 1820–
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trnava|Nagyszombat (Trnava)]] – [[Hungary]] 1541–1820
** [[Archbishop of Prague|Prague]] – [[Bohemia|Bohemia/Czechia]] 1344–; Czechoslovakia 1918–1992 (informally)<ref name=ha/><ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Prague}}</ref>
* [[Croatia]], [[Italy]], [[Montenegro]], [[San Marino]], [[Serbia]] and the [[Vatican City]]
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar|Antivari (Bar)]] – [[Catholic Church in Serbia|Serbia]] ''(Primas Serviae)''
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cagliari|Cagliari]] – [[Sardinia]], (– 1158, 1409–)
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo|Palermo]] – [[Sicily]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVtIAAAAYAAJ&dq=primate+di+sicilia&pg=PR128|title=Documenti per servire alla storia di Sicilia|year=1888}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pisa|Pisa]] – [[Sardinia]] & [[Corsica]] (1158–)<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Cagliari}}</ref>
**[[See of Rome|Rome (the Papacy)]] – [[Italy]] [[Lateran Treaty|1929-]]<ref name=ha/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno|Salerno]]<ref name=ce/>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa|Syracuse]] – [[Sicily]], during the [[1st millennium]], recognized by [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLMAAAAAcAAJ&dq=primate+di+sicilia&pg=PA432|title = Storia ecclesiastica di Sicilia di Giovanni di Giovanni continuata sino al secolo XIX dal Padre Salv. Lanza|last1 = Giovanni|first1 = Giovanni di|year = 1846}}</ref>
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|Split]] – [[Dalmatia]] and All Croatia (13th century - 1828)<ref>Krmpotic, Martin Davorin. in {{CathEncy|wstitle=Dalmatia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Matanić|first=Athanasius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7IhuAAACAAJ|title=De origine tituli "Dalmatiae ac totius Croatiae primas": Studium histor.-crit|date=1952|publisher=Sublaci|language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://ubsm.bg.ac.rs/engleski/dokument/1627/notizie-intorno-alla-vita-di-quattro-arcivescovi-di-spalatro-primati-della-dalmazia-e-di-tutta-la-croazia-che-furono-della-congreg-di-somasca-chiari-per-dottrina-e-virtu-apostoliche-raccolte-da-d-ottavio-maria-paltrinieri-vicario-generale-di-detta-congregazione Ottavio Maria Paltrinieri, Notizie intorno alla vita di quattro Arcivescovi di Spalatro, Primati della Dalmazia e di tutta la Croazia] (Roma, 1829)</ref>
** [[Patriarch of Venice|Venice]] – [[Dalmatia]] until 13th century<ref name=ha/>
** [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb|Zagreb]] – [[Croatia]] since 1828 (informally); [[Yugoslavia]] 1918–1992 (informally)
* [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]
** [[Diocese of Lund|Lund]] – [[Scandinavia]] prior to the Reformation
* [[United Kingdom]] and [[Catholic Church in Ireland|Ireland]]
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh|Armagh]] – [[Primacy of Ireland|All Ireland]]<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Armagh}}</ref><ref name=Ireland/>
**[[Bishop of Dunblane|Abernethy/Muthill/Dunblane/Strathearn]] – [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Scotland]] ca. 844–908<ref name=Scotland/>
**[[Archbishop of St Andrews|St Andrews]] – [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Scotland]] 908–<ref name=Scotland/>
**[[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]] – [[Primacy of Canterbury|All England]] until 1558
**[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin|Dublin]] – [[Primacy of Ireland|Ireland]]<ref name=Ireland>{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvFpuRoiL24C&q=Murray%2520%2522quietly%2520annexed%2522&pg=PA42|title=Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and Political Conflict in the Diocese of Dublin, 1534-1590|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36994-7|pages=41–43}}{{pb}}{{cite book | last= MacGeoghegan| first= James|title= The History of Ireland, Ancient and Modern |date=1844|publisher= James Duffy|place= Dublin|page= 337}}</ref>
**[[Bishop of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]] – [[Catholic Church in Scotland|Scotland]] c. 844 (by royal grant, but refused by the Holy See<ref name=Scotland>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Scotland}}{{Cite book|last=Barrow|first=G. W. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZTk5S-kLcoC&q=Barrow%2520primacy%2520%2522refused%2520by%2520the%2520papacy%2522&pg=PA69
| series= The new history of Scotland, volume 2
|title=Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306|date=1981|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0104-2 |page=69}}</ref>)
**[[Archbishop of Westminster|Westminster]] – [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|England and Wales]] 1850– (informally)
**[[Archbishop of York|York]] – [[England]] until 1558
{{div col end}}
{{div col}}
;Elsewhere
* [[Episcopal see of Carthage|Carthage]] – [[Roman Catholicism in Africa|Africa]] ancient, [[Pope Leo IX]]: 1893 <ref name=ce/> <ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Africa}}</ref>
* [[Catholic Church in Canada|Canada]] - [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec|Quebec]] (1956)
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa and Damaon]], primatial see of the East, more specifically the [[East Indies]]
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo|Archdiocese of Santo Domingo]], primatial (and oldest) see of the Indies<ref>{{cite web |title=Concordato entre la Santa Sede y la República Dominicana |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19540616_concordato-dominicana_sp.html |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia|Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia]], primatial of Brazil ([[1551]]).
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago del Estero|Archdiocese of Santiago del Estero]] (transferred by Pope Francis in 2024)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2024/07/22/0584/01196.html |title= Rinunce e nomine, 22.07.2024|website=Bollettino Sala Stampa della Santa Sede |access-date= 23 July 2024}}.</ref> [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires|Archdiocese of Buenos Aires]] – Argentina (1936–2024) (the title was granted under [[Pope Pius XI]] on 29 January 1936).<ref>[http://www.episcopado.org/portal/obispos-y-diocesis/d%C3%ADocesis-de-argentina/101-arquidiocesis-de-buenos-aires.html Episcopal Conference of Argentina: "Arquidiócesis de Buenos Aires"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514012935/http://www.episcopado.org/portal/obispos-y-diocesis/d%C3%ADocesis-de-argentina/101-arquidiocesis-de-buenos-aires.html |date=2013-05-14 }}.</ref>
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico|Archdiocese of Mexico]], primatial of Mexico (granted by [[Pope Pius XII]] on 18 July 1951)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.religiondigital.org/sursum_corda_el_blog_de_guillermo_gazanini/anos-titulo-Primado-Mexico_7_1813088709.html|work=Religión Digital|lang=es|date=19 July 2016|title=65 años del título de Primado de México|first=Guillermo|last=Gazanini}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Regular clergy equivalent===
In the modern confederation of the [[Benedictine Order]], all the Black Monks of St. Benedict were united under the presidency of an '''Abbot Primate''' (Leo XIII, ''Summum semper'', 12 July 1893); but the unification, fraternal in its nature, brought no modification to the abbatial dignity, and the various congregations preserved their autonomy intact. The loose structure of the Benedictine Confederation is claimed to have made [[Pope Leo XIII]] exclaim that the Benedictines were ''ordo sine ordine'' ("an order without order"). The powers of the [[Abbot]] Primate are specified, and his position defined, in a decree of the [[Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars]] dated 16 September 1893. The primacy is attached to the global [[Benedictine Confederation]] whose Primate resides at [[Sant'Anselmo]] in [[Rome]]. He takes precedence of all other abbots, is empowered to pronounce on all doubtful matters of discipline, to settle difficulties arising between monasteries, to hold a canonical visitation, if necessary, in any congregation of the order, and to exercise a general supervision for the regular observance of monastic discipline. The Primatial powers are only vested in the Abbot Primate to act by virtue of the proper law of its autonomous Benedictine congregation, which at the present is minimal to none. However, certain branches of the Benedictine Order seem to have lost their original autonomy to some extent.

In a similar way the Confederation of [[Canons Regular of St. Augustine]], elects an Abbot Primate as figurehead of the Confederation and indeed the whole Canonical Order. The Abbots and Superiors General of the nine congregations of confederated congregations of [[Canons Regular]] elect a new Abbot Primate for a term of office lasting six years. The Current Abbot Primate is Rt Rev. Fr Jean-Michel Girard, CRB, Abbot General of the Canons Regular of the Grand St Bernard.

== Anglicanism ==
Anglican usage styles the bishop who heads an independent church as its "primate", though commonly they hold some other title (e.g. archbishop, presiding bishop, or moderator). The primates' authority within their churches varies considerably: some churches give the primate some executive authority, while in others they may do no more than preside over church councils and represent the church ceremonially.

===Anglican Communion===
{{Main|Primates in the Anglican Communion}}
In the context of the [[Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting]], the chief [[bishop]] of each of the thirty-nine churches (also known as provinces) that compose the [[Anglican Communion]] acts as its primate, though this title may not necessarily be used within their own provinces. Thus the [[United Church]]es of Bangladesh, of North India, of Pakistan and of South India, which are united with other originally non-Anglican churches, are represented at the meetings by their moderators.<ref name=AC>{{cite web| url = http://www.anglicancommunion.org/communion/primates/definition.cfm| title = Anglican Communion: "What Is a Primate?"}}</ref>

In both the [[Church of England]] and the [[Church of Ireland]], two bishops have the title of primate: the archbishops of [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]] and [[Archbishop of York|York]] in England and of [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Armagh]] and [[Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)|Dublin]] in Ireland. Only the bishop of the senior primatial see of each of these two churches participates in the meetings.

The archbishop of Canterbury, who is considered ''[[primus inter pares]]'' of all the participants, convokes the meetings and issues the invitations.<ref name=AC/>

Primates and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend". All other bishops are styled "The Right Reverend",<ref name=AC/> with the exception of the [[Diocese of Meath and Kildare|Bishop of Meath and Kildare]] in the Church of Ireland.

==Eastern Orthodox equivalent==
Historically, the primatial title in [[Western Christianity]] corresponded to the title and office of supra-metropolitan [[ecclesiastical exarch|exarch]] in [[Eastern Christianity]]. Such exarchs, or primates, were archbishops of [[Ephesus]] (for the [[Diocese of Asia]]), [[Heraclea Lyncestis|Heraclea]] (for the [[Diocese of Thrace]]) and [[Caesarea in Cappadocia|Caesarea]] (for the [[Diocese of Pontus]]).{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=56, 58}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=9780881410563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Primate}}
{{Wiktionary pipe|primate#Etymology 2|primate}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12423b.htm Catholic Encyclopaedia (also other articles)]
* [http://www.Catholic-Hierarchy.org Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/index.htm GCatholic.org]
{{Catholicism}}
{{Patriarchates in Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Primate (Bishop)}}
[[Category:Primates (bishops)| ]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]

Samukhong (Khamba Thoibi)

2026-02-26T22:35:00Z

Peter05220035516: done!

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox event
| title = Samukhong 
| image = KHAMBA THOIBI EPIC - THE TORTURE BY THE ELEPHANT.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Assassination attempt to kill Khuman Khamba using elephant
| native_name = {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯃꯨ ꯈꯣꯡ}}
| native_name_lang = mni
| english_name = Torture by elephant/Assassination attempt to kill Khamba
| time = midnight
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 
| venue =
| location = [[Ancient Moirang]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as = ''Shamukhong, Samu Khongyetpa,'' or ''Shamu Khongyetpa'' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯃꯨ ꯈꯣꯡꯌꯦꯠꯄ}})
| type = once
| theme = conspiracy, murder attempt
| cause = [[Ukai Kappa]], [[Heijing (Khamba Thoibi)]]
| motive = to have no other suitor of Princess [[Thoibi]] except [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]]
| target = to kill [[Khuman Khamba]]
| perpetrator = [[Chingkhu Akhuba]]
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| participants = [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]]
| outcome = injury to [[Khuman Khamba]] and punishment of the two criminals [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]]
| casualties1 = [[Khuman Khamba]]
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths = 0
| reported injuries = 1
| reported missing = 0
| reported property damage = 0
| burial = 0
| displaced = 0
| inquiries = 2
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests = 2
| suspects = 2
| accused = 2
| convicted = 2
| charges = 2
| trial = happened at the [[Moirang Kangla]] royal court
| verdict = to imprison [[Chingkhu Akhuba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]]; to give medical treatment for [[Khuman Khamba]]
| convictions =
| sentence = imprisonment of the criminals
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes = This incident led to the [[Kabo Loi (Khamba Thoibi)]].
}}

'''Samukhong''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯃꯨ ꯈꯣꯡ}}), also spelled '''''Shamukhong, Samu Khongyetpa,''' or '''Shamu Khongyetpa''''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯃꯨ ꯈꯣꯡꯌꯦꯠꯄ}}), is an event described in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]. It occurs as a consequence of the [[Ukai Kappa]] and [[Heijing (Khamba Thoibi)|Heijing]] incidents, when the crown prince [[Chingkhu Akhuba]], and his ally, [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]], plotted assassination attempt against [[Khuman Khamba]], using the royal elephant.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref>

== Plot against Khamba ==

After the previous incidents, the crown prince and Kongyamba planned to kill Khamba. They sent fake messengers to call Khamba to the palace at midnight. On his way, Khamba was intercepted by Kongyamba and his men, who demanded that he give up thoughts and feelings for Princess [[Thoibi]]. Khamba refused, and a fight broke out.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

During the fight, Khamba overpowered Kongyamba's men, threw them to the ground, and knelt on Kongyamba, pressing his throat. Khamba was close to killing Kongyamba, but Kongyamba's men dragged him away, beat him, tore his clothes, and bound him.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Main incident ==

The crown prince arrived with a royal elephant. He ordered his men to beat Khamba further and tied him to the elephant's leg. The elephant driver, knowing Khamba was innocent, tied him loosely so he could breathe. They tried to make the elephant harm Khamba, but God Thangjing protected him. When Kongyamba struck the elephant with a spear, it moved in pain, but Khamba remained unharmed.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

[[File:Shamu Khongyetpa.jpg|thumb|[[Khuman Khamba]] (The Torture by the Elephant)]]

== Rescue by Thoibi ==

That night, Goddess [[Panthoibi]] appeared in Princess Thoibi's dream and informed her that Khamba was bound to the elephant and in danger. Thoibi immediately took a sword and rushed to save him. The criminals fled, and Thoibi cut the ropes binding Khamba. She rubbed his limbs to restore blood flow and revive him.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Khamba's sister, [[Khamnu]], learned about the incident and wept. Her fiancé, [[Pheiroijamba]], came to help. Pheiroijamba's father, Chaoba Nongthonba, became angry at the crime and advised his son to bring the matter before the Royal Court.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Court proceedings ==

Slaves of Minister Thonglen reported that Khamba was dead, which angered the minister. He went to the court with his army. [[Pheiroijamba]] pleaded three times about the harsh treatment of Khamba. The crown prince, proud and defiant, claimed responsibility and stated that Khamba was likely dead, refusing to take the complaint seriously.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Nongtholba challenged the prince, asking if he had the power of life and death. The prince claimed he did, but Nongtholba insisted that no one could harm his son-in-law while he was alive. The dispute escalated until both Minister Nongtholba and the crown prince went to King Chingkhu Telheiba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

== Resolution ==

Before their arrival, Princess Thoibi had informed the king about her father's crimes. Minister Thonglen arrived with his army, ready to fight, but Nongtholba calmed him. The king declared that the criminals would be punished. He imprisoned the crown prince and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] until Khamba recovered.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

Khamba received care and gifts from the king, and Princess Thoibi personally tended to him. After Khamba regained his health, the king released the crown prince, hoping he would no longer hold malice against Khamba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" />

[[File:Khamba and Thoibi (The Torture by the Elephant).jpg|thumb|[[Khamba and Thoibi]] (The Torture by the Elephant)]]

== See also ==
* [[Shamu (Meitei culture)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]
[[Category:Elephants]]

Gudekote Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T21:17:01Z

Peter05220035516: added some stub from scratch

{{Short description|Sloth bear sanctuary in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Gudekote Sloth Bear Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image_caption = A female [[sloth bear]] with cubs in the sanctuary
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Ballari district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| nearest_city = [[Bellary|Ballari]], [[Ballari district]]
| coordinates = {{coords|15|14|N|76|31|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{Convert|167.59|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 2013
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Kamalapura Wildlife Subdivision, Karnataka Forest Department
}}
'''Gudekote Sloth Bear Sanctuary''' is located in [[Ballari district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/content/esz-notifications |title=ESZ Notifications, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of India |website=envfor.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forest, [[Government of India]] |location=India |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Karnatakas-second-sloth-bear-sanctuary-to-open-its-gates-to-visitors-soon/articleshow/52301030.cms |title=Karnataka's second sloth bear sanctuary to open its gates to visitors soon – Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160918/gudekote-pleads-we-can-no-longer-grin-and-bear-it.html |title=Gudekote pleads: We can no longer Grin and bear it |last=Malagi |first=Shivakumar G. |date=2018-09-16 |website=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |location=India |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref> It is spread over {{Convert|38.48|km2|abbr=on}}. The sanctuary was created exclusively for the preservation of the [[sloth bear|Indian sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus)'']] and is Asia's second sloth bear sanctuary, the first being [[Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary]].

In November 2013, the [[Government of Karnataka]], declared 3848.84 hectares of the Gudekote Forest Reserve (Block A), Gudekote Extension Forest Reserve (Block A) and Halsagara Reserve Forests as Gudekote Sloth Bear Sanctuary vide ''Gazette Notification FEE 72 FWL 2013'', issued on 11 November 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://aranya.gov.in/Static%20Pages/Sanctuary.aspx|title=..:: Karnataka Forest Department ::..|publisher=[[Government of India]]|website=aranya.gov.in|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> In the final notification ''Gazette'' ''Notification No. FEE 432 FWL 2014'' issued on 21 September 2016, the sacntuary area was increased to {{Convert|47.54|km2|abbr=on}}. Subsequently in 2019, through another government notification ''Gazette'' ''Notification No. FEE 62 FWL 2019'', dated 16 May 2019, additional {{Convert|120.04|km2|abbr=on}} of reserved forest was declared as Gudekote Extension Sloth Bear Sanctuary, thereby increasing the total area of the sanctuary to {{Convert|167.59|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Forest Department|url=https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/(S(smqeinj5dbnmv0ubxclq0ym4))/English/WildLifeSanctuary.aspx|access-date=2022-01-29|website=aranya.gov.in}}</ref>

This is the second wildlife sanctuary declared in Ballari district of Karnataka to protect [[Sloth bear|Indian sloth bear (''Melursus ursinus)'']], with the 1st being [[Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary]].

==Flora and fauna==
In addition to the [[flagship species]] i.e. [[Sloth bear|Sloth Bear]], the sanctuary is also home to various other animals viz. [[Indian leopard|Indian Leopard]], [[Pangolin]], [[Porcupine]], [[Indian Fox]], [[Indian Jackal]], [[Jungle cat]], [[Indian star tortoise|Indian Star Tortoise]], [[Asian Palm Civet]], [[Eryx johnii|Red Sand Boa]], to name a few. The sanctuary is also home to a variety of avian species and is said to have around 130 different species of them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jlrexplore.com/gallery/photostories/gudekote-bear-sanctuary|title=Gudekote Bear Sanctuary {{!}} JLR Explore|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Human and animal conflict==
Declaration of Gudekote as a sanctuary has helped to mitigate man-animal conflicts to a great extent. This is primarily because human activities such as collection of '''N'''on '''T'''imber '''F'''orest '''P'''roduce (NTFP) and other interventions in the wildlife sanctuary have been prevented to a great extent after the area was declared as a wildlife sanctuary. Anti poaching camps have strengthened the protection being accorded to wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/keeping-mind-bear-necessities-708283.html|title=Gudekote sanctuary: Keeping in mind 'bear' necessities|date=2018-12-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/jul/22/bear-in-mind-dont-disturb-at-gudekote-bear-sanctuary-1846797.html|title=Bear in mind, don't disturb! at Gudekote Bear Sanctuary|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Commons category|Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary}}
{{reflist}}

{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wildlife Of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ballari district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2013]]

Kharosthi

2026-02-18T12:38:01Z

Peter05220035516: typo fix

{{Short description|Ancient script of Central and South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Kharosthi
| type = [[Abugida]]
| native_name = 𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌
| sample = File:YingpanKharoshthi.jpg
| caption =
| languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari Prakrit]]
*[[Pali]]
*[[Saka language|Saka]]
*[[Sanskrit]]}}
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| sisters = {{plainlist|
*[[Nabataean alphabet]]
*[[Brahmi script]]
*[[Syriac alphabet]]
*[[Palmyrene alphabet]]
*[[Mandaic alphabet]]
*[[Pahlavi scripts]]
*[[Sogdian alphabet]]}}
| time = 4th century BCE – 3rd century CE
| iso15924 = Khar
| unicode = [http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A00.pdf U+10A00–U+10A5F]
| footnotes =
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Kharosthi
| image = Replacement character.svg
| link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt = <?>
| compact = yes
}}
{{alphabet}}
{{Numeral systems}}

'''Kharosthi script''' ({{langx|pgd|{{script|Khar|𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌 𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁}}|kharoṣṭhī lipi}}), also known as the '''Gandhari script''' ({{langx|pgd|{{script|Khar|𐨒𐨌𐨣𐨿𐨢𐨌𐨪𐨁𐨌 𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁}}|gāndhārī lipi|label=none}}),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leitich |first1=Keith A. |title=Buddhism and Jainism |chapter=Kharoṣṭhī Script |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |date=2017 |pages=660–662 |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_238 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_238 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-024-0851-5 |language=en}}</ref> was an ancient Indic script originally developed in the [[Gandhara|Gandhara Region]] of the north-western [[Indian subcontinent]], between the 5th and 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharoshti {{!}} Indo-Parthian, Brahmi Script, Prakrit {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharoshti |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in {{cite book |last1=Upāsaka |first1=Sī Esa |last2=Mahāvihāra |first2=Nava Nālandā |title=History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script |date=2002 |publisher=Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra |isbn=9788188242047 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=11–13}} Primarily used by the people of [[Gandhara]] in various parts of [[South Asia]] and [[Central Asia]], Kharosthi remained in use until it died out in its homeland around the 5th century CE.<ref name="CUP">{{cite journal |jstor=25209596 |title=The Kharosthi Alphabet |author=R. D. Banerji |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=April 1920 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=193–219|doi=10.1017/S0035869X0014794X |s2cid=162688271 }}</ref> It was also in use in [[Bactria]], the [[Kushan Empire]], [[Sogdia]], and along the [[Silk Road]]. There is some evidence it may have survived until the [[7th century]] in [[Khotan]] and [[Niya (Tarim Basin)|Niya]], both cities in [[Tarim Basin]].

