https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PattyFreytag2 2026-08-04T00:23:32Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_governing_and_opposition_parties&diff=512924 2026-05-08T15:10:30Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[List of current governing and opposition parties in India]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollachi_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=525820 2026-05-04T15:21:07Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> |name = Pollachi<br /> | map_image = pollachi lok sabha constituency.png<br /> |map_caption = Pollachi constituency, post-2008 delimitation<br /> |established = 1952<br /> |reservation = None<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> |mp = [[K. Eswarasamy]]<br /> |latest_election_year = <br /> |state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |assembly_cons = [[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Pollachi (State Assembly Constituency)|Pollachi]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Valparai (State Assembly Constituency)|Valparai]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Udumalpet (State Assembly Constituency)|Udumalaipettai]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Madathukulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Madathukulam]] <br /> |electors = 15,20,276&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result |access-date=20 June 2011 |archive-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''[[Pollachi]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 21 of 39.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> ===2009-present===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |District<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |119<br /> |[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]<br /> |None<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]<br /> |{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |122<br /> |[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |123<br /> |[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |124<br /> |[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]]<br /> |SC<br /> |-<br /> |125<br /> |[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]<br /> |None<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]<br /> |-<br /> |126<br /> |[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Before delimitation in 2009, it consisted of the following constituencies:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br /> |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies <br /> |access-date=2008-10-11 <br /> |work=Tamil Nadu <br /> |publisher=Election Commission of India <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf <br /> |archive-date=31 October 2008 <br /> |df=dmy <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> # [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]] (defunct) <br /> # [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]] (defunct) <br /> # [[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]] (defunct) <br /> # [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]<br /> # [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]<br /> # [[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]] (defunct)<br /> <br /> ===Before 2009===<br /> #[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]<br /> #[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]<br /> #[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]<br /> #[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]<br /> #[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur (defunct)]]<br /> #[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]] (moved to [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]] constituency after 2009)<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=2|Party<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Runner-up<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Party<br /> |---- <br /> |1951<br /> |[[G. R. Damodaran]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |Krisnabai Nimbkar Vasudev<br /> |[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1957<br /> |[[P.R. Ramakrishnan]]<br /> |Gurusami Aicker<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1962<br /> |[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]<br /> |R. M. Ramasamy<br /> |[[Swatantra Party|SWA]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1967<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Narayanan (Pollachi MP)|Narayanan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |SK Paramasivam<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1971<br /> |Nallasivam<br /> |[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1971 (by-election)<br /> |[[M. Kalingarayar]]<br /> |RK Gounder<br /> |[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br /> |----<br /> |1977<br /> ||[[K.A. Raju]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> ||[[C.T. Dhandapani]]<br /> |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1980<br /> |[[C.T. Dhandapani]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |Natarajan M.A.M<br /> |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1984<br /> |[[R. Anna Nambi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |[[K. Krishnasamy]]<br /> |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1989<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[B. Raja Ravi Varma]]<br /> |M. Arumugham<br /> |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br /> |---- <br /> |1991<br /> |[[C.T. Dhandapani]]<br /> |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> |----<br /> |1996<br /> ||[[V. Kandasamy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}<br /> |[[R. Anna Nambi]]<br /> |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br /> |----<br /> |1998<br /> |[[M. Thiyagarajan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |[[N. Kovaithangam]]<br /> |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]<br /> |----<br /> |1999<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |[[M. Thiyagarajan]]<br /> |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br /> |----<br /> |2004<br /> |G. Murugan<br /> |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br /> |----<br /> |2009<br /> |[[K. Sugumar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |[[K. Shamugasundaram]]<br /> |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> |----<br /> |2014<br /> |[[C. Mahendran]]<br /> |[[E. R. Eswaran]]<br /> |[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|KMDK]]<br /> |----<br /> |2019<br /> |[[K. Shamugasundaram]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi|archive-date=31 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |[[C. Mahendran]]<br /> |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.37}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.44}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.63}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|55.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.28}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.27}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.41}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.40}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}} <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Eswarasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=533,377 |percentage=47.37 |change= {{decrease}}4.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. Karthikeyan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=281,335|percentage=24.98|change={{decrease}}10.14}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Vasantharajan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=223,354|percentage=19.84|change={{increase}}17.65}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suresh Kumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=58,196|percentage=5.17|change={{increase}}2.25}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=14,503|percentage=1.29|change={{decrease}}0.11}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=252,042 |percentage=22.38 |change={{increase}}6.06 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,126,045|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Shamugasundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,54,230 |percentage=51.44 |change=26.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Mahendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,78,347 |percentage=35.12 |change=-6.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mookambika |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=59,693 |percentage=5.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Sanuja |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=31,483 |percentage=2.92 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Muthukumar |party=Independent politician |votes=26,663 |percentage=2.47 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=15,110 |percentage=1.40 |change=0.11 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,75,883 |percentage=16.32 |change=2.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,77,420 |percentage=71.15 |change= -1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,20,504 |change =10.06 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.72 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Mahendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,17,092 |percentage=41.72 |change=1.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. R. Eswaran]] |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=2,76,118 |percentage=27.62 |change=25.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,51,829 |percentage=25.19 |change=-8.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,014 |percentage=3.00 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=12,947 |percentage=1.30 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mary Stella |party=Independent politician |votes=4,942 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,40,974 |percentage=14.10 |change=8.12 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,99,720 |percentage=73.31 |change= -3.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,81,505 |change =35.73 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Sugumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,05,935 |percentage=39.77 |change=1.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Shamugasundaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,59,910 |percentage=33.79 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Best S. Ramasamy]] |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,03,004 |percentage=13.39 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Thangavel |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=38,824 |percentage=5.05 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. S. Baba Ramesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,815 |percentage=2.19 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Ummar |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=13,933 |percentage=1.81 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sukumar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,660 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,025 |percentage=5.98 |change=-12.82 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,69,303 |percentage=75.80 |change= 13.71 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,17,811 |change =-2.07 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.00 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,64,988 |percentage=56.76 |change=8.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,44,067 |percentage=37.96 |change=-9.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=13,039 |percentage=2.03 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,503 |percentage=1.01 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,452 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Muthukumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,294 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,656 |percentage=0.57 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,20,921 |percentage=18.81 |change=17.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,42,999 |percentage=61.88 |change= 4.78 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,39,279 |change =-3.25 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,93,038 |percentage=48.63 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thiyagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,83,523 |percentage=47.05 |change=13.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Rajan |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=9,914 |percentage=1.65 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jothiraj |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=9,280 |percentage=1.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,886 |percentage=1.14 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,515 |percentage=1.58 |change=-15.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,02,641 |percentage=57.09 |change= -14.80 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,74,230 |change =4.70 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thiyagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,06,083 |percentage=55.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Kovaithangam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,10,682 |percentage=38.01 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Eswaravelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,967 |percentage=5.77 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jothiraj |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=4,926 |percentage=0.89 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=95,401 |percentage=17.21 |change=-3.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,54,275 |percentage=56.42 |change= -15.47 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,26,056 |change =5.92 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 0.04 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kandasamy |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,61,743 |percentage=55.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Anna Nambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,22,852 |percentage=33.99 |change=-31.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Rajan |party=Janata Dal |votes=49,032 |percentage=7.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. K. Elangandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,123 |percentage=2.31 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,38,891 |percentage=21.19 |change=-11.46 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,55,567 |percentage=71.89 |change= 4.43 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,68,739 |change =0.53 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. Raja Ravi Varma]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,14,810 |percentage=65.65 |change=-1.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. T. Dhandapani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,08,540 |percentage=33.00 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Selvaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,237 |percentage=0.83 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,06,270 |percentage=32.64 |change=-3.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,31,864 |percentage=67.46 |change= 0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,63,590 |change =-0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.63 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. Raja Ravi Varma]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,28,704 |percentage=67.28 |change=8.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Aurmugham |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,97,395 |percentage=30.98 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Sankar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=5,800 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Subramaniam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,532 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,31,309 |percentage=36.30 |change=17.76 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,37,210 |percentage=67.04 |change= -7.33 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,66,256 |change =25.74 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.01 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Anna Nambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,24,200 |percentage=59.27 |change=11.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Krishnaswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,22,770 |percentage=40.73 |change=-10.68 }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,01,430 |percentage=18.54 |change=15.08 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,46,970 |percentage=74.37 |change= 8.60 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,68,435 |change =8.88 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.86 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. T. Dhandapani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,33,261 |percentage=51.41 |change=17.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. M. Natarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,17,526 |percentage=47.94 |change=-16.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,934 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,735 |percentage=3.47 |change=-27.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,53,721 |percentage=65.77 |change= 4.06 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,05,793 |change =5.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.07 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. A. Raju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,59,388 |percentage=64.48 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. T. Dhandapani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,35,194 |percentage=33.61 |change=-31.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,664 |percentage=1.91 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,24,194 |percentage=30.88 |change=0.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,02,246 |percentage=61.71 |change= -9.69 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,70,445 |change =10.97 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.17 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,67,811 |percentage=64.66 |change=6.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Nallasivam |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=1,41,605 |percentage=34.19 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. N. Lingasami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=4,799 |percentage=1.16 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,26,206 |percentage=30.47 |change=10.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,14,215 |percentage=71.40 |change= -5.30 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,04,191 |change =9.95 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.09 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,37,035 |percentage=58.56 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Paramasivam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,55,281 |percentage=38.36 |change=-18.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=12,437 |percentage=3.07 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=81,754 |percentage=20.20 |change=-11.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,04,753 |percentage=76.70 |change= 3.99 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,49,500 |change =22.45 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.17 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,76,512 |percentage=56.40 |change=3.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. M. Ramasami |party=Swatantra Party |votes=76,415 |percentage=24.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangavel Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=46,922 |percentage=14.99 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramanujam |party=Independent politician |votes=13,142 |percentage=4.20 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,00,097 |percentage=31.98 |change=25.77 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,12,991 |percentage=72.71 |change= 13.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,48,744 |change =1.42 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.29 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. R. Ramakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,39,984 |percentage=53.10 |change=8.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurusami Aicker |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=1,23,618 |percentage=46.90 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,366 |percentage=6.21 |change=-15.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,63,602 |percentage=59.58 |change= 2.46 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,42,467 |change =20.13 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.70 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1951===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Pollachi}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. R. Damodaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=93,405 |percentage=44.40 |change=44.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krisnabai Nimbkar Vasudev |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=46,744 |percentage=22.22 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=44,383 |percentage=21.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paranjothi Ganpathi Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=20,699 |percentage=9.84 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramalinga Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=5,128 |percentage=2.44 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,661 |percentage=22.18 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,10,359 |percentage=57.11 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,68,310 |change =0.00 }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}<br /> * http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2221.htm?ac=21<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408181603/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/pollachi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Pollachi lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|10.659|N|77.008|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Dalton_Hooker&diff=506575 2026-05-03T18:52:30Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British botanist and explorer (1817–1911)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]<br /> | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|GCSI|CB|PRS|size=100%}}<br /> | name = Joseph Dalton Hooker<br /> | author_abbrev_bot = Hook.f.<br /> | image = Joseph Dalton Hooker NLM3.jpg<br /> | caption = Hooker in 1897<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1817|06|30|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Halesworth]], Suffolk, England<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1911|12|10|1817|06|30|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Sunningdale]], Berkshire, England<br /> | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Frances Harriet Henslow]]|1851|1874|end=died}}{{marriage|Hyacinth Symonds|1875}}}}<br /> | children = 9, including [[Harriet Anne Hooker Thiselton-Dyer|Harriet]] and [[Reginald Hawthorn Hooker|Reginald]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow]]<br /> | signature = Joseph Dalton Hooker Signature.svg<br /> | field = [[Botany]]<br /> | workplaces = [[Kew Gardens]]<br /> | prizes = {{ubl|[[Clarke Medal]] (1885)|[[Copley Medal]] (1887)|[[Linnean Medal]] (1888)|[[Darwin Medal]] (1892)|[[Order of Merit]] (1907)|[[Darwin–Wallace Medal]] (1908)}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker''' (30 June 1817&amp;nbsp;– 10 December 1911) was a British [[botanist]] and explorer in the 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite ODNB |title=Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785–1865), botanist |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13699 |access-date=2022-06-21 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/13699|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a founder of geographical botany and [[Charles Darwin]]'s closest friend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-15 |title=Joseph Dalton Hooker |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/joseph-dalton-hooker |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 20 years he served as director of the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew]], succeeding his father, [[William Jackson Hooker]], and was awarded the highest honours of British science.{{sfn|Huxley|1918}}{{sfn|Turrill|1963}}<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> [[File:Joseph Dalton Hooker by William Kilburn c1852.jpg|thumb|upright|Daguerreotype of Hooker by [[William Edward Kilburn]], circa 1852]]<br /> <br /> ===Early years===<br /> Hooker was born in [[Halesworth]], Suffolk, England. He was the second son of Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker [[Dawson Turner]] and sister-in-law of [[Francis Palgrave]], and the famous botanist Sir [[William Jackson Hooker]], [[Regius Professor of Botany, Glasgow|Regius Professor of Botany]]. From the age of seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at the [[University of Glasgow]], taking an early interest in [[plant geography|plant distribution]] and the voyages of explorers like Captain [[James Cook]].{{sfn|Endersby|2008}} He was educated at the [[High School of Glasgow|Glasgow High School]] and went on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with an [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] in 1839.<br /> <br /> His degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service. He joined the polar explorer [[James Clark Ross|Captain James Clark Ross]]'s [[Antarctic]] expedition to the [[South Magnetic Pole]] after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}}. On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of [[Richard Clement Moody]],&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB Hooker&quot; /&gt; then [[Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. Hooker described the library as 'excellent',&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB Hooker&quot; /&gt; and developed a close friendship with Moody.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB James Ross&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Marriages and children===<br /> [[File:Frances Harriet Henslow Hooker (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Frances Harriet Henslow, by [[William Edward Kilburn]]]]<br /> In 1851, he married [[Frances Harriet Henslow]] (1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor, [[John Stevens Henslow]]. They had three daughters and four sons:<br /> * William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)<br /> * [[Harriet Anne Hooker Thiselton-Dyer|Harriet Anne Hooker]] (1854–1945) married [[William Turner Thiselton-Dyer]]<br /> * Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)<br /> * Maria Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.<br /> * Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)<br /> * [[Reginald Hawthorn Hooker]] (1867–1944) statistician<br /> * Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1955)&lt;ref&gt;England 1891 census Piece RG12/554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;England 1901 census Piece RG13/886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;England and Wales Death Index, December Quarter of 1955 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.{{sfn|Le Maout|Decaisne|1873}}<br /> <br /> After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of [[William Samuel Symonds]] and the widow of Sir [[Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet|William Jardine]]. They had two sons:<br /> * Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)<br /> * Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950).<br /> <br /> Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the [[RSPB]] in 1905.<br /> <br /> === Sons Willy and Brian ===<br /> Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir [[James Hector]]. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the ''Sturt'' with a son (also 15) of Colonel [[Theodore Haultain|Haultain]] the Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the India Office, and lived to age 89.<br /> <br /> However, his third son, Brian, was a &quot;great worry&quot; to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.<br /> <br /> In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on [[Stewart Island]], and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894.{{sfn|Nathan |2016|pp=101–103, 210}}<br /> <br /> ===Death and burial===<br /> On 10 December 1911, after a short and apparently minor illness, Hooker died in his sleep at home, the Camp, [[Sunningdale]], Berkshire. The Dean and Chapter of [[Westminster Abbey]] offered a grave near Darwin's in the [[nave]] but insisted that Hooker be [[cremation|cremated]] before.{{sfn|Hall|1966|p=49}}<br /> <br /> His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of [[St Anne's Church, Kew]], a short distance from [[Kew Gardens]]. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by [[Matilda Smith]].&lt;ref name=kewguild.org.uk /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Work==<br /> <br /> === Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843 ===<br /> {{main|Ross expedition}}<br /> <br /> Hooker's first expedition, led by [[James Clark Ross]], consisted of two ships, {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} and {{HMS|Terror|1813|6}}; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoolAntarctica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ward|first= Paul|date= 2001|url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/erebus_terror_antarctica.htm|title= Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross|work=Cool Antarctica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the ''Erebus'' and was assistant to [[Robert McCormick (explorer)|Robert McCormick]], who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 18}} The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited [[Madeira]], [[Tenerife]], [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]] and [[Santa Maria Island, Cape Verde|Quail Island]] in the [[Cape Verde]] archipelago, [[Saint Peter and Paul Rocks|St Paul Rocks]], [[Trindade and Martim Vaz|Trindade]] east of Brazil, [[St Helena]], and the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of [[algae]] and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.<br /> <br /> From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the [[Crozet Islands]] where they set down on [[Possession Island, Antarctica|Possession Island]] to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the [[Kerguelen Islands]] where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 [[moss]]es and [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]], 25 [[lichen]]s and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|pp= 36–42}} The expedition spent some time in [[Hobart]], [[Van Diemen's Land]], and then moved on to the [[Auckland Islands]] and [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the [[Bay of Islands]] in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSH&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hooker |first1=J.D.|title= Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands: 18 August to 23 November 1841|url= http://www.colensostudy.id.au/Newsletters/Year%202018/Hooker%20in%20the%20Bay%20of%20Islands.pdf|date= 3 March 2018 |journal= Colenso Society (Supplement)|volume=9|issue=3|pages=1–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- He was guided in New Zealand by [[William Colenso]]--&gt; They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the ''Erebus'' and ''Terror,'' they sailed to the [[Falkland Islands]], to [[Tierra del Fuego]], back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with [[Richard Clement Moody]], the Governor of the Falkland Islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB James Ross&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = ROSS, Sir JAMES CLARK | last = Gurney | first = Alan | work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/ross_sir | publisher= David Tatham }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent',&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB Hooker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = HOOKER, Sir JOSEPH DALTON | last = Desmond | first = Ray | work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/hooker_sir | publisher= David Tatham }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information {{sic}} respecting its products'.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFB Richard Clement Moody&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | title = MOODY, RICHARD CLEMENT | last = Tatham | first = David | authorlink= David Tatham| work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/moody_richard | publisher= David Tatham }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at [[Cockburn Island, Antarctica|Cockburn Island]] off the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and [[Ascension Island]]. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 85}}<br /> <br /> ===Geological Survey of Great Britain===<br /> In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. This position included duties at the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland]], and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist, [[John Hutton Balfour]]. The [[Correspondence of Charles Darwin|Darwin correspondence]], now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Darwin, Charles|author-link=Charles Darwin|date=28 October 1845|title=Letter of Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 October 1845|work=[[Darwin Correspondence Project]]|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-922|access-date=22 August 2010|quote=I cannot get over my surprise at the result, so confident did I feel about it, knowing who your competitors were.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the [[Geological Survey of Great Britain]] in 1846. He began work on [[palaeobotany]], searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of [[Wales]], eventually discovering the first [[coal ball]] in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of [[Charles Darwin]]'s botany tutor [[John Stevens Henslow]], but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the [[Himalayas]]. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]]. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin, [[William Nicol (geologist)|William Nicol]] and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in [[Keyworth]] in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=J D Hooker slide collection|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/archives/jdhooker/home.html|website=British Geological Survey|access-date=19 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851===<br /> [[File:Hooker Himalayan.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5&lt;!--size for very low image--&gt;|Tibet and [[Tso Lhamo Lake|Cholamo Lake]] from the summit of the [[Dongkha La|Donkia Pass]], looking North West from Hooker's ''Himalayan Journals''. Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849.]]<br /> <br /> On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] expedition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Desmond|first=Ray|date=January 1993|title=Sir Joseph Hooker and India|journal=The Linnean|volume=9|issue=1|pages=27–49|url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean-9-1-1993.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years' leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and [[Borneo]] on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty.&lt;ref&gt;[[Henry de la Beche]] to [[George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle|Lord Morpeth]], 1 November 1847, [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1258993691/view scan of the original letter]&lt;/ref&gt; He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to [[Labuan]]. He received free passage on {{HMS|Sidon|1846|6}}, to the [[Nile]] and then travelled overland to [[Suez]] where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under [[David Hiram Williams|'Mr Williams']], who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to [[Mirzapur]], up the Ganges by boat to [[Siliguri]] and overland by pony to [[Darjeeling]], arriving on 16 April 1848.<br /> <br /> Hooker's expedition was based in [[Darjeeling]] where he stayed with naturalist [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]]. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]] who negotiated Hooker's admission to [[Sikkim]], which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in [[Bengal]]. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the [[Great Runjeet river]] to its junction with the [[Teesta River]] and [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglu]] mountain in the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region#Singalila range|Singalila range]] on the border with [[Nepal]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhododendron argenteum Hooker.gif|thumb|upright|''[[Rhododendron argenteum]]'' illustration by [[Walter Hood Fitch]] from ''Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya''.]]<br /> <br /> Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of [[Kangchenjunga]], and north west along Nepal's passes into [[Tibet]]. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3{{nbsp}}May, he travelled north west up the [[Lachen River|Lachen Valley]] to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the [[Bara-lacha Pass|Lachoong Pass]]. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the [[Cho La, Sikkim|Cho La]] in Tibet.&lt;ref name=Darwin&gt;[http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=letter&amp;pkey=1558 Letter number 1558: To J.D. Hooker. 10 March 1854.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015094131/http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=letter&amp;pkey=1558 |date=15 October 2006 }} The Darwin Correspondence Online Database.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Sanyal|1896|p=34}} A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Richard Temple]], many of the [[rhododendron]]s found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.{{sfn|Temple|1887|p=150}}<br /> <br /> Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in [[Bhutan]], he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to [[Sylhet]] and the [[Khasi Hills]] in Assam. He was accompanied by [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]], a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the [[Bay of Bengal]] and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England. With Thomson he distributed the [[exsiccata]]-like series ''Herbarium Indiae orientalis''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Herbarium Indiae orientalis: IndExs ExsiccataID=121645696 |website=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae |publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München |url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=121645696 |access-date=24 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the ''Himalayan Journals'', dedicated to [[Charles Darwin]], was published by the [[Calcutta]] [[Great Trigonometric Survey|Trigonometrical Survey]] Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden &amp; Co. in 1891.<br /> [[File:Hooker_Frank_Stone.jpg|thumb|left|An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim (Mezzotint by [[William Walker (engraver born 1791)|William Walker]] after a painting by [[Frank Stone (painter)|Frank Stone]])]]<br /> When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's ''Botany of the Antarctic Voyages'', and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the ''Beagle''. The floras were illustrated by [[Walter Hood Fitch]] (trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian [[botanical artist]].<br /> <br /> Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the ''[[Flora Antarctica]]'' (1844–47). In the ''Flora'' he wrote about islands and their role in [[plant geography]]: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 91}} His works on the voyage were completed with ''Flora Novae-Zelandiae'' (1851–53) and ''Flora Tasmaniae'' (1853–59).<br /> <br /> === Voyage to Palestine 1860 ===<br /> This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with [[Daniel Hanbury]]. They visited and collected in [[Syria]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.{{sfn|Turrill|1963|pp=110–113}}<br /> <br /> === Voyage to Morocco 1871 ===<br /> Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of [[John Ball (naturalist)|John Ball]], George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump.{{sfn|Hooker| Ball|Maw|1878}} They published an account of their travels entitled ''Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas'' (1878).<br /> <br /> === Voyage to Western United States 1877 ===<br /> This was undertaken with his friend [[Asa Gray]], the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarcation between Arctic floras of America and [[Greenland]]. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. &quot;A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types.&quot;{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=165}}<br /> <br /> Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000&amp;nbsp;ft to camp at [[La Veta]]. From [[Fort Garland]] they climbed the [[Sierra Blanca (Colorado)|Sierra Blanca]] at 14,500&amp;nbsp;ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] to [[Pike's Peak]]. Next to [[Denver]] and [[Salt Lake City]] for an excursion into the [[Wasatch Range]]. A journey of 29 hours took them to [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]] and [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]], then [[Silver City, Nevada|Silver City]] and ten days by wagon across the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. Thus they came to the [[Yosemite]] and [[Calaveras Grove]], and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.<br /> <br /> His comments on his encounters include the following:<br /> * After meeting and talking to [[Brigham Young]], whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: &quot;All the school children are brought up to believe in him [Brigham Young], and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools.&quot;<br /> * Of [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]]: the &quot;finger-tip of civilisation&quot; where &quot;the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food&quot;.<br /> * &quot;The [[New England]]ers are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft.&quot;{{sfn|Turrill|1963|pp=167–168}}<br /> <br /> His views on the flora of [[Colorado]] and [[Utah]]: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a [[prairie]] flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an [[alpine tundra|alpine flora]], the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/016539a0 |author=Hooker J.D. |year=1877|journal=Nature|volume=16|pages=539–540|title=Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains|issue=417|bibcode = 1877Natur..16..539H |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429225|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His overview of North American flora contained these elements:<br /> :Polar area, from the [[Behring Strait]] to [[Greenland]].<br /> :British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.<br /> :United States flora, in belts:<br /> ::The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the [[Mississippi]].<br /> ::The Prairie region.<br /> ::The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.<br /> ::The Sierra Nevada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Hooker J.D.|year= 1879|title= The distribution of the North American flora|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Institution|jstor=2448770|volume=13|issue=3|pages=155–170|doi= 10.1086/272296|bibcode= 1879ANat...13..155H}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Darwin and evolution===<br /> [[File:Joseph Dalton Hooker NLM1.jpg|left|thumb|Engraving of Hooker by [[Charles Henry Jeens]] (1827–1879)]]<br /> {{See also|Reaction to Darwin's theory|1860 Oxford evolution debate}}<br /> While on the ''Erebus'', Hooker had read proofs of [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle|Voyage of the Beagle]]'' provided by [[Charles Lyell]] and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage embarked.{{efn|Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the ''Erebus''. Apparently, they met in Trafalgar Square,{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=74|loc=Ch. 5 ''Hooker and Darwinism''}} but without quoting source). The voyages of {{HMS|Beagle}} and {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} (and {{HMS|Terror|1813|2}}) coincided at several points; for example, they both visited the [[Falkland Isles]], Australia (Sydney, at least), and New Zealand.}} After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the [[Galápagos Islands]].&lt;ref name=Letter714&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-714.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 714 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (13 or 20 November 1843) }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the [[transmutation of species]] and [[natural selection]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)|access-date=8 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Hooker showed interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-734.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844|access-date=8 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's &quot;Essay&quot; explaining the theory,&lt;ref name=Letter1058&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1058.html#back-mark-1058.f5 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1058 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 (February 1847) |access-date=8 March 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223024920/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1058.html%23back-mark-1058.f5 |archive-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback.&lt;ref name=Letter1066&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1066.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1066 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (c. 4 March 1847) |access-date=8 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915142158/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1066.html |archive-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their correspondence continued throughout the [[development of Darwin's theory]] and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was &quot;the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy&quot;.&lt;ref name=Letter2345&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2345.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2345 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 20 (October 1858) |access-date=11 March 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{harvnb|Freeman|1978|p=}} wrote &quot;Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant&quot;. Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when [[Alfred Russel Wallace]]'s famous letter arrived at [[Down House]], enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to [[Asa Gray]] (showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the [[Linnean Society]]. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of ''[[The Origin of Species]]'' recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.<br /> <br /> In December 1859, Hooker published the ''Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae'', the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species''), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.<br /> <br /> At the [[1860 Oxford evolution debate|historic debate on evolution]] held at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|Oxford University Museum]] on 30 June 1860, Bishop [[Samuel Wilberforce]], [[Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet|Benjamin Brodie]] and [[Robert FitzRoy]] spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] defended it.{{sfn|Jensen| 1991|ps=:Ch 3 is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton: see notes 61, 66, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95|pp=208–211}}{{sfn|Wollaston|1921|p=118–120}}&lt;ref&gt;Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=lucas&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lucas|first=JR|author-link=John Lucas (philosopher)|title=Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=313–330|date=June 1979|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00016848|pmid=11617072|s2cid=19198585|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627072321/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.&lt;ref name=lucas/&gt;&lt;ref name=thomson&gt;Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). &quot;[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/huxley-wilberforce-and-the-oxford-museum Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum]&quot;, ''[[American Scientist]]'', May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hooker acted as president of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science|British Association]] at its [[Norwich]] meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], a member of the [[X-Club]] (which dominated the [[Royal Society]] in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become [[President of the Royal Society]]. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].<br /> <br /> ===Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew===<br /> [[File:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.jpg|thumb|upright|Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew]]<br /> <br /> By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society]], and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the [[Royal Medal]] in 1854, the [[Copley Medal|Copley]] in 1887 and the [[Darwin Medal]] in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.<br /> <br /> He started the series ''Flora Indica'' in 1855, together with [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thompson]]. Their botanical observations and the publication of the ''Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya'' (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the [[rhododendron]]s of the [[Sikkim]] [[Himalaya]] and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by [[Walter Hood Fitch]].<br /> <br /> His greatest botanical work was the ''Flora of British India'', published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the [[Order of Merit]].<br /> <br /> He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard ''Students Flora of the British Isles'' and a monumental work, the ''Genera plantarum''{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1876|p=}} (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of [[George Bentham]]. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century.{{sfn|Isely|2002|p=163}} ''The Handbook of the British flora'', begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham &amp; Hooker'.<br /> <br /> In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published ''A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire''. He continued the compilation of his father Sir [[William Jackson Hooker]]'s project, [[Icones Plantarum]] (Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by [[Matilda Smith]].<br /> <br /> ====Attacks on Hooker and on Kew====<br /> The [[Herbarium]] at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time, [[Richard Owen]] was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the [[British Museum]], reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew.<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen. ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden.{{efn|{{harvnb|Turrill|1963|p=90}} This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men. Owen's character was widely traduced after his treatment of [[Gideon Mantell]], and Hooker was &quot;impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper&quot;.{{sfn|Barlow|Darwin|1958|p=105}} }} }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Sir Richard Owen. Photograph by Ernest Edwards, 1867. Wellcome V0028401.jpg|thumb|left|Sir [[Richard Owen]] opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew ''Photograph: Ernest Edwards, 1867'']]<br /> <br /> The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin's views and a member of the [[X-Club]], who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of [[Joseph Banks]] should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.{{sfn|Endersby|2008a|p=}}{{sfn|Endersby|2008}}<br /> <br /> After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament, [[Acton Smee Ayrton]], whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] in 1869 was greeted in ''[[The Times]]'' with the prophecy that it would prove &quot;another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible&quot;.{{sfn|Huxley|1918|loc= Ch. XXXV The Ayrton Episode| p= 161}} This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.<br /> <br /> [[File:Acton Smee Ayrton, Vanity Fair, 1869-10-23.jpg|thumb|Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton ''Caracature, Vanity Fair, 1869'']]<br /> <br /> Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands.&lt;ref&gt;Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project (full text not yet available).&lt;/ref&gt; He seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship. What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature!|source=Hooker to Bentham, 2 February 1872, in {{harvnb|Huxley|1918|loc= Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode|p=165}} }}<br /> <br /> Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary, [[Algernon West]]. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]], [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[John Tyndall|Tyndall]], [[George Bentham|Bentham]] and others. It was laid before Parliament by [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]], and additional papers laid before the House of Lords. [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Derby]] called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.{{efn|An important Treasury Minute, dated 24 July, admits the justice of Dr. Hooker's remonstrance. It was very plain speaking to say that &quot;the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr. Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint&quot;, and &quot;they direct so decidedly that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the Gardens Dr. Hooker's opinion should be followed, subject only to the consideration of expense, and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment&quot;.