Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jayshree Talwalkar

2026-05-07T18:48:01Z

PenneyIrby336:

{{Short description|Indian philosopher (born 1957)}}
{{Notability|1=Academics|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Dhanashree Shreenivas Talwalkar
धनश्री श्रीनिवास तळवलकर
ધનશ્રી શ્રીનિવાસ તલવલકર
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|07|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[India]]
|father =[[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]
|birth_name = Jayshree Athavale
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|known for = [[Spiritual leader]], [[philosopher]]
|years_active =
|spouse = Shreenivas Talwalkar
|children =
|website =
|footnotes =
|awards =
|signature =
}}

'''Dhanashree Talwalkar''' (née '''Jayshree Athavale''') also known as ''Didiji'' (affectionately), which literally translates as elder sister in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], is an Indian philosopher, spiritual leader, [[social reform]]er.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050106152335/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/03/stories/2004120314990300.htm In Trichi Today]. The Hindu, 3 December 2004</ref> She has represented [[Swadhyay Parivar|Swadhyay]] and [[Indian philosophy]] at different conferences.<ref>[https://www.santegidio.org/pageID/5373/langID/en/orator/496/Didi_Talwalkar.html]. Didi at world summit, Peace is the future, Antwerp 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.worldsreligionsafter911.com/pdf/Didi's%20biography.pdf Conference World Religions After 9/11] Biography of Jayshree Talwalkar</ref><ref>[http://www.ethicseducationforchildren.org/en/council/mission/talwalkar.html Ethics Education For Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914011709/http://www.ethicseducationforchildren.org/en/council/mission/talwalkar.html |date=14 September 2009 }} Council member profile of Jayshree Talwalkar</ref>

Dhanashree Talwalkar is the daughter and spiritual heir of [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]] (Dadaji), a philosopher, social scientist, and founder of the Swadhyay (pronounced ‘swaadhyaay’) Parivar (meaning family). She is the leader of '''“Silent but Singing”''' Swadhyay movement. At the age of 20, she conducted the first “Geetatrayah” – a three-day overview of Bhagvad Geeta - reciting, translating and explaining applied philosophy of "Bhagvad Geeta - Divine Song of the Lord Krishna". Since then, she has conducted numerous Geetatrayah. She was awarded the Lokshikshak Award by Apte Guruji Smarak Trust. In 2002, she spoke at a symposium organized by the New York-based World Conference on Religion and Peace (WCRP), and was the only invitee to represent Hinduism to speak at the World Conference on Peace, organized by Pontifical Council for Inter-Religious Dialogue.

==Personal life==
She was married to Shrinivas Talwalkar (Raosaheb) (died 18 January 2021).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/national/news/death-of-srinivasa-talwalkar-husband-of-dhanshree-talwalkar-didi-associated-with-swadhyay-family-128139727.html|date=2021-01-19|title=અવસાન:જયશ્રી દીદીના પતિ શ્રીનિવાસ તળવલકરનું 72 વર્ષની વયે અવસાન, સ્વાધ્યાય પરિવાર શોકમગ્ન|publisher=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talwalkar, Jayshree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]

{{philosopher-stub}}

First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)

2026-05-02T12:15:11Z

PenneyIrby336: added bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| flag = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| flag_border = true
| date_formed = 1 May 1960
| date_dissolved = 7 March 1962
| government_head = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head =
| deputy_government_head_title =
| state_head = [[Sri Prakasa]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 26 14 Cabinet ministers (Incl. Chief Minister) 12 deputy ministers
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Republican Party of India#Scheduled Castes Federation|SCF]] [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| opposition_leader = * [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]: [[Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare|Ramchandra Bhandare]] (SCF)
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]: Madhavrao Bayaji Gaikwad (CPI)
| election =
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous = [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)|Y. Chavan II (Bombay State)]]
| successor = [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|Y. Chavan II (Maharashtra)]]
}}

'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' was the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of [[Bombay State]] until its bifurcation into [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] on 1 May 1960.<ref name=CMS>{{cite web |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Margadarshika%20Parishishta-%20Chief%20Minister%20list.pdf |title=Chief Ministers (1937 to 2019) |website=[[Maharashtra Legislature]] |language=mr |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> Chavan became the first [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of Maharashtra from that day.<ref name=CMS></ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=In photos: From Yashwantrao Chavan to Devendra Fadnavis, take a look at all the previous CMs of Maharashtra |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/maharashtra-assembly-elections/photos/in-photos-from-yashwantrao-chavan-to-devendra-fadnavis-take-a-look-at-all-the-previous-cms-of-maharashtra-ahead-of-assembly-elections/photostory/71232612.cms |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Ajit Ranade]] |title=Remembering Maharashtra's first CM |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=24 March 2012 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/ajit-ranade/remembering-maharashtras-first-cm/articleshow/16216467.cms |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> His government continued till [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962 legislative elections]], after which Chavan was sworn in for a second term.

==List of ministers==
The ministry consisted of 14 cabinet ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=14-Man Cabinet for Maharashtra, Adequate Representation to Regional Interests |date=2 May 1960 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |page=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/756004355 |access-date=6 July 2022|id={{ProQuest|756004355}} }}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
*General Administration
*Home,
*Planning,
*Information and Public Relations,
*Information Technology
*Industries
*Mining Department
*Majority Welfare

 Departments not allocated to any minister
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Works
*Protocol
*Buildings
*Communications
*Culture Affairs
*Textiles
*Ex. Servicemen Welfare
| minister1 = [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Law and Judiciary
*Labour
*Marketing
*Sanitation
| minister1 = [[Shantilal Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Revenue
*Relief & Rehabilitation
*Ports Development
*Water Supply
*Marathi Language
| minister1 = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Rural Development
*Forests
*Special Backward Classes Welfare
*Employment Guarantee
*Khar Land Development
| minister1 = B. G. Gadhe
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Finance,
*Parliamentary Affairs
*Soil and Water Conservation
*Command Area Development
| minister1 = [[S. K. Wankhede]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*School Education
*Medical Education
*Higher and Technical Education
*Environment and Climate Change
*Other Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Desai]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Protection,
*Housing,
*Printing Presses,
*Minority Development and Aukaf
*Fisheries
| minister1 = S. G. Kazi
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Cooperation
*Special Assistance
*Sports and Youth Welfare
*Nomadic Tribesl Department
*Vimukta Jati
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Bharde|Balasaheb Shivram Bharde]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Agriculture
*Horticulture
*Transport
*Disaster Management
*Animal Husbandry Department
*Dairy Development
| minister1 = [[P. K. Sawant]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Prohibition
*State Excise
*Social Welfare
*Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
*Tribal Development
| minister1 = T. R. Narawane
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Irrigation
*Power / Energy
*Food and Drug Administration
*Rural Development
| minister1 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Health,
*Small Savings
*Tourism
*Earthquake Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Urban Development
*Woman and Child Development
*Skill Development, Employment and Entrepreneurship
| minister1 = D. Z. Palaspagar
| minister1_termstart = 1 May 1960
| minister1_termend = 7 March 1962
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Yashwantrao III]]
[[Category:1960 in India|C]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|C]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1960|Yashwantrao III]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1962|Yashwantrao III]]

Takht (film)

2026-05-01T21:35:14Z

PenneyIrby336: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Karan Johar]]

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[[Category:2027 Indian films]]
[[Category:2027 Hindi-language films]]

Oorali Appooppan Kavu

2026-05-01T15:28:23Z

PenneyIrby336: added the bio needs work...

{{Short description|Ancient temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Sree Kalleli Oorali Appooppan Kavu
|image=Kallely kavu.jpg
|deity=Oorali Appooppan
|location=[[Kalleli]]
|district=[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
|state=[[Kerala]]
|country=India
|website={{URL|https://www.sreekallelyooraliappooppankavu.com|Official website}}
|coordinates={{coord|9|11|34|N|76|54|12|E}}
|map_type=India Kerala #India
|map_caption=Location in Kerala
|elevation_m=173
|governing_body=Sree Kalleli Oorali Appooppan Kavu Samrakshana Samathi
|caption=Devotees at the temple
|architecture_type=[[Dravidian architecture]]
|festival=Pathamudaya Mahotsavam
}}

The '''Oorali Appooppan Kavu''' is an ancient temple located on the banks of the [[Achankovil|Achankovil River]] in [[Kalleli]] in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Isson |date=29 July 2022 |title=Kallely Oorali Appooppan Kavu: A mystic world in Nature's lap |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/07/29/kallely-oorali-appooppan-kavu-achankovil-pathanamthitta-traditions-customs.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> The temple is situated on the Kalleli{{En dash}}Achankovil forest route, {{cvt|19|km|mi}} from the district headquarters in [[Pathanamthitta]] and {{cvt|9|km|mi}} from [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]]. The presiding deity of the temple is {{Lang|ml|Oorali Appooppan}}, who is considered the lord of mountain gods.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Srivatsa |first=Indira |title=A to Z India - Magazine: August 2021 |publisher=BookRix |year=2022 |isbn=9783748789871 |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref> The main festival of the temple is {{Lang|ml|Pathamudayam}}, commencing on [[Vishu]] in the month of {{Lang|ml|mēṭam}} in the [[Malayalam calendar]].<ref name=":1" />

== Tradition ==
The temple follows the traditions and rituals of early Dravida{{En dash}}Naga tribes and is entirely different from the traditional [[Tantra|tantric]] procedures and [[Puja (Hinduism)|poojas]] held in regular [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=17 April 2017 |title=Here's where the tribal rhythm goes wild |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/apr/17/heres-where-the-tribal-rhythm-goes-wild-1594643.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Deities ==
The main deities of the temple are {{Lang|ml|Oorali Appooppan}} or {{Lang|ml|Kalleli Appooppan}} and {{Lang|ml|Oorali Ammoomma}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ison |date=29 July 2022 |title=കല്ലേലിക്കാവിലെ ഊരാളിയപ്പൂപ്പൻ; 24 മണിക്കൂറും പ്രാർഥനയുടെ വാതിലുകൾ തുറന്നിട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു ഈ കാനനക്ഷേത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/astrology/astro-news/2022/07/23/sree-kallely-oorali-appooppan-kavu.html |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> Appooppan is considered as the lord of 999 {{Lang|ml|Mala Daivangal}} (mountain gods) and Ammoomma is considered to be his mother.<ref name=":1" />

The subordinate deities of the temple include Vadakkenchery Valyachan, [[Ganesha]], [[Parashakti]], Yakshiamma, [[Nagaraja]], Nagayakshi, Raktharakshas, [[Kuttichathan]], Kochukunju Arukala, Bharatha Poonkuravan, Bharatha Poonkurathi and Harinarayana Thampuran.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Festivals ==
The main festival or [[Utsava]]m is the {{Lang|ml|Pathamudaya Mahotsavam}} held in the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] of ''mēṭam'' (April{{En dash}}May).<ref name=":2" /> The 10-day festival begins on [[Vishu]] and ends on {{Lang|ml|Pathamudayam}} (10th sunrise after Vishu) with different pujas and rituals like {{Lang|ml|Aditya Pongala}}.<ref name=":1" /> Another special occasion is the Mandala{{En dash}}[[Makaravilakku]] festival, held from the Malayalam month of ''vr̥ścikam'' to ''makaram'' (mid-November to mid-January).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |date=12 November 2019 |title=കല്ലേലി കാവിൽ മണ്ഡല മകരവിളക്ക് വിളക്ക് മഹോത്സവം |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=184554&u=local-news-pathanamthitta |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

== Rituals ==
[[Karkidaka vavu|Karkidaka Vavu Bali]] is one of the important rituals performed in the temple during the Malayalam month of ''kaṟkkiṭakam'' (July{{En dash}}August). Other important rituals are {{Lang|ml|Aanayoottu}} (elephant feeding), {{Lang|ml|Vanarayoottu}} (monkey feeding) and {{Lang|ml|Meenoottu}} (fish feeding).<ref name=":0" />

The traditional arts of the Dravida{{En dash}}Naga tribes such as {{Lang|ml|Kumbhapattu}}, {{Lang|ml|Bharathakkali}}, {{Lang|ml|Thalayattam Kali}}, {{Lang|ml|Vellamkudi Nivedyam}}, {{Lang|ml|Aazhi Puja}} and {{Lang|ml|Kalleli Vilakku}} are unique to the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Kallely Oorali Appooppan Kavu |url=https://www.sreekallelyooraliappooppankavu.com/chadangukal.html |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=www.sreekallelyooraliappooppankavu.com |archive-date=2023-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625125708/https://www.sreekallelyooraliappooppankavu.com/chadangukal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ritualistic arts like [[Padayani]] and Mudi-āttam are also performed on special occasions.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pathanamthitta district]]

Henry Beasley

2026-04-26T18:05:29Z

PenneyIrby336: creating new stub

{{Short description|British army officer and bridge player}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
[[Lieutenant Colonel]] '''James Henry Mountiford Beasley''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (28 March 1876 – 14 December 1949), known as '''Pops''', was a [[British Army]] officer and a leading [[contract bridge]] personality in the early days of the game.

==Life==
Beasley was born in 1876 in [[Jhansi]] in Uttar Pradesh, [[India]], where his father was a minister.<ref name="timesobit">{{cite news |title=Lt.-Col. J.H.M. Beasley |work=[[The Times]] |page=7 |date=19 December 1949 }}</ref> He was educated at [[Bedford School]], and entered the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] ([[Woolwich]]) on leaving school. Beasley was gazetted to the [[Royal Artillery]] in 1896. He served in India, Burma and China, and took part in the [[Battle of Peking (1900)|Relief of Peking]] after the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. He served in the [[World War I|First World War]] on the staff of the [[I Anzac Corps|Anzac Corps]]. He was thrice [[mentioned in despatches]] and awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO). After the war he served in Germany on the Disarmament Commission. He was an interpreter in French, German and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>Phillips, Hubert. 1934. [Biography of Beasley]. ''British Bridge World''. Reprinted in Hasenson 2004, p169-70.</ref>

[[Image:Popspractice@72.jpg|thumb|280 px| Beasley during a practice match at [[Grosvenor House Hotel|Grosvenor House]], before the 1933 Schwab Cup match vs Culbertson. Right is probably [[Terence Reese]].]]

Pops had played all forms of bridge from the days of [[Bridge Whist|bridge–whist]] and [[auction bridge]]. He wrote his first book on this game in 1906, ''London Bridge'', which "started the bridge craze in all the fashionable clubs of that day" [Beasley]. Like many of the early contract bridge players, he had been an expert auction bridge player in the 1920s. In domestic bridge he was a leading organiser. He had been a member of Almacks club since 1901, and later was a co-founder and Chairman of two leading London card clubs – Crockford's (in [[St James's Street]]) and the Hamilton Club (in [[Hamilton Place, London|Hamilton Place]]). He was also a leading player in the 1930s, winning the [[Gold Cup (bridge)|Gold Cup]] in 1933, and playing in several international events. He was an author and bridge columnist, and the originator of a bidding system named after him.<ref>
Beasley, H.M. 1935. ''The Beasley System of Contract Bridge''. Associated Newspapers Ltd, London.</ref>

:"Pops was a brilliant player and a great psychologist. In his time he won most of the major tournaments and he captained England on numerous occasions". –Ewart Kempson<ref>Kempson, Ewart. 1949. "Colonel Henry Mountifort Beasley DSO". Obituary. Reprinted in Hasenson 2004, p169.</ref>

In bidding, Beasley adopted many of Culbertson's ideas, but was displeased with the strong twos and their negative response of two no trumps. As a result, so he claimed, he was the inventor (in 1936) of the artificial strong two clubs opening bid with its negative response two diamonds.<ref>Beasley, H.M. 1948. "Recollections of a pioneer bridge player". ''Contract Bridge Journal''. Reprinted in Hasenson 2004.</ref> For many years all the British bidding systems used this method of dealing with strong hands: [[Acol]] (both standard and Benjaminised), CAB, Two Clubs and Baron systems all used it. However, it is fair to mention that others have also claimed authorship of this fruitful idea.

==Matches vs Culbertson==
Beasley's bridge team played two matches against the formidable [[Ely Culbertson|Culbertson]] team, losing both, but helping to develop the game in Britain.<ref>Francis, Truscott, and Francis, eds. 2001. ''[[The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge]]''. 6th ed, ACBL.</ref>

The first match, Crockford's v. Culbertson, took place in 1930, after the [[Walter Buller (bridge)|Buller]]–[[Ely Culbertson|Culbertson]] match. The Crockford's team was Beasley, Sir Guy Domville (popular society and sporting figure), George Morris and Captain Hogg. Culbertson won the match over 200 deals by 4,905 points (total points scoring).<ref>Clay, J. 1985. ''Culbertson: the man who made contract bridge''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. p106.</ref>

[[Image:Beasley_v_Culbertson_76_KB.jpg|thumb|340 px|left| At table, from left: [[Ely Culbertson]], Lady [[Doris Rhodes]], referee Col GGJ Walshe, Josephine Culbertson, Pops Beasley. Behind, far left: [[Hubert Phillips]].]] [[Image:Beasleymatch2@72.jpg|thumb|340 px|right| At table, from left: [[Michael T. Gottlieb]], George Morris, referee Mr Mundy, Theodore Lightner, Percy Tabbush. Behind left, Hubert Phillips; second right, Doris Rhodes.]]

The second match, for the Schwab trophy in 1933, was a more significant event, preceded by the usual brilliant Culbertson publicity. Played at [[Selfridges]], it was widely reported in the press and on newsreel, and was attended by many spectators. A large periscope was used so that spectators outside the playing-room could glimpse the players. Play could also be followed on a massive electrical scoreboard ("the forerunner to Bridgerama")<ref>Reese, Terence. 1977. ''Bridge at the Top''. Faber, London. p19.</ref> in the Palm Court area. The most common partnerships were: Britain: Beasley & Sir Guy Domville; George Morris & Percy Tabbush; Lady [[Doris Rhodes]] & Graham Mathieson. America: Ely & Josephine Culbertson; Theodore Lightner & Michael Gottlieb. Both teams sometimes paired the players differently.

George Morris and Percy Tabbush were an interesting pair: according to Reese, Morris was "a famous gambler at every card game, and an athlete; he had made a Channel-swimming attempt and played marathon golf for big stakes. His health failed and he was a pitiable sight in later years. Tabbush followed a course that is not common amongst bridge players: he joined a religious sect and turned his back on the '[[Devil]]'s playthings'."<ref>Reese, 1977, p19. Tabbush joined the [[Exclusive Brethren]], a subset of the [[Plymouth Brethren]], as told in his tract ''An expert card-player's great experience''.</ref>

Mathieson's part in the match was curtailed when he fell through a glass roof, to be rescued swinging from a girder above a 40-foot drop! The Culbertson team won by the decisive, but not overwhelming, margin of 10,900 points (total points scoring). [[Hubert Phillips]], writing in the ''[[News Chronicle]]'', put the reasons as superior teamwork, avoidance of unnecessary risks when vulnerable, and greater precision in slam-bidding.<ref>Clay, ''Culbertson'' p158</ref> The match was analysed in three books, and had a considerable effect on bidding methods in Britain and elsewhere.<ref>Beasley H.M. 1933. ''Beasley v. Culbertson''. Hutchinson, London.</ref><ref>Culbertson, Ely. 1933. ''Britain v America: contract bridge championship of 1933''. News Chronicle, London.</ref><ref>'Criticus'. 1933. ''Contract simplicitas''. Herbert Jenkins, London.</ref>

Beasley died after suffering a stroke in 1949.<ref name="timesobit"/>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist |25em}}
;Citations
* Hasenson, Peter, ed. 2004. ''British Bridge Almanack''. 77 Publishing, London. {{ISBN|0-9549241-0-X}}.

==External links==
* {{LCAuth|no2003010057|H. M. Beasley|1|ue}} (under 'Beasley, Henry Mountifort')

{{WPCBIndex}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beasley, Henry}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:British contract bridge players]]
[[Category:Contract bridge writers]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Boxer Rebellion]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford School]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Imlie

2026-04-23T20:36:29Z

PenneyIrby336: creating post

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{distinguish|Imli (disambiguation){{!}}Imli}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ImlieAllGens.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| developer = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| story = {{ubl|Ved Raj|Aakriti Atreja}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|Vikas Sharma|Vera Raina|Sonakshi Khandelwal}}
| writer = {{ubl|Aparajita Sharma (Dialogues) |Divy Nidhi Sharma (Dialogues & Original Lyrics)|Shashibind Shukla}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sumbul Touqeer]]|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]|[[Mayuri Deshmukh]]|[[Fahmaan Khan]]|[[Megha Chakraborty]]|Seerat Kapoor|[[Karan Vohra]]|[[Adrija Roy]]|[[Sai Ketan Rao]]}}
| director = {{ubl|Atif Khan|Rahul Tiwari|Ajay Kumar|Pawan Kumar Jha|Ashish Shrivastav}}
| creative_director = Muskan Bajaj
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Nidhin Valanday
| editor = {{ubl|Shashank H. Singh|Krishna Mahto}}
| runtime = 21–23 minutes
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 1176
| open_theme = ''Imlie''
| end_theme =
| theme_music_composer = [[Tapas Relia]]
| composer = Nishant Raja
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|16|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|05|12|df=y}}
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| related = ''[[Ishti Kutum]]'' ''[[Milon Tithi]]'' ''[[Love Biye Aaj Kal]]''
| location = [[Film City, Mumbai]], [[Ramoji Film City]]
}}

'''''Imlie''''' ({{translation}} ''Tamarind'') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired from 16 November 2020 to 12 May 2024 on [[StarPlus]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 November 2020|title=TV Rating War sees new show Imlie and Ekta Kapoor's Yeh Hai Chahatein enter Top 5|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-rating-war-sees-new-show-imlie-and-ekta-kapoor-s-yeh-hai-chahatein-enter-top-5-1744749-2020-11-27|access-date=|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The show was produced by [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] under [[4 Lions Films]]. One of the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest running Indian television soap opera]], the series starred [[Sumbul Touqeer]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Mayuri Deshmukh]], [[Fahmaan Khan]] for the first generation, [[Megha Chakraborty]], [[Karan Vohra]], Seerat Kapoor as the second generation, [[Adrija Roy]] and [[Sai Ketan Rao]] for the third and final generation.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=As 'Imlie' takes a 20-year leap, Seerat Kapoor to play Cheeni - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-imlie-takes-a-20-year-leap-seerat-kapoor-to-play-cheeni/articleshow/94244132.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Megha Chakraborty, Seerat Kapoor and Karan Vohra new entries in Imlie post generation leap |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/megha-chakraborty-seerat-kapoor-and-karan-vohra-new-entries-in-imlie-post-generation-leap-1190398%3famp |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409052849/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/megha-chakraborty-seerat-kapoor-and-karan-vohra-new-entries-in-imlie-post-generation-leap-1190398?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-08-31 |title=Imlie New Promo: Adrija Roy to play a bar singer Imlie who catches the attention of NRI Agastya Upadhyay aka Sai Ketan Rao : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/imlie-new-promo-adrija-roy-play-bar-singer-imlie-catches-attention-nri-agastya-upadhyay-aka-sai-ketan-rao/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sumbul Touqeer]] as Imlie Chaturvedi Singh Rathore: executive reporter at Bhaskar Times; Meethi and Dev's daughter; (2020–2022)
* [[Fahmaan Khan]] as Aryaan Singh Rathore: owner and CEO of Rathore Group of companies and Bhaskar Times; Narmada's son; (2021–2022)
* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] / Manasvi Vashist as Aditya Tripathi: Senior reporter at Bhaskar Times; Pankaj and Aparna's son; Imlie Singh Rathore and Malini's ex-husband; (2020–2022)
* [[Mayuri Deshmukh]] as Malini Chaturvedi: former professor and Dean of City College; Dev and Anuja's daughter; (2020–2022)
* [[Megha Chakraborty]] as Imlie Singh Rathore Rana: Imlie Singh Rathore and Aryan's daughter; (2022–2023)
* [[Karan Vohra]] as Atharva "Arto" Rana: DJ and musician; Rudra and Devika's younger son; (2022–2023)
* Seerat Kapoor as Cheeni Tripathi: Aditya and Malini's daughter; (2022–2023)
** Keva Shefali as child Cheeni Tripathi (2022)
* [[Adrija Roy]] as Imlie Rana Pratap Reddy: former bar singer and aspiring chef; Imlie Rana and Atharva's younger daughter; (2023–2024)
** Purvi Mishra / Ashnoor Kaur Kuckreja as child Imlie Rana (2023)
* [[Sai Ketan Rao]] as
** Agasthya Singh Chaudhary: owner of Chaudhary Sweets; Kunal and Meera's elder son; (2023–2024)
*** Naksh Dhaval Adhyaru as child Agasthya Singh Chaudhary (2023)
** [[Senior inspector]] Surya Pratap Reddy: Kunal and Meera's younger son; (2024)
*** Rivaan Walvekar as child Surya Pratap Reddy (2024)

===Recurring===
====Chaturvedis====
* Rajoshi Vidyarthi as Janaki Chaturvedi: Dev's mother; (2020-2021)
*[[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Dev Chaturvedi: Janaki's son; (2020–2022)
*[[Jyoti Gauba]] as Anuja "Anu" Chaturvedi: Dev's wife; (2020–2023)

====Tripathis====
*Chandresh Singh as Pankaj Tripathi: Harish's brother; (2020–2022)
*[[Ritu Chaudhary]] as Aparna Tripathi: Pankaj's wife; (2020–2022)
*Rakesh Maudgal as Harish Tripathi: Pankaj's brother; (2020–2022)
*Vijaylaxmi Singh as Radha Tripathi: Harish's wife; (2020–2022)
*[[Preet Kaur Nayak]] as Rupali "Rupi" Tripathi: Radha and Harish's daughter; (2020–2022; 2022—2023)
*Tasheen Shah as Tanushree "Twinkle" Tripathi: Rupali and Pranav's daughter (2020–2021)
*Faisal Sayed as Dhruv Tripathi: Radha and Harish's elder son; Rupali and Nishant's brother; Nidhi's husband; Prashant's father (2020–2021)
*Astha Agarwal as Nidhi Tripathi: Dhruv's wife; Prashant's mother (2020–2021)
*Jared Saville as Prashant "Sunny" Tripathi: Nidhi and Dhruv's son (2020–2021)
*Arham Abbasi as Nishant Tripathi: Radha and Harish's son; Dhruv and Rupali's brother; Pallavi's husband (2020–2022)
*[[Chandni Bhagwanani]] as Pallavi Thakur Tripathi: Nishant's wife (2021)

====Rathores====
*Neetu Pandey as Narmada Rathore: Aryan and Arpita's mother; Jaggu and Imlie Rana's grandmother (2021–2022)
*Nilima Singh as Neela "Aunty Blue" Rathore: Aryan and Arpita's aunt (2022)
*Resham Prashant as Preeta “Gudiya/Baby Doll” Rathore: Neela's niece; Aryan's childhood friend who wanted Aryan for his wealth (2022)

====Prasads====
*Poonam Bhatia as Nanda Prasad: Sundar's mother (2022)
*Gaurav Jain as Sundar Prasad: Tripathi's former househelp; Nanda's son; Arpita's second husband; Jagdeep's father (2020–2023)
*[[Rajshri Rani]] as Arpita "Arpi" Rathore Prasad: Narmada's daughter; Aryan's sister; Arvind's widow; Sundar's wife; Jagdeep's mother (2021–2023)
*Riyansh Dabhi as Jagdeep "Jaggu" Prasad: Sundar and Arpita's son; Imlie Rana's cousin (2022)

====Ranas====
*Bobby Parvez as Rudra Rana: Manish and Shivani's brother; Devika's husband; Akash, Atharva and Dhairya's father; Karishma and Imlie Pratap Reddy's grandfather (2022–2023)
*Chaitrali Gupte as Devika Rana: Rudra's wife; Akash and Atharva's mother; Dhairya's step-mother; Karishma and Imlie Pratap Reddy's grandmother (2022–2023)
*Jitendra Bohara as Akash Rana: Rudra and Devika's elder son; Atharva's brother; Dhairya's half-brother; Keya's husband (2022–2023)
*[[Saumya Saraswat]] as Keya Rana: Akash's wife (2022–2023)
*Zohaib. A. Siddiqui as Dhairya "D/Dheeru" Rana: Rudra and Kala's son; Devika's step-son; Atharva and Akash's half-brother; Imlie Rana's ex-fiancée (2023) (Dead)
*Hemant Thatte as Manish Rana: Rudra and Shivani's brother; Divya's husband; Ginni and Ripu's father (2022—2023)
*Anuradha Singh as Divya Rana: Manish's wife; Ginni and Ripu's mother (2022–2023)
*Sweetu Panjwani as Ginni Rana: Manish and Divya's daughter; Ripu's sister (2022—2023)
*James Ghadge as Ripu Rana: Manish and Divya's son; Ginni's brother (2022-2023)
*Hetal Yadav as Shivani Rana: Rudra and Manish's sister (2022–2023)

====Chaudharys====
*Ekktaa Bp Singh as Annapurna Singh Chaudhary: Matriarch of the Chaudhary household; Kunal, Govind and Manno's mother (2023–2024)
*Harsh Vashisht as Kunal Singh Chaudhary: Annapurna's elder son; Govind and Manno's brother; Alka and Meera's husband; Dhanraj, Sonali, Agastya and Surya's father; Ashu's grandfather (2023–2024)
*Renu Chahal Sharma as Alka Singh Chaudhary: Kunal's first widow; Dhanraj and Sonali's mother; Agastya and Surya's step-mother (2023–2024)
*Ghazi Imaan as Dhanraj Singh Chaudhary: Founder and owner of Chaudhary Sweets; Kunal and Alka's son; Meera's step-son; Sonali's brother; Agastya and Surya's half-brother; Karishma's husband; Ashu's father (2023-2024) (Dead)
*Laxmi Kushwaha as Karishma "Kairi" Rana Singh Chaudhary: Imlie Rana and Atharva's elder daughter; Imlie Pratap Reddy's sister; Dhanraj's wife; Ashu's mother (2023-2024) (Dead)
**Vrihi Kodvara as Child Karishma "Kairi" Rana (2023)
*Gantavya Sharma as Ashu Singh Chaudhary: Karishma and Dhanraj's son (2023–2024)
*[[Shweta Gautam]] as Meera Singh Chaudhary: Kunal's second widow; Agastya and Surya's mother; Dhanraj and Sonali's step-mother (2023–2024)
*[[Asma Badar]] as Sonali Singh Chaudhary: Kunal and Alka's daughter; Dhanraj's sister; Agasthya and Surya's half-sister; Amrit's ex-wife; Amar's love-interest (2023–2024)
*Mohit Sharma as Govind Singh Chaudhary: Annapurna's younger son; Kunal and Manno's brother; Rajni's husband; Karan and Shivani's father (2023–2024)
*Glory Mohanta as Rajni Singh Chaudhary: Govind's wife; Karan and Shivani's mother (2023–2024)
*Gautam Handa as Karan Singh Chaudhary: Govind and Rajni's son; Shivani's brother; Bulbul's ex-boyfriend (2023–2024)
*Sanjana Solanki as Shivani Chaudhary Singh: Govind and Rajni's daughter; Karan's sister; Avinash's wife (2023–2024)
*Pooja Dixit as Manno Singh Chaudhary: Annapurna's daughter; Kunal and Govind's sister (2023–2024)

====Reddys====
*[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Indira “Lavanya” Pratap Reddy: Matriarch of the Reddy household; Raman's mother (2024)
*Geeta Bisht as Nirmala Pratap Reddy: Malti's mother; Surya's adoptive mother (2024)
*Spreha Chatterjee as Malti Pratap Reddy: Nirmala's daughter; Surya's adoptive sister; Raghu's wife; Anjali's college friend (2024)
*Ajay Kumar Nain as Mahesh Pratap Reddy: Hemlata's husband; Arjun's father (2024)
*[[Neha Narang]] as Hemlata Pratap Reddy: Mahesh's wife; Arjun's mother (2024)
*Inderjeet Ishwar Modi as Arjun Pratap Reddy: Hemlata and Mahesh's son (2024)

===Other recurring cast===
*Kiran Khoje as Meethi: Dulari's daughter; Satyakam's wife; Dev's ex-lover; Imlie Singh Rathore's mother; (2020–2022; 2023)
*Vijay Singh Parmar as Satyakam: Tribal leader of Pagdandiya; Meethi's husband; (2020–2022; 2023)
*Chirag Mehra as Abhishek Agnihotri: Cheeni's ex-fiancé (2022-2023)
*Deependra Janghel as Aalok Singh: Cheeni's friend (2023)
*Sanket Choukse as Amrit Shukla: Sonali's ex-husband; Agastya, Surya and Imlie Pratap Reddy's enemy (2023–2024)
*Shubham Goswami as Avinash Singh: Navya and Tej's younger son; Vishwa's brother; Shivani's husband (2023–2024)
*Gouri Agarwal as Binni aka Rashmi: A thief and con artist; Surya's ex-fiancée (2024)
*Naresh Kumar as Titu: Karishma and Imlie Reddy's adoptive uncle; Bulbul's father; Pallo's husband (2023–2024)
*Monica Gupta as Pallo: Karishma and Imlie Reddy's adoptive aunt; Bulbul's mother; Titu's wife (2023–2024)
*Mahima Mishra as Bulbul: Pallo and Titu's daughter; Karishma and Imlie Reddy's adoptive cousin; Karan's ex-girlfriend (2023–2024)
*Abhinav Gautam as Tej Pratap Singh: Owner of Singh Sweets; Navya's husband; Vishwa and Avinash's father (2024)
*Manu Dabas / Abhishek Sharma as ACP Vishwa Singh: Chaudhary's former enemy; Navya and Tej's elder son; Avinash's brother; Imlie Pratap Reddy's ex-fiancé (2023) / (2023–2024)
** Krishaan Sagar Thakkar as Child Vishwa Singh (2023)
*Manisha Vora Parekh as Navya Singh: Tej's wife; Vishwa and Avinash's mother; Kunal, Dhanraj, Karishma and Agastya's murderer (2023–2024)
*Raquib Arshad as Bunty: Imlie Reddy's friend and business partner (2023)
*Khushi Misra as Noyonika Johri: Agasthya's ex-fiancée (2023)
*Prakash Ramchandani as Noyonika's father (2023)
*Meenakshi Chugh as Geeta Johri: Noyonika's mother (2023)
*Kalyani Jha as Dolly: Jugnu's former sisterly co-house help in Chaudhary Mansion; Chaudhary's former house helper; Ram's wife (2023–2024)
*Zafar Warsi as Jugnu “Jugs”: Agasthya's right-hand-man and buddy; Chandu's brother; Dolly's former brotherly co-house help in Chaudhary Mansion; Chaudhary's house helper (2023–2024; 2024)
*Ishika Vishwas as Anjali: Surya's ex-girlfriend; Malti's college friend; Amrit's partner; Imlie's enemy (2024)
*Rimjhim as Sneha (2024)
*Komal Kushwaha as Imlie's friend (2020)
*Amit Anand Raut as Sanju: Imlie's kidnapper (2020)
*Amarnath Kumar as Balmesh: Aditya's informer (2020)
*Karan Thakur as Arvind Shekhawat: Arpita's first husband (2021) (Dead)
*Vishwa Gulati as Kunal Chauhan: A lawyer who liked Malini (2021)
*Naren Kumar as Prakash: Satyakam's adoptive son; Imlie's best friend (2021)
*[[Sailesh Gulabani]] as Pranav: Rupali's ex-husband; Tanushree's father (2021)
*Suraj Sonik as Shashank "Shanky": Malini's cousin brother (2020)
*Vishal Sharma as Tripathi's family doctor (2020)
*Suryansh Mishra as Madhav Tiwari who hails from Imlie's village Pagdandiya; Imlie's cameraman and friend (2022)
*Veer Singh as Uday: Arpita's ex-fiancé (2022)
*Vaibhavi Kapoor as Jyoti Rawat: Aryan's college friend and obsessive lover; Harinder's ex-wife (2022)
*Aamir Khan as Harinder "Harry": Jyoti's ex-husband; a brotherly figure to Nargiz (2022)
*Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Panditji (2020—2023)
*Shaan Shashank Mishra as Reyansh: Atharva's childhood friend; she kidnapped Atharva (2023)

===Guests===
*[[Radhika Madan]] and [[Sunny Kaushal]] as Kartika Singh and Joginder Dhillon: To promote ''[[Shiddat]]'' (2021)
*[[Harshad Chopda]] as Dr Abhimanyu Birla: To promote a generation leap in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2021)
*[[Ulka Gupta]] as Banni: To promote ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]'' (2022)
*Celesti Bairagey as Rajjo: To promote ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]'' (2022)
*Neha Solanki as Titli: To promote ''[[Titli (2023 TV series)|Titli]]'' (2023)
*Sayli Salunkhe as Vandana Karmarkar: To promote ''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]'' (2023)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Ishti Kutum]]'' was remade in Hindi language on [[StarPlus]] as ''[[Mohi (TV series)|Mohi]]'' by White Horse Productions which aired from 2015 to 2016 which did not garner good viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengali TV Shows are Providing Material For National Channels Via Remakes|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bengali-tv-shows-are-providing-material-for-national-channels-via-remakes-3616628.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408172154if_/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bengali-tv-shows-are-providing-material-for-national-channels-via-remakes-3616628.html|archive-date=8 April 2021|website=[[CNN News18]]|date=8 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/41696417.cms|title=TV shows that are going off air|date=2015-10-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref> However, by [[4 Lions Films]], producer [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] remade the series again as ''Imlie'' for StarPlus stating, "I know you have heard and seen this before, many times, but we'll play it more real".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=A new love story Imlie to replace Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka starring Sumbul Touqeer, Gashmeer Mahajani and Mayuri Deshmukh|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/one-more-love-story-but-this-one-has-no-villains/articleshow/78917266.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210124134708/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/one-more-love-story-but-this-one-has-no-villains/amp_articleshow/78917266.cms|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> The first promo of the series was released on 27 October 2020 and featured the leads.

===Casting===
[[Gashmeer Mahajani]], playing the lead role of Aditya Kumar Tripathi decided to quit the show in January 2022. He said "My exit was planned two months back. The reasons for the same are best known to me and Gul Khan and I think to maintain our professional integrity, it should remain between only the two of us. It was a two-month long process in which I had to give it the time to stabilize with a new fresh track and gradually reduce my screen space so that once I exit the show, it can still run on its own merit and not get hampered. For the show to run and the new track to sustain after my exit, Aditya has to be completely wrong for Imlie if Aryan has to be completely right. These are basic scripting rules. If I was writing this script, I would have done it the same way. So in the last one and a half month when the decision of my exit was finally made, that is when they made changes in my character and I was okay with it completely. One shouldn't forget that the show-runner is Imlie and she is [[Sumbul Touqeer]]. The show runs on her shoulders. "

Manasvi Vashist replaced Mahajani as Aditya but he also quit the show after few months only as he didn't want to be playing a grey role. Sumbul Touqeer who played Imlie, [[Fahmaan Khan]] who played Aryan and [[Mayuri Deshmukh]] who played Malini, quit the show post generation leap in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2022 |title=Fahmaan Khan, Sumbul Touqeer quit Imlie |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/fahmaan-khan-sumbul-touqeer-quit-imlie-1994023-2022-08-29 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! It was a challenge when my role suddenly turned negative in Imlie; Mayuri Deshmukh talks about her journey on Imlie, which will end soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-it-was-a-challenge-when-my-role-suddenly-turned-negative-in-imlie-says-mayuri-deshmukh-as-she-shares-her-reasons-for-quitting-the-show/articleshow/94049333.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |date=7 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Seerat Kapoor spotted on sets.jpg|thumb|Seerat Kapoor aka Cheeni on sets|200x400px]]

[[Megha Chakraborty]] was cast as Imlie, the female lead post generation leap and Seerat Kapoor was cast as the negative lead, Cheeni. [[Karan Vohra]] was cast as the male lead, Atharva.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a mammoth task but we'll give it our best: New leads of Imlie Megha Chakraborty, Karan Vohra and Seerat Kapoor - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-mammoth-task-but-well-give-it-our-best-new-leads-of-imlie-megha-chakraborty-karan-vohra-and-seerat-kapoor/articleshow/94242486.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toi"/> On her entrance Chakraborty said, "''Imlie'' has become a huge part of my life already, and I hope the audience will enjoy this new beginning."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Megha Chakraborty on playing Imlie's daughter in the show post 20 year leap, 'I hope audience will enjoy this new beginning' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-chakraborty-on-playing-imlies-daughter-in-the-show-post-20-year-leap-i-hope-audience-will-enjoy-this-new-beginning/articleshow/94224984.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, Adrija Roy was cast as female lead Imlie, for the third generation and [[Sai Ketan Rao]] was cast as playing dual roles, Agasthya after his death track and Surya, the new male lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imlie aka Adrija Roy and Agastya aka Sai Ketan Rao, the third generation of Star Plus's Imlie |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/serial-updates/latest-update-on-imlie-shocking-agastyas-brutal-insult-of-imlies-singing-television-news-video-103587325/amp |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming of the series began in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan opens up on her preparations to essay the role of Imlie|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sumbul-touqeer-khan-opens-up-on-her-preparationsto-essay-the-role-of-imlie-166777|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref> Although the series is set in [[New Delhi]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], it was filmed at sets in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Into a new zone: Gashmeer Mahajani talks about his small screen debut|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/into-a-new-zone-gashmeer-mahajani-talks-about-his-small-screen-debut-168272|access-date=|website=[[The Tribune]]|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921235414/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/into-a-new-zone-gashmeer-mahajani-talks-about-his-small-screen-debut-168272|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 14 April 2021, due to COVID regulations imposed by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, shooting of all serials were asked to halt. ''Imlie'' Team moved [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad and conducted their shoot there till the next notice.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Imlie Shoot to shift to Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-gashmeer-mahajani-and-sumbul-touqeers-imlie-and-shivangi-khedkar-and-sai-ketan-raos-mehndi-hai-rachne-waali-to-shift-their-shooting-locations-to-hyderabad/articleshow/82064816.cms|website=The Times of India|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Telecast==
''Imlie'' aired every Monday to Saturday from 16 November 2020 to 1 October 2022. The series has 1176 episodes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Television special ==
=== ''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' (2022) ===
{{main|Ravivaar With Star Parivaar}}

The cast of ''Imlie'' participated in ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'', a musical competition wherein eight [[StarPlus]] shows competed against each other to win the title of "Best Parivaar".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ravivaar with Star Parivaar: Cast of 'Imlie' and 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' gear up for fun challenges - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-cast-of-imlie-and-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-gear-up-for-fun-challenges/articleshow/92472574.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=26 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=War begins between Anupamaa and Imlie |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/tv/story-ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-imlie-and-anupama-fights-with-each-other-watch-video-6603008.html |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> ''Imlie'' emerged as the first runner-up of the show<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ravivaar With Star Parivaar: Team 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' emerges as the winner and lifts the trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravivaar-with-star-parivaar-team-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-lift-the-trophy/articleshow/94432567.cms |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=Times Of India|date=25 September 2022 }}</ref> and [[Sumbul Touqeer]] aka Imlie won the player of the series award as she was declared as the best performer, most stylish and screened sadasya of the show. She won a brand new car as a prize.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Congratulations! Sumbul Touqeer Khan gets a brand new car |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/congratulations-sumbul-touqeer-khan-gets-a-brand-new-car/videoshow/103018365.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
''Imlie'' is an official adaptation of ''[[Ishti Kutum]]''. The story of ''Imlie'' was originally based on ''Ishti Kutum'' till 250 episodes.<ref name="Are women really ruling the roost on Bengali TV? - Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/are-women-really-ruling-the-roost-on-bengali-tv/articleshow/68255424.cms|title=Are women really ruling the roost on Bengali TV? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2019 }}</ref> The second generation story was adapted from the series ''[[Milon Tithi]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=Jeetu Kamal-Ushasi Ray starrer 'Milon Tithi' gets adapted for Hindi show 'Imlie 2' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jeetu-kamal-ushasi-ray-starrer-milon-tithi-returns-to-bengali-tv/articleshow/102672109.cms |access-date=2023-09-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The third generation story was initially inspired from [[Star Jalsha]]'s show ''[[Love Biye Aaj Kal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-01 |title=Om Sahani-Moumita Sarkar starrer 'Love Biye Aajkaal' inspires Imlie's new story? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/om-sahani-moumita-sarkar-starrer-love-biye-aajkaal-inspires-imlies-new-story/articleshow/103279209.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="7"|2022
|rowspan="7"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|Popular Actress (Drama)
|[[Sumbul Touqeer]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="7"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ITA Awards 2022 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Nakuul Mehta, Pranali Rathod, The Kashmir Files win big |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=Indian Express |date=12 December 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2022-complete-winners-list-varun-dhawan-nakuul-mehta-the-kashmir-files-win-big-8320262/lite/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mayuri Deshmukh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Megha Chakraborty]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|Popular Actor (Drama)
|[[Fahmaan Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Karan Vohra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Serial – Drama
|Imlie
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/imlie/1260048110 Imlie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408082828/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/imlie/1260048110 |date=8 April 2023 }}'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|13364380}}
{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Latur City Municipal Corporation

2026-04-23T18:08:26Z

PenneyIrby336:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Latur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{multiple issues|{{intro|date=May 2022}}
{{balance|date=May 2022}}
{{tone|date=May 2022}}
{{more refs|date=May 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Municipal Corporation of Latur City
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]] of [[Latur]]
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Jayashri Sonkamble
| party1 = ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader3_type = Commissioner
| leader3 = Smt. Mansi Meena, ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (47)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|43}}
:*{{colorbox|#22409A}} [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|VBA]] (4)
''' Opposition (23)'''
:*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (22)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|1}}
| members = 70
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| meeting_place = Yashwantrao Chavan Hall, Main building of Corporation, Main road, Latur
| website = {{URL|https://mclatur.org/}}
| established = 25 October 2011

}}
The '''Latur City Municipal Corporation''' ('''LCMC''') also known as the '''Municipal Corporation of Latur City''' ('''MCLc''') was established on 25 October 2011.{{fact|date=May 2022}} The Maharashtra Government dissolved the council and approved forming a municipal corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Latur Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Latur Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="La11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="La12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="La13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== List of municipal President & Vice President of Latur municipal council ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Party
!Term
|-
|1
|[[Shivraj Patil]]
|INC
|1967-1969
|-
|2
|Adv.Brijmohan Ramniwasji Agrawal
|INC
|1972-1973
|-
|3
|
|
|
|-
|4
|Vikram Ganpatrao Gojamgunde
|INC
|1989-1992
|-
|5
|S R deshmukh
|INC
|1992-1996
|-
|5(a)
| Adv.Vijaygopal Ramniwasji Agrawal
|INC
vice president (उपनगराध्यक्ष) municipal council
| 1992-1996
|-
|6
|
|
|
|-
|7
|Sharada Kamble
|INC
|1997-2002
|-
|8
|[[Janardan Waghmare]]
|NCP
|2002-2007
|-
|9
|Vyankat Bedre
|INC
|2007-2009
|-
|10
|Laxman Kamble
|INC
|2009-2011
|}

==List of mayors==

{|class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
!Election
!colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center
|1
| Prof. Smita Khanapure
|21 May 2012
|2014
|
|rowspan=3|[[2012 Maharashtra local elections|2012]]
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|2
|Akhtar Shaikh
|2014
|13 May 2016
|-style="text-align:center
|3
|Deepak Sul
|13 May 2016
|21 May 2017
|{{ayd|13 May 2016|21 May 2017}}
|-style="text-align:center
|4
|Suresh Pawar
|21 May 2017
|21 November 2019
|{{ayd|21 May 2017|21 November 2019}}
|rowspan=2|2017
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|5
|Vikrant Gojamgunde
|22 November 2019
|21 May 2022
|{{ayd|22 November 2019|21 May 2022}}
|rowspan="2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|-
|6
|Jayashri Sonkamble
|5 February 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|5 February 2026}}
|[[2025–26 Maharashtra local elections|2025-26]]
|}

==History==
The [[municipal council]] of Latur was established in October 2011. As per existing law, the then [[Government of Maharashtra]] has decided to convert LCMC into a [[municipal corporation]] due to increasing population on the basis of the 2011 census data.{{fact|date=May 2022}}

==Services==
The following services are provided:{{fact|date=May 2022}}

* Open sanitary sewage system
* All-weather roads
* Efficient and sustainable solid waste management
* Health coverage to all, focused more on the poor
* Primary education for the needy and library facility for all
* Upgrading of the amenities in the existing slums and alternative accommodation
* Clean, green, and pollution-free environment
* Places of healthy entertainment and recreation
* Fire service
* Efficient urban planning and development
* Transportation

==Administration==
Latur City Municipal Corporation controls the whole administration of [[Latur]].{{fact|date=May 2022}} The executive power of the corporation is vested in the commissioner, an IAS officer or equal to appointed by the [[Maharashtra]] state government. The corporation consists of elected corporators headed by a mayor. The mayor has few executive powers. The total number of LMC members is 70. The LMC is in charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis. [[Latur]] is divided into 18 municipal wards, each represent four members
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:auto; width:600px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:teal; text-align:center;"| '''City Representatives'''
|-
| style="width:33%;"| '''[[Mayor]]'''
| Smt. Jayashree Bhalchandra Sonkamble
|-
| '''[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner & Administrator]]'''
| Smt. Mansi Meena
|-
| '''Dy. Mayor'''
| Shri. Snehal Shrikant Utage
|-
| '''Leader of opposition'''
|
|-
| '''[[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]'''
| Shri Amol Tambe, I.P.S.
|}

==Corporation election==

===Political performance in 2012 election===
The result of the 2012 election was as follows:{{fact|date=May 2022}}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 49
|-
| 02 || [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 06
|-
| 03 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] || 13
|-
| 04 || Republican Party of India || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 02
|-
|}

===Political performance in 2017 election===
The results of the 2017 election were as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf | title=Results | website=mahasec.com | format=PDF | access-date=16 July 2013 | archive-date=29 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) |||| 36
|-
| 02 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 33
|-
| 03 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] || 01
|-
| 04 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 0
|-
|}
===Political performance in 2026 election===
The results of the 2026 election were as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf | title=Results | website=mahasec.com | format=PDF | access-date=16 July 2013 | archive-date=29 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!colspan="2"|Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Won
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand_INC.svg|50x50px]]
|43
|-
|{{Party color cell|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi}}
|[[File:VBA party.jpg|50x50px]]
|[[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]
|[[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50x50px]]
|4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotos_flower_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
|22
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[File:Flag_of_Nationalist_Congress_Party.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:Clock symbol of NCP.png|50x50px]]
|1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan="4" |Total
!70
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Latur Airport]]
* [[Marathwada]]
* [[Latur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Latur]]

Holy Trinity Church, Bengaluru

2026-04-21T12:42:34Z

PenneyIrby336: creating a pg

{{short description|Anglican church in Karnataka, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox church
| name = Holy Trinity Church
| fullname =
| image = Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore Inside.jpg
| imagesize =

| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.972118|77.620622|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bangalore Urban]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| denomination =
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website =
| former name =
| bull date =
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| founder =
| dedication =
| dedicated date = 8 August 1852
| consecrated date = 25 July 1852
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status =
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = English Renaissance
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
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| capacity = 700
| length =
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| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
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| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
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| assistant =
| honpriest =
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| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

'''Holy Trinity Church''', located at Trinity circle at the east end of the [[M G Road, Bangalore|MG Road]], is an [[Anglican]] church and a major landmark in Bengaluru. It was built in 1851, for the British Regiment stationed there. Built in the [[English Renaissance]] style, the church can accommodate 700 people and is regarded as the largest "military" church in southern India. It has a congregation of over 450 families<ref name="TrinityChurchRededicated"/>

==History==
The [[East India Company]] decided to build a second church in Bangalore after protests from local English regiment in Bangalore.<ref name="ChurchillPrayedHere"/> Bishop Corrie chose the spot of the church. The foundation stone was laid on 16 February 1848.
The walls were lined with ornate marble murals and tablets, which spoke about great men and women who toiled for the church.<ref name="TrinityChurchRededicated"/> Some of these statues were specially carved in England. Rev W W Lutyens designed the furnishing and embellishments. Mears Foundry of London cast the bell of the church, in 1847. The pulpit and pipe organ were also built in London. The pipe organ was later sold to a congregation of the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]]. The stained glass, depicting the baptism of Jesus in splendid color, and the baptismal pond were brought from London.<ref name="BangaloreOrbit"/> Queen Victoria's own West Kent Regiment presented the cross, in memory of those who died when the unit was based in Bangalore.

The church was consecrated on 25 July 1852 and opened on 8 August 1852. The original estimate of the construction was {{INR convert|27000|}}. However, the archdeacon suggested improvements at an additional cost of {{INR convert|6500|}}.

After Independence, the church was taken over by the Christian Indian Military personnel and their families.<ref name="TrinityChurchRededicated"/> It was called Holy Trinity Garrison Pastorate then. In 1965, it was renamed as Holy Trinity Church, by the Mysore Diocese of the [[Church of South India]].<ref name="ChurchillPrayedHere"/> It was renovated at the cost of around {{INR convert|25|l}} in 2003<ref name="TrinityChurchRededicated"/>

==Vintage Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Holy Trinity, Bangalore (Penny, 1922, p.215).png|Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore (1922), from Rev. Frank Penny's Book 'The Church in Madras, Volume III'<ref name=Penny>{{cite book|last1=Penny|first1=Frank|title=The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras From 1835 to 1861: Volume III|date=1922|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn/page/154 154]|url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn|accessdate=9 February 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="ChurchillPrayedHere">[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/churchill-prayed-here/articleshow/21683934.cms Churchill prayed here] [[Bangalore Mirror]]</ref>
<ref name="BangaloreOrbit">[http://www.bangaloreorbit.com/bangaloredarshan/church-in-bangalore/holy-trinity-church-mg-road-christian.html Trinity Church]</ref>
<ref name="TrinityChurchRededicated">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/trinity-church-rededicated/articleshow/922742.cms Trinity church rededicated] [[The Times of India]]</ref>

</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Holy Trinity Church, Bengaluru}}

[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:History of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1851]]
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:1851 establishments in India]]

Kamal Ranadive

2026-04-20T06:01:38Z

PenneyIrby336: creating new article

{{short description|Indian biologist (1917–2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Kamal Ranadive
|honorific suffix = [[Padma Bhushan|PB]]
|image = Kamal Ranadive.jpg
|caption =
|birth_name = Kamal Samarath
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|11|08|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{death date and age|2001|04|11|1917|11|08|df=y}}
|death_place =
|field = [[Cell biology]]
|work_institution = Cancer Research Centre and Tata Memorial Hospital
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Pioneering cancer research
|prizes = [[Padma Bhushan]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Jayasing Trimbak Ranadive|1939}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kamal Jayasing Ranadive''' ([[née]] '''Samarath'''; 8 November 1917 – 11 April 2001) was an Indian [[biomedical research]]er known for her research on the links between [[cancer]]s and [[viruses]]. She was a founding member of the [[Indian Women Scientists' Association]] (IWSA).{{Sfn|Debus|1968|p=1393}}{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|pp=24–26}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwsa.net/FounderMembers.html|title=Founder Members|publisher=Indian Women Scientists' Association|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111174439/http://www.iwsa.net/FounderMembers.html|archive-date=11 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1960s, she established India's first [[tissue culture]] research laboratory at the Indian Cancer Research Centre in [[Mumbai]].{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|p=24-26}}{{Sfn|Varde|1997|p=39}}

==Early life ==
Ranadive was born in [[Pune]] on 8 November 1917. Her parents were Dinkar Dattatreya Samarath and Shantabai Dinkar Samarath. Her father was a biologist who taught at [[Fergusson College]], Pune.{{Sfn|Debus|1968|p=1393}} He ensured that all his children were well educated. Ranadive was a bright student. She had her schooling at the [[Huzurpaga]]: the H. H. C. P. High School.{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|pp=24–26}} Her father wanted her to study medicine and also marry a doctor, but she decided otherwise. She started her college education at Fergusson College with [[Botany]] and [[Zoology]] as her main subjects. She earned her Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree with distinction in 1934.{{Sfn|Varde|1997|p=39}} She then moved to the Agriculture College at Pune where she did her master's degree (M.Sc.) in 1943 with [[cytogenetics]] of [[annonaceae]] as the special subject. She then married J. T. Ranadive, a mathematician, on 13 May 1939 and moved to [[Bombay]]. They had a son, named Anil Jaysingh.{{Sfn|Debus|1968|p=1393}}

In Bombay (now known as Mumbai), she worked at the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]]. Her husband, Ranadive, was a great help in her postgraduate studies in [[Cytology]]; this subject had been chosen by her father.{{Sfn|Varde|1997|p=39}} Here, she also worked for her doctoral degree ([[Doctor of Philosophy]]) at the [[Bombay University]]. Her guide was [[V. R. Khanolkar]], a [[pathologist]] of repute and the founder of the Indian Cancer Research Centre (ICRC).{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|p=24-26}}<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences - Kamal Ranadive - Obsessed with excellence">{{cite web|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/24-26.pdf|title=Obsessed with excellence|last=Bhisey|first=R|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> After she received her Ph.D. from the University of Bombay in 1949, she was encouraged by Khanolkar to seek a fellowship at an American University. She obtained a [[postdoctoral research]] fellowship to work on tissue culture techniques and work with [[George Gey]] (famous for his laboratory innovation, the [[HeLa]] cell line) in his laboratory at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in [[Baltimore]].{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|p=24-26}}

==Professional career==
Ranadive, on her return to India, rejoined ICRC and started her professional career as a Senior Research Officer. She was instrumental in establishing Experimental Biology Laboratory and Tissue Culture Laboratory in Bombay.{{Sfn|Shearer|Shearer|1997|pp=3213–13}} From 1966 to 1970 she had assumed the mantle of the Director of the Indian Cancer Research Centre in an acting capacity.{{Sfn|Shearer|Shearer|1997|p=3213}} In the early 1960s, she along with her assistants (whom she had inducted into ICRC) in the fields of biology and chemistry, developed tissue culture media and related [[reagents]]. She was also responsible for establishing new research units in [[Carcinogenesis]], [[Cell biology]] and [[Immunology]]. Her career achievements include research on the pathophysiology of cancer through the medium of animals which led to a further appreciation of causes of diseases such as [[leukaemia]], [[breast cancer]] and [[Esophageal cancer]]. Another notable achievement was in establishing a link to the susceptibility of cancer and hormones and tumour virus relationship. Evolution of the leprosy vaccine was a result of her basic research on the bacteria related to [[leprosy]].{{Sfn|Bhisey|2008|pp=24–26}} She was a great inspiration to Indian women scientists to work on cancer research, in particular on the subject cancer among women and children. One such project was on "Immunohematology of Tribal Blood" related to study of infants.{{Sfn|Shearer|Shearer|1997|pp=3213–13}}

==Special studies==
When Ranadive was working for Tata Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bombay (which later became Cancer Research Centre){{Sfn|Rockefeller Foundation|1952|p=83}} in the department of [[pathology]] she reported on the research studies on the "Comparative morphology of normal mammary glands of four strains of mice varying in their susceptibility to breast cancer". In February 1945, she reported on the studies of [[Breast cancer|cancer of the breast]] that had drawn special attention. She attempted to correlate the course of the disease with [[heredity]], child-bearing, histological structure and other factors.{{Sfn|Sciences|1946|p=18}} [[Cancer|Malignancies]] of genetic origin in children and abnormal states of the blood, known as [[dyscrasia]]s received her special attention.{{Sfn|Rockefeller Foundation|1952|p=83}}

A major study that Ranadive and her team of the Satya Niketan (a voluntary organisation) of Ahmednagar undertook in 1989 was collection of data related to nutritional condition of tribal children in the Akola taluk of [[Ahmednagar district]] of [[Maharashtra]].{{Sfn|CENDIT|1989|p=91}}

Ranadive also provided advice to women in the rural villages near Rajpur and [[Ahmednagar]] on health and medical care through government sponsored projects under the aegis of the Indian Women Association.<ref name=Salwi>{{Cite web|last= Salwi|first= Dilip M|url= http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/may2001/indianwomen.htm|title= Indian Women Association In India|publisher= Vigyan Prasar|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141220121458/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/may2001/indianwomen.htm|archive-date= 2014-12-20}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Ranadive was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] (India's third highest civilian award) for Medicine, in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=620|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees|publisher=Archives of Government of India|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023832/http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=620|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was awarded the first Silver Jubilee Research Award 1964, of the [[Medical Council of India]].{{Sfn|Roy|1970|p=31}} This award included a gold medal and a cash award of {{INRConvert|15000|lk=on|year=1964}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzRWAAAAYAAJ|year=1964|publisher=United India Periodicals}}</ref> She was also awarded the G. J. Watumull Foundation Prize for 1964 in microbiology.<ref>{{cite book|title=IMDA Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfdQAAAAYAAJ|year=1965|publisher=All India Instrument Manufacturers & Dealers Association}}</ref>

She was an Emeritus Medical Scientist of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcksAQAAIAAJ|title=The Year book of the Indian National Science Academy|year=1978}}</ref>

Ranadive was honored with a [[Google Doodle]] on 8 November 2021, her 104th birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/dr-kamal-ranadives-104th-birthday/|title=Dr. Kamal Ranadive's 104th Birthday|date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Musil |first1=Steven |title=Google Doodle celebrates pioneering Indian biologist Kamal Ranadive |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-doodle-celebrates-pioneering-indian-biologist-kamal-ranadive/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=CNET |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-08|title=Google honours biologist Kamal Ranadive with doodle|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/google-honours-biologist-kamal-ranadive-with-doodle/article37378256.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Papers published==
Ranadive published more than 200 scientific research papers on cancer and leprosy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time-Line of Historical Highlights|url=http://www.apa.org/science/wist/time-line.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512154634/http://www.apa.org/science/wist/time-line.html|archive-date=12 May 2009|access-date=2021-11-08|website=www.apa.org|language=en|quote=Introduced tissue culture technology into India and co-founded the first Indian cancer research center. In her lifetime, Ranadive has published over 200 research papers on cancer and leprosy.}}</ref> Some of the papers are: (1) Betel quid chewing and oral cancer: Experimental studies on hamsters;<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Betel quid chewing and oral cancer: Experimental studies on hamsters|doi=10.1002/ijc.2910240623|pmid=544535|volume=24|issue=6|journal=International Journal of Cancer|pages=835–843|year = 1979|last1 = Ranadive|first1 = Kamal J.| last2=Ranadive| first2=S. N.| last3=Shivapurkar|first3=N. M.|last4=Gothoskar|first4=S. V.|s2cid=40177672}}</ref> (2) Effect of Urethan on Nucleic Acids;<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of Urethan on Nucleic Acids|journal=Nature|volume=211|issue=5044|doi=10.1038/211082a0|pmid= 5967475|pages=82–83|year=1966|last1=Bhide|first1=Sumati V.|last2=Ranadive|first2=Kamal J.|bibcode=1966Natur.211...82B|s2cid=4149900}}</ref> (3) Influence of splenectomy on the development of leukemia in male mice of the ICRC strain;<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Influence of splenectomy on the development of leukemia in male mice of the ICRC strain|doi=10.1016/0024-3205(71)90310-9|volume=10|issue=8|journal=Life Sciences|pages=475–479|year=1971|last1=Pai|first1=S.R.|last2= Ranadive|first2=Kamal J.|pmid=5089344}}</ref> (4) Characterisation of mammary tumour virus of strain ICRC mouse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karande|first1=K.A.|last2=Joshi|first2=B.J.|last3=Talageri|first3=V.R.|last4=Dumaswala|first4=R.U.|last5=Ranadive|first5=Kamal J.|date=March 1978|title=Characterisation of mammary tumour virus of strain ICRC mouse|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0014296478901883|journal=European Journal of Cancer|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=251–261|doi=10.1016/0014-2964(78)90188-3|pmid=204490|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|last=Bhisey|first=Rajani|title=Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/24-26.pdf|year=2008|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|location=Bangalore}}
*{{cite book|last=CENDIT|title=Indian Social and Economic Development 1989: An Index to the Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=51K1AAAAIAAJ|date=1 December 1989|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9780803996298}}
*{{cite book|last=Debus|first=Allen G.|title=World Who's who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZNNAQAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Marquis-Who's Who}}
*{{cite book|author=Rockefeller Foundation|title=Annual Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7kJAAAAIAAJ|year=1952|publisher=The Foundation}}
*{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Bidhan Chandra|title=Dr. B. C. Roy national award fund and silver jubilee research award fund souvenir, 1969-70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9B9rAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Medical Council of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Sciences|first=Indian Academy of|title=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36AbAAAAMAAJ|year=1946|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}
*{{cite book|last1=Shearer|first1=Benjamin F.|last2=Shearer|first2=Barbara Smith|title=Notable Women in the Physical Sciences: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313293030|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-29303-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Varde|first=Abhijit|title=Daughters of Maharashtra: Portraits of Women who are Building Maharastra : Interviews and Photographs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YP4pAAAAYAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Kalnirnay}}

==External links==
* {{Scopus}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–1989|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranadive, Kamal}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]

Attabira Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:55Z

PenneyIrby336: created article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its progressive town in heart of western Odisha |Attabira}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Attabira
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 4
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,24,933{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Attabira''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Bargarh district]] in [[Odisha]] [[States and union territories of India|State]]. It was established in 1951. Constituency didn't existed in between 1967 & 2004. It was revived in 2008 Delimitation and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]]. This constituency was created in 2009 in place of [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation Commission faces peoples wrath in Western Orissa |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/26/delimitation-commission-faces-peoples-wrath-in-western-orissa-1148715926.html#infinite-scroll-1 |access-date=1 January 2014 |work=Oneindia |quote=deletion of Melchhamunda constituency and addition of Attabira as a new one}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317193120/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Extent of Assembly Constituencies ==

* Attabira Block
* Bheden Block.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seats of Odisha |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.17}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.98}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.92}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.65}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 6 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Attabira constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Attabira Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) Election Results 2014|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/attabira.html|publisher=Elections.in|accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Bipin Bihari Das
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''1957-1960 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Banamali Babu
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''1967-2008 : See [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|[[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
|rowspan=2|[[Snehangini Chhuria]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Attabira 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2019/orissa/attabira/6/43338/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2019/orissa/attabira/6/43338/271 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Attabira Assembly Election Results 2024: Attabira Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/attabira-constituency-result-18004 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Snehangini Chhuria]] by a margin of 28,910 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Attabira}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|votes = 99,487
|percentage = 55.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Snehangini Chhuria]]
|votes = 70,577
|percentage = 39.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abhishek Seth
|votes = 6065
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1808
|percentage = 1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,910
|percentage = 16.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,319
|percentage = 80.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Snehangini Chhuria defeated Indian [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Milan Seth by a margin of 22,396 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Attabira<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Snehangini Chhuria
|votes = 84010
|percentage = 48.98
|change = {{increase}}4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Milan Seth
|votes = 61614
|percentage = 35.92
|change = {{increase}}14.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|votes = 21511
|percentage = 12.54
|change = {{decrease}}15.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1639
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22396
|percentage = 13.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 171527
|percentage = 77.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Snehangini Chhuria]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]] by a margin of 25,474 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha election]]: Attabira<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Snehangini Chhuria]]
|votes = 69,602
|percentage = 44.92
|change = {{increase}}15.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|votes = 44,128
|percentage = 28.48
|change = {{decrease}}11.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Milan Seth
|votes = 33,735
|percentage = 21.77
|change = {{increase}}12.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,509
|percentage = 0.97
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,474
|percentage = 16.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,54,943
|percentage = 76.61
|change = 10.72
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,02,277
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Snehangini Chhuria]] by 13,329 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=13329 |accessdate=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Attabira<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand]]
|votes = 49,396
|percentage = 39.65
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Snehangini Chhuria]]
|votes = 36,067
|percentage = 28.95
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Milan Seth
|votes = 16,308
|percentage = 13.09
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bipin Bhusagar
|votes = 11,066
|percentage = 8.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,329
|percentage = 10.70{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,24,620
|percentage = 65.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bargarh district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.37|83.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Bargarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Risod Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:13Z