==History==
[[File:Brahmic script travel from India.png|thumb|Routes of ancient scripts of the subcontinent traveling to other parts of Asia (Kharosthi shown in blue)]]
The name Kharosthi may derive from the Hebrew {{lang|he-Latn|kharosheth}}, a Semitic word for writing,<ref name=brahmi_cuneiform/>{{quotation needed|date=January 2026}} or from [[Old Iranian]] {{lang|ira|*xšaθra-pištra}}, which means "royal writing".<ref>{{cite journal
|last1 = Bailey
|first1 = H. W.
|title = A Half-Century of Irano-Indian Studies
|journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
|date = 1972
|volume = 104
|issue = 2
|pages = 99–110
|doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00157466
|jstor = 25203366
|s2cid = 163349913
}}</ref> The script was earlier also known as ''Indo-Bactrian script'', ''Kabul script'' and ''Arian-Pali''.<ref>"When these alphabets were first deciphered, scholars gave them different names such as 'Indian-Pali' for Brahmi and 'Arian-Pali' for Kharosthi, but these terms are no longer in use." in {{cite book
| last1 = Upāsaka
| first1 = Sī Esa
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P19jAAAAMAAJ
| title = History of palæography of Mauryan Brāhmī script
| last2 = Mahāvihāra
| first2 = Nava Nālandā |date=2002 |publisher=Nava Nālanda Mahāvihāra |isbn=9788188242047 |page=6
| language = en
}}</ref><ref>[https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2126248 Kharosthi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908224512/https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2126248 |date=8 September 2022 }}. ''[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]''.</ref>

Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharosthi script evolved gradually, or was the deliberate work of a single inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the [[Aramaic alphabet]] but with extensive modifications. Kharosthi seems to be derived from a form of Aramaic, which was used in administrative work during the reign of [[Darius the Great]] (in contrast with the monumental [[Old Persian]] [[cuneiform]] used for public inscriptions).<ref name=brahmi_cuneiform/> One theory suggests that the Aramaic script arrived with the [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley]] in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka. However, no intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coin inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and standard form. An inscription in Aramaic dating back to the 4th century BCE was found in [[Sirkap]], testifying to the presence of the Aramaic script in present-day Pakistan. According to [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]], this seems to confirm that Kharoshthi was later developed from Aramaic.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024121125 A Guide to Taxila, John Marshall, 1918]</ref>

While the Brahmi script remained in use for centuries, Kharosthi seems to have been abandoned after the 2nd–3rd century AD. Because of the substantial differences between the Semitic-derived Kharosthi script and its successors, knowledge of Kharosthi may have declined rapidly once the script was supplanted by Brahmi-derived scripts, until its re-discovery by Western scholars in the 19th century.<ref name=brahmi_cuneiform/>

The Kharosthi script was deciphered separately almost concomitantly by [[James Prinsep]] (in 1835, published in the ''Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal'', India)<ref>{{cite book
| title = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol IV 1835
| pages = 327–348
| url = https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835/page/n391/mode/2up
| language = en
}}</ref> and by [[Carl Ludwig Grotefend]] (in 1836, published in {{lang|de|Blätter für Münzkunde}}, Germany),<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Grote
| first1 = Hermann
| title = Blätter für Münzkunde. Hannoversche numismatische Zeitschrift. Hrsg. von H. Grote
| date = 1836
| publisher = Hahn
| pages = 309–314
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVtfAAAAcAAJ
| language = de
}}</ref> with Grotefend "evidently not aware" of Prinsep's article, followed by [[Christian Lassen]] (1838).{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=210–212}} They all used the bilingual coins of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] (obverse in Greek, reverse in [[Pali]], using the Kharosthi script). This in turn led to the reading of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], some of which were written in the Kharosthi script (the [[Major Rock Edicts]] at [[Mansehra]] and [[Shahbazgarhi]]).<ref name=brahmi_cuneiform>{{cite journal
| last1 = Dias
| first1 = Malini
| last2 = Miriyagalla
| first2 = Das
| title = Brahmi Script in Relation to Mesopotamian Cuneiform
| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
| date = 2007
| volume = 53
| pages = 91–108
| jstor = 23731201
}}</ref>

The study of the Kharosthi script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]], a set of [[birch bark manuscript]]s written in Kharosthi, discovered near the Afghan city of [[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]] just west of the [[Khyber Pass]] in [[Pakistan]]. The manuscripts were donated to the [[British Library]] in 1994. The entire set of British Library manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE, although other collections from different institutions contain Kharosthi manuscripts from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE,<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Richard
| first1 = Salomon
| title = Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara: An Introduction with Selected Translations
| date = 2018
| publisher = Simon and Schuster
| isbn = 978-1-61429-185-5
| page = 1
| quote = …Subsequent studies have confirmed that these and other similar materials that were discovered in the following years date from between the first century BCE and the third century CE…
}}</ref><ref>University of Washington. [https://asian.washington.edu/early-buddhist-manuscripts-project "The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project"]: "...These manuscripts date from the first century BCE to the third century CE, and as such are the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts as well as the oldest manuscripts from South Asia..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered.

==Alphabet==
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Dhrama Dipi inscription in the Shahbazgarhi First Edict in the Kharosthi script.jpg|thumb|The words ''inscription of the [[dharma]]'' ({{langx|pra|𐨢𐨌𐨨𐨡𐨁𐨤𐨁|dhrāma dipu|label=[[Prakrit]]}}) in Edict No. 1 of the [[Major Rock Edict]] of [[Ashoka]] (circa 250 BCE).<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=56–57 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n197/mode/2up}}</ref>]]

Kharosthi is mostly written right to left. Some variations in both the number and order of syllables occur in extant texts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019|reason=see highlighted by Professor Richard Salomon of the University of Washington, but need to be more specific than that}}

The Kharosthi alphabet is also known as the arapacana alphabet, and follows the order.

:''a ra pa ca na''
:''la da ba ḍa ṣa''
:''va ta ya ṣṭa''
:''ka sa ma ga stha''
:''ja śva dha śa kha''
:''kṣa sta jñā rtha (''or'' ha)''
:''bha cha sma hva tsa''
:''gha ṭha ṇa pha ska''
:''ysa śca ṭa ḍha''

This alphabet was used in [[Gandharan Buddhism]] as a mnemonic for the [[Large_Prajñāpāramitā_Sūtras#Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā_Prajñāpāramitā_Sūtra|Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]], a series of verses on the nature of phenomena; this is analogous to the [[Shiva Sutras]] of Brahmic scripts. In modern Himalayan and East Asian Buddhism, the first line ''arapacana'' is preserved in the [[mantra]] of [[Manjushri]], the Bodhisattva of transcendent wisdom.

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet"
|+<ref name="WWS"/><ref name="L203314R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03314-kharoshthi.pdf|title=L2/03-314R2: Proposal to Encode Kharoshthi in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646|date=18 September 2003|first1=Andrew|last1=Glass|first2=Stefan|last2=Baums|first3=Richard|last3=Salomon}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|
! colspan=2|[[unvoiced consonant|Unvoiced]]
! colspan=2|[[voiced consonant|Voiced]]
! rowspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan=2|[[Semivowel]]
! rowspan=2|[[Sibilant]]
! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|-
! Unaspirated
! [[aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]
! Unaspirated
! Aspirated
|-
! scope=row | [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨐|iso=k|ipa={{IPAslink|k}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨑|iso=kh}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨒|iso=g|ipa={{IPAslink|ɡ}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨓|iso=gh}}
|
|
|
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨱|iso=h|ipa={{IPAslink|h}}}}
|-
! scope=row | [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨕|iso=c|ipa={{IPAslink|c}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨖|iso=ch}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨗|iso=j|ipa={{IPAslink|ɟ}}}}
|
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨙|iso=ñ|ipa={{IPAslink|ɲ}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨩|iso=y|ipa={{IPAslink|j}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨭|iso=ś|ipa={{IPAslink|ɕ}}}}
!
|-
! scope=row | [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨚|iso=ṭ|ipa={{IPAslink|ʈ}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨛|iso=ṭh}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨜|iso=ḍ|ipa={{IPAslink|ɖ}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨝|iso=ḍh}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨞|iso=ṇ|ipa={{IPAslink|ɳ}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨪|iso=r|ipa={{IPAslink|r}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨮|iso=ṣ|ipa={{IPAslink|ʂ}}}}
!
|-
! scope=row | [[dental consonant|Dental]]
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨟|iso=t|ipa={{IPAslink|t}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨠|iso=th}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨡|iso=d|ipa={{IPAslink|d}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨢|iso=dh}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨣|iso=n|ipa={{IPAslink|n}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨫|iso=l}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨯|iso=s}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨰|iso=z}}
|-
! scope=row | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤|iso=p|ipa={{IPAslink|p}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨥|iso=ph}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨦|iso=b|ipa={{IPAslink|b}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨧|iso=bh}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨|iso=m|ipa={{IPAslink|m}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨬|iso=v}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row | Other
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨲|iso=ḱ}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨳|iso=ṭ́h}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

A bar above a consonant {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨸}}}} can be used to indicate various modified pronunciations depending on the consonant, such as nasalization or aspiration. It is used with k, ṣ, g, c, j, n, m, ś, ṣ, s, and h.

The ''cauda'' {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨹}}}} changes how consonants are pronounced in various ways, particularly [[Fricative consonant|fricativization]]. It is used with g, j, ḍ, t, d, p, y, v, ś, and s.

The dot below {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨺}}}} is used with m and h, but its precise phonetic function is unknown.

===Vowels and syllables===
[[File:Artemidoros coin obverse with transliteration.jpg|thumb|Kharoshthi on a coin of [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Artemidoros Aniketos]], reading ''[[Maues]], King of kings and son of [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidorus]]'', ({{langx|pgd|{{Script|Khar|𐨪𐨗𐨟𐨁𐨪𐨗𐨯𐨨𐨆𐨀𐨯𐨤𐨂𐨟𐨯𐨕𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨅𐨨𐨁𐨡𐨆𐨪𐨯
}}|Rajatirajasa Moasa putasa cha Artemidorasa}}).
<ref name="OB">{{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues? |journal=Numismatika Kronika |date=September 2008 |issue=27 |pages=25–36 |access-date=18 August 2024|url=https://www.academia.edu/14260604}}</ref>]]
Kharosthi includes only one standalone vowel character, which is used for initial vowels in words.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Other initial vowels use the ''a'' character modified by diacritics. Each syllable includes the short /a/ sound by default{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}, with other vowels being indicated by diacritic marks.

Long vowels are marked with the diacritic {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨌}}}}. An [[anusvara]] {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨎}}}} indicates [[nasalization]] of the vowel or a nasal segment following the vowel. A [[visarga]] {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨏}}}} indicates the unvoiced syllable-final /h/. It can also be used as a vowel length marker. A further diacritic, the ''double ring below'' {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨍}}}} appears with vowels -a and -u in some Central Asian documents, but its precise phonetic function is unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02364-doublering.pdf|title=L2/02-364: Proposal to add one combining diacritic to the UCS|date=29 September 2003|first1=Andrew|last1=Glass|first2=Stefan|last2=Baums|first3=Richard|last3=Salomon}}</ref>

Salomon has established that the vowel order is /a e i o u/, akin to Semitic scripts, rather than the usual vowel order for Indic scripts /a i u e o/.

{| class="wikitable letters-table letters-violet"
|+ Vowels<ref name="WWS">{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William O. Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=373–383|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373 }}</ref>
!
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="3" |Other syllable{{br}}diacritics

|-
!diacritics
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌|note={{efn|group=vowels|There is no diacritic form of this vowel as consonants include an inherent {{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}} vowel.}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌𐨅}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌𐨁}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌𐨆}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌𐨂}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=◌𐨃}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch= 𐨎}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨏}}
|-
!short vowels
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀|note=a|ipa=/ə/}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨅|ipa=/e/|note=e{{efn|name=ei|group=kvowels|The vowels {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨅}}}} and {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨁 }}}} are written horizontally when combined with {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨀}}}}, {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨣}}}}, or {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨱}}}}}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨁|ipa=/i/|note=i{{efn|name=ei|group=kvowels}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨆|ipa=/o/|note=o}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨂|ipa=/u/|note=u}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨃|ipa=/r̩/|note=r̥}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨎|note=aṃ}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨏|note=aḥ}}
|-
!long vowels
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨌|note=ā|ipa=/aː/}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨅𐨌|note=ai|ipa=/ɐi̯/}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨁𐨌|ipa=/iː/|note=ī}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨆𐨌|ipa=/ɐu̯/|note=au}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨂𐨌|ipa=/uː/|note=ū}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨃𐨌|ipa=/r̩ː/|note=r̥̄}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨌𐨎|note=āṃ}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨀𐨌𐨏|note=āḥ}}
|-
!examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨤}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤|note=pa}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨅|note=pe{{efn|group=kvowels|The vowel {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨅}}}} is written vertically when combined with {{Script|Khar|{{angbr|𐨠}}, {{angbr|𐨤}}, {{angbr|𐨥}}, or {{angbr|𐨫}}}}}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨁||note=pi{{efn|group=kvowels|The vowel {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨁 }}}} is written as a small vertical stroke when combined with {{Script|Khar|{{angbr|𐨠}}, {{angbr|𐨤}}, {{angbr|𐨥}}, {{angbr|𐨨}}, {{angbr|𐨫}}, or {{angbr|𐨭}}}}}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨆|note=po{{efn|group=kvowels|The vowel {{angbr|{{Script|Khar| ◌𐨆}}}} is written vertically when combined with {{Script|Khar|{{angbr|𐨤}}, {{angbr|𐨥}}, {{angbr|𐨩}}, or {{angbr|𐨭}}}}}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨂|note=pu}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨃|note=pr̥}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨎|note=paṃ}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨤𐨏|note=paḥ}}
|-
!examples with {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨨}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨|note=ma}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨅|note=me}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨁|note=mi}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨆|note=mo}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨂|note=mu{{efn|group=kvowels|Combining {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨨 + ◌𐨂}}}} produces this unique ligature, {{angbr|{{Script|Khar|𐨡 + ◌𐨂}}}} also produces a unique ligature, {{angbr|{{Script|Khar |𐨡𐨂}}}}}}}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨃|note=mr̥}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨎|note=maṃ}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐨨𐨏|note=maḥ}}
|}
{{notelist|group=kvowels}}

==Additional marks==

Various additional marks are used to modify vowels and consonants:<ref name="L203314R2"/>
{| class="wikitable letters-violet"
|-
! Mark !! Trans. !! Example !! Description
|-
| {{huge|𐨌}} || ◌̄ || align=center | {{huge|𐨨}} + {{huge|𐨌}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨨𐨌}}|| align=left | The vowel ''length mark'' may be used with -a, -i, -u, and -r̥ to indicate the equivalent long vowel (-ā, -ī, -ū, and r̥̄ respectively). When used with -e it indicates the diphthong -ai. When used with -o it indicates the diphthong -au.
|-
| {{huge|𐨍}} || ◌͚ || align=center | {{huge|𐨯}} + {{huge|𐨍}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨯𐨍}} || align=left | The vowel modifier ''double ring below'' appears in some Central Asian documents with vowels -a and -u.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02364-doublering.pdf|title=L2/02-364: Proposal to add one combining diacritic to the UCS|date=2003-09-29|first1=Andrew|last1=Glass|first2=Stefan|last2=Baums|first3=Richard|last3=Salomon}}</ref> Its precise phonetic function is unknown.
|-
| {{huge|𐨎}} || ṃ || align=center | {{huge|𐨀}} + {{huge|𐨎}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨀𐨎}} || align=left | An [[anusvara]] indicates nasalization of the vowel or a nasal segment following the vowel. It can be used with -a, -i, -u, -r̥, -e, and -o.
|-
| {{huge|𐨏}} || ḥ || align=center | {{huge|𐨐}} + {{huge|𐨏}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨐𐨏}} || align=left | A [[visarga]] indicates the unvoiced syllable-final /h/. It can also be used as a vowel length marker. Visarga is used with -a, -i, -u, -r̥, -e, and -o.
|-
| {{huge|𐨸}} || ◌̄ || align=center | {{huge|𐨗}} + {{huge|𐨸}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨗𐨸}} || align=left | A ''bar above'' a consonant can be used to indicate various modified pronunciations depending on the consonant, such as nasalization or aspiration. It is used with k, ṣ, g, c, j, n, m, ś, ṣ, s, and h.
|-
| {{huge|𐨹}} || {{nobr|◌́ or ◌̱ }} || align=center | {{huge|𐨒}} + {{huge|𐨹}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨒𐨹}} || align=left | The ''cauda'' changes how consonants are pronounced in various ways, particularly [[Fricative consonant|fricativization]]. It is used with g, j, ḍ, t, d, p, y, v, ś, and s.
|-
| {{huge|𐨺}} || ◌̣ || align=center | {{huge|𐨨}} + {{huge|𐨺}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨨𐨺}} || align=left | The precise phonetic function of the ''dot below'' is unknown. It is used with m and h.
|-
| rowspan=5 | {{huge|𐨿}} || rowspan=5 | (n/a) || || align="left" | A [[virama]] is used to suppress the [[inherent vowel]] that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter. Its effect varies based on situation:
|-
| align=center | &lrm;{{huge|𐨢}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨁}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨐}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨿}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨢𐨁𐨐𐨿}} || align="left" |When not followed by a consonant the virama causes the preceding consonant to be written as a subscript to the left of the letter before that consonant. 
|-
| align=center | &lrm;{{huge|𐨐}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨿}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨮}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨐𐨿𐨮}}
| rowspan=3 align=left |When the virama is followed by another consonant, it will trigger a combined form consisting of two or more consonants. This may be a ligature, a special combining form, or a combining full form depending on the consonants involved. The result takes into account any other combining marks.
|-
| align=center | &lrm;{{huge|𐨯}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨿}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨩}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨯𐨿𐨩}}
|-
| align=center | &lrm;{{huge|𐨐}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨿}} + &lrm;{{huge|𐨟}} → &lrm;{{huge|𐨐𐨿𐨟}}
|}

==Punctuation==

Nine Kharosthi punctuation marks have been identified:<ref name="L203314R2"/>

{| class="wikitable letters-violet"
|-
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩐|note=dot}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩓|note=crescent bar}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩖|note=danda}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩑|note=small circle}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩔|note=mangalam}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩗|note=double danda}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩒|note=circle}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩕|note=lotus}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|ch=𐩘|note=lines}}
|}

==Numerals==
Kharosthi included a set of numerals that are reminiscent of [[Roman numerals]] and [[Psalter Pahlavi]] Numerals.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The system is based on an additive and a multiplicative principle, but does not have the subtractive feature used in the Roman numeral system.<ref>Graham Flegg, ''Numbers: Their History and Meaning'', Courier Dover Publications, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-486-42165-0}}, p. 67f.</ref>
{| class="wikitable letters-violet"
|+ Numerals<ref name="L203314R2"/>
|-
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=1|ch=𐩀}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=2|ch=𐩁}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=3|ch=𐩂}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=4|ch=𐩃}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=10|ch=𐩄}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=20|ch=𐩅}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=100|ch=𐩆}}
|{{letter|s=Khar|note=1000|ch=𐩇}}
|}

The numerals, like the letters, are written from right to left. There is no zero and no separate signs for the digits 5–9. Numbers are written additively, so, for example, the number 1996 would be written as {{Script|Khar|𐩇𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁}}.

{{fs interlinear|indent=2|italics1=no
|𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 𐩇
| <nowiki>(2+4+10+20+20+20+20) +</nowiki> <nowiki>100x(1+4+4) +</nowiki> <nowiki>1000</nowiki>
|}}

==Unicode==

{{Main|Kharoshthi (Unicode block)}}

Kharosthi was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1.

The Unicode block for Kharosthi is U+10A00–U+10A5F:

{{Unicode chart Kharoshthi}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" h
widths="160">
File:Kharoshti script on a wooden plate, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum of India]] in New Delhi
File:Kharoshti script on a wooden plate, National Museum, New Delhi 01.jpg|Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi
File:Kharoshti script on a wooden plate, National Museum, New Delhi 02.jpg|Kharosthi script on a wooden plate in the National Museum of India in New Delhi
File:Kharosthi script on wood, Niya, 3rd century AD - National Musem, New Delhi - IMG 2216.JPG|Kharosthi script on wood from [[Niya (Tarim Basin)|Niya]], 3rd century CE
File:Niya BLH170 OR821114231424 W.jpg|Double-wedged wooden tablet in [[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari]] written in Kharosthi script, 2nd to 4th century CE
File:佉卢文木牍.jpg|Wooden tablet inscribed with Kharosthi characters (2nd–3rd century CE). Excavated at the [[Niya (Tarim Basin)|Niya]] ruins in [[Xinjiang]], China. Collection of the [[Xinjiang Region Museum|Xinjiang Museum]].
File:Loulan kharosthi document.jpg|Wooden Kharosthi document found at [[Loulan Kingdom|Loulan, China]] by [[Aurel Stein]]
File:Fragmentary Buddhist text - Gandhara birchbark scrolls (1st C), part 31 - BL Or. 14915.jpg|Fragmentary Kharosthi Buddhist text on birchbark (Part of a group of early manuscripts from [[Gandhara]]), first half of 1st century CE. Collection of the [[British Library]] in [[London]]
File:MenanderCoin.jpg|Silver bilingual [[tetradrachm]] of [[Menander I]] (155-130 BCE). ''Obverse:'' [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ (BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROU), literally, "Of Saviour King Menander". ''Reverse:'' Kharosthi legend: MAHARAJA TRATARASA MENADRASA "Saviour King Menander". [[Athena]] advancing right, with thunderbolt and shield. [[Taxila]] mint mark.
File:KingGurgamoyaKhotan1stCenturyCE.jpg|Coin of King [[Gurgamoya]] of [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]] (1st century CE). ''Obverse'': Kharoshthi legend "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya. ''Reverse'': Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin".
File:Coin of Menander Dikaiou.jpg|Coin of [[Menander II|Menander II Dikaiou]] ''Obverse'': Menander wearing a [[diadem]]. Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "King Menander the Just". ''Reverse'': Winged figure bearing diadem and palm, with [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]], probably [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. The Kharoshthi legend reads MAHARAJASA DHARMIKASA MENADRASA "Great King, Menander, follower of the [[Dharma]], Menander".
File:Hashtnagar Pedestal Rajar Bodhisattva Gandhara 384 exhib British Museum.jpg|The Indo-Greek [[Hashtnagar]] Pedestal symbolizes [[bodhisattva]] and ancient Kharosthi script. Found near Rajar in [[Gandhara]], [[Pakistan]]. Exhibited at the [[British Museum]] in London.
File:Mathura Lion Capital Detail.jpg|[[Mathura lion capital]] with [[Attitude (heraldry)#Addorsed|addorsed]] lions and [[Prakrit]] inscriptions in Kharoshthi script
File:Han dynasty Kharoshthi inscription.jpg|Fragments of stone well railings with a Buddhist inscription written in Kharoshthi script (late Han period to the [[Three Kingdoms]] era). Discovered at [[Luoyang]], China in 1924.
File:Ashoka edict shahbaz-garhi1.png|Portion of Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s [[Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edict]]s at [[Shahbaz Garhi]]
File:Ashoka edict shahbaz-garhi2.png|Portion of Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts at Shahbaz Garhi
File:Document on Wooden Tablet written in Kharosthi Script (cropped).jpg|Document on Wooden Stick written in Kharoshthi script, 3rd-4th century CE.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]
*[[History of Afghanistan]]
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan]]

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Kharoshthi}}
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_r2ctAAAAYAAJ Kaschgar und die Kharoṣṭhī (1903)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[File:ISO 639 Icon pra.svg|thumb|right|180px|Icon for Bharatpedia links to pages in the Prakrit Languages]]

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hassan |title=Kharoshthi Primer |year=1979 |series=Lahore Museum Publication Series |volume=16 |location=Lahore Museum |oclc=10695864}}
* {{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William O. Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373 373–383] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/373 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Falk |first=Harry |title=Schrift im alten Indien: Ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen |publisher=Gunter Narr |year=1993 |isbn=978-3-8233-4271-7 |series=Script Oralia |volume=56 |location=Tübingen |lang=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fussman |first=Gérard |title=Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 |pages=507–514 |chapter=Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde |lang=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=von Hinüber |first=Oscar |title=Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien |publisher=Franz Steiner |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-515-05627-4 |lang=de}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kharoshthi Manuscripts from Gandhara |publisher=Higher Education Commission of Pakistan |year=2009 |editor-last=Nasim Khan |editor-first=M. |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nasim Khan |first=M. |year=2004 |title=Kharoshthi Manuscripts from Gandhara |journal=Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=XII |issue=1–2 |pages=9–15}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nasim Khan |first=M. |date=July 1999 |title=Two Dated Kharoshthi Inscriptions from Gandhara |journal=Journal of Asian Civilizations |volume=XXII |issue=1 |pages=99–103}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nasim Khan |first=M. |date=September 1997 |title=Kharoshthi Inscription from Swabi – Gandhara |journal=The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=V |issue=2 |pages=49–52}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nasim Khan |first=M. |date=March 1997 |title=An Inscribed Relic-Casket from Dir |journal=The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=21–33}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nasim Khan |first=M |title=Atthariyyat |year=1997 |volume=I |location=Peshawar |pages=131–150 |chapter=Ashokan Inscriptions: A Palaeographical Study}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Kenneth R. |date=1992 |title=The development of writing in India and its effect upon the Pāli canon |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens |volume=36 |pages=239–249 |jstor=24010823}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=1990 |title=New Evidence for a Gāndhārī Origin of the Arapacana Syllabary |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=255–273 |doi=10.2307/604529 |jstor=604529}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=1 April 1993 |title=An additional note on Aracapana |journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=275–277 |doi=10.2307/603034 |jstor=603034 |id={{Gale|A14474853}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Architetti, Capomastri, Artigiani: L'organizzazione Dei Cantieri E Della Produzione Artistica Nell'Asia Ellenistica : Studi Offerti a Domenico Faccenna Nel Suo Ottantesimo Compleanno |date=2006 |publisher=Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente |isbn=978-88-85320-36-9 |editor-last=Faccenna |editor-first=Domenico |pages=181–224 |chapter=Kharoṣṭhī syllables used as location markers in Gāndhāran stūpa architecture}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=1995 |title=On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=271–279 |doi=10.2307/604670 |jstor=604670 |id={{ProQuest|217141859}}}}

==External links==
*[https://gandhari.org Gandhari.org] Catalog and Corpus of all known Kharoṣṭhī (Gāndhārī) texts
*[http://www.indoskript.org Indoskript 2.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070959/http://indoskript.org/ |date=28 May 2022 }}, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi
*[https://gandhari.org/tmp/glass_2000.pdf A Preliminary Study of Kharoṣṭhī Manuscript Paleography] by Andrew Glass, University of Washington (2000)

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:Right-to-left writing systems]]

Rakendu Mouli

2026-02-09T19:25:55Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up Initial Details V1!

{{Short description|Indian Telugu actor, lyricist, and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rakendu Mouli
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rakendu Mouli Vennelakanti
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Lyricist|actor|singer|dialogue writer}}
| years_active = 1996; 2012{{ndash}}present
| title =
| spouse = Silpa Vennelakanti
| relatives =
| awards =
| honours =
| father = [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]]
}}

'''Rakendu Mouli Vennelakanti''' is an Indian lyricist and actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=11 actors tell us what it takes to be a supporting actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/building-character-with-memorable-performances/article25006196.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614061656/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/building-character-with-memorable-performances/article25006196.ece |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=22 September 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He is the son of Telugu lyricist [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]].