{{sfn|Huxley|1918|p= 173}} }}<br /> <br /> One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen.{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=124}} Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid before Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than &quot;attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds&quot;.{{efn|{{harvnb|Turrill|1963|p=90}} Richard Owen was Ayrton's main supporter, and &quot;attacked Hooker right and left&quot;. No doubt he remembered Hooker's 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium.}} The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock,&lt;ref&gt;In the Commons, 8 August 1872 ([[Hansard]])&lt;/ref&gt; he replied that &quot;Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown&quot;.{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=125}}<br /> <br /> The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of [[Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces|Judge Advocate-General]], just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the [[Royal Society]] in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.<br /> <br /> ==Honours and commemoration==<br /> * 1847 [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<br /> * 1869 Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]]{{sfn|Huxley|1918|p=146}}<br /> *1869 Election to the [[American Philosophical Society]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1869;year-max=1869;smode=advanced;startDoc=21|access-date=2021-04-26|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * 1877 Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]]<br /> * 1873 [[President of the Royal Society]]<br /> * 1883 [[Founder's Medal]] of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]<br /> * 1885 Foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&amp;aId=PE00000957 |title=J.D. Hooker (1817–1911) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=19 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1892 Honorary membership of the [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]]&lt;ref&gt;Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary &amp; Philosophical Society FOURTH SERIES Eighth VOLUME 1894&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India<br /> * 1902 [[Pour le Mérite]] from the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], awarded by the German Emperor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=2 June 1902 |page=11 |issue=36783}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1907 [[Order of Merit]]<br /> <br /> [[Hooker Oak]] in [[Chico, California]], was named after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BbYaAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1093%2C2774155 | title=Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood | work=The Pittsburgh Press | date=24 January 1916 | access-date=15 October 2015 | pages=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Hooker Island]] in [[Franz Josef Land]] was named after him following its 1880 discovery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Capelotti |first1=Peter Joseph |last2=Forsberg |first2=Magnus |title=The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: Leigh Smith's Eira expeditions, 1880 and 1881–1882 |journal=Polar Record |date=2015 |volume=51 |issue=256 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1017/S0032247413000429|bibcode=2015PoRec..51...16C |s2cid=129006829 }} p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Taxa named in honour===<br /> * There are number (at least 30) of plants with [[specific name (botany)|specific name]] ''hookeri'' and ''hookeriana'' Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker. Including; ''[[Banksia hookeriana]]'', ''[[Grevillea hookeriana]]'', ''[[Iris hookeriana]]'', ''[[Polygonatum hookeri]]'', [[Tainia hookeriana]], orchid species in Southern Taiwan.and ''[[Sarcococca hookeriana]]''.{{sfn|Brittain|2006|p=96}}{{sfn|Gordon|2005|p=84}}<br /> * land snail ''[[Notodiscus hookeri]]'' (Reeve, 1854)<br /> * Sea Lion: New Zealand or Hooker's Sea Lion ''[[Phocarctos hookeri]]'' (Gray, 1844)<br /> <br /> ==Selected publications==<br /> * 1844–1859: ''Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage''. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.<br /> * 1864–1867: ''Handbook of the New Zealand flora''<br /> * 1849: ''Niger flora''<br /> * 1849–1851: ''The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya''<br /> * 1854: ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60447#/summary Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...]''<br /> * 1855: ''Illustrations of Himalayan plants''<br /> * 1855: ''Flora indica'', with [[Thomas Thomson (botanist)|Thomas Thomson]]<br /> * 1858: {{cite book|last=Bentham|first=George |author-link=George Bentham|title=Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles : for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs|url=https://archive.org/details/b21495890|year=1858|publisher=L. Reeve|display-authors=0}} (&quot;[[George Bentham|Bentham]] &amp; Hooker&quot;)<br /> * 1859: ''A century of Indian orchids''<br /> * 1859: ''Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia''{{sfn|Maiden|1892|p=13}}<br /> * 1862–1883: {{cite book|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L411AW5zSpIC|volume=Primum, Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII: Ranunculareas—Cornaceas|year=1867|publisher=Reeve &amp; Co.|location=London|author1=Bentham, George|author2=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton|display-authors=0}} with [[George Bentham]]<br /> * 1862–1883: {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=George |author-link1=George Bentham|last2=Hooker|first2=John D.|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol. Secundi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmhJAAAAYAAJ|year=1876|publisher=Reeve &amp; Company|location=London|language=la|display-authors=0}} with [[George Bentham]]<br /> * 1870; 1878: ''The student's flora of the British Isles''. Macmillan, London.<br /> * 1872–1897: {{cite book|title=The Flora of British India: Volume V, Chenopodiaceæ to Orchideæ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4YCAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|orig-year=1890|publisher=L. Reeve &amp; Co.|location=London|author1=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton|isbn=0-913196-29-0|display-authors=0}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Le Maout|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Decaisne|first2=Joseph|editor1-last=Hooker|author-link1=Emmanuel Le Maout|author-link2=Joseph Decaisne|editor1-first=Joseph Dalton|title=A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts|date=1873|orig-year=1867|trans-title=Traité général de botanique|publisher=Longmans Green|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924001400484|others=trans. Frances Harriet Hooker|display-authors=0|display-editors=0}} with [[Emmanuel Le Maout]]<br /> * 1878: ''Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas''. Macmillan, London. with [[John Ball (naturalist)|John Ball]]<br /> * 1898–1900: ''Handbook to the Ceylon flora''<br /> * 1904–1906: ''An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens''<br /> <br /> ==Standard author abbreviation==<br /> {{botanist|Hook.f.|Hooker, Joseph Dalton}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bentham &amp; Hooker system]]<br /> * [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]<br /> * [[:Category:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Notes===<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=kewguild.org.uk&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kewguild.org.uk/media/pdfs/v3s23p265-1.pdf |title=Miss Matilda Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185541/http://www.kewguild.org.uk/media/pdfs/v3s23p265-1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=Kew Guild Annual Report|date= 1915}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1= Barlow|first1= Nora|first2=Charles|last2= Darwin|date= 1958|title=The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with original omissions restored|publisher=J. Murray|location= London}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Brittain|first=Julia|title=Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People and Places|url=https://archive.org/details/plantspeopleplac0000brit|year=2006|publisher=David &amp; Charles|isbn=1-55870-791-3|page=96}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Ray|title=Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_AfAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|isbn=978-1-85149-305-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Endersby|first=Jim|title=Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWfTaDRjVqEC&amp;pg=PA1|year=2008a|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-20791-9}}<br /> *{{cite ODNB|last=Endersby|first= J|title= Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)|id=33970|date=24 May 2008}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Richard Broke|title=Charles Darwin, a companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htILAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=W. Dawson|isbn=978-0-208-01739-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-first=Sue|editor-last=Gordon|title=Plant Names Explained: Botanical Terms and Their Meaning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QCul6fifTUC|year=2005|publisher=David &amp; Charles|isbn=1-55870-747-6}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Alfred Rupert|author-link=Alfred Rupert Hall|title=The Abbey Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9wNAQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=R. &amp; R. Nicholson}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Hooker|first1=Sir Joseph Dalton|last2=Ball|first2=John|last3=Maw|first3=George|title=Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas|url=https://archive.org/details/journalatourinm00mawgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalatourinm00mawgoog/page/n38 1]|year=1878|publisher=Macmillan and Company}}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-last=Huxley|editor-first=Leonard|title=Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I.|url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofsir02hookuoft|year=1918|volume=II|publisher=John Murray|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=Duane|last=Isely|title=One Hundred and One Botanists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&amp;pg=PA163|date=2002|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-283-1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Jensen|first=John Vernon|title=Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GINeLJUueCoC&amp;pg=PA63|year=1991|publisher=University of Delaware Press|location=Newark|isbn=978-0-87413-379-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Maiden|first=Joseph Henry|title=A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany|url=https://archive.org/stream/abibliographyau00maidgoog#page/n24/mode/2up/|publisher=C. Potter, Govt Printer|date=1892}}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Nathan |first= Simon |title= James Hector: explorer, scientist, leader |edition= 2 |orig-year= 2015 |year= 2016 |publisher= Geoscience Society of New Zealand |location= Lower Hutt |isbn= 978-1-877480-46-1 |pages= 101–103, 210 }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Ram Bramha|title=Hours with Nature|url=https://archive.org/details/hourswithnature00sanyrich|page=[https://archive.org/details/hourswithnature00sanyrich/page/n29 1]|year=1896|publisher=S. K. Lahiri and Co}}<br /> *{{cite book|first=Sir Richard Carnac|last=Temple|title=Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55440|year=1887|publisher=W.H. Allen}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=William Bertram|author-link=William Bertram Turrill|title=Joseph Dalton Hooker: Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF_PAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Wollaston|first=A.F.R.|date= 1921|title=Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907 |location=London |publisher= J. Murray }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Further reading===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=W. B.|author-link=William Bertram Turrill |title=Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXHuCAAAQBAJ|date= 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-6758-3|orig-year=1953}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=W. B.|author-link=William Bertram Turrill |title=The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Past and Present|location= London|date=1959|publisher=Herbert Jenkins|oclc=11867079}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Allan|first=Mea |title=The Hookers of Kew, 1785–1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwUmAQAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Joseph}}<br /> * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton |short=x}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Joseph Dalton Hooker}}<br /> {{wikisource|works=or}}<br /> *{{npg name}}<br /> * [http://www.kew.org/explore-our-collections/correspondence-collections/joseph-hooker-collections Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive]<br /> * {{cite web|date=1843–1882|title=Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin|work=[[Darwin Correspondence Project]]|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/advanced-search?asc-perpage=50&amp;asc-order=year&amp;as-corresp=Hooker%2C+J.+D.+&amp;asv-content=as-body&amp;intercept=adv&amp;asp-page=0&amp;as-type=letter&amp;Search=Search+for+Letters|access-date=22 August 2010}}<br /> * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Darwin–Hooker Correspondence] at the Cambridge Digital Library<br /> * [https://collections.rhs.org.uk/browse?q=facet,metadata.Record_Type.en.keyword,equals,Archive&amp;q=must,any,contains,Joseph%20Dalton%20Hooker&amp;page=5&amp;limit=48 Hooker's letters from the Royal Horticultural Society's Digital Collections website]<br /> * [http://www.orchids.co.in/orchidologists/joseph-dalton-hooker.shtm Joseph Dalton Hooker]'s work on orchids<br /> * [http://www.botanicus.org/creator/10 &quot;Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)&quot; ''Botanicus''] Missouri Botanical Garden Library<br /> * {{Gutenberg author |id=2060| name=Joseph Dalton Hooker}}<br /> ** Gutenberg e-text of [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6478 Hooker's Himalayan Journals]<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Joseph Dalton Hooker |sopt=t}}<br /> * {{BHL author}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217234347/http://www.kew.org/news/kew-blogs/library-art-archives/directors-correspondence/index.htm Directors' Correspondence Project] – Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-npo|pro}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[George Biddell Airy]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|order=32nd|title=[[Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]]|years=1878–1883}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[William Spottiswoode]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title = Joseph Dalton Hooker<br /> |titlestyle = background:#ccccff<br /> |list1 =<br /> {{natural history}}<br /> {{Copley Medallists 1851–1900}}<br /> {{Royal Society presidents 1800s}}<br /> {{Directors of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title = Awards and achievements of Joseph Dalton Hooker<br /> |titlestyle = background:#ccccff<br /> |list1 =<br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{S-ach}}<br /> {{S-bef|before=[[Charles Robert Darwin]]}}<br /> {{S-ttl|title=[[Royal Medal]]|years=1854}}<br /> {{S-aft|after=[[John Obadiah Westwood]]}}<br /> {{S-bef|before=[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]}}<br /> {{S-ttl|title=[[Darwin Medal]]|years=1892}}<br /> {{S-aft|after=[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]}}<br /> {{S-bef|before=[[Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn]]}}<br /> {{S-ttl|title=[[Clarke Medal]]|years=1885}}<br /> {{S-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck]]}}}}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hooker, Joseph Dalton}}<br /> [[Category:19th-century British botanists]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century British explorers]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century English scientists]]<br /> [[Category:1817 births]]<br /> [[Category:1911 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]<br /> [[Category:Botanists active in Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Botanists active in India]]<br /> [[Category:Botanists active in Kew Gardens]]<br /> [[Category:Botanists active in New Zealand]]<br /> [[Category:British Geological Survey]]<br /> [[Category:British mycologists]]<br /> [[Category:British pteridologists]]<br /> [[Category:British bryologists]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at St. Anne's Church, Kew]]<br /> [[Category:Charles Darwin]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]<br /> [[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:British evolutionary biologists]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Ethnological Society of London]]<br /> [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:British paleobotanists]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at the High School of Glasgow]]<br /> [[Category:People from Halesworth]]<br /> [[Category:British phycologists]]<br /> [[Category:Plant collectors]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Clarke Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]<br /> [[Category:Royal Medal winners]]<br /> [[Category:Victoria Medal of Honour recipients]]<br /> [[Category:Himalayan studies]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal]]<br /> [[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]<br /> [[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadana_State&diff=507302 2026-05-01T16:54:50Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Gujarat state, India}}<br /> {{citation style|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox former subdivision<br /> |native_name = <br /> |conventional_long_name =Kadana State <br /> |common_name =Kadana <br /> |nation = [[British India]]<br /> |subdivision = [[Princely State]]<br /> |era = <br /> |year_start =<br /> |date_start = <br /> |event_start= <br /> |year_end = 1948<br /> |date_end = <br /> |event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]<br /> |event1 = <br /> |date_event1 = <br /> |p1 =<br /> |s1 = India<br /> |flag_p1 = <br /> |flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg<br /> |image_flag = <br /> |image_coat = <br /> |image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg<br /> |image_map_caption = Location of Kadana <br /> |stat_area1 =50.965<br /> |stat_year1 =1931<br /> |stat_pop1 =17 560<br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> {{princely states topics}}<br /> '''Kadana State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]&lt;ref&gt;Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt; and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].&lt;ref&gt;Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100,<br /> https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt; The state had a population of 17 560 and an area of 132 sq miles...&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt; Its capital was [[Kadana]] in the Mahisagar district.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> The state was founded in the 13th century by the younger brother of the founder of [[Sant State]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 112, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n121/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was never conquered or forced to pay tribute to another state, but Sant claimed suzerainty over it until 1871.&lt;ref&gt;Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 268,<br /> https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n299/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rulers==<br /> <br /> The Ruler held the title of Thakur.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Rana Parwatsinghji -April 12, 1889 &lt;ref&gt;Summary Of The Principal Measures Of The Viceroyalty Of The Maequess Of Lansdowne In Foregin Department December-1888 January-1894, p. 147,<br /> https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207828/page/n153/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Rana Shri Chhatrasalji (b. January 28, 1879) April 12, 1889-fl. 1940 &lt;ref&gt;Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Summary Of The Principal Measures Of The Viceroyalty Of The Maequess Of Lansdowne In Foregin Department December-1888 January-1894, p. 147, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207828/page/n153/mode/2up&lt;/ref&gt; Adopted son and successor of the above.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}<br /> {{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galsi_Assembly_constituency&diff=499670 2026-04-29T08:50:17Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Galsi<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Galsi.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Galsi Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]<br /> | constituency_no = 274<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Nepal Ghorui]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | electors = 204,466<br /> }}<br /> '''Galsi''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 274 Galsi (SC) assembly constituency covers [[Galsi I (community development block)|Galsi I]] community development block, Galsi and Kurkuba gram panchayats of [[Galsi II (community development block)|Galsi II]] CD Block and Kanksa, Trilokchandrapur, Bankati and Bidbehar gram panchayats of [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] CD Block.&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Galsi assembly segment was earlier part of [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As per orders of Delimitation Commission it is part of No. 39 [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name =delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election&lt;br /&gt; Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Galsi||Jadabendra Nath Panja&lt;br/&gt;and Mahitosh Saha|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 219 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095211/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 14 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 219 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006032945/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;||||Phakir Chandra Roy||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | ||Pramatha Nath Dhibar||{{Full party name with color|Marxist Forward Bloc}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Kanai Lal Das||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 298 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006192934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Phakir Chandra Roy||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 328 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080357/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]||||Phakir Chandra Roy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 328 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112051819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 12 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||||Anil Roy||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 332 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052412/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 12 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||||Aswini Roy||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 323 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007094829/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||||Debranjan Sen||{{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 353 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062834/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]||||Debranjan Sen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 346 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006142613/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||||Debranjan Sen&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 353 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063052/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]||||Dilip Mazumdar||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 362 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 6 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||||[[Idrish Mondal]]||{{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc|rowspan=4}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 371 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007113156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||[[Mehbub Mondal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf| title = Statistical Report on General Elections 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Detailed Results P 361 | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007212034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date = 13 May 2021| archive-date = 7 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||[[Mehbub Mondal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/wbdetail06.htm | title = List of Successful Candidates in West Bengal Assembly Election in 2006 | work = Galsi| publisher = rediff.com |access-date = 13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |title=List of successful candidates - West Bengal Assembly Election |work=Galsi |publisher= Elections.in |access-date = 13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520105555if_/http://eci.gov.in/States%20Htmls/WestBengalResults.htm |archive-date=20 May 2006 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]||||[[Sunil Kumar Mondal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html | title = West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2011 | work= Galsi| publisher = Elections.in |access-date =13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2014 By election||||Gour Chandra Mondal||{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]||||Alok Kumar Majhi&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2016&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2016/west-bengal/galsi/ | title= Galsi constituency| work= Check 2016 result | publisher = CNBC TV18 |access-date =13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||||[[Nepal Ghorui]]&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2021&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/galsi-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Galsi Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =13 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Galsi}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Alok Kumar Majhi|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raju Patra|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Monimala Das|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Debasish Biswas|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amlan Krishna Sarkar|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kishor Biswas|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Galsi&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2021/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= Nepal Ghorui|votes=109,504|percentage=49.21|change=+15.02}} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Bikash Biswas|votes=90,242|percentage=40.55|change=+321.00}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party= All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Nandalal Pondit|votes=29,063|percentage= 15.08|change=-64.80}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sandip Sarkar|votes=3,518|percentage=1.58|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2254|percentage=1.01|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes= 222,538|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Galsi&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2016/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Alok Kumar Majhi|votes=95,203|percentage=|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Nandalal Podit|votes=84,432|percentage= |change= }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sundar Paswan|votes=21,435|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above |votes=3, 927 |percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes= |percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014 By election===<br /> In the Galsi seat, the by-election was held due to the sitting MLA, Sunil Kumar Mandal of the Forward Bloc, who switched to Trinamool Congress. This Election was held on 30 April 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/16/article503459.ece/TMC-wins-Krishanganj-takes-massive-lead-in-Bongaon-LS-seat|title =TMC wins Galsi |publisher =ABP Live| access-date = 17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517052149/http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/16/article503459.ece/TMC-wins-Krishanganj-takes-massive-lead-in-Bongaon-LS-seat |archive-date=17 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=West Bengal assembly by-elections, 2014: Galsi (SC) constituency&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2015By&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ByeElec2015/WBKrishnaganjAC.pdf| title =Form 21E Return of Elections| work= 88 Krishnaganj (SC)|publisher =Election Commission of India| access-date = 18 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Gour Chandra Mondal<br /> |votes = 77,623<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |candidate = Nandalal Pondit<br /> |votes = 68,770<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sundar Paswan<br /> |votes = 37,620<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Swapan Malik<br /> |votes = 34,817<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 197,845<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Galsi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25274.htm |title = Galsi |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516060754/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25274.htm |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=274 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Galsi |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 |archive-date = 29 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223038/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=274 |url-status = usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Galsi |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Mandal]]<br /> |votes = 92,126<br /> |percentage = 50.59<br /> |change = -17.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Joydeb Saha<br /> |votes = 81,272<br /> |percentage = 44.63<br /> |change = #<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Tapan Bagdi<br /> |votes = 8,714<br /> |percentage = 4.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 182,112<br /> |percentage = 89.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |swing = #<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;small&gt;.# Trinamool Congress did not contest this seat in 2006.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1977-2006===<br /> In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 assembly elections, [[Mehbub Mondal]] of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Galsi assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Anil Kumar Saha of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and Ajijul Haque Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 1996 and 1991, [[Idrish Mondal]] of Forward Block defeated Syed Imdad Ali and Champak (both of Congress) respectively. In 1987, 1982 and 1977, Deb Ranjan Sen of Forward Block defeated Ajit Bandopadhyay, Himanshu Baran Roy and Nirmalendu Koner (all of Congress) respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp269.htm | title = 269 – Galsi Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1952-1972===<br /> Aswini Roy of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the seat in 1972. Anil Roy of CPI(M) won it in 1971. Phakir Chandra Roy (Independent) won it in 1969 and 1967. Kanai Lal Das of Congress won it in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In 1957 and 1952, Galsi was a constituency with two seats. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]], Phakir Chandra Roy (Independent) and Pramathanath Dhibar of Forward Bloc won the seats. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Mahitosh Saha and Jadabendra Nath Panja, both of Congress, won the seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2010-08-29 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Purba Bardhaman topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muazzam_Beg&diff=518665 2026-04-26T13:59:57Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: starting a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director, producer, writer}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Moazzam Begg}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Muazzam Beg<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|4|18}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Shahjahanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | parents = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]<br /> | occupation = Film director, producer, writer<br /> | years_active = 1994–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Muazzam Beg''' (born 18 April 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;in.linkedin.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.linkedin.com/pub/muazzam-beg/10/178/509 |title=Muazzam Beg - India &amp;#124; LinkedIn |accessdate=2014-01-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140128162408/http://in.linkedin.com/pub/muazzam-beg/10/178/509 |archivedate=28 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=January 2014}} is an Indian [[Bollywood]] film writer and director.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Beg was born in [[Shahjahanpur]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;in.linkedin.com&quot; /&gt; He attended St. Paul's High School, [[Shahjahanpur]], U.P., and has been actively involved in theatre and writing since his school days. His initial brush with theatre was during his school days when he started acting in stage plays. Bitten by the creativity bug, he joined a theatre group in Shahjahanpur and started acting in stage plays while he was a student. From acting, he progressed toward writing and directing plays which also marked his initial foray into the creative world.<br /> <br /> In 1996, Beg co-founded a theatre group ABHIVYAKTI Natya&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/muazzam.beg?v=wall {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manch in his home town with fellow theatre friends. The group staged their first play ''Aakhiri Salaam'' based on the life of Freedom Fighter Ashfaqulla Khan. Buoyed by its success, they followed it up with ''Antrim Yudh'' based on the life of Shaheed Bhagat Singh as well as ''Gandhi ne Kaha Tha'' based on Gandhian philosophy. These plays were written and directed by famous play writer Rajesh Kumar.<br /> <br /> In 1997, he moved to Delhi to pursue his graduation in Economics (Honours) from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University in New Delhi. He then studied at the [[AJK Mass Communication Media Center|Mass Communication Research Centre]], Jamia Millia Islamia.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> He started his career as an in-house writer in under director [[Subhash Ghai]]'s production house [[Mukta Arts]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/bond-with-the-bhais.html Bond-with-the-Bhais], The Pioneer, 30 April 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from working closely with Ghai, Beg worked under the guidance of veteran screenwriters like Shabd Kumar and Sachin Bhowmick.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=the Bollywoodland |url=http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/about_writer_director.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222044201/http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/about_writer_director.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His first independent work was as dialogue writer of the 2007 film ''[[Swami (2007 film)|Swami]]'', starring [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] in lead roles. The screenplay was co-written with Bhavani Ayyer, writer of ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Movie Review – Swami |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2425&amp;id=14467832 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316045911/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&amp;cid=2425&amp;id=14467832 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |accessdate=16 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His debut as a solo writer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Money Hai Toh Honey Hai Review 1/5 &amp;#124; Money Hai Toh Honey Hai Movie Review &amp;#124; Money Hai Toh Honey Hai 2008 Public Review &amp;#124; Film Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/436/Money%20Hai%20Toh%20Honey%20Hai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203074528/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/reviews/type/view/id/436/Money%20Hai%20Toh%20Honey%20Hai |archive-date=3 February 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; came in the 2008 film, ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=13 January 2012 |title=New Releases – Sadda Adda |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120113/ttlife1.htm |accessdate=17 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Along with director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], Beg co-wrote the 2011 film ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' which earned him wide critical reception and [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award 2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Mauli Singh and Shakti Shetty |date=15 February 2012 |title=Writer block-ed? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/feb/150212-Writers-block-ed.htm |accessdate=15 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |place=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Soumyadipta Banerjee |date=27 October 2011 |title=Is Imtiaz Ali the real story-teller of Rockstar? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-is-imtiaz-ali-the-real-story-teller-of-rockstar-1603917 |accessdate=15 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, Beg came up with his directorial debut film ''[[Sadda Adda]]'', a teen-comedy of six bachelors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adda&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Sharma, Garima |date=3 September 2011 |title=Muazzam Beg's Madhouse is complete |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/muazzam-begs-madhouse-is-complete/articleshow/9834991.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116113832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/news-interviews/30106386_1_alma-maters-film-du |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=15 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013 he announced his new project titled ''Munna Bhai, Sallu Bhai – Killers or Healers'' which would be a docu-drama of the lives of actors [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Salman Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=14 December 2013 |title=Now a film on Salman Khan, Sanjay Dutt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/now-a-film-on-salman-khan-sanjay-dutt/article1-1162474.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214094226/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/now-a-film-on-salman-khan-sanjay-dutt/article1-1162474.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=15 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film will be produced by Beg under his NGO banner &quot;Indian Film Fraternity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=12 April 2013 |title=Docu-drama on Sanjay Dutt and Salman Khan's real life |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/docudrama-on-sanjay-dutt-and-salman-khans-real-life/ |accessdate=15 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career graph==<br /> ===Writer===<br /> * Critically acclaimed film ''[[Swami (2007 film)|Swami]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ibaburao.com/celebrity/muazzam-beg-o5EFiSd#.UvX05mKSyHU | title=Muazzam Beg is Director movies Swami | publisher=www.ibaburao.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; starring [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Juhi Chawla]] was Muazzam Beg's first independent movie as a writer. He shared the screenplay credit with Bhavani Iyer (writer of [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Sanjay Leela Bhasali]]'s ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'').<br /> * ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' (2008)&lt;ref&gt;http://philippines.tv7pm.com/movie/aSwtHC4= {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], Manoj Bajpayee, [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Upen Patel]], [[Ravi Kishan]] and [[Celina Jaitley]] and jointly produced by [[Eros International]] and Kumar Mangat was Muazzam Beg's first movie as a solo writer.<br /> * Ranbir Kapoor, Nargis Fakhri starrer ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011) earned him wide critical reception and his first award ([[Zee Cine Award]]). A semi-autobiographical account of a musician who finds success after a heartbreak was appreciated by critics and audience for Beg's innovative story.<br /> <br /> ===Director/producer===<br /> * ''[[Sadda Adda]]'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/friday-release-sadda-adda-a-tale-of-six-boys/220145-8-66.html |title=Friday Release: 'Sadda Adda', a tale of six boys - Movies News - Bollywood - ibnlive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114102604/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/friday-release-sadda-adda-a-tale-of-six-boys/220145-8-66.html |archive-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; marked Beg's directorial debut in Bollywood. This critically acclaimed movie, though initially unnoticed, went on to be considered as one of the best youth comedies revolving around college campuses in recent times.<br /> * 2013 marked a new beginning for Beg when he donned the producer's mantle and started his production house, Hindustan Light and Sound Movie Service&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/crew/21253/munna-bhai-sallu-bhai | title=MUNNA BHAI SALLU BHAI}}&lt;/ref&gt; which will produce his latest directorial venture ''Munna Bhai Sallu Bhai''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-Khan-and-Sanjay-Dutt-fans-in-Munna-Bhai-Sallu-Bhai/articleshow/27464518.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219114342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news-interviews/45254917_1_salman-khan-sanjay-dutt-muazzam-beg | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-12-19 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt fans in Munna Bhai Sallu Bhai}}&lt;/ref&gt; This film is designed to be a cinematic ode to superstars [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Salman Khan]] and will also mark the first congregation of 25,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/what-did-salman-khan-get-from-the-cast-of-munna-bhai-sallu-bhai-on-his-birthday/|title = What did Salman Khan get from the cast of Munna Bhai Sallu Bhai on his birthday?|date = 30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; die-hard fans for a movie. It was scheduled to be may be released in the third quarter of 2014.<br /> <br /> ===Festival===<br /> Along with the movie the director is organising a one-of-a-kind festival during this winter. A melodromantic saga of love, the Bollywoodland&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/ Bollywoodland Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194535/http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/ |date=2 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/Thebollywoodland {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; will be a festival by, of and for die-hard fans. This festival aims to unite fans across India to celebrate their love and passion for all things Bollywood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/munna-bhai-sallu-bhai-cast-launch-first-look.html |title=Munna Bhai Sallu Bhai cast launch first look {{!}} Central Chronicle |website=www.centralchronicle.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213040318/http://www.centralchronicle.com/munna-bhai-sallu-bhai-cast-launch-first-look.html |archive-date=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The inaugural ceremony will attract 25,000-odd fans&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/some-b-town-folk-piggyback-on-salman-khan/15003033|title = Latest Mumbai News &amp;#124; India news &amp;#124; Entertainment News &amp;#124; Latest News in Mumbai, Headlines, Live Updates and Coverage}}&lt;/ref&gt; across the nation.<br /> <br /> The live action from this festival will be captured by multiple cameras placed at strategic locations across the site, very similar to a television reality show. An edited ten-minute footage of the festival thus captured will be included in Muazzam Beg's directorial venture, ''[http://www.centralchronicle.com/munna-bhai-sallu-bhai-cast-launch-first-look.html Munna Bhai Sallu Bhai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213040318/http://www.centralchronicle.com/munna-bhai-sallu-bhai-cast-launch-first-look.html |date=13 February 2014 }}'' thus giving a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for 25,000 fans to live their Bollywood dreams. The festival will provide a mind-blowing experience to the visitors with its innovative décor, ambience, enchanting acts, and performances. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194535/http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/ The Bollywoodland] will provide opportunities for talented youngsters to get a foothold in the industry by conducting contests and shows. The festival would provide the perfect platform for talented aspirants across the nation to perform and showcase their skills to a large audience and to people from the film industry.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> * 2007 – ''[[Swami (2007 film)|Swami]]'' as co-writer<br /> * 2008 – ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' as writer<br /> * 2011 – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' as co-writer<br /> * 2012 – ''[[Sadda Adda]]'' as writer, director<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> ;[[Zee Cine Award]]<br /> '''Won'''<br /> *2011: [[Zee Cine Award Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|2813440}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194535/http://www.thebollywoodland.com/bollywoodland/ Bollywoodland Festival]<br /> * https://www.facebook.com/Thebollywoodland<br /> * [https://muzzam.net Web site]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Muazzam}}<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1978 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Lok_Adalat&diff=539453 2026-04-26T05:56:41Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating A Data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}<br /> {{Infobox law enforcement agency<br /> | agencyname = Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority<br /> | nativename =<br /> | nativenamea =<br /> | nativenamer =<br /> | commonname =<br /> | patch =<br /> | patchcaption =<br /> | logo = <br /> | logocaption =<br /> | badge =<br /> | badgecaption =<br /> | flag =<br /> | flagcaption =<br /> | image_size = <br /> | motto =<br /> | mottotranslated =<br /> | mission =<br /> | formed = <br /> | preceding1 =<br /> | employees = <br /> | volunteers =<br /> | budget = <br /> | country = India<br /> | federal = No<br /> | map =<br /> | mapcaption =<br /> | sizearea =<br /> | sizepopulation =<br /> | legaljuris =<br /> | governingbody =<br /> | governingbodyscnd =<br /> | constitution1 =<br /> | restriction =<br /> | overviewtype =<br /> | overviewbody =<br /> | headquarters = Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority, Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority, North Fort Road, High Court Campus CHENNAI - 600104.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Profile TAMIL NADU ( तमिलनाडु ) |url=https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/TN |website=National Legal Service Authority |access-date=5 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | hqlocmap =<br /> | hqlocleft =<br /> | hqloctop =<br /> | hqlocmappoptitle =<br /> | sworntype =<br /> | sworn =<br /> | unsworntype =<br /> | unsworn =<br /> | electeetype =<br /> | minister1name =<br /> | minister1pfo =<br /> | chief1name = <br /> | chief1position = <br /> | parentagency =<br /> | website = {{URL|https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/TN}}<br /> | child1agency =<br /> | unittype =<br /> | unitname =<br /> | officetype =<br /> | officename =<br /> | stationtype =<br /> | stations =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat''' or Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la Ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is recognized as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat |last1=Gupta |first1=Vishal |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat-on-september-11 |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com |date=29 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la Ref1&quot; /&gt; Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).&lt;ref name=&quot;la Ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &quot;Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and Administration ==<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=punjab+lok+adalat&amp;pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sarfaraz Ahmed |title=Lok adalat : an effective alternative dispute resolution mechanism |date=2006 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRWJjouEesC&amp;dq=bihar+lok+adalat&amp;pg=PA67 |access-date=30 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Jus Dicere |date=16 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Significance of Lok Adalats in present scenario. |url=https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/583/Significance-of-Lok-Adalats-in-present-scenario..html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=legalservicesindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *State Authorities.<br /> *High Court.<br /> *District and Taluk level.<br /> <br /> 1. Chairman.<br /> <br /> 2. Secretaries.<br /> <br /> *Mandal Committees.<br /> *Mediation Centres.<br /> <br /> Types of Lok Adalat:<br /> <br /> * Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=E-Courts mission mode project |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/permanent-lok-adalat-nilgiris |website=districts.ecourts.gov.in |access-date=5 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.<br /> * Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.<br /> * Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organized occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<br /> <br /> == Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==<br /> <br /> Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved&lt;ref name=&quot;la ref6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<br /> <br /> * Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<br /> * It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.<br /> * The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.<br /> * The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.<br /> * Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.<br /> * Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.<br /> <br /> The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<br /> <br /> 1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.<br /> <br /> * Criminal offences which are compoundable.<br /> * Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.<br /> * Issues relating to recovery of money.<br /> * Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=3,281 cases resolved;11.41 crore settled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/3281-cases-resolved-1141-crore-settled/article34290416.ece |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=10 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Issues relating to labour disputes.<br /> * Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.<br /> * Issues relating to Matrimony.<br /> <br /> 2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.<br /> * Cases relating to recovery of money.<br /> * Issues relating to labour disputes.<br /> * Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.<br /> * General Maintenance related disputes.<br /> * Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.<br /> <br /> However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.<br /> <br /> As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<br /> The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.