PenneyIrby336: added basic article basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Risod
| constituency_no = 33
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 33-Risod.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| district = [[Washim district|Washim]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =324,918
}}
'''Risod Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and one of the three which are located in [[Washim district]] formed in 2008.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web | url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php | title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website | access-date=14 January 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php | archive-date=25 February 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Risod is part of [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]], [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]], [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]], [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]] and [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]], from [[Akola district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Ramrao Gopalrao Zanak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Shinde Vitthalrao Kondaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ramraoji Gopalrao Zanak
|-
| [[1982 elections in India#Maharashtra|1982 By-election]] || G. K. Kundlikrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=3 | [[Subhash Zanak|Subhash Ramraoji Zanka]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Vijay Tulshiramji Jadhao || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Before 2008: See [[Medshi Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Subhash Zanak|Subhash Ramraoji Zanka]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Risod<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Risod">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Risod |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1333.htm |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203062658/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1333.htm |archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 76,809 |percentage = 33.44% |change={{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 70,673 |percentage = 30.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhavana Gawali]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 60,693 |percentage = 26.42% |change={{increase}}15.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Sudhir Goley |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 15,907 |percentage = 6.93% |change={{decrease}}9.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Shriram Tirke |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,738 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,271 |percentage = 0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,136 |percentage = 2.67% |change= {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 230,971 |percentage = 71.09% |change= {{increase}}4.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,700}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 324,918|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Risod<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 69,875 |percentage = 34.27% |change={{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 67,734 |percentage = 33.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Rambhau Jadhao |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 34,475 |percentage = 16.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanap Vishwnath Ashruji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 23,075 |percentage = 11.32% |change={{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,534 |percentage = 0.75% |change={{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwanath Tukaram Shevale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,405 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,141 |percentage = 1.05% |change= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 205,512 |percentage = |change= {{increase}}3.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,883}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 308,878|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Risod<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,939 |percentage = 38.91% |change={{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vijay Tulsiram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,131 |percentage = 29.69% |change={{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanap Vishwanath Aashruji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 18,425 |percentage = 10.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalapad Ramkrishna Sakharamji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 15,348 |percentage = 8.42% |change={{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Patil Raje |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,396 |percentage = 6.80% |change={{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babarao Sahebrao Patil (Khadse) |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 5,811 |percentage = 3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,374 |percentage = 1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devadhe Patil Subhash Uttamrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,452 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,808 |percentage = 9.22% |change= {{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,735 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,339}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,327|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Risod<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Zanak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,234 |percentage = 32.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,194 |percentage = 30.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Vijay Tulsiram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,940 |percentage = 23.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kayande Laxmanrao Sambhaji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,977 |percentage = 4.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Uddhavrao Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,153 |percentage = 3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Sanjay Shioram Ingole |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,407 |percentage = 2.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhede Avinash Baliram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,496 |percentage = 1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,040 |percentage = 1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,442 |percentage = 63.44% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,351}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,309|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Risod]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Washim district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.98|76.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Washim district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Abhiram Radhakrishnan

2026-04-16T17:43:30Z

PenneyIrby336: created new article

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhiram Radhakrishnan
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|associate director}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1985|9}}
| birth_place = [[Payyannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
}}
'''Abhiram Radhakrishnan''' (born September 1985) is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=ഉത്തര മലബാറിന്റെ ഗ്രാമീണപശ്ചാത്തലം, വൻ താരനിരയുമായി എങ്കിലും ചന്ദ്രികേ... |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aadithyan-chandra-sekharan-new-movie-enkilum-chandrike-title-poster-released-1.8043317 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> He started his career as an assistant director and debuted as an actor in 2015 with the film ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]''. As of May 2023, he has worked in more than 30 Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മനുഷ്യര്‍ ജീവിക്കുന്ന 'സുഡാനി'; നെഞ്ചിന്‍കൂട് കഴുകിയെടുത്ത സിനിമ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/spotlight/2018/03/27/an-experience-on-sudani-from-nigeria.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=www.manoramanews.com|date=27 March 2018 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Abhiram was born in [[Payyanur|Payannur]], [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]]. He holds a Masters in Art History and Criticism from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]. Before coming to the Malayalam cinema, Abhiram worked as an arts [[curator]] and critic. He has curated several art exhibitions across India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=K. S |date=4 April 2023 |title=From an associate director to an actor: This is the story of Abhiram Radhakrishnan |pages=12, 13, 24 |work=Nana Film Magazine (in Malayalam)}}</ref>

==Film career==
Abhiram started his career in Malayalam cinema as an assistant director in the 2015 film ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]''. In the same film, he made acting debut in a minor role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Chandrettan Evideya |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chandrettan-evideya-review-dileep-anusree-namitha-pramod-sidharth-bharathan-malayalam-251079-2015-05-01 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=India Today |date=2 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref> His role as Kunjippa in ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' (2018) and Manaaf in [[Parava (film)|''Parava'']] (2017) was noticed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Parava movie review: Dulquer Salmaan and a sweet story are overwhelmed by transparent ambition |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/parava-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-and-a-sweet-story-are-overwhelmed-by-transparent-ambition-4073543.html/amp |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-15 |title='Sudani from Nigeria' weaves a tale around sevens football |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zakariya-on-his-debut-film-sudani-from-nigeria/article22761398.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[Unda (film)|''Unda'']] (2019), Abhiram played a notable supporting role of a policeman.<ref name="unda">{{Cite web |title='Unda made us empathise with policemen more' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/may/14/unda-made-us-empathise-with-policemen-more-11596.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=CinemaExpress|date=14 May 2019 }}</ref> His performance in ''[[Iratta]]'' (2023) as CPO Bineesh, a murder suspect was acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iratta Malayalam movie review |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/joju-george-anjali-srindaa-arya-salim-kichu-tellus-abhiram-radhakrishnan-starrer-iratta-movie-review-rating/moviereview/97578216.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The same year he played major supporting roles in the films ''[[Enkilum Chandrike]]'' and ''Jackson Bazaar Youth''.<ref name="mathrubhumi.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=മെയ്‌ 19-ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിൽ ബാൻഡ്‌ മേളം; ജാക്സൺ ബസാർ യൂത്ത് റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jackson-bazar-youth-release-date-announced-lukman-avaran-movie-1.8526635 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> As of May 2023, he has worked in more than 15 films as an actor and in numerous films as an associate director which includes ''[[Irul (film)|Irul]], [[Anjaam Pathiraa|Anjam Pathira]], [[Allu Ramendran]], [[Halal Love Story|Halaal Love Story]], [[Jan. E. Man]], [[Kooman]]'' and ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum|Pachuvum Atbuthavilakkum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title='നീ സൂക്ഷിക്കണം...ഒരു കൊടും ക്രിമിനലാണവൻ':ആകാംക്ഷയുണർത്തി ആസിഫ് അലി ചിത്രം കൂമന്റെ ടീസർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/asif-ali-jeethu-joseph-movie-koomans-teaser-released-1.7978171 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || Abhiram Pothuval ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' || Manaf ||<ref name="unda"/>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || Kunjippa ||<ref name="unda"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' || PC Unni Krishnan ||<ref name="unda"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' || SI Pradeep Raman ||<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=മുൾമുനയിൽ നിർത്തി അഞ്ചാം പാതിര:റിവ്യു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2020/01/10/anjaam-pathira-movie-review-midhun-manuel-thomas-kunchako-boban.html |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || Abhi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || Sreejith ||
|-
| ''[[Jan. E. Man]]'' || Akshay Kumar ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Jan-e-Man poster reveals complete cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/aug/31/first-jan-e-man-poster-reveals-complete-cast-26348.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2022 || ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' || Shyam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoothakaalam trailer out, Shane Nigam-Revathy film to premiere on SonyLIV |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2022/jan/14/bhoothakaalam-trailer-outshane-nigam-revathy-film-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-29011.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]'' || Sibi ||
|-
| ''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]'' || Umesh, Antony's friend ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Anaswara Rajan's 'Mike' trailer promises a socially relevant film |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/anaswara-rajan-s-mike-trailer-promises-a-socially-relevant-film-1.7747635 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
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| ''Visudha Mejo'' || Paily ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-09 |title='Vishudha Mejo' gets a new release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishudha-mejo-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/94093583.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
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|-
| ''[[Vichithram]]'' || Jango ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Kani Kusruti, Balu Varghese to lead Vichithram |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/jun/24/shine-tom-chacko-kani-kusruti-balu-varghese-to-lead-vichithram-32319.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Vinod ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the first look of Asif Ali-Jeethu Joseph film 'Kooman' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/13/asif-ali-jeethu-joseph-kooman-movie-first-look-poster-thriller.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2023 || ''[[Iratta]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Bineesh ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-01 |title=Joju George starrer 'Iratta' gets an OTT release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/joju-george-starrer-iratta-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/98328128.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dear Vaappi]]'' || Ajith||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of 'Dear Vaappi' starring Anagha Narayanan, Lal is out |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/31/anagha-narayanan-lal-movie-dear-vaappi-teaser.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enkilum Chandrike]]'' || Bibeesh Balan N ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph and Suraj Venjaramoodu-starrer Enkilum Chandrike gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/basil-joseph-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-starrerenkilum-chandrikegets-ott-release-date-41472.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]'' || Ramdas ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aashiq Abu's Neelavelicham to release a day before |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/26/aashiq-abus-neelavelicham-to-releasea-day-before-41540.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'' || Peter||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thinkal Poovin video song from Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/07/thinkal-poovin-video-song-from-pachuvum-athbutha-vilakkum-is-here-43116.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jackson Bazaar Youth]]'' || [[Sub Inspector of Police|SI]] Aravindan||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Jackson Bazaar Youth Official Teaser Out: Shamal Sulaiman's Film Is Intense And Thrilling |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jackson-bazaar-youth-official-teaser-out-shamal-sulaimans-film-is-intense-and-thrilling-7851739.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
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|-
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|-
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|-
| rowspan=6 | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || Anil ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manjummel Boys gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/feb/11/manjummel-boys-gets-a-release-date-51955.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thundu]]'' || Gireesh ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thundu-movie-review-rating-biju-menon-shine-tom-chacko-film-will-gauge-your-patience-level-at-the-cost-of-a-ticket-9164885/ |title=Thundu movie review: Biju Menon, Shine Tom Chacko film will gauge your patience level at the cost of a ticket |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url-access=registration |date=16 February 2024 |first1=Anandu |last1=Suresh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216120859/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thundu-movie-review-rating-biju-menon-shine-tom-chacko-film-will-gauge-your-patience-level-at-the-cost-of-a-ticket-9164885/ |archivedate=16 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Secret'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-10 |title=SN Swamy's directorial debut Secret gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/10/sn-swamys-directorial-debut-secret-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bharathanatyam (2024 film)|Bharathanatyam]]'' || Subhash||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-19 |title=Saiju Kurup's Bharathanatyam gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/19/saiju-kurups-bharathanatyam-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Swargam]]'' || Freddy||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Aju Varghese starrer 'Swargam' first look poster out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aju-varghese-movie-swargam-first-look-poster-1.9820185 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' || Finance Manager ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sookshmadarshini: Nazriya Nazim's comeback Malayalam film, also starring Basil Joseph, goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sookshmadarshini-nazriya-nazims-comeback-malayalam-film-also-starring-basil-joseph-goes-on-floors/article68228279.ece/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=The Hindu|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' ||Aji Mathew ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-20 |title=Makers of Unni Mukundan-starrer Get-Set Baby release new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/20/makers-of-unni-mukundan-starrer-get-set-baby-release-new-song |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Azadi (2025 film)|Azadi]]'' || Sathyan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-24 |title=Azadi movie review: Sreenath Bhasi’s jailbreak drama struggles to break free of clichés, is shackled to a terrible twist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/azadi-movie-review-sreenath-bhasi-jailbreak-drama-struggles-to-break-free-of-cliches-is-shackled-to-terrible-twist-10025371/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dheeran (2025 film)|Dheeran]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-06 |title=First look of Dheeran unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/06/first-look-of-dheeran-unveiled |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalavara]]'' ||Shine ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-26 |title=Arjun Ashokan's Thalavara gets first look, release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/26/arjun-ashokans-thalavara-gets-first-look-release-date |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026|| ''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]'' ||Subhash ||<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sreejith |date=2026-03-29 |title=Mohiniyattam Trailer: Bharathanatyam sequel promises Drishyam-coded comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/29/mohiniyattam-trailer-bharathanatyam-sequel-promises-drishyam-coded-comedy |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Abhiram}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

Na Umra Ki Seema Ho

2026-04-16T15:18:32Z

PenneyIrby336:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Na Umra Ki Seema Ho.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]]|Rachana Mistry}}
| open_theme = ''Na Umra Ki Seema Ho''
| end_theme =
| music = Paresh Shah
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 313
| list_episodes =
| director = Dharmesh Shah
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Atul Ketkar
* Aparna Ketkar
}}
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = Right Click Media Solutions
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|07|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|08|18|df=yes}}
| creative_director = Nitin Dwivedi
}}

'''''Na Umra Ki Seema Ho''''' ({{Translation|''No Age Limit''; international title: '''''Timeless Love'''''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that aired from 26 July 2022 to 18 August 2023<ref>{{Cite news|title=Deepshikha Nagpal says 'Na Umra Ki Seema Ho' is a reality that mirrors our society|work=Times Of India|date=27 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deepshikha-nagpal-from-na-umra-ki-seema-ho-is-a-reality-that-mirrors-our-society/articleshow/93168376.cms|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> on [[Star Bharat]] and digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by Right Click Media Solutions, it starred [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] and Rachana Mistry.

== Plot ==

Devvrat “Dev” Raichand, is a 45 year old calm and collected rich businessman, who cares deeply for his family and treats everyone with respect. Vidhi Sharma, is a simple middle class, timid, shy, virtuous, respectful and honest 21 year old.

To financially assist her family, Vidhi gets a job as an intern in Dev’s company. Seeing her dedication, Dev admires Vidhi’s work and decides to help her prepare for an upcoming MBA exam. The two of them form a friendship and also begin to meet outside of work, gradually developing feelings for one another. In the meantime, Vidhi’s parents, Bimla and Hariprasad, consider finding Vidhi a prospective groom. After much hesitation, Vidhi agrees. Vidhi realises she is in love with Dev, but does not share it with anyone.

Vidhi’s parents tell her that if she is to marry someone of her choice, then she has to marry someone closer to her age, explaining that she will not be happy with a much older man. Vidhi tries to reason with them without revealing her love for Dev. Hariprasad makes an example out of Dev’s step-mother, Satyavati, who became a widow at a young age. Shantanu, Dev’s late father, married Satyavati, who was much younger than him, post the passing of Dev’s mother, Ganga. This makes Vidhi tense and she keeps her feelings to herself.

Dev realises Vidhi is in love with him. Due to their age gap and difference in background status, Dev is initially in denial, but eventually accepts that he too is in love with her. After many failed attempts, Vidhi confesses her love for Dev. Meanwhile, Hariprasad’s sister-in-law, Urmila, finds out about Vidhi’s feelings. Urmila reveals the truth but Hariprasad does not believe her. When he makes Vidhi swear on his life, she admits the truth. Hariprasad breaks ties with Vidhi and has a heart attack. Bimla, initially angry with Vidhi, as well as Dev, asks him to stay away from them. Dev later confess his love for Vidhi, but makes her understand that they cannot be together because of their age gap.

Amba Mehta, Dev’s one sided obsessive lover, uses Dev’s younger half-sister, Chitra, who is married to her nephew, Vikram, to get closer to Dev. Amba manipulates Chitra into asking Dev to marry Amba. Dev reluctantly agrees to make his sister and mother happy. On the engagement day, Satyavati finds a letter Dev had written, expressing his love for Vidhi and requests him to back out and apologises for indirectly forcing Dev to marry Amba. Devastated, Amba blames Vidhi, threatening to ruin her life and steal Dev just as she did.

Hariprasad and Vidhi’s relationship improves, but he is still against her relationship with Dev. When Vidhi is suddenly diagnosed with an incurable disease, which would claim her life in 3 months, Hariprasad agrees to Dev and Vidhi’s relationship, but Satyavati is reluctant as she does not want Dev to spend the rest of his life lonely, as she did. Amba, feigning sympathy, manipulates Vidhi into asking Dev to marry Amba as her dying wish. Dev agrees to this, exciting Amba, unaware that it is a trap that will expose her for threatening and bribing a doctor to give a false diagnosis. After being exposed and yet again rejected by Dev for Vidhi, Amba swears revenge and joins hands with Yogesh, Dev’s employee and cunning best friend, who wants revenge from Dev and Vidhi, who he believes ruined his son, Arjun’s life. Meanwhile, Hariprasad gives his blessing to Dev and Vidhi.

During the wedding functions, Bimla’s long distant niece, Divya Roy, arrives from London. She seems to share similarities with Dev, which everyone seem to notice. Satyavati’s dominant and cunning older sister, Damyanti, arrives for Dev’s wedding. Although she participates in the rituals in place of Dev’s mother as Satyavati is a widow, she disapproves of Dev and Vidhi, and does not consider them family. On Dev and Vidhi’s sangeet, Amba arrives in an intoxicated state, threatening to take revenge. After her haldi ceremony, Vidhi hears gossiping guests labelling her a gold digger. This hurts and prompts Vidhi to give Dev a signed prenup. On the other hand, Chitra is unable to attend the wedding functions due to Amba’s compulsion of having to choose between families, but secretly performs a ritual for Dev right before the wedding.

Dev and Vidhi finally tie the knot, but Dev is forced to go to Dubai for business, which is a part of Amba and Yogesh’s plan. During this time, Priya, Abhimanyu’s wife, is blackmailed by her lover and personal trainer, Rakesh, with intimate pictures. Vidhi finds out and approaches Priya to help, believing she is innocent. Just as Priya is about to leave with a lump sum of money, Dev and Abhimanyu arrive. Noticing her nervous behaviour, Abhimanyu eventually finds out about Priya’s affair. Priya begs him not to expose her to which he agrees, but to save his brother and sister in-law from his troubles, Abhimanyu sends Dev and Vidhi to Goa for their honeymoon. While there, Amba meets with Vidhi and reveals to her that Dev has a 24 year old daughter, from a relationship he had in 1998. Vidhi refuses to believe this but is left bothered. The honeymoon is cut short when Dev suddenly runs out of money and Vidhi receives a call from Priya and Abhimanyu’s daughter, Simran “Simmi”, who tells them that Priya and Abhimanyu are getting divorced.

Upon returning home, Dev and Vidhi find the family in conflict. This also puts a strain on their relationship. Rakesh is revealed to be working for Amba, and constantly pesters Priya on Amba’s instructions. Abhimanyu meets up with Rakesh and beats him up, only to get arrested, but is released on bail. While cleaning, Vidhi finds a diary from 1998 that belongs to Dev scattered amongst other items. When Dev is unable to find it, he asks Vidhi and she shows him where she placed it. Dev asks if she read it to which Vidhi honestly replies that even though they are married, it is his personal diary. Later, when she is tidying up again, she finds that the diary is missing amongst his other yearly diaries. When she casually asks Dev what is written in it, he irritatedly gives Vidhi’s reply from a few days back. Vidhi becomes tense and thinks Dev is hiding something from her, and thinks about what Amba told her. When she tries to indirectly ask Dev if he is hiding something from her, Dev irritatedly rebukes her, questioning her trust in him, adding to their strained relationship. Due to this, Vidhi goes back home on Dev’s suggestion, but leaves without informing him.

On Holi, Dev and his family go to Vidhi’s home, where Dev apologises to Vidhi and offers her to read his 1998 diary. Trusting him, Vidhi refuses and they celebrate Holi, with Chitra finally allowed by Amba to see her family. Happiness does not last long when Bimla’s namesake sister and Divya’s mother, Yamini Roy arrives. While visiting her mother, Vidhi overhears Divya declaring herself Dev’s daughter. Shocked and heartbroken, she leaves without informing anyone, goes back to Dev’s house and reads Dev’s 1998 diary. Towards the end of the diary, Dev has written a lot about Yamini, who used to be his college friend. Vidhi realises Amba was telling the truth and leaves to roam the streets mindlessly.

Amba finds Vidhi first and offers to take her home, but Vidhi insists on going to Amba’s house. The next day, Amba takes Vidhi to meet up with the Raichands and her family, where Amba reveals everything. Dev denies everything and pleads with Vidhi to believe him. Bimla and Hariprasad take Vidhi home, where Dev follows them and pleads his innocence, but Vidhi shuts him out. He convinces her to ask Yamini the truth but Divya won’t let them see her as she was admitted in hospital after suffering an asthma attack. The next day, Yamini tells everyone that she was in love with Dev, however, he is not Divya’s father and that they never had a relationship. In denial, Divya says that she is lying to protect Dev and Vidhi’s marriage. She further submits a DNA test she secretly took. Much to her disappointment, the results back up Dev and Yamini. She apologises and gives in her resignation letter but Dev forgives her easily. Vidhi also apologises to Dev and is also forgiven easily. Before Yamini leaves, Dev asks her why Divya thought he is her father, to which she replies that a mysterious woman used to contact Divya in London, giving her false hints about who her father is. Dev immediately figures out that Amba was behind everything and he confronts her.

Rakesh continues blackmailing Priya and has Abhimanyu intervene. Rakesh calls Abhimanyu to Simmi’s school, where he provokes him and they get into a fight. Upon seeing this, Vidhi, who was fetching Simmi, gets in between and Rakesh flees on foot. He meets with Amba and Yogesh and asks Amba for his payment. To incriminate Abhimanyu, Amba has her bodyguards beat up Rakesh, landing him in hospital. Amba then bribes a nurse to inject Rakesh’s drip, leading to his death. Abhimanyu is arrested and charged for murder. Vidhi is requested to be a witness for Abhimanyu, to which she agrees. In court, Rakesh’s lawyer pressurises Vidhi to give a yes or no answer without letting her explain what really occurred, incriminating Abhimanyu. The judge finds Abhimanyu guilty and announces his sentencing will take place later. This gives Vidhi and Dev some time to gather evidence. On the day of his sentencing, Vidhi provides the court with solid evidence that proves Abhimanyu innocent. Back at home, a remorseful Priya agrees to touch Dev and Vidhi’s feet in appreciation and respect. Damyanti tries to manipulate Priya but in vain.

Just as everything seems to be going well, Amba steals Dev’s company after Yogesh is exposed and they both fire Dev and Abhimanyu. On Dev’s birthday, Amba goes to his house and claims that the house belongs to her as well. She gives an ultimatum that if they want to continue living there, Vidhi has to leave. Vidhi agrees, but Dev, Abhimanyu and Satyavati stand by her and leave with their belongings and live in Dev’s ashram. Priya, Simmi, Chitra, Damyanti and her husband remain behind. While staying at the ashram, they run behind on school fees and other payments. Dev finds a job and begins working for his friend. Though they are struggling financially, the Raichands find happiness in living together. Chitra comes to live with them for a few days and is revealed to be pregnant with Vikram’s baby.

Meanwhile, a kind hearted business tycoon, visits the temple in the Sharma residence, Ram Shah. He admires Hariprasad and Bimla for being honest people. Later, he meets Vidhi at a pawn shop and admires her honesty too during an exchange. At a business event, Vidhi and Dev cross paths with Jay Shah, who turns out to be Ram’s son. Vidhi begins working for Jay, and they seem to get along, however, Jay begins developing feelings for Vidhi, despite being aware of her marriage to Dev. He begins feeling jealous and grows obsessed with Vidhi, believing that Dev trapped her. Ram finds out that Jay is in love with Vidhi and warns him against doing anything that is morally wrong. Later, Ram dies in an accident, which Dev feels he is responsible for, but Jay doesn’t press charges. He begins making Vidhi work overtime or uses Chitra, who turns out to be his childhood friend, as a means to get closer to her. He even pays a woman, Sakshi, to work as Dev’s personal assistant, only to spy on him.

Soon, Vidhi and Dev find out that Vidhi is pregnant and they rejoice along with their families. Satyavati advises Vidhi not tell outsiders before finishing the first trimester as a means to avoid negative energy. Vidhi complies, however, ends up blurting out her pregnancy to Jay when he tries to force her into drinking champagne, despite Vidhi declining multiple times. Jay pretends to feel bad and congratulate her, but in truth, feels that Dev intentionally impregnated Vidhi to oppress her. He later pours oil on the stairs at their workplace, intending to make Vidhi slip and fall, which is a success, however, it unfortunately results in Vidhi’s miscarriage. Both families are devastated and Hariprasad stops believing in their home deity, refusing to worship it, blaming the goddess for Vidhi’s troubles.

Later, Amba begins seeing a doctor for an IVF procedure so that she can conceive Dev’s child. Jay, on the other hand begins rebuffing Sakshi when she tells him that Dev is a good man. He also refuses to help her with a personal issue. Meanwhile, Dev begins growing suspicious of Jay. When Vidhi is kidnapped, Dev suspects Amba, but after confronting her, he realises she’s telling the truth and focuses on Jay. Vidhi regains consciousness, only to find herself tied up in Jay’s house. He expresses his love for Vidhi and compels her to sign divorce papers, which he later sends to Dev. When he receives them, Dev realises Vidhi is in trouble from the way she signed the papers. He tries to follow Jay but putting a tracker on his car, but Jay discovers it and tricks him. Sakshi receives help from Dev and feels guilty for spying on him. As a way to show gratitude, Sakshi hints at Dev that Vidhi is in Jay’s house.

Dev receives Sakshi’s message and quickly figures out the meaning. Meanwhile, Jay tries to force Vidhi into marrying him but Dev arrives just on time. A fight ensues between them and Jay reveals that he caused Vidhi’s miscarriage. Vidhi is devastated by this news and lashes out Jay, criticising his so called love right before he is arrested. Jay’s arrest is televised and Chitra is devastated by learning the truth about him. Vidhi’s parents are also shocked and devastated that Ram, a man of principals, had a son like Jay. Dev and Vidhi return home safely.

Later, they begin trying for another child. Soon enough, Vidhi falls pregnant. Amba’s IVF procedure is unsuccessful and is devastated by the news. She goes to Vidhi’s home, where she confesses right before she is arrested on the charges of identity theft for the IVF procedure. Bimla urges Hariprasaad to renew his faith in the goddess as all of Vidhi’s enemies are being punished. He relents and steps in the temple. Both families take a picture and the show ends on a good note.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rachana Mistry]] as Vidhi Raichand: Hariprasad and Bimla's daughter; Divya, Golden and Seema's cousin sister; Dev's employee turned wife; Ganga and Shantanu's daughter-in-law; Satyavati's stepdaughter-in-law; Simran's step aunt-in-law
* [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] as
** Devvrat "Dev" Raichand: Ganga and Shantanu's son; Satyavati's stepson; Abhimanyu and Chitra's elder half brother; Vidhi's boss turned husband; Simran's step uncle<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/iqbal-khan-joins-new-show-na-umra-ki-seema-ho-%E2%80%A2-407123|title=Iqbal Khan Joins New Show Na Umra Ki Seema Ho|date=2022-06-26|website=Tribune India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-06-30|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407014950/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/iqbal-khan-joins-new-show-na-umra-ki-seema-ho-%E2%80%A2-407123|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Shantanu Raichand: Ganga's widower; Satyavati's husband; Dev, Abhimanyu and Chitra's father; Vidhi and Priya's father-in-law; Simran's grandfather (2023) (Dead)

===Recurring===
* [[Sneha Wagh]] as Amba "Ami" Mehta: Dev's friend and obsessive one sided lover; Vaikunth's daughter
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Satyavati Raichand: Shantanu's second wife turned widow; Dev's stepmother; Abhimanyu and Chitra's mother; Simran's grandmother; Damayanti's younger sister; Vidhi's step mother-in-law; Priya's mother-in-law
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Priya Raichand: Abhimanyu's wife; Simran's mother; Satyavati and Shantanu's younger daughter-in-law; Ganga's daughter-in-law; Rakesh's ex-girlfriend
* [[Sonali Khare]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonali-khare-makes-a-comeback-with-iqbal-khans-na-umra-ki-seema-ho/articleshow/98805562.cms?from=mdr|title=Sonali Khare makes a comeback with Iqbal Khan's Na Umra Ki Seema Ho|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2023-03-20}}</ref> as Yamini Roy:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/marathi-actress-sonali-khare-joins-the-cast-of-na-umra-ki-seema-ho-489670|title=Marathi actress Sonali Khare joins the cast of 'Na Umra Ki Seema Ho|date=2023-03-20}}</ref> Divya's mother; Bimla's sister; Vidhi, Seema, and Golden's aunt; Dev's college friend (2023)
* Deepak Dutta as Hariprasad Sharma: Bimla's husband; Vidhi's father; Dev's father–in–law
* Hemaakshi Ujjain as Bimla Sharma: Hariprasad's wife; Vidhi's mother; Dev's mother–in–law; Yamini's sister; Divya, Seema, and Golden's aunt
* [[Aarohi Patel]] / Tejaswi Bhadane as Seema: Hariprasad and Bimla's niece; Vidhi, Divya and Golden's younger cousin sister (2022) / (2023)
* Ramshankar Singh as Abhimanyu Raichand: Satyavati and Shantanu's son; Ganga's stepson; Dev's younger half brother; Priya's husband; Chitra's elder brother; Simran's father
* Reena Singh as Damayanti: Satyavati's elder sister; Chitra and Abhimanyu's maternal aunt (2023)
* [[Vandana Rao]] as Chitra Mehta (nee Raichand): Satyavati and Shantanu's daughter; Ganga's stepdaughter; Dev's younger half sister; Vikram's wife; Abhimanyu's younger sister
* Chirag Joshi / Vijay Tilani as Vikram Mehta: Amba's nephew; Chitra husband; Satyavati and Shantanu's son-in-law (2022) / (2023)
* Rakesh Paul as Yogesh Mehra: Kanika's husband; Dev's business partner; Arjun's father
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Kanika Mehra: Yogesh's wife; Dev's business partner; Arjun's mother
* Swati Tarar as Urmila Sharma: Golden's mother; Vidhi, Divya and Seema's aunt
* Vijay Kalvani as Mr. Sharma: Urmila's husband; Hariprasad's brother; Golden's father; Vidhi, Divya and Seema's uncle
* Jinal Jain as Golden Sharma: Urmila's daughter; Vidhi, Divya and Seema's cousin sister
* Varsha Sharma as Divya Roy: Yamini's daughter; Dev's employee, Vidhi, Golden and Seema's cousin (2023)
* [[Surendra Pal]] as Pratap: Neeli's husband; Shantanu's best friend (2022)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Damayanti's husband (2023)
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Kaushik Pandey: Dev's friend (2023)
* [[Karan Suchak]] as Jay Shah: Vidhi's boss and one sided obsessive lover; Ram's son (2023)
* Ajay Trehan as Ram Shah: Jay's father (2023) (Dead)
* [[Maleeka Ghai]] as A.C.P. Durga (2023)
* Aman Mishra as Abhiroop (2023)
* Somendra Solanki as Arjun Mehra: Yogesh and Kanika's son (2022)
* Abhimanyu Arora as Shashi: Jay's right hand (2023)
* [[Garima Jain]] as Sakshi: Jay's spy; Dev's personal assistant (2023)

==Production==
===Development===
The series was conceptualized to challenge societal stereotypes by portraying a romantic relationship with a significant age gap. According to Deepshikha Nagpal, the show “mirrors our society” by bravely addressing often-taboo themes of age-disparate love.

Led by the experienced director Dharmesh Shah and produced by Atul and Aparna Ketkar under Right Click Media Solutions, Na Umra Ki Seema Ho drew attention for its modern storytelling approach, focusing on mutual respect and equality in relationships.

Iqbal Khan, who plays Dev, emphasized the show’s progressive ethos, especially regarding gender equality and the empowerment of women within a conservative household. In a related interview, he described Dev as an inspiring character who treats women with respect and upholds strong values.

The visual presentation of the series was further enhanced by high production values. A prominent example is the grand wedding sequence featuring designer attire by Riyaz Gangji, underscoring the show’s commitment to cinematic aesthetics even within a television format.

The show's title is based on the song "Hothon Se Chhu Lo Tum" sung by [[Jagjit Singh]] from the 1981 film [[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]].<ref name="IK">{{Cite news|title=Iqbal Khan says his show 'Na Umra Ki Seema Ho' will break many stereotypes|work=Times Of India|date=25 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iqbal-khan-says-his-show-na-umra-ki-seema-ho-will-break-many-stereotypes/articleshow/93116094.cms}}</ref>

===Casting===
Rachana Mistry<ref>{{Cite web|title=Work is worship, says 'Na Umra Ki Seema Ho' actress Rachana Mistry|work=Tribune India|access-date=17 August 2022|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/work-is-worship-says-actress-rachana-mistry-422560}}</ref>
and [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] were cast as the leads.<ref name="IK" />

===Release===
The first promo was released on 13 July 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Na Umra Ki Seema Ho: इकबाल के शो ने छोटे पर्दे का बढ़ाया पारा, मोहब्बत के बिल्कुल नए किस्से की अनोखी कहानियां|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=21 July 2022|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/na-umra-ki-seema-ho-star-bharat-upcoming-show-starring-iqbal-khan-will-come-from-26-july}}</ref> and the first episode was released on 26 July 2022.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Na Umra Ki Seema Ho Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Paresh Shah
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2022|07|26|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance (music)|Romance]]
* [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 2:20
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Atul Ketkar
* Aparna Ketkar
}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Na Umra Ki Seema Ho'' soundtrack is composed by Paresh Shah. The title track is the theme song of Dev and Vidhi.

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| headline = Na Umra Ki Seema Ho: Tracklisting
|title1 = Na Umra Ki Seema Ho
|note1 = Male
|extra1 = Paresh Shah
|length1 = 2:20
}}

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/na-umra-ki-seema-ho/1260108189 Na Umra Ki Seema Ho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408114502/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/na-umra-ki-seema-ho/1260108189 |date=8 April 2023 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt21279362}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]

Siege of Chaliyam

2026-04-07T07:15:35Z

PenneyIrby336: Made a bio

{{short description|Siege and capture of Chaliyam fort by Zamorin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = [[File:Chale.png|300px]]
| caption = Chale ([[Chaliyam]]) Fortress
| conflict = Siege of Chale
| partof = [[War of the League of the Indies]]
| date = July – November 1571
| place = [[Chaliyam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| result = Calicut victory
| combatant1 = [[Calicut]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| commander1 = Mangattachan
| commander2 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|25px]] Dom [[Jorge de Castro]]{{surrender}}
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| strength1 = 40 cannons
| strength2 = Unknown
}}
The '''siege of Chale''' or '''siege of Chaliyam''' took place in 1571 as a part of the [[War of the League of the Indies|war of the league of the Indies]] between the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut and the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Zamorin's Calicut army successfully starved out the fortress, compelling the surrender of Portuguese captain Dom [[Jorge de Castro]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Monteiro|title=Portuguese Sea Battles, Volume III|year=2011|pages=361–362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Pereira (1617)|title=História da Índia, ao Tempo Que a Governou o Vice-Rei D. Luiz de Ataíde|year=1986|pages=146}}</ref>

==Background==
The Zamorin had emerged as a major power in Malabar and the arrival of the Portuguese changed the status quo. Former vassals of the Zamorin joined the Portuguese in an attempt to free themselves from Calicut's suzerainty. The Portuguese had built a fort at Chaliyam from whence they could strike deep into the Zamorin's domains. The fort of Chaliyam was described as "a pistol held against the throat of the Zamorin". In south India, the Portuguese allied with the Vijayanagar empire who were the traditional enemies of the Deccan Sultanates.

==The siege==
The Zamorin made an alliance with the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] and tried to arrange a combined attack on the Portuguese. While [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur sultanates]] besieged the Portuguese settlements of the north, Zamorin's troops laid siege to the fortress at [[Chaliyam]] on 14 July 1571.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayyar|first=K.V Krishna|title=The Zamorins of Calicut|year=1938|pages=206}}</ref> He bombarded the fortress with 40 cannons. [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] troops successfully blockaded the Portuguese reinforcement vessels also by placing an artillery battery on the mouth of the river. The supplies sent from [[Kochi]] and [[Kannur]] for the Portuguese were also intercepted. The provisions ran short and the defenders inside the fort were driven to feed on dogs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar Manual|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press (Madras|year=1887|pages=334}}</ref>

The Portuguese captain Dom Jorge de Castro sent messengers to the Zamorin and sued for peace, offering to surrender cannons kept in their fort, and to indemnify amply for expenses incurred in the war. The Zamorin did not agree to it although his ministers were satisfied with the offer. On November 1571, When the Portuguese were in an extremely dangerous condition for want of food, and did not find any way to conclude peace, they sent messengers offering to surrender the fort and all that it contained, provided that a safe passage was given for them and protection for property in their possession assured, till they reached a place where they could feel safe and secure. The Zamorin agreed to these conditions and permitted the garrison to march out at midnight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Makhdoom II|first=Zainuddin|title=Tuhfat Al Mujahuddin|year=1582|pages=88}}</ref>

The Zamorin took possession of the cannons and other things found inside and demolished the fortress completely "leaving no stone upon another". Dom Jorge de Castro was later executed in Goa for surrendering the fort.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Aftermath==
After the loss of the [[Chaliyam|Chaliyam fortress]] in 1571, an order came out from Portugal to divide the Portuguese possessions into three portions, designated [[India]], [[Kingdom of Mutapa|Mwenemutapa]], and [[Malacca City|Malacca]]. According to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], "The decline of the Portuguese power seems to have dated from the time of this arrangement, for the consequence was a train of perplexities that distracted the Portuguese more than all the previous attacks of their enemies in India".<ref name=":2" /> However, according to Saturino Monteiro, the fort of Chaliyam had little strategic interest, and its loss did not represent a serious setback for the Portuguese.<ref>Monteiro (2011). ''Portuguese Sea Battles, Volume III - From Brazil to Japan 1539-1579.'' pp. 339.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Saturnino Monteiro (2011), ''Portuguese Sea Battles, Volume III - From Brazil to Japan, 1539-1579.''
* António Pinto Pereira (1617), ''História da Índia, ao Tempo Que a Governou o Vice-Rei D. Luiz de Ataíde''
<references responsive="0" />

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving Portugal|Chaliyam]]
[[Category:1571 in military history]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1571|Chaliyam]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Calicut]]

Bhanuben Babariya

2026-04-04T03:46:44Z

PenneyIrby336: created info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhanuben Babariya
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start = 12 December 2022
| 1blankname = {{centre|Portfolio}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term Start'''}}
| 2blankname = Social Justice and Empowerment
| 2namedata = 12 December 2022
| 3blankname = Women and Child Development
| 3namedata = 12 December 2022
| office1 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| constituency1 = [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural]]
| predecessor1 = Lakhaji Sagathiya
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Bhanuben Manoharbhai Babariya''' is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. She is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency]] since 2017. She is an incumbent cabinet minister in the [[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel Ministry]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Who is Bhanuben Babariya? The only woman minister in Gujarat cabinet 2.0 |date=12 December 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarat-ministers-oath-taking-ceremony-who-is-bhanuben-babariya-the-only-woman-minister-in-gujarat-cabinet-20-101670835719246.html}}</ref>

== Political career ==
She is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. She was given ticket in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], she defeated [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] candidate Vashrambhai Sagathiya by margin of 48,494 votes.<ref name=":0" />

Also currently she is a councilor from Ward no. 1 in [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhanuben Manoharbhai Babariya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAJKOT RURAL (SC)(RAJKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5016 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political Reception ==
As minister for women and child development, she informed the state that Gujarat had 1.25 lakh children who were [[Malnutrition|malnourished]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WCD Minister informs more than 1.25 lakh children malnourished in Gujarat |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/mar/16/wcd-minister-informs-more-than-125-lakh-children-malnourished-in-gujarat-34309.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Edex Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Over 1.25 lakh malnourished children in Gujarat: Minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/over-1-25-lakh-malnourished-children-in-gujarat-minister-8502052/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babariya, Bhanuben}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Surendra Singh Pangtey

2026-03-29T15:17:37Z

PenneyIrby336: Made new bio

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=February 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{COI|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian author and former Indian Army and IAS officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Surendra Singh Pangtey
| image = S.S. Pangtey (from MarginalizedAadhaar, 2019).jpg
| image_size = 250
| alt = Pangtey in 2019
| caption = Pangtey in 2019
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1940|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Munsyari]], Uttarakhand, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer, [[Indian Army|army officer]], and [[Indian Administrative Service|civil servant]]
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| movement =
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| period =
| genre = Non-fiction, mythology
| subject =
}}
'''Surendra Singh Pangtey''' (born 1 January 1940) is an Indian author and a former [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer. His notable works include ''Prehistory of Shauka regime'', ''Saga of a native explorer'', ''Śaukā pradeśa kā prāgaitihāsa'' (in Hindi, 2019), ''Vāmācāra tantra tathā Pauna tāntrika prathā'' (in Hindi) and
''Vamachar Tantra & Ponism''. He has studied and published about Rankas (Shaukiya-khun), the now-extinct, traditional language of his native, [[Shaukas|Shauka]] community, as well as the currently spoken [[Johari (dialect)|Johari dialect]]. In 2000 he established the Tribal Heritage Museum in [[Munsyari]], Uttarakhand to promote the history, culture and tradition of the [[Bhotiyas|Bhotiya people]].

== Early life and career ==
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Kfy-Johari-Johari-Surendra Singh Pangtey-Torn Shoes (Joke).webm|thumb|Pangtey narrating a joke in a form of [[Johari (dialect)|Johari]], a dialect of [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] with many words from the now-extinct [[Rangas language]]]]
Pangtey was born on 1 January 1940 in [[Munsyari]], [[Pithoragarh district]], Uttarakhand, India. He belongs to the [[Shaukas|Shauka]] tribe, traditionally residing in the Johar Pargana region. He completed his graduation from Almora before joining the [[Indian Army]], where he served as an Emergency Commissioned Officer in the [[3rd Gorkha Rifles]]. In 1969, he entered the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), serving in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre until his retirement<ref name="v780">{{cite AV media | title=सुरेन्द्र सिंह पांगती, पूर्व आई. ए. एस |trans-title=Surendra Singh Pangtey, former I.A.S.| website=[[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Uttarakhand]] | date=2024-03-06 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um_joXG-Sdw | access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-15 |title=सुरेन्द्र सिंह पांगती बने यूकेडी के सर्वोच्च विशेषाधिकार समिति के अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-surendra-singh-pangati-becomes-chairman-of-ukd-39-s-supreme-privileges-committee-3086879.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>.

in 2000 he established the Tribal Heritage Museum, a private museum in [[Munsiari]], showcasing the history, culture and tradition of the [[Bhotiyas|Bhotiya people]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribal Heritage Museum {{!}} Uttarakhand, India {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/munsyari/attractions/tribal-heritage-museum/a/poi-sig/1384554/1334726 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tribal Heritage Museum Munsiyari {{!}} Bhotia Folks History, culture & lifestyle |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/tribal-heritage-museum.php |website=www.euttaranchal.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''Prehistory of Shauka regime''
* ''Saga of a native explorer''<ref name="sakya">{{cite web |title=S6329: Saga of a native explorer: Pundit Nain Singh C.I.E.: exploration in Trans-Himalalyan forbidden land of Tibet and Central Asia during 1865–74 – Sakya Research Centre |url=https://sakyaresearch.org/sources/6329?bt%5B0%5D%5B%5D=people&bt%5B0%5D%5B%5D=&bt%5B0%5D%5B%5D=&listing=person_writings&listing_params=2994 |website=sakyaresearch.org}}</ref><ref name="u987">{{cite journal | title=Book Reviews: Saga of a Native Explorer | journal=The Himalayan Journal | date=2016-10-20 | url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/74/20/book-reviews/ | access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>
* ''Śaukā pradeśa kā prāgaitihāsa'' (2019)
* ''Vāmācāra tantra tathā Pauna tāntrika prathā''
* ''Vamachar Tantra & Ponism''<ref name="namsebangdzo">{{cite web |title=Vamachar Tantra & Pönism: Left-hand way Tantra of India and Pön (Bon) Faith of Shang Sung (West Tibet) |url=https://www.namsebangdzo.com/Vamachar-Tantra-P-nism-Left-hand-way-p/9788121109758.htm |website=www.namsebangdzo.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority Control}}

[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttarakhand|Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Fourth Floor (film)

2026-03-23T22:37:12Z

PenneyIrby336: added pg...

{{Short description|2026 Tamil psychological thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Fourth Floor (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = L. R. Sundarapandi
| writer = L. R. Sundarapandi
| producer = A. Raja
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Aari Arujunan]]
*Deepshika
*Pavithra
}}
| cinematography = J.Laxman MFI
| editing = Sudharshan
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| studio = Mano Creation
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|27|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Fourth Floor''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological horror]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by L. R. Sundarapandi, starring [[Aari Arujunan]] and Deepshika in the lead roles, alongside Pavithra, [[Subramaniam Siva]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] and others in important roles. The film is produced by A. Raja under his Mano Creation banner, while the technical team consists of music composer [[Dharan Kumar]], editor Sudharshan and cinematographer J. Laxman MFI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-25 |title=Aari Arjunan’s psychological thriller '4th Floor' likely to release in late February - Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aari-arjunans-psychological-thriller-4th-floor-likely-to-release-in-late-february-report/articleshow/127456959.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=2026-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128140752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aari-arjunans-psychological-thriller-4th-floor-likely-to-release-in-late-february-report/articleshow/127456959.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Fourth Floor'' was released in theatres on 27 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-01 |title=Aari Arujunan's horror film Fourth Floor gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/01/aari-arujunans-horror-film-fourth-floor-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Aari Arujunan]] as Dheeran
* Deepshika as Swetha
* Pavithra as Anu
* [[Subramaniam Siva]] as Viswam
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Krishnamoorthy
* Adithya Kathir as Sathish
* Baby Srivarshini as Sara

== Production ==
In mid-February 2025, [[Aari Arujunan]] who last appeared in ''[[Ellaam Mela Irukuravan Paathuppan]]'' (2023) was announced to collaborate with director L. R. Sundarapandi for his next titled Fourth Floor, produced by A. Raja under his Mano Creation banner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-14 |title=Aari Arjunan's next titled 4th Floor |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/14/aari-arjunans-next-titled-4th-floor |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319104428/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/14/aari-arjunans-next-titled-4th-floor |url-status=live }}</ref> Set in Chennai, the entire filming took place in Chennai and its surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Aari’s 4th Floor to release in late February |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/aaris-4th-floor-to-release-in-late-february |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by A. Raja under his Mano Creation banner, while the technical team consists of music composer [[Dharan Kumar]], editor Sudharshan and cinematographer J. Laxman MFI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Fourth Floor Trailer: Aari Arujunan must uncover the secrets behind his lucid dreams |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/06/fourth-floor-trailer-aari-arujunan-must-uncover-the-secrets-behind-his-lucid-dreams |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Deepshika in the lead role opposite to Aari, alongside Pavithra, [[Subramaniam Siva]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-13 |title=Actor Aari starrer Fourth Floor's first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/13/actor-aari-starrer-fourth-floors-first-look-out |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526071728/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/13/actor-aari-starrer-fourth-floors-first-look-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Fourth Floor'' was released in theatres on 27 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=ஆரி அர்ஜுனனின் “போர்த் ப்ளோர்” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aari-arjunans-fourthfloor-release-date-announced |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta |archive-date=2026-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201014256/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aari-arjunans-fourthfloor-release-date-announced |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2026}}
<ref>{{cite news |title=Fourth Floor Movie Review: A thriller that moves in fits and starts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/fourth-floor/movie-review/128838744.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ஃபோர்த் ஃப்ளோர்- திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/4th-floor-movie-review-811085 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=27 February 2026 |language=ta |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227105349/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/4th-floor-movie-review-811085 |url-status=live |trans-title=4th Floor- Movie review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ஆரியின் “போர்த் ப்ளோர்” - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/aari-arujunans-fourth-floor-cinema-review |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |date=27 February 2026 |language=ta |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227123947/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/aari-arujunans-fourth-floor-cinema-review |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=போர்த் புளோர் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemareview/3735 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |date=27 February 2026 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt35745479}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:2026 horror films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:2026 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Thrissur Municipal Corporation

2026-03-23T12:43:46Z

PenneyIrby336:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Thrissur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = Maroon
| name = {{resize|120%|Thrissur Municipal Corporation}}
| native_name = തൃശൂർ നഗരസഭ
| native_name_lang = ml
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = [[File:Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation_Logo.png]]
| coa_res = 350px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Thrissur
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| established = 2000
| leader1 = Dr.Niji Justin
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = A Prasad
| party2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Leader of Opposition
| leader3 = TBA
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type =
| leader4 =
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Corporation Secretary]]
| leader5 = Rahesh Kumar R
| party5 =
| election5 =
| members = 56
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Kerala Thrissur Municipal Corporation Election Partywise 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Kerala Thrissur Municipal Corporation Election Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res =
| political_groups1 = '''[[Government]] (35)''' 
*{{colorbox|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (33)
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-26 |title=Congress returns to power in Thrissur Corporation as Niji Justin elected Mayor amid internal turmoil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-returns-to-power-in-thrissur-corporation-as-niji-justin-elected-mayor-amid-internal-turmoil/article70440321.ece |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
'''Official Opposition (11)''' 
{{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (11)
*{{colorbox|#CC0D0D}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (8)
*{{colorbox|#F9001B}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2)
*{{colorbox|#02865A}} [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] (1){{efn|JD(S) Kerala unit is part of LDF in Kerala.}}
'''Other Opposition (10)''' 
*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (8)
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| committees1 = Finance Standing Committee
| committees2 = Development Standing Committee
| joint_committees = Welfare Standing Committee
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2025 Kerala local elections|11 December 2025]]
| next_election1 = December 2030
| session_room = Clock tower of Thrissur Municipal Corporation building.jpg
| session_res = 240px
| meeting_place = [[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]]
| website = {{URL|https://thrissurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Thrissur Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs [[Thrissur]] city in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is the third largest city Corporation in the state of [[Kerala]] by area and the fourth largest in population. Established as a Municipality since 1921 under the [[Cochin]] Municipal Regulations, it is responsible for civic infrastructure and administration; the distribution of electricity and water for [[Thrissur]] city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article852189.ece
|title=UDF registers impressive win in Kerala civic elections
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/urban-cities-census-kerala-up-share-top-slot/195959-60-116.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092303/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/urban-cities-census-kerala-up-share-top-slot/195959-60-116.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-01-26
|title=Urban Cities Census: Kerala, UP share top slot
|publisher=IBN Live
|access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref> The Corporation manages 101.42 km of Thrissur city limits of through 55 wards through five zones [[Ayyanthole]], Vilvattom, [[Ollukkara]], [[Ollur]] and [[Koorkanchery]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Corporation of Thrissur – General information|url=http://www.corporationofthrissur.net/sites/default/files/About%20corporation%20statistical%20data.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101530/http://www.corporationofthrissur.net/general-information|archive-date=2012-11-30|access-date=2021-07-09|website=corporationofthrissur.net}}</ref> Thrissur Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of the city.

==History==
Prior to the constitution of the municipality, there was a sanitary board functioning in 1910 under a sergeant and the town council after 1911. In 1932, the new [[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] was constructed. On 1 July 1942, [[Thrissur]] Municipality was born and in 2000, it was upgraded by the [[Kerala Government]] to Municipal corporation. The first elections to the corporation were held in 2000. [[Ayyanthole]], [[Ollukkara]], [[Koorkenchery]], [[Ollur]] and Vilvattom Panchayaths and parts of [[Nadathara]] and [[Kolazhy]] Panchayaths were merged with the municipality to form the [[Thrissur]] Municipal Corporation.

The corporation comprises two legislative assemblies [[Thrissur Assembly Constituency]] and [[Ollur Assembly Constituency]]. The city is administered by the [[Thrissur]] Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor. [[Thrissur]] Municipal Corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of [[Kerala]]. The city is the only local body and city in [[Kerala]] which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the [[Thrissur]] city. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 55 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The corporation has its headquarters in [[Thrissur]] city.<ref name=":0" />

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Th11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Th12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Th13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Master plans==
The first master plan for [[Thrissur]] city was sanctioned by the [[Kerala]] Government in October 1972 with a plan period of 20 years in accordance with the Town Planning Act. It was expected that the town would accommodate a population of 1,75,000 in 1991. The sanctioned Development Plan (1972) for [[Thrissur]] envisaged a growth pattern integrating rural areas and the urban center of [[Thrissur]] so as to provide the rural areas with employment opportunities and social amenities. The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) and [[Thrissur Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) are the agencies that prepare the plan. A new Master plan, which is in the anvil since last 10 or more years has been a long-awaited dream of Thrissur as people are struggling to get building permits under the existing outdated master plan.

==Income==
As of 2014-15 revenue, the annual budgetary estimate of Thrissur Corporation is Rs 346.27 crore. Surplus income of the corporation is Rs 6.63 crore. Property tax is the main source of revenue for Thrissur Corporation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/corporation-budget-focuses-on-beautification-of-city/article5731519.ece
|title=Corporation budget focuses on beautification of city
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2014-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/2794271-local_news-thrissur-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D.html
|title=Thrissur Corporation Budget
|publisher=Mathrubhumi
|access-date=2014-08-27}}</ref>

[[File:Thrissur Municipal Corporation building, Thrissur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur]] seen from M.O. Road, [[Thrissur]]]].

==Departments==
The Corporation Secretary, appointed by the [[Government of Kerala]], is the chief executive officer of the Thrissur Municipal Corporation and oversees its administrative affairs, assisted by an Additional Secretary and technical officials.<ref>https://thrissurcorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/departments</ref>
*General Section
*Revenue Section
*Engineering Section
*Education Section
*Water Supply Division
*Relief Settlement Section
*MCH Centre
*Health Department
*Sanitation Establishment
*Birth and Death Section
*Anti-Mosquito Establishment
*Market and Slaughter House
*Town Planning Section
*Electrical Department
The Thrissur Municipal Corporation is the only local body in Kerala engaged in [[Electric power distribution|electricity distribution]]. Through the Thrissur Corporation Electricity Department (TCED), it supplies power to about 43,000 consumers within 12.65 sq. km, with annual energy sales of around 180 MU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tced.in, tced, electricity department in thrissur, Thrissur Corporation electricity department, Electricity Department Thrissur Corporation ,Thrissur Corporation Electricity Department |url=https://tced.in/default.aspx |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=tced.in}}</ref>

==Standing Committees ==
There are eight standing committees in the corporation, tasked with different aspects of governance. They are:<ref>https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/standcommitee/2020/170</ref>
* Finance Standing Committee
* Development Standing Committee
* Welfare Standing Committee
* Health Standing Committee
* Public Works Standing Committee
* Town Planning Standing Committee
* Tax Appeal Standing Committee
* Education & Sports Standing Committee

==Mayors of Thrissur==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Mayors of [[Thrissur]]
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB;" | Incumbent
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB;" | Party

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 5 October 2000
| style="text-align: center;" | 3 April 2004
| '''[[Jose Kattukkaran]] '''
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 28 April 2004
| style="text-align: center;" | 30 September 2005
| '''Radhakrishnan K'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 7 October 2005
| style="text-align: center;" | 6 October 2010
| '''[[R. Bindu]]'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 9 November 2010
| style="text-align: center;" | 14 January 2013
| '''[[I.P. Paul]]'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 15 January 2014
| style="text-align: center;" | 4 June 2015
| ''' [[Rajan Pallan]]'''
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 19 November 2015
| style="text-align: center;" | 12 December 2018
| '''[[Ajitha Jayarajan]]'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 12 December 2018
| style="text-align: center;" | 28 January 2020
| '''[[Ajitha Vijayan]]'''
|[[Communist Party of India]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 20 February 2020
| style="text-align: center;" |11 November 2020
| '''[[Ajitha Jayarajan]]'''
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" | 27 December 2020
| style="text-align: center;" |16 December 2025
| '''[[M K Varghese]]'''
|[[Left Democratic Front]] (Independent)
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| style="text-align: center;" |2025
| style="text-align: center;" |Present
|'''Dr. Niji Justin'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
|}

==Deputy Mayors==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #7F1734; color: white;" | Deputy Mayors of [[Thrissur]]
|-
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 8%;" | From
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 8%;" | Until
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 22%;" | Incumbent
! style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 57%;" | Party

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| 2000
| 2004
| K Radhakrishnan
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| 2004
| 2005
| PS Johny
|[[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top"
| 2005
| 2007
| MK Sooryaprakash
|[[Democratic Indira Congress]]

|- valign="top"
| 2007
| 2010
| M Vijayan
|[[Communist Party of India]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| 2010
| 2013
| Subi Babu
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
| 2014
| 2015
| P.V. Sarojini
| [[Indian National Congress]]

|- valign="top"
| 2015
| 2017
| Varghese Kandamkulathy
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|- valign="top"
| 2017
| 2019
| Beena Murali
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|2019
|2020
|Raphy Joseph
|Independent
|-
|2020
|2023
|Rajasree Gopan
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|- valign="top"
| 2025
| Present
|A Prasad
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|- valign="top" style="background-color: #F7F0F2;"
|}

== Election results ==
=== Corporation Election 2025 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Party name
! Party symbol
! Number of Corporators
! Change
!
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| align="center"| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]
| [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]
| align="center"| '''33'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''11'''
| rowspan="4" |[[File:C08004 - Thrissur Municipal Corporation 2025.svg|frameless]]
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| align="center"| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]
| [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''11'''
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''13'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''08'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''2'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']]
| [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''04'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''3'''
|-
|}
== Governing Body ==
The governing body of Thrissur Municipal Corporation consists of 56 councillors, representing 56 wards of the city. The councillors are directly elected for a five-year term. In the 2025 elections, the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] secured a majority with 33 seats.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Current Office Bearers (2025–2030)
|-
! Office !! Name !! Political Party !! Alliance
|-
| '''Mayor''' || Dr. Niji Justin || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| '''Deputy Mayor''' || A. Prasad || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|}

== Current Members ==
The following is the list of wards and the respective councillors of Thrissur Municipal Corporation after the local body elections held in December 2025.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Ward No. !! Ward Name !! Corporation Councillor !! Political Affiliation !! Alliance
|-
| 01 || Poonkunnam || Raghunath C. Menon || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 02 || Kuttankulangara || Anjali Rakesh || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 03 || Patturaikkal || A. V. Krishnamohan || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 04 || Viyyur || Arun Thadathil || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 05 || Peringavu || Shari Kishorkumar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 06 || Ramavarmapuram || T. R. Hiran || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 07 || Kuttumukku || Shibu Poruthur || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 08 || Villadam || Sindhu Thaikkadan || [[Communist Party of India |CPI]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 09 || Cherur || Adv. Villy Jijo || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 10 || Gandhi Nagar || Adv. Subi Babu || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 11 || Mukkattukara || Shyamala Muralidharan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 12 || Nettissery || Sintomol Sojan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 13 || Mullakkara || Neethu Sumesh || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 14 || Mannuthy || Adv. Anees Ahmed T.A. || [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 15 || Ollukkara || K. Gopalakrishnan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 16 || Krishnapuram || Soumya Pratheesh || [[ Indian Socialist Janata Dal |ISJD ]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 17 || Kuttanellur || Harish Mohan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 18 || Chelakkottukara || T. R. Santhosh || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 19 || Kalathode || M. L. Rosy || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 20 || Paravattany || Jees George || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 21 || Kizhakkumpattukara || Dr. Niji Justin || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 22 || Chembukavu || Adv. Joy Bastin Chakkola || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 23 || Mission Quarters || Baiju Varghese || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 24 || Kuriachira || Shomy Francis || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || OTH
|-
| 25 || Valarkavu || Mercy Aji || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 26 || Anchery || Smitha Aneesh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 27 || Padavaradu || Praveenlal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 28 || Ollur Centre || Pauly Jose || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 29 || Edakkunny || Reshmi Unnikrishnan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 30 || Thaikattussery || Dr. Keerthana Karthikeyan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 31 || Ollur || Caroly Joshua || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 32 || Chiyyaram South || Limna Manoj || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || OTH
|-
| 33 || Chiyyaram North || Rafi Jose || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] || OTH
|-
| 34 || Kuriachira West || Jacob Pulikkottil || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 35 || Kannamkulangara || Mumdas (Chinnu) || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 36 || Thekkinkadu || Poornima Suresh || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 37 || Thiruvambadi || Adv. M. Reshma Menon || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 38 || Kottappuram || Vinod Krishna || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 39 || Poothole || P. Sukumaran || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 40 || Kokkalai || Vinshi Arunkumar || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 41 || Vadookara || Sijith M. S. || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 42 || Koorkanchery || Ambili C. M. || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 43 || Kanimangalam || Padmini Shaji || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|-
| 44 || Panamukku || Sheena Chandran || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 45 || Nedupuzha || Princy Rojan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 46 || Kariattukara || K. Sumesh || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 47 || Laloor || Laly James || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 048 || ARANATTUKARA || Vibitha Vasu || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 049 || KANATTUKARA || Sunitha Vinod || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 050 || AYYANTHOLE || Valsala Baburaj || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 051 || CIVIL STATION || A. Prasad || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 052 || OLARI || Sajan C. George || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 053 || ELTHURUTH || Shaju Kundoly || [[Communist Party of India |CPI ]] || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|-
| 054 || CHETTUPUZHA || Baburaj E. S. || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 055 || PULLAZHI || Sunitha Vinu || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|-
| 056 || PUTHOORKARA || Mephi Delson || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|}

==Map of Thrissur Municipal Corporation==

{{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=360 |frame-height=300 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Thrissur Municipal Corporation'''
|type=shape |id=Q7798279 |stroke-colour=#C60C30 |stroke-width=2|title=Thrissur Municipal Corporation in Thrissur District }}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%; text-align:left;"
|+ Map of Thrissur Municipal Corporation showing the 56 divisions as per the delimitation published on 30 May 2025 (click [https://wardmap.ksmart.live/files/map/Thrissur_Thrissur.pdf HERE] to see the official map)
|-
|colspan=3|[[File:Thrissur Municipal Corporation Map.jpg|center|500px|Map of Thrissur Municipal Corporation showing the boundaries of all the 56 divisions, published on 30 May 2025.]]
|-
|-
| style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |
<ol>
<li> [[Punkunnam]] (പൂങ്കുന്നം)</li>
<li> [[Kuttankulangara]] (കുട്ടംകുളങ്ങര)</li>
<li> Patturaikal (പാട്ടുരായ്കൽ)</li>
<li> [[Viyyur]] (വിയ്യൂർ)</li>
<li> [[Peringavu]] (പെരിങ്ങാവ്)</li>
<li> [[Ramavarmapuram]] (രാമവർമപുരം)</li>
<li> [[Kuttumukku]] (കുറ്റുമുക്ക്)</li>
<li> [[Villadam]] (വില്ലടം)</li>
<li> [[Cherur]] (ചേറൂർ)</li>
<li> [[Gandhinagar, Thrissur|Gandhi Nagar]] (ഗാന്ധി നഗർ)</li>
<li> [[Mukkattukara]] (മുക്കാട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> [[Nettissery]] (നെട്ടിശ്ശേരി)</li>
<li> [[Mullakkara]] (മുല്ലക്കര)</li>
<li> [[Mannuthy]] (മണ്ണുത്തി)</li>
<li> [[Ollukkara]] (ഒല്ലൂക്കര)</li>
<li> [[Nadathara]] (നടത്തറ)</li>
<li> [[Kuttanellur]] (കുട്ടനെല്ലൂർ)</li>
<li> [[Chelakkottukara]] (ചേലക്കോട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> [[Kalathodu]] (കാളത്തോട്)</li>
<li> [[Paravattani]] (പറവട്ടാനി)</li>
</ol>

| style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |
<ol start="21">
<li> [[Kizhakkumpattukara]] (കിഴക്കുമ്പാട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> [[Chembukkavu]] (ചെമ്പുക്കവ്)</li>
<li> [[Mission Quarters]] (മിഷൻ ക്വാർട്ടേർസ്)</li>
<li> [[Kuriachira]] (കുരിയച്ചിറ)</li>
<li> [[Valarkavu]] (വളർകാവ്)</li>
<li> [[Ancheri]] (അഞ്ചേരി)</li>
<li> [[Patavarad]] (പടവരാട്)</li>
<li> [[Ollur]] Centre (ഒല്ലൂർ സെന്റർ)</li>
<li> [[Edakkunni]] (എടക്കുന്നി)</li>
<li> [[Thaikkattussery]] (തൈക്കാട്ടുശ്ശേരി)</li>
<li> Cheerachy (ചീരാച്ചി)</li>
<li> [[Chiyyaram]] South (ചിയ്യാരം സൗത്ത്)</li>
<li> [[Chiyyaram]] (ചിയ്യാരം)</li>
<li> [[Kuriachira]] West (കുരിയച്ചിറ വെസ്റ്റ്)</li>
<li> [[Kannamkulangara]] (കണ്ണംകുളങ്ങര)</li>
<li> Thekkinkadu (തേക്കിൻകാട്)</li>
<li> [[Thiruvambady]] (തിരുവമ്പാടി)</li>
<li> Kottappuram (കോട്ടപ്പുറം)</li>
<li> [[Poothole]] (പൂത്തോൾ)</li>
<li> [[Kokkalai|Kokkala]] (കൊക്കാല)</li>
</ol>

| style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;" |
<ol start="41">
<li> [[Vadookkara]] (വടൂക്കര)</li>
<li> Koorkenchery (കൂർക്കഞ്ചേരി)</li>
<li> [[Kanimangalam]] (കണിമംഗലം)</li>
<li> [[Panamukku]] (പനമുക്ക്)</li>
<li> [[Nedupuzha]] (നെടുപുഴ)</li>
<li> Kariattukara (കാര്യാട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> [[Laloor]] (ലാലൂർ)</li>
<li> [[Aranattukara]] (അരണാട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> [[Kanattukara]] (കാനാട്ടുകര)</li>
<li> Udayanagar (ഉദയനഗർ)</li>
<li> [[Ayyanthole]] (അയ്യന്തോൾ)</li>
<li> [[Olarikara|Olari]] (ഒളരി)</li>
<li> [[Elthuruth]] (എൽതുരുത്ത്)</li>
<li> [[Chettupuzha]] (ചേറ്റുപുഴ)</li>
<li> [[Pullazhi]] (പുല്ലഴി)</li>
<li> Puthurkara (പുതൂർക്കര)</li>
</ol>
|}

=== Corporation Election 2020 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Party name
! Party symbol
! Number of Corporators
! Change
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| align="center"| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']]
| [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]]
| align="center"| '''24'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''3'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| align="center"| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']]
| [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''24'''
| align="center"| {{increase}} '''1'''
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| align="center"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''06'''
| align="center"| {{same}}
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| align="center"| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']]
| [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
| align="center"| '''01'''
| align="center"| {{decrease}} '''4'''
|-
|}

=== 2015 local body elections ===
{{main|2015 Kerala local body elections}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!S.No.
!Political Front/Party
!Number of Councilors <ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Body Elections 2015 Results {{!}} Corporation|url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/News/2015/Election2015/corporation.html?id=english|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Manorama}}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|23
|-
|2
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|21
|-
|3
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party | BJP]]
|6
|-
|4
|Others
|5
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!55
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Thrissur Corporation wards]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.corporationofthrissur.net/ Official Website of Thrissur Corporation]
* [http://wikimapia.org/1214922/Thrissur-Municipal-Corporation Thrissur Municipal Corporation] at [[wikimapia]]

{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]

Canada

2026-03-17T13:52:15Z

PenneyIrby336: refined details for clarity and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Country in North America}}
{{about|the country}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Canada
| common_name = Canada
| image_flag = Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg
| alt_flag = A vertical triband design (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the centre.
| image_coat = 
| national_motto = {{native phrase|la|[[A mari usque ad mare]]}} "From Sea to Sea"
| national_anthem = "[[O Canada]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:"O Canada"-«Ô Canada», performed by the National Band of the Naval Reserve.oga]]}}
| royal_anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Anthem |date=August 11, 2017 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |publisher=Government of Canada |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190257/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Royal anthem Canada.ogg]]}}
| image_map = CAN orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| alt_map = A projection of North America with Canada highlighted in green
| capital = [[Ottawa]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|45|24|N|75|40|W|type:city(1,000,000)_region:CA-ON}}
| largest_city = [[Toronto]]
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Canadian English|English]]|[[Canadian French|French]]}}
| demonym = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| government_type = Federal [[Westminster parliamentary system|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = {{Current Canadian monarch}}
| leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]}}
| leader_name2 = [[Mary Simon]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mark Carney]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = from the United Kingdom
| established_event1 = [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]
| established_date1 = July 1, 1867
| established_event2 = [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]]
| established_date2 = November 15, 1926
| established_event3 = ''[[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster, 1931]]''
| established_date3 = December 11, 1931
| established_event4 = [[Patriation]]
| established_date4 = April 17, 1982
| area_km2 = {{formatnum:9984670}}
| area_label = Total area
| area_rank = 2nd
| area_sq_mi = {{formatnum:3854085}}
| percent_water = 11.76 (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER# |access-date=October 11, 2020 |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209191004/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_label2 = Total land area
| area_data2 = {{convert|9093507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| population_estimate = {{DecreaseNeutral}} {{formatnum:41575585}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2025 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230162045/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=December 30, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025 Q4
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} {{formatnum:36991981}}<ref>{{cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165904/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |archive-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref>
| population_census_year = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
| population_estimate_rank = 37th
| population_density_km2 = 4.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 10.9
| population_density_rank = 230th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$2.723 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.CA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Canada) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=November 13, 2025 |access-date=November 13, 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 16th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $65,500<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 30th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} {{nowrap|$2.284{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 10th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $54,935<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 23rd
| Gini = 29.2 
| Gini_year = 2024
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/indicator/english_459aa7f1-en |title=Income inequality |publisher=OECD |doi=10.1787/459aa7f1-en |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.939 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 16th
| currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($)
| currency_code = CAD
| utc_offset = −3.5 to −8
| utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7
| calling_code = +1
| cctld = [[.ca]]
}}


'''Canada'''{{efn|{{IPA|en|ˈkænədə|lang|En-ca-Canada.ogg}},<ref name="j933">{{cite web |title=How to Pronounce Canada |website=Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/audio?file=ggcana03&format=mp3&word=Canada&pron=%CB%88k%C3%A6n%C9%99d%C9%99 | access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|kanada|lang|Fr-Canada.ogg}}}} is a country in [[North America]]. Its [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]] extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country by total area]], with the [[List of countries by length of coastline|longest coastline]] of any country. Its [[Canada–United States border|border with the United States]] is the longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both [[Temperature in Canada|meteorologic]] and [[Geography of Canada|geological]] regions. With [[Population of Canada|a population]] of over 41{{nbsp}}million, it has widely varying population densities, with the majority residing in [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|its urban areas]] and large areas being sparsely populated. Its capital is [[Ottawa]] and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|its three largest metropolitan areas]] are [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], and [[Vancouver]].