== Career ==
Mouli worked as assistant director for ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' and ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Naidu |first=Siddharth |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2017/07/26/voxtalks-rakendu-mouli/ |title=[VoxTalks] Rakendu Mouli : An Eloquent Confluence Of Words To Describe The Best In Performing Arts |work=VoxSpace |publisher=Voxspace.in |date=2017-07-26 |accessdate=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812004618/https://www.voxspace.in/2017/07/26/voxtalks-rakendu-mouli/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut as an actor with ''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]'' (2015) in which he played the lead role.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Lyricist-Rakendu-Mouli-turns-hero/articleshow/44970579.cms |title=Lyricist Rakendu Mouli turns hero |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2022-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612032622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lyricist-rakendu-mouli-turns-hero/articleshow/44970579.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="V">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/challenging-sterotypes/article6754702.ece |title=Challenging sterotypes |date=5 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010071200/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/challenging-sterotypes/article6754702.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, he played [[Naga Chaitanya]]'s friend in ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Acting-writing-singing-Rakendu-does-it-all-in-SSS/articleshow/52041259.cms |title=Acting, writing, singing: Rakendu does it all in SSS |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2020-05-07 |archive-date=2018-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216041247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Acting-writing-singing-Rakendu-does-it-all-in-SSS/articleshow/52041259.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He played supporting roles in ''[[Kirrak Party]]'', a Telugu remake of the Kannada film ''[[Kirik Party]]'', and played one of the lead roles in ''My Dear Marthandam'' (2018). In 2019, he made his Tamil debut with ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'', where he played [[Dhanush]]'s friend.<ref name="D">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/rakendu-to-debut-as-hero-with-a-crime-comedy/articleshow/61519716.cms |title=Rakendu to debut as hero with a crime-comedy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2017 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010135046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/rakendu-to-debut-as-hero-with-a-crime-comedy/articleshow/61519716.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

He made his Telugu debut as a lyricist with ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' (2012) and garnered acclaim for the song "Manasu Palike".<ref name="V" /> He wrote the lyrics for four of the five songs in ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-meeku-maathrame-cheptha/articleshow/71854934.cms |title=Music Review: Meeku Maathrame Cheptha |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 2019 |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2020-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329092426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-meeku-maathrame-cheptha/articleshow/71854934.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mouli's father, [[Vennelakanti (writer)|Vennelakanti]], was a lyricist and his brother Shashank Vennelakanti is a dialogue writer.<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220918/in-the-eye-of-the-storm.html |title=In the eye of the storm |first=Sashidhar |last=Adivi |date=22 September 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128001507/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220918/in-the-eye-of-the-storm.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Discography ==
; Film songs
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
*''(D) indicates dubbed version.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rakendu Mouli film music credits
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Film
| style="text-align: center" colspan="2" |'''Credited as'''
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! scope="col" | Singer
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Topi Raja Sweety Roja]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai|Chirunavvula Chirujallu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || |
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || Also actor
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Rakshasudu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Jayasurya]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Nava Manmadhudu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Kotigobba 2|Kotikokkadu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kaashmora]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || Also actor
|-
| ''Aata''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Si3 (film)|Yamudu 3]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kadamban|Gajendrudu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''[[Maragadha Naanayam|Marakathamani]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|Gang]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kirrak Party]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || Also actor
|-
| ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam|Nawab]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2019 || ''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshasudu (2019 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bigil|Whistle]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sangathamizhan|Vijay Sethupathi]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota|Thoota]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || Also actor
|-
| ''[[Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru|Aakaasam Nee Haddhu Ra]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} || Also dialogue writer
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2022 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" | {{n}} ||
|-
| ''[[Maamannan|Nayakudu]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024 ||''[[Alanaati Ramchandrudu]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
|[[Rewind (2024 film)|''Rewind'']] || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
|''[[Kanguva]]'' (D) || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 ||''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} ||
|-
|''[[Mario (2025 film)|Mario]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}
|Also composer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|[[Vaa Vaathiyaar|''Annagaru Vostaru'']] (D)
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{n}}
|Also singer
|-
|''[[Gandhi Talks]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{n}}
|
|}

'''Independent songs'''

* [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel Anthem]] (2019): Telugu version lyrics<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=Marvel's swansong |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/apr/10/marvels-swansong-1962450.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618134915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/apr/10/marvels-swansong-1962450.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Nene Lekunte'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |title=Revanth, Rakendu lend voice for social media stars |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/mar/21/revanth-rakendu-lend-voice-for-social-media-stars-2119451.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=21 March 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322131906/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/mar/21/revanth-rakendu-lend-voice-for-social-media-stars-2119451.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Rowdy Pattasu'' (2021): Telugu Version lyrics<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2021|title=Rowdy pattasu music video|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz2Bj9k02NM&si=5YMOl0Zz7x4TJa7E}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rakendu Mouli film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Janda Pai Kapiraju]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Kirrak Party]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| ''My Dear Marthandam''|| Surya ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' || Vasanth || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anukunnadi Okati Ayinadi Okati]]'' || Rakendu Mouli || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 || ''[[Super Over (film)|Super Over]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''Sundari'' || Ritesh ||
|-
| ''[[Senapathi]]''|| Hussain ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham]]'' || A company employee || Tamil film; minor role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023|| ''Kranthi'' || Ram||
|-
| ''[[Maa Oori Polimera 2]]'' || Ravindra Naik ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Mario (2025 film)|Mario]]''
|Bob Marley
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rakendu Mouli television acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2016 || ''Ctrl Alt Del''|| Gowtham || [[YouTube]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2018 || ''Pelli Gola 2'' || Gurram Gangadhar || rowspan="2" |[[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Cameo appearance
|-
| 2018|| ''Ee Office Lo'' || Hari Kiran ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''What's up Panimanishi'' || rowspan="2"|Natraj 'Natti/Nats' || rowspan="2"|[[ZEE5]] || rowspan="2"| Also dialogues for Telugu version
|-
| ''What's up Velakkari'' || Tamil
|-
| ''Virgin @ 27'' || Srinu || Watcho || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Ee office Lo 2'' || Hari Kiran || [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]] || Cameo appearance
|-
|2024||[[Brinda (TV series)|''Brinda'']]||Young Satya||[[SonyLIV]]||
|-
|2025 ||''[[Constable Kanakam]]'' || Dr. Hanumantha Rao || [[ETV Win]] ||
|}
=== Short films ===
*''All Short films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rakendu Mouli film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref
|-
|2014
|''Aa Pilla Perenti?''
|Sandy
|rowspan="2"|[[YouTube]]
|Also lyrics
|
|-
|2020
|''Aarambam''
|Vidyadhar
|
|
|-
|}
=== Dialogue writer ===
* ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal|As I'm Suffering from Prema]]'' (2017) (webseries); Telugu dubbed version
* ''What's up Panimanishi'' (2019) (webseries)
*''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Khaidi]]'' (2019); Telugu dubbed version
*''[[Soorarai Pottru|Aakaasam Nee Haddhu Ra]]'' (2020); Telugu dubbed version
*''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' (2021); Telugu dubbed version
*''[[Senapathi]]'' (2021)
*''[[MenToo (film)|MenToo]]'' (2023)
*''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]'' (2023); Telugu dubbed version<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Actor Rakendu Mouli Latest Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbWySlfWFJw |publisher=TeluguOne |date=12 December 2023 |via=YouTube |first1=Rakendu |last1=Mouli |interviewer=Sharath}}</ref>
* ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' (2025); Telugu dubbed version (co-writer)
*''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025); Telugu dubbed version

=== Lyricist ===
* ''[[3BHK]]'' (2025); Telugu dubbed version; wrote lyrics for 5 songs: "Kalalanni", "Bhoome Swargam", "Oka Kala", "Oka Kala" (Reprise), "Kaanala Daari"

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rakendu Mouli awards and nominations
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2012 || [[Mirchi Music Awards South]] || [[Mirchi Music Awards South#Jury awards|Best Upcoming Lyricist {{ndash}} Telugu]] || "Manasu Palike" from ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/mirchimusic-awardssouth2012.html |title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2012 – Telugu cinema news |website=idlebrain.com|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213302/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/mirchimusic-awardssouth2012.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5194438}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mouli, Rakendu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian web series actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Lakha Lakhwinder Singh

2026-02-08T09:20:48Z

Peter05220035516: made bio

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakha Lakhwinder Singh
| image = Lakhwinder Singh lakha in Amritsar Punjab India - May 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| notable_works = ''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'' ''[[25 Kille]]'' ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]'' ''[[Khadari]]''
}}

'''Lakhwinder Singh''' is an Indian actor who works in Hindi and Punjabi language films and television serials.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'' || Special Appearance || English||
|-
| 2008 ||'' Babal Da Vehra'' || Aman || Punjabi||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kismat Love Paisa Dilli]]'' || Parminder || Hindi||
|-
| 2013 || ''Pagdi Singh Da Taaj'' || Harpreet || Punjabi||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mitti Na Pharol Jogiya]]'' || Lakha || Punjabi|| Ref<ref name="Tribune"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaun Kare Insaaf]]'' || Yogesh || Punjabi||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[25 Kille]]'' || Bholla || Punjabi||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]'' || Yogesh || Hindi|| Ref<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Farah |title=Vir Das, Soha Ali Khan Star in Gripping '31st October,' based on Indira Gandhi's Assassination |url=https://www.india.com/arts-and-culture/vir-das-soha-ali-khan-star-in-31st-october-a-gripping-film-based-on-indira-gandhis-assassination-1477419/ |work=[[India.com]] |date=12 September 2016 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Dhol Ratti'' || Dhol || Punjab|| Ref<ref name="Tribune"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''The Hidden Strike'' || Lt. Lakha Singh || Hindi||<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Finally there! |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/finally-there/532519.html |access-date=8 July 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Aape Pain Siyaape'' || Mithu Bajwa || Punjabi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Viraat'' || SP Singh || Hindi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Countryside Gunday'' || Lakha || Punjabi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Haveli In Trouble'' || || Punjabi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Jatti 15 Murabbeya Wali'' || || Punjabi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Khadari'' || Punjabi || Malkeet Singh ||
|}

===Television and web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''Nai Reesan Mere Punjab Diyan'' || Sufi Fakir || Punjabi ||DD Punjabi
|-
| 2006 || ''Assan Hun Tur Jana'' || Baljinder || Punjabi || Channel Punjab
|-
| 2007 || ''Kaura Sach'' || Docter || Punjabi ||Channel Punjab
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]'' || Meet's First Husband || Hindi || Sony TV
|-
| 2010 || ''Maharaja Ranjit Singh'' || YahiyaKhan || Hindi || DD National
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka]]'' || || Hindi || NDTV Imagine
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kach Diyan Wanga]]'' || Aman || Punjabi || Zetc Punjabi
|-
| 2014 || ''Adrishya – Durga Bhabhi'' || [[Bhagat Singh]] || Hindi || Epic Channel
|-
| 2021 || '' Viraat'' || S P Singh || Hindi || Filmy Box
|-
| 2021 || '' Wah Jugni Wah'' || Rocky Dhindsa || Punjabi || Heeroz OTT
|-
| 2021 || '' Takhatgarh '' || Hammer || Hindi || MX Player
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7749678}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lakha Lakhwinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India

2026-01-30T04:03:13Z

Peter05220035516: updated page

{{Short description|Schedule to the Constitution of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Constitution of India}}
The constitutional provisions in India on the subject of distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States are defined primarily under its articles 245 and 246. The Seventh Schedule to the [[Constitution of India]] specifies the allocation of powers and functions between the Union and the State legislatures. It embodies three lists; namely, the [[Union List]], the [[State List]], and the [[Concurrent List]].<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|title=Seventh Schedule|url=https://www.ma.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S7.pdf|access-date=25 September 2020|website=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The Union list enumerates a total of 97 subjects over which the power of the Union parliament extends. Similarly, the State list enumerates a total of 66 subjects for state legislation. The schedule also spells out a Concurrent list embodying a total of 47 subjects on which both the Union parliament and the state legislatures are empowered to legislate, though this is subject to the other provisions of the constitution that give precedence to the union legislation over that of the states.

In addition to demarcating the subjects of Union legislation from those of the states, Article 248 of the constitution also envisages residual powers not contemplated in either of the Union or State lists for the Union. It provides, “The Union Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or the State List.” Additionally, the constitution also empowers the Union parliament via clause 4 of the Article 246{{efn|The said clause provides that the "Parliament has power to make laws with respect to any matter for any part of the territory of India not included in a State notwithstanding that such matter is a matter enumerated in the State List." The reference to state therein has been construed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] to be adverting to the states enumerated in the First Schedule of the constitution.<ref name="legislation for UTs" />}} to legislate for the [[Union territories]] on all subjects, including those enumerated in the State list.<ref name ="legislation for UTs">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4j3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PR89 | title=Commentary on General Clauses Act, 1897: (India) | last1=Bhalla | first1=Sandeep | date=July 2008 }}</ref>

== Union List ==
{{main|Union List}}
The Union List is a list of 99 (originally 97) subjects numbered items as provided in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The Union Government or [[Parliament of India]] has exclusive power to legislate on matters relating to these items.<ref name=Lists>{{cite web |title=SEVENTH SCHEDULE / Union List, State List and Concurrent list|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S7.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> This list is divided into legislative/general part (entries 1 to 81) and taxation part (entries 82 to 92C)<ref name=mmdr>{{Citation |title=Supreme Court judgement on Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (Page 35) |date=25 July 2024 |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=get_court_pdf&diary_no=90121999&type=j&order_date=2024-07-25&from=latest_judgements_order |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> General part pertains to non taxation issues and taxation part pertains to only application of taxes. These are:<ref>{{Citation |title=Union List |date=2023-04-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_List&oldid=1150261438 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en}}</ref>

General:
: 01. Defence of India and every part there of including preparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effective [[Demobilization|demobilisation]].
: 02. [[Indian Navy|Naval]], [[Indian Army|military]] and [[Indian Air Force|air forces]]; any other [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]] of the Union.
: 2A. Deployment of any [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]] of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers, jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment.
: 03. Delimitation of [[cantonment]] areas, [[Local government in India|local self-government]] in such areas, the constitution and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas.
: 04. [[Indian Navy|Naval]], [[military]] and [[Indian Air Force|air force]] works.
: 05. [[Weapon|Arms]], [[firearm]]s, [[ammunition]] and [[explosive]]s.
: 06. [[Nuclear power|Atomic energy]] and [[Natural resource|mineral resources]] necessary for its production.
: 07. [[Industry (economics)|Industries]] declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war.
: 08. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
: 09. [[Preventive detention]] for reasons connected with Defence, [[Foreign policy|Foreign Affairs]], or the security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
: 10. [[Foreign policy|Foreign affairs]]; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country.
: 11. [[Diplomacy|Diplomatic]], [[Consul (representative)|consular]] and trade representation.
: 12. [[United Nations|United Nations Organisation]].
: 13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing of decisions made thereat.
: 14. Entering into with [[Foreign relations of India|foreign countries]] and implementing of treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign Countries.
: 15. [[War]] and [[peace]].
: 16. Foreign jurisdiction.
: 17. [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship]], [[Indian nationality law#Citizenship by naturalisation|naturalisation]] and aliens.
: 18. [[Extradition]].
: 19. Admission into, and [[emigration]] and [[Deportation|expulsion]] from, India; [[Indian passport|passports]] and [[Visa policy of India|visas]].
: 20. [[Pilgrimage]]s to places outside India.
: 21. [[Piracy|Piracies]] and crimes committed on the [[International waters|high seas]] or in the air; offences against the law of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
: 22. [[Rail transport in India|Railways]].
: 23. [[Highway]]s declared by or under law made by Parliament to be [[National highways of India|national highways]].
: 24. [[Maritime transport|Shipping]] and [[navigation]] on [[Navigability|inland waterways]], declared by Parliament by law to be [[Inland Waterways Authority of India|national waterways]], as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways.
: 25. Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters; provision of education and training for the [[Merchant navy#Indian Merchant Navy|mercantile marine]] and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
: 26. [[List of lighthouses in India|Lighthouses]], including [[Lightvessel|lightships]], beacons and other provision for the safety of shipping and aircraft.
: 27. [[Port]]s declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports, including their delimitation, and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein.
: 28. Port [[quarantine]], including hospitals connected therewith; [[Sailor|seamen]]'s and marine hospitals.
: 29. Airways aircraft and air navigation; provision of [[aerodrome]]s; regulation and organisation of air traffic, and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies.
: 30. Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in mechanically propelled vessels.
: 31. Posts and telegraphs, telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of communication.
: 32. Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides.
: 33. <s>Acquisition or requisitioning of property for the purposes of the Union</s>(As per Seventh Amendment) Act,1956
: 34. [[Court of Wards (India)|Courts of wards]] for the estates of Rulers of Indian States.
: 35. [[Government debt|Public debt]] of the Union.
: 36. Currency, [[coin]]age and [[legal tender]]; [[Foreign exchange controls|foreign exchange]].
: 37. Foreign loans.
: 38. [[Reserve Bank of India]].
: 39. Post Office Savings Bank.
: 40. Lotteries organised by the [[Government of India]] or the [[State governments of India|Government of a State]].
: 41. [[Trade]] and [[commerce]] with foreign countries import and export across customs frontiers definition of customs frontiers.
: 42. Inter-State trade and commerce.
: 43. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading Corporations, including banking, insurance and financial corporations but not including Co-operative Societies.
: 44. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to one State, but not including universities.
: 45. [[Banking in India|Banking]].
: 46. [[Negotiable instrument|Bills of exchange]], cheques, [[promissory note]]s and other like instruments.
: 47. [[Insurance in India|Insurance]].
: 48. [[List of stock exchanges#India|Stock exchanges]] and [[Futures exchange|futures markets]].
: 49. [[Patent]]s, inventions and designs; [[Copyright law of India|copyright]]; [[Trademark|trade-marks]] and merchandise marks.
: 50. Establishment of standards of weight and measure.
: 51. Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported from one State to another.
: 52. Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
: 53. Regulation and development of oilfields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be dangerously inflammable.
: 54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
: 55. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oil-fields.
: 56. Regulation and development of inter-State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest.
: 57. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters.
: 58. Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies; regulations and control of manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies.
: 59. Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of [[opium]].
: 60. Sanctioning of [[Film|cinematograph films]] for exhibition.
: 61. Industrial disputes concerning Union employees.
: 62. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the [[National Library of India|National Library]], the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata|Indian Museum]], the Imperial War Museum, the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] and the Indian War Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
: 63. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the [[Banaras Hindu University|Benares Hindu University]], the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[Delhi University]]; the University established in pursuance of Article 371-E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance.
: 64. Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be [[Institutes of National Importance|institutions of national importance]].
: 65. Union agencies and institutions for -
: (a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or
: (b) the promotion of special studies or research; or
: (c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime.
: 66. Co-ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or research and scientific and technical institutions.
: 67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and [[Archaeological site|archaeological sites and remains]], declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
: 68. The [[Survey of India]], the [[Geological Survey of India|Geological]], [[Botanical Survey of India|Botanical]], [[Zoological Survey of India|Zoological]] and [[Anthropological Survey of India|Anthropological]] Surveys of India; [[India Meteorological Department|Meteorological organisations]].
: 69. [[Census of India|Census]].
: 70. Union public services; all-India services; [[Union Public Service Commission]].
: 71. Union Pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the [[Consolidated Fund#India|Consolidated Fund of India]].
: 72. [[Elections in India|Elections]] to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of [[President of India|President]] and [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]]; the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].
: 73. Salaries and allowances of [[Member of parliament#India|members of Parliament]], the [[Vice President of India|Chairman]] and [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|Deputy chairman]] of the [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] and the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]] and [[Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]] of the [[Lok Sabha|House of the People]].
: 74. Powers, privileges and Immunities of each [[Legislative chamber|House of Parliament]] and of the members and the Committees of each House enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by Parliament.
: 75. [[Remuneration|Emoluments]], allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the President and [[Governors of states of India|Governors]] salaries and allowances of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Ministers for the Union]]; the Salaries, allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]].
: 76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
: 77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] (including [[Contempt of court|contempt of such Court]]), and the fees taken therein persons entitled to practice before the Supreme Court.
: 78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the [[High courts of India|High Courts]] except provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practice before the High Courts.
: 79. Extensions of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High Court from any [[Union territory]].
: 80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a [[State Police Services|police force belonging to any State]] to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
: 81. Inter-state [[Human migration|migration]]; inter-State [[quarantine]].
: 82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
Taxation:
: 83. Duties of [[customs]] including [[export]] duties.
: 84. Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except -
:::: (a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption.
:::: (b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics,
::::
:::: but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
: 85. [[Corporate tax|Corporation tax]].
: 86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and companies; taxes on the capital of companies.
: 87. [[Inheritance tax|Estate duty]] in respect of property other than agricultural land.
: 88. [[Duty (tax)|Duties]] in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land.
: 89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares and freights.
: 90. Taxes other than [[Stamp duty|stamp duties]] on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets.
: 91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, [[Bill of lading|bills of lading]], [[Letter of credit|letters of credit]], policies of insurance, transfer of shares, [[debenture]]s, proxies and receipts.
: 92. <s>Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein.</s> (omitted as per 101st Amendment Act)
: 92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
: 92B. Taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
: 92C. <s>Taxes on services.</s> (omitted as per 101st Amendment Act)
: 93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
: 94. Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List.
: 95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], with respect to any of the matters in this List admiralty jurisdiction.
: 96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.
: 97. Any other matter not enumerated in [[State List|List II]] or [[Concurrent List|List III]] including any tax not mentioned in either of those Lists.