<br /> <br /> Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<br /> <br /> == Details of cases Resolved ==<br /> <br /> * Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat organised national lok adalat in Tamil Nadu High Court premises settling 934 cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=934 cases heard in Madras High Court on National Lok Adalat day |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/12/12061750/1333356/934-cases-heard-in-Madras-High-Court-on-National-Lok-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035749/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/12/12061750/1333356/934-cases-heard-in-Madras-High-Court-on-National-Lok-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |publisher=dtnext |date=12 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Tamil Nadu Lok Adalat organised national lok adalat Combined Court Buildings in Villupuram in December'21 resolving 1310 cases with settlement amount of Rs 13.57 [[crore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tnla ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=1,310 cases settled at Lok Adalat in Villupuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/1310-cases-settled-at-lok-adalat-in-villupuram/article37941359.ece |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]<br /> * [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://nalsa.gov.in/dashboard/TN Official website]<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Dispute resolution]]<br /> [[Category:Law of India]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persann_Kumar_Chaudhary&diff=525243 2026-04-24T13:08:40Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Persann Kumar Chaudhary<br /> | office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 10 March 2022<br /> | party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]<br /> | other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)<br /> | parents = Braham Singh (father)<br /> | constituency = [[Shamli (Assembly constituency)|Shamli]]<br /> | preceded = [[Tejendra Nirwal]]<br /> | image =<br /> | alma_mater = [[Meerut University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=45 | title=Persann Kumar(Rashtriya Lok Dal(RLD)):Constituency- SHAMLI(SHAMLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''Persann Kumar Chaudhary''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shamli (Assembly constituency)|Shamli]] representing [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persann Kumar(Rashtriya Lok Dal(RLD)):Constituency- SHAMLI(SHAMLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=45 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persann Kumar from RLD Won Shamli Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Shamli Constituency |url=https://indiatoday.in/know-your-candidatesuttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/shamli-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |title=ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ ಚುನಾವಣೆ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶಗಳು 2022, Persann Kumar - Shamli Election Result 2022 in Kannada |url=https://tv9kannada.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/candidates/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/candidates/persann-kumar-shamli-147778 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-03-10 |title=Shamli Election Result 2022LIVE: RLD के PERSANN KUMAR की हुई जीत, AAP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/shamli-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078080 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> <br /> {{UttarPradesh-RLD-politician-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Corbett_National_Park&diff=506267 2026-04-22T19:50:54Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp-semi|reason=vand|small=yes}}<br /> {{Short description|National park in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Jim Corbett National Park<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | iucn_category = II<br /> | image = Bengal-Tiger Corbett Uttarakhand Dec-2013.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[Bengal tiger]] in Corbett National Park<br /> | image_size = <br /> | map = India Uttarakhand#India<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand<br /> | map_width = <br /> | mapframe-zoom = 9<br /> | location = [[Nainital District|Nainital]], Uttarakhand, India<br /> | nearest_city = [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], [[Kotdwar]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coords|29|32|55|N|78|56|7|E|display=inline, title}}<br /> | area = 1,318 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | elevation_max = {{cvt|1040|m}}<br /> | established = 1936<br /> | visitation_num = 365,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tourism in Corbett National Park | website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/unprecedented-tourist-footfall-in-corbett-national-park/videoshow/99395482.cms#:~:text=With%20more%20than%203.65%20lakh,hotels%20that%20surround%20the%20park.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | visitation_year = 2023-24<br /> | governing_body = [[National Tiger Conservation Authority|NTCA]]<br /> | Jim Corbett – Map = <br /> | url = [https://corbettonline.uk.gov.in/ corbettonline.uk.gov.in]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jim Corbett National Park''' is a [[national park]] in the [[Nainital district]] of the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It was established in 1936 as the country's first national park and is named in honour of [[Jim Corbett]], who had played a leading role in its establishment. It was the first to come under the [[Project Tiger]] initiative and encompasses an area of {{cvt|520.8|km2}} consisting of hills, riverine belts, marshy depressions, grasslands and a large lake at an elevation range of {{cvt|1300|-|4000|ft|m|order=flip}}. It receives rainfall from July to September. Almost 73% of the national park is covered by dense moist [[deciduous forest]] dominated by ''[[Shorea robusta]]'', [[peepal]], rohini and [[mango tree]]s among 110 tree species and 617 different plant species. [[Grassland]]s cover about 10% of its total area. It harbours 50 [[mammal]] species, 580 [[bird]] species and 25 [[reptile]] species. The increase in tourist activities continues to present a serious challenge to the park's ecological balance.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Some areas of the park were formerly part of the [[princely state]] of [[Tehri Garhwal]].&lt;ref name=UNEP1&gt;UNEP 2003&lt;/ref&gt; The forests were cleared by the [[Uttarakhand Forest Department]] to make the area less vulnerable to [[Rohilla]] invaders.&lt;ref name=UNEP1/&gt; The [[Raja]] of Tehri formally ceded a part of his princely state to the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] in return for their assistance in ousting the [[Gurkha]]s from his domain.&lt;ref name=UNEP1/&gt; The [[Buksa people|Buksa]]s—a tribe from the [[Terai]]—settled on the land and began growing crops, but in the early 1860s they were evicted with the advent of [[British Raj|British rule]].&lt;ref name=UNEP1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Efforts to save the forests of the region began in the 19th century under [[Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)|Major Ramsay]], the British officer who was in-charge of the area during those times. The first step in the protection of the area began in 1868 when the British forest department established control over the land and prohibited cultivation and the operation of cattle stations.&lt;ref name=Tiwari1/&gt; In 1879 these forests were constituted into a reserve forest where restricted felling was permitted.<br /> <br /> In the early 1900s, several [[wiktionary:Britisher|Britishers]], including E. R. Stevans and [[E. A. Smythies]], suggested the setting up of a national park on this soil. The British administration considered the possibility of creating a [[game reserve]] there in 1907.&lt;ref name=Tiwari1/&gt; It was only in the 1930s that the process of demarcation for such an area got underway. A reserve area known as ''Hailey National Park'' covering {{cvt|323.75|km2}} was created in 1936, when [[Sir Malcolm Hailey]] was the Governor of United Provinces, and Asia's first national park came into existence.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1&gt;Corbett National Park (Project Tiger Directorate)&lt;/ref&gt; Hunting was not allowed in the reserve, only timber cutting for domestic purposes was permitted. Soon after the establishment of the reserve, rules prohibiting the killing and capture of [[mammal]]s, [[reptiles]] and birds within its boundaries were passed.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> <br /> The reserve was renamed ''Ramganga National Park'' in 1954–1955 and was again renamed in 1955–1956 to Corbett National Park after author and naturalist [[Jim Corbett]].&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> The park fared well during the 1930s under <br /> <br /> an elected administration. But during the [[Second World War]], it suffered from excessive [[poaching]] and timber cutting. Over time, the area in the reserve was increased to {{cvt|797.72|km2}} were added in 1991 as a buffer zone to the Corbett Tiger Reserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;Projecttiger1&quot; /&gt; The 1991 addition included the entire Kalagarh forest division, assimilating the {{cvt|301.18|km2}} area of Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary as a part of the Kalagarh division.&lt;ref name=&quot;Projecttiger1&quot; /&gt; It was chosen in 1974 as the location for launching the [[Project Tiger]] wildlife conservation project.&lt;ref&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 108&lt;/ref&gt; The reserve is administered from its headquarters in the [[Nainital district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 208&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Corbett National Park is one of the thirteen [[Protected areas of India|protected areas]] covered by the [[World Wide Fund For Nature]] under their [[Terai Arc Landscape]] Program.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF1&quot;&gt;Drayton 2004&lt;/ref&gt; The program aims to protect three of the five terrestrial flagship species, the tiger, the [[Asian elephant]] and the [[Indian rhinoceros]] by restoring [[wildlife corridor]]s to link 13 protected areas of [[Nepal]] and India and to enable wildlife [[wikt:migration|migration]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Calm and Clear.jpg|thumb|Landscape in Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> {{OSM Location map||width=340|height=220|zoom=9|coord={{coord|29|33|N|78|53|E}}|float=left|caption=Location of '''Corbett National Park''' in '''Uttarakhand''' &lt;br /&gt;M: municipality, NP: National Park, D: Dam||mark-coord1={{coord|29|23|40|N|79|07|40|E}}|label-pos1=top|label1=Ramnagar|numbered1=M|mark-title1=[[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] (T)|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C40000||shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2|mark-coord2={{coord|29|44|50|N|78|31|15|E}}|label-pos2=top|label2=Kotdwar|numbered2=M|mark-title2=[[Kotdwar]] (T)|label-color2=#800000|mark-coord3={{coord|29|31|20|N|78|52|00|E}}|label-pos3=top|label3=Jim Corbett|numbered3=NP||labela3=National|labelb3=Park|mark-title3=Jim Corbett National Park|shape-color3=Green|label-size3=13|label-color3=Green|mark-coord4={{coord|29|32|05|N|78|58|0|E}}|label4=Ramganga River|label-color4=#77A1CB|label-angle4=20|label-pos4=top|label-size4=7|mark-size4=0|mark-title4=none|mark-coord5={{coord|29|32|45|N|78|46|0|E}}|label5=Ramganga|labela5=Reservoir|label-color5=#77A1CB|label-angle5=20|label-pos5=top|label-size5=7|mark-size5=0|mark-title5=none|mark-coord6={{coord|29|31|10|N|78|45|30|E}}|label-pos6=bottom|label6=Kalagarh Dam|numbered6=D|mark-title6=[[Kalagarh Dam]] (D)|label-color6=black|label-size6=7|shape-color6=black}}{{clear}}<br /> <br /> Jim Corbett National Park is located partly along [[Doon Valley]] between the [[Lesser Himalaya]] in the north and the [[Siwalik Hills]] in the south; it has a sub-Himalayan belt structure.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari2&quot;&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 210&lt;/ref&gt; The upper tertiary rocks are exposed towards the base of the Shiwalik range and hard [[sandstone]] units form broad ridges.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari2&quot; /&gt; Characteristic longitudinal valleys, geographically termed ''Doons,'' or ''Duns'' can be seen formed along the narrow tectonic zones between lineaments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari2&quot; /&gt; The elevation of the region ranges between {{cvt|360|m}} and {{cvt|1040|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari2&quot; /&gt; It has numerous [[ravine]]s, [[ridge]]s, minor streams and small [[plateau]]s with varying aspects and degrees of slope.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari2&quot; /&gt; The park encompasses the ''Patli Dun'' [[valley]] formed by the river [[Ramganga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari8&quot;&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 286&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Its present area is {{cvt|1288.31|km2}} including a {{cvt|822|km2}} core zone and {{cvt|466.31|km2}} of buffer area.&lt;ref name=&quot;wii 2023&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Climate ===<br /> [[File:Morning Mist Dhikala Corbett Reserve Dec2019 R16 02285.jpg|thumb|Morning fog in winter, Dhikala, Dec 2019]]<br /> The weather in the park is temperate compared to most other protected areas of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari8&quot; /&gt; The temperature may vary from {{convert|5|C|F|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|C|F|0|abbr=on}} during the winter and some mornings are foggy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari8&quot; /&gt; Summer temperatures normally do not rise above {{convert|40|C|F|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari8&quot; /&gt; Rainfall ranges from light during the winter to heavy during the [[monsoon]]al summer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riley1&quot;&gt;Riley &amp; Riley 2005: 208&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Flora ==<br /> [[File:024_Juvenile_northern_plains_gray_langur_in_Jim_Corbett_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg|thumb|Juvenile northern plains gray langur in Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> [[File:Wilderness,Corbett National Park.jpg|thumb|Forest in Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> Tree density inside the reserve is higher in the areas of ''[[Sal tree|Sal]]'' forests and lowest in the ''[[Anogeissus]]''–''[[Acacia catechu]]'' forests.&lt;ref name=Singh1&gt;Singh et al. 1995&lt;/ref&gt; Total tree basal cover is greater in Sal dominated areas of woody vegetation.&lt;ref name=Singh1/&gt; Healthy regeneration in sapling and seedling layers is occurring in the ''[[Mallotus philippensis]]'', ''[[Jamun]]'' and ''[[Diospyros]]'' spp. communities, but in the Sal forests the regeneration of [[sapling]] and [[seedling]] is poor.&lt;ref name=Singh1/&gt; A research survey in the 1970s recorded 488 different plant species;&lt;ref name=Pant1&gt;Pant 1976&lt;/ref&gt; in 2023, 617 species were noted, including 110 tree species.&lt;ref name=&quot;wii 2023&quot;/&gt; A profile of the reserve compiled by the [[Wildlife Institute of India]], listed the sal tree (''[[Shorea robusta]]''), ''[[Adina cordifolia]]'', ''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]'', ''[[Bauhinia]] rausinosa'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', and ''[[Mallotus philippensis|M. philippensis]]'' as the notable tree species.&lt;ref name=&quot;wii 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nautiyal |first1=J.P. |last2=Lone |first2=A.M.U.D. |last3=Ghosh |first3=T. |last4=Malick |first4=A. |last5=Yadav |first5=S. P. |last6=Ramesh |first6=C. |last7=Ramesh |first7=K. |title=An Illustrative Profile of Tiger Reserves of India |date=2023 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India; EIACP Programme Centre |location=Uttarakhand, India |pages=40–41 |url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/Reports/TR_profile/Illustrative_profile_tiger_reserves.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807002134/https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/Reports/TR_profile/Illustrative_profile_tiger_reserves.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Fauna ==<br /> [[File:A spotted deer (Stag).jpg|thumb|A [[chital]] stag in Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> [[File:Tuskercorbett.jpg|thumb|A tusker elephant on the bank of the Ramganga river]]<br /> [[File:Bengal Tiger walking on the dry river bed at Jim Corbett National Park.jpg|thumb|A tiger walking on the river bed]]<br /> <br /> Jim Corbett National Park is home to many wildlife species. Mammals are represented by the [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]] and [[leopard cat]].&lt;ref name=Riley1/&gt;&lt;ref name=Riley2&gt;Riley &amp; Riley 2005: 210&lt;/ref&gt; [[barking deer]], [[sambar deer]], [[hog deer]], [[chital]], [[sloth bear]], [[Asiatic black bear]], [[Indian gray mongoose]], [[otter]]s, [[yellow-throated marten]], [[Himalayan goral]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[langur]] and [[rhesus macaque]].&lt;ref name=Riley2a&gt;Riley &amp; Riley 2005: 208–210&lt;/ref&gt; [[Marsh crocodile]]s and [[gharial]]s were released into [[Ramganga]] river.&lt;ref name=Riley2/&gt;<br /> Thick jungle, the Ramganga river and plentiful prey make this reserve an ideal habitat for predators.&lt;ref name=Riley2a&gt;Riley &amp; Riley 2005: 208–210&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2022 census, there were 260 tigers in the park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tiger population rises to 560 from 442 in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jul/30/tigerpopulation-rises-to-560-from-442-in-uttarakhand-2600136.html|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=30 July 2023|access-date=8 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; There were around 1100 elephants in the park in 2019. The tigers in the park kill large animals like elephants, especially calves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tigers-killing-and-eating-elephants-in-corbett-national-park-government-study-reveals-worrying-phenomenon/articleshow/69811871.cms |title=Tigers killing and eating elephants in Corbett National Park: government study reveals worrying phenomenon|website=Times of India |date=2019|access-date=24 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:(5) Pallas's Fish Eagle at Corbett National park, Uttarakhand India March 2013.jpg|thumb|Fish Eagle at Corbett National Park]]<br /> <br /> More than 586 species of resident and migratory birds have been sighted, including the [[crested serpent eagle]], [[Indian paradise flycatcher]], [[greater coucal]], [[blossom-headed parakeet]] and the [[red junglefowl]], [[owls]] and [[nightjar]]s.&lt;ref name=Riley2/&gt; 33 [[reptiles]] species including the [[Indian python]],&lt;ref name=Riley2/&gt; 7 [[amphibians]] species, 7 [[fish]] species and 36 [[dragonflies]] species have also been recorded.&lt;ref name=UNEP1/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Ecotourism ==<br /> [[File:Asian Elephant at Corbett National Park 10.jpg|thumbnail|Young [[Indian elephant]] bull charging a jeep]]<br /> <br /> Though the main focus is protection of wildlife, the reserve management has also encouraged [[ecotourism]].&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt; In 1993, a training course covering [[natural history]], visitor management and park interpretation was introduced to train nature [[guide]]s. A second course followed in 1995 which recruited more guides for the same purpose. This allowed the staff of the reserve, previously preoccupied with guiding the visitors, to carry out management activities uninterrupted.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt; <br /> <br /> The Indian government has organised workshops on ecotourism in Corbett National Park and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region to ensure that the local citizens profit from tourism while the park remains protected.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt; According to Riley &amp; Riley (2005): &quot;Best chances of seeing a tiger to come late in the dry season- April to mid-June-and go out with mahouts and elephants for several days.&quot;&lt;ref name=Riley2/&gt;<br /> <br /> As early as 1991, the Corbett National Park played host to 3237 tourist vehicles carrying 45,215 visitors during the main tourist seasons between 15 November and 15 June.&lt;ref name=Tiwari4&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 309&lt;/ref&gt; This heavy influx of tourists has led to visible stress signs on the natural ecosystem. Excessive trampling of soil has led to reduction in plant species and resulted in reduced soil moisture. Tourists have increasingly used fuel wood for cooking. This fuel wood is obtained from nearby forests resulting in greater pressure on the ecosystem.&lt;ref name=Tiwari4/&gt; Additionally, tourists have also reportedly caused problems by making noise, littering, and causing disturbances in general.&lt;ref name=Tiwari5&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 311&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other attractions==<br /> *Dhikala is situated at the fringes of Patli Dun valley. There is a rest house, which was built hundreds of years ago. Kanda ridge forms the backdrop, and from Dhikala, there are views of the valley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nainital.info/portfolio/jim-corbett-national-park/|title=Dikhala|date=8 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kalagarh Dam]] is located in the south-west of the wildlife sanctuary. Many migratory [[waterfowl]] come here in the winters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/kalagarh-dam.php|title=Kalagarh Dam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Corbett Falls is a {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} water fall situated {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], and {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Kaladhungi, on the Kaladhungi–[[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] highway. The falls are surrounded by dense forests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=chandan@nainitaltourism.com |url=http://www.nainitaltourism.com/corbett_water_fall.html |title=NAINITAL TOURISM 1000 Pages Since 1999 - Corbett Water Falls &amp;#124; Jim Corbett National Park &amp;#124; Corbett Water Falls Nainital India &amp;#124; |publisher=Nainitaltourism.com |access-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Garjiya Devi Temple]] is sacred to Garjiya Devi and is mostly visited during the [[Kartik Purnima]] (November – December). It is located on the bank of the river Kosi, amidst the hilly terrains of Uttarakhand, nearby Garjiya village, at a distance of 14&amp;nbsp;km. from [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]], Uttarakhand, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.corbett-national-park.com/places-near-corbett.html |title=Tourist Places to Visit Near Jim Corbett National Park |publisher=Corbett-national-park.com |access-date=2017-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Challenges ==<br /> === Past ===<br /> [[File:Beautiful Corbett Park.jpg|right|210px|thumb|An elephant herd at Jim Corbett National Park]]<br /> A major incident in the history of the reserve followed the construction of a dam at the Kalagarh river and the submerging of {{convert|80|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of prime low lying riverine area. The consequences ranged from local extinction of swamp deer to a massive reduction in [[hog deer]] population. The reservoir formed due to the submerging of land has also led to an increase in aquatic fauna and has additionally served as a habitat for winter migrants.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Two villages situated on the southern boundary were shifted to the [[Firozpur]]–[[Manpur, India|Manpur]] area situated on [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]–[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] highway during 1990–93; the vacated areas were designated as buffer zones. The families in these villages were mostly dependent on forest products. With the passage of time, these areas began to show signs of ecological recovery.&lt;ref name=Rao&gt;Rao 2004&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vine]]s, herbs, grasses and small trees began to appear, followed by herbaceous flora, eventually leading to natural forest type. It was observed that grass began to grow on the vacated agricultural fields and the adjoining forest areas started recuperating.&lt;ref name=Rao/&gt; By 1999–2002 several plant species emerged in these buffer zones. The newly arisen lush green fields attracted grass eating animals, mainly deer and elephants, who slowly migrated towards these areas and even remained during the monsoon.&lt;ref name=Rao/&gt;<br /> <br /> There were 109 cases of poaching {{clarify|date=June 2024}} recorded in 1988–89.&lt;ref name=Tiwari6&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 269&lt;/ref&gt; This figure dropped to 12 reported cases in 1997–98.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1985, [[David Hunt (ornithologist)|David Hunt]], a British ornithologist and birdwatching tour guide, was killed by a tiger in the park.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flumm1985&quot;&gt;Flumm, D. S. &quot;Obituary&quot;. In Rogers, M. J. (ed.) (1985) ''Isles of Scilly Bird Report 1984''. Cornwall Bird Watching and Preservation Society.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Present ===<br /> The reserve habitat faces threats from [[invasive species]] such as the exotic weeds ''[[Lantana]]'', ''[[Parthenium]]'' and ''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]''. Natural resources like trees and grasses are exploited by the local population while encroachment of at least of {{cvt|13.62|ha}} by 74 families has been recorded.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> <br /> The villages surrounding the park are at least 15–20 years old and no new villages have come up in the recent past.&lt;ref name=Tiwari3&gt;Tiwari &amp; Joshi 1997: 263&lt;/ref&gt; The increasing population growth rate and the density of population within {{cvt|1|km}} to {{cvt|2|km}} from the park present a challenge to the management of the reserve.&lt;ref name=Tiwari3/&gt; Incidents of killing cattle by tigers and leopards have led to acts of retaliation by the local population in some cases.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt; The Indian government has approved the construction of a {{cvt|12|km}} stone [[masonry wall]] on the southern boundary of the reserve where it comes in direct contact with agricultural fields.&lt;ref name=Projecttiger1/&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2008, the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] (NTCA) expressed serious concern that protection systems have weakened, and poachers have infiltrated into this park. Monitoring of wild animals in the prescribed format has not been followed despite advisories and observations made during field visits. Also, the monthly monitoring report of field evidence relating to tigers has not been received since 2006. NTCA said that in the &quot;absence of ongoing monitoring protocol in a standardised manner, it would be impossible to forecast and keep track of untoward happenings in the area targeted by poachers&quot;. A cement road has been built through the park against a Supreme Court order. The road has become a thoroughfare between Kalagarh and [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]. Constantly increasing vehicle traffic on this road is affecting the wildlife of crucial ranges like Jhirna, Kotirau and Dhara. The Kalagarh irrigation colony that takes up about {{cvt|5|km2}} of the park is yet to be vacated despite a 2007 Supreme Court order.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pioneer&quot;&gt;The Pioneer&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ecosystem valuation ===<br /> An economic assessment study of Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be [[Indian rupee|₹]]14.7 billion (1.14 lakh / hectare). Important [[ecosystem service]]s included gene-pool protection (₹10.65 billion), provisioning of water to downstream districts of Uttar Pradesh (₹1.61 billion), water purification services to the city of New Delhi (₹550 million), employment for local communities (₹82 million), provision of habitat and refugia for wildlife (₹274 million) and [[carbon sequestration|sequestration of carbon]] (₹214 million).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf|title=Economic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: A Value+ Approach|date=January 2015|publisher=Indian Institute of Forest Management|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826050803/http://www.iifm.ac.in/sites/default/files/Newspdf/IIFM-NTCA-REPORT.compressed-min.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2016|page=xii}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The 2005 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]'' has a plot set in the Jim Corbett National Park. The movie was filmed at the park as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/27lara2.htm|title=Lara: We had some close calls|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2019, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] appeared in a special episode of [[Discovery Channel]]'s show ''[[Man vs Wild]]'' with the host [[Bear Grylls]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PM Modi rows boat, makes weapon, goes on a wild adventure for Man vs Wild TV show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-narendra-modi-bear-grylls-on-man-vs-wild-show-1574682-2019-07-29|website=India Today|date=29 July 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he trekked the jungles and talked about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Man Vs Wild: PM Modi walks in jungles of Jim Corbett with Bear Grylls, talks about conserving nature|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/man-vs-wild-pm-modi-walks-in-jungles-of-jim-corbett-with-bear-grylls-talks-about-conserving-nature/1/372196.html|website=Business Today|date=13 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The episode was filmed in Jim Corbett National Park and broadcast in 180 countries along India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Taking Cue from PM's 'Man vs Wild' Episode, Tourism Ministry Makes 'Wildlife' Theme for Incredible India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/taking-cue-from-pms-man-vs-wild-episode-tourism-ministry-makes-wildlife-theme-for-incredible-india-2266653.html|website=News18|date=12 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == See also ==<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> * [[Leopard of Rudraprayag]]<br /> * [[Champawat Tiger]]<br /> * [[Rajaji National Park]]<br /> * [[Man-Eaters of Kumaon]] <br /> * [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]<br /> * [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{cite book |last=Riley |first =L. |author2=Riley, W. |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Singh|first =A. |author2=Reddy, V.S. |author3=Singh, J.S. |title=Analysis of woody vegetation of Corbett National Park, India |journal=Vegetation |year=1995 |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=69–79 |doi=10.1007/BF00033459 |s2cid=41815576}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor-last=Tiwari |editor-first=P.C. |editor2=Joshi, B. |title=Wildlife in the Himalayan Foothills: Conservation and Management |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |date=1997 |isbn=81-7387-066-7}}<br /> * {{cite web|title=Corbett National Park (Project Tiger Directorate) |publisher=Project Tiger Directorate, Ministry of Environment, [[Government of India]] |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbett.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040222014330/http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbett.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-02-22 |access-date=2007-10-13}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0180v.htm |title=World Database on Protected Areas, India, Corbett National Park |access-date=2007-10-13 |author=UNEP |year=2003 |publisher=[[UNEP]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre|WCMC]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224224245/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0180v.htm |archive-date=24 December 2007}} <br /> * {{cite web|url= http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/talupdatedinformation.pdf |title=Terai Arc Landscape in India|access-date= 2007-10-13|author= Drayton, F.|year=2004|publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]]|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728160741/http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/talupdatedinformation.pdf|url-status= dead}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Pant, P.C. |year=1976 |title=Plants of Corbett National Park, Uttar Pradesh |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=73 |pages=287–295}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Rao|first=R.S.P|title=Secondary succession in the buffer zone of Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttaranchal |journal=Current Science |volume=87|issue=4 |date=2004}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/41902/Trouble-in-paradise.html |title=Trouble in Paradise |author=The Pioneer |year=2008 |work=The Pioneer |access-date=2009-03-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424104331/http://www.dailypioneer.com/41902/Trouble-in-paradise.html |archive-date=24 April 2009}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | last = Corbett<br /> | first = Jim<br /> | title = Man-Eaters of Kumaon<br /> | publisher = Buccaneer Books, Inc.<br /> | date=January 1985<br /> | isbn = 978-0-89966-574-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Martin Booth|title=Carpet Sahib: A Life of Jim Corbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgyDQgAACAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Constable|isbn=978-0-09-467400-4}}<br /> * {{cite book|author= Johnsingh, A. J. T.|title=On Jim Corbett's Trail and Other Tales from Tree-tops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoCejHiL2CIC|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-081-7}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Jim Corbett National Park}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Corbett National Park}}<br /> * [http://corbettonline.uk.gov.in/ Corbett Tiger Reserve] — official website<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040817233242/http://projecttiger.nic.in/corbettmap.htm Map of the park provided by Project Tiger Directorate, Ministry of Environment, Govt of India.]<br /> * [http://expertbulletin.com/jim-corbett-national-park/ Expert Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052730/http://expertbulletin.com/jim-corbett-national-park/ |date=30 June 2018 }}<br /> * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026243/Corbett-National-Park &quot;Corbett National Park.&quot; Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 October 2007]<br /> * [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583031/Corbett_National_Park.html &quot;Corbett National Park,&quot; Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091031025322/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583031/Corbett_National_Park.html Archived] 2009-10-31)<br /> <br /> {{National Parks of India|auto-collapsed}}<br /> {{Tiger Reserves Of India}}<br /> {{Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]<br /> [[Category:Nainital district]]<br /> [[Category:National parks in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 1936]]<br /> [[Category:1936 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Elephant reserves of India]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sethrongkyu_Sangtam&diff=534118 2026-04-21T12:00:46Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating Details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sethrongkyu Sangtam<br /> | office = Advisor for IT &amp; Communication, Economics &amp; Statistics, Evaluation, Government of Nagaland<br /> | image = H. Sethrongkyu Sangtam.jpg<br /> | caption = Sethrongkyu in 2023<br /> | constituency = 52 A/C Longkhim-Chare<br /> | year = 2023<br /> | party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|12|16}}<br /> | spouse = Rijuli<br /> | website = https://x.com/Sethrongkyu_<br /> }}<br /> '''Sethrongkyu Sangtam''' (born 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sethronkyu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- LONGKHIM CHARE (ST)(TUENSANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6843 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency|Longkhim Chare Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-2341587-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sangtam is from [[Longkhüm|Longkhim]], [[Tuensang]] district, Nagaland. He is the son of late Horangse Sangtam. He completed his B.A. Honors in history in 2000 at the [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], which is affiliated with [[University of Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sangtam won from [[Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency|Longkhim-Chare Assembly constituency]] representing the BJP in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 10,187 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Muthingnyuba Sangtam of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], by a margin of 1,623 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nagaland-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners/2997494/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Winning Candidates List 2023: Full list of BJP, NPF and Congress leaders - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nagaland-winning-candidates-list-2023-full-list-bjp-npf-ndpp-congress-leaders-neiphio-rio-16076361.htm |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sangtam, Sethrongkyu}}<br /> [[Category:1978 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Tuensang district]]<br /> <br /> {{Nagaland-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%AA_(Malayalam)&diff=546644 2026-04-21T07:54:35Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating New Info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Fourth letter of the Malayalam script}}<br /> <br /> '''ഈ''' is the fourth letter of the [[Malayalam script]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Unicode Consortium |date=2025 |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 17.0: Malayalam Code Chart (U+0D00–U+0D7F) |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is an independent vowel letter that represents the long close front unrounded vowel /[[close front unrounded vowel|iː]]/.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Malayalam [[abugida]], ഈ is classified as a ''guru'' (long vowel), a category that influences metrical rules in poetry and grammatical [[sandhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=A. R. Raja Raja |title=കേരളപാണിനീയം |date=1896}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Brahmic-script-stub}}<br /> [[Category:Malayalam script]]<br /> [[Category:Brahmic graphemes]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mango&diff=547422 2026-04-20T05:18:50Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Tropical fruit}}<br /> {{About|the fruit}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{pp-move}}<br /> {{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> [[File:Mangos - single and halved.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mango fruits – single and halved]]<br /> <br /> A '''mango''' is an edible [[drupe|stone fruit]] produced by the tropical tree ''[[Mangifera indica]]''.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot;/&gt;--&gt; It originated in the northeastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], in what is now Bangladesh, [[Northeast India|northeastern India]] and [[Myanmar|Myanmar.]]&lt;!--&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;--&gt; ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the &quot;Indian&quot; and the &quot;Southeast Asian&quot; types.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Warschefsky&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Other species in the genus ''[[Mangifera]]'' also produce edible fruits called &quot;mangoes,&quot; most of which are found in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman&quot;/&gt;--&gt;<br /> <br /> There are several hundred [[List of mango cultivars|cultivars of mango]] worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin colour, and flesh colour, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the [[national fruit]] of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[Philippines]], while the mango tree is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;/&gt;--&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> <br /> The English word ''mango'' (plural ''mangoes'' or ''mangos'') originated in the 16th century from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word {{lang|pt|manga}}, from the [[Malayalam]] {{lang|ms|manga}}, and ultimately from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta-Latn|mā}} ({{lang|ta|மா}}, 'mango tree') + {{lang|ta-Latn|kāy}} ({{lang|ta|ங்காய்}}, 'unripe fruit/vegetable').&lt;ref name=&quot;oed&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mango |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mango |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fabricius |first=J. P. |date=1972 |title=J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/fabricius_query.py?page=230 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;prakash&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAc_Pp6ahK8C&amp;dq=mango+tamil+manga&amp;pg=PR14 |title=A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects |date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-912-6 |pages=xiv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordED&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=mango ''n.'' (1) |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113430 |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions|OED Online]] |url-access=subscription |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The scientific name, ''[[Mangifera indica]],'' can be translated as &quot;a plant bearing mangoes in India&quot;.&lt;ref name=prakash/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Mango trees grow to {{convert|30|–|40|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, with a crown radius of {{convert|10-15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.&lt;ref name=Californiararefruitgrowers&gt;{{cite web |title=Mango |work=California Rare Fruit Growers |url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In deep soil, the [[taproot]] descends to a depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil. The [[leaves]] are [[evergreen]], alternate, simple, {{convert|15|–|35|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, and {{convert|6|–|16|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The [[flower]]s are produced in terminal [[panicle]]s {{convert|10|–|40|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} long; each flower is small and white with five petals {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|frac=16}} long, with a mild, sweet fragrance. Over 500 [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of mangoes are known,&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/fruit/varieties_mango.htm |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'') varieties |website=toptropicals.com |access-date=2 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.&lt;ref name=Morton&gt;{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Julia F |date=1987 |title=Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops &amp; Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html |access-date=13 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, colour, sweetness, and eating quality. Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green. The fruit has a single flat, oblong [[Pyrena|pit]] that can be [[fibre|fibrous]] or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp. The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or [[kidney]]-shaped, ranging from {{convert|2|–|10|in|cm|0|order=flip}} in length and from {{convert|5|oz|g|order=flip}} to {{convert|5|lbs|kg|0|order=flip}} in weight per individual fruit. The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colours ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive [[resin]]ous, sweet smell.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt; Inside the [[Pyrena|stone]] with its {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick woody [[endocarp]] is a single [[seed]], {{convert|4|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Mangoes have [[recalcitrant seed]]s which do not survive freezing and drying.&lt;ref name=&quot;osu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds |url=http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |last=Marcos-Filho |first=Julio |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with [[germination]] success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.&lt;ref name=Morton/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; mode=&quot;nolines&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Manguier portant des mangues bien mures.jpg|Tree<br /> MangoImmatureFruits.JPG|Flowers and immature fruits<br /> Mango tree with fruit in Rincón, Puerto Rico.jpg|Unripe mangoes<br /> Mangifera indica pit.jpg|Fruit with single seed, cut open<br /> 'Himsagar' mango stone (seed).jpg|[[Pyrena|Stone]] ([[endocarp]], surrounding the seed)<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy ==<br /> <br /> Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warschefsky&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuhn&quot;/&gt; The mango is considered an [[evolutionary anachronism]], whereby [[seed dispersal]] was once accomplished by a now-[[Extinction|extinct]] evolutionary [[foraging|forager]], such as a [[megafauna]] mammal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Spengler|first=Robert N. |date=April 2020 |title=Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=340–348 |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005 |pmid=32191870 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020TPS....25..340S |hdl=21.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [[monoembryonic]] fruits, while the Southeast Asian group is characterized by [[polyembryonic]] fruits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuhn&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |article-number=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |bibcode=2017FrPS....8..577K |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warschefsky&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W |hdl=20.500.14849/285 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [[domestication]] event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [[interspecific hybridization]] with other ''[[Mangifera]]'' species native to the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuhn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Warschefsky&quot;/&gt;Other species in the genus ''[[Mangifera]]'' also produce edible fruits called &quot;mangoes,&quot; most of which are found in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman&quot;/&gt;--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Amir |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Mor |last3=Eshed |first3=Ravit |last4=Benita |first4=Miri |last5=Ish-Shalom |first5=Mazal |last6=Sharabi-Schwager |first6=Michal |last7=Rozen |first7=Ada |last8=Saada |first8=David |last9=Cohen |first9=Yuval |last10=Ophir |first10=Ron |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome |journal=BMC Plant Biology |date=December 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=277 |doi=10.1186/s12870-015-0663-6 |pmid=26573148 |pmc=4647706 |bibcode=2015BMCPB..15..277S |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Cultivars ===<br /> <br /> {{Main|List of mango cultivars}}<br /> <br /> There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [[orchard]]s, several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [[Monoembryony|monoembryonic]] and must be propagated by [[grafting]], or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']], an important export product, considered &quot;the king of mangoes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTAllen&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [[fungicide]] treatments to escape the lethal [[fungal disease]] [[anthracnose]] in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hunsberger |first1=Adrian |last2=Balerdi |first2=Carlos |title=DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA |url=https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf |publisher=University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension |access-date=10 March 2023 |date=February 2012 |quote=Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: 'Cogshall', 'Graham', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Julie', 'Kent', 'Mallika', 'Valencia Pride', 'Zill', and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: 'Alphonso', 'Carrie', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Zill' and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The current [[Western world|western]] market is dominated by the cultivar [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|'Tommy Atkins']], a seedling of [[Haden (mango)|'Haden']] that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Susser |first=Allen |title=The Great Mango Book |publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-58008-204-4 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [[shelf life]], transportability, size, and appealing colour.&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Mintz |first=C. |date=24 May 2008 |title=Sweet news: Ataulfos are in season |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html |access-date=1 August 2015 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTAllen&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180&gt;<br /> File:09251jfFilipino foods fruits Bulacan landmarksfvf 37.jpg|[[Carabao mango|'Carabao']], a typical &quot;Southeast Asian type&quot; [[polyembryonic]] cultivar<br /> File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|[[Langra mango|'Langra']], a typical &quot;Indian type&quot; [[monoembryonic]] cultivar<br /> File:Mangoes sold in India.jpg|Many varieties from India<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Distribution and habitat ==<br /> <br /> From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [[Arab]] and [[Persia]]n traders in the ninth to tenth centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] reported it at [[Mogadishu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;watson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Andrew J. |author-link=Andrew Watson (historian) |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=978-0-521-24711-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [[Colonial Era]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] spread the mango from their colony in [[Goa]] to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [[Caribbean]] and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [[Manila galleon]]s from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warschefsky&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=pg&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm |title=PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica'' |last=Gepts |first=P. |work=The Evolution of Crop Plants |publisher=Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop &amp; Ecosystem Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]] |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cultivation ==<br /> <br /> The mango is cultivated in most [[frost]]-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, [[East Africa|East]] and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the [[Caribbean]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Altendorf&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Altendorf |first=S. |title=Major Tropical Fruits: Market Review 2018 |date=2019 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca5692en/ca5692en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangoes are also grown in [[Andalusia]], Spain (mainly in [[Province of Málaga|Málaga province]]), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The [[Canary Islands]] are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California [[Coachella Valley]]), Hawai'i, and Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Litz |first=Richard E. |title=The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84593-489-7 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Wallingford, UK |pages=606–627}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many commercial [[cultivar]]s grown in Europe are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the ''Gomera-1'' mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |title=actahort.org |publisher=actahort.org |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000410/http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of [[potassium nitrate]] and [[ethrel]] to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by [[Filipino people|Filipino]] [[horticulturist]] [[Ramon Barba]] in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines |url=https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2516 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |access-date=9 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nagao&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first1=Mike A. |last1=Nagao |first2= Melvin S. |last2=Nishina |editor1-first=C.L. |editor1-last=Chia |editor2-first=D.O. |editor2-last=Evans |title=Proceedings, Conference on Mango in Hawaii; March 9-11, 1993 |chapter =Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering |publisher=University of Hawaii |year=1993 |pages=61–66 |hdl=10125/16493 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Diseases ===<br /> <br /> Mango trees are subject to [[List of mango diseases|many diseases]], including [[Alternaria alternata|alternaria rot]], [[anthracnose]], [[Xanthomonas campestris&lt;!-- pv. mangiferaeindicae--&gt;|bacterial black spot]], and [[Oidium mangiferae|powdery mildew]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Prakash 2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |title=Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Volume I |chapter=Diseases and Disorders of Mango and their Management |publisher=Springer Netherlands |publication-place=Dordrecht |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-4020-1822-0 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/1-4020-2606-4_13 |access-date=2026-03-06 |page=511–619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ploetz 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ploetz |first=R. C. |title=Diseases of tropical fruit crops |chapter=Diseases of mango. |publisher=CABI Publishing |publication-place=UK |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-85199-390-4 |doi=10.1079/9780851993904.0327 |url=http://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9780851993904.0327 |access-date=2026-03-06 |page=327–363}}&lt;/ref&gt; Spongy tissue is a ripening disorder correlated with [[Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)|calcium deficiency]] and characterized by spongy, brown-black flesh beginning near the seeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Xiaowei |last2=Liu |first2=Bin |last3=Zhang |first3=Yuehua |last4=Su |first4=Muqing |last5=Zheng |first5=Bin |last6=Wang |first6=Songbiao |last7=Wu |first7=Hongxia |title=Unraveling correlations between calcium deficiency and spongy tissue in mango fruit flesh |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |date=2023 |volume=309 |article-number=111694 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111694 |bibcode=2023ScHor.30911694M }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was estimated in 1989 to affect approximately 30% of Alphonso mangoes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Katrodia |first=J.S. |date=August 1989 |title=Spongy Tissue in Mango – causes and control measures |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49 |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=231 |pages=814–826 |doi=10.17660/actahortic.1989.231.49 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the pests of the fruit's cultivation is the [[mango mealybug]]; it sucks sap from inflorescences, causing reduced fruit set and seriously harming crop production.