[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples]] have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, [[British colonization of the Americas|British]] and [[French colonization of the Americas|French]] expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of [[Military history of Canada|various armed conflicts]], France [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|ceded nearly all]] of [[New France|its colonies in North America]] in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three [[British North America]]n colonies through [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]], Canada was formed as a [[Federalism|federal]] [[dominion]] of four provinces. This began an [[Territorial evolution of Canada|accretion of provinces and territories]] resulting in the [[Numbered Treaties|displacement of Indigenous populations]], and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This increased sovereignty was highlighted by the ''[[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster, 1931]]'', and culminated in the ''[[Canada Act 1982]]'', which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].

Canada is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]] in the [[Westminster system|Westminster tradition]]. The country's [[head of government]] is the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], who holds office by virtue of their ability to [[Confidence and supply|command the confidence]] of the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and is appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], representing the [[Monarchy of Canada|monarch of Canada]], the ceremonial [[head of state]]. The country is a [[Commonwealth realm]] and is [[Official bilingualism in Canada|officially bilingual]] (English and French) in the federal jurisdiction. It is [[International rankings of Canada|very highly ranked in international measurements]] of government transparency, quality of life, economic competitiveness, innovation, education and human rights. It is one of the world's most [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnically diverse]] and [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multicultural]] nations, the product of [[Immigration to Canada|large-scale immigration]]. Canada's long and complex [[Canada–United States relations|relationship with the United States]] has had a significant impact on [[History of Canada|its history]], [[Economy of Canada|economy]], and [[Culture of Canada|culture]].

A [[developed country]], Canada has a [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|high nominal per capita income globally]] and its advanced economy ranks among the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest in the world by nominal GDP]], relying chiefly upon [[Geography of Canada#Natural resources|its abundant natural resources]] and well-developed [[List of the largest trading partners of Canada|international trade networks]]. Canada is recognized as a [[middle power]]; its support for [[multilateralism]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] has been closely related to [[Foreign relations of Canada|its foreign policies]] of [[Canadian peacekeeping|peacekeeping]] and [[Canadian foreign aid |aid for developing countries]]. Canada promotes [[Canadian values|its domestically shared values]] through participation in [[International organisation membership of Canada|multiple international organizations and forums]].

==Etymology==


{{Main|Name of Canada}}

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of ''Canada'', the name is now accepted as coming from the [[St. Lawrence Iroquoian]] word {{lang|lre|kanata}}, meaning {{gloss|village}} or {{gloss|settlement}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA109 |title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-3132-6257-9 |page=109}}</ref> In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day [[Quebec City]] region used the word to direct French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] to the village of [[Stadacona]].<ref name="Rayburn2001">{{Cite book |last=Rayburn |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Rayburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA14 |title=Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0 |pages=14–22}}</ref> Cartier later used the word ''Canada'' to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to [[Donnacona]] (the chief at Stadacona);<ref name="Rayburn2001" /> by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] as ''Canada''.<ref name="Rayburn2001" />

From the 16th to the early 18th century, ''[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]'' referred to the part of [[New France]] that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000unse_q5r1 |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6 |page=1048 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Following the British [[conquest of New France]], this area was known as the British [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] from 1763 to 1791.<ref name="f014">{{cite web |title=Province of Quebec 1763-91 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=May 14, 2020 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91 | access-date=October 1, 2024}}}}</ref> In 1791, the area became two British colonies called [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]]. These two colonies were collectively referred to as [[the Canadas]] until their union as the [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite web |first1=James Maurice Stockford |last1=Careless|authorlink=J. M. S. Careless| title=Province of Canada (1841-67) | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=8 Feb 2006 | url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/province-of-canada-1841-67 | access-date=28 Feb 2026}}
|{{cite web | title=Union Act, 1840 (UK) | website=PrimaryDocuments.ca | date=29 Mar 2023 | url=https://primarydocuments.ca/the-union-act-1840/ | access-date=7 Mar 2026}}}}</ref>

Upon [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation in 1867]], ''Canada'' was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the [[London Conference of 1866|London Conference]] and the word ''[[dominion]]'' was conferred as the country's title, reflecting its status as a [[British Empire#Changing status of the white colonies|self-governing nation within the British Empire]].<ref name="m594">{{cite journal | last=Oliver | first=Peter C | title="Dominion status": History, framework and context | journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law | volume=17 | issue=4 | date=31 Dec 2019 | issn=1474-2640 | doi=10.1093/icon/moz078 | pages=1173–1191 | url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/17/4/1173/5710822 | access-date=10 Mar 2026}}</ref> Following the [[London Declaration]] of 1949, where it was agreed that India could be a full member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] as a republic, not a dominion, the leaders of the Commonwealth countries agreed that the other members of the Commonwealth should not continue to be referred to as ''dominions''. In 1951, Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] announced in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] that in light of the ''[[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster, 1931]]'', and the changes to the Commonwealth, ''dominion'' was no longer an accurate term to use to refer to Canada and would no longer be used by the federal government.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite journal | last=Dummitt | first=Christopher | title=Je me souviens Too: Eugene Forsey and the Inclusiveness of 1950s' British Canadianism | journal=Canadian Historical Review | volume=100 | issue=3 | date=2019 | issn=0008-3755 | doi=10.3138/chr.2018-0057 | pages=374–397 | url=https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/chr.2018-0057 | access-date=7 Mar 2026}}

|{{cite web | title=House of Commons Debates, 21st Parliament, 5th ... | website=Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources | url=https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2105_01/853 | access-date=2026-03-07}}}}</ref> Similarly, the United Kingdom no longer used the term ''dominions'' to refer to Canada or other members of the Commonwealth, instead beginning to use the term a ''[[Commonwealth realm|realm of the Commonwealth]]''.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{Cite book |last=Morra |first=Irene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9OLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 |title=The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8577-2867-8 |page=49}}
| {{cite book |last=McIntyre |first=D. |title=British Decolonization, 1946–1997: When, Why and How did the British Empire Fall? |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |series=British History in Perspective |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-3492-6922-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5FKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 |page=108}}
}}</ref>

The ''[[Canada Act 1982]]'', which brought the [[Constitution of Canada]] fully under Canadian control, referred only to ''Canada''. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to [[Canada Day]].<ref name="buckner">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA37 |title=Canada and the British Empire |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-1992-7164-1 |editor-last=Buckner |editor-first=Philip |pages=37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Canada}}
{{Further|Timeline of Canadian history|Historiography of Canada}}

===Indigenous peoples===
The [[Settlement of the Americas|first inhabitants of North America]] are generally hypothesized to have migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 14,000 years ago.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{Cite book |last=Dillehay |first=Thomas D. |title=The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4 |page=61}}
| {{Cite book |last1=Fagan |first1=Brian M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |last2=Durrani |first2=Nadia |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-3173-4244-1 |page=124}}
}}</ref> The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawat |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwlYiuPAX-UC&pg=PT58 |title=Circumpolar Health Atlas |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-4456-4 |page=58}}</ref> The [[Technological and industrial history of Canada#The Stone Age: Fire (14,000 BC – AD 1600)|characteristics of Indigenous societies]] included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{Cite book |last=Hayes |first=Derek |title=Canada: An Illustrated History |publisher=Douglas & Mcintyre |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55365-259-5 |pages=7, 13}}
| {{Cite book |last=Macklem |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quM1xyFyfhQC&pg=PA170 |title=Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-4195-1 |page=170}}
}}</ref> Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sonneborn |first=Liz |title=Chronology of American Indian History |date=January 2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6770-1 |pages=2–12}}</ref> [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people in Canada|Métis]],<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012">{{Cite book |last1=Graber |first1=Christoph Beat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366 |title=International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues |last2=Kuprecht |first2=Karolina |last3=Lai |first3=Jessica C. |author-link3=Jessica Lai |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85793-831-2 |page=366}}</ref> the last being of [[mixed-blood|mixed descent]] who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and their offspring subsequently developed their own identity.<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012" />[[File:Indigenous population by census division.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|A map of Canada showing the percent of [[Population of Canada#Indigenous peoples|self-reported indigenous identity]] (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the [[2021 Canadian census]]<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022 u867">{{cite web |title=Census Program Data Viewer dashboard |website=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123112/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000<ref name="dying">{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Donna M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25 |title=Dying and Death in Canada |last2=Northcott |first2=Herbert C |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-5511-1873-4 |pages=25–27}}</ref> and two million,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=A population history of North America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-5214-9666-7 |editor-last=Haines |editor-first=Michael R |pages=13, 380 |chapter=Population history of Native North Americans |editor-last2=Steckel |editor-first2=Richard Hall}}</ref> with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Donnell |first=C. Vivian |title=Indians in Contemporary Society |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-1608-0388-8 |editor-last=Bailey |editor-first=Garrick Alan |series=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=2 |page=285 |chapter=Native Populations of Canada |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285}}</ref> As a consequence of European colonization, the Indigenous population declined by forty to eighty percent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Ingeborg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckOav3Szu7oC&pg=PA442 |title=A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7735-1774-5 |page=442}}</ref> The decline is attributed to several causes, including the [[Columbian exchange|transfer of European diseases]], to which they had no natural immunity,<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite journal |last1=Collen |first1=Evelyn Jane |last2=Johar |first2=Angad Singh |last3=Teixeira |first3=João C. |last4=Llamas |first4=Bastien |title=The immunogenetic impact of European colonization in the Americas |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |publisher=Frontiers Media SA |volume=13 |date=August 5, 2022 |issn=1664-8021 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2022.918227 | doi-access=free |pages=1–8 |article-number=918227 |pmid=35991555 |pmc=9388791}}
| {{Cite book |last=True Peters |first=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0zEiM_hijsC&pg=PA39 |title=Smallpox in the New World |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7614-1637-1 |page=39}}
}}</ref> conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{Cite book |last1=Laidlaw |first1=Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec-_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World |last2=Lester |first2=Alan |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-1374-5236-8 |page=150}}
| {{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Arthur J. |url=https://archive.org/details/ihavelivedheresi0000raya/page/244 |title=I Have Lived Here Since The World Began |publisher=Key Porter Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-5526-3633-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ihavelivedheresi0000raya/page/244 244]}}
}}</ref>

Although not without conflict, [[European Canadians]]' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Preston |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43 |title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7 |pages=43–44}}</ref> First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois|coureurs des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in their explorations of the continent during the [[North American fur trade]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=J.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34 |title=Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-9227-5 |page=34}}</ref> These early European interactions with First Nations would change from [[Peace and Friendship Treaties|friendship and peace treaties]] to the [[Numbered Treaties|dispossession of Indigenous lands through treaties]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=Williams |first=L. |title=Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge Studies in Indigenous Peoples and Policy |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-0004-7233-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HehEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT51 |page=51}}
| {{cite book |last=Turner |first=N.J. |title=Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Canada and Beyond |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |series=McGill-Queen's Indigenous and Northern Studies |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-2280-0317-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVjZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |page=14}}
}}</ref> From the late 18th century, European Canadians forced Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a western Canadian society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asch |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Uae4mTTyYYC&pg=PA28 |title=Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference |publisher=UBC Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7748-0581-0 |page=28}}</ref> [[Settler colonialism in Canada|Settler colonialism]] reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |author=Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada |title=Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gWQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |date=January 1, 2016 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-9818-8 |pages=3–7}}
| {{cite book |last=Lux |first=M.K. |title=Separate Beds: A History of Indian Hospitals in Canada, 1920s-1980s |publisher=University of Toronto Press |series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-1386-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9gQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |page=7}}
| {{cite book |last1=Kirmayer |first1=Laurence J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSAC&pg=PA9 |title=Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada |last2=Guthrie |first2=Gail Valaskakis |publisher=UBC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7748-5863-2 |page=9}}
}}</ref> A period of redress began with the formation of a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada|reconciliation commission]] by the [[Government of Canada]] in 2008.<ref name="trc">{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action |url=http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615202024/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2015 |publisher=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |page=5}}</ref> This included acknowledgment of [[Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples|cultural genocide]],<ref name="TRCSummary">{{cite web |title=Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |url=https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf |website=National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation |publisher=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada |access-date=January 6, 2019 |date=May 31, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706170855/http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Exec_Summary_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement|settlement agreements]],<ref name="trc" /> and betterment of racial discrimination issues, such as addressing the plight of [[missing and murdered Indigenous women]].<ref name="Ministère de la Justice 2017">{{cite web |title=Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples |website=Ministère de la Justice |date=July 14, 2017 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/principles-principes.html |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610052703/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/principles-principes.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===European colonization===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Map of territorial claims in [[North America]] by 1750. Possessions of [[British America]] (pink), [[New France]] (blue), and [[New Spain]] (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated.<ref name="Chapman p.">{{cite AV media |last=Chapman |first=Frederick T. |title=European Claims in North America in 1750 |jstor=community.15128627 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.15128627 |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>]]
It is believed that the first documented European to explore the east coast of Canada was [[Vikings|Norse]] explorer [[Leif Erikson]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite encyclopedia |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=October 12, 2018 |title=Leif Eriksson |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/leif-ericsson |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193628/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/leif-ericsson |url-status=live}}
| {{cite book |last1=Johansen |first1=Bruce E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=PA727 |title=Encyclopedia of American Indian History |last2=Pritzker |first2=Barry M. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-8510-9818-7 |pages=727–728}}
}}</ref> In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small short-lived encampment that was occupied sporadically for perhaps 20 years at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] on the northern tip of [[Newfoundland]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite encyclopedia |title=L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site |encyclopedia=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 |year=2009 |pages=27, 82 |isbn=978-0-3130-2189-3 |last2=Lightfoot |first2=Kent |last3=McManamon |first3=Francis |last4=Milner |first4=George |first1=Linda S. |last1=Cordell}}|{{cite book | last1=Cipolla | first1=Craig N. | last2=Crellin | first2=Rachel J. | last3=Harris | first3=Oliver J. T. | title=Archaeology for Today and Tomorrow | publisher=Taylor & Francis | date=December 4, 2023 | isbn=978-1-0038-1978-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4bgEAAAQBAJ&dq=20%2520years%2520at%2520L'Anse%2520aux%2520Meadows&pg=PA1993 | page=1993}}}}</ref> No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored and claimed Canada's [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic coast]] in the name of [[Henry VII of England]].<ref name="BlakeKeshen2017p19">{{Cite book |last1=Blake |first1=Raymond B. |author-link1=Raymond B. Blake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4kwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada |last2=Keshen |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Knowles |first3=Norman J. |last4=Messamore |first4=Barbara J. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4426-3553-1 |page=19}}</ref> In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words, "long live the King of France", and took possession of the territory New France in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cartier |first1=Jacques |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofjacques0000cart |title=The Voyages of Jacques Cartier |last2=Biggar |first2=Henry Percival |last3=Cook |first3=Ramsay |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8020-6000-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/voyagesofjacques0000cart/page/n79 26] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the [[Basques|Basque]] and [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese]] establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr |first=Donald Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsTLSnw8qgC&pg=PA47 |title=Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8020-2495-4 |page=47}}</ref> In general, early settlements during the [[Age of Discovery]] appear to have been [[Population of Canada#Ephemeral European settlements|short-lived]] due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=Baten |first=Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1075-0718-0 |page=84}}
| {{cite book |last=Wynn |first=Graeme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxGFaFvo2oMC&pg=PA49 |title=Canada and Arctic North America: An Environmental History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-8510-9437-0 |page=49}}
}}</ref>

In 1583, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of Queen [[Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North American [[English overseas possessions|English seasonal camp]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=George A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209 |title=Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries |date=October 1, 2007 |publisher=[[Breakwater Books]] |isbn=978-1-5508-1225-1 |page=209}}</ref> In 1600, the French established their first seasonal trading post at [[Tadoussac]] along the Saint Lawrence.<ref name="CordellLightfoot2008">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site |encyclopedia=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 |year=2009 |pages=27, 82 |isbn=978-0-3130-2189-3 |last2=Lightfoot |first2=Kent |last3=McManamon |first3=Francis |last4=Milner |first4=George |first1=Linda S. |last1=Cordell}}</ref> French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]] (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kelley |first1=Ninette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PA27 |title=The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy |last2=Trebilcock |first2=Michael J. |date=September 30, 2010 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7 |page=27}}</ref> Among the [[French colonization of the Americas|colonists]] of New France, ''[[French Canadians|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], while fur traders and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Catholic missionaries]] explored the [[Great Lakes]], [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=LaMar |first=Howard Roberts |url=https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama_0/page/355 |title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-6900-0008-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope00lama_0/page/355 355] |author-link=Howard R. Lamar}}</ref> The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA394 |title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History |last2=Arnold |first2=James |last3=Wiener |first3=Roberta |date=September 30, 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-8510-9697-8 |page=394}}</ref>

The English established additional settlements in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in 1610 along with settlements in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Buckner |first1=Phillip Alfred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5AHjGRigpYC&pg=PA55 |title=The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History |last2=Reid |first2=John G. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8020-6977-1 |pages=55–56}}
| {{cite book |last=Hornsby |first=Stephen J |title=British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-5846-5427-8 |pages=14, 18–19, 22–23}}
}}</ref> A series of [[French and Indian Wars|four wars]] erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nolan |first=Cathal J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA160 |title=Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-3133-3046-9 |page=160}}</ref> Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]] and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allaire |first=Gratien |date=May 2007 |title=From 'Nouvelle-France' to 'Francophonie canadienne': a historical survey |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=185 |pages=25–52 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.024 |issn=0165-2516}}</ref>

===British North America===
[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of General Wolfe dying in front of the British flag while attended by officers and native allies|[[Benjamin West]]'s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1771) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]'s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City]].<ref name="National Gallery of Canada n963">{{cite web |title=The Death of General Wolfe |website=National Gallery of Canada |url=https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/the-death-of-general-wolfe-0 |access-date=July 23, 2023 |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726125332/https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/the-death-of-general-wolfe-0 | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] established First Nation treaty rights, created the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia.<ref name="buckner" /> St John's Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1769.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Bruce M |date=March 2010 |title=Use of Non-Traditional Evidence: A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada's Confederation |journal=[[British Journal of Canadian Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=87–117 |doi=10.3828/bjcs.2010.5}}</ref> To avert conflict in [[Quebec]], the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=John Castell |url=https://archive.org/details/canadaencyclop05hopk |title=Canada: an Encyclopaedia of the Country: The Canadian Dominion Considered in Its Historic Relations, Its Natural Resources, its Material Progress and its National Development, by a Corps of Eminent Writers and Specialists |publisher=Linscott Publishing Company |year=1898 |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadaencyclop05hopk/page/125 125]}}</ref> More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nellis |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-b6YVX53fIsC&pg=PT331 |title=An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4426-0403-2 |page=331}}</ref> It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and [[Law of France|French civil law]] there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fdx4AV1kgCsC&pg=PA101 |title=The Catholic Faith and the Social Construction of Religion: With Particular Attention to the Québec Experience |last2=Savage |first2=Allan M. |publisher=WestBow Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4497-2084-1 |pages=101–102}}</ref> The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the [[American Revolution]].<ref name="buckner" />

After the successful American War of Independence, the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] recognized the independence of the newly formed [[United States]] and set the terms of peace, ceding [[British North America]]n territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leahy |first1=Todd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=999tRpj8VGQC&pg=PR49 |title=Native American Movements |last2=Wilson |first2=Raymond |date=September 30, 2009 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-6892-2 |page=49}}</ref> The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of [[Loyalists]], the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. [[New Brunswick]] was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes, which led to the incorporation of [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], as Canada's first city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=Peter C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBGzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title=Hostages to Fortune: The United Empire Loyalists and the Making of Canada |date=2016 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-1-4516-8615-9 |page=117 |author-link=Peter C. Newman}}</ref> To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the [[Constitutional Act 1791|Constitutional Act of 1791]] divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later [[Quebec]]) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later [[Ontario#Canada West (1841–1867)|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McNairn |first=Jeffrey L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_A3pZQrHzIC&pg=PA24 |title=The capacity to judge |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8020-4360-3 |page=24}}</ref>
[[File:Laura Secord warns Fitzgibbons, 1813.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams|[[War of 1812]] heroine [[Laura Secord]] warning British commander [[James FitzGibbon]] of an [[Battle of Beaver Dams|impending American attack at Beaver Dams]]<ref name="Collection Search 2023 k800">{{cite web |title=Meeting Between Laura Secord and Lieut. Fitzgibbon, June 1813 |website=Collection Search |date=July 13, 2023 |url=https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2837234 |archive-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009191745/https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=2837234 | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The Canadas were the main front in the [[War of 1812]] between the United States and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Trevor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA97 |title=Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach |last2=Friesen |first2=John W. |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55130-371-0 |pages=97–99}}</ref> Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over {{formatnum:960000}} arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Richard Colebrook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWkxht1Oa8EC&pg=PA21 |title=Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800–1891 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8020-3447-2 |page=21 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=John A. |year=1936 |title=The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences |url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |url-status=live |pages=43–57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707141525/http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1935-36/Gallagher.html |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |journal=CCHA Report}}</ref> Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.<ref name="dying" />

The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1837]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Read |first=Colin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWhXHCXuVvcC&pg=PR99 |title=Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7735-8406-8 |page=99}}</ref> The [[Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.<ref name="buckner" /> The [[Act of Union 1840]] merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America east of Lake Superior by 1855.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romney |first=Paul |date=Spring 1989 |title=From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture |journal=Law and History Review |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=121–174 |doi=10.2307/743779 |jstor=743779}}</ref> The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1849)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|British Columbia (1858)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evenden |first1=Leonard J |title=Geographical Snapshots of North America |last2=Turbeville |first2=Daniel E |publisher=Guilford Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8986-2030-6 |editor-last=Janelle |editor-first=Donald G |page=[https://archive.org/details/geographicalsnap0000unse/page/52 52] |chapter=The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/geographicalsnap0000unse/page/52}}</ref> The Anglo-Russian [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)]] established the border along the Pacific coast, but, even after the US [[Alaska Purchase]] of 1867, disputes continued about the exact demarcation of the Alaska–Yukon and Alaska–British Columbia border.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Farr |first1=DML |last2=Block |first2=Niko |date=August 9, 2016 |title=The Alaska Boundary Dispute |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alaska-boundary-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215092859/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alaska-boundary-dispute/ |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>

===Confederation and expansion===
[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Refer to caption|Animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories]] since Confederation in 1867<ref name="Natural Resources Canada 2016 m242">{{cite web |title=Territorial Evolution |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |date=September 12, 2016 |url=https://atlas.gc.ca/ette/en/index.html |archive-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902165955/https://atlas.gc.ca/ette/en/index.html | url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Following three constitutional conferences, the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act, 1867]]'' officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: [[Ontario]], Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Dijkink |first1=Gertjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RRJr-5q1H0C&pg=PA226 |title=The Territorial Factor: Political Geography in a Globalising World |last2=Knippenberg |first2=Hans |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-9-0562-9188-4 |page=226}}
| {{cite book |last=Bothwell |first=Robert |title=History of Canada Since 1867 |publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8701-3399-2 |pages=31, 207–310}}
}}</ref> Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis' grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Manitoba]] in July 1870.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bumsted |first=JM |title=The Red River Rebellion |publisher=Watson & Dwyer |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-920486-23-8}}</ref> British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|had been united]] in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871 on the promise of a transcontinental railway extending to Victoria in the province within 10 years,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history |title=Railway History in Canada |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429164701/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/railway-history |url-status=live}}</ref> while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.<ref name="canatlas">{{cite web |title=Building a nation |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303140806/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=building&sub=building_basics_confederation&lang=En |archive-date=March 3, 2006 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |website=Canadian Atlas |publisher=[[Canadian Geographic]]}}</ref> In 1898, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the Northwest Territories, Parliament created the Yukon Territory. [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1905.<ref name="canatlas" /> Between 1871 and 1896, almost one quarter of the Canadian population emigrated south to the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denison |first=Merrill |title=The Barley and the Stream: The Molson Story |date=1955 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart Limited |page=8}}</ref>

To settle [[Western Canada|the West]] and attract European immigrants, Canada sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways, enacted the ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'' and founded the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to maintain regional authority.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |year=2008 |title=Sir John A. Macdonald |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614221958/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/sir-john-a-macdonald/023013-5000-e.html |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Library and Archives Canada}}
| {{cite web |last=Cook |first=Terry |year=2000 |title=The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614222015/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/publications/archivist-magazine/015002-2230-e.html |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |website=The Archivist |publisher=Library and Archives Canada}}
}}</ref> This [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Expansion|period of westward expansion]] and [[National Policy|nation building]] resulted in the displacement of many [[Plains Indians|Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies]] to "[[Indian reserve]]s",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hele |first=Karl S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT248 |title=The Nature of Empires and the Empires of Nature: Indigenous Peoples and the Great Lakes Environment |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-5545-8422-2 |page=248}}</ref> clearing the way for ethnic European [[block settlement]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gagnon |first=Erica |title=Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914 |url=https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/settling-the-west-immigration-to-the-prairies-from-1867-to-1914 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |publisher=Canadian Museum of Immigration |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194403/https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/settling-the-west-immigration-to-the-prairies-from-1867-to-1914 |url-status=live}}</ref> This caused the collapse of the [[History of bison conservation in Canada#Plains bison|Plains Bison in western Canada]] and the introduction of European [[Agriculture in Canada|cattle farms and wheat fields]] dominating the land.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Armitage |first1=Derek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z68_-biGhU8C&pg=PA183 |title=Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance |last2=Plummer |first2=Ryan |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-6421-2194-4 |pages=183–184}}</ref> The Indigenous peoples saw widespread famine and disease due to the loss of the bison and their traditional hunting lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daschuk |first=James William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxwwZmSSOssC&pg=PA99 |title=Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life |publisher=University of Regina Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8897-7296-0 |pages=99–104}}</ref> The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the reserves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=David John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLoeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 |title=From Treaties to Reserves: The Federal Government and Native Peoples in Territorial Alberta, 1870–1905 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7735-4595-3 |pages=258–259}}</ref> During this time, Canada introduced the ''[[Indian Act]]'' extending its control over the First Nations to education, government and legal rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6zNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT186 |title=Canadian Government and Politics |last2=Jackson |first2=Doreen |last3=Koop |first3=Royce |publisher=Broadview Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4604-0696-0 |edition=7th |page=186}}</ref>

===Early 20th century===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 260
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| header = 1918 [[Canada Savings Bond|Canadian War bond posters]] depicting three Frenchwomen pulling a [[drag harrow]]
| image1 = Canada WWI Victory Bonds2.jpg
| image2 = Canada WWI l'Emprunt de la Victoire2.jpg
| caption1 = English: They serve France. How can I serve Canada? Buy Victory Bonds.
| caption2 = [[Quebec French]]: They serve France. Everyone can be of service. Buy Victory Bonds.
}}
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into the First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tennyson |first=Brian Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Canada's Great War, 1914–1918: How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8108-8860-9 |page=4}}</ref> Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war.<ref name="morton-milhist">{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Desmond |title=A military history of Canada |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7710-6514-9 |edition=4th |pages=130–158, 173, 203–233, 258}}</ref> The [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers.<ref name="McGonigal1962">{{Cite book |last=McGonigal |first=Richard Morton |title=The Conscription Crisis in Quebec – 1917: a Study in Canadian Dualism |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1962 |chapter=Intro}}</ref> In 1919, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain,<ref name="morton-milhist" /> and the ''[[Statute of Westminster, 1931]]'', affirmed Canada's independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Frederick Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj_4_H35nmYC&pg=PA63 |title=Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada |publisher=University of Calgary Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-5523-8046-8 |page=63}}</ref>

The [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryce |first=Robert B. |url=https://archive.org/details/maturinginhardti0000bryc |title=Maturing in Hard Times: Canada's Department of Finance through the Great Depression |year=1986 |publisher=[[McGill–Queen's University Press|McGill-Queen's]] |isbn=978-0-7735-0555-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/maturinginhardti0000bryc/page/41 41] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulvale |first=James P |date=July 11, 2008 |title=Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility |journal=Basic Income Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.2202/1932-0183.1084}}</ref> On the advice of Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Declaration of war by Canada#Nazi Germany|war with Germany was declared]] effective September 10, 1939, by King [[George VI]], seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence.<ref name="morton-milhist" />

The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Humphreys |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-SsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Great Canadian Battles: Heroism and Courage Through the Years |publisher=Arcturus Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-7840-4098-7 |page=151}}</ref> Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1944.<ref name="morton-milhist" /> Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch monarchy]] while that country was [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|occupied]] and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|its liberation]] from [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="netherlands">{{Cite book |last=Goddard |first=Lance |title=Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-5500-2547-7 |pages=225–232}}</ref> Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|conscription crisis in Quebec in 1944]], Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bothwell |first=Robert |title=Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945–1984 |publisher=UBC Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7748-1368-6 |pages=11, 31}}</ref>

===Contemporary era===
The financial crisis of the Great Depression led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a [[Crown colony]] ruled by a British governor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alfred Buckner |first=Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA135 |title=Canada and the British Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-1992-7164-1 |pages=135–138}}</ref> After two [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyer |first=J. Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWGN-RZcqNoC&pg=PA119 |title=Direct Democracy in Canada: The History and Future of Referendums |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-4597-1884-5 |page=119}}</ref>

Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the [[Flag of Canada|maple leaf flag]] in 1965,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Eva |title=The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8020-8481-1 |page=57}}</ref> the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1969,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Landry |first1=Rodrigue |last2=Forgues |first2=Éric |date=May 2007 |title=Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=185 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.022}}</ref> and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Esses |first1=Victoria M |last2=Gardner |first2=RC |date=July 1996 |title=Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science]] |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1037/h0084934}}</ref> [[Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student financial aid in Canada|Canada Student Loans]]; though, provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sarrouh |first=Elissar |date=January 22, 2002 |title=Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development |url=http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sd-01-09.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717075406/http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/sd-01-09.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2010 |website=Social Policy Series, No. 1 |publisher=United Nations |pages=14–16, 22–37}}</ref>
[[File:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (English).jpg|thumb|A copy of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''<ref name="Ministère de la Justice 2021 d986">{{cite web |title=The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |website=Ministère de la Justice |date=March 15, 2021 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/ |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922224653/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/ | url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=refer to caption]]

Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the ''Canada Act 1982'', the [[patriation]] of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982 |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083245/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country under [[Monarchy of Canada|its own monarchy]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |last=Trepanier |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition |url=http://www.revparl.ca/27/2/27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002130/http://www.revparl.ca/27/2/27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |website=[[Canadian Parliamentary Review]]}}
| {{cite book |title=Canadian Politics |publisher=[[Broadview Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-5511-1595-5 |editor-last=Bickerton |editor-first=James |edition=4th |pages=250–254, 344–347 |editor-last2=Gagnon |editor-first2=Alain}}</ref> In 1999, [[Nunavut]] became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Légaré |first=André |year=2008 |title=Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |pages=335–367 |doi=10.1163/157181108X332659 |jstor=24674996}}
}}</ref>

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1960s, giving birth to a secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Lance W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VcVpWNSPfkC&pg=PA415 |title=Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000 |last2=Clifton |first2=Rodney A. |last3=Ferguson |first3=Barry |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-7314-7 |page=415}}</ref> The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munroe |first=HD |year=2009 |title=The October Crisis Revisited: Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice, Political Result, and Organizational Practice |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=288–305 |doi=10.1080/09546550902765623}}</ref> and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|{{Not a typo|sovereigntist}}]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1976, organizing an [[1980 Quebec referendum|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1990.<ref name="sorens">{{Cite journal |last=Sorens |first=J |date=December 2004 |title=Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=727–752 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003}}</ref> This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite news |last=Leblanc |first=Daniel |date=August 13, 2010 |title=A brief history of the Bloc Québécois |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901151147/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/a-brief-history-of-the-bloc-qubcois/article1672831/ |archive-date=September 1, 2010}}
| {{cite book |last1=Betz |first1=Hans-Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9cGkDJgW7wC&pg=PA173 |title=The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies |last2=Immerfall |first2=Stefan |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-3122-1134-9 |page=173}}
}}</ref> A [[1995 Quebec referendum|second referendum]] followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmid |first=Carol L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIuO9HmX_8QC&pg=PA112 |title=The Politics of Language: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-1980-3150-5 |page=112}}</ref> In 1997, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled [[Reference Re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional, and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by Parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<ref name="sorens" />

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;<ref>{{cite web |title=Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 |url=http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622063429/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/termsofreference/ |archive-date=June 22, 2008 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1989, a [[School shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students;<ref>{{cite web |last=Sourour |first=Teresa K |year=1991 |title=Report of Coroner's Investigation |url=http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228182645/http://www.diarmani.com/Montreal_Coroners_Report.pdf |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1990,<ref>{{Cite news |year=2000 |title=The Oka Crisis |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/ |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804233458/http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/civil_unrest/topics/99/ |archive-date=August 4, 2011}}</ref> the first of a number of violent confrontations between provincial governments and Indigenous groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roach |first=Kent |url=https://archive.org/details/september11conse00roac/page/15 |title=September 11: consequences for Canada |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7735-2584-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/september11conse00roac/page/15 15, 59–61, 194]}}</ref> Canada joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1990 and was active in [[List of Canadian peacekeeping missions|several peacekeeping missions]] in the 1990s, including operations in the [[Balkans]] during and after the [[Yugoslav Wars]],<ref name="Defence 2016 d710">{{cite web |last=Defence |first=National |title=Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina |website=Canada.ca |date=July 25, 2016 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html |access-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323054357/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/recently-completed/canadian-armed-forces-operations-bosnia-herzegovina.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[Somalia]], resulting in an incident that has been described as "[[Somalia affair|the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military]]".<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia |title=Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia |date=August 2, 2019 |last=Foot |first=Richard |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312044307/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia |url-status=live}}
| {{cite book |last=Cohen |first=S.A. |title=Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=BESA studies in international security |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-1351-6956-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |access-date=February 27, 2024 |page=160 |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304062940/https://books.google.com/books?id=0yiMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | url-status=live}}
}}</ref> Canada sent [[Canada in the War in Afghanistan|troops to Afghanistan in 2001]], resulting in the largest amount of [[Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan|Canadian deaths]] for any single military mission since the [[Canada in the Korean War|Korean War]] in the early 1950s.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |title=Canada and the War in Afghanistan |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=September 11, 2001 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan |access-date=March 25, 2024 |quote=In total, 165 Canadians died during the war in Afghanistan (158 soldiers, 7 civilians). More than 2,000 members of the CAF were wounded or injured during the war. |archive-date=January 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129023800/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/international-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan |url-status=live}}
| {{cite web |last=Defence |first=National |title=Canada in Afghanistan (2001-2014) |website=Canada.ca |date=August 30, 2016 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/afghanistan.html |access-date=March 25, 2024 |archive-date=March 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325072429/https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence/caf/militaryhistory/wars-operations/afghanistan.html |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>

In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the [[NATO]]-led intervention into the [[First Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hehir |first1=Aidan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TchAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |title=Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention |last2=Murray |first2=Robert |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-1372-7396-3 |page=88}}</ref> and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Juneau |first=Thomas |year=2015 |title=Canada's Policy to Confront the Islamic State |url=http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211070017/http://www.cgai.ca/canadas_policy_to_confront_the_islamic_state |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |publisher=[[Canadian Global Affairs Institute]]}}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]] began on January 27, 2020, causing widespread social and economic disruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2021 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613213135/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, [[Canadian Indian residential school gravesites|possible gravesites of Indigenous children]] were found near former [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Canadian residential schools]], highlighting the [[Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples|cultural genocide against Indigenous peoples]].<ref name="w624">{{cite web |last=Cooper |first=Anderson |title=Canada's unmarked graves: How residential schools carried out 'cultural genocide' against indigenous children |website=CBS News |date=February 12, 2023 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/canada-residential-schools-unmarked-graves-indigenous-children-60-minutes-2023-02-12/ | access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> A [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|trade war involving the United States]] began on February 1, 2025, when U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] signed [[Second Trump tariffs|orders imposing tariffs]] on goods entering the United States, alongside rhetoric suggesting the [[Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States#Proposals to annex Canada by Donald Trump|annexation of Canada]].<ref name="y519">{{cite web |last=Grantham-Philips |first=Wyatte |title=Trump has imposed sweeping tariffs. Here's a timeline of how we got here |website=CBC |date=March 12, 2025 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trump-trade-tariffs-timeline-1.7481280 | access-date=March 13, 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Canada}}

[[File:Canada topo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A topographic map of Canada, in polar projection (for 90° W), showing elevations shaded from green to brown (higher)|alt=refer to caption]]
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brescia |first1=Michael M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2qzBUEWxpoC&pg=PA38 |title=North America: An Introduction |last2=Super |first2=John C. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8020-9675-3 |page=38}}</ref> By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth, due to having the world's largest area of [[List of lakes of Canada|fresh water lakes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Battram |first=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBc9349sw4QC&pg=PA1 |title=Canada in Crisis: An Agenda for Survival of the Nation |publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4269-3393-6 |page=1}}</ref> Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east, along the Arctic Ocean to the north, and to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the country encompasses {{convert|9984670|km2}} of territory.<ref name="McColl2005">{{Cite book |last=McColl |first=R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA135 |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |date=September 2005 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3 |page=135}}</ref> Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of {{convert|243042|km|mi}}.<ref name="International Boundary Commission" /> In addition to sharing [[Canada–United States border|the world's largest land border with the United States]]—spanning {{convert|8,891|km|mi|0}}{{efn|name="canadausa"|{{cvt|6,416|km}} via the [[contiguous 48 states]] and {{cvt|2,475|km}} via [[Alaska]]<ref name="International Boundary Commission">{{cite web |title=Boundary Facts |publisher=International Boundary Commission |url=https://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/en/the-boundary-and-you/interesting-facts.php |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520142611/https://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/en/the-boundary-and-you/interesting-facts.php |url-status=live}}</ref>}}—Canada shares a land border with [[Greenland]] (and hence the [[Kingdom of Denmark]]) to the northeast, on [[Hans Island]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chase |first1=Steven |title=Canada and Denmark reach settlement over disputed Arctic island, sources say |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-and-denmark-reach-settlement-over-disputed-arctic-island/ |website=The Globe and Mail |date=June 10, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612214859/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-and-denmark-reach-settlement-over-disputed-arctic-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[maritime boundary]] with [[France]]'s [[overseas collectivity]] of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] to the southeast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gallay |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22rbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT429 |title=Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-3174-8718-0 |page=429}}</ref> Canada is also home to the world's northernmost settlement, [[CFS Alert|Canadian Forces Station Alert]], on the northern tip of [[Ellesmere Island]]—latitude 82.5°N—which lies {{convert|817|km|mi}} from the North Pole.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canadian Geographic |publisher=[[Royal Canadian Geographical Society]] |year=2008 |page=20}}</ref> In latitude, Canada's most northerly point of land is [[Cape Columbia]] in Nunavut at 83°6′41″N, with its southern extreme at [[Middle Island (Lake Erie)|Middle Island]] in Lake Erie at 41°40′53″N. In longitude, Canada's land extends from [[Cape Spear]], Newfoundland, at 52°37'W, to [[Mount Saint Elias|Mount St. Elias]], Yukon Territory, at 141°W.<ref name="p496">{{cite web |title=Where is Canada in the World? |website=World Population by Country 2024 (Live) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada/location | access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref>

Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions: the [[Canadian Shield]], the [[Interior Plains]], the [[Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands]], the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian region]], the [[Pacific Cordillera (Canada)|Western Cordillera]], [[Hudson Bay Lowlands]], and the [[Arctic Archipelago]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html |work=The Atlas of Canada |title=Physiographic Regions of Canada |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |date=September 12, 2016 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621185011/https://atlas.gc.ca/phys/en/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taiga|Boreal forests]] prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in [[Northern Canada|northern Arctic regions]] and through the [[Rocky Mountains]], and the relatively flat [[Canadian Prairies]] in the southwest facilitate productive agriculture.<ref name="McColl2005" /> The Great Lakes feed the [[St. Lawrence River]] (in the southeast) where the lowlands host much of Canada's economic output.<ref name="McColl2005" /> Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 of which are larger than {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|0}}—containing much of the world's [[fresh water]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=William G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxNMhw-rRrQC&pg=PA244 |title=The surface climates of Canada |last2=Oke |first2=TR |last3=Rouse |first3=Wayne R |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7735-1672-4 |page=124}}
| {{cite web |date=December 5, 2012 |title=Physical Components of Watersheds |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205125542/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/hydrology/watershed1/1 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |website=The Atlas of Canada}}
}}</ref> There are also fresh-water glaciers in the [[Canadian Rockies]], the [[Coast Mountains]], and the [[Arctic Cordillera]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandford |first=Robert William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UANY2ftt4pEC&pg=PR11 |title=Cold Matters: The State and Fate of Canada's Fresh Water |publisher=Biogeoscience Institute at the University of Calgary |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-927330-20-3 |page=11}}</ref> [[Geology of Canada|Canada is geologically active]], having [[List of earthquakes in Canada|many earthquakes]] and [[Volcanism of Canada|potentially active volcanoes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Etkin |first1=David |title=An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada |last2=Haque |first2=CE |last3=Brooks |first3=Gregory R |date=April 30, 2003 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-4020-1179-5 |pages=569, 582, 583}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{main|Temperature in Canada|Climate change in Canada}}
[[File:Canada Köppen.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|Köppen climate classification types of Canada]]
Average winter and summer high [[Temperature in Canada|temperatures across Canada]] vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a [[continental climate]], where daily average temperatures are near {{Convert|-15|C|F|lk=on}}, but can drop below {{convert|-40|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with severe [[wind chill]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics, Regina SK |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062344/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/C02072/CASK0261?CASK0261 |archive-date=January 5, 2009 |access-date=January 18, 2010 |publisher=[[The Weather Network]]}}</ref> In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|30|C|F}}, with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding {{convert|40|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Regina International Airport |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084648/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3002&lang=e&StationName=Regina&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref>

Much of [[Northern Canada]] is covered by ice and [[permafrost]]. The future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of [[climate change in Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bush |first1=E. |last2=Lemmen |first2=D.S. |year=2019 |title=Canada's Changing Climate Report |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Government of Canada |page=84 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422235552/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR_FULLREPORT-EN-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's annual average temperature over land has risen by {{convert|1.7|C-change}}, with changes ranging from {{convert|1.1|to|2.3|C-change}} in various regions, since 1948.<ref name="McColl2005" /> The rate of warming has been higher across the North and in the Prairies.<ref name="ClimateReport">{{cite web |first1=X. |last1=Zhang |first2=G. |last2=Flato |last3=Kirchmeier-Young |first3=M. |first4=L. |last4=Vincent |first5=H. |last5=Wan |first6=X. |last6=Wang |first7=R. |last7=Rong |first8=J. |last8=Fyfe |first9=G. |last9=Li|first0=V. |last0=KharinV. |year=2019 |title=Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Across Canada; Chapter 4 |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |website=Canada's Changing Climate Report |publisher=Government of Canada |pages=112–193 |editor-last=Bush |editor-first=E. |editor-last2=Lemmen |editor-first2=D.S. |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218102442/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/Climate-change/pdf/CCCR-Chapter4-TemperatureAndPrecipitationAcrossCanada.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In the southern regions of Canada, [[Air pollution in Canada|air pollution from both Canada]] and the United States—caused by metal smelting, burning coal to power utilities, and vehicle emissions—has resulted in [[acid rain]], which has severely impacted waterways, forest growth, and agricultural productivity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=David R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeYgVGE9j3EC&pg=PA67 |title=Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4063-7 |pages=67–69}}</ref> Canada is one of the largest [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emitters globally]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions |publisher=Climate Watch |access-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321170958/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions |url-status=live}}</ref> with emissions increased by 16.5 percent between 1990 and 2022.<ref name="j018">{{cite web |last=Canada |first=Climate Change |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |website=Canada.ca |date=January 9, 2007 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html |access-date=May 18, 2024 |archive-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411165603/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Wildlife of Canada}}
[[File:Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada, 2017.gif|thumb|upright=1.3| [[Ecozones of Canada|Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada]]. Ecozones are identified with a unique colour. Ecoprovinces are subdivisions of ecozones and are identified with a unique numeric code.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2018 u350">{{cite web |title=Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=January 12, 2018 |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-map |archive-date=September 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902211146/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-map | url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Map showing Canada divided into different ecozones]]

Canada is divided into [[Ecozones of Canada|15 terrestrial and five marine ecozones]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Introduction to the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) 2017 |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-1 |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116145635/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects/standard/environment/elc/2017-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of [[Wildlife of Canada|Canadian wildlife]], with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/reports/Wild%20Species%202015.pdf |title=Wild Species 2015: The General Status of Species in Canada |work=National General Status Working Group: 1 |publisher=Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council |year=2016 |quote=The new estimate indicates that there are about 80,000 known species in Canada, excluding viruses and bacteria |page=2 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127203149/https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/reports/Wild%20Species%202015.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Canada has a low percentage of [[Megadiverse countries|endemic species compared to other countries]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ca |title=Canada: Main Details |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810215710/https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ca |url-status=live}}</ref> due to human activities, [[Wildlife of Canada#Invasive species|invasive species]], and [[Environmental issues in Canada|environmental issues in the country]], there are currently more than [[List of Wildlife Species at Risk (Canada)|800 species at risk of being lost]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-annual-reports/2019-2020.html |publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry |title=COSEWIC Annual Report |year=2019 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305111710/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-annual-reports/2019-2020.html |url-status=live}}</ref> About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered "Secure".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=17F0CBCE-1#s1i |title=Wild Species 2000: The General Status of Species in Canada |year=2001 |publisher=Conservation Council |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016214436/https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=17F0CBCE-1#s1i |url-status=live}}</ref> Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://naturecanada.ca/news/archived/state-of-canadas-biodiversity-highlighted-in-new-government-report/ |title=State of Canada's Biodiversity Highlighted in New Government Report |date=October 22, 2010 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122031530/https://naturecanada.ca/news/archived/state-of-canadas-biodiversity-highlighted-in-new-government-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[boreal forest of Canada]] is considered to be the largest [[Intact forest landscape|intact forest]] on Earth, with approximately {{Convert|3000000|km2}} undisturbed by roads, cities or industry.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter H. |last1=Raven |first2=Linda R. |last2=Berg |first3=David M. |last3=Hassenzahl |title=Environment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVpO2R51JBIC&pg=RA1-PA361 |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-4709-4570-4 |pages=1–3}}</ref> Since the end of the last [[glacial period]], Canada has consisted of [[Forests of Canada#Regions|eight distinct forest regions]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |title=National Atlas of Canada |publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7705-1198-2 |page=1}}
| {{cite book |last1=Luckert |first1=Martin K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Gm-rBnGghcC&pg=PA1 |title=Policies for Sustainably Managing Canada's Forests: Tenure, Stumpage Fees, and Forest Practices |last2=Haley |first2=David |last3=Hoberg |first3=George |publisher=UBC Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7748-2069-1 |page=1}}
}}</ref>

Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are [[National Wildlife Area|conservation areas]], including 11.4 percent designated as [[Protected areas of Canada|protected areas]].<ref name="conserved" /> Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.<ref name="conserved">{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/conserved-areas.html |title=Canada's conserved areas |publisher=Environment and Climate Canada |year=2020 |archive-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402184441/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/conserved-areas.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's first [[National Parks of Canada|National Park]], [[Banff National Park]] was established in 1885.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pm-mp/guidem-mguide/sec15/gm-mg15_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615122147/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/v-g/pm-mp/guidem-mguide/sec15/gm-mg15_e.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |title=The Mountain Guide – Banff National Park |publisher=Parks Canada |year=2006}}
| {{cite book |first=Martin F. |last=Price |title=Mountain Area Research and Management: Integrated Approaches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNIZihxXTwsC&pg=PA217 |year=2013 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=978-1-8497-7201-3 |pages=217–218}}
}}</ref> Canada's oldest provincial park, [[Algonquin Provincial Park]] was established in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-provincial-park-management-plan |title=Algonquin Provincial Park Management Plan |year=1998 |publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209143502/https://www.ontario.ca/page/algonquin-provincial-park-management-plan |url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 2015, [[Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area]] is the world's largest freshwater protected area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/mpaspotlight-pleinsfeuxzpm/index-eng.html |title=Spotlight on Marine Protected Areas in Canada |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=December 13, 2017 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193502/https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/publications/mpaspotlight-pleinsfeuxzpm/index-eng.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada's largest national wildlife region, established in 2018, is the [[Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area]].<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite web |title=Scott Islands Marine National Widllife Area |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555695926 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |website=Protected Planet}}
| {{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/scott-islands-marine/regulatory-strategy.html |title=Proposed Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area: regulatory strategy |publisher=Environment and Climate Change Canada |date=February 7, 2013 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182613/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/scott-islands-marine/regulatory-strategy.html |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Government of Canada|Politics of Canada}}

[[File:Parliament Hill from a Hot Air Balloon, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Y2K (7173715788).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Canadian Parliament Buildings]] and their surroundings]]
Canada is described as a "[[Democracy Index|full democracy]]",<ref name="f722">{{cite web | title=Canada Ranks 14th on Democracy Index 2024 | website=Canada Action | date=2018-08-01 | url=https://www.canadaaction.ca/eiu-democracy-index-ranking | access-date=2026-01-17}}</ref> with a tradition of [[liberalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westhues |first1=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Wharf |first2=Brian |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-5545-8409-3 |pages=10–11}}</ref> and an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bickerton |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jd6oqRHxLYC&pg=PA56 |title=Canadian Politics |last2=Gagnon |first2=Alain |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-0121-5 |page=56}}</ref> [[Political moderate|moderate]] political ideology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |edition=4th |pages=13–23}}</ref> Since the 1960s, an emphasis on [[social justice]] has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=McQuaig |first=L. |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14 |page=14}}
| {{cite book |last=Fierlbeck |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bZBHlF4V8EC&pg=PA87 |title=Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5511-1711-9 |page=87}}
}}</ref> [[Peace, order, and good government]], alongside an [[Implied Bill of Rights]], are founding principles of [[Canadian federalism]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries |last2=P. Scheurell |first2=Robert |date=March 17, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36677-5 |page=48}}
| {{cite book |last=Boughey |first=Janina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Human Rights and Judicial Review in Australia and Canada: The Newest Despotism? |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5099-0788-5 |page=105}}
| {{cite web |last=McLachlin |first=Beverly |authorlink=Beverley McLachlin |title=Human Rights Protection in Canada |publisher=" Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ohrlp |quote=Canada's experience with human rights. Canada's experience can be divided into three phases: 1) Judicially implied rights; 2) Legislatively protected rights; and 3) Constitutionally protected human rights. Before human rights legislation and the Charter, courts in Canada relied on the theory of an "implied bill of rights" to protect traditional civil liberties such as freedom of speech and association. The theoretical foundation for these rights was the importance of free political speech and discussion in a democracy.}}
}}</ref>

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two relatively [[Centrism|centrist]] parties practising "brokerage politics":{{efn| name=politics|"Brokerage politics: A Canadian term for successful [[Big tent|big tent parties]] that embody a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter ... adopting [[Centrism|centrist policies]] and [[Electoral alliance|electoral coalitions]] to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Marland |first1=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSeSaYPa2A4C&pg=PA257 |title=Political Marketing in Canada |last2=Giasson |first2=Thierry |last3=Lees-Marshment |first3=Jennifer |publisher=UBC Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7748-2231-2 |page=257}}
|{{Cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA195 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics |last2=Smith |first2=David |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-1953-3535-4 |page=195}}
}}</ref> "The traditional ''brokerage'' model of Canadian politics leaves little room for ideology."<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Cochrane |year=2010 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40983510 |title=Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=583–605 |doi=10.1017/S0008423910000624 |jstor=40983510 |url-access=subscription}}
|{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Brooks |title=Canadian Democracy: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQnPIXV5CEC |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1954-1806-4 |page=265 |quote=Two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics}}
|{{cite book |first=Miriam |last=Smith |title=Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iG4rAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |year=2014 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0695-1 |page=17 |quote=Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major [[Cleavage (politics)|social cleavages]] in an effort to defuse potential tensions.}}
|{{cite book |first=David |last=Johnson |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |year=2016 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |pages=13–23 |quote=...most Canadian governments, especially in the federal sphere, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...}}}}</ref>
}} the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] leaning [[Liberal Party of Canada]]<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Bittner |first1=Amanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdFTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 |title=Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics |last2=Koop |first2=Royce |date=March 1, 2013 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-2411-8 |page=300}}
| {{cite web |last=Johnston |first=Richard |title=The baffling history of Canada's party system |website=Policy Options |date=April 13, 2021 |url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209225002/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/october-2017/the-baffling-history-of-canadas-party-system/ |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> and the [[centre-right]] leaning [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (or [[Conservative Party of Canada#Predecessors|its predecessors]]).<ref name="Gill 2021 p. 485">{{cite journal |last=Gill |first=Jessica K. |title=Unpacking the Role of Neoliberalism on the Politics of Poverty Reduction Policies in Ontario, Canada: A Descriptive Case Study and Critical Analysis |journal=Social Sciences |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=10 |issue=12 |date=December 20, 2021 |doi=10.3390/socsci10120485 |page=485 | doi-access=free}}</ref> The historically predominant Liberals position themselves at the centre of the political scale.<ref name="Gill 2021 p. 485" /> Five parties had representatives elected to Parliament in the [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025 election]]—the Liberals, who formed a minority government; the Conservatives, who became the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]]; the [[Bloc Québécois]]; the [[New Democratic Party]] (occupying the [[Left-wing politics|left]]<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZhcx6hLOMMC&pg=PA166 |title=Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective |last2=de Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-1996-6399-6 |pages=166–167}}
| {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZAwDwAAQBAJ |title=The Canadian Party System: An Analytic History |publisher=UBC Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7748-3610-4}}
}}</ref>); and the [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Election 2015 roundup |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022233012/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/ |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> [[Far-right]] and [[far-left]] politics have never been a prominent force in Canadian society.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{Cite journal |last1=Ambrose |first1=Emma |last2=Mudde |first2=Cas |year=2015 |title=Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=213–236 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033}}
|{{Cite news |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=June 27, 2017 |title=Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627090321/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/world/canada/canadas-secret-to-resisting-the-wests-populist-wave.html |archive-date=June 27, 2017}}
|{{cite web |last=Geddes |first=John |title=What's actually standing in the way of right-wing populism in Canada? |website=Macleans.ca |date=February 8, 2022 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/ |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031024415/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/whats-actually-standing-in-the-way-of-right-wing-populism-in-canada/ |url-status=live}}
|{{cite journal |last=Blake |first=Raymond B. |author-link=Raymond B. Blake |title=Locating the Right in Canadian Political History |journal=American Review of Canadian Studies |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=January 2, 2024 |issn=0272-2011 |doi=10.1080/02722011.2024.2326264 |pages=1–8 |quote=Social conservatives and the extreme right have had limited success designing the direction and policies of Canada's right-wing political parties.}}}}</ref>

Canada has a [[parliamentary system]] within the context of a [[constitutional monarchy]]—the [[monarchy of Canada]] being the foundation of the executive, [[legislative]], and [[judicial]] branches.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395 |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-3176-3444-7 |page=395}}
| {{cite web |date=March 29, 1867 |title=Constitution Act, 1867: Preamble |url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203024121/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html |archive-date=February 3, 2010 |publisher=[[Queen's Printer]]}}
| {{cite news |last=Smith |first=David E |date=June 10, 2010 |title=The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy? |page=6 |work=The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options |publisher=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] |url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qXvz463C?url=http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/conf/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_the_Constitutio1.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2010}}
| {{cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S |url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |title=A Crown of Maples |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-6624-6012-1 |edition=2nd |page=16 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |archive-date=January 5, 2016}}
}}</ref> The [[reign]]ing monarch is also monarch of [[Commonwealth realm|14 other sovereign Commonwealth countries]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2WHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT196 |title=Battle Royal: Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada |date=2018 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-4597-4015-0 |page=196}}</ref> and [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Canada's 10 provinces]]. The monarch appoints a representative, the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], on the [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], to carry out most of their ceremonial royal duties.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |title=The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities |url=http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Queen's Printer |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122338/http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=3 |url-status=live}}
| {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATi5R5XNb2MC&pg=PA54 |title=Commonwealth public administration reform 2004 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-1170-3249-1 |pages=54–55}}
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 330
| image1 = {{Current Canadian monarch|image}}
| caption1 = {{Current Canadian monarch}} {{small|[[Monarchy of Canada|{{Current Canadian monarch|title}}]]}}
| alt1 = {{Current Canadian monarch|title|name|nolink}}
| image2 = Mary Simon, Governor General of Canada.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mary Simon]] {{small|[[Governor General of Canada|Governor general]]}}
| alt2 = Governor General Mary Simon
| image3 = 2025-11-14 InaugurationREM Deux-Montagnes Mark Carney.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mark Carney]] {{small|[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime minister]]}}
| alt3 = Prime Minister Mark Carney
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
}}

The monarchy is the source of [[Canadian sovereignty|sovereignty]] and authority in Canada.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Kevin S |url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |title=A Crown of Maples |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-6624-6012-1 |edition=2nd |page=16 |author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105160848/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4 |archive-date=January 5, 2016}}
| {{cite book |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |publisher=Queen's Printer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-6623-9689-5 |edition=6th |pages=1, 16, 26 |author-link=Eugene Forsey |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009}}
| {{cite web |last1=Marleau |first1=Robert |last2=Montpetit |first2=Camille |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828112251/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Queen's Printer}}
}}</ref> However, while the governor general or monarch may exercise their power without ministerial [[Advice (constitutional law)|advice]] in rare [[Constitutional crisis|crisis situations]],<ref name="Forseyp1">{{Cite book |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/aboutparliament/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |publisher=Queen's Printer |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-6623-9689-5 |edition=6th |pages=1, 16, 26 |author-link=Eugene Forsey |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229155255/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/AboutParliament/Forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2009}}</ref> the use of the executive powers (or [[royal prerogative]]) is otherwise directed by the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]], a committee of [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] responsible to the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and chosen and headed by the prime minister,<ref>{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Peter |date=November 4, 2015 |title='A cabinet that looks like Canada:' Justin Trudeau pledges government built on trust |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/11/04/new-government-to-be-sworn-in-today.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128075156/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/11/04/new-government-to-be-sworn-in-today.html |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |website=Toronto Star}}</ref> the [[head of government]]. To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a [[Majority rule|majority]] of members in the House.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkinggovernme02ndjohn/page/134 |title=Thinking government: public sector management in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5511-1779-9 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/thinkinggovernme02ndjohn/page/134 134–135, 149]}}</ref> The [[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) is one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown the governor general, [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], senators, federal court judges, and heads of [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]] and government agencies.<ref name="Forseyp1" /> The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|leader of the Official Opposition]] and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Opposition in a Parliamentary System |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125122354/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/bp47-e.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Library of Parliament}}</ref>

[[File:West Block Temp House of Commons, 2022.jpg|thumb|The [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] in its temporary location, the [[West Block]]<ref name="Services Canada 2023 u321">{{cite web |publisher=Public Services and Procurement Canada |title=Restoring and modernizing the West Block |date=August 15, 2023 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/infrastructure-buildings/parliamentary-precinct/projects-in-parliamentary-precinct/west-block-project.html |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022035846/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/infrastructure-buildings/parliamentary-precinct/projects-in-parliamentary-precinct/west-block-project.html | url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=The House of Commons chamber]]

The [[Parliament of Canada]] passes all federal statute laws. It comprises the monarch, the House of Commons, and the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]. While Canada inherited the British concept of [[parliamentary supremacy]], this was later, with the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, all but completely superseded by the American notion of [[Supremacy Clause|the supremacy of the law]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereignty |last=McWhinney |first=Edward Watson |title=Sovereignty |date=October 8, 2019 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529215957/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereignty |url-status=live}}</ref>

Each of the 343 [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] or riding. The ''[[Constitution Act, 1982]]'', requires that no more than five years pass between elections, although the ''[[Canada Elections Act]]'' limits this to four years with a "fixed" election date in October; [[Elections in Canada|general elections]] still must be called by the governor general and can be triggered by either the advice of the prime minister or a lost [[confidence vote]] in the House.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite web |title=About Elections and Ridings |url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Compilations/ElectionsAndRidings.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103929/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Compilations/ElectionsAndRidings.aspx |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |publisher=Library of Parliament}}
| {{cite web |last1=O'Neal |first1=Brian |last2=Bédard |first2=Michel |last3=Spano |first3=Sebastian |date=April 11, 2011 |title=Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522071714/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-37-e.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |publisher=[[Library of Parliament]]}}}}</ref> The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Ann L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GytLtJacxY8C&pg=PA116 |title=Handbook of Federal Countries |last2=Nerenberg |first2=Karl |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7735-7047-4 |page=116}}</ref>

[[Canadian federalism]] divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the 10 provinces. [[Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|Provincial legislatures]] are [[unicameral]] and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons.<ref name="Montpetit">{{cite web |last1=Marleau |first1=Robert |last2=Montpetit |first2=Camille |title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828112251/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Lang=E&Print=2&Sec=Ch01&Seq=5 |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |publisher=Queen's Printer}}</ref> Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign, have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces,<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories |url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&doc=difference-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201135354/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=provterr&doc=difference-eng.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |access-date=November 23, 2015 |publisher=Intergovernmental Affairs Canada}}</ref> and differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Differences from Provincial Governments |url=http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/what-consensus/differences-provincial-governments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044824/http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/what-consensus/differences-provincial-governments |archive-date=February 3, 2014 |access-date=January 30, 2014 |publisher=Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories}}</ref>

===Law===
{{Main|Law of Canada}}

The [[Constitution of Canada]] is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dodek |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86s7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13 |title=The Canadian Constitution |publisher=Dundurn – University of Ottawa Faculty of Law |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4597-3505-7 |page=13}}</ref> The ''Constitution Act, 1867'' (known as the [[British North America Acts|British North America Act, 1867]] prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olive |first=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvw_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=The Canadian Environment in Political Context |date=2015 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0871-9 |pages=41–42}}</ref> The ''Statute of Westminster, 1931'', granted full autonomy, and the ''Constitution Act, 1982'', ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhagwan |first1=Vishnoo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YatgyeA5R4sC&pg=PA550 |title=World Constitutions |last2=Vidya |first2=Bhushan |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-1207-1937-8 |pages=549–550}}</ref> The ''Charter'' guarantees basic [[Human rights in Canada|rights and freedoms]] that usually cannot be overridden by any government; a [[Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|notwithstanding clause]] allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the ''Charter'' for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bakan |first1=Joel |title=Canadian Constitutional Law |last2=Elliot |first2=Robin M |publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-5523-9085-6 |pages=3–8, 683–687, 699}}</ref>
[[File:Supreme court of Canada in summer.jpg|thumb|alt=Supreme Court of Canada building|The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]