== State List ==
{{main|State List}}
The State List is a list of 61 (originally 66) subjects in the Schedule Seven to the [[Constitution of India]]. The respective state governments have exclusive power to legislate on matters relating to these items.<ref name=Lists/> This list is divided into legislative/general part (entries 1 to 45) and taxation part (entries 46 to 63).<ref name=mmdr/> General part pertains to non taxation issues and taxation part pertains to only application of taxes. The 66 items currently on the list are:<ref>{{Citation |title=State List |date=2023-04-13 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_List&oldid=1149561750 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en}}</ref>

General:
: 01. [[Public-order crime|Public order]] (but not including the use of any [[Indian Navy|naval]], [[military]] or [[Indian Air Force|air force]] or any other [[Indian Armed Forces|armed force]] of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power).
: 02. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of Entry 2-A of [[Union List|List-I]].
: 03. Officers and servants of the [[List of High Courts of India|High Court]]; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in all courts except the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].
: 04. [[Prisons in India|Prisons]], [[Reformatory|reformatories]], [[Borstal]] institutions and other institutions of a like nature and persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other institutions.
: 05. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]], [[Bombay City Improvement Trust|improvement trusts]], district boards, [[mining]] settlement authorities and other local authorities for the purpose of [[local self-government]] or village administration.
: 06. [[Public health]] and [[sanitation]]; [[hospital]]s and [[Dispensary|dispensaries]].
: 07. [[Pilgrimage]]s, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
: 08. [[Alcoholic beverage|Intoxicating liquors]], that is to say, the production, manufacture, transport, purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
: 09. Relief for the [[Disability|disabled]] and [[Employability|unemployable]].
: 10. [[Burial]]s and [[Cemetery|burial grounds]]; [[cremation]]s and cremation grounds.
: 11. <s>''Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 ofList III.''</s>***[Entry 11 omitted by the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976]], s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]
: 12. [[Library|Libraries]], [[museum]]s and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
:13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, [[Ferry|ferries]], and other means of communication not specified in [[Union List|List I]]; municipal tramways, [[Cableway|ropeways]], [[inland waterway]]s and traffic thereon subject to the provisions of List I and [[Concurrent List|List III]] with regard to such [[Waterway|water-ways]]; vehicles other than mechanically propelled vehicles.
: 14. [[Agriculture in India|Agriculture]], including agricultural education and research; protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases.
: 15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases; veterinary training and practice.
: 16. [[Pond]]s and the prevention of cattle trespass.
: 17. Water, that is to say, [[Water supply|water supplies]], [[irrigation]] and [[canal]]s, drainage and [[Levee|embankments]], [[water storage]] and [[Hydropower|water power]] subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I.
: 18. Land, that is to say, rights in or over land, [[land tenure]]s including the relation of landlord and tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of [[agricultural land]]; [[land improvement]] and agricultural loans; [[colonization]].
: 19. <s>Forests</s>''***[Entry 19 omitted by the [[Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976]], s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]''
: 20.<s>Protection of wild animals and birds</s>''***[Entry 20 omitted by the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976]], s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]''
: 21. [[Fishery|Fisheries]].
: 22. [[Court of Wards (India)|Courts of wards]]; subject to the provisions of Entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached estates.
: 23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union.
: 24. [[Industry (economics)|Industries]] subject to the provisions of Entries 7 and 52 of List I.
: 25. [[Natural gas|Gas]] and [[Gasworks|gas-works]].
: 26. [[Trade]] and [[commerce]] within the State subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
: 27. Production, supply and distribution of [[Good (economics)|goods]] subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III.
: 28. [[Market (place)|Markets]] and [[fair]]s.
: 29. <s>Weights and measures except establishment of standards.</s>''***[Entry 29 omitted by the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976]], s. 57 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977)]''
: 30. Money-lending and [[Moneylender|money-lenders]]; relief of agricultural indebtedness.
: 31. [[Inn]]s and inn-keepers.
: 32. [[Incorporation (business)|Incorporation]], regulation and winding up of corporations, other than those specified in List I, and [[University|universities]]; unincorporated trading, literary, scientific, religious and other societies and associations; [[Cooperative|co-operative societies]].
: 33. [[Theatre]]s and [[Performance|dramatic performances]]; [[Movie theater|cinemas]] subject to the provisions of Entry 60 of List I; [[sports]], [[entertainment]]s and [[Amusement park|amusements]].
: 34. [[Betting]] and [[gambling]].
: 35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State.
: 36. <s>Acquisition or requisitioning of property, except for the purposes of the Union, subject to the provisions of entry 42 of List III.</s>
: 37. [[Legislative Assembly elections in India|Elections to the Legislature of the State]] subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament.
: 38. Salaries and allowances of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members of the legislature]] of the State, of the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] and Deputy Speaker of the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] and, if there is a [[Vidhan Parishad|Legislative Council]], of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
: 39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the committees thereof and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State.
: 40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
: 41. State [[public service]]s; State Public Service Commission.
: 42. [[State pension]]s, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
: 43. [[Government debt|Public debt]] of the State.
: 44. [[Treasure trove]].
: 45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues.
Taxation:
: 46. Taxes on [[Income tax in India#Agricultural income|agricultural income]].
: 47. [[Duty (economics)|Duties]] in respect of succession to agricultural land.
: 48. [[Estate duty]] in respect of agricultural land.
: 49. Taxes on lands and buildings.
: 50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to mineral development.
: 51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced elsewhere in India -
: (a) [[Alcoholic beverage|alcoholic liquors]] for human consumption
: (b) [[opium]], [[Cannabis indica|Indian hemp]] and other [[narcotic drugs]] and [[narcotic]]s
: but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing [[Ethanol|alcohol]] or any substance included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
: 52. <s>Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein.</s> (As per One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
: 53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of [[Electricity sector in India|electricity]].
: 54. Taxes on the sale of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas, aviation turbine fuel and alcoholic liquor for human consumption, but not including sale in the course of inter-State trade or commerce or sale in the course of international trade or commerce of such goods.(Subs.)
: 55. <s>Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers [and advertisements broadcast by radio or television]</s>(As per One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
: 56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on [[inland waterway]]s.
: 57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads, including [[Tram|tram-cars]] subject to the provisions of Entry 35 of List III [Concurrent list].
: 58. Taxes on animals and boats.
: 59. [[Road pricing|Tolls]].
: 60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
: 61. [[Capitation tax]]es.
: 62. Taxes on entertainments and amusements to the extent levied and collected by a Panchayat or a Municipality or a Regional Council or a District Council.
: 63. Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of List I with regard to rates of stamp duty.
: 64. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this list.
: 65. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], with respect to any of the matters in this list.
: 66. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this list, but not including fees taken in any court.
== Concurrent List ==
{{main|Concurrent List}}
This list includes items which are under joint domain of the Union as well as the respective States.<ref name="legalaffairs">{{cite web |title=CONCURRENT POWERS OF LEGISLATION UNDER LIST III OF THE CONSTITUTION |url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/Concurrent%20Power%20of%20Legislation%20under%20List%20III%20of%20the%20Indian%20Constitution.pdf |website=www.legalaffairs.gov.in |access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> There were 47 Subjects but now it has 52 subjects. The 47 items currently on the list are:<ref>{{Citation |title=Concurrent List |date=2023-07-04 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_List&oldid=1163376398 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-10-04 |language=en}}</ref>

: 1. [[Indian criminal law|Criminal law]], including all matters included in the [[Indian Penal Code]] at the commencement of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in [[Union List|List I]] or [[State List|List II]] and excluding the use of [[Indian Navy|naval]], [[military]] or [[Indian Air Force|air forces]] or any other [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces]] of the Union in aid of the civil power.
: 2. [[Criminal procedure]], including all matters included in the [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] at the commencement of this Constitution.
: 3. [[Preventive detention]] for reasons connected with the [[National security|security of a State]], the maintenance of [[Public-order crime|public order]], or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons subjected to such [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]].
: 4. Removal from one [[States and territories of India|State]] to another State of [[prisoner]]s, [[Indictment|accused]] persons and persons subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in Entry 3 of this list.
: 5. [[Marriage]] and [[divorce]]; [[infant]]s and [[Minor (law)|minors]]; [[adoption]]; [[Will (law)|wills]], [[intestacy]] and succession; [[joint family]] and [[Partition (law)|partition]]; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law.
: 6. Transfer of property other than [[agricultural land]]; registration of [[deed]]s and documents.
: 7. [[Contract]]s including [[partnership]], [[Law of agency|agency]], [[Contract of carriage|contracts of carriage]], and other special forms of contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land.
: 8. Actionable wrongs
: 9. [[Bankruptcy]] and [[insolvency]].
: 10. [[Trust law|Trust]] and [[Trustee]]s.
: 11. Administrators – general and official trustees.
: 11-A. Administration of justice; constitution and Organisation of all courts, except the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and the [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts]].
: 12. [[Evidence]] and [[oath]]s; recognition of laws, [[Public bill|public acts]] and records, and [[Legal case|judicial proceedings]].
: 13. [[Civil procedure]], including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the commencement of this Constitution, limitation and [[arbitration]].
: 14. [[Contempt of court]], but not including contempt of the Supreme Court.
: 15. [[Vagrancy (people)|Vagrancy]]; [[nomad]]ic and migratory tribes.
: 16. [[Lunatic|Lunacy]] and [[Intellectual disability|mental deficiency]], including [[Psychiatric hospital|places for the reception or treatment]] of [[lunatic]]s and mental deficients.
: 17. Prevention of [[cruelty to animals]].
: 17-A. [[Forest]]s.
: 17-B. [[Wildlife conservation|Protection of wild animals]] and [[Bird conservation|birds]].
: 18. [[Adulterant|Adulteration]] of foodstuffs and other goods.
: 19. [[Drug]]s and [[poison]]s, subject to the provisions of Entry 59 of List I with respect to [[opium]].
: 20. [[Economic planning|Economic]] and [[Social engineering (political science)|social planning]].
: 20-A. [[Population control]] and [[family planning]].
: 21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, [[Combine (enterprise)|combines]] and trusts.
: 22. [[Trade union]]s; [[Strike action|industrial]] and [[labour dispute]]s.
: 23. [[Social security]] and [[social insurance]]; [[employment]] and [[unemployment]].
: 24. Welfare of labour including [[List of topics on working time and conditions|conditions of work]], [[Employees Provident Fund Organisation of India|provident funds]], [[Vicarious liability#Employers' liability|employers' liability]], [[Workers' compensation|workmen's compensation]], [[Disability|invalidity]] and [[old age pension]]s and [[Parental leave|maternity benefits]].
: 25. [[Education in India|Education]], including [[technical education]], [[medical education]] and universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; [[Vocational education|vocational]] and technical training of labour.
: 26. [[Legal]], [[medical]] and other [[profession]]s.
: 27. [[Humanitarian aid|Relief]] and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by reason of the setting up of the [[Dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].
: 28. [[Charity (practice)|Charities]] and [[Charitable organization|charitable institutions]], charitable and religious endowments and [[religious institution]]s.
: 29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
: 30. [[Vital statistics (government records)|Vital statistics]] including registration of births and deaths.
: 31. [[Port]]s other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports.
: 32. [[Shipping]] and [[navigation]] on [[inland waterway]]s as regards mechanically propelled vessels, and the rule of the road on such [[waterway]]s, and the carriage of passengers and goods on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.
: 33. [[Trade]] and [[commerce]] in, and the [[Manufacturing|production]], [[Confidence and supply|supply]] and distribution of,-
:: Insert paragraph
::: (a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the [[public interest]], and imported goods of the same kind as such products
::: (b) [[foodstuff]]s, including edible [[oilseed]]s and [[Cooking oil|oils]]
::: (c) cattle [[fodder]], including [[Press cake|oil cakes]] and other concentrates
::: (d) raw [[cotton]], whether ginned or not ginned, and [[Cottonseed|cotton seed]]; and
::: (e) raw [[jute]]. Insert paragraph Insert paragraph
: 33-A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.
: 34. [[Price controls|Price control]].
: 35. [[Motor vehicle|Mechanically propelled vehicles]] including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are to be levied.
: 36. Factories.
: 37. Boilers.
: 38. [[Electricity sector in India|Electricity]].
: 39. [[List of newspapers in India|Newspapers]], books and [[printing press]]es.
: 40. [[Archaeological site]]s and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.
: 41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by law to be evacuee property.
: 42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property.
: 43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.
: 44. [[Stamp duty|Stamp duties]] other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not including rates of stamp duty.
: 45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III.
: 46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], with respect to any of the matters in this List.
: 47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court.

==See also==
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Federalism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

{{Government of India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Indian documents]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Schedules to the Constitution of India|7]]
[[Category:Federalism in India]]

Diocese of Vijayawada

2026-01-26T06:45:17Z

Peter05220035516: added the entry first draft.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Vijayawada
|latin = Dioecesis Viiayavadanus
|country = [[India]]
|territory = Andhra Pradesh
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]
|image =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|established = 10 January 1933
|cathedral = St Paul’s Cathedral in [[Vijayawada]]
|cocathedral = St Peter’s Co-Cathedral in [[Vijayawada]]
|patron = [[Saints Peter and Paul]]
|patron_title = Patron Saints
|area_km2 = 8,734
|population = 4,730,650
|population_as_of = 2017
|catholics = 359,530
|catholics_percent = 7.6
|parishes = 98
|priests = 276
|language = Telugu, English
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Thelagathoti J. Raja Rao]], [[Company of Mary|S.M.M.]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Prakash Mallavarapu]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops =
|vicar_general = {{unbulleted list|[[Msgr. Muvvala Prasad,]]|[[Msgr. Mesapam Gabriel]]}}

|map = Map-Diocese-of-Vijayawada.jpg
|map_alt =
|map_caption =

|website = {{URL|http://www.vijayawadadiocese.org/}}
|footnotes = }}
[[File:St.Pauls Cathedral, Vijayawada.png|thumb|St.Paul's Cathedral, Vijayawada]]
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Vijayawada''' ({{langx|la|Viiayavadan(us)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Vijayawada]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]] in India. Administratively, the diocese encompasses the geographical [[Krishna district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] . The [[Diocese of Vijayawada]] has the largest catholic population (359,000) among all the Suffragan dioceses of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]].

==History==
* 10 January 1933: Established as [[Mission “sui iuris”]] of Bezwada from the [[Diocese of Hyderabad]]
* 13 April 1937: Promoted as Diocese of Bezwada
* 21 October 1950: Renamed as Diocese of Vijayawada

==Diocesan demographics==
As of 2017 the Catholic population of the diocese was 3,50,000. These Catholics were served by 189 diocesan priests and 32 priests of religious orders in 98 parishes. Also laboring in the diocese were 37 religious brothers and 795 nuns.

==Leadership==

* Bishop [[Thelagathoti J. Raja Rao]], [[Company of Mary|S.M.M.]] (2 February 2016 – Present)
* Bishop [[Prakash Mallavarapu]] (26 July 2002 – 3 July 2012); named Metropolitan Archbishop of Visakhapatnam
* Bishop [[Marampudi Joji]] (Later Archbishop) (8 November 1996 – 29 January 2000)
* Bishop [[Joseph S. Thumma]] (23 January 1971 – 8 November 1996)
* Bishop [[Ambrose De Battista]], [[P.I.M.E.]] (13 December 1951 – 23 January 1971)

==Parishes==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| St.Paul's Cathedral || St.Peter's Co-Cathedral || Agiripalli
|-
| Ajitsinghnagar || Arugolanu || Assisi nagar (Konkepudi)
|-
| [[Avanigadda]]|| Avutapalli ([[Peda Avutapalli]]) || Azzampudi
|-
| [[Bantumilli]]|| Bhaskarao Peta (Vijayawada) || Bhyravapatnam
|-
| Bodavada- Jammavaram || Carmel Nagar (Vijayawada) || [[Challapalli]]
|-
| [[Chanubanda]]|| [[Chatrai]]|| [[Chillakallu]]
|-
| Christurajupuram (Vijayawada) || Edara || Edulagudem
|-
| [[Enikepadu]]|| [[Gampalagudem]]|| [[Gannavaram, Vijayawada|Gannavaram]]
|-
| [[Gollapudi, Vijayawada|Gollapudi]] (Vijayawada) || Goodmanpeta || [[Gudivada]]
|-
| [[Gudlavalleru]]|| [[Gunadala Matha Shrine|Gunadala]]|| [[Guntupalli, NTR district|Guntupalli]] (Vijayawada)
|-
| Jagannadhapuram || [[Jaggayyapeta]]|| Jeevan Nagar (Jakkampudi)
|-
| Jojinagar (Vijayawada) || Jyothinagar || [[Kaikaluru]]
|-
| [[Kalidindi]]|| Kambhampadu|| [[Kanchikacherla]]
|-
| [[Kankipadu]] (Vijayawada)|| [[Kanur, Vijayawada|Kanuru]] (Vijayawada)|| Keesara
|-
| Kesarapalli|| Koduru|| [[Kondapalli]]
|-
| Kondapavuluru|| Korukollu|| Kotapadu
|-
| Kothapalli|| Kuchipudi|| Labbipeta (Vijayawada)
|-
| Lourdhunagar (Vijayawada)|| [[Machilipatnam]]|| Mallavalli
|-
| [[Manginapudi]]|| Mariapuram (Lakshmipuram) || Muchintala
|-
| [[Mudinepalli]]|| Munagalapalli|| [[Musunuru]]
|-
| [[Mylavaram]]|| [[Nagayalanka]]|| [[Nandigama]]
|-
| Nawabupeta|| Nehrupeta|| [[Nunna]]
|-
| [[Nuzvid]]|| Paidurupadu|| [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]]
|-
| Peda-mustabad|| [[Pedana]]|| [[Penamaluru]] (Vijayawada)
|-
| [[Penugolanu]]|| Pezzonipeta (Vijayawada)|| Polukonda
|-
| Raja Rajeswaripeta (Vijayawada)|| Ramanakkapeta|| Ranigarithota (Vijayawada)
|-
| Sahaya Nagar (Ibrahimpatnam)|| Saradanagar|| Satynarayanapuram (Vijayawada)
|-
| Siluvagirinagar|| [[Telaprolu]]|| Theresanagar
|-
| Thukkuluru|| Thurlapadu|| [[Tiruvuru]]
|-
| Uppaluru|| Vanukuru|| [[Vatsavai]]
|-
| Velagalagudem|| [[Vellaturu]]|| [[Velpuru]] (Vijayawada)
|-
| Vennanapudi|| [[Ventrapragada]]|| [[Vissannapeta]]
|-
| [[Vuyyuru]]|| Yesupuram||
|}

==Shrines==
* [[Gunadala Matha Shrine]]
* Br Joseph Thamby Shrine Avutapally
* Lourdu Matha Shrine, Vennanapudi

==Seminaries==
* St. Ambrose Minor Seminary, Nuzivid (1957)
* Angel Minor Seminary, Nuzivid
* St.Paul's Regional Seminary(1984)
* St.Joseph's Major Seminary, Chinavutapalli (2000)

==Education==
As of 2019, the diocese has 27 Elementary Schools, 9 Upper primary Schools, 50 High Schools, 3 Higher Secondary Schools, 10 Colleges, 2 Nursing training Institutes, 10 Non-Formal training centers, 16 Parish Elementary Schools departing education from pre-kindergarten through Post Graduation.

Catholic Institutions of Repute :

* Andhra Loyola college
* Maris Stella College
* [[NSM Public School, Vijayawada|NSM Public School]],
* Nirmala High School
* VSt.Johns, Gannavaram
* Atkinsons High
* St.Mary's English Medium School, Kankipadu

==Media & Publications==

* RADIO MARIA, Vijayawada.
* DIVYAVANI TV Zonal Productions, Vijayawada.
* IN VINCULO CHRISTI (Published since 1957)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Joseph Thamby, OFS<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vijayawadadiocese.org/ Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95lttGxlElg27po4aatEPQ/ Official YouTube Channel]
* [http://www.gunadalamathashrine.com/default.aspx Gunadala Matha Shrine]
* [http://www.divyavani.tv/ Divyavani TV]
* [http://www.cbci.in/ CBCI]
* [http://www.ccbi.in/ CCBI]
* [http://www.vailankannishrine.net/ Vailankanni Shrine]
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A. M. Rajah

2026-01-08T00:32:46Z

Peter05220035516: improved article

{{short description|Indian playback singer, composer}}
{{distinguish|A. M. Raja (politician)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=November 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = A. M. Rajah
| image = A. M. Rajah - Jikki (P. G. Krishnaveni).jpg
| caption = Rajah and his wife [[Jikki]]
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|7|1}}
| birth_place = [[Chittoor]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|4|8|1929|7|1}}
| death_place = Valliur, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| instrument = Vocalist, pianist
| genre = [[Film music]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]], [[music director]]
| years_active = 1950s, early 1960s, early 1970s
}}
'''Aemala Manmadharaju Rajah''', popularly known as '''A. M. Rajah''' (1929–1989), was an Indian playback singer and music director.

==Early life==
A. M. Rajah was born on 1 July 1929 in Ramapuram village, [[Chittoor District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His father died when he was three months old and the family moved to Renukapuram then. He graduated [[Pachaiyappa's College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]].

===Early career===
Whilst attending university, Rajah wrote, composed, and sang two songs in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the instrumental support of the music director [[K. V. Mahadevan]] for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. These songs were broadcast by [[All India Radio]] whereupon they caught the attention of [[S. S. Vasan]]. After listening to these songs, Vasan, with the approval of his music directors [[Emani Sankara Sastry]], and [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], booked Rajah for his upcoming film, ''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]].'' By this time Rajah was also recording songs for the films ''Rajambal'' and ''[[Kumaari]]'' (for [[M. G. Ramachandran]]).

His first Telugu film was ''Adarsham'' (1952). He also acted and sang in ''[[Pakka Inti Ammayi|Pakkinti Ammayi]]'' (1953).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255456/ Pakka Inti Ammayi 1953 Telugu film at IMDb.]</ref> His first song in Malayalam was for ''Lokaneethi'' (1952).

In 1953, Rajah and [[Jikki]] were chosen by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] and [[Raj Kapoor]] for the multilingual film [[Aah (film)|''Aah'']].

Rajah also sang in a few Sinhala films produced in Chennai and [[Sri Lanka]] with Jikki and [[K. Jamuna Rani]].

Rajah's exit from the film world was controversial. He fell out with a number of music composers and developed a reputation for being difficult to work with. He was direct and had his own strong opinions about how songs must be composed and sung. Mahadevan was the first to openly drop him after recording the song "Kayile Inippathenna, Kaniyanal Kasappathenna", which was followed by a heated argument on the set of ''Manamulla Maru Tharam'' (1958). It was also known in the cinema circles that [[M. S. Viswanathan]] always resisted using Rajah in his films after their collaboration in [[Genoa]]. Film critics noted that he was his own worst enemy.

However, he continued to sing for Malayalam films longer where particularly [[G. Devarajan]] was able to coax Rajah to sing from time to time. Rajah however continued to reside in Chennai. It is noteworthy that [[G. Devarajan]] mentioned in his book that not only Rajah was an excellent melodious singer, but also of a straightforward character often misunderstood. Most composers called him an arrogant cynic.

Rajah made a comeback in the 1970s through composers [[V. Kumar]] and [[Shankar–Ganesh]], and the songs were amongst the hits of the respective years.

===Music composer===
Rajah was booked early in his cinema life as one of the music composers, but he passed the opportunity to Viswanathan.

Rajah's debut as music composer was for ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]'' (1958).<ref>{{cite news|title=Sobha (1958)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sobha-1958/article7205419.ece|work=The Hindu|date=14 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> It was [[C. V. Sridhar]] who gave his friend the second break to be a music director, fulfilling his promise that the day he directed his first film, Rajah would be its music director. The film was ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' (1959). Rajah received the Madras Film Fans Association award of Best Music Director in 1959 for this film. In the same year he composed music for ''Anbukkor Anni'' (1958). Sridhar and Rajah thereafter collaborated on ''[[Vidivelli]]'' (1960) and ''[[Then Nilavu]]'' (1961). They separated after the film was completed and Rajah refused to do the background music, but eventually did under pressure from mutual friends; Sridhar wanted to go back to Rajah for ''Nenjil Or Alayam'' (1962), but he refused. He then composed music for ''Aadi Perukku'' (1962).

In the 1970s, he composed music for films ''Amma Enna Stree''(Malayalam-1970), ''Veetu Mapillai'' (Tamil-1973) and ''Enakkoru Magan Pirappan'' (Tamil-1975).

==Death==
On the 8th of April, 1989, Rajah was killed in a train accident at [[Valliyur]] in [[Tirunelveli district]]. In transit to perform at a concert in [[Kanyakumari district]] temple,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newstodaynet.com/chennai-singer-imitates-the-voice-of-legendary-musician-a-m-rajah|title=Chennai singer imitates the voice of legendary musician AM Rajah|work=News Today|date=8 June 2018|access-date= 13 March 2022}}</ref> Rajah reportedly attempted to board a moving train, whereupon he tripped and fell onto the tracks. He was killed instantly. His body buried in the cemetery, placed in his land in Renukapuram.