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karar Sayyed 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Karar |first1=Haider |last2=Sayyed |first2=Ali H. |last3=Arif |first3=M. Jalal |last4=Ashfaq |first4=M. |last5=Aslam |first5=M. |title=Integration of cultural and mechanical practices for management of the mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae |journal=Phytoparasitica |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=2010 |doi=10.1007/s12600-010-0094-8 |pages=223–229}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180&gt;<br /> File:Bacterial black spot of mango - 9077467185.jpg|[[Xanthomonas campestris&lt;!-- pv. mangiferaeindicae--&gt;|bacterial black spot of mango]]<br /> File:Mango-anthracnose (cropped).jpg|[[Anthracnose]] in fruit<br /> File:Mango anthracnose 1a (cropped).jpg|Anthracnose in inflorescence<br /> File:Mango powdery mildew severe leaf blight with mycelium 1.jpg|[[Oidium mangiferae|Powdery mildew]] causing leaf blight<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; style=&quot;width:12em; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+ Mango* production &lt;br&gt;{{small|2023, millions of tonnes}}&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | {{IND}} ||26.2<br /> |-<br /> | {{IDN}} ||4.1<br /> |-<br /> | {{CHN}} ||3.9<br /> |-<br /> | {{MEX}} ||2.7<br /> |-<br /> | {{PAK}} ||2.6<br /> |-<br /> | {{BRA}} ||2.3<br /> |-<br /> | {{MWI}} ||2.1<br /> |-<br /> | '''World''' || '''61.1'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=2|{{small|*Includes mangosteens and guavas; Source: [[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br&gt; of the United Nations&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title= Production of mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|year=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=14 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In 2023, world production of mangoes, [[mangosteen]]s and [[guava]]s was 61 million [[tonne]]s, led by India with 43% of the total, and [[Indonesia]] and China as secondary producers.&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culinary uses ==<br /> <br /> Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [[plum]], while others, such as [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]], are firmer with a fibrous texture.&lt;ref name=&quot;clark&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Melissa |title=For everything there is a season, even mangoes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in side dishes in [[Indian cuisine]] such as [[mango chutney]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Recipe: Raw mango chutney |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Raw-mango-chutney/articleshow/13034557.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]] |access-date=6 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Mango pickle|pickles]] such as [[avakaya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/mar/18/ode-to-the-humble-garlic-pickle-1952450.html |title=Ode to the humble garlic pickle |date=18 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |first=Hriday |last=Ranjan |access-date=1 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> A summer drink called ''[[aam panna]]'' is made with mangoes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aam Panna Recipe |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-aam-panna-13 |publisher=NDTV Food |access-date=6 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mango lassi]] is consumed throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [[buttermilk]] and sugar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kurlansky |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Kurlansky |date=2018 |title=Milk! A 10,000-Year Food Fracas |url={{Google books|6htCDwAAQBAJ|page=PA266|plainurl=yes}} |location=New York |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1632863829 |page=266}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Niraalee |date=2021 |title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture |url={{Google books|7YdUEAAAQBAJ|page=PT289|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Notion Press |pages=289}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Indonesian cuisine]], unripe mango is processed into ''[[asinan]]'', ''[[rojak|rujak]]'' and ''[[sambal#Indonesia|sambal pencit/mangga muda]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sendari |first1=Anugerah Ayu |title=8 Resep Olahan Mangga Muda Menyegarkan, dari Manisan Sampai Sambal |url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5307201/8-resep-olahan-mangga-muda-menyegarkan-dari-manisan-sampai-sambal?page=9 |website=liputan6.com |date=8 June 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024 |language=Indonesian}}&lt;/ref&gt; or eaten with [[Salt#Edible salt|edible salt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=7 Khasiat Tidak Terduga Rutin Mengonsumsi Mangga Muda Campur Garam |trans-title=7 Unexpected Benefits of Regularly Consuming Unripe Mangoes Mixed with Salt |url=https://m.jpnn.com/news/7-khasiat-tidak-terduga-rutin-mengonsumsi-mangga-muda-campur-garam |website=jpnn.com |access-date=22 August 2024 |language=Indonesian}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [[fish sauce]], vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy){{Snd}}a combination usually known as &quot;mango salad&quot; in English.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valente&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Anabela |title=Oh, the Fruits in Southeast Asia! |url=https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Diaries of Travel Inspirations |date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920171831/https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Philippines, green mangoes are eaten with savory condiments such as ''[[bagoong]]'' (salty [[Seafood|fish]] or [[shrimp paste]]), [[soy sauce]], vinegar, or chilis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pedrosa |first1=Kannalyn Joy |title=Green Mangoes and Shrimp Paste (The mouth-watering food tandem) |url=https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |website=The VA Collections |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509050349/https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Green Mango &amp; Bagoong |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/green-mango-bagoong |website=Market Manila |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=9 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mango float]] and [[mango cake]], which use slices of ripe mangoes, are eaten in the Philippines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Joanne Catherine |title=Top 12 Cakes To Try In The Philippines |website=When in Manila |date=5 June 2015 |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/top-12-cakes-to-try-in-the-philippines/6/ |access-date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines heights=160 widths=160&gt;<br /> Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|The &quot;hedgehog&quot; style of preparation on [[Carabao mango]]es<br /> Mango inner.png|Alphonso mango chunks<br /> MANGO SEASON (562892060).jpg|Sliced [[Ataulfo (mango)|Ataulfo]] mangoes<br /> Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice<br /> File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]]<br /> File:Green mangoes with vinegar, chili, salt, and soy sauce (Philippines) 01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [[shrimp paste]], salt, chili, vinegar or [[soy sauce]] in the [[Philippines]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Phytochemistry ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Flavor chemicals of &quot;Alphonso&quot; mango.jpg|thumb|Major flavour chemicals of the 'Alphonso' mango from India]]<br /> <br /> Numerous [[phytochemical]]s are present in mango [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and pulp, such as the [[triterpene]] [[lupeol]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=P.K. |last2=Bhui |first2=K. |last3=Shukla |first3=Y. |year=2008 |title=Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention |journal=Cancer Lett |volume=263 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.047 |pmid=18359153}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mango peel pigments under study include [[carotenoid]]s, such as the [[provitamin&amp;nbsp;A]] compound, [[beta-carotene]], [[lutein]] and [[alpha-carotene]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Berardini |first1=N |last2=Fezer |first2=R. |last3=Conrad |first3=J. |year=2005 |title=Screening of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) cultivars for their contents of flavonol ''O'' – and xanthone ''C''-glycosides, anthocyanins, and pectin |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1563–1570 |doi=10.1021/jf0484069 |pmid=15740041 |bibcode=2005JAFC...53.1563B }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gouado |first1=I. |last2=Schweigert |first2=F.J. |last3=Ejoh |first3=R.A. |year=2007 |title=Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice) |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1180–1188 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602841 |pmid=17637601 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[polyphenols]], such as [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[gallic acid]], [[caffeic acid]], [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]] and [[tannin]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mahattanatawee |first1=K. |last2=Manthey |first2=J.A. |last3=Luzio |first3=G. |year=2006 |title=Total antioxidant activity and fiber content of select Florida-grown tropical fruits |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=7355–63 |doi=10.1021/jf060566s |pmid=16968105|bibcode=2006JAFC...54.7355M }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=U.P. |last2=Singh |first2=D.P. |last3=Singh |first3=M. |year=2004 |title=Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1080/09637480410001666441 |pmid=14985189 |s2cid=22576447}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mango contains a unique [[xanthonoid]] called [[mangiferin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Andreu |first1=G.L. |last2=Delgado |first2=R. |last3=Velho |first3=J.A. |year=2005 |title=Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to calcium-induced permeability transition |journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics |volume=439 |issue=2 |pages=184–193 |doi=10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.015 |pmid=15979560}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango [[cultivar]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rocha Ribeiro |first1=S.M. |last2=Queiroz |first2=J.H. |last3=Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz |first3=M.E. |year=2007 |title=Antioxidant in mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) pulp |url=http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19301 |journal=Plant Foods Hum Nutr |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1007/s11130-006-0035-3 |pmid=17243011 |bibcode=2007PFHN...62...13R |s2cid=27051096 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange [[pigmentation]] of most mango cultivars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=J.P. |last2=Tai |first2=C.Y. |last3=Chen |first3=B.H. |year=2004 |title=Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Chromatogr A |volume=1054 |issue=1–2 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01406-2 |pmid=15553152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including [[xanthonoid]]s, mangiferin and gallic acid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barreto |first1=J.C. |last2=Trevisan |first2=M.T. |last3=Hull |first3=W.E. |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–5610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692|bibcode=2008JAFC...56.5599B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Flavor ===<br /> <br /> The [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]] of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals, mainly [[terpene]]s, [[furanone]]s, [[lactone]]s, and [[ester]]s. Different varieties or [[list of mango cultivars|cultivars of mangoes]] can have flavours made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=114 |pages=363–372 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.107 |year=2009 |last1=Pandit |first1=Sagar S. |last2=Chidley |first2=Hemangi G. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=Ram S. |last4=Pujari |first4=Keshav H. |last5=Giri |first5=Ashok P. |last6=Gupta |first6=Vidya S. |issue=1 |bibcode=2009FoodC.114..363P }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, [[New World]] mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of [[Old World]] cultivars.&lt;ref name=&quot;culti&quot;&gt;Pandit, S.S., Chidley, H.G., Kulkarni, 2009, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608011849/ Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles], Food Chemistry, 144, 363–372.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Narain, N., Bora, P.S., Narain, R. and Shaw, P.E. (1998). Mango, In: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edt. by Shaw, P.E., Chan, H.T. and Nagy, S. Agscience, Auburndale, Florida, pp. 1–77.&lt;/ref&gt; In India, [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']] is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones, and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/jsfa.3692 |title=Changes in volatile composition during fruit development and ripening of 'Alphonso' mango |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=2071–2081 |year=2009 |last1=Pandit |first1=Sagar S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Ram S. |last3=Chidley |first3=Hemangi G. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Pujari |first5=Keshav H. |last6=Köllner |first6=Tobias G. |last7=Degenhardt |first7=Jörg |last8=Gershenzon |first8=Jonathan |last9=Gupta |first9=Vidya S. |bibcode=2009JSFA...89.2071P}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gholap, A. S., Bandyopadhyay, C., 1977. Characterization of green aroma of raw mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 28, 885–888&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Geographic variation in the flavour volatiles of Alphonso mango |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=130 |pages=58–66 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.053 |year=2012 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ram S. |last2=Chidley |first2=Hemangi G. |last3=Pujari |first3=Keshav H. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Gupta |first5=Vidya S.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ethylene]], a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.&lt;ref&gt;Lalel, H.J.D., Singh, Z., Tan, S., 2003, The role of ethylene in mango fruit aroma volatiles biosynthesis, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78, 485–496.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Spatial and temporal changes in the volatile profile of Alphonso mango upon exogenous ethylene treatment |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=585–594 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.029 |pmid=23122101 |year=2013 |last1=Chidley |first1=Hemangi G. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Ram S. |last3=Pujari |first3=Keshav H. |last4=Giri |first4=Ashok P. |last5=Gupta |first5=Vidya S. |s2cid=42523345}}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavour, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavour biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Expression profiling of various genes during the development and ripening of Alphonso mango |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=426–433 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.012 |pmid=20363641 |date=June 2010 |last1=Pandit |first1=S. S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=R. S. |last3=Giri |first3=A. P. |last4=Köllner |first4=T. G. |last5=Degenhardt |first5=J. |last6=Gershenzon |first6=J. |last7=Gupta |first7=V. S. |s2cid=22915293}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Differential expression of the mango alcohol dehydrogenase gene family during ripening |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=71 |issue=13 |pages=1485–1494 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.024 |pmid=20598721 |year=2010 |last1=Singh |first1=Rajesh K. |last2=Sane |first2=Vidhu A. |last3=Misra |first3=Aparna |last4=Ali |first4=Sharique A. |last5=Nath |first5=Pravendra |bibcode=2010PChem..71.1485S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Characterization of three novel isoprenyl diphosphate synthases from the terpenoid rich mango fruit |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=71 |pages=121–131 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.006 |pmid=23911730 |year=2013 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ram |last2=Pandit |first2=Sagar |last3=Chidley |first3=Hemangi |last4=Nagel |first4=Raimund |last5=Schmidt |first5=Axel |last6=Gershenzon |first6=Jonathan |last7=Pujari |first7=Keshav |last8=Giri |first8=Ashok |last9=Gupta |first9=Vidya |display-authors=5 |bibcode=2013PlPB...71..121K |s2cid=46320747}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kulkarni, R.S., Chidley H.G., Deshpande, A., Schmidt, A., Pujari, K.H., Giri, A.P., Gershenzon, Jonathan, Gupta, V.S., 2013, [http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/494 An oxidoreductase from 'Alphonso' mango catalyzing biosynthesis of furaneol and reduction of reactive carbonyls], SpringerPlus, 2, 494.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{nutritional value | name=Mango<br /> | kJ=250<br /> | water=83.5 g<br /> | protein=0.82 g<br /> | fat=0.38 g<br /> | satfat= 0.092 g<br /> | monofat= 0.14 g<br /> | polyfat=0.071 g<br /> | omega3fat=0.051 g<br /> | omega6fat=0.019 g<br /> | carbs=15 g<br /> | fiber=1.6 g<br /> | sugars=13.7<br /> | calcium_mg=11<br /> | iron_mg=0.16<br /> | magnesium_mg=10<br /> | phosphorus_mg=14<br /> | potassium_mg=168<br /> | sodium_mg=1<br /> | copper_mg=0.111<br /> | selenium_ug=0.6<br /> | zinc_mg=0.09<br /> | manganese_mg=0.063<br /> | vitC_mg=36.4<br /> | thiamin_mg=0.028<br /> | riboflavin_mg=0.038<br /> | niacin_mg=0.669<br /> | pantothenic_mg=0.197<br /> | vitB6_mg=0.119<br /> | folate_ug=43<br /> | choline_mg=7.6<br /> | vitA_ug=54<br /> | betacarotene_ug=640<br /> | lutein_ug=23<br /> | vitE_mg=0.9<br /> | vitK_ug=4.2<br /> | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102670/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Toxicity===<br /> <br /> Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause [[dermatitis]] and [[anaphylaxis]] in susceptible individuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sareen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Sareen | first1=Richa | last2=Shah | first2=Ashok | title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango | journal=Asia Pacific Allergy| volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–49 | year=2011 | issn=2233-8276 | doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |pmid=22053296 |pmc=3206236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Miell |first1= J. |last2=Papouchado |first2=M. |last3= Marshall |first3=A. |year=1988 |title=Anaphylactic reaction after eating a mango |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=297 |issue=6664 |pages=1639–1640 |doi=10.1136/bmj.297.6664.1639 |pmc=1838873 |pmid=3147776}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by [[urushiol]] (an allergen found in [[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], or [[poison sumac]]) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1= Hershko |first1= K. |last2= Weinberg |first2= I. |last3= Ingber |first3= A. |year=2005 |title=Exploring the mango – poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00454.x |pmid=15701120 |s2cid=31162401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include [[mangiferin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot; /&gt; Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Oka |first1= K. |last2= Saito |first2= F. |last3= Yasuhara |first3= T. |last4= Sugimoto |first4= A. |year=2004 |title=A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=51 |issue=5–6 |pages=292–296 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00451.x |pmid=15606656 |s2cid=6115016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangoes or drink mango juice safely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower [[pollen]] becomes airborne. In this case, the irritant is likely to be the [[vapor]]ized [[essential oil]] from flowers. During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily [[sap]], leaves, and fruit skin&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton&quot;/&gt; – is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated365&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=T. W. |last2=LaWarre |first2=S. |year=2001 |title=Botanical briefs: the mango tree—''Mangifera indica'' L. |journal=Cutis |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=365–366 |pmid=11381849}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Nutrition==<br /> <br /> A raw mango is 84% water, 15% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and has negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw mango supplies 60 [[calorie]]s and is a rich source of [[vitamin C]] (40% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) with moderate amounts of [[folate]] (11% DV) and [[Copper in biology|copper]] (12% DV), while other [[micronutrient]]s are low in content (table).<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> <br /> The mango is the [[List of national fruits|national fruit]] of India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | title=National Fruit | work=Know India | publisher=Government of India | access-date=17 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | archive-date=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13|title=National Fruit|access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013005/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pakistan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistani mango: The king of fruits | date = 13 August 2019 | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1539616/world |publisher = ArabNews}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mangoes In The Philippines |url=https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/ |website=CropLife}}&lt;/ref&gt;It is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;bd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=bdnews24.com |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree of Bangladesh |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In India, the harvesting and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.&lt;ref name=NYTAllen&gt;{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Jonathan |date=10 May 2006 |title=Mango Mania in India |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=0 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Tamil Nadu]], the mango is one of the three royal fruits, along with [[banana]] and [[jackfruit]], for their sweetness and flavour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Subrahmanian |first1=N. |last2=Hikosaka |first2=S. |last3=Samuel |first3=G.J. |title=Tamil Social History |year=1997 |page=88 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]], the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads in his Major Pillar Edict No.5:&lt;ref name=&quot;Inscriptions of Asoka p.119&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=Eugen |author-link=Eugen Hultzsch |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch |page=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;On the roads [[banyan]]-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet [[Amir Khusrau]] termed the mango &quot;''Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan''&quot; – &quot;the fairest fruit of Hindustan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Johar |first1=Roshni |title=The mango reigns supreme |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/the-mango-reigns-supreme-411518/ |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |date=16 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: the emperor [[Babur]] praises the mango in his ''[[Baburnama]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mangoes, Mughals, Hindu &amp; Buddhist Traditions |url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/mangoes-mughals-hindu-buddhist-traditions/ |work=Madras Courier |date=13 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (1556–1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near [[Darbhanga]], Bihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;MJMorgan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Curtis |date=22 June 1995 |title=The Nation Is Discovering What South Floridans Have Long Known: Mango Is the Sexiest Fruit on Earth |newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] |department=Food |page=1E |quote=&quot;Mango culture owes much to Akbar, emperor of India's Mogul conquerors from 1556 to 1605, who planted an orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga in Eastern India.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mango flowers and leaves are used in the worship of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Saraswati]] at the spring festival of [[Vasant Panchami]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dilipsinh |first=K. S. |chapter=8 The Festival of Spring |title=Kutch in Festival and Custom |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-0998-4 |page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; The leaves are used as decorations in celebrations of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] for the elephant-headed god [[Ganesha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sami |first=Adnan |display-authors=etal |chapter=Mango: Botany, Importance, and Uses |title=Handbook of Research on Mango Fruit: Postharvest Science, Production, Nutrition, and Processing Technology |publisher=Apple Academic Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1779643384 |pages=59-88}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.exoticindia.com/book/details/ambika-in-jaina-art-and-literature-IDH453/|title=Ambika In Jaina Art And Literature|via=exoticindiaart.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The classical Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] sang the praises of mangoes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |title=His highness, Mango maharaja: An endless obsession – Yahoo! Lifestyle India |publisher=Yahoo! |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316215241/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Paisley (design)|Paisley patterns]], with a teardrop-shaped motif or ''[[boteh]]'' on shawls and [[sari]]s, are named for the unripe mango in languages across the [[Indian subcontinent]], such as ''kalka'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Niaz |first=Zaman |title=The Art of Kantha Embroidery| edition=Second Revised |year=1993 |page=82 |publisher=The University Press |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-05-1228-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pathak 2024&quot;/&gt; &lt;!--ਅੰਬੀ--&gt; ''ambi'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ambi&amp;matchtype=default |title=The Punjab Dictionary |date=22 January 1895 |access-date=10 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''kairi'' in [[Hindi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pathak 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pathak |first=Anamika |title=Mango-Kairi-Kalka-Paisley: Design in Indian art from architecture to textiles |url=https://www.globalinch.org/article/mango-kairi-kalka-paisley-design-inindian-art-from-architecture-to-textiles/ |journal=Asia InCH |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2024 |quote='Kairi' (unripe mango) was adopted as design ... first seen as the decorative design in architecture ... later on, it was extensively used in textiles ... Kashmiri shawls.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[E. M. Forster]]'s 1924 novel ''[[A Passage to India]]'' has the character Dr. Aziz suggest to the English character Cyril Fielding &quot;For you I shall arrange a lady with breasts like mangoes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=E. M. |author1-link=E. M. Forster |title=A Passage to India |date=1924 |publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] |chapter=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangoes were the subject of the [[mango cult]] in China during the [[Cultural Revolution]] as symbols of chairman [[Mao Zedong]]'s love for the people.&lt;ref name=&quot;tele_HowC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |others=Additional reporting by Valentina Luo |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=28 September 2015 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180&gt;<br /> File:Ellora cave34 001.jpg|Image of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the [[Ellora Caves]] <br /> File:Paisley pattern BK-NM-3658.jpg|[[Paisley (design)|Paisley patterns]] are named for the mango in languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ensminger |first=Audrey H. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods &amp; Nutrition |publisher=CRC Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 651] |isbn=978-0-8493-4455-8 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 |ref=none}}<br /> * Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). ''The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses''. 2nd edition. CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}<br /> * Susser, Allen (2001). ''The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes''. Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58008-204-4}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{Commons and category}}<br /> <br /> {{Wikispecies|Mangifera}}<br /> <br /> * [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/ Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Mangoes}}<br /> {{Agriculture country lists}}<br /> {{Symbols of Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Symbols of India}}<br /> {{Symbols of the Philippines}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mangoes| ]]<br /> [[Category:Crops]]<br /> [[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Indian spices]]<br /> [[Category:Medicinal plants]]<br /> [[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:South Asian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Drupes]]<br /> [[Category:Edible fruits]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamling_language&diff=493245 2026-04-17T12:15:53Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Language in Nepal, Bhutan and India}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Chamling<br /> | nativename = चाम्लिङ<br /> | states = [[Nepal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[India]] ([[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]])&lt;br/&gt;[[Bhutan]] (southern areas)<br /> | speakers = {{sigfig|76,800|2}} in Nepal<br /> | ethnicity = [[Kirati people|Rodung Chamling]]<br /> | date = 2011<br /> | ref = e18<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman]]<br /> | fam3=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)<br /> | fam4=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]<br /> | fam5=Central Kiranti<br /> | fam6=Southern<br /> | script = [[Devanagari]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chamling |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rab |website=Ethnologue |access-date=20 September 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | iso3 = rab<br /> | glotto = caml1239<br /> | glottorefname = Camling<br /> | notice = IPA<br /> | image = Chamling language.svg<br /> | imagecaption = The word &quot;Chamling&quot; written in Devanagari script<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chamling''' is one of the [[Kirati languages]] spoken by the Chamling people, a subgroup of the [[Rai people|Kirat]] (Horsungchha, Dikhalichha,Terahachha, Mulihachha, Ditumachha, Mansungcha, Lipuhochha, Malekungchha, Maidhung, Kherasung, Rakhomi, Bhijaichha, Hodorichha, Yayochha, Pitruchha etc) of [[Nepal]], [[India]] and [[Bhutan]]. Alternate renderings and names include ''Chamling'', ''Chamlinge'' and ''Rodong''.&lt;ref name=&quot;e18&quot;/&gt; It is closely related to the [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]] (some Bantawa-speaking communities call their language &quot;Camling&quot;) and [[Puma language]]s of the Kiranti language family in eastern Nepal, and it belongs to the broader [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]].&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rab Ethnologue report on Camling]&lt;/ref&gt; Chamling has SOV word order.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Chamling language is one of the languages of the ancient Kiranti culture, which existed well before vedic period 3500–5000 in [[South Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cemjonga&quot;&gt;{{cite book| last=Cemjoṅga | first=Īmāna Siṃha | title=History and Culture of the Kirat People | year=2003 | publisher=Kirat Yakthung Chumlung | isbn=99933-809-1-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Important versions of the ''[[Mundum]]'' &amp;mdash; the main [[religious text]] forming the religious foundation of the [[Kirant Mundum]] religion and the cultural heritage of the various Kirati people &amp;mdash; are composed in Camling; such versions are distinctive to the Camling-speaking tribes and a guide to their distinctive religious practices and cultural identity.&lt;ref&gt;Monika Bock, Aparna Rao. ''Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice''. Page 65. 2000, Berghahn Books.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distribution==<br /> The Chamling language is used by small communities in eastern [[Sagarmatha Zone]], in central [[Khotang District]], [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur District]] and scattered areas in northern [[Udayapur District]] and a few more districts of eastern Nepal, the southeastern neighbour [[India]]n state of [[Sikkim]], the hill city of [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and the kingdom of [[Bhutan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> Despite its geographic prevalence, the actual number of Chamling speakers is estimated to be 10,000, spread across small tribes and villages.&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt; Many members of the Chamling ethnic and tribal communities are no longer fluent in the Chamling language, which is taught only in remote areas in the Udayapur District.&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt; Like Bantawa, Chamling is an endangered language. Many people in these areas speak a variety of Chamling that is mixed with the [[Nepali language]], which is the official language of Nepal.&lt;ref name=&quot;E&quot;/&gt; Most Chamling-speaking people are [[Hindu]]s or practitioners of Kiranti Mundum.<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ![[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br /> ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]<br /> ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|m}}<br /> |{{IPA link|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|mʱ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|nʱ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Plosive]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|p}}<br /> |{{IPA link|t̪|t}}<br /> |{{IPA link|ts}}<br /> |{{IPA link|k}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voicelessness|voiceless]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|tsʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|b}}<br /> |{{IPA link|d}}<br /> |({{IPA link|dz}})<br /> |({{IPA link|ɡ}})<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|bʱ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|dʱ}}<br /> |({{IPA link|dzʱ}})<br /> |({{IPA link|ɡʱ}})<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|r}} {{IPA link|rʱ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fricative]]<br /> |{{IPA link|f}}<br /> |{{IPA link|s}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|h}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Approximant]]<br /> |{{IPA link|w}}<br /> |{{IPA link|l}} {{IPA link|lʱ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|j}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !<br /> ![[Front vowel|front]]<br /> ![[Central vowel|central]]<br /> ![[Back vowel|back]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[High vowel|high]]<br /> | {{IPA link|i}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|u}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Mid vowel|mid]]<br /> | {{IPA link|e}}<br /> |({{IPA link|ə}})<br /> | {{IPA link|o}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Low vowel|low]]<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|a}}<br /> |({{IPA link|ɒ}})<br /> |}<br /> *'''Voice'''<br /> <br /> #''Phuima'' = pluck<br /> #''Toma'' = see, experience<br /> #''Ityu'' = brought from above<br /> #''Dhotyu-cyu'' = assembled them<br /> #''Bhuima'' = pound<br /> #''Doma'' = close<br /> #''Idyu'' = gave him<br /> #''Dhodyu-cyu'' = stabbed them&lt;ref name=&quot;RP&quot;&gt;[http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/rab/phon-1?page_view=image_view Phonology - The Rosetta Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423035847/http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/rab/phon-1?page_view=image_view|date=23 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bound Morphemes ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !<br /> !chamling<br /> !example word<br /> !morphological rule<br /> |-<br /> |plural suffix<br /> |/-ci/<br /> |&quot;challa-ci&quot; = my brothers<br /> |N —&gt; N + plural /-ci/<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;his&quot;<br /> |/m-/<br /> |&quot;m-tõ&quot; = his ha1. ir<br /> |N —&gt; /m/ + N<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;my&quot;<br /> |/a-/<br /> |&quot;a-nicho&quot; = my sibling<br /> |N —&gt; /a/ + N<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;your&quot;<br /> |/kap-/<br /> |&quot;kap-tõ&quot; = your hair<br /> |N —&gt; /kap/ + N<br /> |}<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Camling (Chamling)|last=Ebert|first=Karen|publisher=Mulnchen: LINCOM Europa|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chamling uses many bound morphemes, many of which denote possession or the change of possession of something.<br /> <br /> == Phrase Structure Rules ==<br /> : NP —&gt; (D) N<br /> : VP —&gt; (NP) (A) (Adv) V (Adv)<br /> : CP —&gt; C S<br /> : S —&gt; NP {VP, NP, CP}<br /> <br /> {{interlinear|number=ex:<br /> |anga a-khim hinge<br /> |my {my house} be<br /> |D N V<br /> |&quot;I have a house&quot;}}<br /> <br /> This is 3. an example of a sentence that is formed by an NP and a VP. The NP contains a determiner and a noun, and the VP contains a verb.<br /> <br /> {{interlinear|number=ex:<br /> |a-challa-ci oda paina<br /> |{my brothers} here not<br /> |N V Adverb<br /> |&quot;my brothers are not here&quot;}}<br /> <br /> This is an example of a sentence that is formed by a NP and a VP. The NP contains a noun and a VP contains a verb and an adverb.<br /> <br /> {{interlinear|number=ex:<br /> |khamo nung de?<br /> |your name what<br /> |D N N<br /> |&quot;what is your name?&quot;}}<br /> <br /> This is an example of two NP's forming a sentence. One NP contains &quot;khamo nung&quot; (&quot;''your name&quot;'') and the second NP contains &quot;de&quot; (&quot;''what&quot;).''<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Languages of Nepal]]<br /> *[[Languages of Bhutan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> * Rai, Tara Mani and Sizar Tamang (2014). ''A sociolinguistic survey of Chamling: A Tibeto-Burman language''. Available at: https://cdltu.edu.np<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://globalrecordings.net/program/C03351 Global Recordings - Camling language recordings]<br /> <br /> {{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br /> {{Kiranti languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Bhutan}}<br /> {{Languages of Nepal}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Camling Language}}<br /> [[Category:Kiranti languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of India]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]<br /> [[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]<br /> [[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanfida_Nongrum&diff=532556 2026-04-16T06:37:29Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating New Pg.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian football player}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Sanfida Nongrum<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|04|25|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] India<br /> | height = 1.61 m&lt;ref name=&quot;AFC-squad-list&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | position = [[Midfielder]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br /> | clubnumber = 10<br /> | youthyears1 = <br /> | youthclubs1 = Kick Start FCC<br /> | years1 = <br /> | clubs1 = [[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]<br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | years2 = 2020–2021<br /> | clubs2 = Bangalore United FC<br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | years3 = 2021–2022<br /> | clubs3 = Sirvodem SC<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | years4 = 2022–2023<br /> | clubs4 = [[Sports Odisha]]<br /> | caps4 = <br /> | goals4 = <br /> | years5 = 2023–<br /> | clubs5 = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]<br /> | caps5 = <br /> | goals5 = <br /> | years6 = 2025–2026<br /> | clubs6 = → Misaka United FC (loan)<br /> | caps6 = <br /> | goals6 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2026–<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> | nationalcaps1 = 4<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 1<br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> | club-update = <br /> | nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026<br /> }}<br /> '''Sanfida Nongrum''' (25 April 2005) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Meghalaya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Women’s Asian Cup: Sanfida scores on India debut but team lose to Vietnam {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/womens-asian-cup-sanfida-scores-on-india-debut-but-team-lose-to-vietnam/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All India Football Federation |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/53482?type=club |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; who plays as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] and the [[India women's national football team]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Nongrum hails from Shillong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ka Sanfida Nongrum, sha ka Bangalore United FC|url=https://www.urupang.com/ka-sanfida-nongrum-sha-ka-bangalore-united-fc/|website=Rupang|date=16 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> She was the captain of the [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] which won the Indian Women's League 2 in the 2024–25 season. She is also the captain of the Garhwal United in 2025. In 2024, she led the Laitkor club clinch the Women’s Football League title in Meghalaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Who is Sanfida Nongrum, who scored for India in AFC Women’s Asian Cup match vs Vietnam? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/who-is-sanfida-nongrum-india-goal-vietnam-afc-womens-asian-cup-match/article70703419.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also played for Bangalore United, Sports Odisha and Sirvodem SC, and has also played for the Meghalaya sub-junior girls’ team. In the Senior Women's National Football Championship, she represented Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=Sanfida Nongrum Named in India Squad for AFC Women’s Asian Cup 2026 - Shillong Today News |url=https://shillongtoday.com/sanfida-nongrum-named-in-india-squad-for-afc-womens-asian-cup-2026/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2025–26 season of the [[Karnataka Women's League|Karnataka Women’s League]], she was named Player of the Tournament being the top scorer with 15 goals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> She made her senior India debut in the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup|AFC Women's Asia Cup]] at [[Perth]], Australia on 4 March 2026 and scored a goal in the debut match against [[Vietnam]] in the first match of Group C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Sunaadh |date=2026-03-04 |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup: Vietnam hand India late pain, but hope springs anew |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/48098317/afc-women-asian-cup-2026-vietnam-hand-india-late-pain-hope-springs-anew-amelia-valverde-manisha-kalyan-sanfida-nongrum |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=ESPN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, she became the first player from Meghalaya to earn a senior India cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blue Tigresses suffer injury-time defeat against Vietnam in opening AFC Women’s Asian Cup match |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/blue-tigresses-suffer-injury-time-defeat-against-vietnam-in-opening-afc-womens-asian-cup-match |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-04 |title=Sanfida scores on dream Indian debut but team lose to Vietnam in Women’s Asian Cup {{!}} The Sports Room |url=https://thesportsroom.in/2026/03/04/dream-debut-for-sanfida-nongrum-as-she-scores-for-india-in-afc-womens-asian-cup/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===International===<br /> {{Updated|15 April 2026}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |[[India women's national football team|India]]<br /> |2026<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Total<br /> !4<br /> !1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> :''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |+List of international goals scored by Sanfida Nongrum<br /> ! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition <br /> |-<br /> | 1. || 4 March 2026 || [[Perth Rectangular Stadium]], [[Perth]], Australia || {{fbw|VIE}} || align=center|'''1'''–1 || align=center| 1–2 || [[2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group C|2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/53482?type=club Sanfida Nongrum] at All India Football Federation<br /> <br /> {{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nongrum, Sanfida}}<br /> [[Category:2005 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:India women's international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Sportswomen from Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:People from Shillong]]<br /> [[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Women's League players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]<br /> [[Category:Sports Odisha players]]<br /> [[Category:Garhwal United FC players]]<br /> [[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajesh_Kumar_Singh_(civil_servant)&diff=528606 2026-04-11T20:37:07Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|IAS officer and Defence Secretary of India}}<br /> {{About|||Rajesh Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Rajesh Kumar Singh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Rajesh Kumar Singh<br /> | image = File:Rajesh Kumar Singh, Defence Secretary.jpg<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = 40th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Giridhar Aramane]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | term_start = 1 November 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | term_start1 = 1 May 2023<br /> | term_end1 = 31 October 2024<br /> | office1 = Secretary &lt;br&gt; [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]]<br /> | predecessor1 = Anurag Jain<br /> | successor1 = Amardeep Singh Bhatia<br /> | office2 = Secretary &lt;br&gt; Animal Husbandry and Dairying<br /> | predecessor2 = Atul Chaturvedi<br /> | successor2 = Alka Upadhyaya<br /> | term_end2 = 30 April 2023<br /> | term_start2 = 1 September 2022<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|11|24|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155047/https://dtf.in/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=11969816 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], India<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]<br /> | profession = [[Civil service|Civil servant]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajesh Kumar Singh''' (born 24 November 1964) is a 1989-batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer from the [[Kerala]] cadre. Singh was appointed the 40th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary of India]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] and has been serving in the position since 1 November 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nicdc.in/index.php/about/board-of-directors|title=Board of Directors-NICDC|website=nicdc.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajesh-kumar-singh-to-be-new-defence-secretary-as-top-bureaucrats-reshuffled-101723883938936.html<br /> |title=Rajesh Kumar Singh to be new defence secretary as top bureaucrats reshuffled|language=en|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/govt-appoints-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-defence-secretary-441840-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/acc-approves-18-transfers-rajesh-kumar-singh-to-be-defence-secretary-9518529/<br /> |title=ACC approves 18 transfers, Rajesh Kumar Singh to be Defence Secretary<br /> |language=en|website=Indian express.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/govt-appoints-dpiit-secy-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-new-defence-secretary-check-full-list-of-other-key-appointments/articleshow/112571919.cms|title=Govt appoints DPIIT Secy Rajesh Kumar Singh as new Defence Secretary. Check full list of other key appointments|language=en|newspaper=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; He earlier served as [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]], [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]] (DPIIT), and also as Secretary of Animal Husbandry and Dairying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Rajesh Kumar Singh takes charge as new DPIIT secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rajesh-kumar-singh-takes-charge-as-new-dpiit-secretary/articleshow/99729691.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In his career, Singh also served as Director of Works and Urban Transport in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Rajesh Kumar Singh Takes Charge As Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/rajesh-kumar-singh-takes-charge-as-defence-secretary-537932 |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=BW Businessworld}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other positions Singh has held include Commissioner (Lands) in the [[Delhi Development Authority]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], Joint Secretary in the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation &amp; Farmers Welfare, and the Chief Vigilance Officer of the [[Food Corporation of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In his early career in the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]], Singh's posts included Urban Development Secretary and Finance Secretary.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]<br /> [[Category:District magistrate]]<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guna_Caves_rescue&diff=501403 2026-04-11T09:50:30Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2006 rescue in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Infobox news event|title=Guna Caves rescue|place=[[Guna Caves]]|reported injuries=1|date=3 September 2006}}<br /> On 3 September 2006, Subhash Chandran fell into [[Guna Caves]] in Tamil Nadu, India and was rescued by his friend Siju David.&lt;ref name=&quot;H2&quot;/&gt; This is the only known case where a person who has fallen into Guna Caves has survived.&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2006/09/06/youth.html|title=குணா குகையில் விழுந்து மீண்ட கேரள இளைஞர்!|trans-title=Kerala youth recovered after falling into Guna cave!|work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta|date=6 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120170225/http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2006/09/06/youth.html|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=14 September 2024|location=Kodaikanal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote=&quot;It was pitch dark inside and no one knew whether the rope reached him&quot;|source= Report on the incident, 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=9776020|title=A friend in need|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|date=12 October 2006|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914032722/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=9776020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|''[[The Hindu]]'' news report inaccurately labeled the photo by switching the order of Siju David and Subhash Chandran's names.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt;}} }}<br /> <br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | image1 = Guna cave Kodaikanal Harry 6.jpg<br /> | image2 = Guna cave kodai.jpg<br /> | footer = Photos of Guna Cave in different angles<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | align = right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Subhash Chandran who was 19 at the time was from [[Manjummel]], [[Ernakulam]], Kerala and worked as a painter. Subhash, along with Siju David, who is also known as Kuttan, and numerous other childhood friends were part of a club named Darshana.