[[Court system of Canada|Canada's judiciary]] interprets laws and has the power to strike down acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the highest court, final arbiter, and has been led since 2017 by [[Richard Wagner (judge)|Richard Wagner]], the [[Chief Justice of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Current and Former Chief Justices |url=http://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/cfcju-jucp-eng.aspx |publisher=Supreme Court of Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227134859/http://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/cfcju-jucp-eng.aspx |archive-date=December 27, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The governor general appoints the court's nine members on the advice of the prime minister and [[Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada|minister of justice]].<ref name="UCP-2018">{{cite book |title=Law, Politics, and the Judicial Process in Canada, 4th Edition |publisher=University of Calgary Press |edition=4 |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5523-8990-4 |jstor=j.ctv56fggn |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv56fggn |pages=117–172 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv56fggn}}</ref> The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yates |first1=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00yate/page/93 |title=Introduction to Law in Canada |last2=Bain |first2=Penny |last3=Yates |first3=Ruth |publisher=Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-1379-2862-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00yate/page/93 93]}}</ref>

[[Law of Canada#Common law|Common law]] prevails everywhere except [[Quebec law|Quebec, where civil law]] predominates.<ref>{{cite book |first=Julian |last=Hermida |title=Criminal Law in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT9sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |date=May 9, 2018 |publisher=Kluwer Law International B.V. |isbn=978-9-0411-9627-9 |pages=10–}}</ref> [[Criminal law of Canada|Criminal law]] is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sworden |first=Philip James |title=An introduction to Canadian law |publisher=Emond Montgomery Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5523-9145-7 |pages=22, 150}}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Canada|Law enforcement]], including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Who we are |url=https://www.opp.ca/index.php?id=123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826073944/http://www.opp.ca/index.php?id=123 |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |access-date=October 24, 2012 |publisher=Ontario Provincial Police}}</ref> In most rural and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]].<ref name="Sullivan-2005">{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=L.E. |title=Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement |publisher=SAGE Publications |issue=v. 3 |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-2649-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L145DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA995 |page=995}}</ref>

[[Canadian Aboriginal law]] provides certain [[Aboriginal land title in Canada|constitutionally recognized rights to land]] and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Jim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKpaDwAAQBAJ |title=Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: A Critical Introduction |publisher=UBC Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7748-8023-7}}</ref> Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples.<ref name="FN">{{Cite report |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf |title=Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006 |last=Patterson |first=Lisa Lynne |publisher=Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament |page=3 |access-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126203243/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0604-e.pdf |series=1 |year=2004 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 26, 2014}}</ref> The role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support were reaffirmed by [[section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982]].<ref name="FN" /> These rights may include provision of services, such as healthcare through the [[Indian Health Transfer Policy]], and exemption from taxation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madison |first=Gary Brent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AgrpoLkscMC&pg=PA128 |title=Is There a Canadian Philosophy?: Reflections on the Canadian Identity |publisher=[[University of Ottawa Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7766-0514-2 |page=128}}</ref>

===Provinces and territories===
{{Main|Provinces and territories of Canada}}
{{See also|Canadian federalism}}

[[File:Political map of Canada.svg|upright=1.3|thumb|alt=Labelled map of Canada detailing its provinces and territories|Political map of Canada showing its [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and 3 territories]]<ref name="Anon. y967">{{cite web |title=Canada Political Divisions |url=https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/Geographical-maps_Carte-geographique/SmallScaleReferenceMaps/english_canada/colour/Canada.pdf |publisher=Natural Resources Canada |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415114431/https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/Geographical-maps_Carte-geographique/SmallScaleReferenceMaps/english_canada/colour/Canada.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>|link=Provinces and territories of Canada]]

Canada is a federation composed of 10 [[federated states]], called provinces, and three [[federal territories]]. These may be grouped into [[List of regions of Canada|four main regions]]: [[Western Canada]], [[Central Canada]], [[Atlantic Canada]], and [[Northern Canada]] (''[[Eastern Canada]]'' refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hamel |first1=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rB-NBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |title=Suburban Governance: A Global View |last2=Keil |first2=Roger |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4426-6357-2 |page=81}}</ref> Provinces and territories have responsibility for social programs such as [[Healthcare in Canada|healthcare]], [[Education in Canada|education]], and [[Social programs in Canada|social programs]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doern |first1=G. Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXaFRZtKJsC&pg=RA1-PA1976 |title=Canadian Public Budgeting in the Age of Crises: Shifting Budgetary Domains and Temporal Budgeting |last2=Maslove |first2=Allan M. |last3=Prince |first3=Michael J. |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7735-8853-0 |page=1}}</ref> as well as administration of justice (but not criminal law). Although the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, [[equalization payments]] are made by the federal government to ensure reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clemens |first1=Jason |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yc6RakXxLy0C&pg=PA8 |title=Beyond Equalization: Examining Fiscal Transfers in a Broader Context |last2=Veldhuis |first2=Niels |publisher=[[Fraser Institute]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8897-5215-3 |page=8}}</ref>

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their sovereignty from the Crown<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Michael D. |title=The Canadian Monarchy in Saskatchewan |publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan |year=1990 |page=14 |edition=2nd}}</ref> and power and authority from the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the [[Parliament of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulsvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Canadian Constitution |last2=Macklem |first2=Patrick |last3=Des Rosiers |first3=Nathalie |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-1906-6482-4 |pages=498–499}}</ref> and the commissioners represent the [[King-in-Council|King in his federal Council]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.commissioner.gov.nt.ca/en/role-commissioner |author=Commissioner of the Northwest Territories |title=Role of the Commissioner |publisher=Government of Northwest Territories |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308194120/https://www.commissioner.gov.nt.ca/en/role-commissioner |url-status=live}}</ref> rather than the monarch directly. The powers flowing from the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meligrana |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uL9hLqPSdi0C&pg=PA75 |title=Redrawing Local Government Boundaries: An International Study of Politics, Procedures, and Decisions |publisher=UBC Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7748-0934-4 |page=75}}</ref> and any changes to that arrangement require a [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional amendment]], while changes to the roles and powers of the territories may be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Norman L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174 |title=The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-7705-1742-7 |pages=174–175}}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Canada}}

[[File:Canadian embassies map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Diplomatic missions of Canada]]<ref name="GAC 2014 c263">{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts Accredited to Canada |website=GAC |date=June 10, 2014 |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/missions.aspx?lang=eng |accessdate=February 26, 2024 |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073816/https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/missions.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{resizediv|95%|{{legend|#2f3699|Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission}}
{{legend|#709ad1|Interests section and other representations}}
{{legend|#b4b4b4|Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions}}
{{legend|#22b14c|Canada}}}}]]
Canada is recognized as a [[middle power]] for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue [[Multilateralism|multilateral]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|international]] solutions.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5}}
| {{cite book |last1=Gabryś |first1=M. |last2=Soroka |first2=T. |title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 |publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo |series=Societas |year=2017 |isbn=978-8-3763-8792-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |page=39}}
| {{cite book |last1=Sens |first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Global Politics |last2=Stoett |first2=Peter |publisher=Nelson Education |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-1764-8249-7 |edition=5th |page=6}}
| {{cite book |last=McKercher |first=B.J.C. |title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge handbooks |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-1366-6437-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGypAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 | access-date=June 17, 2024 |page=131}}
}}</ref> [[Globalization]] has significantly influenced [[Foreign relations of Canada|Canadian foreign policies]],<ref name="i447">{{cite journal | last=Bousfield | first=Dan | title=Canadian Foreign Policy in an Era of New Constitutionalism | journal=American Review of Canadian Studies | volume=43 | issue=3 | date=September 1, 2013 | issn=0272-2011 | doi=10.1080/02722011.2013.819369 | pages=394–412}}</ref> with the country known for its promotion of peace and security through mediation,<ref name="o407">{{cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=J. |last2=Courtney |first2=J.C. |last3=Smith |first3=D. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics |publisher=OUP USA |series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-1953-3535-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA363 |page=363}}</ref> and for providing [[Canadian foreign aid |aid to developing countries]].<ref>
{{multiref2
|{{cite web |title=Development Co-operation Profiles – Canada |website=OECD iLibrary |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/aa7e3298-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/aa7e3298-en |access-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528044344/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/aa7e3298-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/aa7e3298-en |url-status=live}}
|{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Craig |title=Canada's Human Rights Policy and ITS Impact on Foreign Assistance Allocation |journal=Peace Research |publisher=Canadian Mennonite University |volume=32 |issue=4 |year=2000 |issn=0008-4697 |jstor=23608002 |pages=85–97 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23608002 | access-date=October 29, 2024}}}}</ref>

[[Canada–United States relations|Canada and the United States]] have a long and complex relationship;<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite encyclopedia |title=Canada and the United States |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=June 11, 2020 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029025447/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states | url-status=live}}
| {{cite book |last1=Nord |first1=D.C. |last2=Weller |first2=G.R. |title=Canada and the United States: An Introduction to a Complex Relationship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GO7PGwAACAAJ |page=14}}
}}</ref> historically close allies, they co-operate regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite book |last1=Carment |first1=D. |last2=Sands |first2=C. |title=Canada–US Relations: Sovereignty or Shared Institutions? |publisher=Springer International Publishing |series=Canada and International Affairs |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-0300-5036-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT6EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |pages=3–10}}
| {{cite journal |last=Haglung |first=David G |date=Autumn 2003 |title=North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=675–691 |doi=10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3}}
}}</ref> Canada also maintains historic and traditional [[Canada–United Kingdom relations|ties to the United Kingdom]] and [[Canada–France relations|to France]],<ref name="Morrison 2008 p. 177">{{cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Katherine L. |title=The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection |journal=International Journal of Canadian Studies |publisher=Consortium Erudit |issue=37 |year=2008 |doi=10.7202/040800ar |page=177 |language=fr |doi-access=free}}</ref> along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Patrick |title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1493-3 |editor-last=Michaud |editor-first=Nelson |pages=213–214, 349–362 |editor-last2=O'Reilly |editor-first2=Marc J}}</ref> Canada is noted for having a positive [[Canada–Netherlands relations|relationship with the Netherlands]], owing, in part, to its contribution to the [[Liberation of the Netherlands|Dutch liberation during the Second World War]].<ref name="netherlands" /> [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Canada has diplomatic and consular offices]] in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.<ref name="GAC 2014 c263" />

Canada promotes [[Canadian values|its domestically shared values]] through participating in [[International organisation membership of Canada|multiple international organizations]].<ref>{{multiref2| {{cite book |last=James |first=Patrick |title=Religion, Identity, and Global Governance |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=January 1, 2011 |isbn=978-1-4426-4066-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW0-afj9KNkC&dq=Canada+promotes+its+domestically+shared+values+through+its+its+foreign+relations&pg=PA284 |page=284}}|{{cite web |title=How Should Canada Promote Democracy and Good Governance Internationally? |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute |date=August 1, 2018 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/how_should_canada_promote_democracy_and_good_governance_internationally | access-date=March 18, 2025}}}}</ref> [[Canada and the United Nations|Canada was a founding member of the United Nations]] (UN) in 1945 and formed the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] together with the United States in 1958.<ref name="Wilson 2012 p. 10">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=G.A.A. |title=NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4597-0412-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-nvkPFdUREC&pg=PT10 |page=10}}</ref> The country has membership in the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Five Eyes]], the [[G7]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD).<ref name="Chapnick2011a">{{Cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5}}</ref> The country was a founding member the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC) in 1989 and joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=McKenna |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoputVv15MEC&pg=PA91 |title=Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-1108-5 |page=91}}
| {{cite book |title=Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities |year=2015 |publisher=International Business Publications |isbn=978-0-7397-1615-1 |page=27}}
}}</ref> Canada ratified the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) in 1948, and seven principal UN human rights conventions and covenants since then.<ref name="Heritage 2017 a990">{{cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |title=Human rights treaties |website=Canada.ca |date=October 23, 2017 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/canada-united-nations-system/treaties.html |access-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315141714/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/canada-united-nations-system/treaties.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Military===
{{Main|Canadian Armed Forces|Canadian peacekeeping}}
{{further|Military history of Canada}}

[[File:CAFDay-27 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A fighter jet taking off from a runway|A Canadian [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet]] in "special markings" used by the 2014 [[CF-18 Demonstration Team]]<ref name="Skies Mag 2014 p953">{{cite web |title=RCAF 2014 Demo Jet revealed |website=Skies Mag |date=March 27, 2014 |url=https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010180249/https://skiesmag.com/press-releases/rcaf2014demojetrevealed/ | url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Alongside many [[List of Canadian military operations#Domestic|domestic obligations]], more than 3,000 [[Canadian Armed Forces]] (CAF) personnel are [[List of Canadian military operations#Foreign|deployed in multiple foreign military operations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html |title=Current operations list |year=2024 |publisher=National Defence |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102133817/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian unified forces comprise the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], [[Canadian Army]], and [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. The nation employs a professional, volunteer force of approximately 68,000 active personnel and 27,000 reserve personnel—increasing to 71,500 and 30,000 respectively under "Strong, Secure, Engaged"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/policies-standards/canada-defence-policy.html |title=Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada's Defence Policy |publisher=National Defence |date=September 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924030653/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/policies-standards/canada-defence-policy.html |url-status=live}}</ref>—with a sub-component of approximately 5,000 [[Canadian Rangers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html |title=Canadian Armed Forces 101 |date=March 11, 2021 |publisher=National Defence |archive-date=October 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030051937/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn| name=Force| "The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] is composed of approximately 8,400 full-time sailors and 5,100 part-time sailors. The Army is composed of approximately 22,800 full-time soldiers, 18,700 reservists, and 5,000 [[Canadian Rangers]]. The Royal Canadian Air Force is composed of approximately 13,000 Regular Force personnel and 2,400 Air Reserve personnel."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/about/canadian-armed-forces.page |title=About the Canadian Armed Forces |date=March 11, 2021 |publisher=National Defence |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317004607/http://forces.gc.ca/en/about/canadian-armed-forces.page |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} In 2022, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP){{snd}}placing it 14th for [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure by country]].<ref name="SIPRI-2022">{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423231601/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Canadian peacekeeping|Canada's role in developing ''peacekeeping'' and its participation in major peacekeeping initiatives]] during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Sorenson |first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OZ6NRiL5MkC&pg=PA158 |title=The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era |last2=Wood |first2=Pia Christina |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-8488-8 |page=158}}
| {{cite book |last1=Sobel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsY3pK_993EC&pg=PA21 |title=International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis |last2=Shiraev |first2=Eric |last3=Shapiro |first3=Robert |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7391-0480-4 |page=21}}
}}</ref> Peacekeeping is deeply embedded in Canadian culture and a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from the United States.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=Gutiérrez-Haces |first=Maria Teresa |title=Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy |series=Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series |date=November 6, 2018 |pages=231–250 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-2722-9 |url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065237/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1488?lang=en | url-status=live}}
| {{cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Michael K |title=Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future? |journal=International Journal |publisher=[Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council] |volume=71 |issue=1 |year=2016 |jstor=44631172 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.1177/0020702015619857 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 |access-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172 | url-status=live}}
| {{cite web |title=Canada's Current Role in World |url=https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4 |publisher=Environics Institute for Survey Research |access-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304065232/https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/project-documents/canada-s-world-survey/canada%27s-current-role-in-world.pdf?sfvrsn=d5590018_4 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594"/> such as the [[Canada and the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] or the [[Canada and the Iraq War|2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="Massie 2019 pp. 575–594">{{cite journal |last=Massie |first=Justin |title=Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) |volume=52 |issue=3 |date=April 30, 2019 |doi=10.1017/s0008423919000040 |pages=575–594}}</ref> Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.<ref name="JohnsonJoshee2007">{{cite book |first1=Lauri |last1=Johnson |first2=Reva |last2=Joshee |title=Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8jr_pE3YPwC&pg=PA23 |year=2007 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-1325-9 |page=23}}</ref> The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military [[Canada in NATO|operations through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], rather than directly through the UN.<ref name="McQuaig2010bt">{{cite book |first=Linda |last=McQuaig |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50 |year=2010 |publisher=Random House Digital |isbn=978-0-3856-7297-9 |page=50}}</ref> The change to participation via NATO has resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<ref name="James Michaud OReilly 2006 p. 177">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=P. |last2=Michaud |first2=N. |last3=O'Reilly |first3=M. |title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |page=177}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Canada}}

[[File:Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Financial District, Toronto|Toronto financial district]] is the second-largest financial centre in North America, the seventh-largest globally in employment and the heart of Canada's finance industry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sassen |first=Saskia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBlcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210 |title=Cities in a World Economy |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5063-6260-1 |edition=5th |page=210}}</ref>]]

Canada's [[Mixed-market|mixed-market economy]]<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book | author1-link=Peter A. Hall |last1=Hall |first1=Peter A. |author2-link=David Soskice |last2=Soskice |first2=David |date=2001 |title=Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU02HzYJeFsC&q=canada+a+market+economy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=570 |isbn=978-0-1916-4770-3}}
| {{cite encyclopedia |title=Capitalism in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capitalism-in-canada#:~:text=Canada%20has%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmixed%E2%80%9D%20economy |first=Peter |last=Diekmeyer |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=June 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016165252/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capitalism-in-canada#:~:text=Canada%20has%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmixed%E2%80%9D%20economy |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> is highly [[Developed economy|developed]], ranking as the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|ninth-largest by nominal GDP]] {{As of|2023|lc=y}}, at approximately {{US$|2.221 trillion|link=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2, 2019 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2015&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140957/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2015&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country is one of the world's largest [[trading nation]]s, with a highly [[globalized]] economy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/chart-10-may-2021 |title=Evolution of the world's 25 top trading nations – Share of global exports of goods (%), 1978–2020 |publisher=[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715130020/https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/chart-10-may-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion.<ref name="econ">{{cite journal |year=2021 |title=U.S.-Canada Trade Facts |url=https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/canada |url-status=live |journal=Canada's State of Trade |edition=20 |publisher=Global Affairs Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417130737/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/canada |archive-date=April 17, 2022}} [https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/assets/pdfs/publications/State-of-Trade-2019_eng.pdf PDF version]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053553/https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/assets/pdfs/publications/State-of-Trade-2019_eng.pdf|date=October 3, 2019}}.</ref> [[Canada's exports]] totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States.<ref name="econ" /> In 2018, Canada had a [[trade deficit]] in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion.<ref name="econ" /> The [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] is the ninth-largest stock exchange in the world by [[market capitalization]], listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over {{US$|2 trillion}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |publisher=World Federation of Exchanges |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218202537/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |url-status=live}}{{as of|2018|November|lc=y}}</ref>

The [[Bank of Canada]] is the [[central bank]] of the country.<ref name="Watts-1993">{{cite book |last=Watts |first=George S. |title=Bank of Canada/La Banque du Canada: Origines et premieres annees/Origins and Early History |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8862-9182-2 |jstor=j.ctt9qf36m |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf36m}}</ref> The [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|minister of finance]] and [[Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry|minister of innovation, science, and industry]] use data from [[Statistics Canada]] to enable financial planning and develop economic policy.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=About |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115144515/http://statcan.gc.ca/about-apercu/mandate-mandat-eng.htm |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Canada has a strong [[cooperative banking]] sector, with the world's highest per-capita membership in [[credit union]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kobrak |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yw9aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=From Wall Street to Bay Street: The Origins and Evolution of American and Canadian Finance |last2=Martin |first2=Joe |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4426-1625-7 |page=220}}</ref> It ranks low in the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] (14th in 2023)<ref name="cpi">{{cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index (latest) |date=January 31, 2023 |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |archive-date=July 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724013412/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "is widely regarded as among the least corrupt countries of the world".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rotberg |first1=Robert I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujOoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 |title=Canada's Corruption at Home and Abroad |last2=Carment |first2=David |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-3515-7924-7 |page=12}}</ref> It ranks high in the Global Competitiveness Report (19th in 2024).<ref name="x737">{{cite web |title=World Competitiveness Center |website=IMD business school for management and leadership courses |date=June 10, 2024 |url=https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-competitiveness-ranking/rankings/wcr-rankings/#_tab_Rank | access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Canada's economy ranks above most [[Western nations]] on [[the Heritage Foundation]]'s [[Index of Economic Freedom]]<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Index of Economic Freedom |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/canada |access-date=May 8, 2021 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111447/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/canada |url-status=unfit}}</ref> and experiences a relatively low level of [[Economic inequality|income disparity]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] |title=Global Wealth Report |date=October 2018 |first1=Anthony |last1=Shorrocks |first2=Jim |last2=Davies |first3=Rodrigo |last3=Lluberas |archive-date=July 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718173830/https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The country's average household [[disposable income]] per capita is "well above" the OECD average.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/canada/#:~:text=In%20Canada%2C%20the%20average%20household%20net%20adjusted%20disposable%20income%20per,average%20of%20USD%2030%20490. |title=Canada |work=OECD Better Life Index |date=2021 |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305123737/https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/canada/#:~:text=In%20Canada%2C%20the%20average%20household%20net%20adjusted%20disposable%20income%20per,average%20of%20USD%2030%20490. |url-status=live}}</ref> Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for [[Affordable housing in Canada|housing affordability]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.oecd.org/price/housing-prices.htm |title=Prices - Housing prices |publisher=OECD |access-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811142758/https://data.oecd.org/price/housing-prices.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[foreign direct investment]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite journal |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/sppp/article/view/72311/55149 |title=View of 2020 Tax Competitiveness Report: Canada's Investment Challenge |year=2021 |doi=10.11575/sppp.v14i1.72311 |last1=Mintz |first1=Jack |last2=Bazel |first2=Philip |journal=The School of Public Policy Publications |volume=14 |issue=1}}
| {{cite web |title='Worst in the world': Here are all the rankings in which Canada is now last |website=National Post |date=August 11, 2022 |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/worst-in-the-world-here-are-all-the-rankings-in-which-canada-is-now-last |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130234013/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/worst-in-the-world-here-are-all-the-rankings-in-which-canada-is-now-last |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> The [[List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] in 2025 was 6.8 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabinovitch |first1=Ari |title=Unemployment rate climbed to 6.8% in December, StatCan says |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11606030/unemployment-december-2025-labour-force-survey/ |work=[[Global News]] |date=January 9, 2026}}</ref>

Since the early 20th century, the growth of [[Manufacturing in Canada|Canada's manufacturing]], mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harris |first1=R. Cole |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pD7vTXLqkugC&pg=PA2 |title=Historical Atlas of Canada: Addressing the Twentieth Century, 1891–1961 |last2=Matthews |first2=Geoffrey J. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8020-3448-9 |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320150918/https://books.google.com/books?id=pD7vTXLqkugC&pg=PA2 |archive-date=March 20, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian economy is dominated by the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service industry]], which employs about three-quarters of the country's workforce.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 8, 2009 |title=Employment by Industry |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063742/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/econ40-eng.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Canada has an unusually important [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]], of which the [[Forestry in Canada|forestry]] and [[Petroleum industry in Canada|petroleum industries]] are the most prominent components.<ref name="SueyoshiGoto2018">{{Cite book |last1=Sueyoshi |first1=Toshiyuki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0RKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA496 |title=Environmental Assessment on Energy and Sustainability by Data Envelopment Analysis |last2=Goto |first2=Mika |publisher=Wiley |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-1189-7933-4 |page=496}}</ref> Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustained by nearby mines or sources of timber.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vodden |first1=K |last2=Cunsolo |first2=A. |year=2021 |url=https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/pdf/National_Issues_Report_Final_EN.pdf |title=Rural and Remote Communities; Chapter 3 |work=Canada in a Changing Climate: National Issues Report |editor1-first=F.J. |editor1-last=Warren |editor2-first=N. |editor2-last=Lulham |publisher=Government of Canada |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209174936/https://natural-resources.canada.ca/sites/nrcan/files/pdf/National_Issues_Report_Final_EN.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:FTAs with Canada.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{Legend|#000|Canada}}{{Legend|#393|[[Free trade agreements of Canada|Countries and territories with free-trade agreements]]<ref name="GAC 2020" />}}]]
Canada's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mosler |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l00i5PKYDwcC&pg=PA38 |title=The American Challenge: The World Resists US Liberalism |last2=Catley |first2=Bob |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4094-9852-0 |page=38}}</ref> The [[Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement]] (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include [[Mexico]] in 1994 (later replaced by the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA569 |title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-1951-1739-4 |editor-last=Krieger |editor-first=Joel |edition=2nd |page=569}}</ref> As of 2023, [[Free trade agreements of Canada|Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements]] with 51 different countries.<ref name="GAC 2020">{{cite web |title=Expand globally with Canada's free trade agreements |publisher=Trade Commissioner |date=December 3, 2020 |url=https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/fta-ale-canada.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306015044/https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/fta-ale-canada.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref>

Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Charles E |title=World Energy Resources |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-5404-2634-9 |pages=323, 378–389}}</ref> [[Offshore drilling in Atlantic Canada|Atlantic Canada possess vast offshore deposits of natural gas]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2017/market-snapshot-25-years-atlantic-canada-offshore-oil-natural-gas-production.html |title=CER – Market Snapshot: 25 Years of Atlantic Canada Offshore Oil & Natural Gas Production |publisher=Canada Energy Regulator |date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128010325/https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2017/market-snapshot-25-years-atlantic-canada-offshore-oil-natural-gas-production.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Alberta hosts the fourth-largest oil reserves in the world.<ref name="Monga 2022">{{cite web |last=Monga |first=Vipal |title=One of the World's Dirtiest Oil Patches Is Pumping More Than Ever |website=Wall Street Journal |date=January 13, 2022 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-sands-canada-dirty-carbon-environment-11642085980 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601095803/https://www.wsj.com/articles/oil-sands-canada-dirty-carbon-environment-11642085980 |url-status=live}}</ref> The vast [[Athabasca oil sands]] and other oil reserves give Canada 13 percent of global oil reserves, constituting the world's [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|third- or fourth-largest]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lopez-Vallejo |first=Marcela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgDtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Reconfiguring Global Climate Governance in North America: A Transregional Approach |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-3170-7042-9 |page=82}}</ref> Canada is additionally one of the world's [[Agriculture in Canada|largest suppliers of agricultural products]]; the Canadian Prairies region is one of the most important global producers of wheat, [[canola]], and other grains.<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Trade Ranking Report: Agriculture |url=https://www.fcc-fac.ca/fcc/knowledge/ag-economist/trade-ranking-report-agriculture-e.pdf |publisher=FCC |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003070556/https://www.fcc-fac.ca/fcc/knowledge/ag-economist/trade-ranking-report-agriculture-e.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of exports of Canada|Canada's main exports]] are zinc, uranium, gold, nickel, [[Platinum group|platinoids]], aluminum, steel, iron ore, coking coal, lead, copper, [[molybdenum]], cobalt, and cadmium.<ref>{{multiref2
|{{cite web |title=Canada (CAN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |publisher=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/can |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112011418/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/can |url-status=live}}
| {{cite web |title=The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardGrwthLab |website=The Atlas of Economic Complexity |url=https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/39 |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520150209/https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/39 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> Canada has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and [[aeronautics]] representing particularly important industries.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Mapping Canada's Top Manufacturing Industries |url=https://www.ibisworld.com/media/2015/01/22/mapping-canadas-top-manufacturing-industries/ |website=Industry Insider}}</ref> The [[Fishing industry in Canada|country's fishing]] and [[Tourism in Canada|tourism industries]] are also a key contributor to the economy.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web |title=Canada's oceans and the economic contribution of marine sectors |website=Statistics Canada |date=July 19, 2021 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-002-x/2021001/article/00001-eng.htm |access-date=September 15, 2023}}|{{cite web | title=Tourism among the fastest growing sectors in 2024, setting the stage for 2025 | website=Statistics Canada | date=July 28, 2025 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/8355-tourism-among-fastest-growing-sectors-2024-setting-stage-2025 | access-date=October 25, 2025}}}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Canada}}

In 2020, Canada spent approximately $41.9 billion on domestic [[research and development]], with supplementary estimates for 2022 at $43.2 billion.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230127/dq230127b-eng.htm |title=Gross domestic expenditures on research and development, 2020 (final), 2021 (preliminary) and 2022 (intentions) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the country has produced 15 [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel laureates]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/nobellaureates.php |access-date=December 19, 2020 |publisher=Science.ca}}</ref> The country [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|ranks seventh]] in the worldwide share of articles published in [[scientific journals]], according to the [[Nature Index]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 tables: Countries/territories {{!}} 2022 tables {{!}} Countries/territories |work= Nature Index|url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2022/country/all/all |access-date=June 10, 2023}}</ref> and is home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Technology Companies in Canada |website=World Top 25,000 Companies by market cap as on Dec 2022 |date=January 1, 2020 |url=https://www.value.today/top-companies/top-technology-companies-canada}}</ref> Canada [[List of countries by number of Internet users|has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world]], with approximately 95 percent of its population aged 15 and above.<ref name="g345">{{cite web |title=The Daily — Canadian Internet Use Survey, 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |date=July 20, 2023 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230720/dq230720b-eng.htm | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref>

[[File:STS-116 - P5 Truss hand-off to ISS (NASA S116-E-05765).jpg|thumb|right|The Canadian-built [[Space Shuttle]] robotic arm (left), referred to as [[Canadarm]], transferred the [[Integrated Truss Structure|P5 truss segment]] over to the Canadian-built [[space station]] robotic arm, referred to as [[Canadarm2]].<ref name="Canadian Space Agency 2002 a865">{{cite web |title=Canadarm, Canadarm2, and Canadarm3 – A comparative table |website=Canadian Space Agency |date=December 31, 2002 |url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/canadarm2/canadarm-canadarm2-canadarm3-comparative-table.asp |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref>]]

[[List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries|Canada's achievements in science and technology]] include the creation of the modern [[alkaline battery]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lew Urry |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=277 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> the [[Insulin#Discovery|discovery of insulin]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology |last=Fruton |first=Joseph |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=95–96 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-3001-5359-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6skaZlZNdsC&pg=PA95}}</ref> the development of the [[polio vaccine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Leone N. Farrell |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=438 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> and discoveries about the interior structure of the [[atomic nucleus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Leon Katz |url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=404 |website=Science.ca}}</ref> Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the [[artificial cardiac pacemaker]], mapping the [[visual cortex]],<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite news |last=Strauss |first=Evelyn |year=2005 |title=2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |publisher=[[Lasker Award|Lasker Foundation]] |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |url-status=live |access-date=November 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192333/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm |archive-date=July 16, 2010}}
| {{cite web |year=2015 |title=Top ten Canadian scientific achievements |url=http://www.science.ca/askascientist/topachievements.php |website=GCS Research Society}}
}}</ref> the development of the [[electron microscope]],<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |title=James Hillier |url=http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192011/http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html |archive-date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |website=Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}
| {{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Jeremy |date=January 22, 2007 |title=James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325113042/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html |archive-date=March 25, 2014}}
}}</ref> [[plate tectonics]], [[deep learning]], [[multi-touch]] technology, and the identification of the first [[black hole]], [[Cygnus X-1]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolton |first=C. T. |year=1972 |title=Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=271–273 |doi=10.1038/235271b0 |bibcode=1972Natur.235..271B}}</ref> Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include [[stem cell]]s, [[site-directed mutagenesis]], [[T-cell receptor]], and the identification of the genes that cause [[Fanconi anemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], and [[early-onset Alzheimer's disease]], among numerous other diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strathdee |first1=C.A. |first2=H. |last2=Gavish |first3=W. |last3=Shannon |last4=Buchwald, M. |year=1992 |title=Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=356 |issue=6372 |pages=763–767 |bibcode=1992Natur.356..763S |doi=10.1038/356763a0 |pmid=1574115}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Space Agency]] runs an active space program focused on deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, along with rockets and satellites.<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Canadian Space Milestones |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008060654/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp |archive-date=October 8, 2009 |publisher=Canadian Space Agency}}</ref> Canada launched its first satellite, [[Alouette 1]], in 1962.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Angelo |first=Joseph A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUWno1sOwnUC&pg=PA22 |title=Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-1018-9 |page=22}}</ref> It contributes to the [[International Space Station]] and is known for its robotic tools, such as multiple [[Canadarm]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bidaud |first1=Philippe |title=Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines |last2=Dupuis |first2=Erick |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-9-8143-7427-9 |pages=35–37 |chapter=An overview of Canadian space robotics activities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSlqDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA35}}</ref> Canada has initiated many long-term projects, including the [[Radarsat|Radarsat satellite series]] and the [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant rocket series]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godefroy |first=Andrew B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVLJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |title=The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-3194-0105-8 |page=41}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Canada|List of cities in Canada|List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada}}

[[File:Population density statistics canada.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Population of Canada|Canada population]] density map (2014) Top left: The [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]] is the most densely inhabited and heavily industrialized region.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2015 l621">{{cite web |title=Section 4: Maps |website=Statistics Canada |date=February 11, 2015 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-214-x/2015000/section04-eng.htm |access-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref>]]

The [[2021 Canadian census]] enumerated [[Population of Canada by year|a total population]] of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.<ref name="2021cen">{{cite web |last=Zimonjic |first=Peter |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Despite pandemic, Canada's population grows at fastest rate in G7: census |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-2021-release-population-cities-1.6344179 |work=CBC News}}</ref> It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40,000,000 in 2023.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2023 e538">{{cite web |title=Canada's population reaches 40{{nbsp}}million | website=Statistics Canada | date=June 16, 2023 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/population_and_demography/40-million |access-date=September 7, 2023}}</ref> The main drivers of population growth are [[Immigration to Canada|immigration]] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA181 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |page=181}}</ref> Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zimmerman |first=Karla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51 |title=Canada |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-7410-4571-0 |edition=10th |page=51}}</ref> driven mainly by [[Economic impact of immigration to Canada|economic policy]] and [[Immigration categories (Canada)|family reunification]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Hollifield |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective |last2=Martin |first2=Philip |last3=Orrenius |first3=Pia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8627-0 |edition=3rd |page=11}}
| {{cite book |last1=Beaujot |first1=Roderic P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA178 |title=The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population |last2=Kerr |first2=Donald W. |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-5513-0322-2 |page=178}}
}}</ref> A record 483,390 immigrants were admitted in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=R. Singer |first1=Colin |title=Will Canada's Record 2024 Immigration Levels Ever Be Exceeded? |url=https://immigration.ca/will-canadas-record-2024-immigration-levels-ever-be-exceeded/ |work=Immigration.ca |date=February 12, 2025}}</ref> Canada leads the world in [[Third country resettlement|refugee resettlement]]; it resettled more than 47,600 in 2022.<ref name="g225">{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Soo-Jung |title=UNHCR calls for concerted action as forced displacement hits new record in 2022 |website=UNHCR Canada |date=June 14, 2023 |url=https://www.unhcr.ca/news/unhcr-calls-for-concerted-action-as-forced-displacement-hits-new-record-in-2022/ | access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref> New immigrants settle mostly in [[List of the largest population centres in Canada|major urban areas]], such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grubel |first=Herbert G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48LOyfxYihoC&pg=PA5 |title=The Effects of Mass Immigration on Canadian Living Standards and Society |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8897-5246-7 |page=5}}</ref>

Canada's population density, at {{convert|4.2|PD/km2}}, is among the lowest in the world,<ref name="2021cen" /> with approximately 95 percent of the population residing south of the [[55th parallel north|55th parallel]] north.<ref name="OECD2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mjWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |title=OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Canada 2004 |publisher=OECD |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-2641-0778-6 |pages=142–}}</ref> About 80 percent of the population lives within {{convert|150|km|mi}} of the border with the contiguous United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Custred |first=Glynn |url=https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 |title=Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8897-5235-1 |editor-last=Moens |editor-first=Alexander |page=[https://archive.org/details/immigrationpolic0000unse/page/96 96] |chapter=Security Threats on America's Borders |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmiqBgnkAXYC&pg=PA96}}</ref> Canada is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of the population living in urban centres.<ref name="World Bank Open Data s787">{{cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |website=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=CA&name_desc=true |language=la |access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> The majority of Canadians (over 70 percent ) live below the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]], with 50 percent of Canadians living south of 45°42′ (45.7 degrees) north.<ref name="a715">{{cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |title=Most Canadians live south of Seattle and other mental map surprises |website=Big Think |date=January 4, 2024 |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/canadians-south-seattle-mental-map-surprise/ | access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> The most densely populated part of the country is the [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]] in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="McMurryShepherd2004">{{Cite book |last1=McMurry |first1=Peter H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1giH-mvhhw8C&pg=PA391 |title=Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment |last2=Shepherd |first2=Marjorie F. |last3=Vickery |first3=James S. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-5218-4287-7 |page=391}}</ref>

The majority of Canadians (81.1 percent) live in family households, 12.1 percent report living alone, and 6.8 percent live with other relatives or unrelated persons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E}}</ref> Fifty-one percent of households are couples with or without children, 8.7 percent are single-parent households, 2.9 percent are multigenerational households, and 29.3 percent are single-person households.<ref name=":0" />
{{Largest metropolitan areas of Canada}}

===Ethnicity===
{{main|Ethnic origins of people in Canada}}

Respondents in the [[2021 Canadian census]] self-reported over 450 "[[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic or cultural origins]]".<ref name="2021newsrelease">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227102217/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=Statistics Canada |quote=In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups.}}</ref> The major [[Panethnicity|panethnic]] groups chosen were: [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] ({{Percentage | 19062115 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[North America]]n ({{Percentage | 8329945 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Ethnic groups in Asia|Asian]] ({{Percentage | 7013835 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American Indigenous]] ({{Percentage | 2204475 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] ({{Percentage | 1394170 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Latin America|Latin, Central and South American]] ({{Percentage | 900495 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Caribbean people|Caribbean]] ({{Percentage | 774515 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), [[Oceanian people|Oceanian]] ({{Percentage | 105010 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}), and other ({{Percentage | 2163380 | 36328475 | 1 | % =  percent}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Over 60 percent of Canadians reported a single origin, and 36 percent reported having multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100 percent.<ref name="2021newsrelease" />
[[File:Canadian ethnocultural diversity.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The top 168 [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians]] in the 2021 census<ref name="Statistics Canada u055">{{cite web |title=''Canadian'' tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada |website=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/g-b001-eng.htm |access-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref>]]
The country's ten largest self-reported ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were [[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]{{efn| name=Canadian|1=All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by [[Canadian nationality law|Canada's nationality laws]]. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Simon |first2=Victor |last2=Piché |title=Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6t7p-xxFhnwC&pg=PT48 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3179-8108-4 |pages=48–49}}</ref> "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage."<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Bezanson |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Rethinking Society in the 21st Century |last2=Webber |first2=Michelle |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5513-0936-1 |edition=4th |pages=455–456}}
| {{cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |pages=294–296}}
}}</ref>}} (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by [[English Canadians|English]] (14.7 percent), [[Irish Canadians|Irish]] (12.1 percent), [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish]] (12.1 percent), [[French Canadians|French]] (11.0 percent), [[German Canadians|German]] (8.1 percent), [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] (4.7 percent), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (4.3 percent), [[Indian Canadians|Indian]] (3.7 percent), and [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]] (3.5 percent).<ref name="ethnicpopulationordered2021">{{Cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada}}</ref>

Of the 36.3{{nbsp}}million people enumerated in 2021, approximately 25.4{{nbsp}}million reported being "[[White people|White]]", representing 69.8 percent of the population.<ref name="2021newsrelease" /> The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8{{nbsp}}million people, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022a">{{cite web |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401}}</ref> One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous [[visible minority]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Visible Minority |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=October 27, 2022 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/minorite-visible#:~:text=In%20the%202021%20census%2C%20around,as%20defined%20by%20Canadian%20law.}}</ref>{{efn|Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".<ref>{{cite web |date=July 25, 2008 |title=Classification of visible minority |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060402/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>}} the largest of which in 2021 were [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] (2.6{{nbsp}}million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7{{nbsp}}million; 4.7 percent), [[Black Canadians|Black]] (1.5{{nbsp}}million; 4.3 percent), [[Filipino Canadians|Filipinos]] (960,000 2.6 percent), [[Arab Canadians|Arabs]] (690,000; 1.9 percent), Latin Americans (580,000; 1.6 percent), [[Southeast Asian Canadians|Southeast Asians]] (390,000; 1.1 percent), [[West Asian Canadians|West Asians]] (360,000; 1.0 percent), [[Korean Canadians|Koreans]] (220,000; 0.6 percent) and [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] (99,000; 0.3 percent).<ref name="2021newsrelease"/>

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095154/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> In 1961, about 300,000 people, less than two percent of Canada's population, were members of visible minority groups.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pendakur |first=Krishna |title=Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market |url=http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516021011/http://www.rhdcc-hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/labour/equality/racism/racism_free_init/pendakur.shtml |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |access-date=June 30, 2014 |publisher=Simon Fraser University}}</ref> The 2021 census indicated that 8.3{{Nbsp}}million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population, reported themselves as being or having been a [[Permanent residency in Canada|landed immigrant or permanent resident]] in Canada—above the [[1921 Canadian census|1921 census]] previous record of 22.3 percent.<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022b">{{cite web |title=The Daily — Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm}}</ref> In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/annual-report-parliament-immigration-2021.html#annex2 |title=2021 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration |date=March 15, 2022 |publisher=[[Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Canada}}

[[File:English-French bilingualism rate in Canada.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Percentage of the population who could conduct a conversation in English and French in 2021<ref name="f185">{{cite web |title=The English-French bilingualism rate is highest in Quebec, followed by New Brunswick and Yukon |website=Statistics Canada |date=August 17, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/mc-a002-eng.htm | access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref>]]
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with [[Canadian English|English]] and [[Canadian French|French]] (the [[official language]]s) being the [[First language|mother tongues]] of approximately 54 percent and 19 percent of Canadians, respectively.<ref name=":0" /> [[Official bilingualism in Canada|Canada's official bilingualism policies]] give citizens the right to receive federal government services in either English or French with official-[[Minority language|language minorities]] guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Official Languages and You |url=http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php |publisher=[[Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages]] |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-date=October 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027121057/http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/faq1_e.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Quebec's 1974 ''[[Official Language Act (Quebec)|Official Language Act]]'' established French as the only official language of the province.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bourhis |first1=Richard Y |last2=Montaruli |first2=Elisa |last3=Amiot |first3=Catherine E |date=May 2007 |title=Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997 |journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] |issue=185 |pages=187–224 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2007.031}}</ref> Although more than 82 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial [[Francophone]] populations in [[Demographics of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Franco-Albertans|Alberta]], and [[Franco-Manitoban|Manitoba]], with [[Franco-Ontarian|Ontario]] having the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webber |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f357BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |title=The Constitution of Canada: A Contextual Analysis |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-7822-5631-1 |page=214}}</ref> New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has an [[Acadian French]] minority constituting 33 percent of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Auer |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_aPmMkzK_AC&pg=PA387 |title=Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-1101-8002-2 |page=387}}</ref> There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and in central and western Prince Edward Island.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayday |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3D6LPBGT59kC&pg=PA49 |title=Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-2960-1 |page=49}}</ref>

Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heller |first=Monica |title=Crosswords: Language, Education and Ethnicity in French Ontario |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-1101-7687-2 |pages=72, 74}}</ref> There are 11 [[Languages of Canada|Indigenous language groups]], composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aboriginal languages |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005405/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-589-x/4067801-eng.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=October 5, 2009 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> Several Indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fettes |first1=Mark |title=Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise |last2=Norton |first2=Ruth |publisher=UBC Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7748-0783-8 |editor-last=Castellano |editor-first=Marlene Brant |page=39 |chapter=Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada |editor-last2=Davis |editor-first2=Lynne |editor-last3=Lahache |editor-first3=Louise}}</ref> [[Inuktitut]] is the majority language in Nunavut and is one of three official languages in the territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Peter H |title=Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination |publisher=[[Aboriginal Studies Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8557-5466-2 |editor-last=Hocking |editor-first=Barbara |page=180 |chapter=Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxreMX_cf4EC&pg=PA180}}</ref>

As of the 2021 census, just over 7.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their [[first language]]. Some of the most common non-official first languages include [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (679,255 first-language speakers), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (666,585), [[Cantonese]] (553,380), Spanish (538,870), [[Arabic]] (508,410), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (461,150), Italian (319,505), German (272,865), and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (237,890).<ref name=":0" /> The country is also home to many [[sign language]]s, some of which are Indigenous.<ref>{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Sign languages |url=http://cad.ca/issues-positions/language/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730163508/http://cad.ca/issues-positions/language/ |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |publisher=Canadian Association of the Deaf – Association des Sourds du Canada}}</ref> [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) is used across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jepsen |first1=Julie Bakken |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZqnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA702 |title=Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook |last2=De Clerck |first2=Goedele |last3=Lutalo-Kiingi |first3=Sam |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-6145-1817-4 |page=702}}</ref> [[Quebec Sign Language]] (LSQ) is used primarily in Quebec.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Carole Sue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D_ZRFm_4EsC&pg=PR11 |title=The Canadian Dictionary of ASL Canadian Cultural Society of the Dead |last2=Dolby |first2=Kathy |last3=Campbell |first3=Hilda Marian |publisher=University of Alberta |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8886-4300-1 |page=11}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Canada}}

[[File:Freedom of Religion (38007857792).jpg|thumb|[[Freedom of religion in Canada|Freedom of religion]] sculpture by Marlene Hilton Moore at the McMurtry Gardens of Justice in [[Toronto]]<ref name="McMurtry Gardens of Justice">{{cite web |title=Freedom of Religion - by Marlene Hilton Moore |website=McMurtry Gardens of Justice |url=https://mcmurtrygardensofjustice.com/content/freedom-religion-marlene-hilton-moore |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref>]]
Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs.<ref name="Cornelissen 2021" /> The [[Constitution of Canada]] refers to God; however, Canada has no official church and the government is officially committed to [[religious pluralism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moon |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah66SQsk4hAC&pg=PA1 |title=Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada |publisher=UBC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7748-1497-3 |pages=1–4}}</ref> [[Freedom of religion in Canada]] is a constitutionally protected right.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Jamie S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbZJ2ZszYw8C&pg=PA345 |title=The Religions of Canadians |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-0516-9 |page=345}}</ref>

Rates of religious adherence have steadily decreased since the 1970s.<ref name="Cornelissen 2021">{{cite web |last=Cornelissen |first=Louis |title=Religiosity in Canada and its evolution from 1985 to 2019 |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=October 28, 2021 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2021001/article/00010-eng.htm}}</ref> With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,<ref name="Roberts2005w">{{cite book |first=Lance W. |last=Roberts |title=Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnPOqwsR5UsC&pg=PA359 |year=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2955-7 |page=359}}</ref> Canada has become a [[Postchristianity|post-Christian]], [[secular]] state.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Bramadat |first2=David |last2=Seljak |title=Religion and Ethnicity in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C&pg=PA3 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7 |page=3}}
| {{cite book |first=Kurt |last=Bowen |title=Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__38sGZLrvYC&pg=PA174 |year=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-7194-5 |page=174}}
| {{cite book |first1=Derek |last1=Gregory |first2=Ron |last2=Johnston |first3=Geraldine |last3=Pratt |first4=Michael |last4=Watts |first5=Sarah |last5=Whatmore |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5liCbG4J9LYC&pg=PT672 |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-1056-6 |page=672}}
}}</ref> Although the majority of Canadians consider [[Importance of religion by country|religion to be unimportant]] in their daily lives,<ref name="Punnett2015">{{cite book |first=Betty Jane |last=Punnett |title=International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG2mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3174-6745-8 |page=116}}</ref> they still believe in God.<ref name="Haskell2009">{{cite book |first=David M. |last=Haskell (Wilfrid Laurier University) |title=Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50 |year=2009 |publisher=Clements Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-8946-6792-0 |page=50}}</ref> The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter.<ref name="BoyleSheen2013">{{cite book |first1=Kevin |last1=Boyle |first2=Juliet |last2=Sheen |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT219 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Essex – Routledge |isbn=978-1-1347-2229-7 |page=219}}</ref>

According to the 2021 census, [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] is the largest religion in Canada, with [[Roman Catholic]]s representing 29.9 percent of the population having the most adherents. [[Christians]] overall representing 53.3 percent of the population,{{efn| name=religion|[[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic Church]] (29.9%), [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] (3.3%), [[Anglican Church of Canada|Anglican Church]] (3.1%), [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] (1.7%), [[Baptists in Canada|Baptistism]] (1.2%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostalism and other Charismatic]] (1.1%) [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] (0.4%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]] (0.4%), [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] (0.2%), [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] (0.9%), [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan]] (Holiness) (0.3%), [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] (0.8%), and [[Reformed Episcopal Church|Reformed]] (0.2%).<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> 7.6{{nbsp}}percent simply identified as "Christians".<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2022 z483">{{cite web |title=Christianity |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=October 27, 2022 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/christianity |access-date=August 31, 2023}}</ref>}} are followed by people reporting [[Irreligion in Canada|irreligion or having no religion]] at 34.6 percent. Other faiths include [[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (4.9 percent), [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] (2.3 percent), [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] (2.1 percent), [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] (1.0 percent), [[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] (0.9 percent), and [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]] (0.2 percent).<ref name="religion2021" /> Canada has the [[Sikhism by country|second-largest national Sikh population]], behind [[Sikhism in India|India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/AnnualStatutes/2019_5/FullText.html |title=Sikh Heritage Month Act |website=laws.justice.gc.ca |date=January 14, 2020}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Healthcare in Canada}}

Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of [[publicly funded health care]], informally called [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Aase |first1=Karina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jvs1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |title=Researching Quality in Care Transitions: International Perspectives |last2=Waring |first2=Justin |last3=Schibevaag |first3=Lene |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-3196-2346-7 |pages=128–129}}
| {{cite news |date=December 1, 2006 |title=Public vs. private health care |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/public_vs_private.html |work=CBC News}}
}}</ref> It is guided by the provisions of the ''[[Canada Health Act]]'' of 1984<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bégin |first=Monique |title=Medicare: Canada's Right to Health |publisher=Optimum Pub. International |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8889-0219-1 |chapter=Intro}}</ref> and is [[Universal health care|universal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leatt |first1=Peggy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_y6J647QFoC&pg=PA81 |title=Government Relations in the Health Care Industry |last2=Mapa |first2=Joseph |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-5672-0513-8 |page=81}}</ref> Universal access to publicly funded health services "is often considered by Canadians as a fundamental value that ensures national healthcare insurance for everyone wherever they live in the country".<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Health of Canadians – The Federal Role |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=January 5, 2017 |section-url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/372/soci/rep/repoct02vol6part7-e.htm |section=17.2 Universality |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117231017/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/372/soci/rep/repoct02vol6part7-e.htm}}</ref> Around 30 percent of Canadians' healthcare is paid for through the private sector.<ref name="Kroll2012">{{Cite book |last=Kroll |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STnr1N89LIUC&pg=PA126 |title=Capitalism Revisited: How to Apply Capitalism in Your Life |publisher=Dorrance Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4349-1768-3 |page=126}}</ref> This mostly pays for services not covered or partially covered by Medicare, such as [[prescription drug]]s, [[dentistry]] and [[optometry]].<ref name="Kroll2012" /> Approximately 65 to 75 percent of Canadians have some form of supplementary health insurance; many receive it through their employers or access secondary social service programs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Tsai-Jyh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bBhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=An International Comparison of Financial Consumer Protection |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=978-9-8110-8441-6 |page=93}}</ref>

[[File:OECD health expenditure per capita by country.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[List of countries by total health expenditure per capita|Health expenditure and financing by country]]. Total health expenditure per capita in US dollars (PPP).|alt=graph of expenditures as described in the caption]]

In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing an increase in healthcare expenditures due to a [[Demographic transition|demographic shift]] toward an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2021, the average age in Canada was 41.9 years.<ref name=":0" /> Life expectancy is 81.1 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Thomas G. |author-link=Thomas G. Weiss |year=2017 |title=Canadian Male and Female Life Expectancy Rates by Province and Territory |url=https://www.disabled-world.com/calculators-charts/ca-lifespan.php |website=Disabled World}}</ref> A 2016 report by the [[Chief Public Health Officer of Canada|chief public health officer]] found that 88 percent of Canadians, one of the highest proportions of the population among G7 countries, indicated that they "had good or very good health".<ref>{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Health Status of Canadians – How healthy are we? – Perceived health |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/corporate/publications/chief-public-health-officer-reports-state-public-health-canada/2016-health-status-canadians/page-7-how-healthy-are-we-perceived-health.html |website=Report of the Chief Public Health Officer |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada}}</ref> Eighty percent of Canadian adults self-report having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease: smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive alcohol use.<ref name="GregoryStephens2019">{{Cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEeCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 |title=Fundamentals: Perspectives on the Art and Science of Canadian Nursing |last2=Stephens |first2=Tracey |last3=Raymond-Seniuk |first3=Christy |last4=Patrick |first4=Linda |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4963-9850-5 |page=75}}</ref> Canada has one of the highest rates of adult obesity among [[OECD]] countries, contributing to approximately 2.7 million cases of [[diabetes]].<ref name="GregoryStephens2019" /> Four chronic diseases—[[cancer]] (leading cause of death), [[cardiovascular diseases]], [[respiratory diseases]], and diabetes—account for 65 percent of deaths in Canada.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |year=2017 |title=How Healthy are Canadians? |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/how-healthy-canadians.html#s1 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada}}
| {{cite web |year=2019 |title=Health at a Glance 2019 |url=http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Health-at-a-Glance-2019-Chartset.pdf |publisher=OECD}}
}}</ref> There are approximately 8{{nbsp}}million people aged 15 and older with one or more [[Disability in Canada|disabilities in Canada]].<ref name="k471">{{cite web |title=The Daily — Canadian Survey on Disability, 2017 to 2022 |website=Statistics Canada |date=December 1, 2023 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231201/dq231201b-eng.htm | access-date=January 5, 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Canadian Institute for Health Information]] estimated that healthcare spending reached $372{{nbsp}}billion, or 12.4 percent of Canada's GDP for that year.<ref>{{cite web |year=2022 |title=National Health Expenditure Trends |url=https://www.cihi.ca/en/national-health-expenditure-trends |access-date=August 23, 2022 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health Information}}</ref> In 2022, Canada's per-capita spending on health expenditures ranked 12th among [[List of countries by total health expenditure per capita|health-care systems in the OECD]].<ref name="theOECD h799">{{cite web |title=Health resources - Health spending |website=theOECD |url=https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm |access-date=August 31, 2023}}{{doi|10.1787/8643de7e-en}}</ref> Canada has performed close to, or above the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s, ranking above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |year=2017 |title=Health at a Glance 2017 |url=https://www.oecd.org/canada/Health-at-a-Glance-2017-Key-Findings-CANADA.pdf |publisher=OECD}}
| {{cite web |year=2017 |title=Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators by country |url=http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/health-at-a-glance-19991312.htm |publisher=OECD}}
}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Fund|Commonwealth Fund']]s 2021 report comparing the healthcare systems of the 11 most [[developed countries]] ranked Canada second-to-last.<ref name="commonwealthfund">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2021/aug/mirror-mirror-2021-reflecting-poorly |title=Mirror, Mirror 2021: Reflecting Poorly |date=August 4, 2021 |website=commonwealthfund.org |doi=10.26099/01dv-h208 |last1=Schneider |first1=Eric C. |last2=Shah |first2=Arnav |last3=Doty |first3=Michelle M. |first4=Roosa |last4=Tikkanen |last5=Fields |first5=Katharine |last6=Williams |first6=Reginald D. II}}</ref> Identified weaknesses were comparatively higher infant mortality rate, the prevalence of chronic conditions, long wait times, poor availability of after-hours care, and a lack of prescription drugs and dental coverage.<ref name="commonwealthfund" /> An increasing problem in Canada's health system is a lack of healthcare professionals,<ref name="Duong Vogel 2023 pp. E309–E310">{{cite journal |last1=Duong |first1=Diana |last2=Vogel |first2=Lauren |title=Overworked health workers are 'past the point of exhaustion' |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=195 |issue=8 |date=February 26, 2023 |pmc=9970629 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.1096042 |pages=E309–E310 |pmid=36849179}}</ref> and hospital capacity.<ref name="Thiessen Partner Organization Ma 2023 j399">{{cite web |title=Taking the pulse: A snapshot of Canadian health care, 2023 |website=[[Canadian Institute for Health Information]] |date=August 2, 2023 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/en/book/export/html/10799 |access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Canada|Higher education in Canada}}

[[File:Educationincanada-eng.png|thumb|upright=1.3| Canada by province and territory, showing the percentage of the population aged 25 to 64 who had a bachelor's degree or higher, and the percentage point change from 2016 to 2021<ref name="Statistics Canada 2022 i032">{{cite web |title=British Columbia and Ontario saw the largest percentage point increases in degree holders from 2016 to 2021 |website=Statistics Canada |date=November 30, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221130/mc-a002-eng.htm |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref>]]
Education in Canada is for the most part [[State school|provided publicly]], funded and overseen by [[Government of Canada|federal]], [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provincial]], and [[local government]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scholey |first=Lucy |date=April 21, 2015 |title=2015 federal budget 'disappointing' for post-secondary students: CFS |url=http://metronews.ca/news/canada/1347155/2015-federal-budget-disappointing-for-post-secondary-students-cfs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603103455/http://metronews.ca/news/canada/1347155/2015-federal-budget-disappointing-for-post-secondary-students-cfs/ |archive-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> Education is within provincial jurisdiction and a province's curriculum is overseen by its government.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |title=Canada 1956 the Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress |publisher=Canada Year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics |year=1959}}
| {{cite book |last1=Montesinos |first1=Vicente |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqzwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |title=Innovations in Governmental Accounting |last2=Manuel Vela |first2=José |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4757-5504-6 |page=305}}
}}</ref> Education in Canada is generally divided into [[primary education]], followed by [[Secondary education|secondary]] and [[Tertiary education|post-secondary education]]. Education in both English and French is available in most places across Canada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=Irving |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3zJQzOdcIC&pg=PA73 |title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Children's Issues Worldwide |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-3133-3617-1 |page=73}}</ref> Canada has a large number of universities, almost all of which are publicly funded.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shanahan |first1=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpcHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |title=The Handbook of Canadian Higher Education |last2=Nilson |first2=Michelle |last3=Broshko |first3=Li Jeen |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5533-9506-5 |page=59}}</ref> Established in 1663, {{Lang|fr|[[Université Laval]]|italic=no}} is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada.<ref name="BlakeKeshen2017p249">{{Cite book |last1=Blake |first1=Raymond B. |author-link1=Raymond B. Blake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqEvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |title=Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada |last2=Keshen |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Knowles |first3=Norman J. |last4=Messamore |first4=Barbara J. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4426-3555-5 |page=249}}</ref> The nation's three top ranking universities are the [[University of Toronto]], [[McGill University|McGill]], and the [[University of British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=ca |title=QS World University Rankings |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited |access-date=May 4, 2024}}</ref> The largest university is the University of Toronto, which has over 85,000 students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Larry Wayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTKODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=University of Toronto: An Architectural Tour (The Campus Guide) |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-6168-9824-3 |edition=2nd |page=11}}</ref>

According to a 2022 report by the OECD, Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world;<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |title=The Daily — Canada leads the G7 for the most educated workforce, thanks to immigrants, young adults and a strong college sector, but is experiencing significant losses in apprenticeship certificate holders in key trades |website=Statistics Canada |date=November 30, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221130/dq221130a-eng.htm |access-date=March 8, 2024}}
| {{cite web |title=Key facts about Canada's competitiveness for foreign direct investment |website=GAC |date=January 17, 2022 |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/economist-economiste/analysis-analyse/key_facts-2022-01-faits_saillants.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=March 9, 2024}} [https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/ Raw data OECD]}}</ref> the country ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having tertiary education, with over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree.<ref name="Education c106">{{cite web |last=Education |first=Level Of |title=Canada |website=Education GPS |url=https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=CAN&treshold=10&topic=EO |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref> Canada spends an average of 5.3 percent of its GDP on education.<ref name="TheGlobalEconomy.com 1971 w626">{{cite web |title=Canada Education spending, percent of GDP |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |date=December 31, 1971 |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Canada/Education_spending/#:~:text=Public%20spending%20on%20education%2C%20percent%20of%20GDP&text=For%20that%20indicator%2C%20we%20provide,from%202022%20is%204.14%20percent. |access-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref> The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than {{US$|20,000}} per student).<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Financial and human resources invested in Education |url=http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/48630868.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308202848/http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/48630868.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=OECD}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.<ref name="OECD 2023 t514">{{cite web |title=Education at a Glance |website=OECD |date=September 12, 2023 |url=https://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance/ |access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Canada}}

{{Further|Canadian values|Canadian identity}}
[[File:"Multiculturalism" by Francesco Pirelli (1985), Union Station, Toronto, Ontario, 2025-08-25.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Monument to Multiculturalism]]'' by Francesco Pirelli, in Toronto<ref name="Kuitenbrouwer 2010 g035">{{cite web |last=Kuitenbrouwer |first=Peter |title=Where is the Monument to Multiculturalism? |website=National Post |date=August 19, 2010 |url=https://nationalpost.com/posted-toronto/where-is-the-monument-to-multiculturalism |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref>]]
Canada is influenced by [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British]], [[French culture|French]] and Indigenous cultures and traditions. During the 20th century, Canadians with African, Caribbean, and Asian heritages have added to [[Canadian identity]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last=Wayland |first=Sarah V. |title=Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada |journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights |publisher=Brill |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1997 |issn=1385-4879 |jstor=24674516 |pages=33–58 |doi=10.1163/15718119720907408 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24674516 | url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3 |title=Aboriginal Peoples of Canada: a short introduction |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8 |pages=3–6}}}}</ref> Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a [[just society]] are constitutionally protected.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last=LaSelva |first=Samuel Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcqMl9MK_x0C&pg=PA86 |title=The Moral Foundations of Canadian Federalism: Paradoxes, Achievements, and Tragedies of Nationhood |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7735-1422-5 |page=86}}
| {{cite book |last=Dyck |first=Rand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA88 |title=Canadian Politics |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-1765-0343-7 |page=88}}
| {{cite book |last=Newman |first=Stephen L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELWjuzADl7UC&pg=PA203 |title=Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States |date=2012 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-8584-2 |page=203}}
}}</ref> Since the 1960s, Canada has emphasized [[Human rights in Canada|human rights]] and inclusiveness for all its people.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite journal |last=Conway |first=Shannon |title=From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s |journal=Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies |issue=84 |date=June 2018 |doi=10.4000/eccs.1118 |pages=9–30 |doi-access=free}}
| {{cite book |first=Linda |last=McQuaig |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |page=14 |isbn=978-0-3856-7297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14}}
| {{cite book |last1=Guo |first1=Shibao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HW8iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 |title=Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates |last2=Wong |first2=Lloyd |publisher=University of Calgary |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-4630-0208-0 |page=317}}
}}</ref> Canadian identity shifted from primarily British-based to multicultural between the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="d827">{{cite journal |last=Conway |first=Shannon |title=From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s |journal=Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies |publisher=OpenEdition |issue=84 |date=June 30, 2018 |issn=0153-1700 |doi=10.4000/eccs.1118 | doi-access=free |pages=9–30 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eccs/pdf/1118 | access-date=July 9, 2025}}</ref>

[[Multiculturalism in Canada|The official state policy of multiculturalism]] is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sikka |first=Sonia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |title=Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7735-9220-9 |page=237}}</ref> and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Azeezat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148 |title=The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence |last2=Joseph-Salisbury |first2=Remi |last3=Kamunge |first3=Beth |date=2018 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-7869-9382-3 |page=148}}
| {{cite book |last=Caplow |first=Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRunB0w4G-EC&pg=PA146 |title=Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7735-2304-3 |page=146}}
}}</ref> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong and there is a [[Culture of Quebec|French Canadian culture]] that is distinct from [[English Canada|English Canadian]] culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Daniel P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61 |title=Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach |last2=Baun |first2=Michael J |publisher=Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-5632-4416-2 |page=61}}</ref> As a whole, Canada is in theory a [[cultural mosaic]] of regional ethnic subcultures with diverse areas and [[Multiculturalism in Canada#Settlement|ethnic enclaves]].<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |last=Meister |first=Daniel R. |title=Racial Mosaic, The |website=McGill-Queen's University Press |url=https://www.mqup.ca/racial-mosaic--the-products-9780228008712.php |page=234}}
| {{cite journal |last1=Garcea |first1=Joseph |last2=Kirova |first2=Anna |last3=Wong |first3=Lloyd |date=January 2009 |title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada |journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}}
| {{cite web |title=Cultural Diversity in Canada: The Social Construction of Racial Difference |website=Ministère de la Justice |date=February 24, 2003 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/rp02_8-dr02_8/p2.html |access-date=December 17, 2023}}
| {{cite book |first=Edward |last=Shizha |title=Living beyond the borders: essays on global immigrants and refugees |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |chapter=Ethnic Enclaves in Canada: Opportunities and Challenges of Residing Within |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-4331-4868-2 |pages=162–179}}
}}</ref>

Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective [[Economic migrant|immigration]], [[social integration]], and [[Dissent|suppression]] of far-right politics, has wide public support.<ref name="p671">{{cite book | last=Banting | first=Keith | title=Policy Success in Canada | chapter=Multiculturalism Policy in Canada: Conflicted and Resilient | publisher=Oxford University PressOxford | date=July 21, 2022 | isbn=978-0-1928-9704-6 | doi=10.1093/oso/9780192897046.003.0010 | url=https://academic.oup.com/book/44933/chapter/384861317 | access-date=November 16, 2025 | pages=183–205}}</ref> Government policies such as publicly funded health care, [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to redistribute wealth, the [[Capital punishment in Canada|outlawing of capital punishment]], strong efforts to [[Poverty in Canada|eliminate poverty]], [[Gun politics in Canada|strict gun control]], a [[social liberal]] attitude toward [[Feminism in Canada|women's rights]] (like [[Abortion in Canada|pregnancy termination]]) and [[LGBT rights in Canada|LGBT rights]], and legalized [[Euthanasia in Canada|euthanasia]] and [[Cannabis in Canada|cannabis use]] are indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |last1=Hollifield |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oec_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective |last2=Martin |first2=Philip L. |last3=Orrenius |first3=Pia |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8735-2 |edition=3rd |page=103}}
| {{cite book |last1=Bricker |first1=Darrell |title=What Canadians Think About Almost Everything |last2=Wright |first2=John |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-3856-5985-7 |pages=8–28}}
| {{cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Exploring Canadian values |url=http://www.nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405113447/http://nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |publisher=Nanos Research}}
}}</ref> Canadians also identify with the country's foreign aid policies, peacekeeping roles, the [[National Parks of Canada|national park system]], and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite web |year=2011 |title=A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009 |url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133226/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 18, 2015 |publisher=Government of Canada}}
| {{cite web |year=2010 |title=Focus Canada (Final Report) |url=http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/fc2010report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204231952/http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/fc2010report.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |access-date=December 12, 2015 |publisher=Queen's University |page=4 (PDF page 8) |department=The Environics Institute}}
}}</ref>

===Symbols===
{{main|National symbols of Canada|Canadian royal symbols}}

[[File:Beaver sculpture, Centre Block.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|alt=''The Mother Beaver'' sculpture outside the House of Commons|''The Mother Beaver'' on the Canadian parliament's [[Peace Tower]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Monaghan |first=David |year=2013 |title=The Mother Beaver |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/house/collections/collection_profiles/CP_mother_beaver-e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075619/http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/house/collections/collection_profiles/CP_mother_beaver-e.htm |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 12, 2015 |publisher=The House of Commons Heritage}}</ref> The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity—[[Tudor rose]]: [[English people|English]]; [[fleur de lis]]: [[French people|French]]; [[thistle]]: [[Scottish people|Scottish]]; [[shamrock]]: [[Irish people|Irish]]; and [[leek]]: [[Welsh people|Welsh]].]]