==Discography==
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2009}}


{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! width="200"|Song !! width="150"|Film !! width="30"|Year !! width="200"|Music !! width="150"|Lyrics !! width="150"|Co-singer !! width="150"|Actor !! width="75"|Language
|-
| Aadatha Manamum Aduthe || [[Kalathur Kannamma]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aadavargale Naattile || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || 1953 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Suratha]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aade Paade Pasivada || [[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Aadhavan Ezhundhaan || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S. D. Sundharam]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aadhavanai Polave Dhinamum || [[En Magal]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Pavalar Velayuthasami || [[A. P. Komala]] || [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aaduvari Maatalu || [[Inti Guttu (1958 film)|Inti Guttu]] || 1958 || M. S. Prakash || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Aaha Bhale Chirugali || Sankranti || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantam|Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]] || || K. Siva Rao || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ahaa Kalai Thenoorum Kanni Thamizh|| [[Illara Jothi]] || 1954 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aalisade Dayathorisade || [[Sodari (film)|Sodari]] || 1955 || S. R. Padmanabha Sastry & [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || [[P. Leela]] ||[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Aamalarkkaavil || [[Achanum Makanum]] || 1956 || Vimal Kumar || [[Thirunalloor Karunakaran]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Aanazhagey Van Amuthey || [[Yar Manamagan?]] || 1961 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aanandha Illam || Ithu Ivarkalin Kathai || 1976 || [[V. Kumar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aanandham Paramanandham || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aanandham Paramanandham || [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Aanandha Valli Nee || [[Aathmaarpanam]] ||1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Aaru Neeyen || [[Umma (1960 film)|Umma]] ||1960 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Aaru Neeyen Maariville|| Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Aasai Nenjame || [[Bhoologa Rambai]] || 1958 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Kovi. Manisekaran || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aasai Pongum Azhagu Rubam || [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aasai Raajaa... Neela Nilavinile || Therotti Magan-Stage Play by S. V. Sahasranamam || 1959 || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || T. S. Bagavathi || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aasaiye Alai Mothuthe || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || ||[[P. Leela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aasaiyinale Manam || [[Kalyana Parisu]] || 1959 || A. M. Rajah || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aasa Kaivediyathe || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Aasinchi Maname Aadene || [[Kalathur Kannamma|Mavoori Ammayi]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || Anisetti || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Abhimaanam Vediyathe|| [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Adhairiyam Kolvadhu Ariveenam .. Prakaasam Poley || [[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumaari]] || 1952 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[M. P. Sivam]] ||[[P. Leela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Adi Kamachchiye Enthan Kanne || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || 1951 || [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aduvari Matalaku Ardhale Verule || [[Missamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Aiyaa Mudhalaali Vaanga || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || 1953 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Akasa Gangayude || [[Omanakuttan]] || 1964 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Akkanum || [[Aayisha]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Akkarakkundo || [[Inapraavugal]] || 1965 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Allavin Namatthai Solla Solla || [[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]] ||1955 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Amara Premadamilana || [[Shukradese]] || 1957 || T. A. Kalyanam || Balakrishna || Udutha Sarojini || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Ambadi Thannilorunni || Krishna Kuchela || 1961 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ambalai Nee Jannal Kitte || [[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || 1953 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || [[P. Leela]] || [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ambuli Mama Shokku Parka || [[Kudumbam (1954 film)|Kudumbam]] || 1954 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || M. S. Subramaniam || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Amdala Rani || [[Veera Kankanam]] || 1957 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Rao Balasaraswathi Devi|R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Amdala Konetilona || [[Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam]] || 1957 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ammanu Minchina Unnatha || Beedhala Aasthi || 1955 || [[Master Venu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Ammavendru Azhuthalume || || || || || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anbe Nee Ange || [[Bommai Kalyanam]] || 1958 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anbe Nee Kanne Valarnthaal Petra || [[Puthradharmam|Nalla Penmani]] || 1954 || [[P. S. Divakar]] || A. S. Rajagopal || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Andhalalone || Renuka Devi Mahathyam || 1960 || L. Malleswara Rao || || [[Jikki]] || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Andhari Anandhala Andhala || [[Sadarame|Sadarama]] || 1956 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || G. Krishna Murthy || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Anaiya Jothi || Solaimalai Rani || 1960 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anandamanta Nee Rayamenani || [[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]] ||1958 || A. M. Rajah || P. Vasanth Kumar Reddy || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Anathai Polavey Aaneney || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anathi Kavalena || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Anbana Mozhi Pesum Vanamohini || Solaimalai Rani || 1960 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anbe Enthan Munnale || [[Aaravalli]] || 1957 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || S. G. Eshwar || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anbe Vaa || [[Aah (film)|Avan]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Kambadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anbirukkuthu Arivirukkuthu || [[Marma Veeran]] || 1956 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram]] || T. A. Mothi & [[S. C. Krishnan]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anputhan Ponnambalathil || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Andaala Sandadilo Puvu || [[Vijaya Gauri]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Samudrala Jr.]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Andhaalu Chiddu Seemalo || [[Raja Nandini]] || 1958 || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Andhaalu Chindeti Anandhaseema || [[Chintamani (1956 film)|Chintamani]] || 1956 || Adeppalli Rama Rao & [[T. V. Raju]] || Ravuri Rangiah || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Andalachandamama Mudamaye || [[Vijayapuri Veeran|Mugguru Veerulu]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || Muddu Krishna || [[Jikki]] || [[C. L. Anandan]] || Telugu
|-
| Andhala Chinduthara || [[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]] ||1958 || A. M. Rajah || P. Vasanth Kumar Reddy || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Andhala Seemalo || [[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]] ||1958 || A. M. Rajah || P. Vasanth Kumar Reddy || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Andhamkore Moham Needhe || [[Thennilavu|Virisina Vennela]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Andhanaani Phalama Naa Anuragamu || Sankranti || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantam|Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]] || [[P. Leela]] || K. Siva Rao || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Anganeyangane ||[[Aayisha]]|| 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Angadiee Thottu Madangiya ||[[Koodappirappu]]|| 1956 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Santha P. Nair]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Annaiyai Pole Munnari Dheivam || [[Ezhayin Aasthi]] || 1955 || T. A. Kalyanam & G. Natarajan || Guhan || || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Annu Ninne Kandathil Pinne || Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Anputhan Ponnampalathil || [[Avarunarunnu]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]|| [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Antho Niyayam Itha || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || || |[[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Anuraghalu Duramulayane || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Antu Mamidi Thotalone || Akka Chellelu || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || || [[Jikki]] || Amarnath || Telugu
|-
| Anyara Kayade || Ajnathi || 1954 || || || C. S. Sarojini Devi || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Appaavoda Chellamaa || [[Punithavathi]] || 1963 || Hussein Reddy || Kanaga Surabhi || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Aram Katha Dheviye || [[Maheswari (film)|Maheswari]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[Jikki]] || N. S. Narayana Pillai || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ariyathe Kinakkalail || [[Lokaneethi]] || 1952 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Arugil Vandhaal || [[Kalathur Kannamma]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Kannadasan]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Athade Kartha Athade Bhartha || Mahalakshmi Mahima || 1959 || S. N. Tripati & T.M. Ibrahim || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Athi Madhuraa Anuraaga || [[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]] || 1958 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Athi Madhuraa Anuraaga || [[School Master (1958 film)|Engal Kudumbam Perisu]] || 1958 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. D. Santhanam]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Athisayamana Ragasiyam Onnu|| [[Maaman Magal (1955 film)|Maaman Magal]] || 1955 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Attin Manappurathe || [[Kanmanikal]] || 1966 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[S. Janaki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Avan Varunnu || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[L. P. R. Varma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Azhagu Nilavin Bavaniyile || [[Maheswari (film)|Maheswari]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Azhiyatha Kaadhal Vazhvin || [[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumaari]] || 1952 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy]] || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Bare Sundari|| [[Rayara Sose]] || 1957 || R. Diwakara ||Gundu Rao || || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Bhagavan Bhagavan Yela || Mahalakshmi Mahima || 1959 || S. N. Tripati & T.M. Ibrahim || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Leela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Bharatham Maha Bharatham || Bheema Prathigna || 1965 || [[G. Devarajan]] || Anisetti || [[B. Vasantha]] || [[Dara Singh]] || Telugu
|-
| Bhoomiyil Ninnu Mulachundayo|| Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Bhujamupaina Shiluva Mosi || [[Jesus (1973 film)|Yesu Prabhuvu]] || 1973 || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Branthavanamum Nanthakumaranum || [[Missiamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudandari Vade || [[Missamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chadavali || [[Vaddante Dabbu]] || 1954 || T. A. Kalyanam || [[Veturi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chakkanaina Janta Idhe || [[Thirudathe|Jebu Donga]] || 1961 || T. M. Ibrahim || Anisetti || [[Jikki]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || Telugu
|-
| Challaga Vachchi Mellaga Pothavule || [[Nadodi Mannan|Anaganaga Oka Raju]] || 1959 || [[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chandamama Soku Choodaa || Menarikam || 1954 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chandana Pallakkil || [[Palattu Koman]] || 1962 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Chandrakalavai Ragadhe Nedu || [[Thirumanam|Manasichina Maguva]] || 1960 ||[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Chandrikayilaliyunnu || [[Bharyamar Sookshikkuka]] || 1968 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|Cheluva Hennige Guna Sampannege || [[Shukradese]] || 1957 || T. A. Kalyanam || Balakrishna || || Balakrishna ||[[Kannada]]
|-
|Chemma Chekka Ladadam || [[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]] || 1954|| [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || Toleti Venkat Reddy ||[[P. Susheela]]|| [[Gopi Krishna (yogi)|Gopi Krishna]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chencheetanayya || [[Penki Pellam]] || 1956 || K. Prasada Rao || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Cheyi Cheyi kaluparve || [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chinanchiru Paingkiliye Nee || [[Achan (1952 film)|Thanthai]] || 1953 || P. S. Divakar || [[Kambadasan]] || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Chinna Chinna Kannile || [[Then Nilavu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Chinna Chinna Veedu Katti || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Chinna Kannanne Naan Thanthaiyena || Thaikku Oru Pillai || 1972 || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Pulamaipithan]] || || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Chinna Pennana Pothile || [[Aaravalli]] || 1957 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[Jikki]] || S. G. Eshwar || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Chinnari Choopulaku || [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Jaggayya|K Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chirakattuveenoru || [[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[S. Janaki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Chittamidhemo Cheliyane || [[Thirumanam|Manasichina Maguva]] || 1960 ||[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Chorayillayo Kanil || [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Chudumade Cheliya || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Chuthi Chuthi Machchane || [[Amarsingh Rathaur|Veera Amar Singh]] || 1959 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || Kuyilan || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Daivam Nyaayamunelune Ilaa || [[Karpukkarasi|Uttama Illalu]] || 1958 || [[G. Ramanathan]] & M. Subrahmanya Raju || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Dari Cheruchukhora Ranga || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Dayamaayi Saaradhaa Mamu || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Deivatthin || Neeli Saali || 1960 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Desham Gnanam Chaduvu || [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || 1957 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Devatharu Pootha Naalu || [[Manavatty]] || 1964 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Dhaam Dhoom Thagatham || [[Avan Amaran]] || 1958 || T. M. Ibrahim || Kanaga Surabhi || [[A. P. Komala]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Dhaari Thennu || [[Bratuku Teruvu]] || [[List of Telugu films of 1953|1953]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || Solo || [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]] || [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
|-
| Dhaatrijanulaku Dharmamaargamu || Bheema Prathigna || 1965 || [[G. Devarajan]] || Anisetti || [[B. Vasantha]] || [[Dara Singh]] || Telugu
|-
| Dheerasameere Yamunaa || [[Bangaru Papa]] || 1955 || Addepalli Rama Rao || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Doova Neenaade || [[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]] || 1958 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Kannada]]
|-
| Duraiye Ilamai || [[Kathanayaki]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Edaa Neevunnaavu Emayinaavuraa || [[Achan (1952 film)|Thandri]] || 1953 || P. S. Divakar || || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || Telugu
|-
| Edhai Ketpadho || [[Pathu Madha Bandham]] || 1974 || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Eelikatho Idhivarake || [[Thirumanam|Manasichina Maguva]] || 1960 ||[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Ee Poole Maimaraginche || Veera Ghatothkacha || 1959 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] & Chitragupta || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Ekantha Kamuka || [[Daaham]] || 1965 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Elane Intavesham Idiyela Vintamoham || [[Selvam (1966 film)|Anumanam Penubhutham]] || 1967 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & Suryam || Anisetti || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Ellam Unakke Tharuvene || [[Missiamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Elli Neenuruve || [[Bhakta Vijaya]] || 1955 || Shyam-Aathmanath || Anand || || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Emta Durami Payanam ||For '''His Master's Voice''' || 1950|| A. M. Rajah || A. M. Rajah || || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| En Avalthan Poiyaai Ponadho || Manoratham || 1955 || [[M. Venkataraju]]|| ||[[Jikki]] || [[Kalyan Kumar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enduko Ee Laanti Jeevithamu || [[Visappinte Vili|Aakali]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || Telugu
|-
| En Makane || [[Achan (1952 film)|Achan]] || 1952|| P. S. Divakar || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ennamellam Eedera ... Ellorume Kaana Kalyaname || [[Pudhumai Penn (1959 film)|Puthumai Penn]] || 1959 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram]] ||[[Jikki]] || [[R. S. Manohar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enna Sukka || [[Zabak|Veera Jabak]] || 1964 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Enthan Kannil Kalandhu || [[Mallika (1957 film)|Mallika]] || 1957 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enge Selvayo || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Paasam]] || 1954 || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] & A. V. Natarajan || || S. J. Kantha || [[T. K. Shanmugam]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Engirunthu Veesutho || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| En Kanninte Kadaviladuthal || [[Umma (1960 film)|Umma]] ||1960 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[K. P. Ummer]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| En Kathal Inbam Ithuthana || [[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]] || 1956 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enada Kanna || Anbu Roja || 1975 || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || [[R. Muthuraman]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enna Enna Inbame Vaazvile Ennaazhum || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || 1953 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ennasai Ratha Nee || [[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || 1953 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || [[P. Leela]] || [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enu Ninnadu Embudilli || [[Bhakta Vijaya]] || 1955 || Shyam-Aathmanath || Anand || || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| En Nenjin Premai Geetham || [[Panam Paduthum Padu]] || 1954 || T. A. Kalyanam || Vindhan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ennini Njan Nedum || [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ennum Pothile || Inspector || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Enthan Kanniladum || [[Bhoologa Rambai]] || 1958 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Villiputhan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| En Thevane Unnidam Ondru Ketpen || Ithu Ivarkalin Kathai || 1976 || [[V. Kumar]] || || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| En Ullam Un Sondhame || [[Bhagya Rekha|Veettukku Vandha Varalakshmi]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || Poongkuyilan || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Eru Navvindoyi.... Ooru Navvindoyi || Palle Paduchu || 1954 || [[M. S. Rama Rao]] || [[Aarudhra]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Etula Meppinnchedo Nannu || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Ethukku Azhaithai Ethukku || [[Petrathai]] || 1953 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || M. S. Subramaniam || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Evaraa Drohi Idhi Kutra || [[Selvam (1966 film)|Anumanam Penubhutham]] || 1967 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & Suryam || Anisetti || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| E Viparitamainaa Thanakem || Gnaneshwar || 1963 || Veluri Krishnamurthy || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Ezhil Jothi Vanava || [[Ezhayin Aasthi]] || 1955 || T. A. Kalyanam & G. Natarajan || Guhan || Rohini || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ezhil Oviyam Paarththeno || Veera Gadothgajan || 1959 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ezhil Pongume Parthale || Veera Gadothgajan || 1959 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Footpath Vasi || Bhaagyachakra || 1956 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || Geethapriya || || [[Kalyan Kumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Gana Gana Gana Gana || [[Pakka Inti Ammayi]] || 1953 || G. Aswathama || Muddu Krishna || M. V. Raju || A. M. Rajah || Telugu
|-
| Ghatu Ghatu Prema || [[Attagaru Kothakodalu]] || 1968 || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || Telugu
|-
| Geyak Gaane || [[Dosthara]] || 1956 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || || || || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|-
| Haayi Kada Mana Ilvanamu || Na Chellelu || 1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || [[Rao Balasaraswathi Devi|R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || Amaranadh || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Haayiga Theeyagaa || [[Bommai Kalyanam|Bommala Pelli]] || 1958 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Hadey Hee Maa || [[Varada Kageda?]] || 1954 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || || S. J. Kantha || || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|-
| Haigada Mudamayegada || Melukolupu || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || Telugu
|-
| Hare Muraare || [[Aathmaarpanam]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Hasana Hasana O Deva || [[Jesus (1973 film)|Yesu Prabhuvu]] || 1973 || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] || K. Swarna || || Telugu
|-
| He Devi Jaya Jaya || [[Renuka Mahatme]] || 1956 || H. R. Padmanabha Sashtri || || || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Hrudayala Muripinchu || [[Meenda Sorgam|Sthree Hrudayam]] || 1961 || Nityanand || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Hrudayamme Nadu Nide || [[Zabak|Arabhi Veerudu Jabak]] || 1961 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] & Chitragupta || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] || Telugu
|-
| Hrudayamu Voogisalaadi || Paropakaram || 1953 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]] & [[A. P. Komala]] || || Telugu
|-
| Idai Kai Irandil Aadum || [[Vidivelli]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ide Ide Haayi Ide Tholireyi || Kanna Koduku || 1961 || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Ide Ide Saradu || [[Kanna Talli]] || 1953 ||[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] & [[Aarudhra]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Idigo Svarga Dvaram Tericharu Evaro || Aakali || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[Jikki]] & [[P. Leela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Idiyenaa Kalikaalapu Dharmam || Na Chellelu || 1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || || || Telugu
|-
| Iha Jeevanasobhanu || [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || 1957 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || T. S. Bagavathi || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ilavenil Chandrika || [[Achan (1952 film)|Thanthai]] || 1953 || P. S. Divakar || [[Kambadasan]]|| [[P. Leela]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Inai Illaadha Suga Vaazhvil || [[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D.]] || 1955 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || K. Devanarayanan || [[P. Leela]], [[V. N. Sundaram]] & C. S. Sarojini || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Inba Kuyil || [[Manidhanum Mirugamum]] || 1953 || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[S. D. Sundharam]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Inbame Pongume || [[Bommai Kalyanam]] || 1958 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Inbamo Thunbamo Edhuvume Nillaadhe || [[Gumastha (1953 film)|Gumastha]] || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]], [[V. Nagayya]] & [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ini Ahatha soham || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S. D. Sundharam]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Intha Desham Intha Soukhyam || [[Pempudu Koduku]] || 1953 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Inthena Brathukantha Inthena || Rajee Na Pranam || 1954 || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Iruilile Nilavoli Pol || [[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumaari]] || 1952 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[M. P. Sivam]] || [[Jikki]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Isai Paadi naanum || [[Ulagam]] || 1953 || M. S. Gnanamani || || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Isai Paadum Thendralodu || [[Vijayapuri Veeran]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[C. L. Anandan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ithaya Vanin Uthaya Nilave || [[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]] || 1960 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || Vindhan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ithayam Ennum Kovil Thannil || [[Pona Machaan Thirumbi Vandhan]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || V. Seetharaman || [[U. R. Jeevarathinam]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Paadhakam Seivadhum...Udan Pirandhavan || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Paasam]] || 1954 || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] & A. V. Natarajan || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || || [[T. K. Shanmugam]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Jaaliyaaga Yaavum || [[Circus Sundari]] || 1958 || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Jaami Chettu Meeda Nunna || [[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Jagadeeshwara Leelakal || [[Snehaseema]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Jagalelu Devara || Beedhala Aasthi || 1955 || [[Master Venu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || Rohini || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Jagame Sukha Samyogama || [[Vadina]] || 1955 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & G. Aswathama || Toleti Venkata Reddy || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Jagamuna Dhaname Saadhanamu || [[Moondru Pillaigal|Mugguru Kodukulu]] || 1952 || P. S. Anantharaman & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || || || || Telugu
|-
| Jagannatha Swamy || Sri Jagannatha Mahatyamu || 1955 || [[Kandula Mallikarjuna Rao|Mallik]] || Srivatsava || [[B. Gopalam]], [[Kandula Mallikarjuna Rao|Mallik]], Venkatraju, Krishna Kumar, V. Lakshmi, Padma Priya & Renuka Sr. || || Telugu
|-
| Janani Paavani.... Lokaalele Dhevi || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Jayabheri || Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]]|| [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Jaya Jaya Nandha Kasoraa || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Jeevana Mea Gamana Sansare || [[Seda Sulang]] || 1955 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[Ananda Samarakoon]] || [[D. T. Fernando]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || [[Prem Jayanth]] || [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]
|-
| Jojojo Jojojo Laali || [[Vadina]] || 1955 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & G. Aswathama || Toleti Venkata Reddy || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] & [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Kaa Kaa Kaa Thindhamu Buvva || [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || 1957 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Kaadhale Uyiraagi || [[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaadhalile Tholviyutraan Kaalai Oruvan || [[Kalyana Parisu]] || 1959 || A. M. Rajah || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kadhalin Cholai Kaniyai || [[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumaari]] || 1952 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaadhalenum Amara Jothi || [[Yar Manamagan?]] || 1961 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaalamenbadhu Anuhoolamaahil || [[Moondru Pillaigal]] || 1952 || [[P. S. Anantharaman]] & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaalam Sharathkaalam || [[Vivahasammanam]] || 1971 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kaalayum Neeye Maalayum Neeye || [[Then Nilavu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaanaan Pattaatha || [[Kuppivala]] || 1965 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kaanatha Sorgam Ondru|| Penn Manam ||1963 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || ||[[P. Susheela]]|| || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaatariyilla Kadalariyilla || Jail || 1966 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kaathal Illaathu Anandhm Ethu|| [[Naaga Nandhini]] || 1961|| [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| [[K. Balaji]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaathal Vaazvil Naane || [[Edhir Paradhathu]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaathalil Vignaanam || [[Mappillai (1952 film)|Mappillai]] || 1952 || [[T. R. Pappa]] & N. S. Balakrishnan || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaattuchembakam || [[Velutha Kathreena]] || 1968 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kaavaalante Isthaale || [[Missamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kaavi Kattave Vazhithanai Kaattum || [[Ellam Inba Mayam]] || 1955 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaayile Inippadhenna || [[Manamulla Maruthaaram]] || 1958 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[K. Balaji]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kada Kada Loda Loda Vandi || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || 1951 || [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kadankadha Parayunna || [[Veettumrugam]] || 1969 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[B. Vasantha]] || [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kadhaparayamo || [[Chathurangam (1959 film)|Chathurangam]] || 1959|| [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[Jikki]]|| || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kadhaparayamo Katte || Sthreehridayam || 1960 || [[L. P. R. Varma]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[Jikki]]|| || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kadhiraadum Kazhaniyil Sadhiraadum Pennmani || [[Paditha Penn]] || 1956 || Arun & Raghavan || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kaiyum Kaiyum Kalanthida Vaa || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalai Ezhil Visiye || [[Sabhash Ramudu|Sabash Ramu]] || 1959 || T. M. Ibrahim || [[Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[J. V. Ramana Murthi]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalaiye En Vaazkkaiyin Thisai Maatrinaai || [[Meenda Sorgam]] || 1960 || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalalenaa Mana Kadhalu || Na Chellelu || 1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || [[A. P. Komala]] || || Telugu
|-
| Kalayemo Idi Naa Jeevita Phalamemo || [[Pakka Inti Ammayi]] || 1953 || G. Aswathama || Muddu Krishna || || A. M. Rajah || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kalaye Naa Jeevithamunu Marchene || [[Meenda Sorgam|Sthree Hrudayam]] || 1961 || Nityanand || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Kalaiye Aagum Suvai || [[Veerasundari]] || 1954 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || ||[[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| K. B. Janakiram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalaiye Un Vizhi Kooda || [[Guna Sundari]] || 1955 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalangmilla Kathalile || [[Illara Jothi]] || 1954 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kalasi Po Po || [[Vidivelli|Kashta Sukhalu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || Venugopal || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Kaligindi Ee Kaḷyaana Bhaavana || [[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D.]] || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || C. S. Sarojini, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] & B. Subramanyam || || Telugu
|-
| Kanan Pattatha || [[Kuppivala]] || 1965 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kanavilum Ninaivilum || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanavugal Thaan Vazhvaadaa || [[Dampathyam|Aaavathellam Pennaale]] || 1957 || Jeevan || Puratchidasan || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kangalin Varthaigal Theriyatho || [[Kalathur Kannamma]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannemaavi Thotalona || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Ammalakkalu]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Samudrala Jr.]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Kannule Vintaga Palikeno || [[Kalathur Kannamma|Mavoori Ammayi]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || Anisetti || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Kan Paadum Ponvanname || [[Sahodhari]] || 1959 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kani Mozhi Mathe Vaa || [[Rajambal (1951 film)|Rajambal]] || 1951 || M. S. Gnanamani || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[R. S. Manohar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kan Kanathathum Manam Kandu Vidum || [[Aah (film)|Avan]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Kambadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanmani Nee En || [[Kuppivala]] || 1965 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kanmoodum Velaiyilum || [[Mahadhevi]] || 1957 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanna Neeyurangu || [[Lokaneethi]] || 1952|| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kannai Parikkum Vannam || [[Ellam Inba Mayam]] || 1955 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || V. Seetharaman || [[P. Leela]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannale Naan Kanda Kaname || [[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]] || 1960 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanne En Sunthariye || || 1953 || || || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanne Varna Malar Kodiye || [[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadi]] || 1959|| [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kanneer Thuliyaal Enrum || [[Zabak|Arabu Naattu Azhagi]] || 1961 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannerein Kadalil Ode || [[Bhagya Rekha|Veettukku Vandha Varalakshmi]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || Poongkuyilan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kanneeti Kadalilona Chukkanileni Naava || [[Bhagya Rekha]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kanninu Punyamekum || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || Peethambaran ||[[P. Leela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kanniyarin Vellai manam Pol || [[Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)|Thirumbi Paar]] || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || Swarnalatha || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannizhantha Manither Munne || [[Aadi Perukku (film)|Aadi Perukku]] || 1962 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannu Kannu Kalisenu || [[Thennilavu|Virisina Vennela]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Kannukkul Minnal Kaatchi|| [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || ||[[P. Leela]]|| [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kannulalo Vennelalo || [[Manohara (film)|Manohara]] || 1954 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kannum Pootti|| [[Snehaseema]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kanuchoopule Padeno || Veera Ghatothkacha || 1959 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] & Chitragupta || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Kanumooyu Velalo || [[Mahadhevi]] || 1958 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] & M. Subramanya Raju || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || Telugu
|-
| Kannulato Palakarinchu || [[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Karirul Neram || [[Aah (film)|Avan]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Kambadasan]] || || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Karma Bhavame Goppa Margame || [[Thirumanam|Manasichina Maguva]] || 1960 ||[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Karpanai Kanavile || [[Kathanayaki]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || Swarnalatha || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Karuna Lola || Bhaktha Ambarisha || 1959 || L. Malleswara Rao || Gabbita Venkatarao || || [[Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao|Kanta Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Karuvile Uruvana || [[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]] || 1952 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kattandi Veera Kankanam || [[Veera Kankanam]] || 1957 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kaviya Kathal Vazhvil Oviyam Naane || [[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]]|| 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || [[Jikki]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Khashi Prapanncham Neeke Sontham || [[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]] || 1956 || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[Aarudhra]] || || [[K. A. Thangavelu]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kizhakke Malayile Vennnilavoru || [[Lora Neeyevide]] || 1971 ||[[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[B. Vasantha]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kilivathilil Muttivilichathu || [[Rebecca (1963 film)|Rebecca]] ||1963 ||[[K. Raghavan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kodai Idi Kaatru || [[Manamagan Thevai]] || 1957 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[A. Karunanidhi]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Koduththup Paar Paar Paar || [[Vidivelli]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[Jikki]] & [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kondaa Kondaa Lona || [[Visappinte Vili|Aakali]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[Jikki]] & [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || Telugu
|-
| Kondalu Konalu Dhaatuchunu || Bhaktha Markandeya || 1956 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || [[A. P. Komala]] || || Telugu
|-
| Kottaali Lavvaroka Chaans || [[Nallavan Vazhvan|Bhagyavantulu]] || 1962 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || Ushashri || [[S. Janaki]] || [[M. N. Nambiar]] || Telugu
|-
| Kunukela Abbi Kunukela || [[Nadodi Mannan|Anaganaga Oka Raju]] || 1959 || [[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-| Thollai Tharum Vaazhvil || [[Visappinte Vili|Pasiyin Kodumai]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || Paa. Adhimoolam || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Kondaa Konalaloana || [[Aggi Ramudu]] || 1954 || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Kulirekidunna Katte || [[Visappinte Vili]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kunkumacharumaninju || [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 ||[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kunnathu Konnayum|| Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|Kuppivala Kilukkunna Kuyile Penne|| [[Rajamalli]] || 1965 || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || ||[[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kuyile Kuyile || [[Umma (1960 film)|Umma]] ||1960 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[K. P. Ummer]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Kuyilisaiyum Kuzhalisaiyum || [[Sangilithevan]] || 1960 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. D. Santhanam]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Lahari Lahari|| [[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]] || 1962 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Jikki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Lechipotive Letha Manasuni || Inspector || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || Telugu
|-
| Leelaalolithame|| [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[Abhayadev]] ||[[P. Leela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Lokareethi Ariyadara|| Bhaagyachakra ||1956|| [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || Geethapriya ||[[P. Susheela]] ||[[Kalyan Kumar]]|| [[Kannada]]
|-
| Lookaya Pelarei || [[Ahankara Sthree]] || 1954 || [[R. Muthusamy]] || || || || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|-
| Maadappiraave || [[Kathirunna Nikah]] ||1965|| [[G. Devarajan]] ||[[Vayalar Ramavarma]]|| || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maalaiyidhe Nalla Verlaiyidhe || [[Marumalarchi (1956 film)|Marumalarchi]] || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || M. S. Subramaniam || [[Jikki]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Maalika Meloru Mannaathikkile || [[Kalithozhan]] || 1966 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[S. Janaki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Malligai Poochendai Paaratthaan || [[Abba Aa Hudugi|Mangaikku Maangalyame Pradhaanam]] || 1960 || Jeevan || Puratchidasan || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manaseswari Mapputharu || [[Adimakal]] || 1969 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maanathe Ezhunilamaalikayil || [[Rebecca (1963 film)|Rebecca]] || 1963 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Jikki]] ||Sathyan ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maanju Povaam|| [[Aathmaarpanam]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maaradavela Maaramu || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Ammalakkalu]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Samudrala Jr.]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Maariville || [[Aathmaarpanam]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maariville Maranju Nee || [[Aathmaarpanam]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Maasila Unmaikaathale || [[Alibabavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Alibaabaavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum]] || 1956 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Maate Cheppana Oka Maate Cheppana || [[Vijayapuri Veeran|Mugguru Veerulu]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || Muddu Krishna || [[Jikki]] || [[C. L. Anandan]] || Telugu