{{efn|The ''[[Oneindia]]'' news report inaccurately had the name Sasi instead of Siju David.&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; 9 club members went to [[Kodaikanal]] to visit Guna Caves.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;H2&quot;/&gt; A sign in Tamil indicated that the area was a prohibited area where 13 people had died; however, the group could not read Tamil and proceeded to cross the dilapidated fence.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/19/a-day-out-with-original-manjummel-boys|title=A day out with the original Manjummel Boys|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2024|access-date=14 September 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329154922/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/19/a-day-out-with-original-manjummel-boys|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Subhash, who had wanted to go into the 100-foot deep cave, tripped and fell inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt; His friend Abhilash John was the first to notice his fall and informed the rest of the friend group.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; When the friend group made contact with locals they were advised to leave to avoid trouble.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; The friends informed the forest department, and faced police brutality before the forest department staff, firemen, and forest officer Thirunavukkarasukmai rushed to rescue Chandran.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Subhash's friends urged the firemen to go inside as his condition would be known only by going down into the cave but they were afraid to go inside because of the history of the caves. Sixon John, another of the friends, yelled loudly, briefly waking Subhash.&lt;ref name=&quot;W&quot;/&gt; After hearing his voice, Kuttan then decided to go inside.&lt;ref name=&quot;W&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt; With a 50-foot rope and an additional rope tied around his waist, Kuttan slowly climbed down.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt; When the first rope ended, Kuttan turned his torch on but turned it off since he could only see bats.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; After going down 60 feet, he saw Subhash lying on a rock and shouted up that their friend was alive.&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Firefighters rushed in one after the other. Kuttan hugged Subhash tightly to his body and they were slowly pulled up by the firemen. First aid was given to an unconscious Subhash and after almost 5 hours, he was brought back to a conscious state.&lt;ref name=&quot;O&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of Manjummel boys==<br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: After the success of the film ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'', the friend group became popular by that name.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name <br /> ! Comments<br /> ! Actors portrayed<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | Subhash Chandran || the victim of the accident <br /> |Character played by [[Sreenath Bhasi]]|| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Siju David aka Kuttan ||the rescuer of Subhash also the eldest person among the boys <br /> |Character played by [[Soubin Shahir]]<br /> |-<br /> | Abhilash John || He saw Subhash fall into the pit, became traumatized and disassociated himself from the group for a period.<br /> | Character played by [[Chandu Salim Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> | Sixon John || He worked in a metal manufacturing unit and gained a habit of having a loud voice. Also younger brother of Siju John || Character played by [[Balu Varghese]]|| &lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;W&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/03/13/malayalam-cinema-manjummel-boys-subhash-s-belt-saved-his-life-at-guna-caves-director-explains-why-scene-at-house-of-sreenath-bhasi-s-character-was-not-random.html|title='Manjummel Boys': Director explains why 'belt fight' scene at Subhash's house was not random|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|first=Sarah|last=Sebastian|date=13 March 2024|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919214910/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/03/13/malayalam-cinema-manjummel-boys-subhash-s-belt-saved-his-life-at-guna-caves-director-explains-why-scene-at-house-of-sreenath-bhasi-s-character-was-not-random.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Krishnakumar M. || While swimming as a kid, he got stuck in a current and was saved by Siju David. || Character played by [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]]|| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | Prasad P. S. || The driver. He revisited Kodaikanal in 2009 and recalled how the locals still remembered the incident. || Character played by [[Khalid Rahman]]<br /> |-<br /> | Sumesh U. S. || He did not go on the trip, but he helped his friends financially for the return trip from [[Kodaikanal]] and for Subhash's treatment. || Character not in the film<br /> |-<br /> | Sujith U. S. || || Character played by [[Arun Kurian]]<br /> |-<br /> | Anil Joseph <br /> | || Character played by [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Siju John <br /> | || Character played by [[Lal Jr.]]<br /> |-<br /> | Sudheesh <br /> |<br /> |Character played by [[Deepak Parambol]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;movie&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Jinson <br /> | || Character played by Vishnu Reghu<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Aftermath ==<br /> Subhash Chandran, Siju David, and their friends were charged with entering a prohibited area and had to pay a fine of ₹2,500. After the incident, the director of a fire safety technology institute in Kerala offered to enroll Kuttan in a free course and sponsor his higher studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt; The friend group was withheld in Kodaikanal,&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; and they were only able to safely leave without legal hassles after the intervention of the doctor who treated Chandran.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Dindigul [[District magistrate|Collector]] has spoken about erecting a fence and safety grills at Guna Caves to ensure safety in the future.&lt;ref name=&quot;H2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Real Manjummel Boys hero in 2006: I could not think of going back without my childhood friend|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/real-manjummel-boys-hero-in-2006-i-could-not-think-of-going-back-without-my-childhood-friend/article67917961.ece |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=The Hindu|date=5 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305173732/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/real-manjummel-boys-hero-in-2006-i-could-not-think-of-going-back-without-my-childhood-friend/article67917961.ece<br /> |url-access=subscription |last1=Kumar |first1=D. Suresh }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It took six months for Subhash Chandran to recover from the incident and he spent sixty days in an [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, Siju David received a [[Jeevan Raksha Padak|bravery award]] from President [[Pratibha Patil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Movie depiction ==<br /> Many directors met with the boys in order make a film based on the incident&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt; but they were called off due to high expenses.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> In 2023, director [[Chidambaram S. Poduval|Chidambaram]] met with the group and finalised a project based on this incident under the title ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;H2&quot;/&gt; and the movie was released in theatres in 2024 and became the [[Highest grossing Malayalam films|second highest grossing Malayalam movie ever]]. The film grossed more than 200 crore at the box office and received praise even in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;movie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/manjummel-boys-inches-closer-to-rs-200-cr-mark-globally-50-cr-in-tamil-nadu-9218992/|title=Manjummel Boys inches closer to Rs 200 cr mark globally, becomes first non-Tamil movie, without dubbed version, to gross Rs 50 cr in Tamil Nadu|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 March 2024|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=1 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001020604/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/manjummel-boys-inches-closer-to-rs-200-cr-mark-globally-50-cr-in-tamil-nadu-9218992/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web<br /> | title=Siju David vs State Of Kerala Represented By on 10 April, 2015<br /> | website=indiankanoon.org<br /> | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/48964300/?type=print&amp;__cf_chl_tk=AbxR6OeI40uzTGnRgJ6yVqMKTBhMPpf5aLtRWbIKXkI-1726290261-0.0.1.1-4948<br /> | access-date=14 September 2024<br /> | date=10 April 2015<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Caving incidents and rescues]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_vs_Sarat_Chandra&diff=498476 2026-04-09T16:25:33Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Upcoming film by Srijit Mukherji}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Emperor vs Sarat Chandra poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official poster released on 27 November 2025<br /> | director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]<br /> | producer = Pradip Kumar Nandy (Nandy Movies)<br /> | starring = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Mimi Chakraborty]]<br /> * [[Abir Chatterjee]]<br /> * [[Tota Roy Choudhury]]<br /> }}<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|05|01}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | based_on = [[Pather Dabi]] by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]<br /> }}<br /> '''''Emperor vs Sarat Chandra''''' is an upcoming [[Bengali-language]] [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical drama]] film written and directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revisiting Rebellion: 'Emperor vs Sarat Chandra' Film Unveiled |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3713045-revisiting-rebellion-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-film-unveiled |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Devdiscourse |publication-place=Kolkata |agency=Devdiscourse News Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by Pradip Kumar Nandy under the banner of Nandy Movies, it is scheduled for release on 1 May 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji to direct 'Emperor vs Sarat Chandra' |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/srijit-mukherji-to-direct-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra |last=Butt |first=Ayesha |date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=DESIblitz}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on ''[[Pather Dabi]]'', a 1926 novel (novella) written by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].&lt;ref name=thousand&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mimi not Sohini in Srijit Mukherji’s 'Emperor vs Sarat Chandra' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/mimi-not-sohini-in-srijit-mukherjis-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-637293 |date=2025-11-27 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Millennium Post |agency=MPost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On its first announcement, Dag Creative Media and Shree Venkatesh films were its producers. The cast given by Mukherjee was Sohini Sarkar, Abir Chatterjee, Tota Roy Choudhury, Rudranil Ghosh in lead roles. By new rules implemented by the film committee (IMPFA-Federation), Media and SVF dropped out, conflicting release dates of their films. Pradip Kumar Nandy, owner of Nandy Movies, became the producing house. Mimi Chakraborty replaced Sarkar by Nandy Movies and Buddhadev Das replaced Ghosh with prior discussion between Mukherji and Ghosh. Start of the shooting was delayed from November to January. The release date given by Srijit Mukherji is 1 May 2026.<br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> Pather Dabi was published by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay in August 1926, centering the [[British Raj]] as its story. In January 1927, the novel was banned by the British colonial government (British Raj) for its revolutionary theme and for openly challenging the government.&lt;ref name=leadroles&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abir Chatterjee, Tota Roy Choudhury to Lead Srijit Mukherji’s ‘Emperor vs Sarat Chandra’ |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/abir-chatterjee-tota-roy-choudhury-lead-srijit-mukherjis-emperor-vs |date=2025-09-18 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |agency=Arts &amp; Entertainment Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within a week, it sold out all its available copies. In 1938, Chattopadhyay died of [[liver cancer]]. The next year in 1939, the ban was lifted by the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay and a novel that shook the British Empire |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/sarat-chandra-chattopadhyay-and-a-novel-that-shook-the-british-empire-10229792/ |last=Mohta |first=Nikita |date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publication-place=Kolkata}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Abir Chatterjee]]&lt;ref name=leadroles/&gt; as Sabyasachi<br /> * [[Tota Roy Choudhury]]&lt;ref name=leadroles/&gt; as Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay<br /> * [[Mimi Chakraborty]]<br /> * Buddhadev Das<br /> * Divyani Mondal&lt;ref name=leadroles/&gt;<br /> * [[Kanchan Mallick]]&lt;ref name=leadroles/&gt;<br /> * Rick Chattopadhyay<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development and pre-production ===<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | image1 = Srijit Mukherji on screening of Begum Jaan (cropped).jpg<br /> | total_width = 280<br /> | caption1 = [[Srijit Mukherji]] is the director and song composer of the film.<br /> | image2 = Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.jpg<br /> | caption2 = The film is based on the work of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<br /> | footer = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Srijit Mukherjee announced the film by posting on Twitter on the morning of 31 August 2025. He stated the film to be a period drama set in 1926, the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India#British in India (1608–1947)|pre-Indian independence era]]. He said the title of the film to be inspired from the British Indian court case about the bombing in Alipore, ''[[Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh and Others|Emperor v. Aurobindo Ghosh]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji announces Emperor vs Sarat Chandra, to release in 2026 |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/srijit-mukherji-announces-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra--to-release-in-2026/2000865 |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=t2ONLINE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mukherji said the production to originally begin from November 2025. Among the appearances from the period depicted, [[Rabindranath Thakur]] and [[Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]] are to appear.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji brings Sarat Chandra's 'Pather Dabi' to screen with 'Emperor vs Sarat Chandra' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/srijit-mukherji-brings-sarat-chandras-pather-dabi-screen-emperor-vs |date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Daily Star |agency=Arts &amp; Entertainment Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mukherji stated the cast to appear in the film on 17 September; he did not reveal the roles of the actors in the first few days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=আসছে 'এম্পারর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র'! পথের দাবী'র ১০০ বছর পূর্তিতে কোন চমক আনছেন সৃজিত? |url=https://calcuttatelevisionnetwork.in/category/entertainment/emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-is-coming-what-surprises-is-srijit-bringing-on-the-100th-anniversary-of-pather-daabai |date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Calcutta Television Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Upon the first announcement of the film, Srijit Mukherji said that [[Tota Roy Chowdhury|Tota Roychowdhury]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Sohini Sarkar]] would be playing the lead roles,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abir Chatterjee, Tota Roy Choudhury to headline Srijit Mukherji’s 'Emperor vs Sarat Chandra' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-tota-roy-choudhury-to-headline-srijit-mukherjis-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra/cid/2123545 |date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Telegraph |agency=Entertainment Web Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the production houses Dag Creative Media and [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].&lt;ref name=thousand/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abir Chatterjee and Tota Roy Choudhury to lead Emperor vs Sarat Chandra |url=https://en.bd-pratidin.com/showbiz/2025/09/18/46774 |date=2025-09-18 |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; With effect on the Tollywood film industry, IMPFA-Federation gave out new rules that a production house will not be able to release two films at the same to avoid conflicting the release dates of films by production houses. Production companies Dag Creative Media and Shree Venkatesh Films have a release date of May for their other separate films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=বাদ সাধল ‘স্ক্রিনিং কমিটি’র নতুন নিয়ম! সৃজিতের ‘এম্পারর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র’ ছবিতে তাই বড় বদল? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/speculations-are-director-srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-movie-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-will-not-be-produced-by-rana-sarkar-and-svf-dgtl/cid/1645167 |date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Anandabazar |agency=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2025, Nandy Movies replaced Dag Creative Media as a producer. Shree Venkatesh Films left as a production house of the film.&lt;ref name=pratidin/&gt;<br /> <br /> The new film poster with Nandy Movies was released on 27 November 2025.&lt;ref name=pratidin&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-28 |title=প্রথমবার সৃজিতের ছবিতে মিমি, ‘এম্পায়ার ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র’র কাস্টিংয়ে বড় চমক! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/mimi-chakraborty-in-srijit-mukherjis-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-film/pid/1100897/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |agency=সংবাদ প্রতিদিন ডিজিটাল ডেস্ক}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pather Dabi was adapted as a film in 1977, called [[Sabyasachi (film)|Sabyasachi]], starring [[Uttam Kumar]]. During the announcement of ''Emperor vs Sarat Chandra'', Mukhherji's upcoming film [[Lawho Gouranger Naam Re]] was being shot, scheduled for release during Christmas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=কাঞ্জি |first=শুভস্মিতা |date=2025-11-26 |title=Breaking: সৃজিতের 'এম্পেরর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র'-এ থাকছেন না সোহিনী সরকার! জায়গা নিলেন মিমি চক্রবর্তী? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/exclusive-mimi-chakraborty-replacing-sohini-sarkar-in-srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-film-emperor-vs-saratchandra-179033 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Aajkal}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Nandy Movies implemented a change in the film cast. [[Mimi Chakraborty]] replaced Sohini Sarkar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=সোহিনী বাদ, সৃজিতের সিনেমায় প্রথমবার মিমি ! কাস্টিং তালিকায় আমূল বদল |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-mimi-chakraborty-acts-first-time-in-srijit-mukherjis-film-west-bengal-news-wbs25112903716 |date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=ETV Bharat |agency=ETV Bharat Entertainment Team}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a discussion with Mukherji and [[Rudranil Ghosh]], they agreed to have Buddhadev Das to replace Ghosh. Rick Chattopadhyay replaced Satyam Bhattacharya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=সৃজিতের ছবিতে ‘উত্তমের চরিত্রে’ আবীর, ‘শরৎচন্দ্র’-এর ভূমিকায় ‘ফেলুদা’? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-tota-oy-choudhury-and-abir-chatterjee-to-play-key-roles-in-srijit-mukherji-s-upcoming-film-reports-194808 |last=মজুমদার |first=রাহুল |date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[Aajkaal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhattacharya acted in the shooting of [[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]. Pre-production work was started in November 2025. Mukherji changed the film's shooting to start from January 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;headline&quot; /&gt; He stated to be four total songs in the film, with two of them being [[Rabindra Sangeet]], one song being by Srijit Mukherji and another song by Sri Jatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='এম্পারর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র' ছবিতে সোহিনীর পরিবর্তে মিমি, আচমকা কেন নায়িকা বদলের সিদ্ধান্ত পরিচালকের? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-reveals-the-poster-of-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-and-opens-up-about-why-so-many-change-in-casting-dgtl/cid/1650559 |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Anandabazar |agency=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = This film is especially close to my heart as it&lt;br&gt; marks my debut as a music composer.<br /> | author = —Srijit Mukherji&lt;ref name=headline&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abir, Tota, Mimi to headline Srijit’s next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/abir-tota-mimi-to-headline-srijits-next-film/articleshow/125632890.cms |last=Ganguly |first=Raima |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = left<br /> }}<br /> In 2025, Srijit Mukherji released the films ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]'' and ''[[Killbill Society]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=নিষিদ্ধ কণ্ঠের গানে ফিরবে ইতিহাসের সুর, আসছে সৃজিতের ছবি 'এম্পারর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র' |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-announces-new-film-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-on-pather-dabi-centenary/tid/171448 |last=দত্ত |first=অরণ্যা |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Wall}}&lt;/ref&gt; In accordance with particular styles and relations with his films, he commented &quot;Nothing of the kind is happening. I am basically making a film about the period of writing of ''Pather Daabi'', the Bengali of that time, the events and personalities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ব্রিটিশবিরোধী আন্দোলন নিয়ে সৃজিতের ছবি ‘এম্পারর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র’, কেন এই বিষয় বাছলেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-doing-a-new-film-based-on-sharat-chandra-chattopadhyays-pather-dabi-dgtl/cid/1629591 |date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Anandabazar |agency=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম সংবাদদাতা}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stated the film to be an &quot;examination of ideology and resistance against oppression.&quot; He is to appear as a composer for all of the songs in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji’s new period film to mark 100 years of 'Pather Dabi' |url=https://theprint.in/india/srijit-mukherjis-new-period-film-to-mark-100-years-of-pather-dabi/2794349/ |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He announced the film celebrating the 100th anniversary of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel Pather Dabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emperor vs Sarat Chandra: Srijit Mukherji’s bold adaptation of a literary classic |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Nov/28/emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-srijit-mukherjis-bold-adaptation-of-a-literary-classic |last=Roy |first=Debolina |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Indulge Expres}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 11 January, the shooting had started. According to ETV Bharat, Abir Chatterjee is playing the role of Sabyasachi. He commented on the shooting, &quot;I think this is a very important film. Because it talks about history and the people it talks about are not only our predecessors, they are also legends. [...] I will tell the rest when the shooting is over.&quot; Tota Roy Choudhury is playing the role of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The other roles by the cast actors are confirmed and are the roles are not given.&lt;ref name=progress&gt;{{Cite web |title=কতদূর এগোল সৃজিতের 'এম্পেরর ভার্সেস শরৎচন্দ্র'র কাজ ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-reveals-how-far-srijit-mukherji-emperor-vs-sarat-chandra-film-work-progressed-west-bengal-news-wbs26011101798 |date=2026-01-11 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=[[ETV Bharat]] |agency=ETV Bharat Entertainment Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Letterboxd title}}<br /> <br /> {{Srijit Mukherji}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films set in 1926]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language historical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s historical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on novellas]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]<br /> [[Category:Films about abuse]]<br /> [[Category:Films about disability in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about violence]]<br /> [[Category:Films about rebellions]]<br /> [[Category:Upcoming Bengali-language films]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nela_Ticket&diff=521605 2026-04-09T11:26:01Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2018 film by Ram Talluri}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Nela Ticket<br /> | image = Nela Ticket.jpg<br /> | caption = Movie poster<br /> | director = [[Kalyan Krishna Kurasala]]<br /> | producer = [[Ram Talluri]]<br /> | screenplay = Satyanand<br /> | story = Kalyan Krishna Kurasala<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Teja]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Malvika Sharma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jagapathi Babu]]<br /> | music = [[Shakthikanth Karthick]]<br /> | cinematography = Mukesh Gnanesh<br /> | editing = Chota K. Prasad<br /> | studio = SRT Entertainments<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|5|25}}<br /> | runtime = 171 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = ₹20.1 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nela Ticket Final Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5244&amp;cid=6&amp;fid=5884 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=25 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Nela Ticket''''' ({{translation}} Lower Class Ticket) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]], produced by [[Ram Talluri]] on his production banner SRT Entertainments and directed by [[Kalyan Krishna Kurasala]]. It features [[Ravi Teja]], [[Malvika Sharma]], [[Jagapathi Babu]] in the lead roles and music composed by Shakti Kanth Karthick. The film released worldwide on 25 May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-starrer-nela-ticket-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/63463462.cms|title=Ravi Teja starrer 'Nela Ticket' gets a release date|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514215042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-starrer-nela-ticket-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/63463462.cms|archive-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Nela Ticket ([[Ravi Teja]]) is an orphan raised in an orphanage in Bangalore belonging to Ananda Bhupathi ([[Sarath Babu]]). Ananda gets killed by his own son Aditya Bhupathi ([[Jagapathi Babu]]), who later becomes the Home Minister. Nela Ticket runs into a tussle with Aditya's men, and this brings both Aditya and Nela Ticket opposite each other. The fight that happens between them and how Nela Ticket brings Aditya to justice forms the plot.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Ravi Teja]] as Nela Ticket/Ravi Teja<br /> *[[Jagapathi Babu]] as Home Minister Aditya Bhupathi<br /> *[[Malvika Sharma]] as Malvika<br /> *[[Sarath Babu]] as Ananda Bhupathi<br /> *[[Sampath Raj]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Sampath Reddy<br /> *[[Brahmanandam]] as Balaraju<br /> *[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ali<br /> *[[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] as Lawyer Yadagiri <br /> *[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Posani<br /> *[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Chief Minister <br /> *[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as C. P. Ranjith Kumar <br /> *[[Prudhvi Raj (Telugu actor)|Prudhvi Raj]] as KK<br /> *[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Anwar <br /> *[[Subbaraju]] as Vikram<br /> *[[Raghu Babu]] as Aditya's assistant <br /> *[[Brahmaji]] as Home Secretary <br /> *[[Chitram Srinu]] as Nela Ticket's friend<br /> *[[L. B. Sriram]] as an Old man<br /> *[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Old man's wife<br /> *[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Old man's elder son<br /> *[[Madhunandan]] as Old man's younger son<br /> *[[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Priya]] as Old man's elder daughter-in-law <br /> *[[Satya Krishnan]] as Old man's younger daughter-in-law<br /> *Surekha Vani as Doctor<br /> *[[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Rajesh <br /> *[[Sivaji Raja]] as Govt Officer<br /> *[[Fish Venkat]] as Auto Driver <br /> *[[Rajitha]] as Old man's neighbour<br /> *Jyothi<br /> *Karuna as Gowthami's mother who died in train Accident<br /> *Raghu Karumanchi as Fake Circle Inspector of Sanathnagar}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> In August 2016 [[United States|US]] based NRI, Ram Talluri signed [[Ravi Teja]] for his next film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280816/chuttalabbayi-producer-is-going-places.html&quot;Chuttalabbayi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106122347/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280816/chuttalabbayi-producer-is-going-places.html|url-status=dead|title=producer is going places|archive-date=6 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; After much delay, in December 2017 director Kalyan Krishna Kurasala joined the project&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091217/ravi-teja-in-family-drama.html&quot;Ravi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517111301/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/091217/ravi-teja-in-family-drama.html|url-status=dead|title=Teja in family drama?|archive-date=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/151217/ravi-tejas-next-to-go-on-floors.html&quot;Ravi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517111307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/151217/ravi-tejas-next-to-go-on-floors.html|url-status=dead|title=Teja's next to go on floors|archive-date=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Mumbai based model [[Malvika Sharma]] was signed in as a female lead, which marks her debut in cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-12-26/Himalaya-Beauty-For-Ravi-Teja/348154%22Himalaya|title=Latest News in Hyderabad, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh - THE HANS INDIA|first=The Hans|last=India|website=www.thehansindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jagapathi Babu]] was also signed to play the main antagonist&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-12-27/Ravi-Teja-to-lock-horns-with-Jagapathi-Babu/348236%22Ravi|title=Latest News in Hyderabad, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh - THE HANS INDIA|first=The Hans|last=India|website=www.thehansindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Shakthi Kanth Karthick joined as a music composer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271217/sekhar-kammulas-fidaa-composer-for-ravi-tejas-film.html&quot;Sekhar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517111311/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271217/sekhar-kammulas-fidaa-composer-for-ravi-tejas-film.html|url-status=dead|title=Kammula's Fidaa composer for Ravi Teja's film|archive-date=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> [[Principal photography]] began on 5 January 2018 in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070118/ravi-tejas-seamless-switch.html|title=Ravi Teja's seamless switch|date=7 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118103256/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/070118/ravi-tejas-seamless-switch.html|archive-date=18 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shoot was wrapped up in early May 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nela-ticket-its-a-wrap-for-kalyan-krishna-kurasalas-next-starring-ravi-teja/articleshow/64081026.cms&quot;‘Nela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514175444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nela-ticket-its-a-wrap-for-kalyan-krishna-kurasalas-next-starring-ravi-teja/articleshow/64081026.cms|url-status=dead|title=Ticket': it's a wrap for Kalyan Krishna Kurasala's next starring Ravi Teja|website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was theatrically released on 25 May 2018.<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Nela Ticket<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Shakthikanth Karthick]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|5|10}}<br /> | recorded = 2018<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = 24:07<br /> | label = [[Lahari Music]]<br /> | producer = Shakthi Kanth Karthick<br /> | prev_title = [[Fidaa]]<br /> | prev_year = 2017<br /> | next_title = [[Happy Wedding (2018 film)|Happy Wedding]]<br /> | next_year = 2018<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music is composed by [[Shakthikanth Karthick]], and was released by [[Lahari Music]] Company, who held the audio launch on 10 May 2018 with [[Pawan Kalyan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-05-11/-Nela-Ticket-Audio-Launch-Highlights/380528 |title=Nela Ticket (Audio Launch) |work=The Hans India |date=11 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511125723/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-05-11/-Nela-Ticket-Audio-Launch-Highlights/380528 |archive-date=11 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed = <br /> | headline = Track-List<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 24:07<br /> | title1 = O Sari Try Chei<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Mallikarjun]]<br /> | length1 = 4:22<br /> | title2 = Bijili<br /> | lyrics2 = Chaitanya Pingali<br /> | extra2 = Prudhvi Chandra, Janani Sanjeevi<br /> | length2 = 4:02<br /> | title3 = Love You Love You<br /> | lyrics3 = Chaitanya Pingali<br /> | extra3 = Sri Krishna, Ramya Behara<br /> | length3 = 3:52<br /> | title4 = Nela Ticket<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br /> | extra4 = Simha, [[Madhu Priya]]<br /> | length4 = 3:51<br /> | title5 = Chuttu Janam<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br /> | length5 = 4:31<br /> | title6 = Namaste<br /> | lyrics6 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]<br /> | extra6 = PVNS Rohith<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> In its review of the film, [[The Times of India]] gave a rating of 1.5/5 and wrote “Mindless action scenes, love at first sight (quite literally), a dozen comedians who fail to evoke laughter, an evil politician and an aloof, goofy young man who suddenly turns into a saviour. Sounds familiar? Ravi Teja’s latest venture Nela Ticket is as predictable as they come. Loud and boorish, this Kalyan Krishna directorial lacks imagination and creativity.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nela-ticket/movie-review/64315249.cms |title=Nela Ticket|work=The Times of India |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601005112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nela-ticket/movie-review/64315249.cms |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Hindustan Times]] gave a rating of 1.5/5 and wrote “Nela Ticket scores low on sensitivity though with its rape jokes and the lead’s stalker-like behavior. Was it necessary to have a character threaten rape to get his way? Isn’t it time for Tollywood to lose this trope to get audiences to laugh, because it is tone-deaf and insensitive. And really, what is funny about it?”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nela-ticket-movie-review-when-will-filmmakers-learn-that-rape-jokes-are-not-funny/story-f7demrx9dSPbFxrBCYm9jJ.html|title=Nela Ticket movie review: When will filmmakers learn that rape jokes are not funny?|date=25 May 2018|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608224604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nela-ticket-movie-review-when-will-filmmakers-learn-that-rape-jokes-are-not-funny/story-f7demrx9dSPbFxrBCYm9jJ.html|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|8133888}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Kalyan Krishna]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_In%C3%A1cio_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Loyola&diff=506605 2026-04-05T21:56:51Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating a stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Portuguese journalist and activist (1891–1973)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = José Inácio Cândido de Loyola<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_place = [[Salcete]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1891|3|11|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]<br /> | death_date = {{dya|1973|1891}}<br /> | other_names = Fanchu Loyola<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Amelia D'Souza|1917}}<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|political activist}}<br /> | years_active = 1910s–1940s<br /> | children = 4<br /> | relatives = {{ubl|<br /> * [[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]] (nephew)<br /> * [[Mario de Loyola Furtado]] (nephew)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''José Inácio Cândido de''' &quot;'''Fanchu'''&quot; '''Loyola''' (11 March 1891 – 1973) was a Portuguese journalist and political activist, who was, in the words of [[Goan]] writer Charles Borges, was &quot;[[Goa]]'s foremost [[nationalist]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000).&lt;/ref&gt; He is noted for his journalism and [[political activism]] in support of human rights and democracy, humanism, [[anti-colonialism]], and [[Goa liberation movement|Goan independence]].&lt;ref&gt;Carmo D’Souza, ''Goa Through the Eyes of Fanchu Loyola'' (Agnelo D’Souza 2005).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Born in the home of his maternal grandparents, de Loyola was the son of Avertano Loyola and Maria Angelica Conceicão Gomes, who were prominent in the ''[[Partido Indiano]]'', a political party associated with the ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardó]]'' caste.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Melo e Castro (trans.), ''Lengthening Shadows'', 2 vols (Saligão: Goa, 1556, 2016), I p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt; His uncle José Inácio de Loyola was a lawyer, owner of ''A Índia Portuguesa'' (itself the paper of the ''Partido Indiano''), and a fierce critic of [[Portuguese India|Portuguese colonialism in India]]. At the time of de Loyola's birth both his father and uncle were in exile in [[British India]], not returning to [[Portuguese Goa]] until September 1891.&lt;ref&gt;Carmo D'Souza, 'J. I. De Loyola: The Man with a Futuristic Vision', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxix-xxxv (pp. xxix-xxx); Yona Loyola-Nazareth, 'Loyola: A Man of Honour', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxxvi-xxxviii (p. xxxvi).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> De Loyola edited and founded various newspapers, among them the ''Jornal da India'', though these tended to be suppressed by the government.&lt;ref&gt;Lino Leitão, 'J. I. de Loyola: A Born Democrat', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xvii-xxvii (pp. xvii-xix).&lt;/ref&gt; When the ''Jornal da India'', for example, was suspended in 1913 by then [[Governor-General of Portuguese India]], Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa, de Loyola published an open letter to the Governor-General criticising the inhibition of his freedom of speech entitled ''Cara Politíca'' and proceeded to found the new ''Rebate''.{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> In 1926, de Loyola was the strategist behind the election of [[Prazeres da Costa]] {{Who|date=February 2024}} to the Superior Council of Colonies. Among his writings and speeches, he became particularly noted for his speech &quot;Basta&quot; (&quot;enough is enough&quot;), a pro-democracy and anti-colonial speech given on 25 November 1932. In the 1930s, de Loyola moved to [[Bombay]], [[British India]], where he edited ''Portugal e Colonias''. While inspector of village communities, in 1927, he undertook agricultural experiments in [[Carambolim]], and wrote extensively on the possibilities for Goa's economic development.&lt;ref&gt;Carmo D'Souza, 'J. I. De Loyola: The Man with a Futuristic Vision', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxix-xxxv (pp. xxix-xxxiii).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 1946, he and Loutolim's Vicente João de Figueiredo co-founded the daily publication, ''A Vóz da India''. It was later sold to a Goan group consisting of 10 Catholics and 10 Hindus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=54 |access-date=21 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 October 1946, he was arrested, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and the removal of his political rights for fifteen years, and deported to [[Peniche Fortress]] until his early and conditional release on 12 January 1947.&lt;ref&gt;Lino Leitão, 'J. I. de Loyola: A Born Democrat', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xvii-xxvii; Carmo D'Souza, 'J. I. De Loyola: The Man with a Futuristic Vision', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxix-xxxv (pp. xxix-xxxiii).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While at Peniche jail, he and the other freedom fighters, [[Rama Hegde]], [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], [[T. B. Cunha]] and [[Laxmikant Bhembre]], hosted the newlywed [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] and [[Edila Gaitonde]] for their honeymoon. These prisoners organised a celebration in honour of Pundalik and Edila. They hosted a meal for the newly-weds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=डॉ. पुंडलिक गायतोंडे: जीवनरेखा |trans-title = Dr. Pundalik Gaitonde: Jeevanrekha|editor-first=Somnath |editor-last=Komarpant |date=April 2009 |publisher= Shivanand Gaitonde, Sateri Prakashan |location=Pune |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=12-13, 22-23, 26, 82-83, 293 |access-date=21 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> De Loyola remained in Portugal until 1958, but after [[Indian annexation of Portuguese India|Goa's annexation by India]] returned to Portugal: &quot;Disillusioned and too old to take up the fight, he returned to Lisbon to live in isolation and mourn the loss of his beloved Goa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Yona Loyola-Nazareth, 'Loyola: A Man of Honour', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxxvi-xxxviii (p. xxxvii).&lt;/ref&gt; He died in Portugal in 1973.{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 1917, de Loyola married Amy Amelia D'Souza, daughter of Thomas D'Souza and herself highly educated; they had three girls and a boy.&lt;ref&gt;Yona Loyola-Nazareth, 'Loyola: A Man of Honour', in ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000), pp. xxxvi-xxxviii (p. xxxviii).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> Many of Loyola's writings are available in English translation:<br /> * ''Goa’s Foremost Nationalist José Inácio Candido de Loyola: The Man and his Writings'', ed. by Charles Borges, trans. by Lino Leitão (New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 2000)<br /> * José Inácio Candido de Loyola, ''Passionate and Unrestrained'', trans. by [[Alexandre Moniz Barbosa]] (Panjim: Broadway Book Centre, 2008)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Loyola, Jose Inacio Candido de}}<br /> [[Category:1891 births]]<br /> [[Category:1973 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese people of Goan descent]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Portuguese writers]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Goa liberation activists]]<br /> [[Category:Colonial Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Goan Catholics]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Rathinasabhapathy&diff=498006 2026-04-05T21:15:41Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = E. Rathinasabhapathy<br /> | image = <br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1955|5|31|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Nerkuppam<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br /> | constituency1 = [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2016<br /> | term_end1 = 2021<br /> | predecessor1 = [[M. Rajanayagam]]<br /> | successor1 = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]<br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | successor2 =<br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | term_start4 = <br /> | term_end4 = <br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = Farmer<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> '''E. Rathinasabhapathy''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Rathinasabhapathy hails from the Nerkupam area of [[Pudukkottai district]]. Rathinasabhapathy, who completed his school education up to the tenth grade, belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1969&lt;/ref&gt; He successfully contested and won the [[Arantangi Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).&lt;ref&gt;Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly &quot;WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 538-540&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance==<br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arantangi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/aranthangi-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency |title=Aranthangi Assembly Constituency Election Result |access-date=2025-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=E. Rathinasabhapathy E |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,905 |percentage=45.22% |change=-7.55% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramachandran (INC politician)|T. Ramachandran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,614 |percentage=43.74% |change=3.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Loganathan P |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,341 |percentage=4.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulam Mohamed M |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=1,741 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Puviyarasan A |party=Independent politician |votes=1,238 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arul Justin Diraviam C |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,176 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gemini Ganesan M |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=922 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakila Banu A |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=835 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narasimhan H |party=Independent politician |votes=794 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=775 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Xavier A |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=720 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,291 |percentage=1.48% |change=-11.53% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,597 |percentage=72.11% |change= -2.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,394 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.55% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rathinasabhapathy, E.}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhanda_Singh_Bhangi&diff=506155 2026-04-04T05:02:35Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | death_date = 1774<br /> | image = Painting of sardar Jhanda Singh of the Bhangi Misl in a seated position with a sword and a shield.jpg<br /> | succession = Chief of Bhangi Misl<br /> | reign = 1766—1774<br /> | successor = [[Ganda Singh Bhangi]]<br /> | father = [[Hari Singh Bhangi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |date=1993 |title=A History of Sikh Misls |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |page=177 |isbn=813020181X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Photograph of the Jhanda Bunga, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|The Jhanda Bunga of Amritsar, built by Jhanda Singh of the Bhangi Misl, now demolished.]]<br /> '''Jhanda Singh Bhangi''' (died 1774) was a chief of Bhangi Misl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ|publisher= Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|date=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under his leadership the [[Dhillon]] family became the dominant [[de facto]] ruling power of Punjab. His father was [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]], one of the most powerful Sikh warriors of the time.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt; He also had a warrior brother [[Ganda Singh Dhillon|Ganda Singh]]. Jhanda Singh appointed his younger brother Ganda Singh as the [[commander in chief]] of the forces. [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] was one of the closest friends of Jhanda Singh.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Jhanda Singh was the eldest son of [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]]. After his father's death, he succeeded him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |page= 113 |quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military campaigns==<br /> In 1766, soon after taking power, Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh led a large army towards [[Multan]]. They stopped at the right bank of the [[Sutlej River]], across from [[Bahawalpur]]. Mubarik Khan, ruler of Bahawalpur, came to stop them. Shuja Khan, the governor of Multan, joined Mubarik Khan in the fight. A tough battle took place between the Sikhs and the Muslims, but neither side won. They agreed to divide the land between [[Bahawalpur]] and [[Lahore]]. A treaty was signed, and Pakpattan was decided as the boundary between the two groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|date=2001|pages=208–210}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ahmad Shah Durrani's Eighth Invasion of India and the Sikh Resistance (1766–1767)===<br /> In December 1766, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] launched his eighth invasion of India, but the Sikhs were ready for him. Led by Jhanda Singh, [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], and [[Khushal Singh Singhpuria|Khushal Singh]], they employed guerrilla tactics to constantly harass Durrani's forces. Undeterred, Durrani attempted to negotiate, sending letters to the three Sikh leaders on 15 January 1767, inviting them to either meet with him or face him on the battlefield. However, the Sikhs rejected his offer and continued their relentless attacks. By May 1767, Durrani had had enough and retreated from Punjab. Seizing the opportunity, Jhanda Singh remained in [[Amritsar]], completing the fort initially built by [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]]. He also laid out the city's infrastructure, further solidifying the Sikhs' control over the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kasur, 1771===<br /> In 1771, A group of Brahmans from [[Kasur]] came to [[Amritsar]] and reported that [[Hindus]] were being mistreated and subjected to sexual violence by the Pathans of Kasur. They also mentioned that cows were being publicly slaughtered in different parts of the town. They asked for help in resolving these issues. The military post that had been set up by [[Hari Singh Dhillon|Hari Singh]] in Kot Khwajah Husain in Kasur had been removed. [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], Jhanda Singh, and Ganda Singh quickly decided to attack Kasur to punish the wrongdoers. They left [[Amritsar]] and stopped at [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], then continued to Khem Karan, where they stayed for two days. There, many other Sikhs joined them, drawn by the possibility of gaining a large amount of loot. They then moved toward Kasur. The two Afghan leaders, Hamid Khan and Usman Khan, came out to fight. Despite the tough resistance from the defenders, the Sikhs managed to break into the town. A close battle took place in the streets. The invaders destroyed Garhi Adur Rahim Khan and seized a lot of loot. Fighting continued in other forts for a few more days. Eventually, the Afghan leaders realized they couldn't win and asked for peace. They agreed not to kill cows, not to mistreat their Hindu subjects, and to pay a tribute along with a fine of four lakhs of rupees. The Sikhs accepted these terms. The military post in Kot Khwajah Husain was reinstated, and the Afghan rulers were honored with robes. The Sikhs then left Kasur.