Themes of nature, pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian symbolism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers7_e.html |website=Canada in the Making |title=Pioneers and Immigrants |publisher=The History Channel |date=August 25, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303110425/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers7_e.html |archive-date=March 3, 2008}}</ref> Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, northern climate, lifestyles, and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cormier |first=Jeffrey |year=2004 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303410887 |title=The Canadianization Movement: Emergence, Survival, and Success |doi=10.3138/9781442680616 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-8061-6}}</ref> The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a symbol dates to the early 18th century in New France.<ref name="g606">{{cite web |title=National Symbols |website=Dorothy & Alistair Fraser |date=November 21, 1921 |url=https://www.fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/NatSym.html#r10 | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]] and on the [[arms of Canada]].<ref name="symbol1" /> Canada's official tartan, known as the "[[Regional tartans of Canada|maple leaf tartan]]", reflects the colours of the maple leaf through the seasons—green in the [[Spring (season)|spring]], gold in the early [[autumn]], red at the first [[frost]], and brown after falling.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/951077--maple-lead-tartan-becomes-official-symbol |work=[[Toronto Star]] |title=Maple Leaf Tartan becomes official symbol |date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> The arms of Canada are closely modelled after [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|those of the United Kingdom]], with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gough |first=Barry M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA71 |title=Historical Dictionary of Canada |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7504-3 |page=71}}</ref>

Other prominent symbols include the national motto, "{{lang|la|[[A mari usque ad mare]]|italics=on}}" ("from sea to sea"),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nischik |first=Reingard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYgTaGwa4nsC&pg=PA113 |title=History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian |publisher=Camden House |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-5711-3359-5 |pages=113–114}}</ref> the sports of [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]], the [[beaver]], [[Canada goose]], [[common loon]], [[Canadian horse]], the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Rockies,<ref name="symbol1">{{Cite book |url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.693005/publication.html |title=Symbols of Canada |publisher=Canadian Government Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-6601-8615-3}}</ref> and, more recently, the Indigenous [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].<ref name="Nels">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0hwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT92 |title=Sociology in Action |publisher=Nelson Education-McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-1767-2841-0 |edition=2nd Canadian |page=92}}</ref> [[Canadian cuisine]] items such as [[Canadian beer]], [[maple syrup]], [[Nanaimo bar]]s, [[butter tart]]s, and the [[Cuisine of Quebec|Quebec dishes]] of [[poutine]] and [[tourtière]], alongside material items such as [[tuque]]s, [[canoes]] and [[Hudson's Bay point blanket]] are considered as uniquely Canadian.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchins |first1=Donna |title=The Maple Leaf Forever: A Celebration of Canadian Symbols |last2=Hutchins |first2=Nigel |publisher=The Boston Mills Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5504-6474-0 |page=iix}}</ref> Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the [[Loonie|$1 coin]], the coat of arms on the [[50-cent piece (Canadian coin)|50¢ piece]], and the beaver on the [[Nickel (Canadian coin)|nickel]].<ref name="Berman2008">{{Cite book |last=Berman |first=Allen G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhJjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4402-1915-3 |page=137}}</ref> An image of the monarch appears on [[Canadian dollar|$20 bank notes]] and the obverse of coins.<ref name="Berman2008" />

===Literature===
{{main|Canadian literature}}

[[File: Margaret Atwood (3x4 cropped).jpg|upright|thumb|Author [[Margaret Atwood]] has suggested that during the 1970s Canadian literature was still looking for a national identity.<ref name="n066">{{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Margaret | author-link = Margaret Atwood |title=[[Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature]] |publisher=Anansi |date=1972 |isbn=978-0-8878-4522-2 |page=3}}</ref> ]]
Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keith |first=W. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGawhTGpGK0C&pg=PA19 |title=Canadian Literature in English |publisher=[[The Porcupine's Quill]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8898-4283-0 |page=19}}</ref> The earliest Canadian narratives were of travel and exploration.<ref>{{cite book |editor=R.G. Moyles |date=September 28, 1994 |title=Improved by Cultivation: English-Canadian Prose to 1914 |publisher=Broadview Press |page=15 |isbn=978-1-55111-049-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvJgb1-zQJkC&pg=PA15}}</ref> This developed into three major themes of historical Canadian literature: nature, frontier life, and Canada's position within the world, all of which tie into the [[garrison mentality]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=New |first=William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA259 |title=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2 |pages=259–261}}</ref> The evolution of Canadian literature is intricately linked to the country's historical and social contexts, often mirroring the challenges and changes in Canadian society.<ref name="u778">{{cite web |title=Literary History in English 1960-1980 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=February 5, 2013 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/literary-history-in-english-1960-1980 | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> As Canadian literature progressed into the 20th and 21st centuries, it began to address a broader array of subjects and themes, such as women's rights, LGBTQ rights, immigrant experiences, environmental issues, the relationship with Indigenous peoples, and Canadian values and identity.<ref name="h220">{{cite web |last=Post |first=Seagulls |title=Canadian Literature: A Diverse Tapestry of Voices and Experiences |website=Seagulls Post |date=August 4, 2023 |url=https://www.seagullspost.ca/post/canadian-literature-a-diverse-tapestry-of-voices-and-experiences | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref>

Financial support from governmental bodies, such as the [[Canada Council for the Arts]] and various provincial grant programs, facilitates the creation, publication, and promotion of works by [[List of Canadian writers|Canadian authors]].<ref name="p619">{{cite web |title=Funding |website=Canada Council for the Arts |date=May 11, 2023 |url=https://canadacouncil.ca/funding | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> Numerous [[Canadian literature#Canadian authors who have won international awards|Canadian authors have received international literary awards]] including the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], the [[Booker Prize]], and the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=New |first=William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA55 |title=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2 |page=55}}</ref> [[Canadian literature#Awards|Canadian literary awards and prizes]] include the [[Governor General's Literary Awards]], the [[Giller Prize]], the [[Latner Griffin Writers' Trust Poetry Prize]], the [[Burt Award for First Nations, Inuit and Métis Literature]] and several accolades for literature aimed at children.<ref name="i923">{{cite web |title=Canadian Book Awards |website=Livres Canada Books |url=https://www.livrescanadabooks.com/Find-Books-And-Publishers/Canadian-Book-Awards | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
{{main|Canadian art}}

[[File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset|''[[The Jack Pine]]'' by [[Tom Thomson]]. Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the [[National Gallery of Canada]].<ref name="Art Canada Institute - Institut de l'art canadien h165">{{cite web |title=Tom Thomson, The Jack Pine, 1916–17 |website=Art Canada Institute - Institut de l'art canadien |url=https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/tom-thomson/key-works/the-jack-pine/ |access-date=October 16, 2023}}</ref>]]

Art in Canada is marked by thousands of years of habitation by Indigenous peoples,<ref>{{cite book |first=Carol A. |last=Mullen |date=2020 |title=Canadian Indigenous Literature and Art: Decolonizing Education, Culture, and Society |publisher=Brill Sense |chapter=Introduction |isbn=978-9-0044-1426-6}}</ref> and, in later times, artists have combined British, French, Indigenous, and American artistic traditions, at times embracing European styles while working to promote nationalism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Ramsay |title=Landscape Painting and National Sentiment in Canada |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1974 |jstor=41298655 |pages=263–283}}</ref> The nature of Canadian art reflects these diverse origins, as artists have taken their traditions and adapted these influences to reflect the reality of their lives in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark J. |last1=Kasoff |first2=Patrick |last2=James |year=2013 |title=Canadian Studies in the New Millennium |edition=2 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=198–204 |isbn=978-1-4426-6538-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYqBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT198}}</ref> The [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] is often considered the first uniquely Canadian artistic group and style of painting.<ref name="Jessup2001">{{cite book |author=Lynda Jessup |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81bt2ujVwnwC&pg=PA146 |title=Antimodernism and artistic experience: policing the boundaries of modernity |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8354-8 |page=146}}</ref> [[Inuit art]] since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.<ref name="Stern2010">{{cite book |first=Pamela R. |last=Stern |title=Daily life of the Inuit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151 |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-3133-6311-5 |page=151}}</ref>

Historically, the Catholic Church was the primary patron of art in early Canada, especially Quebec.<ref name="j452">{{cite web |title=Painting: Beginnings |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=February 8, 2006 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/painting-beginnings | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> The Government of Canada has played a role in the development of art, through the department of [[Canadian Heritage]] by giving grants to art galleries,<ref>{{cite web |title=Putting a spotlight on Canada's Artistic Heritage |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/news/2020/01/putting-a-spotlight-on-canadas-artistic-heritage.html |website=www.canada.ca |date=January 14, 2020 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> as well as by establishing and funding art schools and colleges across the country, and through the Canada Council for the Arts.<ref name="e229">{{cite web |title=Canada Council for the Arts |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=September 6, 2011 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-council-for-the-arts | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> The Canada Council [[Art Bank]] also helps artists by buying and publicizing their work.<ref name="j314">{{cite web |title=Art Bank |website=Canada Council for the Arts |url=https://canadacouncil.ca/about/art-bank | access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> Great achievements in art in Canada are recognized through [[List of Canadian art awards|various awards and prizes]], such as the [[Molson Prize]], the [[Audain Prize for the Visual Arts]], and the [[List of recipients of the Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts|Governor General's Visual and Media Arts Awards]].<ref name="n795">{{cite book |title=Awards, Honors, and Prizes |publisher=Gale Research Company |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4144-3895-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DRPAQAAIAAJ |page=239}}</ref>

===Music===
{{main|Music of Canada}}

[[File:O-Canada-1908.pdf|thumb|upright|Original publication of "[[O Canada]]" in English, 1908 (French, 1880)<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2018 g033">{{cite web |last1=Kallmann |first1=Helmut |author-link=Helmut Kallmann |last2=Potvin |first2=Gilles |date=February 7, 2018 |title=O Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/o-canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021353/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/ |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |website=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada}}</ref>]]
Canadian music reflects a [[Music of Canadian cultures|variety of regional scenes]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Shane |editor-last=Homan |date=January 13, 2022 |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Policy |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |page=179 |isbn=978-1-5013-4534-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCdVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179}}</ref> Canada has developed a vast music infrastructure that includes [[church hall]]s, [[Chamber music|chamber halls]], [[Music school|conservatories]], [[academies]], [[performing arts center|performing arts centres]], [[record company|record companies]], [[radio stations]], [[Canadian music charts|music charts]], and television [[music video]] channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |title=The history of broadcasting in Canada |publisher=The Canadian Communications Foundation |access-date=October 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132436/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |archive-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref> Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Shane |editor-last1=Homan |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last2=Cloonan |editor-first3=Jen |editor-last3=Cattermole |year=2017 |title=Popular Music and Cultural Policy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3176-5952-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUg4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161}}</ref> As a result of its cultural importance, as well as government initiatives and regulations, the Canadian music industry is one of the largest in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Global_Music_Report_2023_State_of_the_Industry.pdf |title=IFPI Global Music Report 2023 |page=10 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325055720/https://www.ifpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Global_Music_Report_2023_State_of_the_Industry.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> producing internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]], and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Geoffrey P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWUil8OuXS8C&pg=PA304 |title=The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century |last2=Hutchison |first2=Thomas William |last3=Strasser |first3=Richard |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-4158-7560-8 |page=304}}</ref> Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Acheson |first1=Archibald Lloyd Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCzOUo6YhkC&pg=PA181 |title=Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes |last2=Maule |first2=Christopher John |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-4720-2241-0 |page=181}}</ref> The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s.<ref name="Edwardson, Ryan">{{Cite book |last=Edwardson |first=Ryan |url=https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa |title=Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa/page/127 127]}} The [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]] honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324 |title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-1359-4950-1 |page=324}}</ref>

"[[God Save the King]]" has been used in Canada since the late 1700s and is the country's de facto royal anthem.<ref name="t663">{{cite web |title=National and Royal Anthems |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=February 8, 2006 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-and-royal-anthems-emc | access-date=June 27, 2025}}</ref> [[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music by Canadians]] dates back over 200 years, with "[[The Bold Canadian]]", written in 1812, popular throughout the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jortner |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217 |title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-1997-6529-4 |page=217}}</ref> "[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]", written in 1866, was popular and served as an unofficial national anthem of English Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |title=Maple Cottage, Leslieville, Toronto |work=Institute for Canadian Music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331095214/http://www.utoronto.ca/icm/0101b.html |archive-date=March 31, 2009}}</ref> "[[O Canada]]", originally composed in French in 1880, also served as an unofficial national anthem during the 20th century and was adopted as the country's official anthem in 1980.<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2018 g033" />

===Media===
{{main|Media of Canada}}

[[File:CBC Radio Canada Chevrolet Express 02.jpg|thumb|A [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) satellite truck, used for live television broadcasts]]

Canada's media is [[Press Freedom Index|highly autonomous]], [[Censorship by country|uncensored]], [[Multicultural media in Canada|diverse]], and very regionalized.<ref>{{cite report |last=Fry |first=H |year=2017 |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/CHPC/Reports/RP9045583/chpcrp06/chpcrp06-e.pdf |title=Disruption: Change and churning in Canada's media landscape |publisher=Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage |access-date=February 21, 2022}}

{{cite web |title=Freedom of expression and media freedom |website=GAC |date=February 17, 2020 |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/human_rights-droits_homme/freedom_expression_media-liberte_expression_medias.aspx?lang=eng}}</ref> The ''[[Broadcasting Act (1991)|Broadcasting Act]]'' declares "the system should serve to safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the cultural, political, social, and economic fabric of Canada".<ref>{{cite book |first=Sara |last=Bannerman |date=May 20, 2020 |title=Canadian Communication Policy and Law |publisher=Canadian Scholars |page=199 |isbn=978-1-7733-8172-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs0DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199}}</ref> Canada has a well-developed media sector, but its cultural output—particularly in [[Cinema of Canada|English films]], [[Television in Canada|television shows]], and [[List of Canadian magazines|magazines]]—is often overshadowed by imports from the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vipond |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0eDs29g49YC&pg=PA57 |title=The Mass Media in Canada |publisher=James Lorimer Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-5527-7658-2 |edition=4th |page=57}}</ref> As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB), and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC).{{r|Edwardson, Ryan|p=[https://archive.org/details/canadiancontentc0000edwa/page/59 59]}}

[[Mass media in Canada|Canadian mass media]], both [[Newspapers of Canada|print]] and [[Canadian online media|digital]], and in both official languages, is largely dominated by a "[[Media ownership in Canada|handful of corporations]]".<ref name="TarasBakardjievaPannekoek20072">{{cite book |editor-first1=David |editor-last1=Taras |editor-first2=Maria |editor-last2=Bakardjieva |editor-first3=Frits |editor-last3=Pannekoek |date=2007 |title=How Canadians Communicate II: Media, Globalization, and Identity |publisher=University of Calgary Press |page=87 |isbn=978-1-5523-8224-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2YNNHZlt5cC&pg=PA87}}</ref> The largest of these corporations is the country's national [[public broadcaster]], the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which also plays a significant role in producing domestic cultural content, operating [[CBC Radio|its own radio]] and [[CBC Television|TV]] networks in both English and French.<ref name="TarasBakardjievaPannekoek2007">{{cite book |editor-first1=David |editor-last1=Taras |editor-first2=Maria |editor-last2=Bakardjieva |editor-first3=Frits |editor-last3=Pannekoek |date=2007 |title=How Canadians Communicate II: Media, Globalization, and Identity |publisher=University of Calgary Press |page=86 |isbn=978-1-5523-8224-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2YNNHZlt5cC&pg=PA86}}</ref> In addition to the CBC, some provincial governments offer their own public educational TV broadcast services as well, such as [[TVOntario]] and [[Télé-Québec]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steven |last1=Globerman |publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy |title=Cultural Regulation in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlBGJyEdDy4C&pg=PR18 |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-9203-8081-9 |page=18}}</ref>

Non-news media content in Canada, including film and television, is influenced both by local creators as well as by imports from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and France.<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Steven |date=2011 |title=About Canada: Media |publisher=Fernwood |page=111 |isbn=978-1-5526-6447-6}}</ref> In an effort to reduce the amount of foreign-made media, government interventions in television broadcasting can include both regulation of content and public financing.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Bart |last1=Beaty |first2=Rebecca |last2=Sullivan |date=2006 |title=Canadian Television Today |publisher=University of Calgary Press |page=37 |isbn=978-1-5523-8222-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGMT39azEAYC&pg=PA33}}</ref> [[Taxation in Canada|Canadian tax laws]] limit foreign competition in magazine advertising.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jacqueline |last=Krikorian |date=2012 |title=International Trade Law and Domestic Policy: Canada, the United States, and the WTO |publisher=UBC Press |page=188 |isbn=978-0-7748-2306-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9i7ln160QC&pg=PA188}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Canada}}

[[File:Hockey Hall of Fame Statue (9162222032).jpg|thumb| ''Our Game'' sculpture by [[Edie Parker (artist)|Edie Parker]] outside the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] in Toronto<ref name="k228">{{cite web |last=Fame |first=Hockey Hall of |title=Exterior Sculptures |website=Hockey Hall of Fame |date=September 28, 1972 |url=https://www.hhof.com/visit/exteriorsculptures.html |access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref>]]

Canada's official national sports are [[Ice hockey in Canada|ice hockey]] and [[Lacrosse in Canada|lacrosse]].<ref>{{cite web |date=November 5, 2015 |title=National Sports of Canada Act |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-16.7/page-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124142348/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-16.7/page-1.html |archive-date=November 24, 2015 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Other major professional games include [[curling]], [[Basketball in Canada|basketball]], [[Baseball in Canada|baseball]], [[Soccer in Canada|soccer]], and [[Canadian football|football]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Canadian Sports History |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sports-history |date=September 30, 2016 |last2=West |first2=J. Thomas |last1=Lindsay |first1=Peter}}</ref> Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by numerous "Halls of Fame" and museums, such as [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]].<ref name="Danilov1997cv">{{cite book |first=Victor J. |last=Danilov |title=Hall of fame museums: a reference guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUO_J0YzpP0C&pg=PA24 |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-3133-0000-4 |page=24}}</ref>

Canada shares several [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional sports leagues]] with the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Butenko |first1=Sergiy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh7tPTtYelUC&pg=PA42 |title=Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management |last2=Gil-Lafuente |first2=Jaime |last3=Pardalos |first3=Panos M. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-6421-3205-6 |pages=42–44}}</ref> Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the [[National Hockey League]], three [[Soccer in Canada#Major League Soccer|Major League Soccer]] teams, and one team in each of [[Major League Baseball]] and the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other popular professional competitions include the [[Canadian Football League]], [[National Lacrosse League]], the [[Canadian Premier League]], and the curling tournaments hosted by [[Curling Canada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morrow |first1=Don |title=Sport in Canada: A History |last2=Wamsley |first2=Kevin B. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-1990-2157-4 |pages=xxi – intro}}</ref> Canadians identified hockey as their preferred sport for viewing, followed by soccer and then basketball.<ref name="n113">{{cite web |last=Block |first=Beau |title=Hockey emerges as Canadians' favourite sport to watch, and the generational responses pose interesting insights for the popularity of Canada's national sport. |website=Narrative Research |date=April 3, 2024 |url=https://narrativeresearch.ca/hockey-emerges-as-canadians-favourite-sport-to-watch-and-the-generational-responses-pose-interesting-insights-for-the-popularity-of-canadas-national-sport/ | access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref>

In terms of participation, [[swimming]] was the most commonly reported sport by over one-third (35 percent) of Canadians in 2023.<ref name="h903">{{cite web |title=The Daily — Participation in Canadian society through sport and work |website=Statistics Canada |date=October 10, 2023 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231010/dq231010b-eng.htm | access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> This was closely followed by [[cycling]] (33 percent) and [[running]] (27 percent).<ref name="h903"/> The popularity of specific sports varies;<ref>
{{cite web |last1=Fournier-Savard |first1=Patric |last2=Gagnon |first2=Valerie |last3=Durocher |first3=Dominic |title=Sports: More than just a game |website=Statistics Canada |date=March 5, 2024 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2024008-eng.htm | access-date=August 30, 2024}}

{{cite web |title=The Daily — Participation in Canadian society through sport and work |website=Statistics Canada |date=October 10, 2023 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/231010/dq231010b-eng.htm | access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> in general, the Canadian-born population was more likely to have participated in [[winter sports]] such as ice hockey (the most popular young adult team sport),<ref name="h903"/> [[Ice skating|skating]], [[skiing]] and [[snowboarding]], compared with immigrants, who were more likely to have played soccer (the most popular youth team sport),<ref name="a691">{{cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |title=Study: Soccer most popular sport among Canadian kids post-pandemic |website=Sportsnet.ca |date=July 27, 2023 |url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/article/study-soccer-most-popular-sport-among-canadian-kids-post-pandemic/ | access-date=August 30, 2024}}</ref> [[tennis]] or basketball.<ref name="h903"/> Sports such as [[golf]], [[Volleyball in Canada|volleyball]], [[badminton]], [[bowling]], and [[martial arts]] are also widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels.<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Canadian sport participation – Most frequently played sports in Canada (2010) |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/pc-ch/CH24-1-2012-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110193033/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/pc-ch/CH24-1-2012-eng.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada |page=34}}</ref>

Canada has enjoyed success both [[Canada at the Winter Olympics|at the Winter Olympics]] and [[Canada at the Summer Olympics|at the Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mallon |first1=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mM0XzW03AcC&pg=PA71 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8108-7522-7 |page=71}}</ref>—particularly the Winter Games as a "winter sports nation"—and has hosted high-profile international sporting events such as the [[1976 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Howell |first=Paul Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2mTzjIKkNcC&pg=PA3 |title=Montreal Olympics: An Insider's View of Organizing a Self-financing Games |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7735-7656-8 |page=3}}</ref> the [[1988 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Horne |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQozDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT157 |title=Understanding the Olympics |last2=Whannel |first2=Garry |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-3174-9519-2 |page=157}}</ref> the [[2010 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{multiref2
| {{cite book |author=United States Senate Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism and Economic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4XN6eyYqiUC |title=The Economic Impact of the 2010 Vancouver, Canada, Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest: hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, August 5, 2005 |date=January 2006 |publisher=US GPO |isbn=978-0-1607-6789-0}}
| {{cite book |last=Fromm |first=Zuzana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXYgkSsrnaMC |title=Economic Issues of Vancouver-Whistler 2010 Olympics |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-1319-7843-0}}
}}</ref> the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY2lnQAACAAJ |title=Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order |publisher=Canada Border Services Agency |year=2015}}</ref> the [[2015 Pan American Games]] and [[2015 Parapan American Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=David |date=July 10, 2014 |title=Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925011444/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-toronto-should-get-excited-about-the-pan-am-games/article19543736/ |archive-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> The country is scheduled to co-host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] alongside Mexico and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 13, 2018 |title=World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44464913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114150230/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44464913 |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|border=no|Canada|Countries}}
*[[Bibliography of Canada]]
* [[List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories]]
* [[Outline of Canada]]{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Statistics Canada licence}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

'''Government'''
* {{Official website|https://www.canada.ca/}} of the Government of Canada
* [https://www.gg.ca/ Governor General of Canada], as Head of State
* [https://www.pm.gc.ca/ Prime Minister of Canada], as Head of Government
* [https://www.royal.uk/canada King and Queen's website], as Chief of State
* [https://international.canada.ca/en/global-affairs Global Affairs Canada], Foreign Affairs
* [https://www.parl.ca/ National Parliament]

'''Sources'''
* {{Wikiatlas|Canada}}
* [https://www.statcan.gc.ca/ Statistics Canada], Canada's national statistical agency

'''Travel'''
* [https://travel.gc.ca/ Canada's official website for travel and tourism]

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Praja Bhavan

2026-03-17T02:44:11Z

PenneyIrby336: added initial info nd citations...

{{short description|Government building in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Praja Bhavan
| image =
| caption =
| address = Greenlands Road, [[Begumpet]] [[Hyderabad]] 500 082 [[Telangana]], India
| current_tenants = [[Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| architect = NA Architects N.Niroop Kumar Reddy
| floor_area = {{convert|100000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| client = [[Government of Telangana]]
| engineer = [[Shapoorji Pallonji]]
| construction_start_date = March 2016
| completion_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2016|11|23|p=y}}
| demolished_date =
| cost = INR ₹38 [[crore]] (US$5.4 million)
| structural_system =
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]], [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]]
| size = {{convert|9|acre|ha|1}}
}}

The '''Praja Bhavan''', officially known as '''Jyotirao Phule Praja Bhavan''' and formerly known as '''Pragathi Bhavan''' <ref>{{Cite news |title=Pragathi Bhavan becomes Praja Bhavan, rekindling hopes of common man to submit grievances at highest level |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pragathi-bhavan-becomes-praja-bhavan-rekindling-hopes-of-common-man-to-submit-grievances-at-highest-level/article67614248.ece |date=2023-12-07 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> is the [[official residence]] and principal workplace of the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]. It is located at Greenlands Road, [[Punjagutta]], [[Hyderabad]] in [[Telangana]]. It was built in 2016 under the chief ministership of [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]]. It was designed by the Indian architect, N. Niroop Kumar Reddy.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/vastu-or-waste-court-to-hear-case-against-new-telangana-secretariat-1587158 | title=Vastu Or Waste? Telangana To Explain KCR's New Hyderabad Office In Court | date=1 November 2016 | first=Uma | last=Sudhir | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=29 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38102398 | title=India outrage at minister's $7.3m house with bullet-proof bathroom | date=25 November 2016 | publisher=BBC News | accessdate=29 December 2018 }}</ref>

On 7 December 2023, [[Revanth Reddy]] took oath as the Chief Minister of Telangana making him the second person to hold the post.{{Efn|He is the 2nd person to serve as CM, while being the 3rd CM.|name=CM|group=lower-greek}} On the day of his swearing-in, he renamed Pragathi Bhavan as Praja Bhavan meaning people's building. He ordered the removal of iron barricades at the entrance. He conducted a "Praja Darbar" at this place where he met with people about their grievances on 8 December 2023, reflecting the promise of people's government. He announced renaming the program as "Praja Vani" which will be held on Tuesday and Friday from 10 AM to 1 PM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-07 |title=Telangana CM Revanth Reddy gets iron barricades removed from office premises |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/telangana-cm-revanth-reddy-fulfills-first-poll-promise-gets-iron-barricades-removed-from-office-premises-watch-11701940233656.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CM for crediting of Rythu Bandhu amounts into farmers’ accounts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-for-crediting-of-rythu-bandhu-amounts-into-farmers-accounts/article67628461.ece |date=2023-12-11 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Chief Minister's Camp Office}}

[[Chief Minister's Camp Office]], used as residence cum camp office of Chief minister from 2005, was considered inauspicious by [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekar Rao]], when he became chief minister in 2014. He conceived the idea of a new complex adjacent to the camp office to help perform his duties without interruption. 10 IAS Officers quarters and 24 peon quarters at officers’ colony were demolished to construct the new complex. The residential area of camp office is now used as the state guest house and the office area is now the Office of [[Inspector General]] (intelligence).

The original official name was Pragathi Bhavan which means "Progress building". The [[Housewarming|Gruhapravesam]] (housewarming) was performed on 23 November 2016 at 5.22 AM by Former Chief Minister of Telangana, K. Chandrashekar Rao, with traditional rituals performed by [[Chinna Jeeyar Swamy]].

==Design==
Designed by noted Indian architect, [[Hafeez Contractor]]. It has classical inspiration sources, found in [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] & [[Palladian architecture#North American Palladian architecture|Palladian]] style. The building design cues are found in historical buildings in erstwhile princely [[Hyderabad state|State of Hyderabad]] like the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|Koti Residency]] and [[Falaknuma Palace]].

Suddala Sudhakar Teja was the [[vaastu]] consultant for the entire complex.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kcr-to-move-to-his-new-official-residence-in-begumpet-tomorrow-116112301026_1.html KCR to move to his new official residence in Begumpet tomorrow | Business Standard News]</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>[https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/telangana-cm-moves-into-bullet-proof-residence-twice-the-size-of-a-football-fiel/297427 Telangana CM Moves Into Bullet-Proof Residence Twice The Size Of A Football Field]</ref>

===Architecture===
The front [[facade]] is a [[portico|columned portico]]. The [[column]]s are on the periphery, giving large, unhindered, open-spaced halls and rooms

==Construction==
Construction was started in March 2016, without a formal event, and completed in November 2016, in a record time of nine months. The entire complex was constructed by Mumbai-based construction company, [[Shapoorji Pallonji]], at a cost of INR ₹38 [[crore]] (US$5.4 million) . The construction work was expedited with 200 workers, working day and night at the site.

==Layout==
[[File:Jyotirao Phule Praja Bhavan.png|thumb|Sketch of Jyotirao Phule Praja Bhavan from OpenStreetMap]]
The east-facing [[Housing estate|building complex]] has a combined built-up area of over 1,00,000 [[sq ft]], on a land area of 9 [[acre]]s (3.64 hectares). The entry point into the new complex is on the [[north east]] corner. There is a small [[Maisamma temple]] inside, the decades-old temple too was rebuilt in a new location.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/birthday-wishes-pour-torrent-kcr Birthday wishes pour in for KCR]</ref> The five buildings – the residence, Chief Ministers Office, Janahitha (meeting hall), Telangana State Guesthouse and Office of Inspector General(Security).<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/chief-minister-kcr-moves-into-new-9-acre-home-complete-with-bulletproof-windows-1629486 Telangana Chief Minister KCR Moves Into New 9-Acre House, Complete With Bulletproof Windows]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kcr-telangana-cm-pragati-bhavan-bulletproof-windows-353607-1999-11-29 KCR moves to new home where even the toilet is bulletproof]</ref> The residence occupies bigger area. The office and Janahitha are located adjacent, to the north of the residence.

===Residence===
The residence is on a rectangular-shaped plot with two floors, and built on an [[acre]] of land, with floor area of 40,000 square feet. It has a theater-cum-auditorium with a capacity to seat 250 people. There is [[Residential garden|home garden]] on an acre land, planted with [[ayurvedic]] and other trees on the periphery adjacent to the residence.

===Chief Minister’s Office (CMO)===
The two storied Telangana CMO building is the official secretariat of the Chief Minister of Telangana. Earlier, the CMO known as the ''CM Peshi'' was located on the 6th floor of C Block in the [[Telangana Secretariat]] was facing space crunch.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/50-crore-home-telangana-cm-taxpayer-money-353675-2016-11-24 KCR's new 50 crore home: Telangana CM lavishness with taxpayer's money]</ref> This is the heart of state administration.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160817/telangana-camp-office-eclipses-glory-of-secretariat.html Telangana: Camp office eclipses glory of Secretariat]</ref>

The CMO has a mini [[conference hall]], a hall for video conferences and has [[hotline|hotline connection]]s to all main offices in every mandal headquarters. The offices include chambers for Chief Minister, secretaries and administrative staff.

===Janahitha===
[[File:2022 Ugadi Celebrations at Janahitha in Pragathi Bhavan, Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|2022 Ugadi Celebrations at Janahitha]]
Janahitha is a large public meeting hall, with a capacity to accommodate over 1000 people. It was inaugurated on 17 February 2017, on the birthday of the then Telangana CM, KCR.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/priority-people-welfare-dev-state-kcr Priority is to peoples’ welfare, development of State: KCR]</ref> It is single-floor building, with a floor-to-ceiling height of 24 feet, with a floor area of 15,000 sq ft. It was named as ''Janahitha'', meaning good for the people. It is modeled on the lines of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], [[Akbar]]'s [[Red Fort#Diwan-i-Aam|People’s court, Diwan-i-Aam]], where he met with his courtiers and subjects to discuss their issues.

The Chief Minister holds important policy meetings with secretaries, collectors, official review meetings and meetings with public representatives.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pragati-bhavan-is-pride-of-telangana-k-chandrasekhar-rao/articleshow/56216556.cms Pragati Bhavan: Pragati Bhavan is pride of Telangana: K Chandrasekhar Rao | Hyderabad News – Times of India]</ref> It is also used to interact with citizens of the state like farmers, workers, employees, artisans etc. It also has a large lounge area, used by the CM for interacting with daily visitors.

==Security==
The tightly monitored zone has compound walls 15-feet high, [[electric fence]]. The ventilators and windows have [[bulletproof]] glass and [[CCTV]]s which are monitored by 55 security personnel<ref name=autogenerated1 /> round the clock.<ref>[http://english.sakshi.com/news/2016/11/24/telangana-cm-kcr-moves-into-palatial-pragati-bhavan Telangana CM KCR Moves Into Palatial Pragati Bhavan – Sakshipost]</ref> The complex has a parking facility for over 300 cars.

==Officials in Jyothirao Phule Praja Bhavan==
* [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao]] - 23 November 2016 – 6 December 2023
* [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Telangana|Deputy chief minister]]) - 7 December 2023 – present

== See also ==
* [[List of official residences of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chief ministers' official residences in India}}

[[Category:Chief ministers' official residences in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Telangana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2014]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Telangana]]

Westminster system

2026-03-15T12:23:55Z

PenneyIrby336: improve details based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Parliamentary system of government}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
[[File:London Parlament-20090730-RM-110352.jpg|alt=The Houses of Parliament in Westminster|thumb|The [[Palace of Westminster]], after which the Westminster system is named. It is the home of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]].]]
{{Executive}}

The '''Westminster system''', or '''Westminster model''', is a type of [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] government modelled on that of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Key aspects of the system include an [[executive branch]] made up of members of the legislature which is [[responsible government|responsible]] to the legislature, the presence of [[parliamentary opposition]] parties, and a ceremonial [[head of state]] who is separate from the [[head of government]]. The term derives from the [[Palace of Westminster]], the seat of the British parliament. The Westminster system can be contrasted with the [[presidential system]], which originated in the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political Representation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0521128650|chapter=Varieties of public representation}}</ref> and with the [[semi-presidential]] system based on the government of [[France]].

The Westminster system is used, or was once used, in the national and [[Administrative division|subnational]] legislatures of most [[List of former European colonies|former colonies]] of the [[British Empire]] upon gaining [[self-governing colony|self-government]], beginning with the [[Province of Canada]] in 1848.<ref name="seidle03">{{cite book |last1=Seidle |first1=F. Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6je60BF-3sC&pg=PA3 |title=Reforming parliamentary democracy |last2=Docherty |first2=David C. |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=9780773525085 |page=3}}</ref> However, many former colonies have since adopted other forms of government.

==Characteristics==
The Westminster system of government may include some of the following features:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psc.nsw.gov.au/employmentportal/ethics-conduct/behaving-ethically/behaving-ethically-guide/section-1/the-westminster-system|title=The Westminster System – Public Service Commission|website=www.psc.nsw.gov.au|language=en|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320181145/https://www.psc.nsw.gov.au/employmentportal/ethics-conduct/behaving-ethically/behaving-ethically-guide/section-1/the-westminster-system|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* A [[sovereignty|sovereign]] or [[head of state]] who functions as the nominal or legal and constitutional holder of executive power, and holds numerous [[reserve power]]s, but whose daily duties mainly consist of performing ceremonial functions. Examples include King [[Charles III]], the [[Governor-general|governors-general]] in the [[Commonwealth realms]], or the presidents of many countries, and [[State (country subdivision)|state or provincial]] [[governor]]s in [[Federalism|federal systems]]. Exceptions to this are [[President of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[President of Israel|Israel]], whose presidents are both de jure and de facto ceremonial, and the [[President of Israel|latter]] possesses no reserve powers whatsoever.
* A [[head of government]] (or head of the executive), known as the [[prime minister]] (PM), [[premier]], [[chief minister]] or [[first minister]]. While the head of state appoints the head of government, constitutional convention suggests that a majority of elected members of parliament must support the person appointed.<ref name="oba">{{cite web|url=http://www.oba.org/En/ccl_en/newsletter_en/v13n1.aspx#Article_3|title=OBA.org – Articles|website=www.oba.org}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the same political party, then the parliamentary [[leader]] of that party typically is appointed.<ref name=oba/>
* An [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] led by the head of government usually made up of members of the legislature with the senior members of the executive in a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] adhering to the principle of [[cabinet collective responsibility]]; such members wield authority on behalf of the nominal or theoretical executive.
* An independent, non-partisan [[civil service]] that advises on, and implements, decisions of the elected government. Civil servants hold permanent appointments and can expect merit-based selection processes and continuity of employment when governments change.<ref name=apsc>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsc.gov.au/publications-and-media/current-publications/reinvigorating-the-westminster-tradition|title=Reinvigorating The Westminster Tradition|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327121023/http://www.apsc.gov.au/publications-and-media/current-publications/reinvigorating-the-westminster-tradition|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A [[Opposition (parliamentary)|parliamentary opposition]] (in a [[multi-party system]]) with an official [[leader of the opposition]], which generally takes on an adversarial role,<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Russell | first1=Meg | last2=Gover | first2=Daniel |title= The Role of the Opposition|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/8812/chapter-abstract/154988816?redirectedFrom=fulltext |website=academic.oup.com | date=2017 | volume=1 | doi=10.1093/oso/9780198753827.003.0004 | isbn=978-0-19-875382-7 |access-date=18 October 2023| url-access=subscription }}</ref> presenting arguments against the government's policies. In certain countries, the [[leader of the opposition]] is expected to be ready to form a government if the office of head of government becomes vacant.
* A legislature, often [[Bicameralism|bicameral]], with at least one elected house — although [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] systems also exist. Traditionally, the lower house is elected using [[first-past-the-post]] from single-member districts, which is still more common, although some use a system of [[proportional representation]] (e.g. [[Politics of Israel|Israel]], [[Politics of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Politics of Denmark|Denmark]]), [[parallel voting]] (e.g. [[Politics of Japan|Japan]], [[Politics of Italy|Italy]]), or [[instant-runoff voting|preferential voting]] (e.g. [[Politics of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[Politics of Australia|Australia]]).
* A [[lower house]] of parliament with the ability to dismiss a government by "[[Loss of supply|withholding (or blocking) supply]]" (rejecting a budget), passing a [[motion of no confidence]], or defeating a [[Motion of Confidence|confidence motion]].
* A parliament that can be [[dissolution of parliament|dissolved]], allowing [[snap election]]s to be called at any time.
* [[Parliamentary privilege]], which allows the legislature to discuss any issue it deems relevant without fear of consequences stemming from defamatory statements or records thereof.
* Minutes of meetings, often known as [[Hansard]], including an ability for the legislature to strike discussion from these minutes.
* The ability of courts to address silence or ambiguity in the [[statutory law]] through the development of [[common law]]. Another parallel system of legal principles also exists known as [[Equity (legal concept)|equity]]. Exceptions to this include India, Quebec in Canada, and Scotland in the UK, among other countries who mix common law with other legal systems.

Most of the procedures of the Westminster system originated with the [[Convention (norm)|conventions]], practices, and [[precedent]]s of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], which form a part of what is known as the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom]]. Unlike the [[uncodified constitution|uncodified]] British constitution, most countries that use the Westminster system have [[Codification (law)|codified]] the system, at least in part, in a written [[constitution]].

However, uncodified conventions, practices, and precedents continue to play a significant role in most countries, as many constitutions do not specify important elements of procedure. For example, some older constitutions using the Westminster system do not mention the existence of the cabinet or the prime minister, because these offices were taken for granted by the authors of these constitutions. Sometimes these conventions, [[reserve powers]], and other influences collide in times of crisis and in such times the weaknesses of the unwritten aspects of the Westminster system, as well as the strengths of the Westminster system's flexibility, are put to the test. As an illustrative example, in the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]], the Governor-General of Australia, [[Sir John Kerr]], dismissed Prime Minister [[Gough Whitlam]] and replaced him with opposition leader [[Malcolm Fraser]].

=== Summary of the typical structure of the Westminster model ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Type
| rowspan=2 | Bicameral (unicameral in some circumstances) || Elected or appointed upper house to approve and/or scrutinise laws.

* Senate, Legislative Council, House of Lords
|-
| Elected lower house to represent the people and (normally) initiate legislation.

* House of Commons, House of Representatives, Legislative Assembly
|-
! rowspan=4 | Leadership
| Head of state || Monarch (sometimes represented by a [[vice-regal]] representative, such as a governor or governor-general) or ceremonial president.
|-
| Head of government ||
Usually the leader of the largest party in the lower house (legislature if unicameral).

* Prime minister in a sovereign state/country
* Premier/chief minister in provinces, states, or territories.
* Other titles include first minister, chief executive, president of the council of ministers.
|-
| rowspan=2 | Presiding officers of legislative chambers || Speaker (or president) of the upper house
|-
| Speaker of the lower house
|-
! rowspan=4 | General
| Government ||
Formed by the largest party/coalition in the lower house (legislature if unicameral), and led by the head of government.

* Executive ministers are chosen (normally) from members of the government party or coalition, by the head of government. They may be from either house in bicameral systems.
* A Cabinet is formed from the most senior ministers, but may include some civil servants.
* In parliaments without political parties, ministers are either chosen by the prime minister or elected by members at large.
* Government sits in and is responsible to the legislature, to which it reports and is accountable (in particular, to the lower house, if bicameral).
|-
| Opposition || Led by the leader of the opposition. A shadow cabinet is formed out of the elected members of the largest party or coalition in the legislature not in government, chosen by the party leader (the leader of the opposition).
|-
| Public service || Politically independent and available to the people of the state, that will work for various government organisations (health, housing, education, defence).
|-
| Armed forces || Defensive organisation of the state/country.
|}

==Operation==
The pattern of executive functions within a Westminster system is quite complex. In essence, the [[Head of State|head of state]], usually a [[monarch]] or president, is a ceremonial figurehead who is the theoretical, nominal, or {{Lang|la|[[de jure]]}} source of executive power within the system. In practice, such a figure does not actively exercise executive powers, even though executive authority is nominally exercised in their name.

The [[head of government]], usually called the [[prime minister]] or [[premier]], will ideally have the support of a majority in the responsible house, and must, in any case, be able to ensure the existence of no [[Majority|absolute majority]] against the government. If the parliament passes a [[motion of no confidence]], or refuses to pass an important [[Bill (law)|bill]] such as the [[budget]], then the government must either resign so that a different government can be appointed or seek a [[dissolution of parliament|parliamentary dissolution]] so that new general elections may be held in order to re-confirm or deny the government's mandate.

Executive authority within a Westminster system is de jure exercised by the cabinet as a whole, along with more junior [[minister (government)|minister]]s, however, in effect, the head of government dominates the executive as the head of government is ultimately the person from whom the [[head of state]] will take [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] (by constitutional convention) on the exercise of [[executive power]], including the appointment and dismissal of cabinet members. This results in the situation where individual cabinet members in effect serve at the pleasure of the prime minister. Thus the cabinet is strongly subordinate to the prime minister as they can be replaced at any time, or can be moved ("demoted") to a different portfolio in a [[cabinet reshuffle]] for "underperforming".

In the United Kingdom, the sovereign theoretically holds executive authority, even though the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] and the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] effectively implement executive powers. In a [[parliamentary republic]] like India, the [[President of India|president]] is the {{Lang|la|de jure}} executive, even though executive powers are essentially instituted by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] and the [[Indian Cabinet Ministers|Council of Ministers]]. In [[Israel]], however, executive power is vested {{Lang|la|de jure}} and {{Lang|la|de facto}} in the cabinet and the [[President of Israel|president]] is {{Lang|la|de jure}} and {{Lang|la|de facto}} a ceremonial figurehead.

As an example, the prime minister and cabinet (as the ''[[de facto]]'' executive body in the system) generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out executive functions. If, for instance the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British prime minister]] wished to [[dissolution of parliament|dissolve Parliament]] in order for a [[general election]] to take place, the prime minister is constitutionally bound to request permission from the [[British monarchy|sovereign]] in order to attain such a wish. However, the sovereign, in modern times, has virtually always followed the advice of their prime minister without their own agency. This owes to the fact that the British sovereign is a [[constitutional monarch]]. The monarch abides by the advice of their ministers, except when executing [[reserve power]]s in times of crisis. The sovereign's power to appoint and dismiss governments, appoint cabinet [[Minister (government)|minister]]s to serve in the government, appoint [[diplomat]]s, declare [[war]], and to sign [[treaty|treaties]] (among other powers de jure held by the sovereign) is known as the [[royal prerogative]], which in modern times is exercised by the sovereign solely on the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] of the Prime Minister.

This custom also occurs in other countries are regions around the world using the Westminster System, as a legacy of [[British colonial rule]]. In [[Commonwealth realm]]s such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the day-to-day functions that would be exercised by the sovereign personally in the United Kingdom are instead exercised by the [[governor-general]]. In such nations, the prime minister is obligated to formally seek permission from the [[governor-general]] when implementing executive decisions, in a manner similar to the British system.

An analogous scenario also exists in [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]], such as [[India]] or [[Trinidad and Tobago]], where there is a president who functions similarly to a governor-general.

An unusual case lies in [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israel]] and [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japan]], where the respective prime ministers have the full legal power to implement executive decisions, and [[President of Israel|presidential (in Israel)]] or [[Emperor of Japan|imperial (in Japan)]] approval is not required; the prime ministers of these nations are fully the ''de jure'' source of executive authority, and not the head of state.

The head of state will often hold meetings with the head of government and cabinet, as a means of keeping abreast of governmental policy and as a means of advising, consulting and warning ministers in their actions. Such a practice takes place in the United Kingdom and India. In the UK, the sovereign holds confidential weekly meetings with the prime minister to discuss governmental policy and to offer their opinions and advice on issues of the day. In India, the prime minister is constitutionally bound to hold regular sessions with the president, in a similar manner to the aforementioned British practice. In essence, the head of state, as the theoretical executive authority, "reigns but does not rule". This phrase means that the head of state's role in government is generally ceremonial and as a result does not directly institute executive powers. The [[reserve powers]] of the head of state are sufficient to ensure compliance with some of their wishes. However, the extent of such powers varies from one country to another and is often a matter of controversy.

Such an executive arrangement first emerged in the United Kingdom. Historically, the [[British Sovereign|British sovereign]] held and directly exercised all executive authority. [[George I of Great Britain]] (reigned 1714 to 1727) was the first British monarch to delegate some executive powers to a prime minister and a cabinet of the ministers,{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} largely because he was also the monarch of [[Hanover]] in Germany and did not speak English fluently. Over time, further arrangements continued to allow the execution of executive authority on the sovereign's behalf and more and more de facto power ended up lying in the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister's]] hands. Such a concept was reinforced in ''[[The English Constitution]]'' (1876) by [[Walter Bagehot]], who distinguished between the separate "dignified" and "efficient" functions of government. The sovereign should be a focal point for the [[nation]] ("dignified"), while the PM and cabinet actually undertook executive decisions ("efficient").<ref name="Bagehot-1867">{{cite book |last1=Bagehot |first1=Walter |title=The English Constitution |date=1876 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location=London |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Electoral system, ministers and officials ==
The [[electoral system]] is often set out in a [[Representation of the People Act]].<ref>Alder and Syrett. Constitutional and Administrative Law. (Palgrave Law Masters). 11th Edition. 2017. [https://books.google.com/books?id=M9s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 p 294]. Birch. The British System of Government. 10th Edition. Routledge. 1998. Taylor & Francis e-Library. 2006. [https://books.google.com/books?id=41Cyb3HrkqYC&pg=PA17 p 17].</ref><ref>See, for example, the definition in [https://books.google.com/books?id=4jJHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7 section 8(1)] of the [[Representation of the People Act 1884]], read with the definition of the Registration Acts in section 8(2)</ref> Common ministerial titles include [[parliamentary secretary]] and [[Undersecretary|under-secretary]]. Ministers are supported by [[Private secretary|private secretaries]] and government departments are run by [[Permanent secretary|permanent secretaries]], [[Principal Secretary (disambiguation)|principal secretaries]] or [[Chief Secretary (disambiguation)|chief secretaries]].

==Role of the head of state==
The [[Head of State|head of state]] or their representative (such as a [[governor-general]]) formally appoints as the [[head of government]] whoever commands the [[Confidence and supply|confidence]] of the [[Lower house|lower]] or [[Unicameralism|sole house]] of the legislature and invites him or her to form a government. In the UK, this is known as [[kissing hands]]. Although the dissolution of the legislature and the call for new elections is formally performed by the head of state, the head of state, by convention, acts according to the wishes of the head of government.

A president, monarch, or governor-general might possess clearly significant [[reserve power]]s. Examples of the use of such powers include the [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]] and the Canadian [[King–Byng affair]] in 1926. The [[Lascelles Principles]] were an attempt to create a convention to cover similar situations, but have not been tested in practice. Because of differences in their written constitutions, the formal powers of monarchs, governors-general, and presidents vary greatly from one country to another. However, as sovereigns and governors-general are not elected, and some presidents may not be directly elected by the people, they are often shielded from any public disapproval stemming from unilateral or controversial use of their powers.

In many [[Commonwealth realms]] a governor-general formally represents the monarch, who is usually absent from the realm. In such countries, the identity of the "head of state" may be unclear.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ireland |first=Ian |title=Who is the Australian Head of State? |journal=Research Note |issue=1 |page=1 |publisher=Dept. of the Parliamentary Library |location=Canberra |date=28 August 1995 |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1995-96/96rn01.pdf |issn=1323-5664 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117075757/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1995-96/96rn01.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>

==Cabinet government==
{{main|Cabinet collective responsibility}}
In the book ''[[The English Constitution]]'', [[Walter Bagehot]] emphasised the divide of the constitution into two components, the Dignified (that part which is symbolic) and the Efficient (the way things actually work and get done), and called the Efficient "[[Cabinet Government]]".<ref name="Bagehot-1867" />

Members of the Cabinet are collectively seen as responsible for government policy, a policy termed [[cabinet collective responsibility]]. All Cabinet decisions are made by consensus, a vote is rarely taken in a Cabinet meeting. All ministers, whether senior and in the Cabinet, or junior ministers, must support the policy of the government publicly regardless of any private reservations. When a [[Cabinet reshuffle]] is imminent, a lot of time is taken up in the conversations of politicians and in the news media, speculating on who will, or will not, be moved in and out of the Cabinet by the Prime Minister, because the appointment of ministers to the Cabinet, and threat of dismissal from the Cabinet, is the single most powerful constitutional power which a Prime Minister has in the political control of the Government in the Westminster system.

The [[Official Opposition]] and other major political parties not in the Government, will mirror the governmental organisation with their own [[Shadow cabinet]] made up of Shadow Ministers.

==Bicameral and unicameral parliaments==
[[File:Canadian Parliament at night.jpg|thumb|Canadian Parliament at night]]
[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]] (Parliament House) building in [[New Delhi, India]]]]
[[File:Knesset Building (South Side).JPG|thumb|right|[[Knesset|Knesset Building]], [[Jerusalem]]]]

In a Westminster system, some members of parliament are elected by popular vote, while others are appointed. Nearly all Westminster-based parliaments have a [[lower house]] with powers based on those of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] (under various names), comprising local, elected representatives of the people (with [[Knesset|the only exception]] being elected entirely by nationwide Proportional Representation). Most also have a smaller upper house, which is made up of members chosen by various methods:
* Termless appointees, either lifetime or retiring, from successive prime ministers (such as the [[Senate of Canada]])
* Appointees of the premier and the opposition leader (such as the [[Jamaican Senate]])
* Direct election (such as the [[Australian Senate]])
* Election by electoral colleges or sub-national legislatures (such as the Indian [[Rajya Sabha]])
* Hereditary nobility (such as the British [[House of Lords]] until the [[House of Lords Act 1999]])
* Any combination of the above (such as the Malaysian [[Dewan Negara|Senate]])

* A prime minister can be elected without gaining a majority of the popular vote.

In the UK, the lower house is the {{Lang|la|de facto}} legislative body, while the upper house practices restraint in exercising its constitutional powers and serves as a consultative body. In other Westminster countries, however, the upper house can sometimes exercise considerable power, as is the case for the Australian Senate.

Some Westminster-derived parliaments are [[unicameral]] for two reasons:

* The [[New Zealand Parliament]], [[Parliament of Queensland]], and the parliaments of the Canadian provinces of [[Legislative Council of Manitoba|Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick Legislative Council|New Brunswick]], [[Legislative Council of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]], [[Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and [[Québec|Quebec]] have abolished their upper houses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/sitecore/content/Home/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/hamer/chap02|title=Chapter 2: The development of the Westminster system|author=|website=Parliament of Australia |language=en-AU|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>
* The parliaments of all other Canadian provinces, the [[Parliament of Malta]], the [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea Parliament]], the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] and the [[Knesset|Israeli Parliament]] never had upper houses.

[[Hong Kong]], a former British [[crown colony]] and currently a [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative region]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], has a unicameral [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]. While the Legislative Councils in British Australasian and North American colonies were unelected upper houses and some of them had since abolished themselves, the Legislative Council of Hong Kong has remained the sole chamber and had in 1995 evolved into a fully elected house, yet only 20 of the 90 seats are returned by universal suffrage. Responsible government was never granted during British colonial rule, and the [[Governor of Hong Kong|Governor]] remained the [[head of government]] until the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, when the role was replaced by the [[Chief Executive (Hong Kong)|Chief Executive]]. Secretaries had remained to be chosen by the Chief Executive not from the Legislative Council, and their appointments need not be approved by the Legislative Council. Although essentially more presidential than parliamentary, the Legislative Council had inherited many elements of the Westminster system, including parliamentary powers, privileges and immunity, and the right to conduct inquiries, amongst others. The theme colour of the meeting chamber is red as in other upper houses. The Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council under certain conditions, and is obliged to resign, e.g., when a re-elected Legislative Council passes again a bill that he or she had refused to sign.

== "Washminster system" ==
[[File:Australian Senate - Parliament of Australia.jpg|thumb|The [[Australian Senate]]|alt=]]
{{blockquote|text=The waters of the [[River Thames|Thames]] and of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] both flow into [[Lake Burley Griffin]].|author=[[James Killen]]|source=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flzQwp8_y7g&t=637s Farewell Parliament House - Sunday May 8, 1988]}}
[[Australian constitutional law]] is, in many respects, a unique hybrid with influences from the [[United States Constitution]] as well as from the traditions and conventions of the Westminster system and some indigenous features. Australia is exceptional because the government faces a fully elected upper house, the [[Australian Senate|Senate]], which must be willing to pass all its legislation. Although government is formed in the lower house, the House of Representatives, the support of the Senate is necessary in order to govern.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aroney |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/constitution-of-a-federal-commonwealth/E685089E543B0D14B22136FD7FEA922D#fndtn-information |title=The constitution of a federal commonwealth : the making and meaning of the Australian constitution |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-12968-8 |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=774393122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=George |title=Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory |last2=Brennan |first2=Sean |last3=Lynch |first3=Andrew |publisher=Federation Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-86287-918-8 |edition=6 |location=Leichhardt, NSW |pages=77–88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aroney |first1=Nicholas |last2=Kincaid |first2=John |title=Analysis {{!}} Comparing Australian and American federal jurisprudence |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/05/12/comparing-australian-and-american-federal-jurisprudence/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>James A. Thomson, [https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1673&context=lawreview American and Australian Constitutions: Continuing Adventures in Comparative Constitutional Law], 30 J. Marshall L. Rev. 627 (1997)</ref><ref>Zelman Cowan, [https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview/vol4/iss2/2 A Comparison of the Constitutions of Australia and the United States], 4 Buff. L. Rev. 155 (1955).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Harry |date=December 2009 |title=The Other Metropolis: The Australian Founders' Knowledge of America |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/~/link.aspx?_id=62157B3AE2F04D79A23615AA882A326B&_z=z |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Papers on Parliament No. 52 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The Australian Senate is unusual in that it maintains an ability to [[loss of supply|withhold supply]] from the government of the day – a power similar to that held in the UK [[Parliament Act 1911|until 1911 by the House of Lords]], which has since then been impossible, in the Westminster system. A government that has lost supply is severely restricted in its abilities to act; unless a solution can be negotiated and supply can be restored, such an occurrence would normally trigger a federal election. Since the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]], technically speaking, can dismiss a federal government at any time, loss of supply is sometimes, controversially, considered a suitable trigger for a dismissal (such as with the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]]). This is controversial because it conflicts with the Westminster tradition of government by a party with the confidence of the lower house (not an upper house like the Senate). Some political scientists have held that the [[Politics of Australia|Australian system of government]] was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and the [[Federal Government of the United States|United States systems of government]], especially since the Australian Senate is a powerful upper house like the US Senate; this notion is expressed in the nickname "the Washminster mutation".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Elaine | journal = Politics|title=The 'Washminster' mutation |date=1980 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1080/00323268008401755}}</ref> The ability of upper houses to block supply also features in the [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories|parliaments of most Australian states]].

The Australian system has also been referred to as a [[semi-parliamentary system]].<ref name=Ganghof>{{cite journal |last1=Ganghof |first1=S|title=A new political system model: Semi-parliamentary government |journal=European Journal of Political Research |date=May 2018 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=261–281 |doi=10.1111/1475-6765.12224 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Ceremonies==
The Westminster system has a very distinct appearance when functioning, with many British customs incorporated into day-to-day government function. A Westminster-style parliament is usually a long, rectangular room, with two rows of seats and desks on either side. Many chambers connect the opposing rows, either with a perpendicular row of seats and desks at the furthermost point from the Speaker's Chair at the opposite end of the chamber (e.g. UK House of Lords or Israel Knesset) or the rows of chairs and desks are rounded at the end, opposite to the Speaker's Chair (e.g. Australian chambers, Ireland, South Africa, India). The chairs in which both the government and opposition sit, are positioned so that the two rows are facing each other. This arrangement is said to have derived from an early Parliament which was held in a [[Church (building)|church]] [[Choir (architecture)|choir]]. Traditionally, the opposition parties will sit in one row of seats, and the government party will sit in the other. In some countries, the mace will face the government's side whilst lying on the [[table of the House]]. In most [[majority government]]s, the number of government-party MPs is so large that it must use the "opposition" seats as well. In the lower house at Westminster (the UK's House of Commons) there are lines on the floor in front of the government and opposition benches that members may cross only when exiting the chamber.

At one end of the room sits a large chair, for the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House]]. The speaker usually wears black robes, and in some countries, a [[Wig (hair)|wig]]. Robed parliamentary [[Clerk (legislature)|clerks]] often sit at narrow tables between the two rows of seats, as well. These narrow tables in the centre of the chamber are usually where ministers or members of the house come to speak. A newly elected Speaker is symbolically dragged to the Chair upon being elected.

Other ceremonies sometimes associated with the Westminster system include an annual [[Speech from the Throne]] (or equivalent thereof) in which the head of state gives a special address (written by the government) to parliament about what kind of policies to expect in the coming year, and lengthy [[State Opening of Parliament]] ceremonies that often involve the presentation of a large [[ceremonial mace]]. Some legislatures retain Westminster's colour-coded chambers, with the upper houses associated with the colour red (after the House of Lords) and the lower with green (after the House of Commons). This is the case in India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Barbados.

==Current countries==
Countries that use variations on the theme of the Westminster system, as of 2023, include the following:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Country
!scope="col" |Legislature
!scope="col" |System of {{abbr|govt.|government}}
!scope="col" |Notes/Differences from the standard Westminster model
|-
| {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Politics of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]]
| [[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda|Parliament]]: [[Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)|Senate]] [[House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Politics of Australia|Australia]]
| [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]]: [[Australian Senate|Senate]] [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Australia|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments. Lower house is elected using [[instant-runoff voting]]. Upper house is elected by [[single transferable vote]] (a form of [[proportional representation]]) with each state and territory treated as individual electorates. [[Queensland]] has a unicameral [[Parliament of Queensland|state parliament]] while all other states have bicameral parliaments. The [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|Australian Capital Territory]] and the [[Northern Territory Legislative Assembly|Northern Territory]] have unicameral legislatures.
|-
| {{flagicon|The Bahamas}} [[Politics of the Bahamas|The Bahamas]]
| [[Parliament of the Bahamas|Parliament]]: [[Parliament of the Bahamas#Senate|Senate]] [[Parliament of the Bahamas#House of Assembly|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of The Bahamas|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Politics of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| Republic
|Allows some extra-parliamentary ministers to be appointed, which is a variation from the strict monism of most Westminster systems.
|-
| {{flagicon|BRB}} [[Politics of Barbados|Barbados]]
| [[Parliament of Barbados|Parliament]]: [[Senate of Barbados|Senate]] [[House of Assembly of Barbados|House of Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|BLZ}} [[Politics of Belize|Belize]]
| [[National Assembly (Belize)|National Assembly]]: [[Senate (Belize)|Senate]] [[House of Representatives (Belize)|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Belize|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Politics of Canada|Canada]]
| [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]: [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]
| [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and provincial governments. Caucuses require [[official party status]] for some parliamentary privileges. Two of its territorial parliaments operate [[Consensus government in Canada|without any caucuses]] other than cabinet, and therefore have no leader of the opposition.
|-
| {{flagicon|CAY}} [[Politics of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]]
| [[Parliament of the Cayman Islands|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarchy]]
|[[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]], meaning ultimate authority for its government resides with the UK Parliament in Westminster
|-
| {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Politics of Dominica|Dominica]]
| [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Politics of Fiji|Fiji]]
| [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|GRN}} [[Politics of Grenada|Grenada]]
| [[Parliament of Grenada|Parliament]]: [[Parliament of Grenada#Senate|Senate]] [[Parliament of Grenada#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Grenada|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Politics of India|India]]
| [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]: [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Lok Sabha]]
| Republic
|[[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments. The [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) is popularly elected via first past the post. The [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house) is mostly elected by the members of state/union territory legislatures using [[single transferable vote]] with a handful of members being appointed by the [[President of India]].
|-
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Politics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[Oireachtas]]: [[Seanad Éireann]] [[Dáil Éireann]]
| Republic
| Dáil Éireann (the lower house) is elected by universal suffrage by single transferable vote from constituencies of 3 to 5 members. [[President of Ireland|President]] is directly elected using instant-runoff voting. The Head of government has the title of [[Taoiseach]] (in the [[Irish language]] meaning roughly "captain" or "leader") and is appointed by the president on the nomination of the Dáil.
|-
| {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Politics of Jamaica|Jamaica]]
| [[Parliament of Jamaica|Parliament]]: Senate House of Representatives
| [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Politics of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
| [[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]]: [[Senate of Lesotho|Senate]] [[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
| [[List of monarchs of Lesotho|Monarchy]]
| Constitutional monarchy that operates under a Westminster system.
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Letsie III|a native monarch]], along with Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, and Thailand.
|-
| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Politics of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]]: [[Dewan Negara]] [[Dewan Rakyat]]
| [[Monarchies of Malaysia|Monarchy (elective)]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments. The Yang-di-Pertuan Agong shares characteristics of heads of state in both monarchies and republics.
|-
| {{flagicon|MLT}} [[Politics of Malta|Malta]]
| [[Parliament of Malta|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|MRI}} [[Politics of Mauritius|Mauritius]]
| [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Politics of Nepal|Nepal]]
| [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|Parliament]]: [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| Republic<ref>{{cite web |url=http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |title=CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL 2015 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223153410/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015 }}</ref>
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and state governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Politics of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Monarchy]]
| Uses [[mixed-member proportional representation]] to elect members to its unicameral Parliament. [[Maori electorates|Several seats]] in NZ Parliament are [[Reserved political positions|reserved]] for election by Indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]] voters.
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Politics of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]: [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]]
| Republic
|[[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and provincial governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|PNG}} [[Politics of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Monarchy]]
| One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that a person is nominated for the position of [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]] not by the [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]] but by a majority vote in Parliament, then they are appointed by the monarch. Members are elected to the Parliament by instant-runoff voting.
|-
| {{flagicon|SKN}} [[Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| [[National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|National Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Monarchy]]
| [[Federation|Federated nation]], meaning that the power to govern the country and its people is shared and divided between national and subnational governments.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Politics of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]
| [[Parliament of Saint Lucia|Parliament]]: [[Senate of Saint Lucia|Senate]] [[House of Assembly of Saint Lucia|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
| [[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]]
| [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Politics of Samoa|Samoa]]
| [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Politics of Singapore|Singapore]]
| [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]]
| Republic
| [[President of Singapore|President]] is directly elected by [[first-past-the-post]] voting. One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that the [[Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)|Leader of the Opposition]] is formally designated by the Prime Minister. This means that, unlike the previous ''de facto'' arrangement that followed Westminster convention, the office does not automatically go to the leader of the largest opposition party, and could be reassigned at the discretion of the Prime Minister.<ref name="WPbetteroffCNA">{{cite news |last1=Koh |first1=Fabian |title=WP 'better off' taking up PM Wong's invitation to name new Leader of the Opposition, say analysts who cite four possible candidates |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/wp-pritam-singh-parliament-leader-opposition-candidates-5861536 |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=CNA |agency=Channel News Asia |date=15 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Politics of Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]
| [[National Parliament of Solomon Islands|Parliament of the Solomon Islands]]
| [[Monarchy of the Solomon Islands|Monarchy]]
| One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that a person is nominated for the position of [[Governor-General of the Solomon Islands|Governor-General]] not by the [[Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands|Prime Minister]] but by a majority vote in Parliament, then they are appointed by the monarch, similar to neighboring Papua New Guinea.
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Politics of Thailand|Thailand]]
| [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]: [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]] [[House of Representatives of Thailand|House of Representatives]]
| [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarchy]]
|Political parties must nominate a person they want to be [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] to the [[Election Commission of Thailand|Election Commission]] before the general election, a party can nominate of candidate list up to three names, the nominee does not have to be a member of the party, and a political parties must receive at least 5% of the seats in the [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]] in order to be able to nominate the person that the party previously proposed to the Election Commission to the House of Representatives for approval. Members of the House of Representatives are elected using [[parallel voting]].
One of five countries other than the UK to use a Westminster system with [[Vajiralongkorn|a native monarch]], along with Denmark, Japan, Lesotho, and Malaysia.
|-
| {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Politics of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
| [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]: [[Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)|Senate]] [[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]
| Republic
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Politics of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]
| [[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]]
| [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Monarchy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Politics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]: [[House of Lords]] [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
| [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarchy]]
|Between 2011 ([[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]]) and 2022 ([[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]]), the Prime Minister did not have the ability to call early elections.
|-
| {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Politics of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]
| [[Parliament of Vanuatu|Parliament]]
| Republic
|
|}

==Former countries==
The Westminster system was adopted by a number of countries which subsequently evolved or reformed their system of government departing from the original model. In some cases, certain aspects of the Westminster system were retained or codified in their constitutions. For instance [[Government of South Africa|South Africa]] and [[Politics of Botswana|Botswana]], unlike Commonwealth realms or parliamentary republics such as India, have a combined head of state and head of government but the President remains responsible to the lower house of parliament; it elects the President at the beginning of a new Parliament, or when there is a vacancy in the office, or when the sitting President is defeated on a vote of confidence. If the Parliament cannot elect a new President within a short period of time (a week to a month) the lower house is dissolved and new elections are called.