|-
| Maatharmedini Taata Maarutassukhe || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Maayaa Jaala Ulagam, Idhil || [[En Magal]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Pavalar Velayuthasami || || [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Maayajaalamuna || [[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]] || 1954 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || Toleti Venkat Reddy || || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Maaya Madarathi Machhikaunule || Gnaneshwar || 1963 || Veluri Krishnamurthy || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Madhana O Madhana || [[Bhakta Jayadeva]] || 1961 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || [[Jikki]] || || Telugu
|-
| Madhanode Radhi En Jodi || [[Bhagya Rekha|Veettukku Vandha Varalakshmi]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || Poongkuyilan || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Madhurashalu Pandina Velaye || [[Meenda Sorgam|Sthree Hrudayam]] || 1961 || Nityanand || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Maduru Madurame Challani Reyi || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Madhuram Madhuram Manoharam ||Amara Sandhesam || 1954 ||K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Mahalthapamethene || [[Snehaseema]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Malare oh Malare || Veetu Mapillai || 1973 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Malarin Mathuvellam || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S. D. Sundharam]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Maname Nirantha Deivam Enaiye || [[Maheswari (film)|Maheswari]] || 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manam Ennum Vaanile || [[Ellorum Innaattu Mannar]] || 1960 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || R. Pazhanichami || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mana Natiya Medaiyil Aadinen || [[Meenda Sorgam]] || 1960 || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manasa Lalasa Sangeetham Madumaya || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Raghunath Panigrahi]] || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Manasarani || [[Koodappirappu]] || 1956 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Manasammatham Thannatte || [[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]] || 1962 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Jikki]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Manasooge Sakha Tanuvooge Priya || [[Bhagya Rekha]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Manasu Niluvadaye Naa || [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || 1957 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Manathe Deivam || [[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]] || 1965 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Mani Adiththadhinaal || [[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || 1953 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || [[P. Leela]] ||[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manilaththil Vithiyai Vendra || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || 1951 || [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manoraajyathu || [[Aayisha]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] & [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Manitha Vazlvile Inimai Serthidum || || || || || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ma Prema Ghada Madurmmugada || Na Chellelu || 1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || [[Rao Balasaraswathi Devi|R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || Amaranadh || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Mapillai Doi || [[Manam Pola Mangalyam]] || 1953 || Adepalli Rama Rao || Kanaga Surabhi || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Maraiyaa Puyalaai Modhum || [[Pawan Putra Hanuman|Sri Rama Bhaktha Hanuman]] || 1958 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mathi Valartha Podhu Maraiyin || [[Mala Oru Mangala Vilakku]] || 1959 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Villiputhan || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mayakkum Maalai || [[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebagavali]] || 1955 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || Vindhan || [[Jikki]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mayilpeeli || [[Kasavuthattam]] || 1967 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Mayilpeeli (Pathos) || [[Kasavuthattam]] || 1967 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Mai Vizhi Mel Painthu Odiye || [[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || 1953 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || [[P. Leela]] ||[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Manadhukku Theriyum Ennai || Enakkoru Magan Pirappaan || 1975 || A. M. Rajah || || [[Jikki]] || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || Tamil
|-
| Melumko Ranga || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Methavi Pole Ethetho Pesi || [[Kalyanam Panniyum Brahmachari]] || 1954 || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. D. Santhanam]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Minnal Pol Aagum || [[Aah (film)|Avan]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Kambadasan]] || || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mainor Life Rompa Jaali || [[Illarame Nallaram]] || 1958 || K. G. Moorthy || || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Mohaniye En Momohiniye || [[Visappinte Vili]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || ||[[P. Leela]]|| || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Moogavaina Nemile || [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || || [[Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Mudiyum Enraal Padiyaadhu || [[Missiamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Muthaane Ente Muthaane || [[Aayisha]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Muththarame Un Oodal Ennavo || [[Ranga Rattinam]] || 1971 || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[L. R. Eswari]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Naame Jeeva Sugam || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || [[P. Leela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Naan Seidha Poojaa Palam || [[Guna Sundari]] || 1955 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Naanum Oru Manithana || [[Marumalarchi (1956 film)|Marumalarchi]] || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || M. S. Subramaniam || [[P. Leela]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Naa Premaraani Jeevanavaaṇi || [[Ulagam|Prapancham]] || 1953 || M. S. Gnanamani & Poornanandha || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nadana Vaniyi || [[Kalithozhan]] || 1966 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Nanda Nandana || Krishna Kuchela || 1961 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Leela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Nale Ee Panthalil || [[Ammayenna Sthree]] ||1970|| A. M. Rajah || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Nalla Thamilzh Vilakke || [[Ellorum Vazhavendum]] || 1962 || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || Villiputhan || [[Jikki]] || [[K. Balaji]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nannu Pendladave || [[Penki Pellam]] || 1956 || K. Prasada Rao || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Nava Mangalyavathi Kalyani || [[Moondru Pillaigal|Mugguru Kodukulu]] || 1952 || P. S. Anantharaman & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| || Telugu
|-
| Navvithe Navaratnalu Ravvalu || [[Vadina]] || 1955 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & G. Aswathama || Toleti Venkata Reddy || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Nee Maatalu Nee Maatalu || [[Pakka Inti Ammayi]] || 1953 || G. Aswathama || Muddu Krishna || || A. M. Rajah || Telugu
|-
| Nee Valapula Valalo Jikki Naa || [[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]] || 1953 || P. Shyamanna || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Jikki]] || A. K. Srinivasa Rao || Telugu
|-
| Neevewaravo Chiru Nawulato || [[Aah (film)|Prema Lekhalu]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Nee Sendru Odhu Kaatre || [[Visappinte Vili|Pasiyin Kodumai]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || Paa. Adhimoolam || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nee Sigge Singaarame || [[Bhagya Rekha]] || 1957 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Nee Kaathalal En Anbellam || [[Babul (1950 film)|Gramathu Penn]] || 1952 || [[Naushad]] || || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || [[Dilip Kumar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Neerilaa Kinattrinile Verilaa Vaazhaiyundu || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nenu Oka Manisinaa || Melukolupu || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || || [[P. Leela]] || Sriram || Telugu
|-
| Nilaavile Oyyaaram || [[Kanna Talli|Petrathai]] || 1953 ||[[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || M. S. Subramaniam || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || [[M. N. Nambiar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nilavum Malarum || [[Then Nilavu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ninaikkum Podhe Aha || [[Illarame Nallaram]] || 1958 || K. G. Moorthy || || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Nyaayave Devaadhi Deva || [[Sodari (film)|Sodari]] || 1955 || S. R. Padmanabha Sastry & [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || ||[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Odam Eri Senre || [[Aashadeepam|Aasai Magan]] || 1953 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || Kuyilan || [[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|Oh Babuji ... || Poothali || 1960 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair]] ||[[Kamukara Purushothaman]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Mohaniye En Momohiniye || [[Visappinte Vili|Pasiyin Kodumai]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Kambadasan]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oh Choopulu Kalisina Raja || [[Jagga Daku|Veera Jaggadu]] || 1960 || Pamarthi || [[Aarudhra]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Oh Gaali Aagi Vinumaa || [[Visappinte Vili|Aakali]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || Telugu
|-
| Oh Kalalaratham Kadhiladu Cheliya || [[Thirumanam|Manasichina Maguva]] || 1960 ||[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Oh Manoharaa || [[Bhooloka Rambha]] || 1958 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Oh.. Neethan En Sontham || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oh Neeve Naa Prema || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Ammalakkalu]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Samudrala Jr.]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Oh Pattali Antho Pavee Nee || [[Albela (1951 film)|Nalla Pillai]] || 1953 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || || || [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oh Priyurala || [[Chakrapani (film)|Chakrapani]] || 1954 || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || Ravuri Satyanarayana Rao || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Oh Sarangu Naava Nadipevaa || Sankranti || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]] || [[P. Leela]] || K. Siva Rao || Telugu
|-
| Oho Enthan Baby || [[Then Nilavu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Onnum Puriyavillai Thambi || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || 1953 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || Vindhan || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oohoo Oohoo Oohoo Baavaa || Varudu Kavali || 1957 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || Ravuri Satyanarayana Rao || [[Jikki]] || || Telugu
|-
| Oru Kaattum Kaattalla || [[Avarunarunnu]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]|| [[Jikki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Oru Naal Idhu Oru Naal || Anbukkor Anni || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oru Navayugame || [[Lokaneethi]] || 1952 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Oru Kattum Kattalla || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 ||[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[Jikki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Oruvan Orutthi || [[Veettukku Vandha Marumagal]] || 1973 || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[R. Muthuraman]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Oviyanin Ullam Thannai || [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[T. V. Rathnam]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Paappaa Un Appaavai || [[Pathi Bakthi]] || 1958 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Paarthaai Paarthen Sirithaai Sirithen || [[Pasamum Nesamum]] || 1964 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Paatu Paada Vaa || [[Then Nilavu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kannadasan]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Paavana Bharatha || [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] ||1960|| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Paavana Hridayam || [[Visappinte Vili]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Abhayadev]] || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Paavanamaami Damaree || [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 ||[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Paavanamoorthee Gaadhane || Seeta || 1961 || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || || Telugu
|-
| Paavanamoorthy Seethamatha || Seeta || 1961 || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || Anisetti Subba Rao || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || || Telugu
|-
| Paavangalil Alivulla || [[Lokaneethi]] || 1952 ||[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Padavoyi Nadichi Madi || Pratigna || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Kanta Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Padu Jlvitamu || [[Aah (film)|Prema Lekhalu]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Aarudhra]] || || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Paimpaal Ozhukum Chola Thannil || [[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadi]] || 1959|| [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Paalaanu Thenaanen || [[Umma (1960 film)|Umma]] ||1960 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || [[K. P. Ummer]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Palazhikkadavil Neerattinirangiya || [[Kadalamma]] || 1963 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Palimchara Ranga || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Panathinle Neethihyil || [[Kidappadam]] || 1955 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pann Paadi Varum Odai Neeril || [[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadi|Yaanai Valartha Vanampadi]] || 1959 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || Surabhi || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Panthalittu || [[Aashadeepam]] || 1953 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]]||[[P. Leela]]|| || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pattadhaarigal Vaazhvidhu Thaanaa || [[Bratuku Teruvu|Bale Raman]] || 1956 || [[T. A. Kalyanam]] || Kanaga Surabhi || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pattum Valayum || [[Ammayenna Sthree]] ||1970|| A. M. Rajah || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pattu Poochchi Polum || [[Aval Yaar]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || Vidwan V. Lakshmanan || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pazhaga Theriya Venum || [[Missiamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pazhagum Thamizhe || [[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]] || 1960 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pennai Piranthathum Vithithano || [[Naga Panjami]] || 1956 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || || || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pengal illaadha Ulagaththile || [[Aadi Perukku (film)|Aadi Perukku]] || 1962 || A. M. Rajah || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Penkodi Penkodi|| [[Kalanjukittiya Thankam]] || 1964 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pennin Perumaiye Perumai|| Pathiye Deivam || 1956 || [[M. Ranga Rao]] || || || ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Periyare Periyare|| [[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]] || 1962 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pesatha Mounam || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pesum Yazhe Pen Mane || [[Naam (1953 film)|Naam]] || 1953 || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pinnilakki Jeevathe || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pem Kekulu Pipee|| [[Seda Sulang]] || 1955 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[Ananda Samarakoon]] || [[D. T. Fernando]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || [[Prem Jayanth]] || [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]
|-
| Penugonu Manasula || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Ammalakkalu]] || 1953 || [[C. R. Subburaman]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Samudrala Jr.]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Polame Mana Jeevithamu || Sankranti || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]] || [[N. Lalitha Bhanu]] || K. Siva Rao || Telugu
|-
| Pon Makane ... || [[Achan (1952 film)|Achan]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ponndutthu Padaitthaano || [[Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)|Thirumbi Paar]] || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & T. S. Bagavathi || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Poolabaala Mrudhuraagala || Mahalakshmi Mahima || 1959 || S. N. Tripati & T.M. Ibrahim || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Jikki]] || || Telugu
|-
| Poomakalaane || [[Aayisha]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Poomala Vittodiyirangiya || [[Achanum Makanum]] || 1956 || Vimal Kumar || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[Jikki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Poovil Vandu Bothai Kondu || [[Anbu Engey]] || 1958 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || [[K. Balaji]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Poru Nee Ponmayile ||[[Umma (1960 film)|Umma]] ||1960 || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[K. P. Ummer]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pothum Unthan Jalame || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Pozhudhu Vidindhaal Thirumamam || [[Thirumbi Paar (1953 film)|Thirumbi Paar]] || 1953 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Kannadasan]] || T. S. Bagavathi || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Prabhu Dhyamaya || Sipayi Kuthuru || 1959 || M. Subramanya Raju || || || || Telugu
|-
| Prajakalundo Prajakalundo || [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] ||1960|| [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] ||[[Jikki]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & Punitha || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Prakasam Pole Premaiyinaale || [[Babul (1950 film)|Gramathu Penn]] || 1952 || [[Naushad]] || [[Papanasam Sivan]] ||[[P. Leela]]|| [[Dilip Kumar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Preyasī Naa Hrdilo || [[Pakka Inti Ammayi]] || 1953 || G. Aswathama || Muddu Krishna || || A. M. Rajah || Telugu
|-
| Prasadakunkumam || [[Love Marriage (1975 film)|Love Marriage]] || 1975|| [[Ahuan Sebastian]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Preethiyen Sathutin || [[Saradam]] || 1957 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|-
| Premada Preetiya Poojari || Bhaagyachakra || 1956 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || Geethapriya || [[Jikki]] || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Premaiyin Ranee Kaathalinaale || [[Ulagam]] || 1953 || M. S. Gnanamani || || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Premave Lokada Hjeeva || [[Sadarame]] || 1956 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Priyamuga Mudhirammune || [[Jagga Daku|Veera Jaggadu]] || 1960 || Pamarthi || [[Aarudhra]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Priya Ramunala Choosi || [[Pawan Putra Hanuman|Sri Rama Bhaktha Hanuman]] || 1958 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || Telugu
|-
| Priyathama Manasu Maaruna || [[Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)|Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]] || 1956 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Pularee Pularee || [[Kalithozhan]] || 1966 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Pullanenikku Ninte ... || Unniyaarcha || 1962|| [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[P. Leela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Puthumai Nila Ange || [[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]]|| 1955 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]] || || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Puthuvarsham || [[Aathmaarpanam]] || 1956 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Raavaa Raa Raavaa Naa || [[Selvam (1966 film)|Anumanam Penubhutham]] || 1967 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & Suryam || Anisetti || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Raave Manohara Jaganmohana || [[Jaganmohini (1951 film)|Jaganmohini]] || 1953 || P. Shyamanna || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Leela]] || A. K. Srinivasa Rao || Telugu
|-
| Rajadhi Rajulu Ee Jananam || [[Jesus (1973 film)|Yesu Prabhuvu]] || 1973 || [[V. Kumar]] || [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] || K. Swarna || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Rajakumari || [[Aayisha]] || 1964 || [[R. K. Shekhar]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || [[P. Susheela]] & [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Rakkuyile Rakkuyile|| [[Minnalppadayaali]] || 1959 || P. S. Divakar & S. N. Ranganathan || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || [[S. Janaki]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Raamaraajyathinte || [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] ||1960 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Rama Rama || [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] ||1960 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ramanan || [[Visappinte Vili]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Abhayadev]] || [[P. Leela]], [[Kaviyoor Revamma]] & [[Jose Prakash]] || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ranga Kaveti Ranga || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ranga Sriranga Naa Moravinara || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1954 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Rarada Madi Ninne || [[Aah (film)|Prema Lekhalu]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ra Rado Rachiluka || Chinna Kodalu || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || [[Rao Balasaraswathi Devi|R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || G. Narayana Rao || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Rasi Nalla Rasi || Veetu Mapillai || 1973 || A. M. Rajah || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Jikki]] || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ravo Kanaravo Itu Ranelevo || [[Bommai Kalyanam|Bommala Pelli]] || 1958 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Ravoyii chandamama || [[Missamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Ravisasinayanaa Namo Namo BhavabhayaharaNaa || [[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]] || 1954|| [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || Toleti Venkat Reddy || || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Roja Malarai Pole || Enakkoru Magan Pirappaan || 1975 || A. M. Rajah || || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Rubber Balloon Paaru || [[Nalla Veedu]] || 1956 || Krishnamurthi & Nagaraja Iyer || [[M. P. Sivam]] || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Saagnee Jeevitham Jorugaa || Pratigna || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Kanta Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Saakshaal Mahaavishnu || Krishna Kuchela || 1961 || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Sadastkalaa Ksheera Jala Vibhaga Kriya Nipuna || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao|| [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || Amarnath || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Sagara Alai Geethame || [[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D]] || 1955 || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || || C. S. Sarojini || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Sagara Sangeetame Nava || [[C.I.D. (1955 film)|C.I.D.]] || 1956 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || C. S. Sarojini || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Samsaram Samsaram || [[Samsaram (1951 film)|Samsaram]] || 1951 || [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Sandhoshamethaaan Sangeethamagum || [[Santhanam (film)|Santhanam]] || 1955 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || Kuyilan || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Saradhaga Jalsaga Andharamu || [[Pempudu Koduku]] || 1953 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Saukhyamelaa Jagatiyandu || [[Kalathur Kannamma|Mavoori Ammayi]] || 1960 || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || Anisetti || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Sayyataladu Nadumu || [[Vidivelli|Kashta Sukhalu]] || 1961 || A. M. Rajah || Venugopal || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Seitha Pavathinale || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Selaadum Nirodai || [[Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp (1957 film)|Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum]] || 1957 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Sen Thamaraiye || Puhuntha Veedu || 1972 || [[Shankar–Ganesh]] || Vichithra || [[Jikki]] || [[A. V. M. Rajan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Seva Cheyute Anandam || [[Mahadhevi]] || 1958 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] & M. Subramanya Raju || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || Telugu
|-
| Sharanu Sharanu Deva Ranjana || Gnaneshwar || 1963 || Veluri Krishnamurthy || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Shokam Enthinaay || [[Lokaneethi]]|| 1952 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Sihil Sulang || Sukumalee || 1957 || [[P. S. Divakar]] || || || || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
|-
| Sirpi Sethukkatha Potchilaye || [[Edhir Paradhathu]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[K. P. Kamatchi]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Singara Paingiliye Pesu || [[Manohara (film)|Manohara]] || 1954 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Sirimalle Sogasu Jabilli Velugu || [[Puttinillu Mettinillu]] || 1973 || [[Satyam (composer)|C. Satyam]] || [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sobhan Babu]] || Telugu
|-
| Snehathil Vidarunnu || [[Ballatha Pahayan]] || 1969 || K. V. Job || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Sojaa Naa Manohari || [[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]] || 1955 || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Solla Venuma Innum Sollavenuma || [[Vijayapuri Veeran]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[C. L. Anandan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Soraadhe Nenje Inbamo || [[Puthradharmam|Nalla Penmani]] || 1954 || [[P. S. Divakar]] || A. S. Rajagopal || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Sri Kaalahasthiswara || [[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]] || 1954|| [[R. Sudarsanam]] & R. Govardhanam || Toleti Venkat Reddy || || Title song || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Sundaranga Divyahasa || Gnaneshwar || 1963 || Veluri Krishnamurthy || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Sundarangulanu || [[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]] || 1959 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Jaggayya|K Jaggayya]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Suntharangiyai Parhathanale || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Swagatha Suswagatha || Ajnathi || 1958 || || || || || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Tanemi Talamcheno || Dampathyam || 1957 || [[Pasupuleti Ramesh Naidu]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Rao Balasaraswathi Devi|R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Tanuvita Sasvatamaunaa Jeevi || Na Chellelu || 1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || || || Telugu
|-
| Telusukonave Yuvathi || [[Missamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Pingali Nagendrarao]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Thamarakulakkadavil || [[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]] || 1964 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||[[P. Susheela]]|| [[K. Balaji]] ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Thane Toli Ashalu || [[Zabak|Arabhi Veerudu Jabak]] || 1961 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] & Chitragupta || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] || Telugu
|-
| Than Manadhai Nalanukku || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thanganilavil Kendai Irandum || [[Thirumanam]] || 1958 || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thanimaiyile Innimai || [[Aadi Perukku (film)|Aadi Perukku]] || 1962 || A. M. Rajah || [[K. D. Santhanam]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thanimaiyile Innimai || [[Aadi Perukku (film)|Aadi Perukku]] || 1962 || A. M. Rajah || [[K. D. Santhanam]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Tharavin Parvaiyile Oh Vennilave || [[Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam]] || 1958 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Leela]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thazhampoo Manamulla || [[Adimakal]] || 1969 || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || || [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Theerenuga Netitone || [[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Thelikagaa Thelikagaa Chulakanagaa || Palle Paduchu || 1954 || [[M. S. Rama Rao]] || [[Aarudhra]] || [[Jikki]] || || Telugu
|-
| Then Unnum Vandu || [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]] || 1956 || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || K. P. Kamatchi || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Theriyuma, Theriyuma Punnagai Seydhathen || [[Pasamum Nesamum]] || 1964 || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Kannadasan]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thendral Urangiya Pothum || [[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]] || 1958 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[S. S. Rajendran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thirai Potu Naame || [[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thirumana Poruttham Paatthaachu || [[Malliyam Mangalam]] || 1960 || [[T. A. Kalyanam]] || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thooya Iru Manam || [[Visappinte Vili|Pasiyin Kodumai]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || Paa. Adhimoolam || || [[Prem Nazir]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thottal Mookkinnu || Sthreehridayam || 1960 || [[L. P. R. Varma]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Thulli Thulli Alaigal Ellam || [[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]] || 1959 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[R. S. Manohar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thulliye Odume Vaazhvume || Vanjam || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam || Guhan || || [[Kanta Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thunbam Soozhum || [[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]] || 1953 || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || || || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Thuyilatha Pen Ondru kanden || [[Meenda Sorgam]] || 1960 || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Toda Needa Evaro Ho Kori || [[Selvam (1966 film)|Anumanam Penubhutham]] || 1967 || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & Suryam || Anisetti || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || Telugu
|-
| Udavaale Padavaale ... || Unniyaarcha || 1962 || [[K. Raghavan]] ||[[P. Bhaskaran]]|| [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Ulaavum Thendral Nilaavaip Pirivathu || [[Koteeswaran]] || 1955 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ullangal Ondragi || [[Punar Janmam]] || 1961|| [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Ullathile Uram Vendumada || [[Vijayapuri Veeran]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || || [[C. L. Anandan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Un Anbaith Thedugindren || [[Zabak|Arabu Naattu Azhagi]] || 1961 || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Un Kathalalal En Anbellam || [[Ulagam]] || 1953 || M. S. Gnanamani || || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Unnai Kandu Naan Vaada || [[Kalyana Parisu]] || 1959 || A. M. Rajah || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Unnai Partha Kangal Irandum || [[Maganey Kel]] || 1965 || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[S. S. Rajendran]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Unnatha Nilayil || [[Visappinte Vili]] || 1952 || P. S. Divakar || [[Abhayadev]] || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Unezhil Madhiyo || [[Puthradharmam|Nalla Penmani]] || 1954 || [[P. S. Divakar]] || A. S. Rajagopal || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Unni Pirannu || [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] ||1960 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]|| [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Upayale Telusukoni || [[Nadodi Mannan|Anaganaga Oka Raju]] || 1959 || [[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] ||[[P. Bhanumathi]] || [[M. G. Ramachandran]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Uttamunne Saki Adhamunne || Gnaneshwar || 1963 || Veluri Krishnamurthy || [[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]] || || || Telugu
|-
| Vaadikkai Maranthathum Eno || [[Kalyana Parisu]] || 1959 || A. M. Rajah || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaaduka Marchedavela || [[Pelli Kanuka (1960 film)|Pelli Kanuka]] || 1960 || A. M. Rajah || Karthik || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Vaanambaadigal Polae || Kalvanin Kathali- Stage Play by T. K. Shanmugam|| 1956 || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] || A. Andaal || [[T. K. Shanmugam]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaanil Kaanum Nilave || [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaanil Nilavile || [[Zamindar (1952 film)|Jameenthaar]] || 1952 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaanin Nilave.... Vaanam Sendraayo || [[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || 1953 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[Kambadasan]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaanmadhi Yaagiye Naam Ulaavalaam || [[Hatim Tai (1956 film)|Maya Mohini]] || 1956 || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Paidi Jairaj|Jairaj]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaaraai Vaaraai En Manohara || [[Ezhai Uzhavan]] || 1952 || H. R. Padmanabha Sastri || Kavi Lakshmanadas || [[Jikki]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaarayo Vennilave || [[Missiamma]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || |[[P. Leela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhvinile Vaazhvinile || [[Vanangamudi]] || 1957 || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaasamigum Malar Cholaiyile || [[Yaar Paiyyan]] || 1957 ||[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhkai Embathu || Kadhavai Thattiya Mohini Pei || 1975 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhkaiyo Vedu Dhooram || [[Puthradharmam|Nalla Penmani]] || 1954 || [[P. S. Divakar]] || A. S. Rajagopal || || [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhvadhum Thaazhvadhum Panathale || [[Moondru Pillaigal]] || 1952 || [[P. S. Anantharaman]] & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] || || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhve Sohamthana || [[Paropakaram]] || 1953 || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || Kavi Lakshmanadas || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]] & [[A. P. Komala]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vaazhvinile Nannaalithuve || [[Mamiyar]] ||1953 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || || [[S. Varalakshmi]] || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Valayal Aiya Valayal || [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || || [[N. S. Krishnan]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vanniallo Ledhu || Kanyadhaanam || 1955 || Nagarajan || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Kanta Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Vanthathu Vasantham || [[Edhir Paradhathu]] || 1954 || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || Kanaga Surabhi || [[Jikki]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Varuven Nan Unathu || [[Mallika (1957 film)|Mallika]] || 1957 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Varum Kaalam Nalla Kaalam || [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]] || 1956 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[Jikki]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Varunnu Njan || [[Avan Varunnu]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Vannu Vannu Christmas || [[Snehaseema]] || 1954 || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[Abhayadev]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] || || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| Vedale Ee Rajakumarudu || [[Bangaru Papa]] || 1955 || Addepalli Rama Rao || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Veenil Eno Vedhanai || [[Dongallo Dora|Pakka Thirudan]] || 1957 || T. M. Ibrahim || Mugavai Rajamanikkam || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Veettilorutharum || [[Kathirunna Nikah]] ||1965|| [[G. Devarajan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||[[P. Susheela]] || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Vellambal || [[Achanum Makanum]] || 1956 || Vimal Kumar || [[Thirunalloor Karunakaran]] || || ||[[Malayalam]]
|-
| Velli Meenum Thulli Aduthu || [[Orey Vazhi]] || 1959 || R. Govardhanam || [[Kannadasan]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Prem Nazir]] ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vennilavin Oli Thanile || [[Baagyavathi]] || 1957 || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] || [[A. Maruthakasi]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[S. C. Krishnan]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Vibhuni Nirmala Bhakti || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[Jikki]] || || Telugu
|-
| Vidi Rakasi || [[Aah (film)|Prema Lekhalu]] || 1953 || [[Shankar Jaikishan]] || [[Aarudhra]] || || [[Raj Kapoor]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Vidhi Vilasava Enembe || [[Sodari (film)|Sodari]] || 1955 || S. R. Padmanabha Sastry & [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || ||[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Vijayame Mana Sadhanara || [[Vijayapuri Veeran|Mugguru Veerulu]] || 1960 || [[T. R. Pappa]] || Muddu Krishna || || [[C. L. Anandan]] || Telugu
|-
| Vinavoi Rajakumara || [[Raja Desingu|Desinguraju Katha]] || 1960 || Pamarthi || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[S. S. Rajendran]] || Telugu
|-
| Viraaliketu Thaalane (Vidhi Bhaagavatam) || Sankranti || 1952 || G. Aswathama || [[Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]] || [[N. Lalitha Bhanu]] || K. Siva Rao || Telugu
|-
| Virodha Melane || [[Pempudu Koduku]] || 1953 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Visaadajvaala Reginaa Vivaadha Dola || Manchini Penchali || 1980 || A. M. Rajah || || || || Telugu
|-
| Vittala Dhayava Beero || [[Bhakta Vijaya]] || 1955 || Shyam-Aathmanath || Anand || || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Vittala Rakumaayi || [[Bhakta Vijaya]] || 1955 || Shyam-Aathmanath || Anand || || [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] || [[Kannada]]
|-
| Yaedho Naveena Bhavam || Amara Sandhesam || 1954 || K. Vara Prasada Rao || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Yaazhum Kulazhum || [[Koteeswaran]] || 1955 || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] || T. K. Sundara Vathiyar || [[P. Susheela]] || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Yavvana Madhuvanilo Vannela || [[Bangaru Papa]] || 1955 || Addepalli Rama Rao || [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Jaggayya]] || Telugu
|-
| Yavvanamantaa Navanavalaade || [[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]] || 1958 || A. M. Rajah || P. Vasanth Kumar Reddy || || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || Telugu
|-
| Yenduko Pilichavenduko || [[Kanna Talli]] || 1953 || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]] & [[Aarudhra]] || [[P. Susheela]] || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| Yogamathe Ezhilam || [[Vipra Narayana]] || 1955 || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[S. D. Sundharam]] || || [[A. Nageswara Rao]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tfmpage.com/ppp/amraja.html|title=Katturaigal:A.M. Raja-The Melody Maker Who Would Not Compromise|publisher=tfmpage|access-date=23 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117163401/http://tfmpage.com/ppp/amraja.html|archive-date=17 January 2010|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mayyam.com/hub/viewtopic.php?p=70296|title=Greatness of AM Raja|publisher=The Hub|access-date=12 September 2009}}
* {{cite web|url=https://shajiwriter.blogspot.com/2008/09/m-rajah-song-of-summer-breeze.html|title=A M Rajah – Song of a Summer Breeze |publisher=Shaji Chennai|access-date=17 September 2009}}
* {{cite web|url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200905/1433.html?allinonepage=1 |title=Essay and songs on A M Raja |date=May 2009 |publisher=eemaata|access-date=11 July 2010 }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=15871149-01e1-4b73-ab90-a73ae22766b5&CATEGORYNAME=CHN
|title=A M Rajah death anniversary
|publisher=archives.chennaionline
|access-date=7 January 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032148/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=15871149-01e1-4b73-ab90-a73ae22766b5&CATEGORYNAME=CHN
|archive-date=4 March 2016
}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600620200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103043907/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/06/16/stories/2006061600620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=In a class of his own|date=2006-06-16 |access-date=7 January 2012}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajah, AM}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]