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Jhanda Singh's 1771 Bahawalpur Campaign===<br /> In 1771, Jhanda Singh focused his attention on [[Bahawalpur]], sending Commander Majha Singh to attack the area. Majha Singh successfully pillaged Khai, Sadullahpur, and neighboring regions under Bahawalpur's control. In response, the Nawab of Bahawalpur deployed his nephew, Jafar Khan, to lead a select force against Majha Singh across the Sutlej River. The ensuing battle was fierce, with several of the Nawab's officers killed. However, the tide turned in their favor with the timely arrival of reinforcements from Bahawalpur. Despite Majha Singh suffering a fatal bullet wound, his soldiers remained steadfast and prepared to continue fighting. Ultimately, the Nawab of Bahawalpur opted to purchase peace by paying a substantial sum of one lakh rupees, as reported by Gian Singh. Following this, the Sikh forces advanced towards [[Multan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Multan, 1772===<br /> In 1772, during Ahmad Shah's reign, [[Timur Shah]] appointed Haji Sharif Khan as the governor of [[Multan]]. Shuja Khan, the previous governor, retired to his town, [[Shujabad]]. Haji Sharif Khan was ineffective, and the crops failed, leading to the saying: &quot;Haji Sharif, na Rabi, na Kharif,&quot; referring to the failed crops. Furthermore, Haji Sharif Khan's indolence caused law and order to deteriorate, and he faced opposition from Shuja Khan and others. Dharam Das was murdered by Haji Sharif Khan's orders, which led to unrest. Timur Shah eventually replaced Haji Sharif Khan with Sharif Beg Taklu. However, Shuja Khan, with the support of Jafar Khan, Nawab of Bahawalpur, besieged Multan. Sharif Beg sought help from Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh, the Bhangi sardars. After 18 days, the [[Bahawalpur]] forces were defeated, and the Sikhs took control of the city on 25 December 1772. Jhanda Singh appointed his stepbrother, Diwan Singh Chachowalia, as the governor of Multan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===[[Jhanda Singh's western Punjab campaign]]===<br /> In December 1772, after the capture of [[Multan]], Ganda Singh passed through [[Bahawalpur]], securing a tribute of one lakh rupees. Meanwhile, Jhanda Singh turned his attention to western Punjab, beginning with the conquest of [[Tulamba]], Jhanda Singh then subdued the influential Baluch chiefs of the [[Jhang]] district, who controlled the Chenab River, and expanded further by bringing [[Mankera]] under his control, securing its submission through tribute. He also secured the Nawab of Ahmadabad's submission, located across the Jhelum River from [[Bhera]], who paid twenty thousand rupees in tribute. Both Mankera and Ahmadabad were entrusted to Man Singh. Jhanda Singh continued to expand his territory, taking control of the land between the Salt Range and the [[Chenab River]], stretching from [[Sahiwal]] to [[Shahpur, Punjab|Shahpur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> However, local tradition challenges the claim that the Sikhs occupied [[Mankera]] before Ranjit Singh's eventual conquest, suggesting that Jhanda Singh may have made the chief of Mankera a tributary while allowing him a degree of autonomy. Jhanda Singh then crossed the [[Indus River]] at [[Kalabagh]], capturing the area and raiding parts of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]. On his return journey, he captured [[Pindi Bhattian]] and [[Dhara, Punjab|Dhara]], before targeting the stronghold of the Chatha Pathans at [[Rasulnagar]], located along the Sialkot-Multan road. During this campaign, he seized the famous [[Zamzama gun]] and transported it to Amritsar, where it became known as the Bhangianwali Top. In 1773, Jhanda Singh, along with Ganda Singh, launched an expedition against Sialkot, capturing most of the district from the Pathans. They then turned their attention to [[Jammu]], where Ranjit Dev recognized their suzerainty and agreed to tribute arrangements.&lt;ref name=&quot;gupta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> {{See also|Battle of Jammu (1774)}}<br /> In 1774, a serious conflict erupted between Ranjit Dev, the ruler of [[Jammu]], and his eldest son, Brij Raj Dev, due to the son's bad character, while Ranjit Dev, a wise leader, wanted his younger son, Dalel Singh, to succeed him. The dispute led to war, with Brij Raj seeking help from [[Charat Singh]] and [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]], who both agreed to join him. Ranjit Dev, unable to face this alliance alone, called on his overlord, Jhanda Singh, for support. The two sides clashed for twenty-three days at Udhochak, during which Charat Singh was killed by an accidental gun explosion. Shocked by the loss, Jai Singh Kanhiya placed Charat Singh's son on the throne and, unable to continue alone, bribed Jhanda Singh's bodyguard to assassinate him. Jhanda Singh was killed in the dark during a trip, and his brother, Ganda Singh, devastated by the loss, withdrew from the fight. Realizing Jai Singh's power, Ranjit Dev made peace with his son and Jai Singh Kanhiya, offering him a large sum of Rs. 1,25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Sikh Confederacy]]<br /> * [[Misl]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> *''The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Edition:2001.''<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = Fourth Leader of [[Bhangi Misl]]<br /> | before = [[Hari Singh Bhangi]]<br /> | after = [[Ganda Singh Bhangi]]<br /> | years = 1766&amp;ndash;1774<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Jhanda Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:1774 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Misl leaders]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canyon&diff=472508 2026-03-22T05:55:46Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: minor improved information based on references and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Deep chasm between cliffs}}<br /> {{redirect2|Gorge|Cañon|other uses|Canyon (disambiguation)|and|Gorge (disambiguation)|and|Canon (disambiguation)}}<br /> [[File:Aerial view of canyons.jpg|thumb|[[Grand Canyon]], [[Arizona]], at the confluence of the [[Colorado River]] and [[Little Colorado River]].]]<br /> <br /> A '''canyon''' ({{etymology|es|{{wikt-lang|es|cañón}}|}}; archaic [[British English]] spelling: ''cañon''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/canon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116100856/https://www.lexico.com/definition/canon |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |title=canon |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''gorge''' or '''chasm''', is a deep cleft between [[escarpment]]s or [[cliff]]s resulting from [[weathering]] and the [[erosion|erosive]] activity of a river over [[geologic time scale]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=canyon|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/canyon/|publisher=National Geographic Society|language=en|date=20 May 2011|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303135847/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/canyon/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rivers have a natural tendency to cut through underlying surfaces, eventually wearing away rock layers as [[sediment]]s are removed downstream. A [[river bed]] will gradually reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water into which the river drains. The processes of weathering and erosion will form canyons when the river's [[River source|headwaters]] and [[estuary]] are at significantly different elevations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mountainnature.com/Geology/Canyons.htm|title=Understanding Canyon Formation|author=Ward Cameron|date=2005|access-date=2010-10-07|archive-date=2001-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425195318/http://www.mountainnature.com/Geology/Canyons.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; particularly through regions where softer rock layers are intermingled with harder layers more resistant to weathering.<br /> <br /> A canyon may also refer to a rift between two mountain peaks, such as those in ranges including the [[Rocky Mountains]], the [[Alps]], the [[Himalayas]] or the [[Andes]]. Usually, a river or stream carves out such splits between mountains. Examples of mountain-type canyons are [[Provo Canyon]] in Utah or [[Yosemite Valley]] in California's [[Sierra Nevada]]. Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. [[Slot canyon]]s are very narrow canyons that often have smooth walls.<br /> <br /> Steep-sided valleys in the [[seabed]] of the [[continental slope]] are referred to as [[submarine canyon]]s. Unlike canyons on land, submarine canyons are thought to be formed by [[turbidity current]]s and [[Submarine landslide|landslides]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> [[File:Canyon sumidero entrada.jpg|thumb|[[Sumidero Canyon]], [[Mexico]]]]<br /> The word ''canyon'' is Spanish in origin ({{Lang|es|cañón}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Canyon}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|es|kaˈɲon|pron}}), with the same meaning. The word canyon is generally used in [[North America]], while the words ''gorge'' and ''[[ravine]]'' (French in origin) are used in [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]], though ''gorge'' and ''ravine'' are also used in some parts of North America. In the United States, place names generally use ''canyon'' in the southwest (due to their proximity to [[Mexican Spanish|Spanish-speaking Mexico]]) and ''gorge'' in the northeast (which is closer to [[French Canada]]), with the rest of the country graduating between these two according to geography. In Canada, a ''gorge'' is usually narrow while a ''ravine'' is more open and often wooded. The military-derived word ''[[defile (geography)|defile]]'' is occasionally used in the United Kingdom. In South Africa, ''kloof'' (in [[Krantzkloof Nature Reserve]]) is used along with ''canyon'' (as in [[Blyde River Canyon]]) and ''gorge'' (in [[Oribi Gorge]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=kloof – definition of kloof in A Dictionary of South African English – DSAE |url=https://dsae.co.za/entry/kloof/e03913 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=dsae.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Formation==<br /> [[File:Kevo Canyon.JPG|thumb|Kevo Canyon in [[Utsjoki]], [[Finland]]]]<br /> Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time [[erosion]] from a [[plateau]] or table-land level. The [[cliff]]s form because harder [[rock strata]] that are [[resistance (geology)|resistant]] to erosion and weathering remain exposed on the valley walls.<br /> <br /> Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in wet areas because physical weathering has a more localized effect in arid zones. The wind and water from the river combine to erode and cut away less resistant materials such as [[shale]]s. The freezing and expansion of water also serves to help form canyons. Water seeps into cracks between the rocks and freezes, pushing the rocks apart and eventually causing large chunks to break off the canyon walls, in a process known as frost wedging.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.bobspixels.com/kaibab.org/geology/gc_geol.htm<br /> |title=The Geology of the Grand Canyon<br /> |access-date=2015-10-01<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Canyon walls are often formed of resistant [[sandstone]]s or [[granite]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Snake River Canyon Idaho 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Snake River Canyon (Idaho)|Snake River Canyon]], [[Idaho]]]]<br /> Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called [[entrenched river]]s, because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]] in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] and the [[Snake River]] in the [[Northwestern United States|Northwest]] are two examples of [[tectonic uplift]].<br /> <br /> Canyons often form in areas of [[limestone]] rock. As limestone is soluble to a certain extent, [[cave]] systems form in the rock. When a cave system collapses, a canyon is left, as in the [[Mendip Hills]] in [[Somerset]] and [[Yorkshire Dales]] in [[Yorkshire]], England.<br /> <br /> ===Box canyon===<br /> {{For|the Colorado canyon|Box Canyon, Colorado}}<br /> {{see also|Box canyon (aviation)}}<br /> A '''box canyon''' is a small canyon that is generally shorter and narrower than a river canyon, with steep walls on three sides, allowing access and egress only through the mouth of the canyon. Box canyons were frequently used in the [[western United States]] as convenient corrals, with their entrances fenced.&lt;ref name=&quot;encarta1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861686591/box_canyon.html |title=box canyon |date=2009 |publisher=Encarta World English Dictionary |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217053643/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861686591/box_canyon.html |archive-date=2009-12-17 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Largest==<br /> The definition of &quot;largest canyon&quot; is imprecise, because a canyon can be large by its depth, its length, or the total area of the canyon system. Also, the inaccessibility of the major canyons in the [[Himalaya]] contributes to them not being regarded as candidates for the biggest canyon. The definition of &quot;deepest canyon&quot; is similarly imprecise, especially if one includes both mountain canyons (which do not have a well-defined rim elevation) and canyons cut through relatively flat [[plateau]]s (which have a somewhat well-defined rim elevation).<br /> <br /> The [[Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon]] (or Tsangpo Canyon), along the [[Yarlung Tsangpo|Yarlung Tsangpo River]] in [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet, China]], is regarded by some as the deepest canyon on Earth at {{Convert|5500|m}}. It is slightly longer than [[Grand Canyon]] in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kepu.net.cn/english/canyon/hiking/hik301.html|title=China Virtual Museums: Canyon|website=Kepu.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others consider the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] in midwest Nepal to be the deepest canyon, with a {{Convert|6400|m|adj=on}} difference between the level of the river and the peaks surrounding it.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> Vying for the deepest canyon in the Americas is the [[Cotahuasi Canyon]] and [[Colca Canyon]], in southern Peru. Both have been measured at over {{Convert|3500|m}} deep.<br /> <br /> [[Grand Canyon]] of northern [[Arizona]] in the United States, with an average depth of {{Convert|1600|m}} and a volume of {{Convert|4.17|e12m3|abbr=off}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://home.nps.gov/grca/learn/management/statistics.htm|title=Park Statistics|website=National Park Service|location=USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the [[New7Wonders of Nature|New 7 Wonders of Nature]] worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the [[Wonders of the World#Seven Natural Wonders of the World|seven natural wonders of the world]].)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Truong|first=Alice|title=Everything About the Grand Canyon|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/adventure/everything-about-the-grand-canyon.html|publisher=Discovery Communications|access-date=5 February 2012|date=1 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The largest canyon in Europe is [[Tara River Canyon]], ~{{Convert|1300|m}} deep.<br /> <br /> The largest canyon in Africa is the [[Fish River Canyon]] in [[Namibia]], ~{{Convert|550|m}} deep.&lt;ref name=&quot;birdfinder&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Cohen, Callan|author2=Spottiswoode, Claire|author3=Rossouw, Jonathan|name-list-style=amp |date=2006|title=Southern African Birdfinder|isbn= 978-1-86872-725-4|page= 210|publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2013, the discovery of [[Greenland]]'s [[Grand Canyon (Greenland)|Grand Canyon]] was reported, based on the analysis of data from [[Operation IceBridge]]. It is located under an ice sheet. At {{Convert|750|km}} long, it is believed to be the longest canyon in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/rocks-fossils/greenland-longest-canyon-discovered-130830.htm|title=Grand Canyon of Greenland Discovered under Ice|website=news.discovery.com|date=2017-05-10|access-date=2013-08-30|archive-date=2016-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511221221/http://news.discovery.com/earth/rocks-fossils/greenland-longest-canyon-discovered-130830.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite not being quite as deep or long as the Grand Canyon, the [[Capertee Valley]] in Australia is actually 1&amp;nbsp;km wider than the Grand Canyon, making it the widest canyon in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;MyUser_Dailytelegraph.com_March_28_2016c&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/school-holidays/forget-the-grand-canyon-the-second-biggest-geological-marvel-in-the-world-is-right-here-in-nsw/news-story/3b0b48ac4d7a5cd323dd4b6590266fd8 |title=Capertee Valley: Australia's own Grand Canyon |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=14 December 2015 |author=Fitzsimons, David |access-date= March 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MyUser_Abc.net_March_28_2016c&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/05/22/3507609.htm |title=Grand Canyon is not so grand › Dr Karl's Great Moments in Science |website=ABC Science|date=22 May 2012 |author=Kruszelnicki, Karl S. |access-date= March 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{wide image|Capertee Valley panorama.jpg|900|Panoramic view of the [[Capertee Valley]] in Australia, the widest largest canyon in the world}}<br /> <br /> ==Cultural significance==<br /> Some canyons have notable cultural significance. Evidence of [[archaic humans]] has been discovered in Africa's [[Olduvai Gorge]]. In the southwestern United States, canyons are important [[archeology|archeologically]] because of the many [[cliff-dwelling]]s built in such areas, largely by the [[ancient Pueblo people]] who were their first inhabitants.<br /> <br /> ==Notable examples==<br /> {{For|a complete list|List of canyons}}The following list contains only the most notable canyons of the world, grouped by region.<br /> <br /> === Africa ===<br /> [[File:Fish River Canyon from Main View Point.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Fish River Canyon]], Namibia]]<br /> <br /> ====Namibia====<br /> *[[Fish River Canyon]]<br /> {{Multiimage<br /> | image1 = Blyde River Canyon Panorama 2013.jpg<br /> | image2 = Oribi Gorge, South Africa.jpg<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | caption1 = Blyde River Canyon, South Africa<br /> | caption2 = Oribi Gorge, Kwa-Zulu Natal<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====South Africa====<br /> *[[Blyde River Canyon]], [[Mpumalanga]]<br /> *[[Oribi Gorge]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]]<br /> <br /> ====Tanzania====<br /> *[[Olduvai Gorge]]<br /> <br /> ===Americas===<br /> <br /> ====Argentina====<br /> *[[Atuel River|Atuel Canyon]], [[Mendoza Province]]<br /> <br /> ====Brazil====<br /> *[[Itaimbezinho|Itaimbezinho Canyon]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]]<br /> <br /> ====Bolivia====<br /> * [[Torotoro National Park|Torotoro River Canyon]]<br /> [[File:Ouimet Canyon Provincial Park - Canyon-Thunder Bay- Ontario (2).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ouimet Canyon]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]]]<br /> <br /> ====Canada====<br /> *[[Grand Canyon of the Stikine]], [[British Columbia]]<br /> *[[Horseshoe Canyon (Alberta)|Horseshoe Canyon]], [[Alberta]]<br /> *[[Niagara Gorge]], [[Ontario]]<br /> *[[Ouimet Canyon]], Ontario<br /> *[[Fraser Canyon]], British Columbia<br /> *[[Coaticook Gorge]], Quebec<br /> *Thompson Canyon, British Columbia<br /> <br /> ====Colombia====<br /> *[[File:Sumidero Canyon, Chiapas.jpg|thumb|Sumidero Canyon, Mexico]] [[Chicamocha Canyon]], [[Santander Department]]<br /> <br /> ====Mexico====<br /> *[[Barranca de Oblatos]], [[Jalisco]]<br /> *[[Copper Canyon]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]<br /> *[[Sumidero Canyon]], [[Chiapas]]<br /> <br /> ====Peru====<br /> *[[Cañón del Pato]], [[Department of Ancash|Ancash Region]]<br /> *[[Colca Canyon]], [[Arequipa Region]]<br /> *[[Cotahuasi Canyon]], Arequipa Region<br /> <br /> ====United States====<br /> *[[American Fork Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Antelope Canyon]], [[Arizona]]<br /> *[[Apple River Canyon State Park|Apple River Canyon]], [[Illinois]]<br /> *[[Ausable Chasm]], [[New York (state)|New York]]<br /> *[[Big Cottonwood Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Black Canyon of the Gunnison]], [[Colorado]]<br /> *[[Black Hand Gorge State Nature Preserve|Black Hand Gorge]], [[Ohio]]<br /> *[[Blackwater Canyon]], [[West Virginia]]<br /> *[[Blue Creek Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[File:CanyonlandsNP GreenRiverOverlook.jpg|thumb|[[Green River (Colorado River)|Green River]] overlook, [[Canyonlands National Park]], [[Utah]], U.S.]] [[Bluejohn Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Box Canyon (Colorado)|Box Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[Breaks Interstate Park|Breaks Canyon]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Virginia]]<br /> *[[Butterfield Canyon (Utah)|Butterfield Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Cane Creek Canyon Nature Preserve|Cane Creek]], [[Alabama]]<br /> *[[Canyon de Chelly National Monument|Canyon de Chelly]], Arizona<br /> *[[Canyonlands National Park]], canyons of the [[Colorado River]] and its main tributary the [[Green River (Colorado River)|Green River]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Cheat Canyon]], West Virginia<br /> *[[Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve|Clifton Gorge]], Ohio<br /> *[[Clifty Falls State Park|Clifty Canyon]], [[Indiana]]<br /> *[[Cloudland Canyon State Park|Cloudland Canyon]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br /> *[[Columbia River Gorge]], [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> *[[Conkle's Hollow State Nature Preserve|Conkle's Hollow]], Ohio<br /> *[[Cottonwood Canyon (Kane County, Utah)|Cottonwood Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Crooked River Gorge]], [[Oregon]]<br /> *[[Death Hollow]], Utah <br /> *[[Desolation Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Dismals Canyon]], Alabama<br /> *[[Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area|Flaming Gorge]], [[Wyoming]] and Utah<br /> *[[Flume Gorge]], New Hampshire<br /> *[[Glen Canyon]], Utah and Arizona<br /> *[[Glenwood Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[Gore Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[Grand Canyon]], Arizona<br /> *[[Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone]], Wyoming<br /> *[[Grandstaff Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Guffey Gorge (Colorado)|Guffey Gorge]], Colorado<br /> *[[Gulf Hagas]], [[Maine]]<br /> *[[Hells Canyon]], [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]]<br /> *[[Horse Canyon (Garfield County, Utah)|Horse Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Kern River Canyon]], [[California]]<br /> *[[Kings Canyon (Millard County, Utah)|Kings Canyon]], [[Utah]]<br /> *[[Kings Canyon National Park|Kings Canyon]], [[California]]<br /> *[[Leslie Gulch]], [[Oregon]]<br /> *[[Linville Gorge Wilderness|Linville Gorge]], [[North Carolina]]<br /> *[[Little Cottonwood Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Little Grand Canyon]], Illinois<br /> *[[Little River Canyon National Preserve|Little River Canyon]], Alabama<br /> *[[Logan Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Mather Gorge]], [[Maryland]]<br /> *[[Marysvale Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[McCormick's Creek State Park|McCormick's Creek Canyon]], [[Indiana]]<br /> *[[Millcreek Canyon (Salt Lake County, Utah)|Millcreek Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[New River Gorge National River|New River Gorge]], West Virginia<br /> *[[Ninemile Canyon (Utah)|Ninemile Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Ogden Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Oneonta Gorge]], [[Oregon]]<br /> *[[Palo Duro Canyon]], [[Texas]]<br /> *[[Parleys Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Pine Creek Gorge]], [[Pennsylvania]]<br /> *[[Poudre Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[Providence Canyon State Park|Providence Canyon]], Georgia<br /> *[[Provo Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Quechee Gorge]], [[Vermont]]<br /> *[[Red River Gorge]], Kentucky<br /> *[[Rio Grande Gorge]], [[New Mexico]]<br /> *[[Royal Gorge]], Colorado<br /> *[[Ruby Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Snake River|Snake River Canyon]], [[Idaho]]<br /> *[[Snow Canyon State Park|Snow Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Stillwater Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Tallulah Gorge]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br /> *[[Tenaya Canyon]], California<br /> *[[Tennessee River Gorge]], Alabama and [[Tennessee]]<br /> *[[The Trough]], West Virginia<br /> *[[Unaweep Canyon]], Colorado<br /> *[[Uncompahgre Gorge]], Colorado<br /> *[[Waimea Canyon State Park|Waimea Canyon]], [[Hawaii]]<br /> *[[The Walls of Jericho (canyon)|Walls of Jericho]], Alabama<br /> *[[Weber Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Westwater Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Wolverine Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[White Canyon (San Juan County, Utah)|White Canyon]], Utah<br /> *[[Zion Canyon]], Utah<br /> <br /> ===Asia===<br /> [[File:Sunset on the Yangtze River.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Three Gorges]] of the [[Yangtze]] River, China]]<br /> [[File:Kabul River gorge -a.jpg|thumb|The gorge of the [[Kabul River]] in Afghanistan]]<br /> [[File:Canyon, north eastern Kurdistan.jpg|thumb|Rawandiz Gorge, Iraq]]<br /> <br /> ====China====<br /> *[[Three Gorges]], [[Chongqing]]<br /> *[[Tiger Leaping Gorge]], [[Yunnan]]<br /> *[[Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]<br /> <br /> ====India====<br /> *[[Gandikota]], [[Kadapa District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Raneh Falls]], [[Chatarpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Idukki]], [[Western Ghats]], [[Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ====Indonesia====<br /> * [[Cukang Taneuh]], [[Pangandaran]], [[West Java]]<br /> * [[Sianok Valley]], [[Bukittinggi]], [[West Sumatra]]<br /> <br /> ====Others====<br /> *Afghanistan – [[Tang-e Gharu]]<br /> *Iran – Haygher Canyon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hayghar Valley |url=https://www.visitiran.ir/attraction/hayghar-valley}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Fars province]]<br /> *Iraq - [[Rawandiz|Rawandiz Gorge]] in [[Kurdistan Region]]<br /> *Japan – [[Kiyotsu Gorge]] in [[Niigata Prefecture]]<br /> *Japan – [[Tenryū-kyō]] in [[Nagano Prefecture]]<br /> *Kazakhstan – [[Charyn Canyon]]<br /> *Nepal – [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]]<br /> *Russia – [[Delyun-Uran]] ([[Vitim River]])<br /> *Pakistan – [[Indus River Gorge through the Himalaya]]<br /> *Taiwan – [[Taroko Gorge]] in [[Hualien County]]<br /> *Turkey – [[Ulubey Canyon Nature Park|Ulubey Canyon]] in [[Uşak Province]]<br /> *Turkey – [[Ihlara Valley]] in [[Aksaray Province]]<br /> *Syria – Rabweh in [[Damascus]]<br /> <br /> ===Europe===<br /> [[File:Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Cheddar Gorge]], England]]<br /> [[File:Le cirque de la Madeleine 2011.jpg|thumb|Le [[cirque de la Madeleine]], [[Gorges de l'Ardèche]], [[France]]]]<br /> [[File:Arribes del Duero - Miranda edited.jpg|thumb|A [[Douro]] gorge on the [[Portugal–Spain border]]]]<br /> <br /> ====United Kingdom====<br /> *[[Avon Gorge]], [[Bristol]]<br /> *[[Burrington Combe]], [[Somerset]]<br /> *[[Cheddar Gorge]], [[Somerset]]<br /> *[[Corrieshalloch Gorge]], [[Ullapool]]<br /> *[[Ebbor Gorge]], [[Somerset]]<br /> *[[Gordale Scar]], [[North Yorkshire]]<br /> *[[Winnats Pass]], [[Derbyshire]]<br /> <br /> ====France====<br /> *[[Gorges de l'Ardèche]], [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]]<br /> *[[Gorges de Daluis]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]<br /> *[[Gorges du Tarn]], [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitanie]]<br /> *[[Grands Goulets]], Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes<br /> *[[Verdon Gorge]], [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]]<br /> <br /> ====Ukraine====<br /> [[File:Buky Canyon, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|[[Buky Canyon]], [[Ukraine]]]]<br /> *[[Aktove canyon]]<br /> *[[Buky Canyon]]<br /> *[[Dniester Canyon]]<br /> <br /> ====Others====<br /> [[File:Lazar's canyon.jpg|thumb|[[Lazar's Canyon]], [[Serbia]]]]<br /> *Albania – [[Osum Canyon]], Kanionet e Skraparit<br /> *Albania/Montenegro – [[Cem (river)|Cem]]<br /> *Bosnia and Herzegovina – [[Rakitnica, Trnovo|Rakitnica]], [[Drina]], [[Neretva]], [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]], [[Unac (river)|Unac]], [[Čude Canyon|Čude]], [[Ugar (river)|Ugar]], [[Prača (river)|Prača]], <br /> *Bulgaria – [[Trigrad Gorge]], [[Kresna Gorge]], [[Iskar Gorge]]<br /> *Finland – [[Korouoma Canyon]], [[Kevo Canyon]]<br /> *Germany – [[Partnach Gorge]]<br /> *Greece – [[Vikos Gorge]], [[Samaria Gorge]]<br /> *Greenland – [[Greenland's Grand Canyon]]<br /> *Iceland – [[Fjaðrárgljúfur|Fjaðrárgljúfur Canyon]]<br /> *Kosovo – [[Rugova Canyon]], [[White Drin Canyon]], [[Kacanik Gorge]] <br /> *North Macedonia – [[Matka Canyon]]<br /> *Montenegro – [[Morača]], [[Piva (river)|Piva]]<br /> *Montenegro/Bosnia and Herzegovina – [[Tara River Canyon]]<br /> *Montenegro/Serbia – [[Ibar (river)|Ibar]]<br /> *Norway – [[Sautso|Sautso Canyon]]<br /> *Poland/Slovakia – [[Dunajec River Gorge]]<br /> *Russia – [[Sulak Canyon]], [[Dagestan]]<br /> *Serbia – [[Lazar's Canyon]]<br /> *Serbia/Bosnia and Herzegovina – [[Lim (river)|Lim]]<br /> *Serbia/Romania – [[Iron Gates]]<br /> *Slovenia – [[Vintgar Gorge]]<br /> *Switzerland – [[Aare Gorge]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Jamison valley frm wentworth falls.jpg|thumb|[[Jamison Valley]], [[Blue Mountains National Park]], Australia]]<br /> [[File:Block-up Gorge, Shoalhaven River - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Shoalhaven River Gorge, New South Wales]]<br /> <br /> ===Oceania===<br /> ====Australia====<br /> *Joffre Gorge, [[Karijini National Park]], [[Western Australia]]<br /> *[[Katherine Gorge]], [[Northern Territory]]<br /> *[[Kings Canyon (Northern Territory)|Kings Canyon]], Northern Territory<br /> *[[Murchison River Gorge]], Western Australia<br /> *[[Jamison Valley]], [[New South Wales]]<br /> *[[Capertee Valley]], New South Wales – the world's second-widest canyon<br /> *[[Shoalhaven River|Shoalhaven Gorge]], New South Wales<br /> *[[Werribee Gorge]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<br /> *The [[Slot canyon|Slot Canyons]] of the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]], [[New South Wales]]<br /> <br /> ====New Zealand====<br /> *[[Manawatū Gorge]], North Island<br /> *[[Skippers Canyon]], South Island<br /> <br /> ===Solar System===<br /> *[[Ithaca Chasma]] on [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]<br /> *[[Valles Marineris]] on [[Mars]], the largest-known canyon in the [[Solar System]]<br /> *[[Vid Flumina]] on Saturn's largest moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] is the only known liquid-floored canyon in the Solar System besides Earth&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1= Valerio|last1= Poggiali|first2= Marco|last2= Mastrogiuseppe|first3= Alexander G.|last3= Hayes|first4= Roberto |last4=Seu|first5= Samuel P. D.|last5= Birch|first6= Ralph|last6= Lorenz|first7= Cyril|last7= Grima|first8= Jason D.|last8= Hofgartner|title =Liquid-filled Canyons on Titan|date= 9 August 2016|url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069679/abstract|journal = Geophysical Research Letters|volume =43|issue = 15 |pages = 7887–7894|doi = 10.1002/2016GL069679|bibcode= 2016GeoRL..43.7887P|hdl= 11573/932488|s2cid= 132445293|hdl-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Messina Chasmata]] on [[Uranus]]' moon [[Titania (moon)|Titania]]<br /> <br /> [[Venus]] has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs on the planet are part of a system of canyons that is more than 6,400&amp;nbsp;km long.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|Earth sciences|Environment|Geology}}<br /> {{Div col|small=no}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Antecedent drainage stream}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Canyoning}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Chine}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Draw (terrain)}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Geomorphology}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Gully}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Sinkhole}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Steephead valley}}<br /> *{{annotated link|Valley}}<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wiktionary}}<br /> *{{Wikivoyage inline|Canyons and gorges}}<br /> *{{commons category-inline|Canyons}}<br /> <br /> {{river morphology}}<br /> {{Rivers, streams and springs}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Canyons and gorges| ]]<br /> [[Category:Slope landforms]]<br /> [[Category:Landscape]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_trips_made_by_S._Jaishankar_as_Minister_of_External_Affairs_of_India&diff=477676 2026-03-19T15:03:44Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> This is a '''list of international trips''' undertaken by [[S. Jaishankar]] (in office since 2019) while serving as the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] of [[India]]. The list includes both individual visits undertaken by him and visits in which he accompanied the Prime Minister or some other dignitary on their overseas visits. The list includes only foreign travel which he made during his tenure in the position.<br /> <br /> ==Summary of international trips==<br /> {{Further|Foreign relations of India|Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government}}<br /> <br /> As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, S. Jaishankar has made 150 international trips, visiting 87 countries.<br /> <br /> [[File:Map of foreign trips of External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar.svg|500px|thumb|center|Map of international trips made by Subrahmanyam Jaishankar as Minister of External Affairs (as of November 2025).]]<br /> {{As of|{{monthyear}}}}:<br /> {{legend|#a1a7ef|One visit}}<br /> {{legend|#737ce8|Two visits}}<br /> {{legend|#4f5ae3|Three visits}}<br /> {{legend|#2533dd|Four visits}}<br /> {{legend|#1a25ac|Five visits}}<br /> {{legend|#111976|Six or more visits}}<br /> {{legend|#000000|India}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;<br /> |+Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar's visits by country<br /> |-<br /> !Number of visits <br /> !Country<br /> |-<br /> |1 visit (36)<br /> |[[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Brunei]], [[Colombia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Fiji]], [[Finland]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ireland]], [[Kenya]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], [[Mozambique]], [[New Zealand]], [[Niger]], [[Pakistan]], [[Panama]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Paraguay]], [[Portugal]], [[Rwanda]], [[Serbia]], [[Seychelles]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Tunisia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Vietnam]]<br /> |-<br /> |2 visits (23)<br /> |[[Argentina]], [[Austria]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bhutan]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Guyana]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Namibia]], [[Nepal]], [[Netherlands]], [[Nigeria]], [[Philippines]], [[Poland]], [[Uganda]], [[Uzbekistan]]<br /> |-<br /> |3 visits (12)<br /> |[[Canada]], [[Brazil]], [[Denmark]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Kuwait]], [[Mauritius]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Africa]], [[Tajikistan]]<br /> |-<br /> |4 visits (3)<br /> |[[Belgium]], [[Qatar]], [[Thailand]]<br /> |-<br /> |5 visits (3)<br /> |[[Bangladesh]], [[Italy]], [[United Kingdom]]<br /> |-<br /> |6 visits (4)<br /> |[[Australia]], [[France]], [[Maldives]], [[Singapore]]<br /> |-<br /> |7 visits (1)<br /> |[[United Arab Emirates]]<br /> |-<br /> |8 visits (2)<br /> |[[Japan]], [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> |-<br /> |9 visits (2)<br /> |[[Germany]], [[Russia]]<br /> |-<br /> |16 visits (1)<br /> |[[United States]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2019==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! 1<br /> | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}8 June<br /> | First overseas first since assuming office. Met with King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], Prime Minister [[Lotay Tshering]], and Foreign Minister [[Tandi Dorji]].<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in Thimphu (June 07, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;| <br /> |-<br /> ! 2<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | 14{{ndash}}15 June<br /> | Attended the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia|5th CICA Summit]]. Met with President [[Emomali Rahmon]] and other participating delegates.<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister welcomed by Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan at the start of the CICA summit 2019 (15 June, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 3<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 28{{ndash}}29 June<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|14th G20 Summit]]. <br /> | [[File:Prime Minister and Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan hold Delegation Level Talks in Osaka, Japan (June 27, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 4<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}11 July<br /> | Attended [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Met with Australian Foreign Minister [[Marise Payne]] and Bangladeshi Foreign Minister of State [[Shahriar Alam (politician)|Shahriar Alam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaishankar-in-uk-for-commonwealth-foreign-ministers-summit-5823954/|title=MEA Jaishankar in UK for Commonwealth foreign ministers' summit|date=10 July 2019|website=[[Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Marise Payne, Foreign Minister of Australia in London (July 10, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 5<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | 1{{ndash}}2 August<br /> | Attended [[ASEAN]]-India Ministerial Meeting, 9th [[East Asia Summit]] Foreign Ministers' Meeting, 26th ASEAN Regional Forum and 10th Mekong Ganga Cooperation Ministerial Meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Don Pramudwinai]], Vietnamese Deputy Prime Minister [[Phạm Bình Minh]] and other visiting foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31699/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Bangkok_Thailand_August_12_2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bangkok, Thailand (August 1-2, 2019)|date=31 July 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Don Pramudwinai, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand in Bangkok (August 01, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 6<br /> | {{flag|China}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}13 August<br /> | Met with Vice President [[Wang Qishan]] and State Councillor and Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31718/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_China_August_1113_2019|date=5 August 2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to China (August 11-13, 2019)|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister and Wang Yi, Foreign Minister of China hold Bilateral Meeting in Beijing (August 12, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 7<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}21 August<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], and Foreign Minister [[AK Abdul Momen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31754/External_Affairs_Ministers_visit_to_Bangladesh_August_1921_2019|title=External Affairs Minister's visit to Bangladesh (August 19-21, 2019)|date=19 August 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Dr. A. K. Abdul Momen, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh in Dhaka (August 20, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}22 August<br /> | Attended the Nepal-India Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], Prime Minister [[K. P. Sharma Oli]], and Foreign Minister [[Pradeep Kumar Gyawali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/jaishankar-to-pay-two-day-visit-to-nepal-from-aug-2120190818204803/|title=Jaishankar to pay two-day visit to Nepal from Aug 21|date=18 August 2019|website=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on K. P. Sharma Oli, Rt. Hon’ble P.rime Minister of Nepal (August 21, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 8<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}28 August<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] and interacted at [[Valdai Discussion Club]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/s-jaishankar-arrives-in-russia-to-finalise-pm-narendra-modis-visit-next-month-2091320|title=S Jaishankar Arrives In Russia To Finalise PM Modi's Visit Next Month|date=27 August 2019|website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar at the Valdai Discussion Club in August 2019.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | 28{{ndash}}29 August<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Mateusz Morawiecki]], Deputy Prime Minister [[Piotr Gliński]] and Foreign Minister [[Jacek Czaputowicz]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/31777/joint+statement+of+the+ministers+of+foreign+affairs+of+india+and+poland|title=Joint Statement of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of India and Poland|date=29 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Mateusz Morawiecki, Prime Minister of Poland in Warsaw (August 29, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;| <br /> |-<br /> ! 9<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}4 September<br /> | Attended Indian Ocean Conference. Met with President [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]], Speaker of the Parliament [[Mohamed Nasheed]], and Foreign Minister [[Abdulla Shahid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31789/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Maldives+September+34+2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Maldives (September 3-4, 2019)|date=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of Maldives in Male (September 03, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 10<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}6 September<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Retno Marsudi]] and other senior ministers.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndSin2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31791/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Indonesia+and+Singapore+September+0410+2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Indonesia and Singapore (September 04-10, 2019)|date=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 6{{ndash}}10 September<br /> | Attended the 6th India-Singapore Joint Ministerial Committee meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] and Foreign Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IndSin2019&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Singapore H.E. Lee Hsien Loong on 9 September 2019.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 11<br /> | {{flag|Finland}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}21 September<br /> | Met with President [[Sauli Niinistö]], Prime Minister [[Antti Rinne]], and Foreign Minister [[Pekka Haavisto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31834/Official+Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Finland+September+1921+2019|title=Official Visit of External Affairs Minister to Finland (September 19-21, 2019)|date=18 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of Finland H.E. Sauli Niinisto on 20 September 2019.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 12<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}30 September<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly|74th United Nations General Assembly session]]. Met with United Secretary Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and other visiting foreign ministers.<br /> | [[File:Secretary Pomepo and Minister Jaishankar Shake Hands (48823162971).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 13<br /> | {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}26 October<br /> | Accompanied Vice President [[Venkaiah Naidu]] to the [[18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|18th Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]. Attended the NAM Ministerial Conference and met with other participating delegates.<br /> | [[File:Group Photo of Ministerial Meeting preceding the 18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Baku October 23, 2019.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 14<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | 2{{ndash}}4 November<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the ASEAN Summit.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister attends 16th India-ASEAN Summit in Bangkok November 03, 2019.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 15<br /> | {{flag|Serbia}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}9 November<br /> | Met with President [[Aleksandar Vučić]], National Assembly Speaker [[Maja Gojković]], and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Ivica Dačić]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32008/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Serbia+78+November+2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Serbia (7-8 November, 2019)|date=6 November 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister at Press Statement with Ivica Dačić, Foreign Minister of Serbia during his visit to Serbia (November 08, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}11 November<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Stef Blok]].<br /> | [[File:191110 Minister Jaishankar India bij Blok 3882 (49048233977).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}12 November<br /> | Met with President [[Emmanuel Macron]] and Foreign and European Affairs Minister [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]]. Attended the [[Paris Peace Forum]] conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/hon-ble-external-affairs-minister-visit-to-france-in-november-2019/|title=Hon'ble External Affairs Minister visit to France in November 2019|date=12 November 2019|website=www.eoiparis.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Emmanuel Macron,President of France during his visit to Paris (November 12, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 16<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}23 November<br /> | Attended [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|G20 Foreign Ministers Meeting]]. Met with Japanese Foreign Minister [[Toshimitsu Motegi]] and other attending foreign ministers.<br /> | [[File:Group photo of Foreign Ministers during the G20 Aichi-Nagoya Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (November 22, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 17<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | 6{{ndash}}8 December<br /> | Attended Fifth [[Mediterranean Dialogue]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], and Foreign Minister [[Luigi Di Maio]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryNews/12279_Press_release_Revised.pdf|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar to Rome (6-8 December, 2019)|date=8 December 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy and Luigi Di Maio, Foreign Minister of Italy in Rome (December 07, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 18<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 17{{ndash}}18 December<br /> | Attended the India-United States 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue along with Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]. Met with Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] and Defense Secretary [[Mark Esper]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/highlights-of-2019-u-s-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/|title=Highlights of 2019 U.S.-India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue|date=18 December 2019|website=in.usembassy.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue Press Availability (49239819787).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}20 December<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], Foreign Minister [[François-Philippe Champagne]], and International Trade Minister [[Mary Ng]].<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets François-Philippe Champagne,Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada in Toronto (December 20, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 19<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}23 December<br /> | Attended the 19th India-Iran Joint Commission. Met with President [[Hassan Rouhani]] and Foreign Minister [[Mohammad Javad Zarif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32237/19th+indiairan+joint+commission+meeting|title=19th India-Iran Joint Commission Meeting|date=23 December 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Hassan Rouhani, President of Iran in Tehran (December 23, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}25 December<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah]], Deputy Prime Minister Sayyid [[Fahd bin Mahmoud al Said]], and Defence Minister [[Badr bin Saud al Busaidi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32233/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Sultanate_of_Oman_December_2325_2019|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Sultanate of Oman (December 23-25, 2019)|date=21 December 2019|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Yusuf bin Alawi, Minister of Foreign Affairs in Oman (December 24, 2019).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2020==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 20<br /> | {{flag|Niger}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}21 January<br /> | Met with President [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], Prime Minister [[Brigi Rafini]], and Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Regional Integration Minister [[Kalla Ankourao]]. Inaugurated the Mahatma Gandhi International Convention Centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?32319/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Republic+of+Niger+January+2021+2020|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Republic of Niger (January 20-21, 2020)|date=21 January 2020|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Issoufou Mahamadou, President of Niger in Niamey on 21 January 2020.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Tunisia}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}23 January<br /> | Met with President [[Kais Saied]], Parliament Speaker [[Rached Ghannouchi]], and Foreign Minister Sabri Bachtobji.<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Kais Saied, President of Tunisia during his visit to Tunisia (January 22, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 21<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 14{{ndash}}16 February<br /> | Attended the [[Munich Security Conference]]. Met with President [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] and other visiting foreign ministers.<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister attends Munich Security Conference 2020 during his visit to Germany (February 14, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | 17 February<br /> | Met with President of the European Council [[Charles Michel]], Executive Vice President of the European Commission [[Frans Timmermans]], Trade Commissioner [[Phil Hogan]], International Partnership Commissioner [[Jutta Urpilainen]], and Belgian Foreign and Defence Minister [[Philippe Goffin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32401/Visit_of_External_Affairs_|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to European Union|date=18 February 2020|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Charles Michel, President of the European Council on the sidelines of European Union Foreign Affairs Council in Brussels (February 17, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 22<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}10 September<br /> | Attending [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|SCO]] Council of Foreign Ministers meeting. Met with Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]], Kyrgyz Foreign Minister [[Chingiz Aidarbekov]], Tajik Foreign Minister [[Sirojiddin Muhriddin]], Uzbek Foreign Minister [[Abdulaziz Kamilov]], and Kazakh Foreign Minister [[Mukhtar Tleuberdi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32943/Meeting+of+Council+of+Foreign+Ministers+of+SCO+Moscow+September+910+2020|title=Meeting of Council of Foreign Ministers of SCO, Moscow (September 9-10, 2020)|date=8 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:EAM at the formal opening of the Foreign Ministers' Meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Moscow (September 10, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 23<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 6{{ndash}}7 October<br /> | Attended the 2nd India-Australia-Japan-USA Ministerial Meeting. Met with Japanese Foreign Minister [[Toshimitsu Motegi]], United States Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], and Australian Foreign Minister [[Marise Payne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33070/EAMs_visit_to_Japan_67_October_2020|title=EAM's visit to Japan 6-7 October, 2020|date=29 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Pompeo Participates in a Quad Meeting with the Foreign Ministers of Australia, Japan, and India (50431276908).