*{{flag|Kingdom of Ireland|name=Ireland}} between the 14th century and 1800 (see [[Parliament of Ireland]]), when the [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] joined it with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] to form the [[UKGBI|United Kingdom]].
* {{flag|Union of South Africa}} between 1910 and 1961, and the {{flag|Republic of South Africa|1928}} between 1961 and 1984. The 1983 constitution abolished the Westminster system in South Africa.
* {{flag|Dominion of Newfoundland}} between 1907 and 1934, the year self-government was suspended and the [[Newfoundland Commission of Government|Commission of Government]] assumed direct rule from London. Use of the Westminster system resumed in 1949 when [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] became a [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[Canada]].
* {{Flag|Rhodesia}} between 1965 and 1979, and {{Flag|Zimbabwe}} between 1980 and 1987. The 1987 constitution abolished the Westminster system.
* {{flag|Federation of Nigeria|name=Nigeria}} following the end of British colonial rule in 1960, which resulted in the appointment of a Governor-General and then a President, [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]. The system ended with the [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état|military coup of 1966]].
* {{flag|Ceylon|1951}} between 1948 and 1972, and {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} from 1972 until 1978 when the constitution was remodelled into an Executive presidential system.
* {{flag|Union of Burma|name=Burma}} following independence in 1948 until the 1962 military coup d'état.
* {{flag|Dominion of Ghana|name=Ghana}} between 1957 and 1960, then 1969 and 1972.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Somalia.svg}} [[State of Somaliland]] during its brief independence in 1960, with [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]] as its first and only Prime Minister.
* {{flag|Eswatini}} (then known as Swaziland) between 1968 and 1973.
* {{flagcountry|Tanganyika (1961–1964)}} between 1961 and 1962.
* {{flag|Sierra Leone (1961–1971)|name=Sierra Leone}} between 1961 and 1971.
* {{flag|Uganda (1962–1963)|name=Uganda}} between 1962 and 1963.
* {{flag|Indonesia|name=Indonesia}} between 1949 and 1959.
* {{flag|Kenya (1963–1964)|name=Kenya}} between 1963 and 1964.
* {{flag|Malawi (1964–1966)|name=Malawi}} between 1964 and 1966.
* {{flag|The Gambia (1965–1970)|name=The Gambia}} between 1965 and 1970.
* {{flag|Guyana}} between 1966 and 1980.
* {{flag|Kingdom of Iraq}} between 1921 and 1958; during the monarchy, the Parliament of Iraq was a bicameral parliament made of an upper house of lords and a lower house of commons and was modelled after the Westminster system with some adjustments.
* {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}} between 1923 and 1953; after the [[1919 Egyptian revolution]] the Parliament of Egypt was made to follow the exact model of the Westminster system.
* {{flag|Kingdom of Afghanistan}} between 1964 and [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|the end of the monarchy in 1973]].
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}} between 1890 and 1940; under the [[Meiji Constitution]] the [[Diet of Japan]] was a bicameral legislature modelled after both the German ''[[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]'' and the Westminster system.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hein|first1=Patrick|title=How the Japanese became foreign to themselves : the impact of globalization on the private and public spheres in Japan|date=2009|publisher=Lit|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3643100856|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QJsvhHwjVMC&pg=PA72}}</ref> Influence from the Westminster system remained in Japan's [[Constitution of Japan|Postwar Constitution]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Ray A.; Robinson, Donald L.|title=Partners for democracy : crafting the new Japanese state under MacArthur|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195171761|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku1iq--PxN4C&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Hook|editor-first=Glenn D.|title=Contested governance in Japan : sites and issues|date=2005|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=London|isbn=978-0415364980|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSiOHT0xf8kC&pg=PA55}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Special Issue Constitutional Law in Japan and the United Kingdom|journal=King's Law Journal|date=2015|volume=2|issue=2|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rklj20/26/2}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bill of Rights 1689]]
* [[English Civil War]]
* [[Glorious Revolution]]
* [[His Majesty's Government (term)|His Majesty's Government]]
* [[History of parliamentarism]]

* [[History of the constitution of the United Kingdom#Worldwide influence|History of the constitution of the United Kingdom § Worldwide influence]]

* [[Loyal opposition]]
* [[Magna Carta]]
* [[Parliamentary system]]
* [[Parliament in the Making]]
* [[Parliament of England]]
* [[Petition of Right]]
* [[Presidential system]]
*[[Representation of the People Act]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Rhodes|first1=R. A.W.|last2=Wanna|first2=John|last3=Weller|first3=Patrick|title=Comparing Westminster|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0191609817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TP_MFqp0iwC}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Galligan|editor1-first=Brian|editor2-last=Brenton|editor2-first=Scott|title=Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107100244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paQyCgAAQBAJ}}
* ''The English Constitution'', [[Walter Bagehot]], 1876. {{ISBN|0-521-46535-4}}. {{ISBN|0-521-46942-2}}.
* ''British Cabinet Government'', Simon James, Pub Routledge, 1999. {{ISBN|0-415-17977-7}}.
* ''Prime Minister & Cabinet Government'', Neil MacNaughton, 1999. {{ISBN|0-340-74759-5}}.
* ''[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Westminster-Legacies-Democracy-Responsible-Government/dp/0868408484 Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific]'', Haig Patapan, John Wanna, Patrick Weller, 2005. {{ISBN|0-868-40848-4}}.

==External links==
* ''[http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world How the Westminster parliamentary system was exported around the world]'' University of Cambridge.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072715/http://parliamentary-democracy.athabascau.ca/chapters/index.html Module on Parliamentary Democracy]'' [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]].
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050524173625/http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~pnorris/Acrobat/APSA%202000%20bpg%20Twilight.pdf The Twilight of Westminster? Electoral Reform & its Consequences]'', Pippa Norris, 2000.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120951/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/americas/caribbean-studies/Networks/westminster-in-the-caribbean Westminster in the Caribbean: History, Legacies, Challenges]'' University College London.
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svMxNNBNisQ What is the Westminster System?]'' Parliament of Victoria video.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Westminster System}}
[[Category:Westminster system| ]]
[[Category:Constitution of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Constitution of Canada]]
[[Category:Constitution of Australia]]
[[Category:Constitution of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Political systems]]
[[Category:Western culture]]

Rabbi

2026-03-14T05:59:39Z

PenneyIrby336: refine section

{{short description|Teacher of Torah and spiritual leader in Judaism}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Emil Orlik - Portrait of a Rabbi.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of a Rabbi'', [[Emil Orlík]], 1901|284x284px]]
{{Judaism}}
A '''rabbi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|b|aɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Rabbi.wav}}; {{langx|he|רַבִּי|translit=rabbī}}, {{ipa|he|ʁǝbːi|ipa}}) is a [[Jewish]] preacher and religious leader in [[Judaism]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbi rabbi | Definition, History, & Functions | Britannica]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurtzer |first=Yehuda |date=April 4, 2024 |title=Rabbi |url=https://www.sourcesjournal.org/articles/rabbi |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sources Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> A person becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi — known as ''[[Semikhah]]'' — following a course of study of [[Jewish history]] and texts, including the [[Tanakh]], ''[[Midrash]]'', [[Mishnah]], [[Tosefta]], [[Talmud]], ''[[Halakha]]'', and [[rabbinic commentaries]] thereon. The basic form of the rabbi developed between the [[Second Temple period|Second Temple]] (167 BCE–73 CE)—being heavily influenced by the [[Pharisees]]—and [[Rabbinic period]]s (70–640 CE), when learned teachers—overlapping with the ''[[Tannaim]]'', ''[[Amoraim]]'', ''[[Savoraim]]'', and early ''[[Geonim]]''—assembled to codify Judaism's [[Torah|written]] and [[Oral Torah|oral law]]s. The title "rabbi" was first used in the first century CE. In more recent centuries, the duties of a rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the [[Clergy|Protestant Christian minister]], hence the title "[[pulpit]] rabbis." Further, in 19th-century Germany and the United States, rabbinical activities such as delivering [[sermon]]s, [[pastoral counseling]], and representing the community to the outside all increased in importance.

Within the various [[Jewish denominations]], there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination, and differences in opinion regarding who is recognized as a rabbi. Non-[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] movements, including [[Conservative Judaism]], [[Reform Judaism]], [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], and [[Jewish Renewal]], have set their requirements for ''semikhah'' based on what they consider [[Halakha|halakhic]] reasons (as in Conservative Judaism) and ethical reasons (as in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism).<ref name="forward1">{{cite web |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/106320/ |title=Orthodox Women To Be Trained As Clergy, If Not Yet as Rabbis |date=May 21, 2009 |publisher=Forward.com |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206073454/http://www.forward.com/articles/106320/ |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>''PRI.org'' [http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-09/can-orthodox-jewish-women-be-rabbis Can Orthodox Jewish Women be Rabbis?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112190207/http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-09/can-orthodox-jewish-women-be-rabbis |date=January 12, 2016}}, November 9, 2015</ref>

== Etymology and pronunciation ==
The word comes from the [[Mishnaic Hebrew]] [[Construct state|construct]] {{lang|he|רְבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rǝbbī}},{{Efn|Some also connect it to Mishnaic Hebrew {{lang|he|רֶבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rebbī}}, (Kaufmann A50 RH 2:12)/{{lang|he|רִבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rībbī}} (Parma A RH 2:12) 'my master' but this term is extremely rare in ancient texts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-03|script-title=he: רב ורבנים|url=https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2021/06/03/%d7%a8%d7%91-%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%9d/|access-date=2022-01-31|publisher=Academy of the Hebrew Language}}</ref>}} meaning 'Master [Name]'; the standard Hebrew noun is {{lang|he|רב}} {{Transliteration|he|rav}} 'master'. {{Transliteration|he|[[Rav]]}} is also used as a title for rabbis,<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/rav |title=Rav |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> as are {{Transliteration|he|rabbeinu}} ('our master') and {{Transliteration|he|ha-rav}} ('the master'). A derived term is {{Transliteration|yi|[[rebbe]]}}.

The Hebrew root in turn derives from the [[Semitic root]] {{Script/Hebrew|ר־ב־ב}} (R-B-B), which in [[Biblical Aramaic]] means 'great' in many senses, including 'revered', but appears primarily as a prefix in construct forms.<ref>Heinz-Josef Fabry entry ''Rab'' in ''Theological dictionary of the Old Testament'' Vol. 13 pp. 273–75 ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, [[:sv:Helmer Ringgren]], [[Heinz-Josef Fabry|Fabry]] 2004 p. 273 "RAB... is also well attested in Phoenician.9 Here too rab functions as a title; its specific meaning can be determined only by its relationship to other offices and functions.10 Aramaic in all its dialects makes copious use of this root."</ref> Although the usage {{Transliteration|he|rabim}} 'many' (as 1 Kings 18:25, {{lang|he|הָרַבִּים}}) 'the majority', 'the multitude' occurs for the assembly of the community in the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], there's no evidence to support an association of this use with the later title "rabbi".<ref>[[Heinz-Josef Fabry|Fabry]] entry ''Rab'' in ''Theological dictionary of the Old Testament'' Volume 13, p. 298 G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry – 2004 "There is no evidence to support an association, commonly cited in discussions of this usage.160 with the use of the title "Rabbi" ... Already suggested by [[Millar Burrows|M. Burrows]] and repeated by [[Jean Carmignac|Carmignac]], 584"</ref> The root is [[cognate]] to [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|ربّ}} {{Transliteration|ar|rabb}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/rabbi|title = What does rabbi mean?}}</ref> meaning 'lord' (generally used when talking about God, but also about temporal lords), and to the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] word {{lang|syr|ܪܒܝ}} {{Transliteration|syr|rabi}}.

Some communities, especially [[Sephardic]] and [[Yemenite Jews]], historically pronounced the title {{lang|he|רִבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rībbī}}; this pronunciation competed with {{lang|he|רְבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rǝbbī}} and {{lang|he|רַבִּי}} {{Transliteration|he|rabbī}} in [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenaz]] until the modern period.<ref name=azor>''Siddur Azor Eliyahu'', p. 18 (on "Ribbi Yishmael Omer" before Pesukei deZimra). Text with acronyms expanded according to its glossary (parentheses in original, square brackets added based on the glossary): {{lang|he|רִבי ישמעאל. בחיריק—כך הוא בכל סידורים ישנים [הכוונה לסידורי אשכנז שנדפסו עד לסידור ר' שבתי סופר מפרעמישלא] (כמו שקלאוו תקמ"ח, דיהרנפורט תקמ"ח, תקנ"ב, תקס"ב, זולצבאך תקנ"ג), כך הוא בהגדה של פסח על ביאור הגר"א שהדפיס רמ"מ משקלאוו בהוראדנא בשנת תקס"ה (וכן הוא בסידורי הספרדים והתימנים). והשינוי לרַבי בפתח הוא משינויי ויעתר יצחק (ספר הגהות על סידור אשכנז וסידור תפילה מאת יצחק סאטאנוב, ברלין תקמ"ד) ובעקבותיו ניקד כן גם ר' וואלף היידנהיים (ויעב"ץ ניקד רְבי בשווא והאריך בזה בלוח ארש). בגמרא מופיע בריבי מלא (מכות ה' ב' חולין פ"ד ב' קל"ז א' שבת קט"ו א' ערובין נ"ג א') וחסר (חולין י"א ב', כ"ח א') ומשמע מכך שאמרו רִבי בחיריק, וגם מפירוש רבינו חננאל (פסחים נ"ב ב' וסוכה מ"ה א') משמע כן.}}</ref><ref name=wigram/>

== Historical overview ==
"Rabbi" is not an occupation found in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and ancient generations did not apply related titles such as ''rabban'', ''rabbi'', or ''rav'' for either the Babylonian sages or the [[Chazal|sages in Israel]]. For example, [[Hillel I]] and [[Shammai]] (the religious leaders of the early first century) had no rabbinic title prefixed to their names. The titles "rabban" and "rabbi" are first mentioned in Jewish literature in the [[Mishnah]]. ''Rabban'' was first used for [[Gamliel I|Rabban Gamaliel the Elder]], Rabban [[Simeon ben Gamliel]] (his son), and Rabban [[Yohanan ben Zakkai]], all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the [[Sanhedrin]] in the first century. Early recipients of the title ''rabbi'' include [[Rabbi Zadok]] and [[Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob]], beginning in the time of the disciples of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai. The title "Rabbi" (the Greek transliteration of {{lang|grc|ῥαββί}}) occurs in the [[Christianity|Christian]] books of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], and [[Gospel of John|John]] in the [[New Testament]], in which it is used—sometimes negatively—in reference to the "Scribes and [[Pharisees]]" as well as to [[Jesus]].<ref name=wigram>''Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament'' by Wigram, George V.; citing Matthew 26:25, Mark 9:5 and John 3:2 (among others)</ref><ref>[[Catherine Hezser]], ''The social structure of the rabbinic movement in Roman Palestine'', 1997, p. 59 "'''b – Rabbi as an Honorary Address''' ... Since Jesus was called "Rabbi" but did not conform to the traditional image of post-70 Jewish rabbis, and since pre-70 sages do not bear the title "Rabbi" in the Mishnah, 29 most scholars assume that the meaning and usage of the term "Rabbi" at the time of Jesus differed from the meaning which it acquired after the destruction of the Temple: in pre-70 times, "Rabbi" was used as an unofficial honorary address for any person held in high esteem; after 70 it was almost exclusively applied to ordained teachers of the Law."</ref>

Jewish tradition holds that the title "rabbi" or "rabban" was first used after 70 CE to refer to Yohanan ben Zakkai and his students, and references in Rabbinic texts and the New Testament to rabbis earlier in the 1st century are anachronisms or retroactive [[Honorifics in Judaism|honorifics]].<ref name="Hezser1997">{{cite book|last=Hezser|first=Catherine|title=The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKMkEVSvCoUC&pg=PA64|year=1997|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-146797-4|pages=64–|quote=We suggest that the avoidance of the title "Rabbi" for pre-70 sages may have originated with the editors of the Mishnah. The editors attributed the title to some sages and not to others. The avoidance of the title for pre-70 sages may perhaps be seen as a deliberate program on the part of these editors who wanted to create the impression that the "rabbinic movement" began with R. Yochanan b. Zakkai and that the Yavnean "academy" was something new, a notion that is sometimes already implicitly or explicitly suggested by some of the traditions available to them. This notion is not diminished by the occasional claim to continuity with the past which was limited to individual teachers and institutions and served to legitimize rabbinic authority.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208031241/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKMkEVSvCoUC&pg=PA64|archive-date=February 8, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, some evidence suggests that the term "rabbi" was a well-known informal title by the beginning of the first century CE, and thus that the pre-70 CE Jewish and Christian references to rabbis reflect the titles used in this period.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1453387.pdf|jstor = 1453387|title = Is the Title "Rabbi" Anachronistic in the Gospels?|last1 = Shanks|first1 = Hershel|journal = The Jewish Quarterly Review|year = 1963|volume = 53|issue = 4|pages = 337–345|doi = 10.2307/1453387}}</ref>

The governments of the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] were based on a system that included the [[Kings of Israel and Judah|Jewish kings]]; the [[Prophets in Judaism|Jewish prophets]]; the legal authority of the high court of Jerusalem, the Great Sanhedrin; and the ritual authority of the [[Kohen|priesthood]] ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=kōhănīm|כֹּהֲנִים}}). Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their ordination through an unbroken line of transmission from [[Moses]]; however, instead of being called "rabbis", they were referred to as "priests" or "scribes", like [[Ezra]], who is called in the Hebrew Bible "Ezra the priest-scribe, a scholar in matters concerning {{GOD}}'s commandments and laws to Israel"([[Ezra 7]]:11, ''[[New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh#Revisions|Revised JPS Edition]]'').<ref name="y544">{{cite web | title=Ezra 7:11 | website=Sefaria | url=https://www.sefaria.org/Ezra.7.11?ven=english%7CTHE_JPS_TANAKH:_Gender-Sensitive_Edition&lang=bi&with=all | access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> "Rabbi" as a title does not appear in the Hebrew Bible,<ref name=ej/> though later Rabbinic sources occasionally use it as a title for wise biblical figures, as in tractate [[Pirkei Avot]] 6:3.<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Pirkei Avot|6:3}}</ref>

With the destruction of the two [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temples in Jerusalem]], the end of the Jewish monarchy, the decline of the dual institutions of prophets and the priesthood, and the later failure of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]], the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the Great Sanhedrin ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=ha-Sanhedrin ha-Gedolah|הַסַּנְהֶדְרִין הַגְּדוֹלָה}}). The Great Sanhedrin was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the contemporary sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's [[Oral Torah]] ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit=Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe|text=תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה|lit=Torah of the mouth}}). The Oral Torah was eventually codified in the Mishnah, Talmud, and subsequent Rabbinic scholarship, leading to what is known as [[Rabbinic Judaism]].

=== Talmudic period ===
The traditional explanation is that from the 1st to 5th centuries, the title "rabbi" was given to those sages of the [[Land of Israel]] who received formal ordination (''semikhah''), while the lesser title "rav" was given to sages who taught in the [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia]], as ordination could not be performed outside the Land of Israel.<ref name=ej/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brand |first1=Ezra |title=Understanding Honorifics in the Talmudic Era |url=https://www.ezrabrand.com/p/understanding-honorifics-in-the-talmudic |website=www.ezrabrand.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> [[Sherira Gaon]] summarized the relationship between these titles as follows: "Rabbi is greater than Rav, Rabban is greater than Rabbi, [and] one's name is greater than Rabban".<ref name="breuer" /> However, some modern scholars{{like whom?|date=October 2025}} argue that "rabbi" and "rav" are the same title, pronounced differently due to variations in dialect.<ref name="breuer">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23599889|jstor = 23599889|title = 'Rabbi is Greater than Rav, Rabban is Greater than Rabbi, the Simple Name is Greater than Rabban' / 'גדול מרב רבי, גדול מרבי רבן, גדול מרבן שמו'|last1 = ברויאר|first1 = יוחנן|last2 = Breuer|first2 = Yochanan|journal = Tarbiz / תרביץ|year = 1996|volume = סו|issue = א|pages = 41–59}}</ref>

After the suppression of the [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Jewish Patriarchate]] and Sanhedrin by [[Theodosius II]] in 425, there could no longer be formal ordination in the traditional sense. Like the Babylonian sages, a recognised scholar could be called ''Rav'' or ''[[Hakham]]'' ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|חכם}}, 'Wise [one]'). The transmission of learning from teacher to disciple remained of tremendous importance, but there was no formal rabbinic qualification.

=== Middle Ages ===
In the [[early Middle Ages]], "rabbi" was not a formal title, but was used as a term of respect for Jews of great scholarship and reputation.<ref name=ej/> After the emergence of [[Karaite Judaism]], Jews who remained within the purview of normative—i.e., Rabbinic Judaism—became known as "rabbanites".<ref name=ej/> Initially, communities might have had a religious judge appointed by the central [[geonim|''geonate'']], often possessing a certification known as ''pitka dedayanuta'' or bearing the title ''[[chaber|chaver]]'' (short for ''chaver besanhedrin hagedolah'', used in Israel) or ''aluf'' (used in Babylonia).<ref name=ej/> By the 11th century, as the geonate weakened it was common for Jewish communities to elect a local spiritual authority.<ref name=ej/> In the 11th–12th century, some local rabbinic authorities in Spain received formal certification known as ''ketav masmich'' or ''ketav minui'' in preparation for their leadership role.<ref name=ej/> [[Maimonides]] ruled that every congregation is obliged to appoint a preacher and scholar to admonish the community and teach Torah, and the social institution he describes is the germ of the modern congregational rabbinate.

Until the mid-14th-century [[Black Death]] pandemic, Ashkenazi communities typically made religious decisions by consensus of scholars on a council, rather than the decision of a single authority.<ref name=rosensweig>Rosensweig, Bernard. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23256354 "The Emergence of the Professional Rabbi in Ashkenazic Jewry"]. ''Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought'', vol. 11, no. 3, 1970, pp. 22–30.</ref> In the 14th century, the concept arose of a single person who served as the religious authority for a particular area (the ''mara de'atra'').<ref name=ej/> Formal ordination is first recorded among Ashkenazim with [[Meir ben Baruch Halevi]] (late 14th century), who issued the formal title ''Moreinu'' (our teacher) to scholars. However, it likely existed somewhat earlier.<ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/meir-ben-baruch-ha-levi Meir ben Baruch Ha-Levi]</ref> By the 15th century, this formal ordination, known as ''semicha'', had become a requirement to be recognized as a rabbi.<ref name=rosensweig/> Initially, some Sephardic communities objected to such formal ordination, but over time they too adopted the system.<ref name=ej/>{{rp|13}}

=== 18th–19th centuries ===
A dramatic change in rabbinic functions occurred with [[Jewish emancipation]]. Tasks that were once the primary focus for rabbis, such as settling disputes by presiding over a Jewish court, became less prominent, while other tasks that had been secondary, such as delivering sermons, increased in importance.

In 19th-century Germany and the United States, the duties of the rabbi in some respects became increasingly similar to the duties of other clergy, such as the [[Clergy|Protestant Christian minister]], and the title "[[pulpit]] rabbis" arose to describe this phenomenon. [[Sermon]]s, pastoral counseling, and representing the congregation to the community all increased in importance.<ref name=ej/> Non-Orthodox rabbis, on a day-to-day business basis, now spend more time on these functions than they do teaching or answering questions on Jewish law and philosophy. Within the Modern [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] community, many rabbis still mainly deal with teaching and questions of Jewish law, but many are increasingly dealing with these same pastoral functions.<ref>Zef Eleff, ''Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History'', p. 247, quote: "In the 1980s, rabbis and congregants replaced the "scholar-rabbi" with the "pastor-rabbi." With greater frequency, rabbinic search committees asked Orthodox seminaries to supply them with candidates who possessed excellent pastoral skills and deemphasized the importance of intellectual attainment."</ref>

Traditionally, rabbis have never been an intermediary between [[God in Judaism|God]] and humans; this idea was considered outside the bounds of [[Jewish principles of faith|Jewish theology]]. Unlike spiritual leaders in many other faiths, they are not considered imbued with special powers or abilities.

== Functions ==
Rabbis serve the [[Jewish community]]. Hence, their functions vary as the community's needs vary over time and place.

===Study and teaching===
Rabbis have always been the main links in the chain of transmission (''masorah'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|מסורה}}) of Torah throughout the generations of Jews.<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Pirkei Avot|1}}</ref> Learning from and studying previous generations' rabbinical leaders and thinkers, offering new insight (''hidushim'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|חידושים}}), and teaching the public have always been primary functions of the rabbinate. [[Torah study]] is a rabbi's lifelong undertaking that does not end with ordination. A rabbi is expected to set aside time daily for study. A rabbi who does not constantly replenish their store of Torah learning will lack the knowledge, inspiration, and mastery of ''Halakha'' (Jewish law) and traditions required to perform all other rabbinic functions.{{Fact or opinion|date=October 2025}}

Once acquired, Torah must be passed on, given its status in [[Deuteronomy 33]]:4 as "the heritage of the congregation of [[Jacob]]".<ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|33:4|JPS}}</ref> Teaching by rabbis occurs in many venues—elementary (''[[cheder]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|חדר}}) schools and intermediate (''[[yeshivah]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|ישיבה}}) and advanced (''[[kollel]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|כולל}}) learning institutions, but also the public and community squares outside of learning institutions.<ref>David M. Goodblatt, ''Rabbinic Instruction In Sasanian Babylonia,'' Brill, 1975.</ref> In many [[synagogue]]s, the rabbi will give a short class (''[[shiur]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|שיעור}}) to those who attend morning and/or evening services. The sermon is another form of public education, often integrating Bible passages with a contemporary ethical message,<ref>Marc Saperstein, ''Jewish Preaching,'' Yale, 1989.</ref> and no Jewish meal or celebration is complete without the rabbi's ''[[d'var Torah]]'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=Torah talk|he|rtl=yes|דבר תורה}})—a short exposition of verses of Jewish literature related to a given discussion.

Apart from face-to-face instruction, rabbis have composed an extensive [[Rabbinic literature|body of literature]] over the millennia of [[Jewish history]], dealing with all aspects of the Jewish tradition. [[Jewish commentaries on the Bible]], ''Halakha'' and halakhic commentaries, ''[[responsa]]'', [[Jewish mysticism|mystical]] and [[Jewish ethics|ethical]] tracts, and collections of sermons are examples of common genres of rabbinic literature.

===Adjudicating===
Before [[Jewish emancipation]], rulers delegated discipline and dispute settlement within the Jewish community (''kahal'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|קהל}}) to the Jewish community. If a dispute, domestic or commercial, a tort, or a petty crime, involved only Jewish residents, then it could be settled in the town's [[Jewish court]] (''beit din'', {{langx|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=house of judgement|he|בית דין}}) according to Jewish law. The community's rabbi, with his extensive knowledge of ''Halakha'', was expected to preside as ''[[Av Beit Din]]'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=Father [of the] House of Judgement|אב בית דין}}),<ref>S. Schwarzfuchs, ''Concise History of the Rabbinate,'' 1993, pp. 51–53.</ref> although lay assessors might join him in judgment. The judgments were enforced with fines and various degrees of communal excommunication (''[[Herem (censure)|herem]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|חרם}}) when necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5933-excommunication |title= Excommunication |website= JewishEncyclopedia.com |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170220180034/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5933-excommunication |archive-date= February 20, 2017 |df= mdy-all}}</ref>

After emancipation, Jews turned to civil courts for dispute resolution as citizens of their respective countries. Today, rabbinical courts remain active under the auspices of each Jewish denomination for religious matters, such as [[Conversion to Judaism|conversion]] and [[Get (divorce document)|divorce]], as well as for civil matters when the parties (voluntarily) elect to have rabbinical judges serve as their arbitrators.<ref>"Rabbinical Courts: Modern Day Solomons," 6 Colum J.L. & Soc. Probs. 49 (1970).</ref> In [[Israel]], there are [[Rabbinical Court (Israel)|rabbinical courts]] for matters of [[Who is a Jew?|personal status]].

===Legislating===
During the era of Jewish self-government, some problems in the community were considered regional or universal and could not be solved by a rabbi acting alone. Rabbinical synods were convened for concerted action, calling together the prominent rabbis of the region to debate solutions and enact binding regulations (''[[takkanot]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|תקנות}}) for their communities. The regulations involved matters as diverse as [[dowries]] and [[Jewish views on marriage|matrimonial law]]; relations with [[gentile]]s; utilizing civil courts; the handling of orphaned children; anti-counterfeiting measures; and hiring schoolteachers.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14204-takkanah |title= TaḲḲanah |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185942/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14204-takkanahb|archive-date=January 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The most famous{{whom|date=October 2025}} of these ordinances is ascribed to [[Rabbeinu Gershom]], and was probably enacted in a rabbinic synod he convened in {{circa|1000 CE}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6615-gershom-ben-judah |title=GERSHOM BEN JUDAH |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2017-01-07 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093912/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6615-gershom-ben-judah |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}.</ref> The ordinance, still in effect today, prohibits [[polygamy]] among Jews in the West.

In the contemporary era, rabbis from all major [[Jewish religious movements]]—[[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]], [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodox]], [[Reform Judaism|Reform]], [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]], [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]], and [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]]—have enacted ''takkanot'' both in the State of Israel and throughout the [[Jewish diaspora]]. In Israel, where the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbinate]] holds exclusive governmental authority over matters of personal status and formally recognizes only Orthodoxy, enactments by non‑Orthodox movements lack official standing.<ref>Dorff and Roset, ''A Living Tree,'' SUNY, 1988, p. 402.</ref> Today, most congregational rabbis are members of a national rabbinic organization related to their movement,{{NoteTag|These include the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]] for Reform rabbis,<ref>{{cite web | title=About us| website=Central Conference of American Rabbis | date=29 May 2025| url=https://www.ccarnet.org/about-us/about-the-central-conference-of-american-rabbis/|url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108095325/https://ccarnet.org/about-us/ |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> the [[Rabbinical Council of America]] for Orthodox rabbis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rabbis.org/about_us.cfm |title=Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) – About Us |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024095458/http://www.rabbis.org/about_us.cfm |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and the [[Rabbinical Assembly]] for Conservative rabbis.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/ |title=Rabbinical Assembly |access-date=2001-10-25 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011129090316/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/ |archive-date=November 29, 2001 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>}} and there is often an association of local rabbis in their city. When these bodies debate local and national questions, they function in a manner that is similar to the rabbinic synods of the past.

===Religious supervision===
The Jewish community requires a number of religious institutions for daily life, and it falls to rabbis, with their knowledge of Jewish law, to supervise them to ensure they operate according to Jewish law. Examples are the regulation of butchery (''[[shekhita]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|שְׁחִיטָה}}); Jewish dietary laws in local shops and institutions (''[[kashrut]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|כַּשְׁרוּת}}); the community's ritual bath (''[[mikveh]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|מִקְוֶה}}); the community's elementary school (''cheder''); the [[Shabbat]] boundaries, or ''[[eruv]]im'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=mixture|he|rtl=yes|עֵרוּבִים}}); and the synagogue's ''[[chevra kadisha]]'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=sacred society|he|rtl=yes|חֶבְרָה קַדִּישָׁא}}). In the modern era, rabbis who specialize in this type of supervision may find full-time employment as a ''[[mashgiach]]'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=overseer|he|rtl=yes|משגיח}}), and some of these functions are now performed by national organizations, such as the [[Orthodox Union]], which has a [[kosher certification agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://oukosher.org/ |title=OU Kosher: Certification and Supervision by the Orthodox Union |website=OU Kosher Certification |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161228185202/https://oukosher.org/ |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Rabbinical counseling===
In addition to answering questions about Jewish law and rituals, a congregational rabbi is often sought for [[pastoral counseling]] on personal matters by congregants, as well as for general [[pastoral care]]. Much of a modern rabbi's time is devoted to pastoral work, including [[Bikur cholim|visiting the sick]] ({{langx|label=none|translit=bîqûr ḥôlîm|he|rtl=yes|ביקור חולים}})—a ''[[mitzvah]]'' ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|מִצְוָה}}) in Judaism—and officiating at lifecycle occasions like deaths and births.<ref name=ej>{{cite EJ|title=Rabbi, Rabbinate|volume=17|pages=11–19|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-judaica-volume-22/Encyclopedia%20Judaica%2C%20Volume%2017/mode/2up?q=Rabbi%2C+Rabbinate}}</ref> In the pre-modern era, rabbis had no special training in counseling, relying instead on personal qualities of empathy and caring. These factors continue to inform rabbinical counseling in the modern era. However, many [[rabbinical seminaries]] offer, if not mandate, formal training and coursework in psychology (e.g., [[counseling psychology]]) and pastoral counseling as part of the ordination curriculum and may offer internships in counseling and social services for rabbinical students.<ref name=ej/><ref>[http://www.rabbis.org/pdfs/SemichaGuidelines22Dec2015.pdf RCA Semicha Guidelines]</ref> Among Hasidic Jews, turning to the community's ''[[rebbe]]'' for advice on personal matters is common.

===Leading prayer===
Traditionally, rabbis were not tasked with leading [[Jewish prayer]] services. There is no requirement that a rabbi be present for public prayer. The Jewish liturgy is fixed and printed in ''[[siddur]]im'' ({{langx|label=none|he|rtl=yes|סִידּוּרים}}); the vocal portions are chanted by a cantor (''[[hazzan]]''), and the [[Torah portion]] is read by a trained reader (''[[Torah reading|ba’al koreh]]'', {{lang|he|rtl=yes|בַּעַל קוֹרֵא}}). Before the modern era, the rabbis were present; they were typically seated in front near the [[Torah ark]], and as a matter of respect, the pace at which the rabbi recited their prayers set the pace of the service. If halakhic questions arose about the prayer service, the rabbi would answer them.

In modern synagogues, the rabbi is more active in leading prayer services. In some synagogues, it is permitted for the rabbi to select passages from the prayer book for public reading, omit some passages for brevity, and add special prayers to the service. The rabbi may also lead the congregation in responsive reading, announce page numbers, and comment on the liturgy occasionally. At Shabbat and [[Jewish holidays|holiday]] services, the congregational rabbi may deliver a sermon before or after the Torah is read.

===Celebrating life's events===
''Halakha'' does not require the presence of a rabbi at a marriage, ''[[bar or bat mitzvah]]'', ''[[brit milah]]'' (circumcision), funeral or house of mourning, or the unveiling of a monument at a cemetery. At the same time, Jewish law has prescribed requirements for every event and ritual. It therefore became customary for rabbis to be present and lead the community in celebration and mourning. In the modern era, it is virtually obligatory to have the rabbi's participation at these events, and ministering to the congregation in these settings has become a major aspect of the modern rabbinate. Jewish divorce, which requires a ''beit din'', will always have rabbis in attendance.

===Conducting charity===
The synagogue has been a place where ''[[tzedakah]]'' ({{langx|rtl=yes|he|translation=charity|label=none|צְדָקָה}}) is collected every weekday after services and then distributed to the needy before ''Shabbatot'' ({{langx|label=none|he|rtl=yes|translation=Shabbat days|שַׁבָּתוֹת}}) and holidays. However, most synagogues now suggest that congregants support the synagogue via an annual dues payment, usually collected monthly. It was not the rabbi who collected these sums; that task was assigned to the shammash ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|שַׁמָשׁ}}, 'helper'), wardens of charity, and charitable associations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4248-charity-and-charitable-institutions |title=CHARITY AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2017-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113105711/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4248-charity-and-charitable-institutions |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}.</ref> Still, the rabbi's task was to teach that charity is a core Jewish value. The rabbi did this by preaching, teaching, and by leading by example—hosting poor out-of-town yeshiva students at the home table and offering Jewish travelers a kosher meal. [[Maimonides]] formulated a ladder of eight degrees of charity, starting with reluctant giving and ending with teaching someone a trade.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Levels_of_Giving.html |title=Eight Levels of Charitable Giving |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170112135746/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Levels_of_Giving.html |archive-date=January 12, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Rabbi [[Israel Salanter]] (1809–1883) was once asked, "How do you provide for your spiritual needs?" He answered, "By providing for someone else's physical needs."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rabbisacks.org/credo-someone-elses-material-needs-are-my-spiritual-responsibility/ |title=Someone else's material needs are my spiritual responsibility (quoted from Rabbi Israel Salanter)|author-link=Jonathan Sacks|first=Jonathan|last=Sacks|work=[[The Times]]|via=The Rabbi Sacks Legacy|date=January 26, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113131747/http://www.rabbisacks.org/credo-someone-elses-material-needs-are-my-spiritual-responsibility/ |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Today, [[Jewish federation]]s and foundations collect and distribute most charity within the Jewish community. However, the rabbi retains the task of teaching the value of charity and often participates personally in appeals for the synagogue and for national and international causes.

===Role-modeling===
The rabbi serves as a role model for the congregation through their conduct and deportment. Congregation members are keen observers of their rabbi's personality traits, family life, professional conduct, leisure activities, and how they treat others. Rabbis are aware of this and, in the best case, deliberately model their conduct to represent Jewish values to the community and outsiders.

This aspect of the rabbinate, setting an example for the public, has a direct application in Jewish law. The way the greatest rabbis and [[Torah scholars]] conduct themselves can become a precedent in Jewish law, known as ''ma'aseh'' ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|מַעֲשֶׂה}}, 'act').<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12945.html |title=Ma'aseh |access-date=2017-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160605031854/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12945.html |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> For example, based on reports of what rabbis did in the Talmud, Maimonides ruled that one engaged in public affairs should not break off their duties to recite certain prayers.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Kri'at Shema" 2:5.</ref>

===Jewish outreach===
Some rabbis, if not synagogues, program and guide activities designed to [[Jewish outreach|reach]] Jews unaffiliated with Judaism or [[Jewish secularism|lapsed in their observances]]. These include "beginners' services" wherein the Jewish liturgy is shortened and explained, and ''Shabbatons'', wherein unaffiliated Jews are hosted by an observant family during Shabbat to experience the day in a religious setting and to learn about its rituals and customs. Outreach is a defining feature of [[Chabad]] Judaism, with designated buildings—often actual houses—in many cities worldwide having [[Chabad house]]s for centralized outreach activities to unaffiliated Jews and prospective converts in the community. Chabad [[Shaliah|employs]] rabbis (who, in Chabad Judaism, must be male) and their families to staff Chabad houses and conduct Chabad programming. In addition to Chabad Judaism, the [[Conservative Judaism outreach|Conservative]], [[Orthodox Judaism outreach|Modern Orthodox]], and [[Reform Judaism outreach|Reform]] movements also have formal ''kiruv'' ({{langx|translation=bringing close|he|rtl=yes|קירוב}}) programs.

===Conversions===
Most rabbis occasionally encounter non-Jewish individuals seeking information about Judaism or wishing to explore [[conversion to Judaism]]. This may happen when one member of a couple wishing to marry is seeking conversion, or on other occasions when [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]] is not involved. Based on the rabbi's training and assessment of the person's motivations and goals, the rabbi's approach may range from discouragement of the potential convert to mentoring and directing to a conversion class, in accordance with the policy on conversion of the rabbi's movement.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conversion-to-judaism/ |title=Conversion to Judaism |website=My Jewish Learning |access-date=2017-01-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170126044405/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conversion-to-judaism/ |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At least one rabbi will serve on the ''beit din'' that performs a conversion. There are no rabbis serving as "Jewish missionaries" per se; there is no parallel in Judaism to the [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|proselytizing]] of other faiths.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml |title = BBC – Religions – Judaism: Converting to Judaism |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201120016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Match-making===
In periods when match-making was common, rabbis were key to [[Shidduch|finding partners]] for their congregants in the community.<ref>Jeffrey I. Roth, ''Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law,'' Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 29, 31.</ref> Rabbis were well-acquainted with their community members, particularly the young unmarried men attending their yeshivas. Parents did not hesitate to consult the rabbi for suitable matches. Today, in Orthodox circles in which socializing among the sexes is uncommon, this practice continues, and in all branches of Judaism, a rabbi who can help in this arena will not hesitate to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-16-me-4431-story.html |title = Rabbi Plays Cupid in Bid to Keep Faith Among Jews : Matchmaking: His concern that many are marrying non-Jews prompts him to establish dating service so that singles may find others of same religious persuasion |first=Kim |last=Halverson |date=February 16, 1992 |newspaper=LA Times |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170116191008/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-16/local/me-4431_1_religious-persuasion |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Synagogue administration===
The modern synagogue is a non-profit religious corporation run by a board of directors elected by the members. However, board members are not present on a day-to-day basis. In most synagogues, the rabbi administers the synagogue, supervises personnel, manages the physical plant, reviews (if not writes) the newsletter, and interacts with the brotherhood, the sisterhood, and the youth organizations. Very large synagogues may employ a separate administrator or assistant rabbi to perform some or all of these functions.

===Chaplaincy===
[[File:USAF Jewish Chaplain Insignia.jpg|thumb|upright|Jewish [[United States Air Force Chaplain Corps|chaplain]] insignia, U.S. Air Force]]
Rabbis go into the field wherever members of the Jewish community may be found. This is most noticeable in the military services and university campuses where some rabbis serve as Jewish chaplains full-time. All branches of the U. S. military have [[Military chaplain|Jewish chaplains]] in their ranks,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://jcca.org/what-we-do/jwb/become-a-chaplain/ |title = Become a Chaplain: Serving Jews Who Serve |newspaper=JCC Association of North America |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093726/http://jcca.org/what-we-do/jwb/become-a-chaplain/ |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and rabbis serve in the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. The [[Hillel Foundation]] provides rabbis and Jewish services on 550 campuses,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://hillel.org/ |title=Hillel International – The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life at Colleges and Universities |website=hillel.org |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161231055441/http://www.hillel.org/ |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> while Chabad operates Jewish centers with a rabbi near 150 college campuses.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chabad.edu/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/387553/jewish/About.htm |title = About |website=Chabad on Campus International |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093924/http://www.chabad.edu/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/387553/jewish/About.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Local rabbis perform other [[chaplain]]cy functions on a part-time basis in hospitals, senior homes, and prisons. Worthy of mention are the rabbis who accompanied Jews to concentration camps during the [[Nazi era]]; in dire circumstances, they continued to provide rabbinic services, such as ritual observance, advice, and counseling, to the victims of [[History of the Jews in Germany|Nazi persecution]], whenever it was possible to do so.<ref>See Irving Rosenbaum, ''The Holocaust and Halakhah,'' Ktav, 1976, pp. 9–15.</ref>

===Community engagement===
As leaders of the Jewish community, many rabbis devote a portion of their time to activities in the public arena, especially where Jewish interests are at stake. They dialogue with public officials and community groups, interact with school boards, advocate for and against legislation, engage in public debates, write newspaper columns, appear in the media, and march in parades and demonstrations with others to show support for causes. The extent and tenor of these activities are dictated by the rabbi's conscience and social and political leanings as informed by Jewish values.

===Defending Judaism===
Rabbis are often called upon to defend the Jewish faith. During the [[Middle Ages]], the [[Catholic Church]] arranged a series of public [[disputation]]s between rabbis and priests that were intended to "disprove" the Jewish faith and condemn its religious texts, including the [[Talmud]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5226-disputations |title = DISPUTATIONS |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150306212554/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5226-disputations |archive-date=March 6, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The rabbis acquitted themselves well in debate with their superior understanding of Jewish texts, and mass conversions to [[Christianity]] did not take place. However, following these disputations, local rulers, at the Catholic Church's behest, consigned cartloads of precious Hebrew manuscripts to the flames.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/TalmudBurning.html |title=Burning of the Talmud |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215024907/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/TalmudBurning.html |archive-date=December 15, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Today, rabbis are involved in [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|countering the activities of missionaries]] aimed at converting Jews to other religions, explaining, for example, that one cannot be of the Jewish faith while believing in either the [[Christian God]] or the [[Jesus in Christianity|Christian messiah]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.aish.com/atr/Jews-for-J.html |title = Jews-for-J: Messiah & Redemption Response on Ask the Rabbi |work = aishcom |date = September 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094329/http://www.aish.com/atr/Jews-for-J.html |archive-date=January 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Interfaith activities===
Some rabbis engage in [[interfaith dialogue]] with clergy of other faiths. They may host student groups from the religious schools of other faiths and participate in interfaith services. They will view these activities as a means of deepening understanding and reducing misconceptions in a diverse society. Other rabbis, especially those affiliated with Orthodox Judaism, will generally not participate in interfaith dialogues about theology. They will, however, engage in discussions with the clergy of other faiths about matters of mutual social concern.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=scholar|title=A Reassessment of Rav Soloveitchik's Essay on Interfaith Dialogue: 'Confrontation'|first=Marshall J.|last=Breger|journal=Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations|publisher=Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College|volume=1|year=2005–2006|pages=151–169|url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021054/http://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=scholar |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Community rabbinate===
There is a segment of the rabbinate that does not engage in rabbinic functions on a daily basis, except perhaps to study. Because rabbinic ordination (''[[semikhah]]'') has the features of a post-graduate academic degree, some study to receive ordination but then follow a different career in secular business, education, or the professions. These rabbis may be asked from time to time to perform a rabbinic function on an ad hoc and voluntary basis (e.g., to conduct a marriage ceremony or answer a religious question). At other times, they act as regular members of the Jewish community. No negative attitudes attach to rabbis who do not practice the profession. They are likely admired in their communities for their decision to spend years engaged in advanced Torah study for its own sake.

=== Compensation ===
In antiquity, those who performed rabbinic functions, such as judging a case or teaching Torah to students, did not receive compensation for their services.<ref>Jeffrey I. Roth, ''Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,'' Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, p. 5.</ref> Being a rabbi was not a full-time profession, and those who served had other occupations to support themselves and their families, such as woodchopper, sandal-maker, carpenter, water-carrier, farmer, or tanner.<ref>Jewish Encyclopedia, {{cite web |url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi |title=RABBI |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=2017-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170131102116/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}.</ref> A respected scholar, Rabbi [[Zadok]] (1st century CE), said "never to use the Torah as a spade for digging,"<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Pirkei Avot|4:5}}</ref> which was understood to mean that one should never use one's Torah knowledge for an inappropriate purpose such as earning a fee. Still, as honored community members, Torah sages were allowed a series of privileges and exemptions that somewhat alleviated their financial burdens. These included such things as tax exemption from communal levies,<ref name="Bava Batra 7b-8a">{{cite Talmud|b|Bava Batra|7b–8a}}</ref> marketplace priority (first in, first out regarding their trade),<ref name="Bava Batra 7b-8a" /> receiving personal services from their students (''shimush talmedei hakhamim'', {{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|שימוש תלמידי חכמים}}),<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Ketubot|96a}}</ref> silent business partnerships with wealthy merchants,<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Berkahot|34b}}</ref> and a substitute fee to replace their lost earnings when they had to leave work to perform a rabbinic function (''sekhar battalah'', {{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|שכר בטלה}}).<ref>{{cite Talmud|y|Nedarim|4:4}}</ref>

During the period of the ''[[Geonim]]'' ({{circa|650}}–1050 CE), opinions on compensation shifted. It was deemed inappropriate for the leaders of the Jewish community to appear in the marketplace as laborers or vendors of merchandise, and leading a Jewish community was becoming a full-time occupation. Under these conditions, the ''Geonim'' collected taxes and donations at home and abroad to fund their schools (''yeshivot'') and paid salaries to the Jewish community's teachers, officials, and judges, whom they appointed.<ref>Roth, 10–12.</ref> Maimonides, who supported himself as a physician, reasserted the traditional view of offering rabbinic service to the Jewish community without compensation.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Talmud Torah" 3:10</ref><ref name="m746">{{cite web | title=Rambam on Pirkei Avot 4:5:1 | website=Sefaria | url=https://www.sefaria.org/Rambam_on_Pirkei_Avot.4.5.1?lang=bi&with=all | access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref> It remains the ideal, but circumstances have changed. Jewish communities required full-time rabbis, and the rabbis preferred to spend their days studying and teaching Torah rather than working at a secular trade.

By the fifteenth century, it was the norm for Jewish communities to compensate their rabbis. However, the rabbi's contract might refer to a "suspension fee" (''sekhar battalah'') rather than a salary, as if he were relinquishing a salary from secular employment.<ref>Roth, 27–29.</ref> The size of salaries varied, depending on the size of the community served, with rabbis in large cities being well-compensated while rabbis in small towns might receive a small stipend.<ref>Simha Assaf, ''LeKorot HaRabbanut,'' ''B'Ohalei Yaakov'' (Mosad HaRav Kook, 5703), pp. 46–48.</ref> Rabbis were able to supplement their rabbinic incomes by engaging in and accepting fees for associated functions such as serving as the community's scribe, notary, and archivist, teaching in the elementary school or yeshivah, publishing books, arbitrating civil litigations, or even serving as a matchmaker.<ref>Roth, 28–32.</ref>

With the formation of rabbinical seminaries starting in the nineteenth century, the rabbinate experienced a degree of professionalization still underway. An ordained graduate of a rabbinical seminary that is affiliated with one of the modern branches of Judaism, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, or Modern Orthodox, has become able to find employment—whether as a congregational rabbi, teacher, chaplain, campus [[Hillel International|Hillel]] director, camp director, social worker or administrator—through the placement office of their seminary. Like any modern professional, ordained graduates negotiate the terms of employment with potential employers and sign a contract specifying duties, duration of service, salary, benefits, pension, and the like.<ref>Roth, 116–117.</ref> A rabbi's salary and benefits have become similar to those of other modern professionals, such as lawyers and accountants, with comparable levels of post-graduate education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2003/09/17/life-religion/features/different-denominations-same-pay|title=Different denominations, same pay|date=September 17, 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082824/http://www.jta.org/2003/09/17/life-religion/features/different-denominations-same-pay|archive-date=January 2, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It is also possible to engage in the rabbinate part-time (e.g., at a synagogue with a small membership); the rabbi's salary will be proportionate to the services rendered and they are likely to have additional employment outside the synagogue.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

===Authority===
{{Main|Rabbinic authority}}
The practical basis for rabbinic authority involves accepting the rabbi and their scholarly credentials. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Such a rabbinic leader is sometimes called the ''mara d'atra'' ({{langx|tmr|rtl=yes|translation=master of the place|מָרָא דְּאַתְרָא}}).<ref>{{cite journal |title=MARA DE-ATRA: A Brief Sketch |first=Aaron |last=Kirschenbaum |journal=Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought |volume=27 |issue=4 |year=1993 |pages=35–40 |jstor=23260883}}</ref> Jewish individuals may acknowledge the authority of others but will defer legal decisions to the ''mara d'atra''.<ref name=friedman04>Friedman, M. (2004). Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. Jewish Religious Leadership, Image, and Reality, 2, 757–770.</ref>

The rabbi derives authority from achievements within a meritocratic system. Rabbis' authority is neither nominal nor spiritual, based on credentials. Typically, the rabbi receives an institutional stamp of approval. This authority allows them to engage in the halakhic process and make legal prescriptions.<ref>John Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S. Jaffee, and Carlos Eire. ''Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions''. New York: Routledge, 2012, 124–128</ref>

The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations. There will be a formal or de facto structure for rabbinic authority responsible for the community members. However, Hasidic communities do not have a rabbi; they instead have a [[Rebbe]], who plays a similar role but is thought to have a special connection to God. The Rebbe's authority is based on a spiritual connection to God, and they are venerated differently from rabbis.

===Honor===
According to the Talmud, citing Leviticus 19:32,<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|19:32}}</ref> it is a ''mitzvah'' to honor rabbis, Torah scholars, and older people.<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Kiddushin|30a–40a}}</ref><ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Bava Metzia|33a}}</ref><ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Talmud Torah" 5:7</ref> One should stand in their presence and address them with respect.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Talmud Torah" 5:7</ref> [[Kohen|Kohanim]] (priests) are required to honor rabbis and Torah scholars like the general public. However, if one is more learned than the rabbi or the scholar, there is no need to stand. The spouse of a Torah scholar must also be shown deference.<ref name="yutorah1">{{cite web |url = http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/746702/Rabbi_Hanan_Balk/The_Obligation_to_Respect_the_Wife_of_a_Torah_Scholar_or_a_Talmidat_Chacham |title = YUTorah Online – The Obligation to Respect the Wife of a Torah Scholar or a Talmidat Chacham (Rabbi Hanan Balk) |publisher=Yutorah.org |date=June 24, 2010 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607153904/http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/746702/Rabbi_Hanan_Balk/The_Obligation_to_Respect_the_Wife_of_a_Torah_Scholar_or_a_Talmidat_Chacham |archive-date=June 7, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It is also a commandment for teachers and rabbis to honor their students.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Talmud Torah" 5:12</ref> Rabbis and Torah scholars have the authority to place individuals who insult them under a ''herem'' (excommunication) to ensure discipline within the Jewish community.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Talmud Torah" 6:12</ref>

==Ordination==
{{Main|Semikhah}}
{{See also|List of rabbinical schools}}

===Classical ordination===
The first recorded examples of ordination are [[Moses]] transmitting his authority to [[Joshua]],<ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers|27:15–23|JPS}}, {{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|34:9|JPS}}</ref> as well as the 70 elders.<ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers|11:16–25|JPS}}</ref> Similarly, [[Elijah]] transmitted his authority to [[Elisha]].<ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Kings||2:9-15|HE}}</ref>

According to [[Pirkei Avot]], ordination was transmitted without interruption from Moses to Joshua, to the elders, to the prophets, to the [[Great Assembly]], to the ''[[Zugot]]'', and to the ''[[Tannaim]]''.<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Pirkei Avot|5:1}}</ref> The chain of ''semikhah'' was probably lost in the 4th or 5th century CE, though possibly as late as the 12th century. According to Maimonides (12th century), if it were possible to gather the greatest sages of the generation, a reconstituted court could confer classic ''semikhah''.<ref>''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', "Hilchot Sanhedrin" 4:11</ref> Since then, a number of [[modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin]] have been made. No such attempt has been accepted as valid among a consensus of rabbis or persisted for longer than about a century.

===Contemporary ordination===
Since the end of classical ordination, other forms of ordination have developed, which use much of the same terminology but have lesser significance in Jewish law. Nowadays, a rabbinical student is awarded ''semikhah'' after completing a ''yeshiva'' or modern rabbinical seminary program. The exact course of study varies by denomination, but most are in the range of 3–6 years. The programs all include Talmud study, the codes of ''Halakha'', and the responsa literature to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the branch of Judaism. In addition to rabbinical literature, modern seminaries offer courses in pastoral subjects, including counseling, education, comparative religion, and sermon delivery. There is no unifying authority over all movements of Judaism that either supervises rabbinic education or records ordinations; each branch of Judaism regulates the ordination of the rabbis affiliated with it.

The most common formula used on a certificate—without punctuation—of ''semikhah'' is ''yoreh yoreh'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=[they] shall teach; [they] shall teach|יוֹרֶה יוֹרֶה}}).<ref>{{cite Talmud|b|Sanhedrin|5a:10}}</ref> Most rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a ''moreh hora'ah'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=teacher of rulings|מוֹרֶה הוֹרָאָה}}).<ref name="f098">{{cite web | last=Student | first=Gil | title=A Brief History of Rabbinic Ordination | website=Torah Musings | date=18 February 2010 | url=https://www.torahmusings.com/2010/02/brief-history-of-rabbinic-ordination/ | access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> A more advanced form of ''semikhah'' is ''yadin yadin'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=[they] shall judge; [they] shall judge|יָדִין יָדִין}}).<ref name="j482">{{cite web | last=Enkin | first=Rabbi Ari | title=Semicha – Rabbinic Ordination | website=OU Torah | date=15 November 2024 | url=https://outorah.org/p/208246/ | access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> The latter enables the recipient to serve as a judge on a rabbinical court and adjudicate cases of monetary law, among other responsibilities. The recipient of this ordination can be formally addressed as a ''dayan'' ({{langx|label=none|translation=judge [of religious law]|he|rtl=yes|דַיָן}}; {{plural form|''dayanim''}}) and also retain the title of rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn the ''yadin yadin'' ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a ''beit din'' should be made up of ''dayanim'' with this ordination.

===Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism===
{{further|Semikhah#Concept}}
{{see also|Yeshiva#Talmud study|Yeshiva#Jewish law}}
[[File:Reb Moshe Feinstein.jpg|thumb|Rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]], a leading Rabbinical authority for Orthodox Judaism of the second half of the twentieth century.]]
An Orthodox ''semikhah'' requires the successful completion of a program encompassing Jewish law and responsa, in accordance with longstanding tradition. Orthodox rabbis typically study at a ''yeshiva'', which provides training in general Torah scholarship; increasingly, Orthodox rabbis further train at a ''kollel''. Both ''yeshiva''s and ''kollel''s are forms of [[List of rabbinical schools#Orthodox|rabbinical schools or academies]]. In both cases, the programs are typically [[Undergraduate degree|post-undergraduate]], lasting an average of two years, and usually follow at least four years of intensive ''yeshiva'' study, which involves rigorous religious and Talmudic learning.

In achieving ''semikhah'', rabbinical students work to gain knowledge in specific and relevant [[Talmud]]ic ''[[sugya]]s'' and their development by the ''[[Rishonim]] ''and ''[[Acharonim]]'' (early and late medieval commentators), leading to their application in ''Halakha''—particularly as traced by the ''[[Arba'ah Turim]]''. Building on this is the study of those sections of the ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]''—together with its [[Shulchan Aruch#Major commentaries|main commentaries]]—that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping kosher, Shabbat, and the laws of [[Niddah|family purity]]). An element of ''shimush'' ("apprenticeship") is often also required.

[[Religious Zionist]] and Modern Orthodox rabbinical students, such as those at the [[Hesder]] ''yeshiva''s and [[Yeshiva University]], respectively, also formally study ''[[hashkafa]]'' (i.e., the major elements of [[Jewish philosophy]] and theology) and its application to contemporary questions. Their study proceeds systematically through the [[Rabbinic literature]]; other students will have studied these works independently.

The entrance requirements for an Orthodox ''yeshiva'' include a strong background within Jewish law, liturgy, Talmudic study, and attendant languages (e.g., [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], and, in some cases, [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]). Specifically, students are expected to have acquired [[Gemara#Argumentation and debate|analytic skills]] and wide breadth in Talmud scholarship before commencing their rabbinic studies. At the same time, since rabbinical studies typically build upon other ''yeshiva'' studies, those who seek ''semikhah'' are generally not required to have completed a university education. Exceptions exist, such as Yeshiva University, which requires all rabbinical students to complete an undergraduate degree before entering the program and a master's degree or equivalent before ordination.

Historically, [[Women rabbis and Torah scholars|women]] were not permitted to become Orthodox rabbis. Starting in 2009, some Modern Orthodox institutions began ordaining women with the title of "[[Maharat]]" ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|מהר״ת}}, an abbreviation of {{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translit= manhiga hilkhatit ruhanit toranit|translation=[female] leader [of] ''Halakha'', spirituality, [and] Torah|מנהיגה הלכתית רוחנית תורנית}}); later, "Rabbi" and "Rabbah" ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|רבה}}) were bestowed, as well. This is currently a contested issue for many Orthodox institutions, leading some to seek alternate clerical titles and roles for women (e.g., [[Toanot Rabniyot]] and [[Yoetzet Halacha]]).<ref name=nadell2019>Nadell, P. S. (2019). ''Paving the Road to Women Rabbis. Gender and Religious Leadership: Women Rabbis, Pastors, and Ministers'', 89.</ref><ref name=cohen2012>Israel-Cohen, Y. (2012). "Chapter Five: Orthodox Women Rabbis? It's Only a Matter of Time". In ''Between Feminism and Orthodox Judaism'' (pp. 69–78). Brill.</ref>

While some [[Haredi Jewish]] (including [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] Jewish) ''yeshiva''s do grant official ordination to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in Torah and Talmud study without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding official positions. The curriculum for obtaining ordination as rabbis for Haredi scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students seeking to hold the official title of "Rabbi".

Within the Hasidic community, the positions of spiritual leadership are dynastically transmitted within established families, usually from fathers to sons, while a small number of students obtain official ordination to become ''dayanim'' on religious courts, [[Posek|''poskim'']] ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=legal decisors|פוסקים}}), as well as teachers in the Hasidic schools. The same is true for the non-Hasidic [[Litvish]] ''yeshiva''s that are controlled by dynastically transmitted ''[[roshei yeshiva]]'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=heads of yeshiva|ראשי ישיבה}}), and the majority of students will not become rabbis (even after many years of post-graduate ''kollel'' study).

Some ''yeshiva''s, such as [[Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen]] and [[Yeshivas Ner Yisroel]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], may encourage their students to obtain ''semikhah'' and serve as rabbis who teach in other ''yeshiva''s or [[Hebrew day school]]s. Other ''yeshiva''s, such as [[Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin]] ([[Brooklyn]], New York) or the Mirrer Yeshiva (in [[Mir (Brooklyn)|Brooklyn]] and [[Mir (Jerusalem)|Jerusalem]]), do not have an official ''semikhah'' to train rabbis. Rather, they provide ''semikhah'' on an "as needed" basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their ''roshei yeshiva''.

Haredi Jews will often prefer using Hebrew terms for rabbinic titles, including ''Rav'' (denoting "rabbi"), ''HaRav'' ("the Rabbi"), ''[[Moreinu]] HaRav'' ("our Teacher, the Rabbi"), ''Moreinu'' ("our Teacher"), ''Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav'' ("our Teacher and our Rabbi, the Rabbi"), ''Moreinu VeRabeinu'' ("our Teacher and our Rabbi"), ''Rosh Yeshiva'' ("[the] Head [of the] Yeshiva"), ''Rosh HaYeshiva'' ("Head [of] the Yeshiva"), "''Mashgiach''" (for ''[[mashgiach ruchani]]''; "spiritual supervisor"), ''[[Mara d'atra|Mora DeAsra]]'' ("Teacher [of] the place"), ''HaGaon'' ("the Genius"), ''Rebbe'' ("Rabbi"), ''HaTzadik'' ("the Righteous One"), "ADMOR" ("Adoneinu Moreinu VeRabeinu"; "our Master, our Teacher, and our Rabbi"), or ''[[Reb (Yiddish)|Reb]]'', which is a shortened form of ''rebbe'' that can be used by, or applied to, any married Jewish male as the situation applies.

A ''[[rebbetzin]]'' (a [[Yiddish]] usage common among [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]) or a ''[[rabbanit]]'' (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and used among [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]]) is the official "title" used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi. ''Rebbetzin'' may also be used as an equivalent of ''Reb'' and is sometimes abbreviated as such, as well.

===Non-Orthodox Judaism===
====Conservative Judaism====
[[Conservative Judaism]] confers ''semikhah'' after the completion of a program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa in keeping with Jewish tradition. In addition to knowledge and mastery of the study of Talmud and [[Halakha]], Conservative ''semikhah'' also requires that its rabbinical students receive intensive training in [[Tanakh]], classical biblical commentaries, [[biblical criticism]], [[Midrash]], [[Kabbalah]], and Hasidut ({{lang|he|rtl=yes|חסידות}}, '[works on] piety') the historical development of Judaism from antiquity to modernity, [[Jewish ethics]], the halakhic methodology of [[Conservative responsa]], classical and modern works of Jewish theology and philosophy, synagogue administration, pastoral care, chaplaincy, non-profit management, and navigating the modern world in a Jewish context. Entrance requirements to Conservative rabbinical study centers include a background within Jewish law and liturgy, familiarity with Rabbinic literature, Talmud, etc., ritual observance according to Conservative ''Halakha'', and the completion of an undergraduate university degree. In accordance with national collegiate accreditation requirements, Conservative rabbinical students earn a Master of Arts in Rabbinic Literature in addition to receiving ordination.
See {{section link|List of rabbinical schools#Conservative}}

====Reform Judaism====
In [[Reform Judaism]], rabbinic studies are mandated in pastoral care, the historical development of Judaism, and academic biblical criticism, in addition to the study of traditional rabbinic texts. Rabbinical students are also required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation as a rabbinic intern during each year of study, starting from the first year. All Reform seminaries ordain women and openly [[LGBTQ clergy in Judaism|LGBTQ people as rabbis]] and ''hazzan''s.
See {{section link|List of rabbinical schools#Reform}}

====Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations====
{{further|List of rabbinical schools#Non-denominational}}
There are numerous possibilities for receiving rabbinic ordination in addition to seminaries maintained by the large Jewish denominations. These are the [[Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)|Academy for Jewish Religion]] in New York City, [[Academy for Jewish Religion (California)|AJR in California]], [[Jewish Renewal#Ordination training|ALEPH]], the Jewish Renewal movement's online program, [[Hebrew College]] in Boston, and [[Hebrew Seminary]] in [[Illinois]]. The structure and curriculum of these are essentially the same as those at other non-Orthodox ''yeshiva''s.

More recently established are several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries. These grant ''semikhah'' with lesser requirements in terms of time and a modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are [[Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute]], [[Rabbinical Seminary International]], [[Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary]], and [[List of rabbinical schools#Non-denominational|Ateret Tzvi]]. The [[Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk]] is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored curriculum to each candidate.

==Interdenominational recognition==
Historically and until the present, recognition of a rabbi relates to a community's perception of the rabbi's competence to interpret Jewish law and act as a teacher on central matters within Judaism. More broadly speaking, it is also an issue of being a worthy successor to a sacred legacy. As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. Historical examples include Rabbinic Judaism's disputes with [[Samaritanism]] and [[Karaite Judaism]]. The [[Relationships between Jewish religious movements|divisions between Jewish denominations]] may have their most pronounced manifestation in whether rabbis from one denomination recognize the legitimacy or authority of rabbis in another.

As a general rule within Orthodox Judaism and among some in Conservative Judaism, rabbis are reluctant to accept the authority of other rabbis whose halakhic standards are not as strict as their own. In some cases, this leads to an outright rejection of the legitimacy of other rabbis; in others, a rabbi may be recognized as a spiritual leader of a particular community but may not be accepted as a credible authority on Jewish law.

The Orthodox rabbinical establishment rejects the validity of Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist rabbis on the grounds that their movements' teachings violate traditional Jewish tenets. Some [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodox]] rabbis are respectful toward non-Orthodox rabbis and focus on commonalities even as they disagree on the interpretation of some areas of ''Halakha'' (with Conservative rabbis) or the authority of ''Halakha'' (with Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis).

Conservative rabbis accept the legitimacy of Orthodox rabbis, though they are often critical of Orthodox positions. Although they would rarely look to Reform or Reconstructionist rabbis for halakhic decisions, they accept the legitimacy of these rabbis' religious leadership.

Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis, on the premise that all the main movements are legitimate expressions of Judaism, will accept the legitimacy of other rabbis' leadership. However, they will not accept their views on Jewish law, since Reform and Reconstructionists reject ''Halakha'' as binding.

These debates cause great problems for the recognition of Jewish marriages, conversions, and other life decisions that are touched by Jewish law. Orthodox rabbis do not recognize conversions by non-Orthodox rabbis. Conservative rabbis recognise all conversions done according to ''Halakha''. Finally, the North American Reform and Reconstructionists recognize the Jewishness of [[patrilineal Jews]]—under certain circumstances—as a valid claim towards Judaism. In contrast, Conservative and Orthodox maintain the position expressed in the [[Talmud]] and halakhic literature that one can be a Jew only through [[Matrilineality in Judaism|matrilineality]] (i.e., being born to a Jewish mother) or through formal conversion to Judaism.

==Women rabbis==
{{Main|Women rabbis and Torah scholars}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of women rabbis}}
{{See also|Women in Judaism}}

With rare exceptions, Jewish women have historically been excluded from serving as rabbis. This changed in the 1970s; coinciding with the shift in American society involving [[second-wave feminism]], the [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion]] began ordaining [[Women rabbis and Torah scholars|women as rabbis]].<ref name=NYT1972>Blau, Eleanor. [https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/04/archives/1st-woman-rabbi-in-us-ordained-she-may-be-only-the-second-in.html "1st Woman Rabbi in U.S. Ordained; She May Be Only the Second in History of Judaism"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 4, 1972. Retrieved September 17, 2009. "Sally HJ. Priesand was ordained at the Isaac M. Wise Temple here today, becoming the first woman rabbi in this country and it is believed, the second in the history of Judaism."</ref> Today, Jewish women serve as rabbis within all progressive branches of Judaism. In contrast, in [[Orthodox Judaism]], women rabbis are a contested matter. However, many communities allow alternate clerical roles for women, such as ''[[Yoetzet Halacha]]''.<ref name=nadell2019/><ref name=cohen2012/> A variety of modern titles have been coined for female rabbis in Orthodox Judaism, including ''Rabbah'' {{Script/Hebrew|(רבה)}}, ''Rabbanit'' {{Script/Hebrew|(רבנית)}}, and ''Maharat'' {{Script/Hebrew|(מהר״ת)}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anakin |first=Michael |date=2010-03-25 |script-title=he:רַב בנקבה |url=https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2010/03/25/רַב-בנקבה/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |script-website=he:האקדמיה ללשון העברית |language=he-IL}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]]
* [[Hakham]]
* [[List of rabbis]]
* [[List of rabbinical schools]]
* [[Mashpia]]
* [[Posek]]
* [[Rav muvhak]]
* [[Reb (Yiddish)]]
* [[Talmid Chakham]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EJ|title=Rabbi, Rabbinate|volume=17|pages=11–19|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-judaica-volume-22/Encyclopedia%20Judaica%2C%20Volume%2017/mode/2up?q=Rabbi%2C+Rabbinate}}
* Aaron Kirchenbaum, ''Mara de-Atra: A Brief Sketch,'' Tradition, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1993, pp. 35–40.
* [[Aharon Lichtenstein]], ''The Israeli Chief Rabbinate: A Current Halakhic Perspective,'' Tradition, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1992, pp. 26–38.
* Jeffrey I. Roth, ''Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,'' Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2006.
* S. Schwarzfuchs, ''A Concise History of the Rabbinate'', Oxford, 1993.
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi/ Jewish Encyclopedia: Rabbi]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rabbis}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rabbi|short=x}}

{{Clear}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rabbis| ]]
[[Category:Jewish religious occupations]]
[[Category:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles|*]]

Raja Rajan (film)

2026-03-04T04:59:21Z

PenneyIrby336: basic update details for clarity further and added references after review

{{Long plot|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raja Rajan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = T. V. Sundaram
| producer = [[P. Subramaniam]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1957 – ராஜராஜன் – நீலா புரொடக்சன்ஸ் ராஜாதி ராஜுகதா(தெ-டப்) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111135024/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
| writer = Elangovan<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = N. S. Mani P. B. Mani
| editing = K. D. George
| studio = [[Merryland Studio|Neela Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1957|04|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raja Rajan''''' ({{translation|King of kings}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 September 2013 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 11 {{!}} Ranking Hero of Tamil Cinema in 1950s |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624150427/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-11/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> is a 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[adventure film]] starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]. The film was released on 26 April 1957,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 1957 |title=Rajarajan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19570426&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=ராஜராஜ சோழனாக எம்ஜிஆர் நடித்தப் படம் எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema/mgrs-raja-rajan-movie-completes-66-years-today-released-on-april-26-1957-955343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730170623/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema/mgrs-raja-rajan-movie-completes-66-years-today-released-on-april-26-1957-955343.html |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> and did not do well at the box-office, running for just above 50 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
General Nagavelan plans to murder Prince Rajarajan in order to be the Chozha king. When Rajarajan is away for a hunting trip Nagevelan plots a false story to the Chozha people that the former is a womaniser and drunkard. The people believed that Rajarajan was dead in the jungle. Actually, Rajarajan was held captive and was being forced to signature by Nagavelan. Nagavelan's younger sister Priyamohini who opposes her brother's deeds assists the wounded Rajarajan to escape. Udhayachandhran, who is Nagavelan's assistant, is in love with Priyamohini but she rejects his advances not only that as he is working for Nagavelan but she is in love with Rajarajan too.

Rajarajan takes refuge under his teacher Uthselan Kavirayar's place. Uthselan nurses advises Rajarajan to meet up Nangoor's King Keerthivarman who is Rajarajan's father's close aid and also seek assistance from hunter's tribe king Vengkathevan. Nagavelan paints a bad picture about Rajarajan's bad deeds to King Keerthivarman and Queen Senbagavalli under the pretext in asking them to take over Rajarajan's reign. Nagavelan's actual plan is to be the king and marry King Keerthivarman and Queen Senbagavalli's only daughter Princess Rama. Curious King Keerthivarman sets off to Rajarajan's country to assess himself the situation over there.

Rajarajan saves Queen Senbagam and Princess Rama who were travelling to the temple, from Nagavelan's thugs but do not reveal his identity. On his way, exhausted Rajarajan is found by king Venkathevan's daughter who informs Head (S M Thirupathysami). Sargunam, who is Uthselan's assistant arrives there to offer help. Uthselan, Vengkathevan, Sargunam and Rajarajan hatches a plan to indirectly educate the people of the real situation by street dramas and stage plays. Nagavelan founds about this and arrests Uthselan and Vengkathevan but Uthselan reminds that the state's law says that should there be no candidate for the king, the royal elephant would be sent off to garland then man of its own choice. King Keerthivarman agrees to this and carries out the process immediately and leaves to Nangoor but Nagavelan orders Udhayachandhran to kill the person who is garlanded by the elephant Sargunam joins Nagavelan's court as an astrologer in order to find out more of Nagavelan's plans. Meanwhile, princess Rama learns from Priyamohini that Rajarajan is a good hearted, brave and well mannered man liked by his country's people and begins to fall for Rajarajan. The royal elephant identifies Rajarajan and garlands him but Udhayachandhran captures and imprisons him. Nagavelan is furious to know that Rajarajan is alive and pushes Rajarajan to the crocodile pond and assumes Rajarajan is dead.

Rajarajan escapes this where Uthselan and Vengkathevan is happy to see this. Meanwhile, Nagavelan announces a lie that no candidate is chosen by the royal elephant and invites King Keerthivarman to ascend the throne but plans his henchmen to warn King Keerthivarman that Queen Senbagavalli and Princess Rama lives are in danger. Before King Keertivarman leaves to Nangoor, he assures to Uthselan and Vengkathevan that Rajarajan should be made king if he returns. Priyamohini learns that Rajarajan and Princess Rama are in love. Nagavelan arrests Uthselan and Sargunam lets know the news to Vengkathevan. Rajarajan disguises himself as an ascetic and meets up King Keerthivarman in order to make the latter realise of the real situation but he could not be long over there as Nagavelan and Udhayachandhran came over with the intention of further defaming Rajarajan. Rajarajan leaves on the persuasion of Princess Rama and leaves a note to King Keerthivarman about Nagavelan's bad deeds. Instead Nagavelan manipulates the situation and tricks King Keerthivarman's family into going to Chozha country.

Sargunam wontedly lets know King Keerthivarman of Nagavelan's plan and prophecies that Uthselan had escaped from the prison. King Keerthivarman decrees Nagavelan to gather the people at the king court tomorrow. Udhayachandhran suspects Sargunam to be the traitor and Nagavelan kills Sargunam. King Keerthivarman arranges Queen Senbagavalli and Princess Rama to be sent to Nangoor but Nagavelan intervenes and arrests King Keerthivarman with the help of Udhayachandhran. Sargunam escapes and informs Vengkathevan and Rajarajan regarding the situation and leaves to Chozha country to gather more information of the current happenings. Nagavelan produces King Keerthivarman at the Chozha king's court and accuses the latter of murdering Rajarajan. Nagavelan threatens to kill Princess Rama should King Keerthivarman tries to defend himself and also threatens Queen Senbagavalli to be his witness or King Keerthivarman would be killed. The king court found King Keerthivarman to be guilty and informs that Nagavelan has the right whether to imprison or behead King Keerthivarman. Nagavelan meets King Keerthivarman and promises the latter would be release him if Princess Rama marries Nagavelan to which King Keerthivarman refuses. Sargunam learns about this and lets know Uthselan, Vengkathevan and Rajarajan. Rajarajan saves King Keerthivarman from being beheaded and salvaged under Vengkathevan.

Upon from the pressure from Priyamohini to stand up for the righteous, Udhayachandhran refuses to murder Uthselan when ordered by Nagavelan gets arrested for this. When Uthselan and Rajarajan intend to inform Queen Senbagavalli and Princess Rama that King Keerthivarman is safe and transfer them to a safe place, Rajarajan proceeds but Uthselan is killed by Nagavelan. Rajarajan manages to meet Queen Senbagavalli and Princess Rama and informs them about King Keerthivarman but then is attacked by Nagavelan's soldiers. Priyamohini helped the wounded Rajarajan and hides him. Priyamohini sets Udhayachandhran free in order for the latter to assist Rajarajan and both men became good friends. Udhayachandhran reveals his love to Priyamohini but she does not reciprocate as she is in love with Rajarajan even though he loves Princess Rama. Vengkathevan tricks Nagavelan's soldiers and enters Nagavelan's palace and pretend to claim that Rajarajan is a traitor. Nagavelan believes this and sends his best soldiers to assist Vengkathevan to capture Rajarajan, instead Nagavelans soldier is captured by Vengkathevan's men.

Nagavelan assaults Princess Rama and intervened by Priyamohini but to no avail. Priyamohini rushes to seek Rajarajan and Udhayachandhran help but was surprised too see Udhayachnadhran has a duel with Rajarajan in order to win Pryamohini's heart. Priyamohini is accidentally killed by Udhayachnadhran while she was trying to intervene in their sword fight. Meanwhile, Venkathevan and King Keerthivarman drive Nangoor's soldiers into Chozha country. Nagavelan tries to escape but is killed by Rajarajan. Rajarajan weds Princess Rama and becomes the king of Chozha.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Prince Rajarajan
* [[P. S. Veerappa]] as General Nagavelan
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Udhayachandhran
* [[M. G. Chakrapani]] as Uthselan Kavirayar
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]] as King Keerthivarman
* ''Friend'' Ramasami as Sargunam
* T. N. Sivathanu
* C. V. V. Panthulu
* N. M. Muthukoothan
* R. M. Somasundaram
* Josh Prakash
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Princess Rama
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] as Priyamohini
* [[S. D. Subbulakshmi]] as Queen Senbagavalli
* [[G. Sakunthala]]
* S. V. Vasantha
* Lakshmi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=135 |language=Tamil}}</ref> One unusual feature is that Mahadevan had used [[S. C. Krishnan]] (known for singing comedy songs) to Ramachandran's one song "Mahamaayi Aankala Deviye" for a sequence of spirit possession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=9 July 2022 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 67 {{!}} Espousing and Exhibiting Religiosity |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-67/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529081926/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-67/ |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aadum Azhage Azhagu" || [[P. Leela]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || Pugazhendhi || 05:06
|-
| "Aala Pirandha Rajapaadu" || [[Tiruchi Loganathan]], Muthukoothan & Vadivambal || Muthukoothan || 01:35
|-
| "Haiyahoo Jingadi Jayya" || Srinivasan & Party || Kavi Lakshmanadas || 02:27
|-
| "Idhayam Thannaye" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[A. P. Komala]] || A. Maruthakasi || 03:32
|-
| "Kalaiyadha Aasai Kanave" || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || A. Maruthakasi || 02:19
|-
| "Kaththinaale Kaariyam Saadhik" || S. C. Krishnan & Vadivambal || Muthukoothan || 02:28
|-
| "Mahamaayi Aankala Deviye" || S. C. Krishnan || Muthukoothan || 04:32
|-
| "Nilavodu Vaanmugil" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[A. P. Komala]] || Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy || 02:59
|-
| "Senthamizh Naadennum" || Udutha Sarojini + Chorus || [[Subramanya Bharathi|Mahakavi Bharathiyar]] || 03:47
|-
| "Vettaiyada Vaarum Mannava" || [[Tiruchi Loganathan]], S. C. Krishnan & Vadivambal || Muthukoothan || 02:16
|-
| "Kalaiyadha Aasai Kanave" (pathos) || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || A. Maruthakasi || 02:41
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1950s historical adventure films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 adventure films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anusvara

2026-03-03T19:53:08Z

PenneyIrby336: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|Diacritic in Indic scripts}}
{{distinguish|Nuqta}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char={{lang|hi|ं}}
|name=Anusvara |unicode=}}
'''Anusvara''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|ʊ|ˈ|s|v|ɑːr|ə}} {{respell|AN-uu-SVAR-ə}}; {{langx|sa|अनुस्वार}}, {{IAST3|anusvāra}}, {{IPA|sa|ɐn̪usʋaːrɐ|IPA}}), also known as '''Bindu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɪ|n|d|u}} {{respell|BIN-doo}}; {{langx|hi|बिन्दु}} {{ipa|hi|bɪn̪d̪uː|}}), is a symbol used in many [[Indic scripts]] to mark a type of [[nasalization|nasal sound]], typically transliterated {{grapheme|ṁ}} or {{grapheme|ṃ}} in standards like [[ISO 15919]] and [[IAST]]. Depending on [[Phonetic environment|its location in a word]] and the language for which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary. In the context of ancient [[Sanskrit]], ''anusvara'' is the name of the particular nasal sound itself, regardless of written representation.

== Sanskrit ==
In [[Vedic Sanskrit]], the anusvāra ({{lit|after-sound' or 'subordinate sound}}){{Sfn|Allen|1953|p=40}} was an [[allophonic]] (derived) nasal sound.

The exact nature of the sound has been subject to debate. The material in the various [[Prātiśākhya|ancient phonetic treatises]] points towards different phonetic interpretations, and these discrepancies have historically been attributed to either differences in the description of the same pronunciation<ref>[[William Dwight Whitney|Whitney]], cited in {{Harvnb|Emeneau|1946|p=91}}</ref> or to dialectal or diachronic variation.{{sfn|Varma|1961|pp=148–55}}{{sfn|Emeneau|1946|p=91}} In a 2013 reappraisal of the evidence, Cardona concludes that these reflect real dialectal differences.{{sfn|Cardona|2013}}

The environments in which the anusvara could arise, however, were well defined. In the earliest [[Vedic Sanskrit]], it was an allophone of /m/ at a [[morpheme]] boundary, or of /n/ within morphemes, when it was preceded by a vowel and followed by a [[fricative]] ({{IAST|/ś/, /ṣ/, /s/, /h/}}).{{sfn|Allen|1953|p=40}} In later Sanskrit its use expanded to other contexts, first before /r/ under certain conditions, then, in [[Classical Sanskrit]], before {{IAST|/v/}} and {{IAST|/y/}}.{{sfn|Allen|1953|p=40}}

Later still, [[Pāṇini]] gave anusvara as an alternative pronunciation as word-final [[sandhi]], and later treatises also prescribed it at morpheme junctions and within morphemes.{{sfn|Allen|1953|p=41}} In the later written language, the diacritic used to represent anusvara was optionally used to indicate a [[nasal stop]] having the same [[place of articulation]] as a following [[plosive]], which was written in some evolved scripts (e.g. in Bengali-Assamese) as an additional sandhi letter (no longer as a diacritic) for Vedic transcriptions of Sanskrit, to distinguish it with the anusvara diacritic that was used to transcribe other phonemes.

== Devanagari script ==
In the [[Devanagari script]], anusvāra is represented with a [[Dot (diacritic)|dot]] (''bindu'') above the letter (e.g. <big>मं</big>). In the [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]] (IAST), the corresponding symbol is ṃ (''m'' with an [[underdot]]). Some transcriptions render notation of phonetic variants used in some Vedic [[shakha]]s with variant transcription (ṁ).

In writing Sanskrit, the anusvara is often used as an alternative representation of the nasal stop with the same place of articulation as the following plosive. For example, {{IPA|[əŋɡə]}} 'limb (of the body)' may be written with either a conjunct, अङ्ग ''aṅga'', or with an anusvara, अंग ''aṃga''. A variant of the anusvara, the [[anunāsika]] or 'chandrabindu', was used more explicitly for nasalized vowels, as in अँश ''aṃśa'' for {{IPA|[ə̃ɕə]}} 'portion'.<ref name="DB">William Bright, "The Devanagari Script", in Daniels & Bright, ''The World's Writing Systems'', OUP, 1996.</ref>

=== Hindi ===
In [[Standard Hindi]], the anusvāra is traditionally defined as representing a nasal consonant [[homorganic consonants|homorganic]] to a following [[plosive]], in contrast to the {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]}} ({{lang|hi-Latn|anunāsika}}), which indicates [[nasal vowel|vowel nasalization]]. In practice, however, the two are often used interchangeably.

The precise phonetic value of the phoneme, whether it is represented by {{lang|hi-Latn|anusvāra|}} or {{lang|hi-Latn|[[Chandrabindu|candrabindu]]}}, is dependent on the phonological environment.<ref>The following rules are from {{Harvtxt|Ohala|1983|pp=87–90}}</ref>

Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel: ''{{lang|hi-Latn|kuāṃ}}'' {{IPA|[kʊ̃ãː]}}, "a well". It results in vowel nasalization also medially between a short vowel and a non-[[obstruent]] (''{{lang|hi-Latn|kuṃvar}}'' {{IPA|[kʊ̃ʋər]}} "a youth", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|gaṃṛāsā}}'' {{IPA|[ɡə̃ɽaːsaː]}} "a long-handled axe") and, in native words, between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive (''{{lang|hi-Latn|dāṃt}}'' {{IPA|[dãːt]}} "tooth", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|sāṃp}}'' {{IPA|[sãːp]}} "a snake", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|pūṃch}}'' {{IPA|[pũːtʃʰ]}} "tail").

It is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, with the preceding vowel becoming nasalized [[allophone|allophonically]], in the following cases: between a long vowel and a voiced plosive (''{{lang|hi-Latn|tāṃbā}}'' {{IPA|[taːmbaː]}} "copper", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|cāṃdī}}'' {{IPA|[tʃaːndiː]}} "silver"), between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive in loanwords (''{{lang|hi-Latn|dāṃt}}'' {{IPA|[daːnt]}} "repressed", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|bêṃk}}'' {{IPA|[bæːŋk]}} "a bank", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|xazāṃcī}}'' {{IPA|[xəzaːɲtʃiː]}} "cashier"), and between a short vowel and an obstruent (''{{lang|hi-Latn|saṃbhāl-}}'' {{IPA|[səmbʱaːl]}} "to support", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|saṃdūk}}'' {{IPA|[sənduːk]}} "a chest").

The last rule has two sets of exceptions in which the {{lang|hi-Latn|anusvāra|}} results only in the nasalization of the preceding short vowel. Words from the first set are morphologically derived from words with a long nasalized vowel (''{{lang|hi-Latn|baṃṭ-}}'' {{IPA|[bə̃ʈ]}}, "to be divided" from ''{{lang|hi-Latn|bāṃṭ-}}'' {{IPA|[bãʈ]}}, "to divide"; ''{{lang|hi-Latn|siṃcāī}}'' {{IPA|[sɪ̃tʃai]}}, "irrigation" from ''{{lang|hi-Latn|sīṃc-}}'' {{IPA|[sĩːtʃ]}}, "to irrigate"). In such cases, the vowel is sometimes denasalized ({{IPA|[bəʈ]}}, {{IPA|[sɪtʃai]}} instead of {{IPA|[bə̃ʈ-]}}, {{IPA|[sɪ̃tʃai]}}). The second set is composed of a few words like ''({{lang|hi-Latn|pahuṃc-}}'' {{IPA|[pahʊ̃tʃ]}}, "to arrive" and ''{{lang|hi-Latn|haṃs-}}'' {{IPA|[hə̃s]}}, "to laugh").<ref group="note">{{Harvtxt|Ohala|1983|p=90}} lists five more such words: ''{{lang|hi-Latn|dhaṃs-}}'' "to sink", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|phaṃs-}}'' "to be stuck", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|haṃslī}}'' "a necklace", ''{{lang|hi-Latn|haṃsiyā}}'' "a sickle" and ''{{lang|hi-Latn|haṃsī}}'' "laughter".</ref>

=== Marathi ===
In [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], the anusvāra is pronounced as a [[nasal consonant|nasal]] that is [[homorganic consonants|homorganic]] to the following consonant (with the same [[place of articulation]]). For example, it is pronounced as the [[dental nasal]] न् before [[dental consonant]]s, as the [[bilabial nasal]] म् before [[bilabial consonants]], etc{{citation needed|date=December 2015|reason=sounds quite plausible, but the phonetics of nasals in South Asian languages can be complex and so the claim might as well turn out to be false.}}
. Unlike in other Indic languages, the same dot designating the anusvāra in Marathi is also used to mark a retension of the inherent vowel (it is inconsistently placed over a consonant after which the short central vowel is to be pronounced and not elided).

===Nepali===
In [[Nepali language|Nepali]], the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization. Therefore, there is a great deal of variation regarding which occurs in any given position. Many words containing anusvara thus have alternative spellings with a [[chandrabindu]] instead of the anusvāra and vice versa. Anusvara is used when there is too little space for the [[chandrabindu]]. The anusvāra can represent a nasal vowel, a homoorganic nasal, or both.

==Other Indic script languages==
Anusvara is used in other languages using [[Indic scripts]] as well, usually to represent suprasegmental phones (such as [[phonation]] type or nasalization) or other nasal sounds.

===Bengali===
[[File:Bengali Letter Anusvara.svg|thumb|50px]]
In the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]], the anusvara diacritic ({{Langx|bn|অনুস্বার|translit=ônuśśar}}) is written as a circle above a slanted line (<big>ং</big>), and represents /অঙ্/. It is used in the name of the [[Bengali language]] <big>বাংলা</big> {{IPA|[baŋla]}} and has merged in pronunciation with the letter <big>ঙ</big> ''unga'' in Bengali.

Although the anusvara is a consonant in [[Bengali phonology]], it is treated in the written system as a diacritic in that it is always directly adjacent to the preceding consonant, even when consonants are spaced apart in titles or banners: <big>বাং-লা-দে-শ</big> ''baṅ-la-de-ś'', not <big>বা-ং-লা-দে-শ</big> ''ba-ṅ-la-de-ś'' for <big>বাংলাদেশ</big> ''[[Bangladesh]]''. It is never pronounced with the inherent vowel 'ô' ({{IPA|/ɔ/}} or {{IPA|/o/}}), and it cannot take a vowel sign (instead, the consonant <big>ঙ</big> ''uṅô'' is used before vowels).

===Burmese===
In the [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese script]], the anusvara ({{lang|my|အောက်မြစ်}} ''auk myit'' (့) {{IPA|my|aʊʔ mjɪʔ|IPA}}) is represented as a dot under a nasalised final to indicate a [[Burmese language#Tones|creaky tone]] (with a shortened vowel).

Burmese also uses a dot above a letter to indicate the {{IPA|/-ɴ/}} nasalized ending (called "Myanmar Sign Anusvara" in Unicode), called {{lang|my|သေးသေးတင်}} ''thay thay tin'' ({{IPA|my|θé ðé tɪ̀ɰ̃|IPA}}) (ံ)

===Sinhala===
In the [[Sinhala script]], the anusvara is not a nonspacing combining mark but a spacing combining mark. It has a circular shape and follows its base letter ( ං).<ref>See an example in {{cite web |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |title=Proposal to encode a nasal character in Vedic Extensions |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17117r-vedic-double-antargomukha.pdf |id=L2/17-117R |date=April 25, 2017 |website=Unicode |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008031028/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17117r-vedic-double-antargomukha.pdf |archive-date= Oct 8, 2022 }}</ref> It is called {{transliteration|si|binduva}} in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], which means "dot". The anusvara represents {{IPAslink|ŋ}} at the end of a syllable. It is used in the name of the [[Sinhala language]] සිංහල {{IPA|si|ˈsiŋɦələ|}}. It has merged in pronunciation with the letter ඞ ṅa in Sinhala.

===Telugu===
The [[Telugu script]] has full-zero (sunna) ం, half-zero (arasunna) and ''visarga'' to convey various shades of nasal sounds. Anusvara is represented as a circle shape after a letter:<ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Telugu Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA18 |last= Chenchiah |first= P. |author2=Rao, Raja Bhujanga |year= 1988 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |isbn= 81-206-0313-3 |page=18}}</ref> క - ka and కం - kam.

===Thai===
The equivalent of the anusvara in the [[Thai alphabet]] is the [[Thai alphabet#anusvara|''nikkhahit'']] (◌ํ). Used in rendering Sanskrit and [[Pali]] texts, it is written as an open circle above the consonant (for example {{lang|th|อํ}}). Its pronunciation depends on the following sound: if it is a consonant, the nikkhahit is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, and if it is at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a [[voiced velar nasal]]{{IPA|/ŋ/}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Anunasika==
'''Anunasika''' (''{{IAST|anunāsika}}'') is a form of [[Nasal vowel|vowel nasalization]], often represented by an anusvara. It is a form of open-mouthed nasalization, akin to the nasalization of vowels followed by "n" or "m" in Parisian [[French language|French]]. When "n" or "m" follows a vowel, the "n" or "m" becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasal (it is pronounced with the soft palate extended downward to allow part or all of the air to leave through the nostrils). Anunasika is sometimes called a ''subdot'' because of its [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] representation.

In [[Devanagari]] and related scripts, the anunasika is represented by the [[chandrabindu]] diacritic (''example'': माँ).

In [[Burmese language|Burmese]], the anunasika, called {{lang|my|သေးသေးတင်}} ({{IPA|my|θé ðé tɪ̀ɰ̃|IPA}}) and represented as {{angbr|{{lang|my|ံ}}}}, creates the {{IPA|/-ɰ̃/}} nasalized ending when it is attached as a dot above a letter. The anunasika represents the -m final in Pali.

== Unicode ==
{{Contains special characters|Uncommon Unicode|section}}
[[Unicode]] encodes anusvara and anusvara-like characters for a variety of scripts:

{|
|
{|class="wikitable"
|+ South Asian scripts
! Script !! Sign !! Example !! Unicode
|-
| [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] ||&nbsp;ং||কং|| U+0982
|-
| Bengali [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] ||ৼ|| || U+09FC
|-
| [[Bhaiksuki alphabet|Bhaiksuki]] ||&nbsp;𑰽||𑰎𑰽|| U+11C3D
|-
| [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] ||&nbsp;𑀁||𑀓𑀁|| U+11001
|-
| [[Chakma alphabet|Chakma]] ||&nbsp;&#x11101;||𑄇&#x11101;|| U+11101
|-
| [[Devanagari]] ||&nbsp;ं||कं|| U+0902
|-
|Devanagari Vedic
|ꣳ
|
|U+A8F3
|-
|Devanagari Vedic Double
|ꣴ
|
|U+A8F4
|-
| [[Dhives Akuru]] ||&nbsp;𑤻||𑤌𑤻|| U+1193B
|-
| [[Dogri language#Script|Dogra]] ||&nbsp;𑠷||𑠊𑠷|| U+11837
|-
| [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] ||&nbsp;𑌂||𑌕𑌂|| U+11302
|-
| Grantha Vedic ||𑍞|| || U+1135E
|-
| Grantha Vedic (double) ||𑍟|| || U+1135F
|-
| Grantha (combining above) ||&nbsp;𑌀||𑌕𑌀|| U+11300
|-
| [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] ||&nbsp;ં||કં|| U+0A82
|-
| [[Gunjala Gondi Lipi|Gunjala Gondi]] ||&nbsp;𑶕||𑵱𑶕|| U+11D95
|-
| [[Gurmukhī script|Gurmukhi]] ||&nbsp;ਂ||ਕਂ|| U+0A02
|-
| [[Khema script|Gurung Khema]] ||&nbsp;𖄭||𖄁𖄭|| U+1612D
|-
| [[Kaithi]] ||&nbsp;𑂁||𑂍𑂁|| U+11081
|-
| [[Kannada script|Kannada]] ||&nbsp;ಂ||ಕಂ|| U+0C82
|-
| Kannada (combining above right) ||&nbsp;ೳ||ಕೳ|| U+0CF3
|-
| [[Kharosthi]] ||&nbsp;𐨎||𐨐𐨎|| U+10A0E
|-
| [[Khojki]] ||&nbsp;𑈴||𑈈𑈴|| U+11234
|-
| [[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]] ||&nbsp;𑋟||𑊺𑋟|| U+112DF
|-
| [[Kirat Rai]] ||&nbsp;𖵀|| 𖵛𖵣𖵀|| U+16D40
|-
| [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] ||&nbsp;ം||കം|| U+0D02
|-
| Malayalam (combining above) ||&nbsp;ഀ||കഀ|| U+0D00
|-
| Malayalam Vedic||&nbsp;ഄ|| || U+0D04
|-
| [[Marchen script|Marchen]] ||&nbsp;𑲵||𑱲𑲵|| U+11CB5
|-
| [[Masaram Gondi script|Masaram Gondi]] ||&nbsp;𑵀||𑴌𑵀|| U+11D40
|-
| [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] ||&nbsp;𑘽||𑘎𑘽|| U+1163D
|-
| [[Mongolian alphabet|Mongolian]] ||{{MongolUnicode|ᢀ᠋}}||{{MongolUnicode|ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋}}|| U+1880
|-
| [[Nandinagari]] ||&nbsp;𑧞||𑦮𑧞|| U+119DE
|-
| [[Odia script|Odia]] ||&nbsp;ଂ||କଂ|| U+0B02
|-
| [[Prachalit Nepal alphabet|Prachalit Nepal]] ||&nbsp;𑑄||𑐎𑑄|| U+11444
|-
| Prachalit Nepal (Vedic) ||𑑟|| || U+1145F
|-
| [[Śāradā script|Sharada]] ||&nbsp;𑆁||𑆑𑆁|| U+11181
|-
| [[Saurashtra alphabet|Saurashtra]] ||&nbsp;ꢀ||ꢒꢀ|| U+A880
|-
| [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] ||&nbsp;𑖽||𑖎𑖽|| U+115BD
|-
| [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] ||&nbsp;ං||කං|| U+0D82
|-
| [[Soyombo alphabet|Soyombo]] ||&nbsp;𑪖||𑩜𑪖|| U+11A96
|-
| [[Sylheti Nagari]] ||&nbsp;ꠋ||ꠇꠋ|| U+A80B
|-
| [[Takri alphabet|Takri]] ||&nbsp;𑚫||𑚊𑚫|| U+116AB
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||&nbsp;◌ஂ||கஂ|| U+0B82
|-
| [[Telugu script|Telugu]] ||&nbsp;ం||కం|| U+0C02
|-
| Telugu ([[Prakrit]])<ref>{{cite web|title=L2/16-285: Proposal to encode the Telugu Sign Combining Anusvara Above|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16285-telugu-comb-anusvara.pdf|date=2016-10-20|first1=Srinidhi|last1=A|first2=Sridatta|last2=A |website=Unicode }}</ref> (combining above) ||&nbsp;ఄ||కఄ|| U+0C04
|-
| [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] (rjes su nga ro) ||&nbsp;ཾ||ཀཾ||U+0F7E
|-
| [[Tirhuta]] ||&nbsp;𑓀||𑒏𑓀|| U+114C0
|-
| [[Zanabazar Square alphabet|Zanabazar Square]] ||&nbsp;𑨸||𑨋𑨸|| U+11A38
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Southeast Asian scripts
! Script !! Sign !! Example !! Unicode
|-
| [[Balinese script|Balinese]] || {{script|Bali|&nbsp;ᬂ}} || {{script|Bali|ᬓᬂ}} || U+1B02
|-
| [[Burmese alphabet|Burmese]] || {{script|Mymr|&nbsp;ံ}} || {{script|Mymr|ကံ}} || U+1036
|-
| [[Javanese script|Javanese]] || {{script|Java|&nbsp;ꦁ}} || {{script|Java|ꦏꦁ}} || U+A981
|-
| [[Kawi script|Kawi]] || &nbsp;𑼁 || 𑼒𑼁 || U+11F01
|-
| [[Khmer script|Khmer]] || {{script|Khmr|&nbsp;ំ}} || {{script|Khmr|កំ}} || U+17C6
|-
| [[Lao script|Lao]] ||&nbsp;ໍ||ກໍ|| U+0ECD
|-
| [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]] || {{script|Sund|&nbsp;ᮀ}} || {{script|Sund|ᮊᮀ}} || U+1B80
|-
| [[Tai Tham alphabet|Tai Tham]] (mai kang) ||&nbsp;ᩴ||ᨠᩴ|| U+1A74
|-
| [[Thai script|Thai]] ||&nbsp;ํ||กํ|| U+0E4D
|}

|}

==See also==
* [[Chandrabindu]]
* [[Tilde]]
* [[Ogonek]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation
|last= Allen
|first= W.S.
|title= Phonetics in ancient India
|year= 1953
|publisher= OUP
}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Cardona| first = George| date = 2013| title = Developments of nasals in early Indo-Aryan : anunāsika and anusvāra| journal = Tokyo University Linguistic Papers| volume = 33| pages = 3–81| issn = 1345-8663| url = https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120005245953/en/}}
* {{Cite journal
|last= Emeneau
|first= M. B.
|author-link= Murray Barnson Emeneau
|year= 1946
|journal= Language
|title= The Nasal Phonemes of Sanskrit
|volume= 22
|pages= 86–93
|jstor= 410341
|issue= 2
|doi=10.2307/410341
}}
* {{Citation
|last= Ohala
|first= Manjari
|title= Aspects of Hindi Phonology
|year= 1983
|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass
|isbn= 0-89581-670-9
}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Munshi Ram Manohar Lal| last = Varma| first = Siddheshwar| title = Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians.| location = Delhi| series = James G. Forlong Fund| date = 1961| orig-year = 1927}}

{{Navbox diacritical marks}}

[[Category:Brahmic diacritics]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]

Tyagaraja Aradhana

2026-02-08T11:39:20Z

PenneyIrby336: minor refine article for accuracy also

{{Short description|Annual music festival in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Thyagaraja Aradhana
| image = Sri Tyagaraja Swamy Idol at samadhi mandir in Tiruvaiyaru.jpg
| caption = The idol of [[Thyagaraja]] in the temple in Tiruvaiyaru
| location = [[Thiruvaiyaru]] in Tamil Nadu and
[[Tirupati]] and Kakarla in Andhra Pradesh<ref name=tirupati>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/jan/07/tirupati-aradhana-mahotsavam-of-sri-thyagaraja-held-1746629.html| title=Tirupati: Aradhana Mahotsavam of Sri Thyagaraja held | work=The New Indian Express | date=4 January 2016 | access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| years_active = 1846–present
| founders =
| URL = https://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org
| dates = January / February
}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Festivals}}

[[File:Sri Tyagaraja Swamy samadhi mandir in Tiruvaiyaru.JPG|thumb|Sri Thyagaraja Swamy samadhi Temple in Tiruvaiyaru]]
'''Thyagaraja Aradhana''' is an annual ''aradhana'' (a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning act of glorifying God or a person) of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] saint composer [[Tyagaraja]]. The music festival is observed in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-10 |title=Ritual Tyagaraja aradhana in Bengaluru this year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-on-the-move/ritual-tyagaraja-aradhana-in-bengaluru-this-year-793286.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Fathima |title=300 artists to pay homage to Thyagaraja at this music festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/300-artists-to-pay-homage-to-thyagaraja-at-this-music-festival/articleshow/96850180.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Tamil Nadu]], primarily in [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in Thanjavur district of Tamilnadu, the place where Tyagaraja attained Jeeva [[Samadhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-19 |title=Renovated house of St. Thyagaraja to be inaugurated shortly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Renovated-house-of-St.-Thyagaraja-to-be-inaugurated-shortly/article16301942.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The aradhana is observed on [[Pausha|Pushya]] Bahula [[Panchami]] day when the saint attained Jeeva samadhi, where the musicians render the saint's [[Pancharatna Kriti]]s.<ref>{{cite news|author=Friday Review |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tiruvaiyaru-gears-up/article3216630.ece |title=Tiruvaiyaru gears up - CHEN |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 6 January 2006|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=14|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref>

==History==
The ''aradhana'' (Ceremony of Adoration) is held every year on the anniversary of the demise of the saint. This is on Pushya Bahula Panchami day (the fifth day of the waning moon in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar month]] of ''Pushya''). The ''Aradhana'' is held in the precincts of the ''samadhi'' (memorial) of the saint located at [[Thiruvaiyaru]] village, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintthyagarajar.com/aradhanafestival.htm |title=Saint Thyagarajar :: Thyagaraja Aradhana Festival |access-date=2 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125091256/http://saintthyagarajar.com/aradhanafestival.htm |archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==United States==
In the United States, the [[Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival]] is held in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] every year around Easter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aradhana.org/|title=Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival|website=www.aradhana.org|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian classical music festivals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chola Nadu}}
{{Portal bar|Music|India}}

[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Carnatic classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Concerts]]
[[Category:1846 in music]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 1846]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Hindu music festivals]]

Lal Behari Day

2026-02-08T09:21:40Z

PenneyIrby336: new a post

{{Short description|Bengali writer and journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lal Behari Day
| image = Lal Behari Dey1.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Lal Behari Day, before 1892
| birth_name = Lal Behari Dey Mondal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1824|12|18}}
| birth_place = Sonapalasi, [[Bardhaman]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1892|10|28|1824|12|18}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
[[Reverend]] '''Lal Behari Day''' (also '''Dey''', 18 December 1824 – 28 October 1894) was an Indian writer and journalist, who [[religious conversion|converted]] to Christianity, and became a Christian missionary himself.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Builders of Bengal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/culture/people/builders-of-bengal-lal-behari-dey/cid/1812650}}</ref>

==Biography==
Lal Behari Dey was born on 18 December 1824 to a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Suvarna Banik]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Samaren|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_EaPju60k0C|title=The Bengalees: Glimpses of History and Culture|date=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-981-9|pages=59|language=en}}</ref> caste family at Sonapalasi near [[Bardhaman]]. His father Radhakanta Dey Mondal was a small bill broker in Kolkata. After primary education in the village school he came to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] with his father and was admitted to Reverend [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]]'s General Assembly Institution, where he studied from 1834 to 1844. (Duff's Institution is now the [[Scottish Church Collegiate School]]; he was one of the first five boys admitted by Duff.) Under Duff's tutelage he formally embraced [[Christianity]] on 2 July 1843. In 1842, a year before his [[baptism]] he had published a tract, ''The Falsity of the Hindu Religion'', which had won a prize for the best essay from a local Christian society.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Day, Rev. Lalbehari - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Day,_Rev._Lalbehari|access-date=2021-11-21|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

From 1855 to 1867 Lal Behari was a missionary and minister of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]].
From 1867 to 1889 he worked as professor of [[English literature|English]] in Government-administered colleges at [[Baharampur|Berhampore]] and [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]]. After having served in several churches in the prime of his career, he joined the Berhampore Collegiate School as Principal in 1867. Later he became Professor of English and Mental and Moral Philosophy in Hooghly Mohsin College of the University of Calcutta and stayed with it from 1872 to 1888. Being a devout Christian but pro-[[British Raj]], he protested against any discrimination practised by the ruling class against the natives.

Lalbehari Dey was known for his profound knowledge of the English language and literature. During his work at Burdwan he saw rural life closely and this experience was drawn upon to ''Bengal Peasant Life (1874''). At this time landlord-tenant relations had greatly deteriorated, and there was peasant unrest in various parts of Bengal. ''Bengal Peasant Life'' explains the reasons for this situation. Lalbehari was against the zamindari system and he may be called the first man to investigate and report the actual problems of the depressed classes under the operation of the permanent settlement and suggest remedies towards solving the problem. His contemporaries [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Peary Chand Mitra]] and [[Dinabandhu Mitra]], also wrote powerfully about peasants and depressed class's problems. Their opinions greatly influenced the report of the Rent Commission of 1880 which led to the enactment of the famous bengal tenancy act of 1885, which has been termed as the Magna Carta of peasant rights in Bengal.

Rev. Lalbehari also wrote two novels, ''Chandramukhi'', ''A Tale of Bengali Life'' (1859) and ''Govinda Samanta'', which portray the suffering of peasants under the zamindari system. In 1874 his ''Govinda Samanta'' won the prize of [[Rupee|Rs]] 500 offered by Baboo Joy Kissen Mookerjea of [[Uttarpara]], one of the most enlightened [[zamindar]]s in Bengal, for the best novel, written either in Bengali or in English, illustrating the "Social and Domestic Life of the Rural Population and Working Classes of Bengal". [[Charles Darwin]] wrote a letter on 18 April 1881 to the publishers saying,

:"I see that the Reverend Lal Behari Day is Editor of the Bengal Magazine and I shall be glad if you would tell him with my compliments how much pleasure and instruction I derived from reading a few years ago, this novel, Govinda Samanta."
[[File:What princess ever puts only one ruby in her hair.jpg|thumb|Illustration to ''Folk-Tales of Bengal'' by [[Warwick Goble]]]]
Lalbehari Dey was perhaps the first collector of Bengali fairy tales and compiled [[Folk-Tales of Bengal]] (1875). This scholarly work is a path-breaking effort in cataloguing the cultural heritage of rural Bengal. This compilation not only preserved folk tales that might otherwise have been lost, but also paved the way for the modern study of [[Folk literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fairy Tales - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fairy_Tales|access-date=2021-11-21|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

Lalbehari was also strong advocate of Bengali medium and vernacular education. He made it a policy to publish features on the importance of education in the vernaculars in ''Arunodaya'' (1875), a fortnightly journal published and edited by him. These views were given due attention by [[William Wilson Hunter|Hunter Commission]] (1882), education commission for popularizing education among depressed classes.

He was also the editor of three English magazines, ''Indian Reformer'' (1861), ''Friday Review'' (1866) and ''Bengal Magazine'' (1872). Apart from writing in these magazines, Lal Behari also contributed articles to ''[[Calcutta Review]]'' and ''Hindu Patriot''. He was a member of many associations like the Bethune Society and the Bengal Social Science Association.

He was made a Fellow of the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1877.

Lal Behari Day died on 28 October 1894 <ref>MacPherson 1900, p. 139.</ref> {{Clarify|date=November 2021}}, at Calcutta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* MacPherson, G. (1900). Life of Lal Behari Day: Convert, Pastor, Professor, and Author (Edinburgh: T & T Clark)
* {{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fairy_Tales|title=Fairy Tales |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] (en.banglapedia.org) |access-date=2016-03-25}}

==External links==
{{Portal |Children's literature }}
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Day,_Rev._Lalbehari "Day, Rev. Lalbehari (1824–1894)"] at ''Banglapedia''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210050258/http://www.multifaithnet.org/images/content/seminarpapers/FromKrishnaPaltoLalBehari.htm "From Krishna Pal to Lal Behari Dey: Indian Builders of the Church in India or Native Agency in Bengal 1800–1880"] by Dr E.M. Jackson, University of Derby, at MultiFaithNet.org (archived 2006-12-10)
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39493| name=Lal Behari Day}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9487}}
* {{LCAuth|n80025702|Lal Behari Day|10|ue}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Lal Behari}}
[[Category:Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Bengali Christians]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Free Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian Presbyterian missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Christian writers]]
[[Category:Collectors of fairy tales]]

Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges

2026-02-07T22:24:48Z

PenneyIrby336: added the info initial version...

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|org|date=September 2022}}{{primary sources|date=September 2022}}}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Privileges
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee of the House]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India_Punjab_Assembly Committee on Privileges_2022.svg|200px|alt=India_Punjab_Assembly Committee on Privileges_2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 12
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (9)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of the Privileges
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one-year period from among the members of the Assembly.<ref name="Committee on Privileges" /><ref name=Grover>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Functions==
The functions of the committee are explained below.<ref name="Committee on Privileges" /><ref name=Grover />
{{blockquote|
Each House of Legislature collectively, and its members individually, enjoy certain privileges i.e., certain rights and immunities without which the House and its members cannot discharge the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution. The object of these privileges is to safeguard the freedom, the authority and the dignity of the House, its Committees and Members. Where there is any question of an alleged breach of privilege, the matter is referred by the House to its Committee of Privileges for examination, investigation and report.
}}

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one-year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Members==
For the one-year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Privileges of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Privileges">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-12 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514045840/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2022–23)
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Aruna Chaudhary]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Dr. Balbir Singh]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Dr. Charanjit Singh]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Fauja Singh Sarari]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || Hardev Singh Laddi ||Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Kashmir Singh Sohal]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Naresh Kataria]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Narinder Kaur Bharaj]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar Sukhi]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Tarunpreet Singh Sond]] ||Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2021-22]]
|1
|[[Kushaldeep Singh Dhillon]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 – TheFactNews |date=29 April 2021|url=https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| 2022-23
|1
|[[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
For the one-year period before May 2022, the Committee on Privileges of [[15th Punjab Assembly#Committees|15th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:

===2021–22===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2021–22)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514045840/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Kushaldeep Singh Kiki Dhillon]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amarinder Singh Raja Warring]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Baljinder Kaur (politician)|Baljinder Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Budh Ram]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Darshan Lal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Dharambir Agnihotri]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Hardev Singh Laddi]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Harinder Pal Singh Chandumajra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid (Bulara)]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Pargat Singh Powar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Raminder Singh Awla]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2020–21===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2020–21)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172018/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Kushaldeep Singh Kiki Dhillon]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amarinder Singh Raja Warring]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Baljinder Kaur (politician)|Baljinder Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Budh Ram]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Darshan Lal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Dharambir Agnihotri]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid (Bulara)]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Harinderpal Singh Chandumajra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Pargat Singh Powar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Raminder Singh Awla]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2019–20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2019–20)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230202629/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Kushaldeep Singh Kiki Dhillon]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amarinder Singh Raja Warring]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Amarjit Singh Sandoa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Darshan Lal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Dharambir Agnihotri]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Jagdev Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid (Bulara)]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Pargat Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2018–19===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118155233/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Kushaldeep Singh Kiki Dhillon]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amarinder Singh Raja Warring]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Dharambir Agnihotri]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jagdev Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid (Bulara)]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Pargat Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Miss Rupinder Kaur Ruby]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Tarsem Singh D.C.]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2017–18===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Privileges (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127010719/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2018-01-27 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Angad Singh (INC politician)|Angad Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Baldev Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Pargat Singh Powar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]] || Member
|{{Party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Pritam Singh Kotbhai]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Ramanjit Singh Sikki]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Miss Rupinder Kaur Ruby]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sunder Sham Arora]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Tarsem Singh D.C.]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Esa Misri

2026-02-07T19:01:35Z

PenneyIrby336: added a entry

{{Short description|Indian bodybuilder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{infobox person
| name = Esa Bin Obaid Misri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|03|12}}
| image = Esa Bin Obaid Misri Mr.(Universe) 2015.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Esa Bin Obaid Misri
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| children = 6
| parents = Lt.Obaid Bin Ali Misri (father), Lt. Taqiya Begum (mother)
| known_for = Mr. India 2009, Mr. Universe 2015
}}

'''Esa Bin Obaid Misri''' is an Indian [[professional bodybuilder]] from [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana State]], [[India]] who won multiple titles in both state and national championships. The highest title he won was the Silver medallist at the 2016 Mr Universe Championship in the heavy weight category of 90 kg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Misri family to represent India at USA body building championship |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-02-23/Misri-family-to-represent-India-at-USA-body-building-championship/282664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Ramzan-the-best-time-to-get-into-shape/articleshow/21291513.cms | title=Ramzan the best time to get into shape - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.degaview.com/play/hyderabad-bodybuilder-esa-misri-awarded-pride-of-hyderabad-by-america-abntelugutv| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213336/http://www.degaview.com/play/hyderabad-bodybuilder-esa-misri-awarded-pride-of-hyderabad-by-america-abntelugutv| archive-date = 2015-09-23| title = Hyderabad Bodybuilder Esa Misri Awarded Pride Of Hyderabad By America Abntelugutv » {{!}} Telugu Video News - DegaView.com}}</ref> He recently contested against [[AIMIM]]'s [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |title=Telangana Assembly Elections 2018: For bodybuilder Esa Misri, it's a change of arena |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2018/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-for-bodybuilder-esa-misri-its-a-change-of-arena/article25559643.ece}}</ref>

==Titles==
*Mr. Hyderabad (2009)
*Mr. Pride of Hyderabad (2014)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/medal-glory-abroad-but-in-government-blind-spot/articleshow/64048443.cms | title=Medal glory abroad, but in government blind spot - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Mr. Andhra Pradesh (9 times)
*Mr. India (2009)
*Mr. Universe (2015)
*Mr. MuscleMania World (2015)

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Hyderabad, India]] to Obaid Bin Ali Misri and Taqiya Begum, Esa Misri was student of Kilpatrik Mission School. He is of [[Chaush (India)|Chaush]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Mr Universe finalist Esa Misri to take on Akbaruddin Owaisi on Congress ticket |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/telangana-elections/2018/nov/14/former-mr-universe-finalist-esa-misri-to-take-on-akbaruddin-owaisi-on-congress-ticket-1897943.html |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He owns a gym with the name Misri gym and a function hall named [[Noori Palace Function hall]] located in Bandlaguda Chandrayan Gutta, [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana;TG J5ZBWB |website=MapmyIndia |url=https://www.mappls.com/j5zbwb|access-date=18 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.varunajithesh.com/directory/listing/noori-palace-function-hall-chandrayangutta| title=Noori Palace Function Hall takes pride in being the most affordable Function hall in Chandrayangutta. The facilities and ambiance of the Noori Palace Function Hall prides itself in organizing numerous Marriages, Engagements and various Religious ceremonie| date=2017-02-11| access-date=22 October 2018| archive-date=22 October 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022114735/https://www.varunajithesh.com/directory/listing/noori-palace-function-hall-chandrayangutta| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and contested as a candidate for the [[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]] constituency in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] elections.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Hyderabad
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misri, Esa}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Professional bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]

Aneesh Ravi

2026-02-06T05:34:11Z

PenneyIrby336: created entry!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aneesh Ravi
| image = Aneesh Ravi movie actor.jpg
| alt =
| birth_date =

| birth_name = 
| birth_place = [[Chirayinkeezhu]], [[Trivandrum]], India
| other_names = aneesh chirayinkeezhu
| occupation = Actor, anchor
| years_active = 30 years
| notable_works = ''[[Karyam Nissaram (Serial)|Karyam Nissaram]]''
}}

'''Aneesh Ravi''' is an Indian actor and anchor who appears in Malayalam television.<ref>{{cite news|title=Quality matters|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/quality-matters/article4054334.ecel|accessdate=7 April 2014|newspaper=thehindu.com|date=1 November 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He has also acted in Tamil serials including ''[[Megala (TV series)|Megala]]'' (2007–2010) and ''[[Shanthi Nilayam (TV series)|Shanthi Nilayam]]'' (2011–2012). He won the [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor]] for ''Sree Narayana Guru'' (2005) and gained popularity through comedy serials ''[[Karyam Nissaram (Serial)|Karyam Nissaram]]'' (2012–2017), ''[[Aliyan VS Aliyan]]'' (2018–2019) and ''[[Aliyans]]'' (2019-present).

== Personal life ==
Ravi was born to Raveendran and Ambika in [[Chirayinkeezhu]], Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I will try a hand at direction when the time is right – TOI Mobile|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/I-will-try-a-hand-at-direction-when-the-time-is-right/articleshow/38662822.cms|access-date=9 August 2016|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He holds a post-graduate degree in Malayalam literature and Politics and diploma in Media cum Journalism. During his school and college days, Ravi performed in amateur plays and did mimicry. He won first prize in mimicry at the Kerala University Youth Festival in 1994.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/quality-matters/article4054334.ece|title=Quality matters|last=M|first=Athira|date=1 November 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 September 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is married to Jayalakshmi in 2003 and has two sons d.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

== Career ==
{{BLP sources section|date=September 2020}}
His popular serials include ''Snehatheeram'', ''Minnukettu'', ''Meghala'', ''Sthree'', ''Sree Narayana Guru'', ''Oridathoridathu'', and ''Karyam Nissaram''. Ravi started his career as a theatre artist in Raghu's Natakayogam, one among the oldest theatre troupes in Thiruvananthapuram. He later worked in professional troupes like Padmasree, Souparnika and Sanghachetana. Some of his popular plays include ''Ravanaprabhu'', ''Overbridge'', and ''Soothaputhran''.

=== Television career ===
Ravi began acting on television with the serial ''Snehatheeram''. He later appeared in soap operas like ''Mohanam'', ''Sthree'', ''Minnukettu'', ''Alippazham,'' and ''[[Manasariyathe]]''. His popular serials in Tamil include ''Meghala'' and thespian K. Balachander's ''Santhinilayam''. Ravi won a State Award in 2005 for the titular role in the serial ''[[Sree Narayana Guru]]''. He is also a part of the comedy-drama series [[Karyam Nissaram (TV series)|''Karyam Nissaram'']].

Apart from interviewing celebrities and being a judge for various reality shows, Aneesh has anchored shows such as ''Adipoli Swad'', ''[[Thillana Thillana]]'', ''City Girls'', and ''Oru Nunakatha''. He also hosts shows like ''Campus Colours'', ''Cucumber City'' and ''Erivum Puliyum''. ''Tharolsavam and'' ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum]]'' allowed him to exhibit his skills in miming, skits, and music. Ravi worked as a producer for the 2016 serial ''Moonu Pennungal'' under Varadayini creations.

=== Telefilms ===
*12 Vayassu (as Thulasi's Mother) – won, Adoor Bhasi cultural forum Cinema-Television awards 2016-Best telefilm<ref>{{cite news|title=Helming a Poignant Tale|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Helming-a-Poignant-Tale/2016/03/07/article3313701.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111052/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Helming-a-Poignant-Tale/2016/03/07/article3313701.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016|accessdate=7 March 2016|newspaper=newindianexpress.com|date=7 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Keeping it real
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/080316/keeping-it-real.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=8 March 2016}}</ref>

==Television==

=== TV serials ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Serial
!Channel!! Role
! Notes
|-

|1998-2000
|''Sthree''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| ||
|-
|2000-2001
|''Amavaasi''
|Surya TV|| ||
|-
|2003-2004
|''Aalippazham''
|Surya TV|| ||
|-
|2004
|''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]''
|Asianet||Thomakutty||
|-
|2005-2009
|''[[Minnukettu]]''
|Surya TV|| Vimal R Menon<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aneesh-ravi-is-elated-about-his-third-show-crossing-1000-episodes-on-malayalam-tv-read-post/articleshow/95137269.cms |title=Aneesh Ravi is elated about his third show crossing 1000 episodes on Malayalam TV; read post }}</ref> ||
|-
|
|''[[Sree Narayana Gurudevan]]''
| ||[[Sree Narayana Guru]]||{{Won}}, Kerala State Television award-Best Actor
|-
|2006
|''Officer''
|Amrita TV ||Pavi||
|-
|2007
|''Sathi Leelavathi''
| Amrita TV|| ||
|-
|2008
|''Manassariyathe''
|Surya TV || ||
|-
|2008-2009
|''Alilathali''
| Asianet|| ||
|-
|2007-2010
|[[Megala (TV series)|''Megala'']]
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial
|-
|2008-2010||''Snehathooval''
|Asianet || ||
|-
|
|''Calling bell''
| Surya TV||Unni
|-
|2009-2012||''Chakkarabharani''||Surya TV||Advocate.Mohan||
|-
|2010-2011
|''Snehatheeram''
|[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2010||''Lipstick''
|Asianet || ||
|-
|2011
|''Mohanam''
|[[DD Malayalam]]|| Manikandan||
|-
|2011-2012
|[[Shanthi Nilayam (TV series)|''Shanthi Nilayam'']]
|[[Jaya TV]]||Doctor
|Tamil Serial
|-
|2012-2017
|[[Karyam Nissaram (Serial)|''Karyam Nissaram'']]
|[[Kairali TV]]||K. Mohanakrishnan a.k.a. Village Officer||

|-
| 2013-2014
|''Oridathoridathu''
| Asianet Plus||Premadasan||
|-
|2014-2015
|''Ente Pennu''
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Mukundan||
|-
|2014
|''Yathra''
|DD Malayalam|| ||
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Aliyan VS Aliyan]]''
|[[Amrita TV]]||Kanakan (Replaced Manikandan)||{{Won}}, Kerala State Television award-Best Actor(Special Jury)
|-
|2017
|''Moonu Pennungal''
| Surya TV|| Ram.V.Menon||Producer and actor
|-
|2018
|''Sakudumbam Shyamala''
| Flowers TV||Dineshan||
|-
|2019-2020
|''Puttum Kattanum''
| Kairali TV||Omanakuttan||
|-
|2020–Present
|''[[Aliyans]]''
|[[Kaumudy TV]]||Kanakan||Sequel to [[Aliyan VS Aliyan]]
|-
|2020
|''Barbarian Sidhantham''
| DD Malayalam||Thodiyil Sahadevan||Telefilm
|-
|2021
|''Prime Time @ 9 PM''
| DD Malayalam||Rajappan||Telefilm
|-
|2021
|''Ladies Hostel''
|Comix Plus ||Kottapuram Chandra Choodan||
|}

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program !! Role!!Notes
|-
|''Parasparam''||Host||
|-
|''Thillana Thillana''||Host||
|-
|''AAdam Paadam''||Host||
|-
|''Tharolsavam''||Contestant||Winner
|-
|Tharolsavam
|Contestant
|
|-
|''Campus Colors'' ||Host||
|-
|''Nakshthra deepangal''
|Contestant
|
|-
|''City Girls''
|Host
|
|-
|''Oru Nunakadha''
|Host
|
|-
|''Q 20''
|Host
|
|-
|''Sunday Splash''
|Host
|
|-
|''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum''
|Contestant
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Adipoli Swad''
|Host
|
|-
|''Don't do Don't do''
|Host
|with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Cucuber City''
|Host||{{Won}}, Kerala state television award for Best Anchor
|-
|''Eruvum puliyum''
|Host
|
|-
|''onaradham''
|Host
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''[[Deal Or No Deal]]''
|Participant
|
|-
|''Star War''
|Host
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Onam ponnonam''
|Host
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Star War 2''
|Host
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Pookalam Varavayi''
|Host
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Super Comedy Challenge''
|Judge
|
|-
|''Comedy Utsavam''
|Mohanakrishnan (guest appearance)
|along with [[Anu Joseph]]
|-
|''Ormakaliloode''
|Host
|
|-
|''Comedy Stars Season 2''
|Doctor / Himself
|Special appearance in a skit/ guest in episode 1234
|-
|''Comedy Masters''
|Devan
|Special appearance in a skit
|-
|Star Magic
|Participant
|Ongoing
|-
|''Onamelam''||Host||
|}

==Filmography ==
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2000
|''Priye Ninakkayi''
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dhosth]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''Beacham''
|
|-
|''Shingari Bolona''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Kaaryasthan]]''
|
|-
|2011
|''Priyappetta Nattukare''
|
|-
|2012
|''[[MLA Mani: Patham Classum Gusthiyum]]''<ref>{{cite news|date=21 April 2016|title=Movie Reviews|newspaper=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/MLA-Mani-Patham-Classum-Gusthiyum/movie-review/12816249.cms}}</ref>
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]''||
|-
|2022
|''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]'' ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Sree Ayyappan (film)|Sree Ayyappan]]'' || <ref name=Sri>{{cite web |title=Sree Ayyappan, starring Aneesh Ravi and Riyaz Khan, gets first look, release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/18/sree-ayyappan-starring-aneesh-ravi-and-riyaz-khan-gets-first-look-release-window |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=9 December 2025 |date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2005
| rowspan="2" |Kerala State Television Awards
|Best Actor
|''Sreenaryana Guru''
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|Best Anchor
|''Eruvum Puliyum''
|{{Won}}
|-
|Adoor Bhasi Cultural Forum TV Film Awards
|Best Telefilm
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|2016
|Kalasamkrithi Awards
|Most Popular Actor
|''[[Karyam Nissaram (TV series)|Karyam Nissaram]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2017
|Flowers TV Awards
|Best Actor
|''Moonu Pennungal, Karyam Nissaram ''
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2019
|Kerala State Television Awards
|Special Jury Award
|''[[Aliyan vs Aliyan|Aliyan VS Aliyan]]''
|{{Won}}
|}
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=6651428}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160822132225/http://www.aneeshravi.com/ Official Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Aneesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

2012–2013 Santosh Trophy Group Stage

2026-01-31T06:48:54Z

PenneyIrby336: created a pg!