Peter Gwynn

2025-12-29T03:19:52Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up The Data More To Come!

{{short description|Last British civil servant in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{infobox person
|name = J. P. L. Gwynn
|image = JPLGwynn.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = John Peter Lucius Gwyn
|birth_date = 22 June 1916
|birth_place = London, England
|death_date = {{death date and age|1999|9|14|1916|6|22|df=y}}
|death_place = Bromley, England
|occupation = Civil servant
|}}

'''John Peter Lucius Gwynn''' (22 June 1916 – 14 September 1999) was a British civil servant, whose career spanned the colonial [[Indian Civil Service]], the independent [[Civil Services of India]], and the [[British Civil Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-j-p-l-gwynn-1126615.html|title=Obituary: J. P. L. Gwynn|date=17 November 1999|website=The Independent}}</ref>

==Early life==
His father was [[John Tudor Gwynn]], at that time a serving member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS), later to become a ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' correspondent and writer on Indian affairs. His mother was Joan Elton Sedding, daughter of the architect [[John Dando Sedding]].<ref name="Times">''[https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/j-p-l-gwynn-1.255834 Irish Times]'', Dublin, 30 November 1999</ref>

Gwynn's first five years were spent in [[Madras State]] in India. In 1921 his father retired from the ICS on account of increasing deafness<ref>''Burke’s Irish Family Records'', London, 1976</ref> and the family returned to Britain. Peter attended the [[Dragon School]] in Oxford until his father took over Baymount Preparatory School in [[Dublin]] as proprietor/headmaster and the family settled in Ireland. Peter then attended [[St Columba's College, Dublin]] and went on to study [[Classics]] at [[Trinity College Dublin]], where he took his BA Honours (first class, with gold medal) in 1938.<ref name="Times" />

==Indian Civil Service career==
Gwynn spent a year training for the [[Indian Civil Service]] and studying [[Sanskrit]] at [[University College London]] before entering the service in November 1939.<ref name="Times" /> He was posted in [[Madras Presidency]] and worked in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking part of that province which later became [[Andhra State]] and then part of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Hindu">''The Hindu'', Chennai, 16 June 2016</ref>

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] in 1947 Peter Gwynn opted to stay on in the civil service under the new [[Government of India]].<ref name="Times" />

In 1959 Peter Gwynn married Patricia Margaret “Peggy” Satur, daughter of Andrew Satur, a businessman of [[Chennai|Madras]]. The couple had two sons, John Jude Lucius Gwynn (born 1960) and Robert Charles Patrick Gwynn (born 1963).<ref name="Hindu"/>

Peter Gwynn became Secretary in the Education Ministry of Andhra Pradesh and was instrumental in the introduction of compulsory primary education in that state.<ref name="Times" /> After that he served as Second Secretary in the Board of Revenue until his retirement from the ICS. When he retired in 1968 he was apparently the last remaining British member of the service.<ref>Diary in ''The Times'', London, autumn 1968</ref><ref name="Times" />

In addition to his official duties Peter Gwynn contributed in his spare time to the cultural life of Andhra Pradesh, helping to found the [[Telugu Academy]] in [[Hyderabad]] and serving as a member of the governing body of the [[Salar Jung Museum]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Later life==
In 1968 the family moved to England where Peter Gwynn entered the UK civil service as a [[Treasury]] under secretary, remaining in post until his final retirement in 1976. During his retirement he worked on his linguistic projects, compiling a Telugu grammar book in conjunction with Professor [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]] (''A Grammar of Modern Telugu'', Oxford University Press, 1985) and completing a dictionary of the Telugu language (''A Telugu-English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, 1991).<ref name="Times" /><ref name="Hindu"/>

Peter Gwynn died in [[Bromley]], Kent on 14 September 1999.

==Works==
* ''A Grammar of Modern Telugu'' (1985) (with Prof. [[Bhadriraju Krishnamurti]])
* ''A Telugu-English Dictionary'' (1991)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwynn, J P L}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British lexicographers]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom]]

Gloydius himalayanus

2025-12-16T04:05:23Z

Peter05220035516: small fix

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =Gloydius_himalayanus_189212012.jpg
| genus = Gloydius
| species = himalayanus
| image_caption = Gloydius himalayanus
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864)<ref name="ITIS"/>
| synonyms = * ''Trigonocephalus affinis'' – Günther, 1860 (part)
* '''''Halys himalayanus'' Günther, 1864'''
* ''Halys Himalayanus'' – [[Ferdinand Stoliczka|Stoliczka]], 1870
* ''Halys Hymalayanus'' Stoliczka, 1870 ''(ex errore)''
* ''Trigonocephalus himalayanus'' – [[Alexander Strauch|Strauch]], 1873
* ''Crotalus Halys Himalayanus'' – Higgins, 1873
* ''Ancistrodon himalayanus'' – [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1890
* ''Agkistrodon himalayanus'' – Hatta, 1928
* ''A''[''gkistrodon'']. ''himalayana'' – [[:fr:Garth Underwood|Underwood]], 1979
* ''Gloydius himalayanus'' – [[:fr:Alphonse Richard Hoge|Hoge]] & Romano-Hoge, 1981<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
}}

'''''Gloydius himalayanus''''' also known as the '''Himalayan pit viper''' or<ref name="G&C90">[[Howard K. Gloyd|Gloyd HK]], [[Roger Conant (herpetologist)|Conant R]]. 1990. ''Snakes of the'' Agkistrodon ''Complex: A Monographic Review''. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. {{ISBN|0-916984-20-6}}.</ref> the '''Himalayan viper'''<ref name="Got">Gotch AF. 1986. ''Reptiles -- Their Latin Names Explained''. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. {{ISBN|0-7137-1704-1}}.</ref>
is a [[Crotalinae|pit viper]] [[species]] found along the southern slopes of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634886 |taxon=Gloydius himalayanus |accessdate=20 May 2007}}</ref> Himalayan pit vipers have been found up to 4900m above sea level, which makes it the highest living snake ever found.<ref>{{cite book|last1=De la Bédoyère|first1=C|last2=Matthews|first2=R|last3=Parker|first3=S|last4=Setford|first4=S.|last5=Taylor|first5=B|year=2017|title=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=Miles Kelly|isbn=978-1-78617-327-0|page=227}}</ref>

==Description==
Its body color is light brown or dark brown. On the upper side of the body there are long infarct marks which seem to be intertwined due to their close proximity. Slightly larger, side row of spots of the same color. Dark spots on the head, abdomen is light gray in color. There are small dark spots on the abdomen.

The head is distinctly wide and elongated, with symmetrically arranged large scales. The [[Snake scales|dorsal scales]] are strongly keeled. An elongated postocular extends anteriorly to separate the eye from the supralabials. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is brownish, mottled or variegated to form a pattern of transverse bars. Ventral scales are white with black and red dots or speckles. Average length of these snakes is between {{convert|0.76|and|0.90|m|ft}}.<ref name="G&C1990">{{cite book|last=Gopalakrishnakone, Chou|first=P, LM|title=Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region)|year=1990|publisher=Venom and Toxin Research Group National University of Singapore and International Society on Toxinology (Asia-Pacific section)|location=Singapore|isbn=9971-62-217-3|pages=436}}</ref> Dorsal scale count is "(20 to 23) - 21 (19 to 23) - 17 (15)",<ref name="wch">{{cite web|title=Gloydius himalayanus|url=http://toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN0073|work=Clinical Toxinology Resource|publisher=University of Adelaide|accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> which means behind head, 20-23 rows; at midbody, usually 21 rows, but sometimes 19 or 23; just before vent, usually 17 rows, but sometimes 15.

==Distribution==
Occurs along the southern slopes of the [[Himalayas]] from northeastern [[Pakistan]], to northern [[India]] ([[Kashmir region|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]) and [[Nepal]]. Reports that this species occurs in [[Sikkim]], India, need to be confirmed.<ref name="McD99"/> It is the only pit viper found in Pakistan .

==Habitat==
This is a highland snake and is found in altitudes ranging from {{convert|2100|to|4900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the mid and western [[Himalayas]]. It takes refuge under fallen timber, crevices, in or under rocks, beneath boulders, ledges, stones and fallen leaves.<ref name=G&C1990/>

==Behavior and diet==
This is a nocturnal and terrestrial species, often seen close to its hiding place, to which it retreats when disturbed. It is a lazy timid snake, moving slowly from one place to another. Its food consists mostly of [[millipedes]], [[centipedes]], and small rodents.<ref name=G&C1990/><ref name=wch/>

==Venom==
Bites from this species result in intense local pain and swelling, which usually subsides within two to three days, even without treatment.<ref name=G&C1990/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Gloyd HK, Conant R. 1990. ''Snakes of the'' Agkistrodon ''Complex. A Monographic Review''. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Contributions to Herpetology No. 6. SSAR, Oxford, Ohio. vi + 614 pp. + 52 pl.
* Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabow S. 2004. ''Asian Pit Vipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin. 368 pp.
* [[Albert Günther|Günther A]]. 1864. ''The Reptiles of British India''. The Ray Society. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xxvii + 452 pp. (''Halys himalayanus'', pp. 393–394.)
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Gloydius|species=himalayanus|date=12 December|year=2007}}
* [http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/ReptilesofPakistan/himalayanpitviper.htm Himalayan Pit Viper ''Gloydius himalayanus''] at [http://wildlifeofpakistan.com/newpage2.htm Wildlife of Pakistan]. Accessed 20 May 2007.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1310712}}

[[Category:Gloydius|himalayanus]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1864]]

Panja

2025-11-26T21:51:16Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up A Info W/ Infobox

{{wikt}}
'''Panja''' may refer to:

== People ==

* [[Anath Bondhu Panja]] (1911–1933), Indian revolutionary and martyr
* [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] (1936–2008), Indian politician
* [[Bulbuli Panja]], Indian television actress
* [[Ranjit Kumar Panja]] (1932–2006), Indian politician
* [[Shashi Panja]] (born 1962), Indian politician
* [[Shibaji Panja]], Indian businessman from Kolkata
* [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] (born 1995), Indian actor

==Other uses==
* [[Panjas]], a French commune
* [[Parwanaya]], or Panja, a festival in Mandaeism
* [[AMX LLC]], formerly Panja Inc, an American manufacturer of video switching and control devices

==See also==
* {{In title|Panja}}
* [[Panj (disambiguation)]]
* [[Punja (disambiguation)]]
* [[Panju (disambiguation)]]
* ''[[Panjaa]]'', 2011 Indian film
* [[Pro Panja League]], Indian arm wrestling competition

{{Disambiguation|geo|surname|given name}}

Sarwan Singh

2025-11-25T07:23:37Z

Peter05220035516: done

{{short description|Indian hurdler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Sarwan Singh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Sarwan Singh
| nicknames =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[110 metres hurdles]]
| club =
| pb =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1954 Asian Games|1954 Manila]]|[[Athletics at the 1954 Asian Games|Men's 110 m hurdles]]}}
}}

'''Sarwan Singh''' (born between 1927 and 1929){{efn|''India Today'', in its article mentions that he was 70 in 1999 and ''Hindustan Times'', 85 in 2012}} is a former Indian [[Track and field|athlete]] who competed in the [[110 metres hurdles]]. He won a gold medal at the [[1954 Asian Games]] in [[Manila]] in the event.<ref name="it1">{{cite web|last1=Vinayak|first1=Ramesh|last2=Brijnath|first2=Rohit|title=Our forgotten heroes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19990308-forgotten-and-ignored-sports-heroes-who-did-india-proud-left-to-fend-for-their-livelihood-780359-1999-03-07|publisher=India Today|access-date=15 August 2016|date=8 March 1999}}</ref> Forgotten for the rest of his life, he is said to have resorted to begging before receiving a pension of {{INRConvert|1500}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anantharaman|first1=Vineet|title=Sarwan Singh, India's forgotten athletics hero|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/forgotten-heroes-india-sarwan-singh-athletics|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=15 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527230310/http://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/forgotten-heroes-india-sarwan-singh-athletics|archivedate=27 May 2014|date=25 May 2014}}</ref>

Singh is also credited for having discovered the athlete [[Paan Singh Tomar]], during his time as a [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] in the [[Bengal Engineer Group]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Duggal|first1=Saurabh|title=Man who spotted the runner in Pan Singh|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/man-who-spotted-the-runner-in-pan-singh/story-yaklYZ72W4s5ooh26WILcN.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 August 2016|date=23 March 2012}}</ref> Upon retiring from service in 1970, he drove taxi for nearly two decades.

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{IND}}
|-
|1954
|[[1954 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Manila, Philippines]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|[[Athletics at the 1954 Asian Games|110 m hurdles]]
|14.70
|}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics 110 m Hurdles Men}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sarwan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian men hurdlers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Rajendra Prakash

2025-11-13T21:38:49Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up The Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Maharaja of Sirmur from 1933 until 1964}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajendra Prakash
| title = His Highness the Maharaja Sahib of Sirmur
| succession = [[Sirmur State#Rulers|Maharaja of Sirmur]]
| reign = 13 August 1933 – 6 November 1964
| coronation = 13 February 1935
| predecessor = [[Amar Prakash]]
| successor = [[Lakshraj Prakash]]
| birth_date = 11 January 1913
| birth_place = [[Nahan]], [[Sirmur State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 6 November 1964
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[India]]
| spouse = Durga Devi Indira Devi
| spouse-type = Consort(s)
| issue = Nalini Devi [[Padmini Devi]] Udai Prakash (adoptive)
| father = Amar Prakash
| mother = Mandalasa Kumari
| investiture = 24 November 1938
}}
'''Rajendra Prakash''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], forty-eight direct male lineal descendant from the original founder of the Dynasty,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|publisher=Bennett Coleman|year=1948}}</ref> served as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] from 1933 until 1964.