{{main|2012–13 Santosh Trophy}}
{{onesource|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
The group stage of the 2012–13 Santosh Trophy features 16 teams: the 4 automatic qualifiers and the 12 winners of the [[2013 Santosh Trophy qualification|qualifiers]].<ref name=KolkataFootballs>{{cite web|title=QR. Final Round|url=http://kolkatafootballs.com/santosh_trophy_2013/index.html#3|work=KolkataFootballs|accessdate=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211060817/http://kolkatafootballs.com/santosh_trophy_2013/index.html#3|archive-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The teams were drawn into four groups of four, and played each once in a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin format]]. The matchdays were from 21 February to 26 February.<ref name=KolkataFootballs/>

The top team in each group advances to the [[2013 Santosh Trophy#Semi-Final|Semi-Finals]].<ref name=KolkataFootballs/>

==Group A==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=SER|name_SER=[[Services football team|Services]]
|team2=RWY|name_RWY=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|team3=ORI|name_ORI=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|team4=MAD|name_MAD=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|win_SER=2|draw_SER=1|loss_SER=0|gf_SER=8|ga_SER=0
|win_RWY=2|draw_RWY=1|loss_RWY=0|gf_RWY=7|ga_RWY=1
|win_ORI=1|draw_ORI=0|loss_ORI=2|gf_ORI=4|ga_ORI=6
|win_MAD=0|draw_MAD=0|loss_MAD=3|gf_MAD=2|ga_MAD=14

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{footballbox
|date=23 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]]
|score=0 – 0
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194803/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=EFF0BAC6-3224-42DC-9EF7-67A9725C4307/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=23 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|score= 3 – 2
|report=[http://www.orissapost.com/shah-sees-orissa-through/ Report]
|team2=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|goals1= Pandey {{goal|63}} Khan {{goal|80}} Shah {{goal|90}}
|goals2= Phurba {{goal|70}} Manihar {{goal|84}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=25 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|score= 2 – 1
|report=[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/railways-beat-odisha-in-santosh-trophy-113022500488_1.html Report]
|team2=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|goals1= Shah {{goal|28}} Singh {{goal|85}}
|goals2= Regin {{goal|74}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=25 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score= 0 – 6
|report=[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/railways-beat-odisha-in-santosh-trophy-113022500488_1.html Report]
|team2=[[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1=
|goals2=Farhad {{goal|25||89||90}} Sarkar {{goal|28}} Mawia {{goal|56||86}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=27 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]]
|score= 2 – 0
|report=[https://archive.today/20130411035903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-27/top-stories/37329936_1_santosh-trophy-semifinals-group-a-quarterfinal-league-p-c-riju Report]
|team2=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|goals1= Mawia {{goal|45}} Farhad {{goal|71}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=27 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|score= 5 – 0
|report=[https://archive.today/20130411035903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-27/top-stories/37329936_1_santosh-trophy-semifinals-group-a-quarterfinal-league-p-c-riju Report]
|team2=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|goals1= Narzary {{goal|20}} Mustakin {{goal|50}} Riju {{goal|59}} A. Singh {{goal|71}} B. Singh {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group B==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=MAH|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=TAM|name_TAM=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team3=GOA|name_GOA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team4=JHA|name_JHA=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|win_MAH=3|draw_MAH=0|loss_MAH=0|gf_MAH=9|ga_MAH=2
|win_TAM=1|draw_TAM=1|loss_TAM=1|gf_TAM=4|ga_TAM=4
|win_GOA=0|draw_GOA=2|loss_GOA=1|gf_GOA=2|ga_GOA=5
|win_JHA=0|draw_JHA=1|loss_JHA=2|gf_JHA=5|ga_JHA=9

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{footballbox
|date=22 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score=0 – 0
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130225091432/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130223/sports-football/article/tamil-nadu-miss-host-chances-held-goa-0-0 Report]
|team2=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=22 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score=4 – 1
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071403/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=D49C0BD5-BACC-47C6-863A-1874A22E3D72/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1= [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{goal|30||32||46}} Lalrempunia {{goal|33}}
|goals2= Murmu {{goal|5}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=24 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score=0 – 3
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120957/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=D473840E-50CC-477D-8443-30799CB8D36F Report]}}
|team2=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Rafi]] {{goal|54}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|61}} [[Preenel Mendon|Mendon]] {{goal|76}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=24 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|score=2 – 3
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120957/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=D473840E-50CC-477D-8443-30799CB8D36F Report]}}
|team2=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|goals1= Mandi {{goal|28}} Sardar {{goal|89}}
|goals2= Karthik {{goal|45}} Raegen {{goal|69}} Anandrai {{goal|85}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=26 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score= 1 – 2
|report=[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maharashtra-enter-semis-113022600499_1.html Report]
|team2=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1= Reagan {{goal|85}}
|goals2= [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|75||88}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=26 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score= 2 – 2
|report=[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maharashtra-enter-semis-113022600499_1.html Report]
|team2=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|goals1= Colaco {{goal|68}} Rodrigues {{goal|81}}
|goals2= Kujur {{goal|71}} Murmu {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group C==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=KER|name_KER=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=HAR|name_HAR=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|team3=UTT|name_UTT=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|team4=J&K|name_J&K=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|win_KER=2|draw_KER=1|loss_KER=0|gf_KER=6|ga_KER=3
|win_HAR=1|draw_HAR=1|loss_HAR=1|gf_HAR=5|ga_HAR=4
|win_UTT=1|draw_UTT=0|loss_UTT=2|gf_UTT=5|ga_UTT=6
|win_J&K=1|draw_J&K=0|loss_J&K=2|gf_J&K=3|ga_J&K=6

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{footballbox
|date=22 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|score=1 – 2
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074839/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=91BA69C1-C8AF-44C1-8A5B-581AAB1A68B7/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1=Vikas {{goal|58}}
|goals2= Verma {{goal|8||73}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=22 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score=2 – 0
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190614/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=E29EBA2D-FD1A-481A-97D4-39FF6BCFF38A/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|goals1= Kannan {{goal|37||63}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=24 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|score=1 – 3
|report=[http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/haryana-beat-jandk-3-1-in-santosh-trophy_756982.html Report]
|team2=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1= R. Kumar {{goal|33}}
|goals2= Vikas {{goal|30||44}} V. Kumar {{goal|84}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=24 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score=2 – 3
|report=[http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/haryana-beat-jandk-3-1-in-santosh-trophy_756982.html Report]
|team2=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1= Yadav {{goal|45}} Kaira {{goal|90}}
|goals2= [[Usman Ashik|Ashik]] {{goal|14}} Kannan {{goal|17}} [[Shabin Lal|Lal]] {{goal|26}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=26 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score= 1 – 2
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/misses-many-but-kerala-makes-it/article4456375.ece Report]
|team2=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|goals1= Feroz {{goal|5|og}}
|goals2= Rashid {{goal|40}} Sheikh {{goal|57}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=26 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score= 1 – 1
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/misses-many-but-kerala-makes-it/article4456375.ece Report]
|team2=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1= Kannan {{goal|58}}
|goals2= Sura {{goal|90}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==Group D==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=PUN|name_PUN=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2=WBE|name_WBE=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|team3=KAR|name_KAR=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|team4=MAN|name_MAN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|win_PUN=3|draw_PUN=0|loss_PUN=0|gf_PUN=9|ga_PUN=3
|win_WBE=2|draw_WBE=0|loss_WBE=1|gf_WBE=8|ga_WBE=6
|win_KAR=1|draw_KAR=0|loss_KAR=2|gf_KAR=3|ga_KAR=4
|win_MAN=0|draw_MAN=0|loss_MAN=3|gf_MAN=3|ga_MAN=10

|col_A=#ccffcc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=
}}</onlyinclude>
----
{{footballbox
|date=23 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score=0 – 3
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133356/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=9446D2A2-58CE-4BDC-AD7C-E4F6DE20E882/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Rohit {{goal|8}} Gagandeep {{goal|34}} Singh {{goal|74}}
|stadium= Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=23 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|score=1 – 0
|report={{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133356/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=9446D2A2-58CE-4BDC-AD7C-E4F6DE20E882/ Report]}}
|team2=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1= Hela {{goal|34}}
|goals2=
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=25 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score= 4 – 3
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/punjab-staves-off-a-strong-challenge-from-bengal/article4452964.ece Report]
|team2=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1= S. Singh {{goal|14}} Kumar {{goal|21||79}} A. Singh {{goal|45}}
|goals2= Sana {{goal|69}} [[Dipendu Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|76}} Hela {{goal|89}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=25 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score= 3 – 1
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/punjab-staves-off-a-strong-challenge-from-bengal/article4452964.ece Report]
|team2=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|goals1= Stephen {{goal|3}} Rajesh {{goal|10}} Amoes {{goal|82}}
|goals2= Meino {{goal|63}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
----
{{footballbox
|date=27 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|score= 2 – 4
|report=[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/315369/sloppy-karnataka-go-down-punjab.html Report]
|team2=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1= Meitei {{goal|80||90+2}}
|goals2= Sana {{goal|4}} Hela {{goal|17}} Dutta {{goal|57}} [[Dipendu Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}
{{footballbox
|date=27 February 2013
|time=
|team1=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score= 2 – 0
|report=[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/315369/sloppy-karnataka-go-down-punjab.html Report]
|team2=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1= Kumar {{goal|11||15}}
|goals2=
|stadium=Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, [[Kollam]]
|attendance=
|referee= }}

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{2012-13 in Indian football}}
{{Football in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2013 Santosh Trophy Group Stage}}
[[Category:2012–13 Santosh Trophy]]

Killing of Rahul Raj

2026-01-25T18:23:40Z

PenneyIrby336: creating a data

{{Short description|Indian hijacker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Rahul Raj
| father = Kundan Prasad Singh
| image_size = 140px
| image_caption = Rahul Raj
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| charge = Hijacking of [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus in [[Mumbai]]
| conviction_status = Deceased
}}

The shooting of '''Rahul Raj''' took place on 27 October 2008, aboard a [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. Raj was killed in the shootout with the police after he held a bus with 12 passengers hostage in suburban [[Kurla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.aol.com/video-detail/mumbai-police-kills-youth-with-gun/230222470/?icid=VIDLRV03|title=Mumbai police kills youth with gun|accessdate=2008-11-26}} {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref><ref name="timesnow.tv">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Newsdtls.aspx?NewsID=21583|title='Bihar youth was not shot from close range' |date=2008-11-22|accessdate=2008-11-26}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The [[Mumbai police]] alleged that he wanted to assassinate the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] chief, [[Raj Thackeray]].<ref name="hindu2008103061141200">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/30/stories/2008103061141200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211233819/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/30/stories/2008103061141200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2008|title=Slain youth wanted to kill Raj: police|date=30 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref><ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hcategory=13733685&hgallery=14785262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031033146/http://sify.com/news/imagegallery/galleryDetail.php?hcategory=13733685&hgallery=14785262|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-10-31|title=Day of the angry young man from Patna|website=Sify news|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> The incident sparked fierce criticism of the police and discussions nationwide, especially from the [[Bihar]] politicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/Nation/2008-11-06/481326news.html|title=Rahul encounter: SC to hear PIL|publisher=zeenews.com|accessdate=2008-11-26|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524151549/http://www.zeenews.com/Nation/2008-11-06/481326news.html|archivedate=2011-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042&sectionid=4&Itemid=1|title=Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray|date=31 October 2008|publisher=Indiatoday.in|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> The incident was also seen as a rise of [[Bihari people|Bihari]] sub-nationalism to counter the agitation against migrants from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] by [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]].<ref name="Indiatoday.in" />

==Shooting==

On 27 October 2008, Rahul Raj, a 25-year-old man from Patna, boarded a double decker city bus route No. 332 plying between [[Kurla]] and [[Andheri]] at [[Saki Naka]] stop around 10 am and went to the upper deck.<ref name="sify" /> Rahul, wielding a country made revolver, had taken control of the bus and injured one passenger. He was protesting against the [[2008 All-India Railway Recruitment Board examination attack|attacks on north Indian candidates appearing for a railway examination]] recently. He also wanted to talk to the Mumbai Police Commissioner and media. The three key eyewitnesses, including the bus conductor, have told the crime branch that Bhagat, the injured passenger, was injured by Rahul Raj's bullet.

Rahul reportedly said that he was not there to harm passengers but instead wanted to 'kill Raj Thackeray'. According to senior inspector, Dadasaheb Godse, Vinoba Bhave station, Kurla, Raj had shouted

<blockquote>I want to kill Raj Thackeray. I have nothing against the passengers. Don't shoot me.<ref name="hindu2008103061141200" /></blockquote>

However, he allegedly attacked the conductor of the bus and injured a passenger with his revolver.<ref name="sify" /><ref name="samachaar" /> The bus was taken to the nearest police station. According to key eyewitnesses, Rahul fired multiple shots: One outside the bus on seeing the police which lodged in the metal frame of the bus. He also fired a shot at a hostage passenger Bhagat, who had ducked between the seats on firing of the first shot. In a subsequent police shoot out, Mumbai Police shot him dead.<ref name="sify" /><ref name="samachaar" /> A special team of officers entered the bus and went to the upper deck of the bus. Three police officers fired 13 shots, 4 of which hit Rahul Raj, which was confirmed by a four-member panel of forensic experts at [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejebhoy Group of Hospitals|J J Hospital]] carried out a post-mortem on Rahul.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/06-rahul-raj-family-demanded-judicial-inquiry-after-post-mortem-report.htm|title=Patna: Rahul Raj's family demands judicial inquiry after post mortem report|date= 6 November 2008|work=rediff.com|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> Three hit him in the head and one went through his heart. It was alleged that police could have taken him into custody. ACP [[Sadanand Date]], the officer overseeing the operation (who was later seriously injured and attracted international attention during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] because of his actions resisting terrorists at the [[Cama Hospital|Cama and Albless Hospital]]),{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} later told reporters that Rahul Raj had fired upon the police & also shot a hostage passenger. Hence the police had to fire in retaliation.

==Reactions and protests==
The Deputy Chief Minister [[R. R. Patil]], who also heads the home department of the state, justified the police action against Rahul Raj, saying: "I fully justify the police action. If someone is firing at the police, they will not be silent spectators. Police opened fire at Rahul Raj only after he refused to surrender or hand over his revolver to the police. The police had no option but to fire at him".<ref name="Indiatoday.in" />
The killing of Rahul Raj sparked a row between the politicians of [[Bihar]] and [[Maharashtra]] with several parties demanding a judicial probe into the incident. The father of Rahul Raj, K.P. Singh, earlier said he would appeal to [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] for justice.<ref name="times3688767">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rahul_Rajs_father_to_meet_President/rssarticleshow/3688767.cms|title=Bihar slain youth's father to appeal to president for justice|date=8 Nov 2008|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> Unable to meet President Pratibha Patil to seek justice, he planned to file a writ petition in the supreme court<ref name="samachaar">{{cite web|url=http://www.samachaar.in/Bihar/Rahul_Raj's_father_to_file_petition_in_Supreme_Court_66728/|title=Rahul Raj's father to file petition in Supreme Court|date=14 November 2008|publisher=samachaar.in|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20081114/1104337.html|title=Rahul Raj's father to file petition in Supreme Court|date= 14 November 2008|publisher=webindia123.com|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> and seek justice from [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC).<ref name="msn">{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1690798|title=Rahul Raj's father to move NHRC|date=2 November 2008|publisher=in. MSN.com|accessdate=2008-11-26}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

Railway Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], also from the state of [[Bihar]], joined hands with his archrivals [[Nitish Kumar]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] to condemn the killing of Bihari youth Rahul Raj and demanded action. According to Lalu, the Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] had assured him of taking proper action in the matter. Former [[Delhi]] Police chief and the current Nagaland Governor [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] (then an MP from Bihar) also heavily criticised the police action. JD(U) MPs from Bihar resigned to protest Rahul Raj's murder. The move came after one of the doctors doing post-mortem claimed that one of the bullets that hit him may have been fired from close range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news.php?id=6531&cat=1&sub=15&subit=0|title=Rahul Raj shot from close range|date=26 November 2008|publisher=mathrubhumi.com|accessdate=2008-11-26}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, the autopsy report on Rahul Raj revealed that he had been shot from a distance of 4 metres.<ref name="timesnow.tv"/> The [[Lok Sabha]] speaker [[Somnath Chatterjee]] have accepted the resignation of five [[Janata Dal (United)]] [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]]s' resignation<ref name="ibnlive77898">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jdu-mps-resign-to-protest-rahul-rajs-murder/77898-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124617/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jdu-mps-resign-to-protest-rahul-rajs-murder/77898-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=JD(U) MPs resign to protest Rahul Raj's murder|date=11 Nov 2008|publisher=CNN IBN|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> Though the [[Maharashtra government]] offered a compensation of Rs 2 lakh to the youth's family, however, the relatives turned down the offer.<ref name="TimesPatilunderfire">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Patil-under-fire-for-offering-money-to-Rahul-Rajs-kin/articleshow/3742821.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022093404/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-22/mumbai/27918314_1_rahul-raj-compensation-criminals|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Patil under fire for offering money to Rahul Raj's kin|date=22 Nov 2008|access-date=2008-11-26|first1=Sanjeev|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Shivadekar}}</ref> The MNS general secretary Shirish Parkar accused the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] parties trying to appease both [[Marathi people|Marathis]] and [[North Indian]]s and their leaders.<ref name="TimesPatilunderfire" />

Some of the reactions of eminent people on the incident are as follows:

{{blockquote|The police did the right thing. Those who take the law in their hands, will be dealt with in the same way.|author=R R Patil, Home minister of Maharashtra<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070329 Nitish Kumar visits Rahul's family, locals protest]</ref>}}

{{blockquote|The Bihar Government and the people of the state share the view that a CBI inquiry is necessary to bring out the truth. After all, why a young man carrying a country made pistol, who could have been easily overpowered, was shot dead by the police? The people of the state have every right to know.|author=Nitish Kumar, Chief Minister of Bihar<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rahul-rajs-encounter-nitish-seeks-cbi-inquiry/378831/ Rahul Raj's encounter: Nitish seeks CBI inquiry]</ref>}}

{{blockquote|It is unfortunate, if this has not struck him. As per media reports, Rahul Raj, killed by Mumbai Police, was gunning for Raj Thackeray. We will never know the truth. His killing by the police is really unfortunate. Had he been taken alive he could have clarified his intentions. But it is clear that he was not a criminal and still the Mumbai Police treated him as one. It is tragic that the country's premier police force should gloat over a grievously botched-up operation for Rahul could have been disarmed through even a simple use of tear smoke. It was not one of those hostage situations where the police did not have a clear view or access to the hostage taker. The compulsions of the police to not even attempt the classic negotiation method are not known. After all photographs published in the newspapers show, Rahul was carrying a country made firearm which is hardly a lethal weapon that should have scared the crack team of Mumbai Police. We must not gloss over this tragic incident in which a young man was needlessly killed by impatient policemen. It led to a condemnable tragedy. We need to know why this happened. Only an impartial enquiry will help.|author=Nikhil Kumar (now Governor of Nagaland), Member of Parliament, former commissioner of police, Delhi<ref>[http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=30&issueid=78&id=19090&Itemid=1 Raj's protests anti-constitutional, anti-national: Nikhil Kumar]</ref>}}

{{blockquote|Rahul Raj was not a criminal. His intention was to draw public and government attention to the tirade started by MNS activists against north Indians. Rahul had no past criminal record and so one cannot compare his case with other encounters in which hardened criminals are killed by the police.|author=M N Singh, former commissioner of police, Mumbai<ref name="TimesPatilunderfire" />}}

Laloo Yadav later tried to encash this incident politically by getting the father of Rahul Raj to campaign for him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahul-rajs-father-is-lalus-new-poster-boy/91363-37.html |title=Rahul Raj's father is Lalu's new poster boy |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502080056/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahul-rajs-father-is-lalus-new-poster-boy/91363-37.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Supreme court on 10 November 2008, refused a judicial inquiry in the encounter of Rahul Raj.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-rules-out-judicial-inquiry-in-rahul-raj-case/77830-3.html |title=SC no to judicial inquiry in Rahul Raj case - India News - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006140627/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-rules-out-judicial-inquiry-in-rahul-raj-case/77830-3.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Investigation and Court cases==
The investigation into the incident has been handed over to the [[Mumbai]] crime branch. Another high level probe has been ordered by the Maharashtra government which is conducted by Maharashtra chief secretary [[Johny Joseph (civil servant)|Johny Joseph]].<ref name="hindu2008103061141200" /> When Maharashtra chief secretary Johny Joseph recently visited the hospital to record Manoj Bhagat's statement, the injured man was unable to recall the incident and the sequence of events. Bhagat was shot at by Rahul Raj.<ref name="TimesRahulRajprobe">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rahul-Raj-probe-Report-wont-be-ready-by-winter-session/articleshow/3742832.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022093348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-22/mumbai/27894927_1_rahul-raj-police-encounter-manoj-bhagat|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Rahul Raj probe: Report won't be ready by winter session|date=22 Nov 2008|access-date=2008-11-26|first1=Sanjeev|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Shivadekar}}</ref>

A Public Interest Litigation was filed in the apex court to seeks judicial probe into the killings of Rahul Raj.<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080071445&ch=11/5/2008%204:17:00%20PM {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Supreme Court issued a notice to the Maharashtra government asking it to respond to allegations of violence against north Indians by MNS workers. The court, however, turned down the plea for a judicial probe into the controversial encounter death of Rahul Raj. The Supreme Court judgement said that the encounter was justified as police did not know that the Rahul Raj was carrying any other weapon, it also said that police cannot act as spectator when any one is firing on public.

==See also==
*[[2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra]]
*[[Racism faced by the Bihari community in India]]

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Bihari sentiment]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:2008 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Mumbai]]

Satbari

2026-01-19T22:25:39Z

PenneyIrby336: Made data

{{short description|Village in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| official_name = Satbari
| other_name = Satbadi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = top
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| government_type = State government
| governing_body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| population_total = 6076
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_est = 9,166
| pop_est_as_of = 2022
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110074
| blank_name_sec1 = Civic body
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|28|27|N|77|11|34|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
}}
'''Satbari''' (also spelled as '''Satbadi''') is a village and census town located in the [[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] area of [[South Delhi district]] in [[Delhi]], India. Its postal code is 110074. It is situated near the southern [[Delhi Ridge|ridge]] of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravallis]], and is known for its greenery and [[Farmhouse|farmhouses]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Satbari Pin Code - 110074, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search south-west-delhi Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/delhi/south-west-delhi/satbari-pincode-110074.html#:~:text=of%20SATBARI,%20DELHI?-,SATBARI%20Pin%20Code%20is%20110074.,WEST%20DELHI,%20DELHI,%20India. |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://sec.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCERT/circulars-orders/fdo_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809192900/https://sec.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCERT/circulars-orders/fdo_final.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=sec.delhi.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>https://forest.delhi.gov.in/forest/map-southern-ridge-satbari</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi govt’s fact finding panel visits Satbari area where 1,100 trees ‘felled’, alleges cover-up |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/delhi-govts-fact-finding-panel-visits-satbari-area-where-1-100-trees-felled-alleges-cover-up-638225/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Bureaucrats lying to protect L-G, says AAP on felling of trees in Satbari Ridge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bureaucrats-lying-to-protect-l-g-says-aap-on-felling-of-trees-in-satbari-ridge-9533143/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Nikhil M. Babu & Satvika |date=2024-07-21 |title=A hole in Delhi’s green lung |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-hole-in-delhis-green-lung/article68426117.ece |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Satbari is one of the twelve villages of the Chhatarpur area in south Delhi. The majority of its residents follow the [[Islam|Islamic]] religion.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 October 2022 |title=25 Muslim homes demolished in Delhi; women allege police brutality |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-muslim-homes-demolished-in-delhi-women-allege-police-brutality-2444789/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Satberi Village Population - Hauz Khas - South Delhi, Delhi |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/64063-satberi-delhi.html |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trauma Of Kharak Satbari: How Home Demolitions Without Due Process Wrecked Lives In India’s Capital |url=https://article-14.com/post/the-trauma-of-kharak-satbari-how-home-demolitions-without-due-process-wrecked-lives-in-india-s-capital-63a26d1ec583a |access-date=19 January 2025 |website=article-14.com}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the reports of the [[2011 census of India]], Satbari had a population of 6,076 of which 3,438 (57%) were males while 2,628 (43%) were females.<ref name=":0" />

In 2011, the literacy rate of Satbari was 81.60%, compared to 86.21% in Delhi. In the village, the male literacy rate was 88.56%, and the female literacy rate was 72.14%.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable people ==
* [[Huma Qureshi]], actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi Visits Her Father's Restaurant: "Tarla Was Here" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/huma-qureshi-s-father-adds-tarla-dalal-s-batata-musallam-to-saleem-s-menu-after-watching-her-trailer-4176479 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Schools nearby ==
*[[Col. Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School]]{{fact|date=May 2025}}
*Made Easy School{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== See also ==
*[[Chandan Hola]]
*[[Rajpur Khurd]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

Madepalle

2026-01-18T23:07:17Z

PenneyIrby336: new new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madepalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[village]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=14,278|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5132
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534004
| registration_plate = AP-37
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Madepalle''' is a [[village]] in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Eluru mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. The town is a constituent of [[Eluru]] [[urban agglomeration]].<ref name=census />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Madepalle had a population of 5132. The total population constitute, 2528 males and 2604 females with a sex ratio of 1030 females per 1000 males. 524 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with child sex ratio of 1130 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 77.04 %<ref name=census />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Eluru topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Pitang oying

2026-01-05T05:11:40Z

PenneyIrby336: added new article more to come

{{Short description| Traditional delicacy of the Mising people}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox Prepared Food
| name = Pitang oying
| name_lang = mrg
| image = Pitang Oying - Mising Kitchen Resturant, Guwahati, Assam, 1618420295814. jpg.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alternative_name =
| type = Chicken curry
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Assam]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine]], [[Assamese cuisine]]
}}
'''Pitang oying''' is a traditional [[delicacy]] of the [[Mising people]].<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Atul Lahkar |date=Nov 28, 2019 |title=Pithagurir Lagat Kukura Mangkha |url=https://scroll.in/food/943743/pithagurir-lagat-kukura-mangkha |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=scroll.in}}</ref> It is prepared by cooking chicken meat with flour. Literally "Pitang" means rice flour and the word "Oying" refers to curry. Collectively "Pitang Oying" means chicken cooked with flour.

== Ingredients ==
The main ingredients required to prepare Pitang oying are chicken meat and rice powder (flour). Any rice flour can be used except bora rice or sticky rice. Apart from this, common ingredients like mustard oil, onion, garlic, ginger, chillies, bay leaves, salt, pepper powder, turmeric etc. are also used here. Raw coriander and cloves can also be added to the dish.<ref name="Slurp">{{Cite web |last=Ranita Ray |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Pitang Oiying Or Chicken In Rice Flour Gravy Of Assam's Mising Tribe, A Rare Delicacy |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/pitang-oiying-or-chicken-in-rice-flour-gravy-of-assams-mising-tribe-a-rare-delicacy-1674649792550 |access-date=16 February 2023 |publisher=slurrp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doley |first=Normoda |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Description of making pitang oying |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2243533/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |website=UNT Digital Library |language=Mising}}https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2243533/#description-content-main</ref>

== Procedure ==
Pitang oying is prepared in two ways. The first method involves frying the meat first using oil. The second method involves cooking the dish only by boiling it in water without the use of oil.

To make Pitang oying, the chicken is first cleaned and cut into small pieces. The rice is washed thoroughly after soaking it in water for some time. The rice is then ground into a cheap form. The meat is fried for some time by heating oil in a pan and adding onion, garlic and other ingredients. After this, the rice flour is slowly added to the boil and the meat is stirred. After adding salt, chillies, etc., to the measure, the pitang is cooked till it is cooked and finally chopped into raw coriander leaves and put down from the fire।<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=Sep 12, 2017 |title=Chicken with Rice Flour Recipe |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/chicken-with-rice-flour/rs60465323.cms |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=recipes.timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref name="scroll"/> It is usually served with [[Purang apin]].

In many cases, pitang oying is cooked without the use of oil. In this method, water is boiled in a pan and the rice flour is added little by little. This is followed by the addition of chicken, salt, chillies, onions, garlic, vegetables etc. and boiled till cooked.

== Similar dishes ==
Apart from the Misings, there is a tradition among various tribes of the [[Northeast India]] to cook indigenous chicken with flour. Pitang Oying is closely associated with dishes such as Daonohen Hon of the [[Dimasa people]], Onla Jong Dao Dzong of the [[Boro people]], and Amsu of the Ao tribe of the [[Naga people]].<ref name="atmykitchen">{{cite web | url=https://atmykitchen.net/2019/12/24/amsu-chicken-with-rice-flour-chicken-porridge/ | title=Amsu / Chicken With Rice Flour / Chicken Porridge | publisher=atmykitchen.net | date=24 Dec 2019 | accessdate=17 February 2023 | author=Akum Raj Jamir}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Assamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Mising cuisine]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Karnataka

2026-01-05T03:00:14Z

PenneyIrby336: Made new data

{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INKN|sc2=WP:KAR}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Karnataka]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka/to do|to-do list]] there.

==Project Scope==
The scope of this project is essentially creation and curation of articles and sections relating to [[Karnataka]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Karnataka]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Portal==
* {{portal-inline|Bangalore}}

==Project Goals==
([[User:arunram|Arunram]]: These goals needs a review for coverage and currency by the volunteers)

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Karnataka-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Karnataka.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good Articles]] as possible related to Karnataka.
# To write as many [[WP:DYK|Did you know]] articles as possible related to Karnataka.
# Karnataka-related Tourist Attractions to be given more importance and it should be improved with suitable images of the places, since these articles will be read by many from outside India.
# Those who read about Karnataka should have the feeling that they should visit Karnataka and India.

==Project context==

===Parentage===
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

===Descendant WikiProjects===
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mangalore |WikiProject Mangalore]]

===Similar WikiProjects===
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Goa|WikiProject Goa]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir|WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Kerala|WikiProject Kerala]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu|WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Karnataka, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me too}}</nowiki></code> (or <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me too|optional comment}}</nowiki></code> if you would like to insert a comment about who you are or your areas of expertise) to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|ImperialAficionado}}
#{{User|AkshayAnand}}
#{{User|Anand2202}}
#{{User|Arunram}}
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#{{User|Tinucherian}}
#{{User|Vijethnbharadwaj}}
#{{User|Vincentvikram}}
#{{User|Brusquedandelion}}
#{{User|Manthara}} – I will be contributing mainly on [[Kannada cinema]] related articles.
#{{User|Gangaasoonu}}{{#if:| – }}
#{{User|Rrohit23021981}}

===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Amarrg}} - last active Jul 2012 - 6500+ edits
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===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Karnataka should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Karnataka participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Karnataka participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Karnataka}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Karnataka}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Karnataka|invite}}
{{yyend}}
For other Karnataka user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Karnataka user templates]]}}'''.

==Departments==
Departments are groups of members who do specific work. Tasks include authoring, maintaining the project pages, administering portals, adding articles, participating in reviews, managing the project and so on. The following is a list of departments within the WikiProject. WikiProject Members may not necessarily do only departmental tasks. They can contribute content as a member of Work Groups as well.

=== Outreach ===
The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka/Outreach|outreach department]]''' guides its members on strengthening the sense of community in this project. Members' tasks include welcoming new members in the project, helping other editors in the project, managing the newsletters and helping the general project community to be in touch.

=== Article Collaboration ===

The '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka/Collaboration|Current Karnataka Collaboration]]''' seeks to identify particular articles that would benefit from a significant collaborative effort. Every week, a single article is selected as the focus, and the project attempts to improve it, potentially to [[Wikipedia:What is a featured article|featured article standards]].

Any articles dealing with some aspect of Karnataka (except for current [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|featured articles]] and [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|featured article candidates]]) are eligible, and everyone is invited to nominate articles.

=== Commons ===

'''Context''' 

Lot of articles in Karnataka related to People, Places, Culture, Natural wonders do not have pictures to support them. Bangalore is the home of numerous photography clubs. Creating awareness and requesting contributions to commons would go a long way in articles being more comprehensive.

Also there is little audio and video content on Karnataka. This would be a big benefit for articles related to Dance and Art forms or people. We would like to encourage content contributions in this area.

* [[commons:Category:Karnataka|Karnataka on Commons]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Karnataka]]

==Project standards==

===Naming conventions===
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

===Structure===
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==Project Toolbox==

=== WikiProject Karnataka notice ===

Place this WikiProject notice [[Template:WP India]] at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Karnataka for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WP India|karnataka=yes}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WP India|karnataka=yes|category=no}}

===Stubs===
For Karnataka related stubs use the '''<nowiki>{{karnataka-stub}}</nowiki>''' template. If it is about the geography of Karnataka, the '''<nowiki>{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}</nowiki>''' may also be used in addition. This will go into the [[:Category:Karnataka geography stubs]] category and [[:Category:Karnataka stubs]].

===Templates===

*{{tl|Karnataka topics}}
*{{tl|Karnataka-stub}}
*{{tl|Karnataka-geo-stub}}
*{{tl|Kannada-film-stub}}
*{{tl|Historical Places in Karnataka}}
*{{tl|History of Karnataka}} Timeline of different empires/dynasties
*{{tl|KarnatakaHistory}} Various components of [[History of Karnataka]]
*{{tl|Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
*{{tl|Historical places of Chalukyas}}
*{{tl|Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}

== Featured content ==

===[[WP:FA|Featured articles]]===
This is a list of Featured articles related to [[Karnataka]]:
{{Portal:Karnataka/List of Featured Articles related to Karnataka}}

===Featured lists===
* none at the moment

== Article coverage initiatives==

===Karnataka 1000===

Topics for coverage of Karnataka1000:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Topic Category !! Article Count !! Topics in Category !! Status
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Art_%26_Architecture|Art & Architecture]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Art_%26_Architecture|ಕಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಾಸ್ತುಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]]|| 50 || Folks Art || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Culture|Culture]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Culture|ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ]] || 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Literature|Literature]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Literature|ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ]]|| 100 || '''EN:''' [[Vachana_sahitya|Vachana Sahitya]], [[Dasa Sahitya]] '''KN:''' ವಚನ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ, ದಾಸ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ|| To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Geography|Geography]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Geography|ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] || 100 || Mountains, Hills, Lakes, || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/History|History]] '''KN: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/History|ಇತಿಹಾಸ]]''' || 100 || '''EN:''' Dynasties, Kings, Kingdoms, Wars, War memorials '''KN:''' ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು, ರಾಜರು, ರಾಜ್ಯ/ಅಧಿಪತ್ಯಗಳು, ಯುದ್ದಗಳು, ಯುದ್ದ ಸ್ಮಾರಕಗಳು || To start '''KN:''' ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿ
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Food|Food]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Food|ಆಹಾರ]]|| 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Sport|Sport]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Sport|ಕ್ರೀಡೆ]] || 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/People|People]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/People|ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಜನರು]]|| 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Awards|Awards]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Awards|ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳು]] || 50 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Entertainment|Entertainment]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Entertainment|ಮನೋರಂಜನೆ]] || 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Science|Science]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Science|ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ]]|| 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Business|Business]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Business|ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳು]]|| 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Government|Government]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Government|ಸರ್ಕಾರ]] || 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Language|Language]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Language|ಭಾಷೆ]] || 100 || || To start
|-
| '''EN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Animals, Flora and Fauna|Animals, Flora and Fauna]] '''KN:''' [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Karnataka/Karnataka1000/Animals, Flora and Fauna|ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು, ಸಸ್ಯ ಸಂಪತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಸಂಕುಲ]]|| 100 || || To start
|}

===Karnataka 100===

This initiative would be to choose a subset of the Karnataka1000 article list that is truly representative of Karnataka across various facets. The Karnataka100 would then be the focus of translations across Indian language wikis and other international language wikis.

At this stage we would involve translators from other languages or projects.

Potential Indic languages for translation of Kannada100 are:

# Tamil
# Malayalam
# Telugu
# Hindi
# Bengali
# Marathi
# Marathi
# Gujarati
# Urdu
# Sanskrit

== Articles todo ==

===Articles for Improvement and Expansion===
{| valign=top cellpadding=4
|colspan=3 align=center|
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Palkigundu and Gavimath, Koppal]]
* [[Sidlaphadi]]
* [[Raichur Fort]]
* [[Malliabad]]
* [[Goykanadi]]
* [[Jalasangvi]]
* [[Annigeri]] - [[Annigeri#Annigeri skulls|Annigeri skulls]]
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Telugu-Kannada script]]
* [[Kannada dialects]]
* [[Ratta dynasty]]
* [[Hirebenkal]]
* [[Kinhal Craft]]
* [[Kanaganahalli]]
|
* [[Chutu|Chutus of Banavasi]]
* [[Sanganakallu]]
* [[Jaladurga]]
* [[Forts of Karnataka]]
* [[Kadamba of Hangal|Kadambas of Hangal]]
* [[Kadambas of Halasi]]
* [[Kadamba script]]
* [[Bhattiprolu script]]
* [[Anegondi]] / [[Anegundi]]
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|}

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Madurai International Hockey Stadium

2026-01-01T05:06:05Z

PenneyIrby336: new a details

{{Short description|Stadium in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Madurai International Hockey Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Madurai International Hockey Stadium.png
| fullname =
| location = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.94054|78.14328|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 2025
| opened = 22 November 2025
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu
| operator =
| surface = Artificial Turf
| construction_cost = {{INRconvert|20|c}}
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 2,000
| public_transit = [[TNSTC (Madurai)]]}}

Madurai International Hockey Stadium is a field hockey stadium at [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latest Hockey News and Updates - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/madurai-international-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-ahead-of-fih-mens-junior-hockey-world-cup-2025 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref> Inaugurated by Deputy Chief Minister [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] on 22 November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udhayanidhi Stalin inaugurates new hockey stadium in Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/udhayanidhi-stalin-inaugurates-new-hockey-stadium-in-madurai/article70311732.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is the venue for the [[2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]], and hosted the tournament from 28th November to 08th December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Madurai’s New International Hockey Stadium: How Tamil Nadu Is Preparing for the Junior World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/inside-madurais-new-international-hockey-stadium-how-tamil-nadu-is-preparing-for-the-junior-world-cup/photostory/125518688.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2025}}</ref> It is one of the International Hockey Stadiums located in Tamil Nadu, followed by the [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]] in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
==See also==
*[[MGR Race Course Stadium]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Field hockey venues in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Madurai]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Rupali Krishnarao

2025-12-27T08:07:50Z

PenneyIrby336: added the bio first draft

{{short description|Indian actress}}
[[File:Rupali Krushnarao Image.jpg|thumb]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2020}}
}}
'''Rupali Krishnarao''' (born 15 January 1983),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/|title=Artiste|website=Movie Talkies}}</ref> is an Indian actor, known for her role in ''[[Koyelaanchal]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/koyelaanchal-review-turbulent-drama-of-the-damned_154723.html|title='Koyelaanchal' review: Turbulent drama of the damned|date=8 May 2014|website=Zee News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{commons category|Rupali Krishnarao}}
* {{IMDb name|6400937}}
* {{Facebook|rupali.krishnarao|Rupali Krishnarao}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnarao, Rupali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

Seema Rao

2025-12-22T13:27:53Z

PenneyIrby336: revised

{{short description|Indian commando trainer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seema Rao
| image = Dr Seema Rao Woman Commando Trainer at Corps Battle School Northern Command Indian Army.png
| caption = Seema Rao at Corps Battle School Northern Command Indian Army
| website = {{official website|drseemarao.com/}}
}}
'''Seema Rao''' is popularly known as “Wonder Woman of India” amongst the Indian media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wonder Woman: Dr Seema Rao, India's First And Only Woman Commando Trainer |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/wonder-woman-dr-seema-rao-indias-first-and-only-woman-commando-trainer-203280.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=femina.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Nivedita Jayaram |date=2017-06-25 |title=India's wonder woman |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/250617/indias-wonder-woman.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LIV |first=SIpping Thoughts |date=2019-11-28 |title=Dr. Seema Rao- The Wonder Woman of India - |url=https://sippingthoughtsliv.com/dr-seema-rao-the-wonder-woman-of-india/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Sipping Thoughts Liv |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maa-Beti Wonder Women: Seema and Komal Rao - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/the-maa-beti-wonder-women-seema-and-komal-rao/articleshow/63218848.cms |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Theskywalker |date=2017-10-29 |title=Interview with 'Wonder Woman' Dr. Seema Rao: "I hold honour and duty above material gains" |url=https://starofmysore.com/interview-wonder-woman-dr-seema-rao-hold-honour-duty-material-gains/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Meet Seema Rao, India's first woman Commando trainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/meet-seema-rao-indias-first-woman-commando-trainer-5308975/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is India's first female special forces trainer,<ref name="Women Power: Dr. Seema Rao's Iron Will">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-india-first-women-commando-trainer-dr-seema-rao-still-stealthy-intentions-jagran-special-19039556.html|title=Women Power: Dr. Seema Rao's Iron Will| access-date=2019-03-14|publisher=jagran.com}}</ref><ref name="IWD Special Interview of Dr. Seema Rao">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/national/news/international-womens-day-special-interview-of-dr-seema-rao-01496877.html|title=IWD Special Interview of Dr. Seema Rao|date=7 March 2019| access-date=2019-03-08|publisher=bhaskar.com}}</ref> having trained [[Special Forces of India]] for over two decades without compensation. She is an expert in [[Close combat|close quarter battle]] (CQB)<ref name="Seema Rao - CQB Specialist">{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/womens-day-special-meet-dr-seema-rao-indias-first-woman-commando-trainer/articleshow/57532488.cms |title=Dr Seema Rao Commando Trainer | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=indiatimes.com}}</ref> — the art of fighting in tight proximity — and is involved in training various Indian forces.<ref name="Seema Rao - Forces Trainer">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-38725388 |title= Training the Indian Forces |newspaper= BBC News हिंदी |date= 25 January 2017 | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=BBC}}</ref> She works in partnership with Major [[Deepak Rao]], her husband.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/210816/desi-super-woman.html|title=Indian Super Woman Dr. Seema Rao |date=20 August 2016 | access-date=2016-08-21|publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet India's only woman commando trainer Dr Seema Rao|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/meet-indias-only-woman-commando-trainer-dr-seema-rao-3692201.htm|access-date=2020-10-30|website=cnbctv18.com|date=14 June 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Born to an Indian freedom fighter, Professor Ramakant Sinari, Rao has an MBA in crisis management.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} She was a Mrs India World beauty pageant finalist.<ref name="Dr Seema Rao - India's only commando trainer">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/meet-seema-rao-india-s-only-female-commando-trainer-who-s-also-a-firefighter-a-filmmaker-258725.html |title=Dr Seema Rao - India's only commando trainer | access-date=2016-07-11|publisher=indiatimes}}</ref> Seema has also studied Immunology at Harvard Medical School and has an MBA from Westminster Business School.<ref name=":1" />

Rao earned her Para Wings by skydiving in the [[Indian Air Force]] course.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Drivers of Change: Seema Rao |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/interview/story/drivers-of-change-seema-rao-2518591-2024-03-23 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She is a combat shooting instructor, an Army mountaineering institute HMI medalist,<ref name=":0" /> and an [[Black belt (martial arts)|8th degree Blackbelt]] in military martial arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Seema Rao, India's Only Woman Combat Trainer|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/meet-seema-rao-indias-only-woman-combat-trainer-162270.html|access-date=2020-10-30|website=femina.in|language=en}}</ref> She is one of a handful of instructors authorised to teach [[Jeet Kune Do]].<ref name="Seema Rao - Sr JKD Instructor">{{cite web|url=http://lokmarg.com/dr-seema-rao-the-indian-superwoman-who-has-mastered-jeet-kune-do-2/ |title= Jeet Kune Do Instructor - Dr Seema Rao |date= 19 December 2016 | access-date=2017-06-25|publisher=LokMarg}}</ref> She co-invented a new method of shooting, called The Rao System of Reflex Fire, for close quarters combat, along with her husband [[Deepak Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes India - Dr Seema Rao: India's First Female Combat Trainer, Fighting Stereotypes|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2019-wpower-trailblazers/dr-seema-rao-indias-first-female-combat-trainer-fighting-stereotypes/52713/1|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> Together, the Raos are recipients of three Army Chief citations for over two decades of contribution to training 15,000 soldiers.<ref name="Eyecatchers Combat Couple">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100823-the-unstoppables-743780-2010-08-12 |title=Unstoppables Combat Couple | access-date=2009-10-04|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:President of India awarding Nari Shakti Puraskar.jpg|thumb|President of India [[Ram Nath Kovind]] (right) awarding Nari Shakti Puraskar to Seema Rao (left) on International Women's Day, 2019]]
Rao was ranked sixth in the 2019 [[Forbes India]] W-Power Trailblazer list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/wpower_2019.php?tblname=wpower2019&list_id=1759&pg=all|title=Dr Seema Rao is No 6 in the 2019 Forbes India Woman-Power| access-date=2019-03-01|publisher=forbesindia.com}}</ref> She received [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] from the [[President of India]] in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/president-gives-away-nari-shakti-puraskar-woman-marine-pilot-commando-trainer-receive-loudest-cheers/India/news/1522459.html|title=President gives Nari Shakti Puraskar, woman marine pilot, commando trainer receive loudest cheers| access-date=2019-03-08|publisher=uniindia.com}}</ref> and is a World Peace Awardee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=Meet India's only woman commando trainer Dr Seema Rao - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/meet-indias-only-woman-commando-trainer-dr-seema-rao-3692201.htm |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> She was included in the India today 2024 She List of influential Indian women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/the-she-list-defence/ar-AA1lZ7xT |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Books ==
Rao has co-authored several books including "Encyclopedia of Close Combat Ops" and "A Comprehensive Analysis of World Terrorism". She has also written a book "Handbook of World Terrorism" along with her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2020 |title=Men in uniform get a shot in the arm from combat couple {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/men-in-uniform-get-a-shot-in-the-arm-from-combat-couple/articleshow/5060789.cms |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}</ref> Some of her books on combat training have gone to FBI and INTERPOL Libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Nivedita Jayaram |date=2017-06-25 |title=India's wonder woman |url=https://www.asianage.com/age-on-sunday/250617/indias-wonder-woman.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=Meet India's only woman commando trainer Dr Seema Rao - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/buzz/meet-indias-only-woman-commando-trainer-dr-seema-rao-3692201.htm |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-21 |title=Meet Seema Rao, India's Only Female Commando Trainer, Who's Also A Firefighter & A Filmmaker! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/meet-seema-rao-india-s-only-female-commando-trainer-who-s-also-a-firefighter-a-filmmaker-258725.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!ISBN
|-
|Commando Manual of Unarmed Combat
|978-81-907765-9-2<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Deepak |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=389713&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20Seema%20Rao |title=Commando: manual of unarmed combat |last2=Rao |first2=Seema |date=2010 |publisher=UCCA Publication |isbn=978-81-907765-9-2 |edition=Limited |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
|Forces Handbook of World Terrorism
|978-81-907765-8-5<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Seema |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1440071&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20Seema%20Rao |title=Forces handbook of world terrorism |last2=Rao |first2=Deepak |date=2010 |publisher=UCCA |isbn=978-81-907765-8-5 |edition= |location=Mumbai |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sīmārāvu |url=https://inb.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306286 |title=Forces handbook of world terrorism |last2=Rāvu |first2=Dipāk |date=2010 |publisher=UCCA Publication |isbn=978-81-907765-8-5 |location=Gurgaon(Mumbai)}}</ref>
|-
|Encyclopaedia of Close Combat Ops - Advanced Commando Combat System
|978-81-907765-0-9<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Deepak |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1440072 |title=Encyclopedia of close combat OPS : advanced commando combat system |last2=Rao |first2=Seema |date=2010 |publisher=UCCA |isbn=978-81-907765-8-5 |edition= |location=Mumbai |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|Balidan: Essential Commando Skills for Counter Terror Ops
|978-81-938895-1-0<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Deepak |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1623447&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20Deepak%20Rao |title=Balidan |date=2019 |publisher=Unarmed Commando Combat Academy |isbn=978-81-938895-1-0}}</ref>
|-
|Strike to Kill: Army Battle Combatives
|978-81-938895-0-3<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Deepak |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1623276 |title=Strike to kill: army battle combatives course: the ABC method of unarmed combat: a 24 period field manual of UAC |date=2018 |publisher=UCCA Publication |others=Unarmed Commando Combat Academy |isbn=978-81-938895-0-3 |location=s.l.}}</ref>
|-
|Field Book of Explosive Recognition for Anti Terror Ops
|978-81-907765-4-7<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Deepak |url=https://nationallibraryopac.nvli.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1440262&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20Seema%20Rao |title=Filed book of explosive recognition for anti terror OPS |last2=Rao |first2=Seema |date=2018 |publisher=UCCA Publication |isbn=978-81-907765-4-7 |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Seema}}
[[Category:Indian Jeet Kune Do practitioners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Kannada

2025-12-16T18:20:55Z

PenneyIrby336: new a post

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || [[Bolwar Mahammad Kunhi]] || ''Paapu Gandhi: Gandhi Baapu Aada Kathe'' || Novelette || <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/22/central-sahitya-akademi-award-for-2-dakshina-kannada-writers-1551896--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225144209/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/dec/22/central-sahitya-akademi-award-for-2-dakshina-kannada-writers-1551896--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 25, 2016|title=Central Sahitya Akademi award for 2 Dakshina Kannada writers|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Na D'Souza]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name=chair>{{cite news|title=Na. D'Souza to chair 80th Kannada literary meet|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/na-dsouza-to-chair-80th-kannada-literary-meet/article5422400.ece|accessdate=4 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || Palakala Sitaram Bhatta || ''Mulugade Oorige Bandavaru'' || Novelette ||
|-
| 2013 || H.S. Venkateshmurthy || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Anand V. Patil || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || T. S. Nagaraja Shetty || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Sumatheendra R. Nadig|Sumatheendra Nadig]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2017 || [[N. S. Lakshminarayan Bhat]] || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || ||
|-
| 2018 || KanchyaniSharanappa ShivasanQappa || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Chandrakant Karadalli || ''Kadu Kanasina Beedige'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2020 || H. S. Byakod || ''Nanoo Ambedkar'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2021 || Basu Bevinagida || ''Odi Hoda Huduga'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2022 || Tammanna Beegara || ''Bavali Guhe'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Vijayashree Haladi || ''Surakki Gate'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Krishnamurthy Biligere || ''Choomantrayyana Kathegalu'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || K Shivalingappa Handihal || ''Notebook'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kannada]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Sonepat-Kharkhoda IMT land case

2025-11-06T08:44:45Z

PenneyIrby336: reworked article for clarity additionally per sources

#REDIRECT [[Sonipat–Kharkhoda IMT land case]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Puneet Kumar Bahl

2025-10-04T07:03:49Z

PenneyIrby336: added content after review per sources

{{short description|Indian Navy admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = Puneet K Bahl
| honorific_suffix = [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:VAdm Puneet K Bahl.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = July 1984–December 2023
| rank = [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-8.svg|20px]] [[File:13-Indian_Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Indian Naval Academy]] [[Project Seabird]] Maharashtra Area Goa Area [[INS Rajali]] {{ship|INS|Betwa|F39}} {{ship|INS|Sujata|P56}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}
[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Puneet Kumar Bahl''', [[AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a former officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He last served as the [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy|Commandant]] of the [[Indian Naval Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ina.gov.in/?q=node/1406|title=COMMANDANT, VICE ADMIRAL PUNEET K BAHL, AVSM, VSM|date=2021-12-27}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Director General Project Seabird]], [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA) in Mumbai and as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area]] (FOGA) and [[Flag Officer Naval Aviation (India)|Flag Officer Naval Aviation]] (FONA).

==Early life and education==
Bahl graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]]. He later attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] where he was awarded the Lengtaine Medal, and the Naval higher command course at the [[College of Naval Warfare]], Mumbai.<ref name="DG Seabird" />

== Naval career ==
Bahl was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 July 1984. He trained as a [[Naval aviator]] and is a [[maritime reconnaissance]] pilot, having flown six different types of aircraft. He also qualified as a ship's diver.<ref>{{cite web |author=News Desk |title=Rear Admiral Puneet Kumar Bahl, VSM is Flag Officer commanding Maharashtra Naval Area |url=https://hwnews.in/news/national-news/rear-admiral-puneet-kumar-bahl-vsm-flag-officer-commanding-maharashtra-naval-area/34070 |website=HW English |date=12 February 2018}}</ref> As a pilot, he served at the [[naval air station]]s [[INS Garuda]] and [[INS Rajali]]. He also served on the [[Indian Air Force]] [[List of Indian Air Force stations|station]] [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|AFS Yelahanka]] and with the CGAS 700 squadron of the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. He also participated in flying operations in Operation Tasha and [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]].<ref name="FOGA/FONA" />

Bahl has commanded the [[Brahmaputra-class frigate|Brahmaputra-class]] [[guided missile frigate]] {{INS|Betwa|F39}} and the [[Sukanya-class patrol vessel]] {{ship|INS|Sujata|P56}} and served on board the [[aircraft carrier]] {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}}, the guided missile frigate {{ship|INS|Godavari|F20}} and INS Porbandar.<ref name="DG Seabird">{{cite web |title=Director General Project Seabird {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/director-general-project-seabird-0 |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> He has served as [[Directing staff]] at DSSC Wellington and subsequently as the Joint Director Naval Air Staff (Aviation Plans) at Naval headquarters.

As a [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]], he served as the [[Defence Attaché]] (DA) in [[Japan]] and [[Republic of Korea]] at the Embassy of India at Tokyo from 2007 to 2010. As the DA, he coordinated and facilitated a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between India and Japan.<ref name="FOMA" /> Promoted to the rank of [[Commodore (India)|commodore]], Bahl commanded the premier strategic airbase INS Rajali. He oversaw the induction and operationalisation of the [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I]] for which the base was awarded with the unit citation by the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)]].<ref name="DG Seabird" />

===Flag rank===
[[File:Rear Admiral Puneet K Bahl and the Commanding Officer of the visiting Omani naval ship.JPG|thumb|right|RAdm Bahl as FOGA/FONA with the CO of a visiting [[Royal Navy of Oman]] ship.]]
In January 2015, Bahl was promoted to the rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]] and appointed Assistant Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff, WSOI (ACIDS WSOI) at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS) headquarters. After a short stint as ACIDS, in October that year, he took over as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area]] (FOGA) and dual-hatted as the [[Flag Officer Naval Aviation (India)|Flag Officer Naval Aviation]] (FONA).<ref name="FOGA/FONA">{{cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Rear Admiral Puneet Bahl is new Flag Officer Goa Area |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rear-admiral-puneet-bahl-is-new-flag-officer-goa-area-115100600880_1.html |website=Business Standard India |date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=h21 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2017/feb16-17/h21.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in}}</ref> He served as FOGA&FONA for two-and-a-half years, after which he moved to Mumbai as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA), succeeding Rear Admiral [[Sanjay Mahindru]] in February 2018.<ref name="FOMA">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Puneet Kumar Bahl, VSM Assumes Charge as Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-puneet-kumar-bahl-vsm-assumes-charge-flag-officer-commanding-maharashtra-naval |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="FOMA twitter">{{cite tweet|number=963072260163563525|user=indiannavy|title=Rear Admiral Puneet Kumar Bahl VSM assumes charge as Flag officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area (FOMA)|date=2018-02-12|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, he was appointed Chief Staff Officer (Training) of the [[Southern Naval Command]] in Kochi.<ref name="CSO (Trg)">{{cite web |title=Airborne Tacticians for Navy and Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1578066 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=13 Navy, 3 Coast Guard officers graduate as Observers at Passing Out Parade at INS Garuda |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/13-navy-3-coast-guard-officers-graduate-as-observers-at-passing-out-parade-at-ins-garuda-2218252.html |website=Zee News |language=en |date=10 July 2019}}</ref> He subsequently served as the Chief Instructor (Navy) at the [[Defence Services Staff College]] (DSSC), [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. On 1 January 2021, he was promoted to the rank of [[Vice admiral (India)|vice admiral]] and appointed [[Director General Project Seabird]].

==Personal life==
Bahl is married to Anjali Bahl. The couple have two sons, Dhruv and Robin.<ref name="DG Seabird" />

==Awards and decorations==
In 2005, he was awarded the [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Commendation Card|Chief of Naval Staff commendation card]]. For distinguished service, he was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal in 2015 and the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in 2020.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Project Seabird]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Ravneet Singh (vice admiral)|Ravneet Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Flag Officer Commanding Goa Naval Area]] & [[Flag Officer Naval Aviation (India)|Flag Officer Naval Aviation]] | years = 2015 – 2018}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Philipose George Pynumootil]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Sanjay Mahindru]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] | years = 2018 – 2019}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Rajesh Pendharkar]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ravneet Singh (vice admiral)|Ravneet Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General Project Seabird]]|years=January 2021 – December 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tarun Sobti]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. A. Hampiholi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]|years=December 2021 – 31 December 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vineet McCarty]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahl, Puneet Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Indian naval aviators]]
[[Category:Reconnaissance pilots]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Indian Naval Academy]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for India]]
[[Category:Directors General Project Seabird]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]

Janwal

2025-09-20T08:04:51Z

PenneyIrby336: creating stub

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Janwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.306288|N|73.1401237|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 15
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 482
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552645
| footnotes =
}}
'''Janwal''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Janwal has 97 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 78.16%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 482 || 244 || 238
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 79 || 36 || 43
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 143 || 71 || 72
|-
| Literates || 315 || 173 || 142
|-
| Workers (all) || 128 || 124 || 4
|-
| Main workers (total) || 102 || 98 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 16 || 16 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 5 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 3 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 78 || 74 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 26 || 26 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 9 || 9 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 15 || 15 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 354 || 120 || 234
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Maniyar

2025-08-03T07:01:45Z

PenneyIrby336: basic refined section after review also and corrected details per standard format

{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maniyar
| native_name = parshuram nagari
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Muniwar
| nickname = Maniar
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|50|N|84|02|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 18750
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[bhojpuri language|bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Maniyar''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Ballia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is also called '''Parshuram Nagari'''.

The name is derived from the word Muniwar. It was called the land of saints and monks. The Hindu god [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] was said to have meditated there for a long time. Maharshi Parshuram Dham temple was built there in the 16th century.

Maniyar is situated on the banks of Saryu or [[Ghaghara|Ghaghra river]].

== Nawka Baba ==
[[File:nawkababa.jpg|thumb|The Pind of twin brothers known as 'Nawka Baba']]
Nawka Baba temple is one of the best known temples. The temple is known for its spirits, which are said to leave people's bodies as they enter the temple due to [[black magic]]. A pond is nearby. A fair is held in April and October. Pilgrims worship at Nawka Baba and Sataku Baba, another small temple 100 meters from Nawka Baba. Sataku Baba, also known as Bhudhwa Baba temple, is known for the same reasons as Nawka Baba.
[[File:Bhhotkhelna.jpg|thumb|"Bhoot khelna" ritual at Nawka Baba Temple]]

== Parshuram Dham ==
Parshuram temple was built in the 16th century of ''lakhauri'' bricks with old plaster. Architectural elements can be seen on it and, according to some locals, Lord Parshuram meditated there. Small temples surround the complex. Barahdwari (or twelve gateways) was built by traders Lachhu Bhagat and Billar Bhagat in the 18th century. Miniature paintings were made on the ceilings, but cannot be seen because locals painted over them.

== Jhalak Baba ki Mathiya==
This ''mathiya'' belongs to Das Tradition. "Baba Jhalak Das" is a Saint of Das Tradition Mahanth in this mathiya in the 20th century. He was born in 1927 in a Suhwal village near Sahtwar. Tapsi Das Jamuna Das Narayan Das was formerly Mahanth. In this ''mathia'' Thakur Ji and lord Shambhushek ''shivlinga'' established by Baba Jhalakdas.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Maniyar had a population of 18,750. Males constitute 51% of the population, and females made up 49 %. Maniyar has an average literacy rate of 47 %, lower than the national average of 59.5 %. Male literacy is 57 %, and female literacy is 36 %. 18 % of the population is under 6.
== Other places with same name ==
In [[Kerala]]''',''' one Maniyar is a village in [[Kollam district]]. Another [[Maniyar, Pathanamthitta|Maniyar]] is a village in [[Pathanamthitta]] district. A nearby dam has the same name.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ballia district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ballia district]]

National Highway 21A (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T02:24:49Z

PenneyIrby336: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 105 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Makhibaha

2025-06-02T18:00:27Z

PenneyIrby336: new details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Makhibaha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4379715|N|91.2540078|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Makhibaha Village Development Committee
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 781374
| registration_plate = AS
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Makhibaha''' is a historical village passing through so many years with many historic events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-28 |title=Thousands throng in Makhibaha Sabha Mahotsav |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/18547 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref> It is said that in later 14th century, Sree Sree Sankardev’s ancestor Gadadhar Bhuya was the "bhuya" of its nearby area. At that time it was surrounded by jungle and these jungles are full of bees which is in Assamese are called ''mou-makhi'' and so the name of the village is Makhibaha.

This village is under Tihu Police Station, Nalbari (Assam). The village is 90 km away from Guwahati, 20 km away from Nalbari, 70 km from Dispur, and 3 km away from Tihu Railway station. Pin code 781374.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thousands Throng In Makhibaha Sabha Mahotsav |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/758227/thousands-throng-in-makhibaha-sabha-mahotsav.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>

There are 21 neighbouring chubas in Makhibaha. The population of Makhibaha is approximately 15,000. Most of people in this village depend upon agriculture. A large number of them are also engaged at government sectors and few in business.

Makhibaha has fifteen primary schools, one higher secondary school including both science and arts stream, one girls high school one venture high school, one Swaraswati Sikhu Niketan, one Jatiya Bidyalaya and one government technical school, B K S Motor Driving School.

The village is surrounded by Tihu in the north, Kshetri Dharmapur and Bhojkuchi in the south, Haribhanga in the east and Jalkhana in the west.

Many Bhutanese traders, used to come every year to the village fair, in Makhibaha Sabha which was a rural socio-religious fair in western Assam, and they used to sell products from Bhutan till the late eighties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2025-01-15 |title=When Paradise comes closer |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/when-paradise-comes-closer-1503386808.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

Lalaji Mendon

2025-05-06T10:16:47Z

PenneyIrby336:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
'''Lalaji Mendon''' is a member of legislative assembly (M.L.A.) of [[Karnataka]] state. He was elected from [[udupi, Karnataka|Kaup]] assembly constituency, which is a part of [[Udupi]] parliamentary constituency. He had won the elections held in 2004<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref> and was re-elected in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Udupi: Billava Candidates Fail to Open Account|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=47058&n_tit=Udupi%3A+Billava+Candidates+Fail+to+Open+Account+|accessdate=10 December 2010|newspaper=Daijiworld|date=29 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Winners exultant, losers disappointed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/26/stories/2008052656010200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108131340/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/26/stories/2008052656010200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|accessdate=10 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 May 2008}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In the 2013 election, he lost to Congress leader Vinaya Kumar Sorake. However, in the 2018 election, he defeated Congress leader [[Vinaya Kumar Sorake]] and was re-elected.<ref name="BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 May 2023 |title=BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506101158/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archivedate=6 May 2025 |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendon, Lalaji}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Tulu politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Swaroop Unhalkar

2025-04-03T07:55:40Z

PenneyIrby336: Made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian Paralympics rifle shooter (born 1987)}}
'''Swaroop Mahavir Unhalkar''' (born 1987) is an Indian [[Para-shooting classification|Para Rifle Shooter]]. He is currently [[International Shooting Sport Federation|World No 13]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://db.ipc-services.org/sdms/web/ranking/sh/pdf/type/WR/list/464|title= World Shooting Para Sport Rankings / Official World Rankings 2021 |work= World Shooting Para Sport | access-date=}}</ref> in Men's 10m Air Rifle standing SH1 [[International Shooting Sport Federation|(World Shooting Para Sport Rankings)]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/indian-shooters-capable-winning-4-092612360.html|title=Indian shooters capable of winning 4 medals at Paralympics, says national chief coach|work= Yahoo News| access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/polio-afflicted-rifle-shooter-to-play-in-world-cup-4903774/|title=Polio-afflicted rifle shooter to play in World Cup
|work= Indian Express News| access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Swaroop-Mahavir-Unhalkar/news|title=Swaroop Mahavir Unhalkar|work= Times of India News| access-date=}}</ref>

== 2020 Summer Paralympics ==
He Qualified For [[Shooting at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics Games]] at [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] and represented [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|India Team]] in Shooting at [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/Tokyo%202020%20WSPS%20Quota%20Allocation%20-%20Current%20after%20Sydney.pdf|title=Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games Quota Distribution |work= International Paralympic Committee| access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/Sydney%202019%20WSPS%20Championships%20Results%20Book.pdf|title=Result Book of Sydney 2019 World Shooting Para Sport World Championships|work= International Paralympic Committee| access-date=}}</ref> He qualified for finals of Men's 10m AR Standing SH1 shooting and stood 4th with a score of 203.9.{{fact|date=October 2022}}

== See also==
*[[Paralympic Committee of India]]
* [[India at the Paralympics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unhalkar, Swaroop Mahavir}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Paralympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}
{{india-sport-stub}}

Lalapet

2025-04-01T20:17:35Z

PenneyIrby336: new new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalapet
| other_name =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4397|N|78.542377|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 =
[[Hyderabad District, India|Hyderabad District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500017
| registration_plate = TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Secunderabad]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Secunderabad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
|population_metro =
}}
'''Lalapet''' is a very old suburb located in [[Hyderabad]]. The suburb is located at about {{convert|5.5|km|mi}} from Secunderabad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Alam |first=Shah Manzoor |author-link= |date=2011 |title= Urban Growth Theories and Settlement Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E-XejrqHt0C&dq=Lalapet,+Hyderabad&pg=PA154 |location= |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=154 |isbn=978-81-8069-739-5}}</ref> Earlier when Lalapet was still a village, the entire locality was enclosed in a protective wall. The wall was built during the regime of [[Qutb Shahi]]. It is also claimed by locals that [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi rulers]] would stop at Lalapet while travelling to the shrine at [[Moula Ali]]. The wall constructed using stones and masonry was reportedly almost {{convert|15|ft|m}} high and had four ''darwazas'' (gateway). The walls and the gateways are being gradually demolished and as of today only two gateways are left.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-01-10/Grave-threat-to-Lalapet-walls-darwazas/472533|publisher=Hans India|title=Grave threat to Lalapet walls & darwazas|first=Venu|last=T. P|date=2019-01-10|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>

''Vijaya Dairy'', one of the oldest dairies at Hyderabad was established in 1967 at Lalapet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/state-government-launches-review-of-controversial-vijaya-dairy-raviryal-facility-amid-production-concerns/articleshow/114023292.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=State Government initiates review of Vijaya dairy Raviryal facility|first=Sribala |last=Vadlapatla|date=2024-10-08|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tsddcf-draws-up-aggressive-expansion-plans-with-246-crore/article29215365.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=State-of-the-art processing plant to come up in Lalapet|first=Rajeev |last=M|date=2024-10-08|access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref>

==Adjacent localities==
{{Adjacent communities
| width=auto
| state=expanded
| Centre = Lalapet
| North = [[Malkajgiri]]
| Northeast =
| East = [[Moula Ali]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Tarnaka]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Lalaguda]]
| Northwest =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:History of Hyderabad, India]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

Sancharnet

2024-12-03T02:09:01Z

PenneyIrby336: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[BSNL#History]]

Metraleeswar temple

2024-04-28T22:50:32Z

PenneyIrby336: new a location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thiru Metraleeswarar Temple
| image = Kachi Metrali3.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|06|N|79|41|30|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Kanchipuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Metraleeswarar([[Shiva]])
Metralainayagi ([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Metraleeswarar Temple''' (also called '''Kanchi Metrali''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]], located in Pillaiyar Palayam area in [[Kanchipuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Metraleeswarar is revered in the 7th-century CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''Tevaram'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', the 275 temples revered in the canon. The temple is believed to have expanded during the 13th century by [[Later Cholas]] as indicated in the inscriptions.

The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 8 p.m., and three yearly festivals on its calendar, of which the Thirugnana Sambanda Gurupuja and Panguni Uthiram during March - April being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The temple is counted among the many historic and religious places of Kanchipuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanchipuram: Where traditional silk, history and devotion have an interesting confluence|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/kanchipuram-where-traditional-silk-history-and-devotion-have-an-interesting-confluence/story-JkZ2SvLjhC1PYqdo50rKjL.html|accessdate=13 December 2020|date=23 September 2019|publisher=Hindustan Times|last=Datta|first=Saurvan Ranjan}}</ref>

==Etymology and legend==
[[File:Kachi Metrali1.jpg|200px|left |thumb| Legend of the temple in stucco image]]
According to legend, saint [[Thirugnana Sambandar]] was singing verses praising Shiva at the nearby site and Shiva was mesmerized by the devotion. The temple deity thus came to be known as Urugeswarar (''urugu'' means mesmerize in [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] and the image of the Sambandar is located in Urugeswarar temple axially outside the temple facing the Metraleeswar temple with folded hands. As Shiva turned to the West to listen to the songs of Sambandar, the place came to be known as Thirumetrali and the presiding deity came to be known as Metralinathar. An old term is 'Thali', {{lang|ta|தளி}},<ref>Thali, தளி = Kovil, given at Wiktionary [[wikt:ta:தளி]] and [http://www.valaitamil.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF--tamil-dictionary95538.html ValaiTamil.com Tamil dictionary]. West is Merku, Metrali means west temple. மேற்கு தளி, மெற்றாளி.</ref> which means temple.

There is another legend that [[Vishnu]] was doing penance to attain the form of Shiva.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=173–4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3}}</ref> Shiva appeared to him and informed that he had to continue his penance till Sambandar visits the place and sings praise of him. The deity at the Urugeswarar temple was thus originally [[Vishnu]], who was mesmerized by the devotion of Sambandar and changed to Shiva. It is believed that the 108 Rudras performed penance at this place and hence it is called "Ananda Rudresam" and "Maha Rudresam".<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu - Kancheepuram district|last=C.|first=Dr.Chandramouli|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|location=Chennai}}</ref>

[[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]], the 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Metralinathar in one verse each in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=259|title=Sri Metraleeswarar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=15 November 2015|year=2015}}</ref> Sundarar mentions that Shiva prefers to reside at this most happening place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thirukachimetrali|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=57|publisher=Thevaaram.Org|accessdate=15 November 2015|year=2012}}</ref> There are no historical evidence to assess the exact time the temple was built. There is an inscription in the temple indicating benevolent contributions from during the 13th century by [[Later Cholas]] to expand the temple.<ref name=census/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Kachi Metrali4.jpg|200px|thumb| left|Shrine of the temple]]
The temple is located in Pillayarpalayam area of [[Kanchipuram]]. Metraleeswarar temple complex has two ''[[prakaram]]s'' (outer courtyard) and a three-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) facing West. The central shrine faces West and holds the image of Metraleeswarar (Shiva) in the form of ''lingam'' made of granite.<ref name=census/> The other shrine of Shiva following the legend of Vishnu called Otarukeesar, who is believed to have melted at the songs of Sambandar.<ref name=R/> The temples in [[Kanchipuram]] have no separate shrine of Parvathi as it is believed that [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi of Kanchipuram]] is the common Parvathi shrine for all Shiva temples. But this temple has a separate shrine for Parvathi in the form of Metralinayagi. The granite images of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the bull and vehicle of Shiva) and the flagstaff is located axial to the sanctum. As in other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the first precinct or the walls around the sanctum of Metraleeswarar has images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] (Shiva as the Teacher), [[Durga]] (warrior-goddess) and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswarar]] (a saint and devotee of Shiva). The shrine of [[Nataraja]], the dancing form of Shiva, has only a printed image unlike other Shiva temples that house an idol of the deity.<ref name=R/> The temple precinct is surrounded by granite walls. There is a separate shrine for Othu Urugeeswarar which is axial to the main entrance. During the weekly and yearly festivals, Kachabeswarar is given importance over the presiding deity Metraleeswarar.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Worship and religious practices==
[[File:Kachi Metrali2.jpg|200px|thumb| Shrine of Metraleeswarar]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12 p.m. and Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m and Arthajamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Metraleeswarar and Metralainayagi Amman. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name=census/><ref name="dinamalar"/> Thirugnana Sambanda Gurupuja and Panguni Uthiram during March - April are the most prominent festivals celebrated in the temple. The Thirukarthikai during (November - December), Mahashivarathri during February - March and Kanthasashti are the other major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Kachabesar Temple}}
{{Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]