== Birth ==
He was born on 11 January 1913 to [[Amar Prakash]] and his wife Mandalasa Kumari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Sirmur State.|date=1996|publisher=Indus Pub. Co|isbn=81-7387-056-X|location=New Delhi|oclc=41357468}}</ref>

== Reign ==
He succeeded his father, Amar Prakash, upon his death on 13 August 1933.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Balokhra |first=Jag Mohan |url=https://archive.org/details/the-wonderland-himachal-pradesh/ |title=The Wonderland Himachal Pradesh |date=2016 |pages=726–727}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> However, his coronation was performed on 13 February 1935, and he was invested with full ruling powers on 24 November 1938.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Their Highnesses the Rulers of Sirmur and Palitana.jpg|thumb|The rulers of Sirmur and Palitana]]

=== Marriages ===
In 1936, he married his first wife, Durga Devi, the daughter of the Raja Yaduvendra Singh of [[Nagod State|Nagod]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Brentnall|first=Mark|title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire (v. 1)|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=8173871639}}</ref> His second marriage was with Indira Devi, the daughter of Thakore Sir Bahadursinhji Mansinhji of [[Palitana State|Palitana]] in 1941.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Children ===
Rajendra Prakash was the father of two daughters, Nalini Devi (by his first wife) and [[Padmini Devi]] (by his second wife).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Property dispute of Sirmaur's royal family settled - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/property-dispute-of-sirmaurs-royal-family-settled/734662/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sirmaur Royal property dispute settled – Hill Post|date=6 January 2011 |url=https://hillpost.in/2011/01/sirmaur-royal-property-dispute-settled/25639/|access-date=2021-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Nalini Devi married Vidur Singh, son of the Raja of [[Alipura State|Alipura]], in 1952.<ref name=":1" /> Padmini Devi, married [[Bhawani Singh]], son of [[Man Singh II]], in 1967.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ritu|title=Costumes and textiles of royal India|date=2006|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|others=Cathy Muscat|isbn=1-85149-509-6|location=Woodbridge|oclc=74344858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pārīka|first=Nandakiśora|title=Jaipur that was : royal court and the seraglio|date=2000|publisher=Subodh Sahitya Sadan|isbn=81-87678-00-3|location=Jaipur, Rajasthan|oclc=44728120}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 6 November 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2022-09-08 |title=Rajendra Prakash |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/rajendra-prakash/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> After his death, his widow Durga Kumari adopted Udai Prakash in 1965, who subsequently assumed the Rajendra titles.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Dehradun |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/dehradun.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> However, on 15 May 2013, at the insistence of former Sirmur state nobles who challenged Udai's accession, Padmini Devi installed her grandson [[Lakshraj Prakash|Lakshraj]] to her father's titles at the Nahan Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-15 |title=9-year-old Jaipur prince becomes Maharaja of Sirmaur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/9-year-old-jaipur-prince-becomes-maharaja-of-sirmaur-163173-2013-05-14 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-26 |title=Nine-year-old Jaipur prince to become king of Sirmaur in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/jaipur-prince-lakshya-sirmaur-king-himachal-pradesh-160120-2013-04-25 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> His death led to a dispute over the property between Padmini Devi and Udai Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Dehradun |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/dehradun.html |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The dispute, which continued for 23 years, was settled in 2011 by the High Court of Himachal Pradesh, and the property was divided between them.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=23 years on,court settles royal dispute |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/23-years-on-court-settles-royal-dispute/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Sirmur State]]

A. M. Ameeth Ibrahim

2025-11-05T12:07:03Z

Peter05220035516: basic expand content and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''A. M. Ameeth Ibrahim''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Kadaladi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kadaladi constituency]] in [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |title=1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ameeth Ibrahim, A. M.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Khoshya

2025-09-20T11:35:06Z

Peter05220035516: created article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2021}}

'''Khoshya''' ({{langx|hi|खोश्या}}) is a [[gotra]]<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West frontier province|author=Rose, H.A.|date=1999|volume=2|publisher=Low Price Publications|isbn=9788175361546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axkwAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=2015-05-14}}</ref> of [[Ahirs]] of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]] in India. According to historian Richard Gabriel Fox, Khoshya was dominant clan in [[Ahirwal]] whose ancestors occupied by force some [[Gujjar]] villages in Bharawas. One of the descendants of this clan, Chowdhari Deepchand was a sardar in the army of Emperor [[Alamgir II]] (1754–59).<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=sardar | title=Realm and Region in Traditional India| isbn=9780916994129| last1=Fox| first1=Richard Gabriel| year=1977}}</ref><ref>Realm and region in traditional India-page-83</ref>

Alternately it is also found as a surname in the Brahmin community of Kashmir, known as the [[Kashmiri Pandits]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Ahir]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[Ahir clans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:South Asian clans]]
[[Category:Ahir]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Pranami

2025-09-01T10:27:17Z

Peter05220035516: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Pranami Sampradaya]]

Parvathi Basrur

2025-08-13T14:00:03Z

Peter05220035516: Put Up First Info V1

{{short description|Indian-Canadian veterinary geneticist}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Parvathi Basrur
| image = ParvathiKBasrur2009.png
| alt = A smiling older South Asian woman wearing tinted glasses
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = September 15, 1929
| birth_place = Cheruvathur, Kerala, India
| death_date = November 10, 2012
| death_place = Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| occupation = Veterinary geneticist, college professor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| children = 2, including [[Sheela Basrur]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Parvathi Koodathil Basrur''' (September 15, 1929 – November 10, 2012) was an Indian-born Canadian veterinary scientist. She was the first woman appointed to the faculty of the [[Ontario Veterinary College]], where she worked from 1959 until her retirement in 1995.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Office of the Secretary to the Governor General|title=Mrs. Parvathi K. Basrur|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-15865|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Governor General of Canada}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Basrur was born in [[Cheruvathur]], [[Kerala]]. She earned a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's degree in [[cytology]] at the [[University of Mysore]]. She began doctoral studies at the Research Institute of Bangalore, but moved to [[Canada]] in 1955 and completed her Ph.D. at the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr Parvathi Basrur: Scientist, Researcher, Administrator, and Mother-figure|url=https://cwrc.ca/parvathi-basrur-0|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Canadian Writing Research Laboratory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=King|first=W. Allan|date=2009|title=Parvathi K. Basrur|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/245902|journal=Cytogenetic and Genome Research|language=en|volume=126|issue=1–2|pages=7–11|doi=10.1159/000245902|pmid=20016152|s2cid=207685240 |issn=1424-859X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Career ==
Basrur became Assistant Professor at the [[University of Guelph]]'s Ontario Veterinary College in 1959,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1959-08-05|title=India Woman Professor at College|pages=17|work=Edmonton Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88356576/india-woman-professor-at-college/|access-date=2021-11-04|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> the first woman on the college's faculty.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=1974-08-22|title=Cattalos, Cheasants on Menu?|pages=6|work=Times Colonist|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88356781/cattalos-cheasants-on-menu/|access-date=2021-11-04|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She was promoted to full professor in 1967, and retired as professor emeritus in 1995.<ref name=":0" /> Basrur worked with the [[Canadian International Development Agency]] on improving livestock breeding and production.<ref name=":1" /> Her research was published in academic journals including ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Basrur|first1=P. K.|last2=Gilman|first2=J. P. W.|date=December 1964|title=Blood Culture Method for the Study of Bovine Chromosomes|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/2041335a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=204|issue=4965|pages=1335–1337|doi=10.1038/2041335a0|pmid=14254442|bibcode=1964Natur.204.1335B|s2cid=4277476|issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Wachtel|first1=Stephen S.|last2=Basrur|first2=Parvathi|last3=Koo|first3=Gloria C.|date=1978-09-01|title=Recessive male-determining genes|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/0092-8674(78)90103-4|journal=Cell|language=English|volume=15|issue=1|pages=279–281|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(78)90103-4|issn=0092-8674|pmid=699047|s2cid=42835570|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''[[Canadian Journal of Zoology]]'',<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Basrur|first=Parvathi K.|date=1959-08-01|title=The salivary gland chromosomes of seven segregates of prosimulium (diptera: simuliidae) with a transformed centromere|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/z59-059|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=37|issue=4|pages=527–570|doi=10.1139/z59-059|bibcode=1959CaJZ...37..527B |issn=0008-4301|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''[[Biology of Reproduction]]'',<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Kawarsky|first1=Sheldon J.|last2=Basrur|first2=Parvathi K.|last3=Stubbings|first3=Robert B.|last4=Hansen|first4=Peter J.|last5=Allan King|first5=W.|date=1996-01-01|title=Chromosomal Abnormalities in Bovine Embryos and their Influence on Development1|journal=Biology of Reproduction|volume=54|issue=1|pages=53–59|doi=10.1095/biolreprod54.1.53|pmid=8838000|s2cid=10963718 |issn=0006-3363|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Animal Reproduction Science]]'',<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Kochhar|first1=Harpreet S|last2=Kochhar|first2=Kanwal P|last3=Basrur|first3=Parvathi K|last4=King|first4=W. Allan|date=2003-05-15|title=Influence of the duration of gamete interaction on cleavage, growth rate and sex distribution of in vitro produced bovine embryos|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037843200300006X|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|language=en|volume=77|issue=1|pages=33–49|doi=10.1016/S0378-4320(03)00006-X|pmid=12654526|issn=0378-4320|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,''<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Dominguez|first1=M M|last2=Liptrap|first2=R M|last3=Basrur|first3=P K|date=October 1988|title=Steroidogenesis in fetal bovine gonads.|journal=Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research|volume=52|issue=4|pages=401–406|issn=0830-9000|pmc=1255480|pmid=3196968}}</ref> ''[[Cancer Research (journal)|Cancer Research]]'',<ref name=":8">Basrur, Parvathi K., and John PW Gilman. [https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/27/6_Part_1/1168.short "Morphologic and synthetic response of normal and tumor muscle cultures to nickel sulfide."] ''Cancer research'' 27.6 Part 1 (1967): 1168-1177.</ref> and ''Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine''.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Bosu|first1=W T|last2=Basrur|first2=P K|date=October 1984|title=Morphological and hormonal features of an ovine and a caprine intersex.|journal=Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine|volume=48|issue=4|pages=402–409|issn=0008-4050|pmc=1236093|pmid=6509368}}</ref>

Basrur was made a Member of the [[Order of Canada]] in 2004.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-07-31|title=Area Residents to be Honoured|pages=51|work=The Ottawa Citizen|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88356674/area-residents-to-be-honoured/|access-date=2021-11-04|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> She was also honored with a Queen's Jubilee Award, and the University of Guelph Medal of Merit, the YMCA-YWCA Woman of Distinction Award for Life Time Achievement, and the Norden Award for Distinguished Teaching.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=November 13, 2012|title=Guelph loses leading veterinary scientist 'Mama Basrur'|url=https://www.guelphmercury.com/news-story/2789772-guelph-loses-leading-veterinary-scientist-mama-basrur-/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Guelph Mercury|language=en-CA}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
Basrur's laboratory at Ontario Veterinary College was extremely productive during her long tenure, and she was estimated to be an author of "about 200 scientific publications",<ref name=":10" /> including these:

* "The salivary gland chromosomes of seven segregates of [[Prosimulium]] (Diptera: Simuliidae) with a transformed centromere" (1959)<ref name=":4" />
* "Blood Culture Method for the Study of Bovine Chromosomes" (1964, with J. P. W. Gilman)<ref name=":2" />
* "Morphologic and synthetic response of normal and tumor muscle cultures to [[nickel sulfide]]" (1967, with J. P. W. Gilman)<ref name=":8" />
* "Parallelism in chimeric ratios in heterosexual cattle twins" (1969, with H. Kanagawa)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Basrur|first1=Parvathi K.|last2=Kanagawa|first2=H.|date=October 1969|title=Parallelism in Chimeric Ratios in Heterosexual Cattle Twins|journal=Genetics|volume=63|issue=2|pages=419–425|doi=10.1093/genetics/63.2.419|issn=0016-6731|pmc=1212354|pmid=5391955}}</ref>
* "Recessive male-determining genes" (1978, with Stephen S. Wachtel and Gloria C. Koo)<ref name=":3" />
* "Morphological and hormonal features of an ovine and a caprine intersex" (1984, with W. T. Bosu}<ref name=":9" />
* "Steroidogenesis in fetal bovine gonads" (1988, with M. M. Dominguez and R. M. Liptrap)<ref name=":7" />
* "Genetic Diseases of Sheep and Goats" (1990, with Bhola R. Yadav)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Basrur|first1=Parvathi K.|last2=Yadav|first2=Bhola R.|date=1990-11-01|title=Genetic Diseases of Sheep and Goats|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074907201530846X|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=779–802|doi=10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30846-X|pmid=2245374|issn=0749-0720|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* "Chromosomal abnormalities in bovine embryos and their influence on development" (1996, with Sheldon J. Kawarsky, Robert B. Stubbings, Peter J. Hansen, and W. Allen King)<ref name=":5" />
* "Influence of the duration of gamete interaction on cleavage, growth rate and sex distribution of in vitro produced bovine embryos" (2003, with Harpreet S. Kochhar, Kanwal P. Kochhar, and W. Allen King)<ref name=":6" />

== Personal life ==
Her husband was Vasanth Basrur, a fellow biology student at Mysore. They married in Toronto while they were both doctoral students. One of their two daughters was [[Sheela Basrur]], a Canadian physician and public health official who died in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Galloway|first=Gloria|date=2008-06-02|title=Sheela Basrur loses cancer fight|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/sheela-basrur-loses-cancer-fight/article18451227/|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref> Basrur died in 2012, aged 83 years, at a hospital in Guelph.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary of Parvathi Basrur|url=https://erbgood.com/tribute/details/8192/Parvathi-Basrur/obituary.html|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Erb & Good Funeral Home|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Basrur, Parvathi}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Guelph]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian women scientists]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Malayali descent]]

Airport Sector (CISF)

2025-08-11T03:17:38Z

Peter05220035516: new new stub!

{{short description|Sector of Central Armed Police Force of India}}
[[File:Delhi T3 Int Terminal.jpg|right|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is the busiest airport in India and its security is under CISF]]
The '''Airport Sector''' (abbreviated as the '''APS''') is one of the sectors of the [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF), a [[Central Armed Police Force]] of India. The sector is responsible for providing security coverage to [[Civil aviation in India|civil airports in India]] under the regulatory frame work of the [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]], [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. Headed by an [[additional director general of police]]-rank officer and headquartered at [[New Delhi]]. Currently Praveer Ranjan, IPS, is ADG/APS. It is the largest sector of CISF in terms of number of personnel deployed. It provides security coverage to 68 national and international airports in the country.

== History ==
[[File:Jaipur Airport.JPG|left|thumb|CISF was first inducted at Jaipur Airport.]]
The security of commercial airports in India was under the control of [[airport police]] of respective states where the relevant airports were situated before it was decided that a single agency should hold this responsibility. After the [[hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814]] on 7 December 1999, the [[Government of India]] decided on 7 January 2000 to hand over the security of airports in the country to the Central Industrial Security Force in a phased manner.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cisf-replaces-usual-airport-security-drill-with-tactical-checking-1667937.html |title=CISF replaces usual airport security drill with 'tactical checking' |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=17 August 2014 |access-date=28 May 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=D. K. |title=Central Police Organisations, Part 1 |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=8177649027 |pages=79 |chapter=Central Industrial Security Force – Airport Security}}</ref> The first such induction of CISF happened on 3 February 2000 when it took over the security of [[Jaipur Airport]] in Rajasthan.<ref name="Chatterjee" /> The process of inducting CISF at the different airports was accelerated after the [[September 11 attacks]] in the United States in which four passenger aeroplanes were hijacked by terrorists.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== Structure ==
The Central Industrial Security Force is divided into various sectors with each headed by an [[inspector general]]-rank officer known as the Sector Inspector General.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cisfws.gov.in/ | title=West Sector – Home |website=Cisfws.gov.in (Official website of the Western Sector) |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> However, being the largest of all the sectors of CISF comprising the largest deployment of personnel, the Airport Sector is headed by an officer of the rank [[special director general]]; this post is currently held by Gyanendra Singh Malik, an [[Indian Police Service]] 1993-batch officer from Gujarat -cadre.<ref>{{cite report |title=Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs – Working Conditions in Non-Border Guarding Central Armed Police Forces |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] Secretariat |date=12 December 2018 |chapter-url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/15/107/215_2018_12_15.pdf |chapter=Central Industrial Security Force |edition=215 |access-date=25 May 2020 |page=14}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/ppe-suits-for-cisf-personnel-deployed-at-airport/75160651 |title=PPE suits for CISF personnel deployed at airport |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 April 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The sector is further divided into two sub-sectors: Airport Sector-1 (APS-1) headed by Vijay Prakash IPS (UP cadre 1996 batch) with headquarters in New Delhi and Airport Sector-2 (APS-2) headed by Jose Mohan IPS (Rajasthan cadre 2002 batch) with headquarters in Bangalore, each is headed by an inspector general of police. The Airport Sector-1 consists of Airport North Zone with headquarters in New Delhi and Airport East and Northeast Zone with headquarters in [[Kolkata]]. Similarly, the Airport Sector-2 is divided into two zones: Airport West Zone with headquarters in Mumbai and Airport South Zone with headquarters in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Organisational chart">{{Cite web |title=CISF Organizational Chart |url=https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/cisf-organizational-chart/ |website=Cisf.gov.in |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

===Dog Squad===
In 2021, The DIG of CISF said that the dog squad was 'an important component of the force'. The dogs are trained to sniff and identify [[IEDs]] and [[narcotics]]. While working with the bomb disposal squad they screen the bags left unattended. As of 2021, the CISF team in charge of Chennai Airport security has a dog squad of 9 dogs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Sindhu |title=Two CISF dogs retire, 3 new inducted in Chennai |issue= Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/two-cisf-dogs-retire-3-new-inducted-in-chennai/articleshow/85505721.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=21 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Security coverage ==
The Central Industrial Security Force is the "national civil aviation security force" responsible for providing security coverage to 65 commercial airports including the most recent additions to the list [[Srinagar Airport]], [[Jammu Airport]] and [[Surat Airport]] .<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/21/coronavirus-outbreak-cisf-cancels-all-transfers-till-march-next-year-2145912.html |title=Coronavirus outbreak: CISF cancels all transfers till March next year |date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="IndExp">{{Cite news |date=6 March 2020 |title=CISF takes over Jammu airport security |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/06/cisf-takes-over-jammu-airport-security-2113244.html |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref> It has also taken over the security of [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="IndExp" />The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) took over the security of the Maharishi Valmiki International Airport in Ayodhya on January 10,2024.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sectors of Central Industrial Security Force]]

Gopamau Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:02:42Z

Peter05220035516: added a data added tags.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gopamau
| map_image = 157-Gopamau.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,43,678
| district = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 157
| mla = [[Shyam Prakash]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Gopamau''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It comprises parts of [[Shahabad tehsil]] and [[Hardoi tehsil]], both in [[Hardoi district]], and is one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2022, it is represented by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate '''[[Shyam Prakash]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Rajeshwari''' by a margin of 31,378 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gopamau.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Shyam Prakash]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022" />
|}

==Elecction results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopamau<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Prakash]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91762}}
|percentage = 43.07
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajeshwari
|votes = {{formatnum:83764}}
|percentage = 39.32
|change = +11.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamal Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:31715}}
|percentage = 14.89
|change = -9.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1887}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7998}}
|percentage = 3.75
|change = -11.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213048}}
|percentage = 61.99
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gopamau<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Shyam Prakash
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87871}}
|percentage = 43.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajeshwari
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56493}}
|percentage = 27.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Meena Kumari
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49847}}
|percentage = 24.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2252}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31378}}
|percentage = 15.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203032}}
|percentage = 61.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
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[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
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Nandurbar Amchur

2025-05-11T17:42:32Z

Peter05220035516: made a article

{{Short description|Type of dried unripe mango powder variety from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Nandurbar Amchur (नंदुरबारचा अमचूर)
| image = Nandurbar_Amchur.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description =Nandurbar Amchur is a fruity spice powder variety cultivated in [[Maharashtra]]
| type = Fruity Spice Powder
| area = Nandurbar district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 30 March 2024
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/786|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Nandurbar Amchur''' commonly known as [[mango]] powder, is a popular Indian fruity spice powder made from dried, unripe local green mangoes (Gaauti Aam) grown in the [[Nandurbar district]] of the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IMPORTANCE OF AMCHOOR PRODUCTION IN TRIBAL ECONOMY A CASE STUDIES OF AKKALKUWA TAHSIL IN NANDURBAR DISTRICT. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321473147 |access-date=29 December 2024 |agency=ResearchGate GmbH}}</ref> Nandurbar Amchur is a centuries-old specialty of Nandurbar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सातपुड्याच्या आमचूरला जागतिक पातळीवर भौगोलिक मानांकन, मात्र अर्थकारण बिघडले, जाणून घ्या कारण |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nandurbar/satpura-is-second-largest-amchur-producing-market-in-country/articleshow/110601570.cms |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Nandurbar Amchur". It is also known as Ambchur, Aamchur powder, Dry Mango powder or Ground Mango.

==Name==
The term "Nandurbar Amchur" refers to district of Nandurbar while [[Amchoor|Amchur]] means dried and powdered unripe mango in the local state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Description==

Nandurbar Amchur, also known as mango powder, is a popular Indian fruity spice made from dried, unripe green mangoes (Gaauti Aam - local variety mango) sourced from the Nandurbar district. The production process involves harvesting local varieties of mangoes while they are green and unripe. The mangoes are then peeled, thinly sliced, and sun-dried. The dried slices are processed into a fine powder, which is sold as ready-made Aamchur.<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPORTANCE OF AMCHOOR PRODUCTION IN TRIBAL ECONOMY A CASE STUDIES OF AKKALKUWA TAHSIL IN NANDURBAR DISTRICT |url=https://www.srjis.com/downloadPdf/15128107319.%20PADVI%20A.T..pdf/3090/89 |website=Scholarly Research Journals (SRJIS) |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>

Nandurbar Amchur has a honey-like fragrance and a sour fruity flavor. It is a tart, pale-beige-to-brownish powder used in various dishes, including stir-fried vegetables, soups, curries, and as a tenderizer for meat and poultry. It adds a fruit flavor without moisture and is used as a souring agent. Nandurbar Amchur is a favored ingredient in [[North Indian cuisine]], particularly in dishes like [[Chana masala|Chhole]], Matar Kulcha, [[Chicken tikka|Chicken Tikka]], and [[Aloo tikki|Aloo-Tikki Chaat]]. It is also used in spice mixtures, marination, and stuffing. The tangy flavor of Nandurbar Amchur powder is especially beneficial during pregnancy, as it helps combat morning sickness and nausea.

Nandurbar Amchur production is a traditional practice adopted by the tribes of Nandurbar, who have been involved in the process for generations. The contribution of Aamchur production is a significant source of economy in tribal livelihood, holding great social and cultural importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Potential Linked Credit Plan 2022-23 |url=https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1012212138Nandurbar.pdf |website=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Nandurbar Amchur is available all year round and should be stored in a well-sealed container to preserve its flavor and aroma.

==Photo and Video Gallery==
Actual photos as received from Lalsing Vanya Valavi of Aakha Ek Se Farmers Producer Company Limited - the original applicants for the GI Tag registration
<gallery>
File:Unripe green mangoes (local wild variety - Gaauti Aam) of Nandurbar district.jpg|Unripe green mangoes (local wild variety - Gaauti Aam) of Nandurbar district
File:Anothe photo of the local tribal communities of Nandurbar actively participating in the production of Nandurbar Aamchur.jpg|Photo of the local tribal communities of Nandurbar actively participating in the production of Nandurbar Aamchur
File:Peeling the mangoes with the help of vegetable peeler.jpg|Peeling the mangoes with the help of vegetable peeler
File:Slicing the peeled mangoes into long thin slices.jpg|Slicing the peeled mangoes into long thin slices
File:Sun-drying of sliced mangoes on pieces of cloth.jpg|Sun-drying of sliced mangoes on pieces of cloth
File:Sun-dried sliced mangoes.jpg|Sun-dried sliced mangoes
File:Close-up of Sun-dried sliced mangoes.jpg|Close-up of Sun-dried sliced mangoes
File:Extreme Close-up of Sun-dried sliced mangoes.jpg|Extreme Close-up of Sun-dried sliced mangoes
File:Heap of Sun-dried mango slices.jpg|Heap of Sun-dried mango slices
File:Pounded and then grinded Amchur.jpg|Pounded and then grinded Amchur
File:Video of Peeling and Slicing of unripe mangoes.webm|Video of Peeling and Slicing of unripe mangoes
File:Another video of peeling and Slicing of unripe mangoes.webm|Another video of peeling and Slicing of unripe mangoes
File:Video close-up of Peeling unipe mangoes.webm|Video close-up of Peeling of unipe mangoes
File:Video close-up of heap of unripe Nandurbar Gaauti Aam Mango dry slices.webm|Video close-up of heap of unripe Nandurbar Gaauti Aam Mango dry slices
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 30 March 2024 and is valid until 19 October 2031.<ref>{{cite news |title=नंदुरबारची मिरची पावडर व आमचूर पावडरला जीआय मानांकन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nandurbar/gi-rating-of-nandurbar-chili-powder-and-amchur-powder-a-a924-c607/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Lokmat |date=14 April 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

Amu Aakha Ek Se Farmers Producer Company Limited from Dhadgaon, proposed the GI registration of Nandurbar Amchur. After filing the application in November 2020, the Amchur Powdere was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Nandurbar Amchur" exclusive to the region. It thus became the 38th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=माळी |first1=धनराज |title=Nandurbar News : नंदुरबारची मिरची-आमचूर पावडरला भौगोलिक मानांकन |url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nandurbar-geographical-classification-of-nandurbar-chilli-and-amchur-powder-marathi-news-shm99 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Marathi News Esakal |date=14 April 2024 |language=Mr}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the Amchur from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Nandurbar Mirchi]]
* [[Navapur Tur Dal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nandurbar district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]