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 24<br /> | {{flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}25 November<br /> | Met with Crown Prince and Prime Minister [[Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa]], Deputy Prime Minister Sheikh [[Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa]], Foreign Minister [[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?33236/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Kingdom+of+Bahrain+November+2425+2020|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Kingdom of Bahrain (November 24-25, 2020)|date=25 November 2020|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Crown Prince, Deputy Supreme Commander and Prime Minister of Kingdom of Bahrain in Manama (November 25, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}26 November<br /> | Met with Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Sheikh [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], Vice President and Prime Minister Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], and Foreign Minister [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets HH Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of UAE in Abu Dhabi (November 26, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Seychelles}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}28 November<br /> | Met with President [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] and Foreign and Tourism Minister [[Sylvestre Radegonde]].<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets Wavel Ramkalawan, President of Seychelles in Victoria (November 27, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 25<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}28 December<br /> | Met with Emir [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], Father Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], Prime Minister [[Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani]], and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?33344/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+of+India+to+Qatar+December+2728+2020|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister of India to Qatar (December 27-28, 2020)|date=28 December 2020|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on H.H. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Amir of Qatar in Doha (December 28, 2020).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2021==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! 26<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}7 January 2021<br /> | Met with President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]], Prime Minister [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], and Foreign Minister [[Dinesh Gunawardena]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?33361/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Sri+Lanka+January+57+2021|date=4 January 2021|website=mea.gov.in|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Sri Lanka (January 5-7, 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on Gotabaya Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka in Colombo. (January 06, 2021).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 27<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}21 February<br /> | Met with President [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]], Foreign Minister [[Abdulla Shahid]], and Speaker of the Peoples Majlis, [[Mohamed Nasheed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/33556/joint+press+statement+on+official+visit+of+external+affairs+minister+of+india+to+the+maldives|date=21 February 2021|website=mea.gov.in|title=Joint Press Statement on Official Visit of External Affairs Minister of India to the Maldives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MdvMau2021&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33539/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Maldives+and+Mauritius+February+2024+2021|date=18 February 2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Maldives and Mauritius (February 20-24, 2021)|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, President of the Maldives (February 21, 2021).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}23 February<br /> | Met with President [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]], Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]], and Foreign Minister [[Alan Ganoo]].&lt;ref name=MdvMau2021/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on H.E. Prithvirajsing Roopun, President of Mauritius (February 22, 2021).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 28<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | 4 March<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and Foreign Minister [[AK Abdul Momen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33580/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar__to_Bangladesh_March_04_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr S. Jaishankar to Bangladesh (March 04, 2021)|date=3 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calls on H.E. Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh in Dhaka on 4 March 2021.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 29<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | 30{{ndash}}31 March<br /> | Met with President [[Emomali Rahmon]] and Foreign Minister [[Sirojiddin Muhriddin]]. Attended the 9th Ministerial Conference of Heart of Asia – Istanbul Process (HoA-IP) on Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33736/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Tajikistan_March_3031_2021|date=26 March 2021|website=mea.gov.in|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr S. Jaishankar to Tajikistan (March 30-31, 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister delivers statement at the 9th Ministerial Conference of Heart of Asia - Istanbul Process (HoA-IP) on Afghanistan in Dushanbe (March 30, 2021).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 30<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}6 May <br /> | Attended the [[G7]] Outreach Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Met with Home Secretary [[Priti Patel]], United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]], and South African Foreign Minister [[Naledi Pandor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33833/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom_May_36_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Kingdom (May 3-6, 2021)|date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Participates in a G7+Guests Family Photo (51170379361).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 31<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}28 May<br /> | Met with Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]], Defense Secretary [[Lloyd Austin]], National Security Advisor [[Jake Sullivan]], and United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33873/Visit_of_External_A|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United States (24-28 May 2021)|date=21 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Indian External Affairs Minister Jaishankar (51209247743).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 32<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}11 June<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah]] and Foreign Minister [[Ahmad Nasser Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33898/visit+of+external+affairs+minister+dr+s+jaishankar+to+kuwait+june+911+2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar to Kuwait (June 9-11, 2021)|date=8 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister calls on H.H. Sheikh Sabah Khaled Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of the State of Kuwait on 11 June 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 33<br /> | {{flag|Kenya}}<br /> | 12{{ndash}}14 June<br /> | Attended the 3rd India-Kenya Joint Commission meeting. Met with President [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] and Foreign Minister [[Raychelle Omamo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33899/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_Republic_of_Kenya_June_1214_2021&amp;fbclid=IwAR31AWhERWYKTnZwu2Mav6xb1Vegk1B2UW5N7Kh_x2EjG5iYR9SNF|date=8 June 2021|website=mea.gov.in|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Republic of Kenya (June 12-14, 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister with FM Raychelle Omamo on 12 June 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 34<br /> | {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | 26{{ndash}}27 June<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] and Foreign Minister [[Nikos Dendias]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33950/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Athens_June_2527_2021|title=Joint Press Release during Visit of External Affairs Minister to Athens|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Συνάντηση του ΥΠΕΞ Ν. Δένδια με τον ΥΠΕΞ της Ινδίας Δρ. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar (Αθήνα, 26.06.2021) 01.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 35<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}9 July<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[Yury Borisov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33983/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Russia_July_79_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Russia (July 7–9, 2021)|date=6 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister at the Joint Press conference with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on 8 July 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Georgia}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}10 July<br /> | Met with Vice Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[David Zalkaliani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33992/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Georgia+July+0910+2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Georgia (July 09-10, 2021)|date=8 July 2021|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets David Zalkaliani, Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on 9 July 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 36<br /> | {{flag|Tajikistan}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}14 July<br /> | Attended the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|SCO]] Council of Foreign Ministers meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Sirojiddin Muhriddin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34011/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Dushanbe+for+SCO+Council+of+Foreign+Ministers+Meeting+July+1314+2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Dushanbe for SCO Council of Foreign Ministers' Meeting (July 13-14, 2021)|date=12 July 2021|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister at the meeting of the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers on 14 July 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 37<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}6 August<br /> | Attended the swearing-in ceremony of President [[Ebrahim Raisi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jaishankar-to-represent-india-at-swearing-in-of-iranian-president-elect-raisi-101628090160024.html|title=S Jaishankar to attend Iranian President-elect Ebrahim Raisi's oath ceremony|date=5 August 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister meets President of Iran Ebrahim Raisi in 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 38<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}19 August<br /> | Visited during India's Presidency of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and presided over two high-level signature events, and a briefing session on the six-monthly report of the UN Secretary General on the threat posed by ISIL/Da'esh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?34183/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+New+York+to+chair+Indias+Presidency+Initiatives+in+the+UN+Security+Council+1619+August+2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to New York to chair India's Presidency Initiatives in the UN Security Council (16-19 August 2021)|date=15 August 2021|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Dr. S. Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister chaired the UNSC Open Debate on Technology and Peacekeeping in 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 39<br /> | {{flag|Slovenia}}<br /> | 2{{ndash}}3 September<br /> | Met with President [[Borut Pahor]], Prime Minister [[Janez Janša]], and Foreign Minister [[Anže Logar]]. Attended informal meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of EU Member States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34210/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Slovenia_Croatia_and_Denmark_September_0205_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Slovenia, Croatia and Denmark (September 02-05, 2021)|date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Slovenia, H.E. Borut Pahor on 3 September 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | 3 September<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Andrej Plenković]] and Foreign Minister [[Gordan Grlić-Radman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-croatia-share-common-positions-on-afghanistan-and-terrorism-jaishankar/article36283496.ece|title=India, Croatia share common positions on Afghanistan and terrorism: Jaishankar|date=4 September 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:The delegation led by Hon'ble External Affairs Minister of India Dr. S. Jaishankar meeting with Croatia’s Foreign Minister H.E. Mr. Gordan Grlić Radman.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}5 September<br /> | Attended the 4th Denmark-India Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Queen [[Margrethe II]], Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]], and Foreign Minister [[Jeppe Kofod]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/news_detail/?newsid=276|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister of India to Denmark|date=4 September 2021|website=indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Prime Minister of Denmark, Mette Frederiksen on 5 September 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 40<br /> | {{flag|Mexico}}<br /> | 26{{ndash}}28 September<br /> | Attended the 200th Mexican Independence anniversary celebrations. Met with President [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] and Foreign Minister [[Marcelo Ebrard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34329/Visit_of_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Mexico_September_2628_2021|title=Visit of EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar to Mexico (September 26-28, 2021)|date=26 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar with Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in September 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 41<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}11 October<br /> | Met with President [[Sadyr Japarov]] and Foreign Minister [[Ruslan Kazakbayev]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KryKazArm&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34362/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Kyrgyz_Republic_Kazakhstan_and_Armenia_October_1013_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan and Armenia (October 10-13, 2021)|date=9 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of Kyrgyzstan H.E. Sadyr Japarov on 11 October 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}12 October<br /> | Attended the 6th [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia|CICA]] Ministerial meeting. Met with President [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] and Foreign Minister [[Mukhtar Tleuberdi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KryKazArm&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:CICA Foreign Ministers calling on President Kassym Jomart Tokayev on 12 October 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Armenia}}<br /> | 12{{ndash}}13 October<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Nikol Pashinyan]], President of the National Assembly [[Alen Simonyan]], and Foreign Minister [[Ararat Mirzoyan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KryKazArm&quot;/&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan on 13 October 2021.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 42<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | 17{{ndash}}21 October<br /> | Met with President [[Isaac Herzog]], Prime Minister [[Naftali Bennett]], Alternate Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Yair Lapid]], and Knesset Speaker [[Mickey Levy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34396/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Israel_October_1721_2021|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Israel (October 17-21, 2021)|date=16 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Isaac Herzog in Beit HaNassi, October 2021 (GPO KBG II).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 43<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | 29{{ndash}}31 October<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[2021 G20 Rome summit|16th G20 summit]].<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi at 2021 G20 Summit.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2022==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 44<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}13 February<br /> | Attended the 4th [[Quadrilateral group|QUAD]] Foreign Ministers' Meeting and the 12th India-Australia Foreign Ministers' meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Marise Payne]] and other participating leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F34823%2FVisit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Australia_and_Philippines_February_1015_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, to Australia and Philippines (February 10-15, 2022)|date=12 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:The Fourth Japan-Australia-India-U.S. (Quad) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}15 February<br /> | Met with Foreign Secretary [[Teodoro Locsin Jr.]], Defence Secretary [[Delfin Lorenzana]], Finance Secretary [[Carlos Dominguez III]], and Agriculture Secretary [[William Dar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?34865/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+Philippines++February+1315+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Philippines (February 13-15, 2022)|date=15 February 2022|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar meeting with Foreign Secretary of the Philippines, H.E. Mr. Teodoro Locsin Jr. on 15 February 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 45<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 18{{ndash}}20 February<br /> | Attended the [[Munich Security Conference]]. Met with participating leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34873/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Germany+and+France+February+1823+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, to Germany and France (February 18-23, 2022)|date=17 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|France}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}23 February<br /> | Attended the [[European Union|EU]]-India Ministerial Forum for Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. Met with President [[Emmanuel Macron]], Foreign Minister [[Jean-Yves Le Drian]] and Armed Forces Minister [[Florence Parly]]. Also met with other participating foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/hon-ble-external-affairs-minister-visit-to-france-in-february-2022/|title=Hon'ble External Affairs Minister visit to France in February, 2022|date=23 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of France, H.E. Emmanuel Macron in February 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 46<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 26{{ndash}}27 March<br /> | Met with President [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]] and Foreign Minister [[Abdulla Shahid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MldLK2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35078/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Maldives_and_Sri_Lanka_March_2630_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Maldives and Sri Lanka (March 26-30, 2022)|date=26 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on Maldivian President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih on 27 March 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 28{{ndash}}30 March<br /> | Attended the [[BIMSTEC]] Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Met with President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]], Prime Minister [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], and Foreign Minister [[G. L. Peiris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MldLK2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Sri Lanka in March 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 47<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}12 April<br /> | Attended the 4th India-United States 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue along with Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]. Met with Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] and Defence Secretary [[Lloyd Austin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35173/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_States_of_America_April_1112_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United States of America (April 11-12, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=7 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:220411-D-XI929-3003 (51998727064).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 48<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | 28 April<br /> | Called on Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] and extended Prime Minister Modi's invitation to her for a visit to India. Also met Foreign Minister [[AK Abdul Momen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BanBhut2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Bangladesh H.E. Sheikh Hasina on 28 April 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bhutan}}<br /> | 29{{ndash}}30 April<br /> | Met with King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]], Prime Minister [[Lotay Tshering]], and Foreign Minister [[Tandi Dorji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BanBhut2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35237/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Bangladesh_and_Bhutan|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bangladesh and Bhutan|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=27 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Bhutan H.E. Dr. Lotay Tshering on 29 April 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 49<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 2 May<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and H.E. Mr. Olaf Scholz, Federal Chancellor of Germany with participating Ministers from both sides ahead of the Plenary of the 6th Inter-Governmental Consultations on 2 May 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}4 May<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi at 2nd Nordic-India summit on 4 May 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | 4 May<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 50<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}24 May<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad Leaders' Summit]]. <br /> | [[File:PM at the QUAD Leaders’ Summit, in Tokyo, Japan on May 24, 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 51<br /> | {{flag|Slovakia}}<br /> | 2{{ndash}}3 June<br /> | Attended the [[GLOBSEC|GLOBSEC 2022 Forum]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Eduard Heger]] and Foreign Minister [[Ivan Korčok]]. Also met with Austrian Foreign Minister [[Alexander Schallenberg]] and Montenegrin [[Milo Đukanović]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slovakia2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?35393/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+of+India+to+Slovakia+and+Czech++Republic+June+0206+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister of India to Slovakia and Czech Republic (June 02-06, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=6 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Slovakia H.E. Eduard Heger on 3 June 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Czech Republic}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}5 June<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Jan Lipavský]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slovakia2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar in Czech Republic 5 June 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 52<br /> | {{flag|Rwanda}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}25 June<br /> | Attended the [[2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|26th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]. Met with British Foreign Secretary [[Liz Truss]], Canadian Foreign Minister [[Mélanie Joly]], Sri Lankan Foreign Minister [[G. L. Peiris]], New Zealander Foreign Minister [[Nanaia Mahuta]], South African Foreign Minister [[Naledi Pandor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35430/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+of+India+to+Kigali+Rwanda+for+the+26th+Commonwealth+Heads+of+Government+Meeting+CHOGM+June+2225+2022|date=21 June 2022|website=mea.gov.in|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister of India to Kigali, Rwanda for the 26th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) (June 22-25, 2022)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Foreign Secretary Liz truss meets Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, the Minister of External Affairs of India at the CHOGM 2022 at the Kigali Convention Centre.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 53<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 26{{ndash}}27 June<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[48th G7 summit]].<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi at the G7 summit with the Leaders on 27 June 2022.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 54<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}8 July<br /> | Attended the [[G20]] Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. Met with other visiting foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35475/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Bali_Indonesia_for_G20_Foreign_Ministers_Meeting_FMM|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bali, Indonesia for G20 Foreign Minister's Meeting (FMM)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with External Affairs Minister Jaishankar (52202233125).jpg|thumb|S Jaishankar Meets US Secretary Of State In Bali On 8 July 2022]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 55<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | 28{{ndash}}29 July<br /> | Attended the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|SCO]] Council of Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Met with several visiting foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35583/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Tashkent_for_SCO_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Meeting_July_2829_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Tashkent for SCO Council of Foreign Ministers' Meeting (July 28-29, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=29 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:SCO Foreign Ministers Meeting 29 July 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 56<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}4 August<br /> | Attended the ASEAN-India Foreign Ministers' Meeting, the [[Twelfth East Asia Summit|12th East Asia Summit]] Foreign Minister's Meeting and the 29th ASEAN Regional Forum Ministerial Meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] and other visiting foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35631/ASEANIndia_Foreign_Ministers_Meeting_and_other_related_meetings|title=ASEAN-India Foreign Ministers' Meeting and other related meetings|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=5 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar at the ASEAN-India Foreign Ministers' Meeting on 4 August 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 57<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}18 August<br /> | Attended the 9th India-Thailand Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]] and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Don Pramudwinai]]. Inaugurated the newly constructed embassy residence and residential complex in Bangkok.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?35638/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Bangkok+Thailand+August+1618+2022+to+cochair+the+9th+Joint+Commission+Meeting+between+India+and+Thailand|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bangkok, Thailand (August 16-18, 2022) to co-chair the 9th Joint Commission Meeting between India and Thailand|date=18 August 2022|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Thailand H.E. Prayut Chan-o-cha on 17 August 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 58<br /> | {{flag|Paraguay}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}22 August<br /> | Met with President [[Mario Abdo Benítez]], Foreign Minister Julio Cesar Arriola, and Commerce and Industry Minister [[Luis Castiglioni]]. Inaugurated the Indian Embassy in Asuncion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?35647/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+Republic+of+Paraguay|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Republic of Paraguay|date=23 August 2022|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of Paraguay H.E. Mario Abdo Benítez on 22 August 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}25 August<br /> | Attended the 8th Brazil-India Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] and Foreign Minister [[Carlos Alberto França]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35656/Joint+Press+Release+on+the+8th+BrazilIndia+Joint+Commission+Meeting+August+24+2022|title=Joint Press Release on the 8th Brazil-India Joint Commission Meeting (August 24, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=27 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:24 08 2022 Encontro com Ministro das Relações Exteriores da Índia, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar (52308600749).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | 26{{ndash}}27 August<br /> | Attended the India-Argentina Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Alberto Fernández]] and Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship Minister [[Santiago Cafiero]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?35654/Joint+Press+Statement+following+the+Joint+Commission+Meeting+between+India+and+Argentina+August+26+2022|title=Joint Press Statement following the Joint Commission Meeting between India and Argentina (August 26, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar with Argentina President Alberto Fernandez in August 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 59<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 31 August{{ndash}}2 September<br /> | Attended the 14th India-UAE Joint Commission Meeting and 3rd India-UAE Strategic Dialogue. Met with Foreign Minister Sheikh [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?35659/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+UAE+for+Joint+Commission+Meeting+and+Strategic+Dialogue+August+31+September+02+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to UAE for Joint Commission Meeting and Strategic Dialogue (August 31- September 02, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=29 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of UAE on 2 September 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 60<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}10 September<br /> | Attended the 2nd India-Japan 2+2 Ministerial Meeting along with Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]], Foreign Minister [[Yoshimasa Hayashi]] and Defence Minister [[Yasukazu Hamada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35672/Visit_of_Honble_Raksha_Mantri_Shri_Rajnath_Singh_and_Honble_Minister_of_External_Affairs_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Japan_September_0710_2022|title=Visit of Hon'ble Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh and Hon'ble Minister of External Affairs Dr. S. Jaishankar to Japan (September 07-10, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=6 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Kishida received a courtesy call from H.E. Dr. S. Jaishankar, Minister of External Affairs and H.E. Mr. Rajnath Singh, Minister of Defence of India on 9 September 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 61<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}12 September<br /> | Attended the Ministerial Meeting of the Committee on Political, Security, Social and Cultural Cooperation (PSSC). Met with Foreign Minister Prince [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]] and Gulf Cooperation Council Secretary-General Nayef Falah Mubarak Al-Hajraf.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35690/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia+September+1012+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (September 10-12, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=9 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with Prince Faisal bin Farhan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia on 11 September 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 62<br /> | {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 September<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[2022 SCO summit]].<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met H. E. Mr. Shavkat Mirziyoyev, President of Uzbekistan on sidelines of the SCO Summit in Samarkand on 16 September 2022.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 63<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 18{{ndash}}28 September<br /> | Addressed the [[Seventy-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly|77th United Nations General Assembly Session]]. Met with several visiting dignitaries and foreign ministers, UN Secretary General [[António Guterres]] and the President of the UN General Assembly [[Csaba Kőrösi]]. Also met with United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35729/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+United+States+of+America+September+1828+2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United States of America (September 18-28, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Meets With Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. Jaishankar (52388495908).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 64<br /> | {{flag|New Zealand}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}9 October<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]], Foreign Minister [[Nanaia Mahuta]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Community and Youth Minister [[Priyanca Radhakrishnan]]. Inaugurated the newly constructed High Commission building.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZAus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35786/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia_October_0511_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, to New Zealand and Australia (October 05-11, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=3 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern on 6 October 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}12 October<br /> | Attended the 13th Foreign Ministers' Framework Dialogue. Met with Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister [[Richard Marles]] and Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NZAus&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong in October 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 65<br /> | {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 October<br /> | Met with President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], Foreign Minister [[Sameh Shoukry]], and Arab League Secretary-General [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35805/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_Arab_Republic_of_Egypt_October_1516_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Arab Republic of Egypt (October 15-16, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=13 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Egypt, H.E. Abdel Fattah El-Sisi on 16 October 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 66<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}8 November<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Trade and Industry [[Denis Manturov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35849/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_Russian_Federation_November_0708_2022|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Russian Federation (November 07-08, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=3 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar meeting with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on 8 November 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 67<br /> | {{flag|Cambodia}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}13 November<br /> | Accompanied Vice President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] to the 19th [[ASEAN]]-India summit. <br /> | [[File:Vice President Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar called on His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni of Cambodia at the Royal Palace on 12 November 2022.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 68<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}15 December<br /> | Presided over two high-level ministerial events of India's [[United Nations Security Council]] presidency. Met with United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] and President of the United Nations General Assembly [[Csaba Kőrösi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35990/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_New_York_for_Chairing_Signature_Events_of_Indias_December_Presidency_of_the_UN_Security_Council_December_1315_20|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to New York for Chairing Signature Events of India's December Presidency of the UN Security Council (December 13-15, 2022)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=12 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 69<br /> | {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | 29{{ndash}}31 December<br /> | Met with Acting President and House of Representatives President [[Annita Demetriou]] and Foreign Minister [[Ioannis Kasoulidis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyprus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?36079/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Cyprus+and+Austria+December+29+2022++January+03+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Cyprus and Austria (December 29, 2022 – January 03, 2023)|date=3 January 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with Cypriot Foreign Minister Ioannis Kasoulidis on 29 December 2022.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2023==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! 69<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | 31 December 2022{{ndash}}3 January 2023<br /> | Met with President [[Alexander Van der Bellen]], Chancellor [[Karl Nehammer]], Speaker of the Parliament [[Wolfgang Sobotka]], and European and International Affairs Minister [[Alexander Schallenberg]]. Also met with Bulgarian President [[Rumen Radev]], the foreign ministers of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and International Atomic Energy Agency Director-General [[Rafael Grossi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cyprus&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:MGR2399 (52604405919).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 70<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 18{{snd}}19 January<br /> | Met with President [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]] and Foreign Minister [[Abdulla Shahid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitMaldivesLanka2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?36129/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Maldives+and+Sri+Lanka+January+1820+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Maldives and Sri Lanka (January 18-20, 2023)|date=17 January 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on H.E. Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, President of Maldives on 18 January 2023.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 19{{snd}}20 January<br /> | Met with President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Prime Minister [[Dinesh Gunawardena]], and Foreign Minister [[Ali Sabry (Sri Lankan politician)|Ali Sabry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VisitMaldivesLanka2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Sri Lanka H.E. Mr. Ranil Wickremesinghe in Colombo on 20 January 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 71<br /> | {{flag|Fiji}}<br /> | 15{{snd}}17 February<br /> | Attend the 12th [[World Hindi Conference]]. Met with President [[Wiliame Katonivere]], Prime Minister [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], and Education Minister [[Aseri Radrodro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiji2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?36249/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Fiji+and+Australia+February+1518+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Fiji and Australia (February 15-18, 2023)|date=13 February 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar joined the President of Fiji, H.E. Mr. Ratu Wiliame Katonivere in the inauguration of 12th World Hindi Conference in Nadi, Fiji on 16 February 2023.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 18 February<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister [[Richard Marles]] and Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?36279/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Sydney+Australia+18+February+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Sydney, Australia (18 February 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese on 18 February 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 72<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}12 April<br /> | Met with President [[Yoweri Museveni]], Deputy Prime Minister [[Lukia Isanga Nakadama]], Foreign Minister [[Jeje Odongo]], Defence Minister [[Vincent Ssempijja]], and other ministers. Inaugurated the first overseas campus of the [[National Forensic Sciences University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UgaMoz&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36491/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Republic_of_Uganda_and_Republic_of_Mozambique_April_1015_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Republic of Uganda and Republic of Mozambique (April 10-15, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=15 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni on 10 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ethiopia}}<br /> | 13 April<br /> | Transit visit. Met with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Demeke Mekonnen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UgaMoz&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with Ethiopian Foreign Minister Demeke Mekonnen on 13 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Mozambique}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}15 April<br /> | Attended the 5th India-Mozambique Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Filipe Nyusi]], Foreign Minister [[Verónica Macamo]], and other ministers.&lt;ref name=&quot;UgaMoz&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on Mozambique President Filipe Nyusi on 14 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 73<br /> | {{flag|Guyana}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}23 April<br /> | Attended the India-Guyana Joint Commission Meeting and India-COFCOR Foreign Ministers Meeting. Met with President [[Irfaan Ali]], Second Vice President [[Bharrat Jagdeo]], and Foreign Minister [[Hugh Todd]]. Also met with foreign ministers from [[CARICOM]] countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hcigeorgetown.gov.in/pages/NjY3|title=Visit of Hon'ble External Affairs Minister of India Dr S Jaishankar to Guyana 21-23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuyPan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36499/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Guyana_Panama_Colombia_and_Dominican_Republic_April_2129_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, to Guyana, Panama, Colombia and Dominican Republic (April 21-29, 2023)|date=19 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of Guyana, Irfaan Ali on 22 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Panama}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}25 April<br /> | Met with President [[Laurentino Cortizo]] and Foreign Minister [[Janaina Tewaney]]. Attended the India-[[Central American Integration System|SICA]] Foreign Ministerial Meeting.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuyPan&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the President of Panama H.E. Laurentino Cortizo on 25 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Colombia}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}27 April<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister Alvaro Leyva Duran.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuyPan&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with Colombian Foreign Minister Alvaro Leyva on 27 April 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}29 April<br /> | Met with President [[Luis Abinader]] and Foreign Minister [[Roberto Álvarez (diplomat)|Roberto Alvarez]]. Inaugurated the Indian resident mission in Santo Domingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuyPan&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:Call on by Hon'ble EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar to Hon'ble President of Dominican Republic H.E. Mr. Luis Abinader on 28 April 2023 at President's Palace (2).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 74<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}12 May<br /> | Attended the 6th Indian Ocean Conference. Met with Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Mauritian President [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]], and Maldivian Vice President [[Faisal Naseem]].&lt;ref name=BanSweBel&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36541/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Bangladesh_Sweden_and_Belgium_May_1116_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Bangladesh, Sweden and Belgium (May 11-16, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=11 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar attending the 6th Indian Ocean Conference in Dhaka in May 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Sweden}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}15 May<br /> | Attended the 2nd [[European Union|EU]]-Indo-Pacific Ministerial Forum. Met with Prime Minister [[Ulf Kristersson]], Speaker of the Riksdag [[Andreas Norlén]], Foreign Minister [[Tobias Billström]], and several visiting foreign ministers. Also attended Trilateral India Forum.&lt;ref name=BanSweBel/&gt;<br /> | [[File:EU and Indo-Pacific Foreign Ministers Meeting group photo 13 May 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Flag|Belgium}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 May<br /> | Attended the 1st India-EU Trade and Technology Council Ministerial Meeting along with Commerce and Industry Minister [[Piyush Goyal]] and Minister of State [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]].&lt;ref name=BanSweBel/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar attending the India - EU TTC Meeting - Brussels, May 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 75<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}21 May<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[49th G7 summit]] and [[Quadrilateral group|QUAD Leaders' Summit]].<br /> | [[File:PM in a bilateral meeting with the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Kishida Fumio, in Hiroshima, Japan on May 20, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}22 May<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the 3rd [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation|FIPIC Summit]].<br /> | [[File:PM meets the Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, Sir Bob Dadae, in Port Moresby on May 22, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}24 May<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM in a bilateral meeting with the Prime Minister of Australia, Mr. Anthony Albanese, in Sydney, Australia on May 24, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 76<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | 1{{ndash}}3 June<br /> | Attended the [[BRICS]] Foreign Ministers meeting. Met with President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], Foreign Minister [[Naledi Pandor]], and other participating foreign ministers.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAfNam&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?36625/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Republic+of+South+Africa+and+the+Republic+of+Namibia+June+0106+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Republic of South Africa and the Republic of Namibia (June 01-06, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:BRICS Foreign Ministers Meeting group photo South Africa June 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}6 June<br /> | Met with President [[Hage Geingob]] and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SAfNam&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on Namibian President H.E. Hage Geingob on 5 June 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 77<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}23 June<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM and the President of USA, Mr. Joe Biden at the Expanded Bilateral Meeting in White House, Washington DC on June 22, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Egypt}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}25 June<br /> | [[File:PM meeting the Prime Minister of Egypt, Mr. Mostafa Madbouly, in Cairo, Egypt on June 24, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 78<br /> | {{flag|Tanzania}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}8 July<br /> | Attended the 10th India-Tanzania Joint Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Samia Suluhu]] and Foreign and East African Cooperation Minister [[Stergomena Tax]]. Also met with President of Zanzibar [[Hussein Mwinyi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36842/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_United_Republic_of_Tanzania_July_0508_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to United Republic of Tanzania (July 05-08, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=9 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on Tanzanian President H.E. Samia Suluhu on 8 July 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 79<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}24 August<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[15th BRICS summit]].<br /> | [[File:PM in a bilateral meeting with the President of South Africa, Mr. Cyril Ramaphosa at Johannesburg, in South Africa on August 23, 2023 (2).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Greece}}<br /> | 25 August<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM attends delegation level talks with the Prime Minister of Greece, Mr Kyriakos Mitsotakis at Athens, in Greece on August 25, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 80<br /> | {{flag|Indonesia}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}7 September<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[Eighteenth East Asia Summit|18th East Asia Summit]] and the [[ASEAN]]-India Summit.<br /> | [[File:PM participated in the 18th East Asia Summit at Jakarta, in Indonesia on September 07, 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 81<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}30 September<br /> | Attended the [[Seventy-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly|78th United Nations General Assembly Session]]. Met with UN Secretary General [[António Guterres]], President of the UN General Assembly [[Dennis Francis (diplomat)|Dennis Francis]], and several visiting leaders. ALso met with United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37143/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+United+States+of+America+September+2230+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United States of America (September 22-30, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=22 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on 25 September 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 82<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}12 October<br /> | Attended the 23rd [[Indian Ocean Rim Association]] Council of Ministers' meeting. Met with President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]].<br /> | [[File:Indian Ocean Rim Association Council of Ministers Meeting group photo October 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 83<br /> | {{flag|Vietnam}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}18 October<br /> | Attended the 18th India-Vietnam Joint Commission meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính]] and Foreign Minister [[Bùi Thanh Sơn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37196/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishnakar_to_Vietnam_October_1518_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishnakar to Vietnam (October 15-18, 2023)|date=18 October 2023|<br /> website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Prime Minister of Vietnam, H.E. Mr. Pham Minh Chinh in Hanoi on 16 October 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 18{{ndash}}21 October<br /> | Met with President [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]], Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister [[Lawrence Wong]], Foreign Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]], and other senior ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37205/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Singapore+October+1821+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Singapore (October 18-21, 2023)|date=21 October 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met H.E. Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore in Singapore city on 20 October 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 84<br /> | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}26 October<br /> | Attended [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] Council of Heads of Government summit. Met with President [[Sadyr Japarov]] and Foreign Minister [[Jeenbek Kulubayev]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37214/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+the+Kyrgyz+Republic+October+2526+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the Kyrgyz Republic (October 25-26, 2023)|date=25 October 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Kyrgyzstan, H.E. Mr. Sadyr Japarov in Bishkek on 26 October 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 85<br /> | {{flag|Portugal}}<br /> | 31 October{{ndash}}1 November<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[António Costa]], President of Parliament [[Augusto Santos Silva]], and Foreign Minister [[João Gomes Cravinho]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37225/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Portugal+31+October++1+November+2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar to Portugal (31 October – 1 November, 2023)|date=1 November 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Prime Minister of Portugal, H.E. Mr. António Costa in Lisbon on 31 October 2023.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | 2{{ndash}}3 November<br /> | Met with President [[Sergio Mattarella]], Foreign Minister [[Antonio Tajani]], Defence Minister [[Guido Crosetto]], and Business and Made in Italy Minister [[Adolfo Urso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37236/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_of_India_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Italy_November_0203_202|date=4 November 2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister of India, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Italy (November 02-03, 2023)|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on H.E. Mr. Sergio Mattarella, President of the Italian Republic in Rome on 3 November 2023.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 86<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}15 November<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]], Foreign Secretary [[David Cameron]], Home Secretary [[James Cleverly]], Defence Secretary [[Grant Shapps]], and National Security Adviser [[Tim Barrow]]. Attended Diwali reception at Indian High Commission and visited [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37262/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_Kingdom_November_1115_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Kingdom (November 11-15, 2023)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=16 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:The Prime Minister Rishi Sunak meets the Minister of External Affairs of India Subrahmanyam Jaishankar and his wife Kyoko Jaishankar at 10 Downing Street.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 87<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}29 December<br /> | Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]], Deputy Prime Minister and Trade and Industry Minister [[Denis Manturov]], and Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37489/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Russia_December_25_29_2023|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Russia (December 25- 29, 2023)|date=30 December 2023|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar met Foreign Minister of Russia, H.E. Mr. Sergey Lavrov in Moscow on 27 December 2023.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2024==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! 88<br /> | {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}5 January<br /> | Attended the 7th India-Nepal Joint Commission meeting. Met with President [[Ram Chandra Poudel]], Prime Minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]], and Foreign Minister [[Narayan Prakash Saud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jaishankar-heads-to-nepal-this-week-power-pacts-on-agenda/article67696253.ece|title=Jaishankar to begin two-day visit to Nepal on January 4, power pacts on agenda|date=2 January 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|author=Suhasini Haidar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on the Prime Minister of Nepal, H.E. Mr. Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda' in Kathmandu, Nepal on 4 January 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 89<br /> | {{flag|Iran}}<br /> | 14{{ndash}}15 January<br /> | Met with President [[Ebrahim Raisi]], Foreign Minister [[Hossein Amir-Abdollahian]], Roads and Urban Development Minister [[Mehrdad Bazrpash]], and Supreme National Security Council Chairman [[Ali Akbar Ahmadian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eam-jaishankar-likely-to-travel-to-iran-on-january-15-amid-war-in-middle-east/article67737069.ece|title=Jaishankar to visit Iran in the backdrop of U.S.-U.K. attack on Yemen|date=13 January 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|author=Kallol Bhattacharjee}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on H.E. Dr. Seyyed Ebrahim Raisi, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Tehran on 15 January 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 90<br /> | {{flag|Uganda}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}20 January<br /> | Attended the [[19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|19th Non-Aligned Movement summit]]. Met with President [[Yoweri Museveni]], Foreign Minister [[Jeje Odongo]], and other visiting leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;UgaNig&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37517/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Uganda_and_Nigeria_January_1923_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Uganda and Nigeria (January 19-23, 2024)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=18 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar addressing the 19th Non Aligned Movement Summit 20 January 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}23 January<br /> | Attended the 6th India-Nigeria Joint Commission Meeting along with Foreign Minister [[Yusuf Tuggar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UgaNig&quot;/&gt;<br /> | [[File:Dr. S. Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister of India, Co-chaired the 6th Joint Commission Meeting along with Foreign Affairs Minister of Nigeria Hon. Yusuf Maitama Tuggar on 22 January 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 91<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}10 February<br /> | Attended 7th Indian Ocean Conference. Met wit Sri Lankan President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Australian Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]], and Singaporean Foreign Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?37574/Visit+of+EAM+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Perth+Australia+to+attend+the+7th+Indian+Ocean+Conference|title=Visit of EAM Dr. S Jaishankar to Perth, Australia to attend the 7th Indian Ocean Conference|date=8 February 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar at 7th Indian Ocean Conference at Perth, Australia on 9 February 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 92<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 13–14 February<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi hold bilateral discussions with HH Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE in Abu Dhabi on 13 February 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | 14–15 February<br /> | [[File:PM holds a bilateral meeting with the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani at Doha, in Qatar on February 15, 2024 (2).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 93<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}18 February<br /> | Attended the [[Munich Security Conference]]. Met with Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]], United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]], and other participating foreign ministers.<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Participates in Munich Security Conference Public Forum (53541261211).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 94<br /> | {{flag|South Korea}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}8 March<br /> | Attended the 10th India-South Korea Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Prime Minister [[Han Duck-soo]], Foreign Minister [[Cho Tae-yul]], and Trade, Industry and Energy Minister [[Ahn Duk-geun]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F37680%2FVisit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_the_Republic_of_Korea_March_0506_2024=|date=6 March 2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the Republic of Korea (March 05-06, 2024)|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar co-chaired 10th India-South Korea Joint Commission Meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Korea, H.E. Mr. Cho Tae-yul in Seoul on 6 March 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}9 March<br /> | Attended the 16th India-Japan Strategic Dialogue. Met with Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]], and Foreign Minister [[Yōko Kamikawa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37693/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Japan_March_0709_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, to Japan (March 07-09, 2024)|date=9 March 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar co-chaired the 16th India-Japan Foreign Ministers' Strategic Dialogue with Foreign Minister of Japan, H.E. Ms. Yoko Kamikawa in Tokyo on 7 March 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 95<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}25 March<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]], Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister [[Lawrence Wong]], Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security [[Teo Chee Hean]], Foreign Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]], Trade and Industry Minister [[Gan Kim Yong]], and Home Affairs and Law Minister [[K. Shanmugam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37744/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_the_Republic_of_Singapore_March_2325_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the Republic of Singapore (March 23-25, 2024)|date=25 March 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with the Foreign Minister of Singapore Vivian Balakrishnan on 25 March 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Philippines}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}27 March<br /> | Met with President [[Bongbong Marcos]], Foreign Secretary [[Enrique Manalo]], and National Defense Secretary [[Gilbert Teodoro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37755/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Philippines+March+2527+2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Philippines (March 25-27, 2024)|date=27 March 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:2024-03-26 – PBBM expresses appreciation to India’s support in upholding PH sovereignty over West Philippine Sea (03).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}28 March<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Foreign Minister [[Mohamad Hasan (politician)|Mohamad Hasan]] and Digital Minister [[Gobind Singh Deo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37754/Visit_of_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Malaysia_March_2728_2024|title=Visit of EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Malaysia (March 27-28, 2024)|date=28 March 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with the Prime Minister of Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim on 27 March 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 96<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | 13–14 June<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[50th G7 summit]].<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met H.E. Ms. Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy on the sidelines of the 50th G7 Summit in Apulia, Italy on 14 June 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 97<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 20 June<br /> | First bilateral visit following re-appointment. Met with President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]], Prime Minister [[Dinesh Gunawardena]], and Foreign Minister [[Ali Sabry (Sri Lankan politician)|Ali Sabry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37890/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Sri_Lanka_June_20_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Sri Lanka (June 20, 2024)|date=20 June 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Sri Lanka, H.E. Mr. Ranil Wickremesinghe in Colombo on 20 June 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 98<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 23 June<br /> | Met with Foreign Minister [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Participated in celebrations of 10th International Day of Yoga and visited [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37903/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_Arab_Emirates_June_23_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Arab Emirates (June 23, 2024)|date=24 June 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar met Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi on 22 June 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 99<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | 30 June<br /> | Met with Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37917/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Qatar_June_30_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Qatar (June 30, 2024)|date=29 June 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eam-jaishankar-qatar-doha-visit-june-30-2024/article68351849.ece|title=EAM Jaishankar meets Qatar's PM, reviews bilateral relations|date=30 June 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar meeting the Prime Minister of Qatar, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani on 30 June 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 100<br /> | {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br /> | 4 July<br /> | Attended [[2024 SCO summit]]. Met with Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/s-jaishankar-official-announcement-external-affairs-ministry-lead-india-sco-summit-2024-kazakhstan-2561037-2024-07-02|title=S Jaishankar to lead India at SCO Summit in Kazakhstan with PM's 'Secure' vision|date=2 July 2024|website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:SCO Heads of State (2024).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 101<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 8–9 July<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Begininng of the Russia-India talks, July 2024 05.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Austria}}<br /> | 9–10 July<br /> | [[File:PM attends delegation level talks with the Chancellor of Austria, Mr. Karl Nehammer at Federal Chancellery in Vienna, Austria on July 10, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 102<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}17 July<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]], Finance, Economic Planning and Development Minister [[Renganaden Padayachy]], Industrial Development, SMEs and Cooperatives Minister Soomilduth Bholah, Foreign Minister and Attorney General [[Maneesh Gobin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37976/Visit_of_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_the_Republic_of_Mauritius_July_1617_2024|title=Visit of EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the Republic of Mauritius (July 16-17, 2024)|date=17 July 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Prime Minister of Mauritius, H.E. Mr. Pravind Kumar Jugnauth in Port Louis on 16 July 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 103<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}27 July<br /> | Attended Foreign Ministers' Meeting under ASEAN-India, East Asia Summit and ASEAN Regional Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37990/Visit+of+EAM+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Vientiane+Lao+PDR+July+2527+2024|title=Visit of EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Vientiane, Lao PDR (July 25-27, 2024)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=23 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar participated in ASEAN-India Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Vientiane, Laos on 26 July 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Japan}}<br /> | 28{{ndash}}30 July<br /> | Attended [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] Foreign Ministers' meeting. Met with Foreign Minister [[Yōko Kamikawa]], Australian Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]] and United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]]. Unveiled bust of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in Edogawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37989/Visit_of_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Tokyo_for_the_Quad_Foreign_Ministers_Meeting_July_29_2024|title=Visit of EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Tokyo for the Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting (July 29, 2024)|date=23 July 2024|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Participates in Quad Ministerial (53889147724).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 104<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}11 August<br /> | Met with President [[Mohamed Muizzu]], Foreign Minister [[Moosa Zameer]], Finance Minister [[Mohamed Shafeeq]], Economic Development and Trade Minister [[Mohamed Saeed (Maldivian politician)|Mohamed Saeed]] and Maldives Monetary Authority Governor Ahmed Munawar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38149/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Maldives_August_0911_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Maldives (August 09-11, 2024)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=11 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:S. Jaishankar visits Mohamed Muizzu (12).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 105<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | 18 August<br /> | Met with Crown Prince [[Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah]], Prime Minister [[Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah]], and Foreign Minister Abdullah Al-Yahya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38162/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Kuwait_August_18_2024|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar to Kuwait (August 18, 2024)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=15 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar meeting with the Crown Prince of Kuwait, H.H. Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah in Kuwait on 18 August 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 106<br /> | {{flag|Poland}}<br /> | 21–22 August<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM receives a ceremonial welcome and also Guard of Honour at the Chancellery, in Poland on August 22, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ukraine}}<br /> | 23–24 August<br /> | [[File:PM and the President of Ukraine, Mr. Volodymyr Zelenskyy witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Ukraine at Kiev, in Ukraine on August 23, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 107<br /> | {{flag|Brunei}}<br /> | 3–4 September<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM along with the His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah witnessed the Signing and Exchange of MoU, in Brunei on September 04, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 4–5 September<br /> | [[File:PM and the Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr. Lawrence Wong witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Singapore, in Singapore on September 05, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 108<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | 8{{ndash}}9 September<br /> | Attended the First India-[[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]] Joint Ministerial Meeting for Strategic Dialogue. Met with Saudi Foreign Minister [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]], Omani Foreign Minister [[Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi]], Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Abdullah Al-Yahya, and Bahraini Foreign Minister [[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]]. <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar at the inaugural session of India-Gulf Cooperation Council Joint Ministerial Meeting on 9 September 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}11 September<br /> | Attended [[Munich Security Conference]]. Met with Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]], Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]], and other political leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38286/Visit_of_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_to_Germany_September_1011_2024|title=Visit of EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar to Germany (September 10-11, 2024)|date=11 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, H.E. Mr. Olaf Scholz in Berlin on 12 September 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Switzerland}}<br /> | 12{{ndash}}13 September<br /> | Met with Federal Councillor for Foreign Affairs [[Ignazio Cassis]], UNHCR [[Volker Türk]], and WHO Director-General [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]]. Inaugurated the newly built Permanent Mission of India in Geneva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?38293/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Switzerland|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Switzerland|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=14 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar met H.E. Mr. Ignazio Cassis, Federal Councillor of Switzerland in Geneva on 13 September 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 109<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 21 September{{ndash}}1 October<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] Leaders' Summit and United Nations Summit of the Future. Met with United States Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] and other visiting leaders.<br /> | [[File:Secretary Blinken Meets with Indian External Affairs Minister (54035082827).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 110<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 4 October<br /> | Met with President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]], Prime Minister [[Harini Amarasuriya]], and Foreign Minister [[Vijitha Herath]]. <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar called on President of Sri Lanka, H.E. Mr. Anura Kumara Dissanayake on 4 October 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 111<br /> | {{flag|Laos}}<br /> | 10–11 October<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[Nineteenth East Asia Summit|19th East Asia Summit]].<br /> | [[File:PM in a bilateral meeting with the Prime Minister of Laos, Mr. Sonexay Siphandone at Vientiane, in Laos on October 11, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;| <br /> |-<br /> ! 112<br /> | {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 October<br /> | Attended [[SCO Islamabad Summit 2024|SCO Council of Heads of Government Meeting]]. Met with Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]], Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Ishaq Dar]], Mongolian Prime Minister [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]], and other participating leaders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/16/india-jaishankar-pakistan-islamabad-sco-summit/|title=India's Jaishankar Makes Rare Trip to Pakistan|date=15 October 2024|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|author=Michael Kugelman}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Subrahmanyam Jaishankar with the Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif on 16 October 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 113<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 22–24 October<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[16th BRICS summit]]. Met with Malaysian Economy Minister [[Rafizi Ramli]], Indonesian Foreign Minister [[Sugiono]], and Iranian Foreign Minister [[Abbas Araghchi]]. Later participated in BRICS Outreach session. <br /> | [[File:2024 BRICS Summit (1729758533).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 114<br /> | {{flag|Australia}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}7 November<br /> | Attended the 15th Australia-India Foreign Ministers' Framework Dialogue. Met with Prime Minister [[Anthony Albanese]], Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister [[Richard Marles]], and Leader of Opposition [[Peter Dutton]]. Inaugurated the Consulate-General in Queensland along with Queensland Governor [[Jeanette Young]]. Also met with New Zealand Deputy Prime Minister [[Winston Peters]]. <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met Prime Minister of Australia, H.E. Mr. Anthony Albanese in Canberra on 6 November 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 8{{ndash}}9 November<br /> | Met with President [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]], Prime Minister [[Lawrence Wong]], Deputy Prime Minister [[Gan Kim Yong]], Foreign Minister [[Vivian Balakrishnan]], and Defence Minister [[Ng Eng Hen]]. <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met President of Singapore H.E. Mr. Tharman Shanmugaratnam in Singapore on 8 November 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 115<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 14 November<br /> | Met with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Inaugurated the [[Symbiosis International University]] Dubai campus along with [[Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan]]. Visited the [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38522/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_Arab_Emirates|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Arab Emirates|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=15 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of United Arab Emirated, H.E. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan on 14 November 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 116<br /> | {{flag|Nigeria}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}17 November<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM and the President of Nigeria, Mr. Bola Ahmed Tinubu witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Nigeria at Abuja, in Nigeria on November 17, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | 18–19 November<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|19th G20 summit]]. Met with Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]].<br /> | [[File:PM participated in 3rd session of G20 Summit at Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil on November 19, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Guyana}}<br /> | 19–21 November<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the 2nd [[CARICOM]]-India Meeting.<br /> | [[File:PM’s remarks at the Second CARICOM-India Summit at Georgetown, in Guyana on November 20, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 117<br /> | {{flag|Italy}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}26 November<br /> | Attended the outreach session of the [[G7]] Foreign Ministers’ Meeting and the 10th MED Mediterranean Dialogue. Met with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Antonio Tajani]] and other participating foreign ministers. Inaugurated the new premises of the Indian Embassy in Rome.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?38587/Visit+of+EAM+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+Italy|title=Visit of EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar to Italy|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar attended the G7 FMM Outreach Session in Italy on 25 November 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 118<br /> | {{flag|Qatar}}<br /> | 6{{ndash}}8 December<br /> | Attended the 22nd edition of [[Doha Forum]]. Met with Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]], Commerce and Industry Minister Sheikh [[Faisal bin Thani bin Faisal Al Thani]], and Minister of State Ahmed Al Sayed.&lt;ref name=&quot;QatBah&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38737/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Qatar_and_Bahrain|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Qatar and Bahrain|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=10 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar met Minister of Foreign Affairs of Qatar, H.E. Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani in Doha on 7 December 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Bahrain}}<br /> | 8{{ndash}}10 December<br /> | Attended the 4th India-Bahrain High Joint Commission Meeting. Met with Deputy Prime Minister Shaikh [[Khalid bin Abdullah Al Khalifa]] and Foreign Minister [[Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;QatBah&quot;/&gt; <br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar met Deputy Prime Minister of Bahrain, H.E. Shaikh Khalid bin Abdulla Al Khalifa in Manama on 8 December 2024.jpg|180px|center]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 119<br /> | {{flag|Kuwait}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}22 December<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM witnesses the signing of MoUs between India and Kuwait, in Kuwait on December 22, 2024.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 120<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}29 December<br /> | Met with Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] and National Security Advisor [[Jake Sullivan]]. Chaired a conference of the Consuls General of India in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38869/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_the_United_States_of_America|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United States of America|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=23 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2025==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! 121<br /> | {{flag|Spain}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}14 January<br /> | Met with King [[Felipe VI]], President of the Government [[Pedro Sanchez]], and Foreign Minister [[José Manuel Albares]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38914/Visit_of_External_Affairs_Minister_to_Spain_January_1314_2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Spain (January 13-14, 2025)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=14 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on H.E. Mr. Pedro Sanchez, President of Spain in Madrid on 14 January 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 122<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}22 January<br /> | Attended the [[second inauguration of Donald Trump]]. Met with Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]], Japanese Foreign Minister [[Takeshi Iwaya]], and Australian Foreign Minister [[Penny Wong]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38906/External_Affairs_Minister_to_represent_the_Government_of_India_at_the_swearingin_ceremony_of_the_PresidentElect_of_the_USA|title=External Affairs Minister to represent the Government of India at the swearing-in ceremony of the President-Elect of the USA|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Rubio Meets with Indian External Affairs Minister (54281364294).jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 123<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> | 27{{ndash}}29 January<br /> | Met with President Sheikh [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Sheikh [[Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan]], Crown Prince of Dubai, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Sheikh [[Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]], and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Sheikh [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]. Attended the 1st Raisina Middle East Conference.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar to the United Arab Emirates (January 27-29, 2025)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=29 January 2025|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38957/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+the+United+Arab+Emirates+January+2729+2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar called on H.H. Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of UAE in Abu Dhabi on 28 January 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 124<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | 10{{ndash}}12 February<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[AI Action Summit]]. Met with Foreign Minister [[Jean-Noël Barrot]].<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar with European and Foreign Affairs Minister of France, H.E. Jean-Noël Barrot in February 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 12{{ndash}}14 February<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:President Donald Trump meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 125<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 15 February<br /> | Attended the [[Munich Security Conference]]. Met with several visiting leaders.<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar addressing the Munich Security Conference on 15 February 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> | 16 February<br /> | Attended the 8th Indian Ocean Conference. Met with Foreign Minister Sayyid [[Badr bin Hamad Al Busaidi]] and other visiting foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39077/External_Affairs_Minister_of_India_Dr_S_Jaishankar_visited_Oman_to_participate_in_the_8th_Indian_Ocean_Conference|title=External Affairs Minister of India Dr. S. Jaishankar visited Oman to participate in the 8th Indian Ocean Conference|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=17 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Indian Ocean Conference 2025 group photo.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 126<br /> | {{flag|South Africa}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}21 February<br /> | Attended the [[2025 G20 Johannesburg Summit|G20]] Foreign Ministers' Meeting. Met with President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], Foreign Minister [[Ronald Lamola]], and other participating foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39086/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Johannesburg+South+Africa+for+the+G20+Foreign+Ministers+Meeting+February+20++21+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Johannesburg, South Africa for the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting (February 20 - 21, 2025)|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=19 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on President of South Africa, H.E. Cyril Ramaphosa on 20 February 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 127<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}6 March&lt;br/&gt;8{{ndash}}9 March<br /> | Met with Prime Minister Sir [[Keir Starmer]], Foreign Secretary [[David Lammy]], Business and Trade Secretary [[Jonathan Reynolds]] and Home Secretary [[Yvette Cooper]]. Inaugurated Indian Consulate General in Belfast and met with Northern Irish leaders. Also inaugurated India's Consulate General in Manchester.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39140/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+United+Kingdom+March+49+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the United Kingdom (March 4-9, 2025)|date=10 March 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Sir Keir Starmer on 5 March 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Ireland}}<br /> | 6{{ndash}}7 March<br /> | Met with President [[Michael D. Higgins]] and Tánaiste and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Defence [[Simon Harris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39132/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Ireland+March+0607+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Ireland (March 06-07, 2025)|date=8 March 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar being received by the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Ireland, H.E. Simon Harris on 7 March 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 128<br /> | {{flag|Mauritius}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}12 March<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi attends the National Day celebrations of Mauritius at Port Louis, in Mauritius on March 12, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 129<br /> | {{flag|Thailand}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}4 April<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[BIMSTEC#BIMSTEC Summits|6th BIMSTEC Summit]].<br /> | [[File:PM Modi attends the 6th BIMSTEC Summit at Bangkok, in Thailand on April 04, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}6 April<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi attends delegation level talks with the President of Sri Lanka, Mr. Anura Kumara Dissanayake at Colombo, in Sri Lanka on April 05, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 130<br /> | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> | 22 April<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi attends delegation level talks with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman at Jeddah, in Saudi Arabia on April 22, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 131<br /> | {{flag|Netherlands}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}20 May<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Dick Schoof]], Foreign Minister [[Caspar Veldkamp]] and Defence Minister [[Ruben Brekelmans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39505/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands+May+1920+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (May 19-20, 2025)|date=20 May 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, H.E. Dick Schoof on 20 May 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Denmark}}<br /> | 20{{ndash}}21 May<br /> | Met with Prime Minister [[Mette Frederiksen]], Speaker of the Danish Parliament [[Søren Gade]], Foreign Minister [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]], and Industry, Business and Financial Affairs Minister [[Morten Bødskov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39513/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Denmark+May+2021+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Denmark (May 20-21, 2025)|date=22 May 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar calling on the Prime Minister of Denmark, H.E. Mette Frederiksen on 20 May 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 22{{ndash}}24 May<br /> | Met with Chancellor [[Friedrich Merz]], Foreign Minister [[Johann Wadephul]], and Economy and Energy Minister [[Katherina Reiche]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39528/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Germany+May+2224+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Germany (May 22-24, 2025)|date=24 May 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 132<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | 9{{ndash}}11 June 2025<br /> | Met with Belgian King [[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe]], Prime Minister [[Bart De Wever]], and Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Maxime Prévot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JaiBel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39660/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+the+European+Union+and+Belgium+June+0911+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to the European Union and Belgium (June 09-11, 2025)|date=11 June 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Met with President of the European Commission [[Ursula von der Leyen]], President of the European Parliament [[Roberta Metsola]]. Co-chaired the first India-EU Strategic Dialogue with EU High Representative and Vice President [[Kaja Kallas]]. Also met European Commissioners for Defence Industry and Space [[Andrius Kubilius]], Trade and Economic Security [[Maroš Šefčovič]], and International Partnerships [[Jozef Síkela]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JaiBel&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | 11{{ndash}}14 June 2025<br /> | Met with President [[Emmanuel Macron]] and Europe and Foreign Affairs Minister [[Jean-Noël Barrot]]. Participated in the inaugural edition of the Mediterranean [[Raisina Dialogue]]. Also met Armenian Foreign Minister [[Ararat Mirzoyan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39671/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+France+1114+June+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to France (11-14 June 2025)|date=14 June 2025|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 133<br /> | {{flag|Cyprus}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 June 2025<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:PM Modi meets Cyprus President Nikos Christodoulides in Nicosia.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> | 16{{ndash}}17 June 2025<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[51st G7 summit]].<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in the 51st G7 summit meeting at Kananaskis, in Canada on June 17, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Croatia}}<br /> | 18 June 2025<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia, Mr. Andrej Plenkovic witnessing the signing of MoU between India and Croatia at Zagreb, in Croatia on June 18, 2025.jpg|center|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 134<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 30 June{{ndash}}2 July<br /> | Attended the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD]] Foreign Ministers Meeting. Met with Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]], Defense Secretary [[Pete Hegseth]], and other participating foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39723/Visit+of+EAM+Dr+S+Jaishankar+to+USA+June+30++July+02+2025|title=Visit of EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar to USA (June 30 – July 02, 2025)|date=29 June 2025|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Secretary Rubio Meets with Indian External Affairs Minister (54626920424).jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 135<br /> | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> | 3{{ndash}}4 July 2025<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago Kamla Persad-Bissessar witnessing the signing of several MoUs between India and Trinidad and Tobago on 4 July 2025.jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Argentina}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}5 July 2025<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister holds a delegation level talks with the President of Argentina, Mr. Javier Gerardo Milei at Casa Rosada, in Buenos Aires, Argentina on July 05, 2025.jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Brazil}}<br /> | 5{{ndash}}8 July 2025<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi to the [[17th BRICS summit]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Namibia}}<br /> | 9 July 2025<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the President of Namibia, Dr. Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah witnessing the Signing and Exchange of MoUs between India and Namibia at Windhoek, in Namibia on July 09, 2025.jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 136<br /> | {{flag|Singapore}}<br /> | 13 July 2025<br /> | Met President of Singapore [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] and had meetings with Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade &amp; Industry [[Gan Kim Yong]] and Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Vivian Balakrishnan]]. He also met [[Teo Chee Hean]], former Senior Minister and Chairman of Temasek Holdings.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|China}}<br /> | 14{{ndash}}15 July 2025<br /> | Attended the [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|SCO Foreign Ministers Meeting]]. Met with President [[Xi Jinping]], Vice President [[Han Zheng]], Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi]] and other participating foreign ministers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?39803/EAMs+visit+to+China+and+meeting+with+Chinese+Foreign+Minister|title=EAM's visit to China and meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister|date=14 July 2025|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[File:Subrahmanyam Jaishankar with the President of China Xi Jinping on 15 July 2025.jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 137<br /> | {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br /> | 23{{ndash}}24 July 2025<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Maldives}}<br /> | 24{{ndash}}25 July 2025<br /> | [[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi attends delegation level talks between India and Maldives at Malé, in Maldives on July 25, 2025.jpg|180px]]<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 138<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> | 19{{ndash}}21 August 2025<br /> | Attended the India{{ndash}}Russia Inter-Governmental Commission Meeting. Met with President [[Vladimir Putin]], First Deputy Prime Minister [[Denis Manturov]], and Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?40040/Visit+of+External+Affairs+Minister+to+Russia+August+19++21+2025|title=Visit of External Affairs Minister to Russia (August 19 - 21, 2025)|date=22 August 2025|website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 139<br /> | {{flag|United Nations}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United States}}<br /> | 21{{ndash}}27 September 2025<br /> | Attended the [[Eightieth session of the United Nations General Assembly]], held talk with various foreign delegates on sideline meetings.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !140<br /> | {{flag|Malaysia}}<br /> |25{{ndash}}27 October 2025<br /> |20th East Asia Summit and [[2025 ASEAN Summits|22nd ASEAN–India Summit]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !141<br /> | {{flag|Canada}}<br /> |11{{ndash}}13 November 2025<br /> |Participated in the G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !142<br /> | {{flag|Russia}}<br /> |17{{ndash}}18 November 2025<br /> | Participated in the SCO Council of Heads of Government Meeting, inaugurated Indian consulates in Kazan and Yekaterinburg.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 143<br /> | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> |13{{ndash}}15 December 2025<br /> |16th India–UAE Joint Commission Meeting<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> |16{{ndash}}17 December 2025<br /> |Met Israeli President Issac Herzog and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Oman}}<br /> |17{{ndash}}18 December 2025<br /> |Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !144<br /> | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br /> |22{{ndash}}23 December 2025<br /> |Met with the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister [[Vijitha Herath]]. Addressed the devastation caused by [[Cyclone Ditwah]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> !145<br /> | {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> |31 December 2025<br /> |Attended the state funeral of [[Khaleda Zia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit to Dhaka of the External Affairs Minister |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40561/Visit_to_Dhaka_of_the_External_Affairs_Minister |website=mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Jaishankar to attend former Bangladesh PM Khaleda Zia's funeral in Dhaka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eam-jaishankar-to-attend-former-bangladesh-pm-khaleda-zias-funeral-in-dhaka-101767098946703.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==2026==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable outercollapse sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> ! <br /> ! style=&quot;width:11em&quot;| Country<br /> ! style=&quot;width:7em&quot;| Date(s)<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Details<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 146<br /> | {{flag|France}}<br /> | 4{{ndash}}7 January<br /> | Met Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Jean Noel Barrot]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> | 7{{ndash}}9 January<br /> | Met Deputy Prime Minister [[Xavier Bettel]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 147<br /> | {{flag|United States}}<br /> | 2{{ndash}}4 February<br /> | Participated in the Critical Minerals Ministerial convened by United States Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 148<br /> | {{flag|Germany}}<br /> | 13{{ndash}}15 February <br /> | Participated in the [[Munich Security Conference]] and the [[G4 nations]] foreign ministers summit.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 149<br /> | {{flag|Israel}}<br /> | 25{{ndash}}26 February<br /> | Accompanied Prime Minister Modi.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;5&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> ! 150<br /> | {{flag|European Union}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Belgium}}<br /> | 15{{ndash}}16 March<br /> | Met with EU High Representative [[Kaja Kallas]].<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of international presidential trips made by Ram Nath Kovind]]<br /> * [[List of international presidential trips made by Droupadi Murmu]]<br /> * [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi]]<br /> * [[List of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as Minister of External Affairs of India]]<br /> * [[History of Indian foreign relations]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.mea.gov.in/eam-visits.htm EAM visits] – by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]<br /> <br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jaishankar, S.}}<br /> [[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration|Trips]]<br /> [[Category:Diplomatic visits by ministers of external affairs of India|Jaishankar]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 21st-century diplomatic visits]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharatiya_Janata_Party_campaign_for_the_2014_Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=490920 2026-03-18T17:42:14Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created a stub added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox election campaign<br /> |slogan=''Shiv Chhatrapatincha Ashirwaad, Chala deu Modi na Saath''<br /> |affiliation=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |key_people={{plainlist|1=<br /> * [[Amit Shah]] (BJP National President)<br /> * [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (BJP Maharashtra President)<br /> * [[Nitin Gadkari]] (Union Minister)<br /> * [[Vinod Tawde]] (BJP Leader)<br /> * [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]] (BJP Maharashtra Observer)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] contested the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] independently on 260 seats after it broke up its 25 year old alliance with the [[Shiv Sena]].<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The election was held on 15 October 2014 with all the parties contesting independently without alliance, The BJP and the Shivsena broke up after BJP disagreed upon Shivsena's proposal of 151 seats for Shivsena and 119 for BJP and 18 seats for Others. The Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party also ended their 15 year old alliance after the Indian National Congress disagreed over the NCP's proposal of 50-50 CM formula and more contesting seats to the NCP.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}<br /> <br /> == The Campaign ==<br /> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] started its campaign from Mahalakshmi Racecourse, Mumbai where [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] addressed a rally and targeted the incumbent INC-NCP state government on various issues like Unemployment, Energy Crisis, Farmers Suicide and Security etc.<br /> <br /> The BJP addressed over 715 rallies across the state with 27 special appearances made by star campaigner [[Narendra Modi]], Union Minister Nitin Gadkari addressed over 104 rallies in various parts of Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How the BJP Planned its Campaign for Maharashtra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly/how-the-bjp-planned-its-campaign-for-maharashtra-679479 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Every BJP Chief Minister was placed to campaign in Maharashtra, Furthermore BJP poll strategists divided Maharashtra into 50 clusters, each comprising over 5-10 seats led by BJP leaders with proven skills. by this the BJP aimed to reach almost all corners of Maharashtra.<br /> <br /> The BJP threw a blitzkrieg campaign, where leaders from National to local campaigned 24x7 to ensure Majority BJP Government in the state, Poll Vans with GPS were deployed across the state where Narendra Modi's and BJP's message for Development was reached to all the citizens of Maharashtra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Halarnkar |first=Samar |date=2014-10-19 |title=5 Factors That Decided Haryana, Maharashtra Elections |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/5-factors-that-decided-haryana-maharashtra-elections-15512/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Social Alliance ==<br /> After ending the Alliance with the [[Shiv Sena]], the BJP had the support of four small parties([[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI (Athawale)]], [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]], [[Shiv Sangram]], [[Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana]]) which were in the Maha Yuti<br /> <br /> through these four parties the BJP aimed to get the support of various groups such as Dalits, OBC, Farmers etc across the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jog |first=Sanjay |date=2014-09-26 |title=BJP, Shiv Sena break alliance of 25 years |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-shiv-sena-alliance-ends-after-seat-sharing-talks-fail-114092501055_1.html |access-date=2022-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> The BJP became the largest party in the election by winning 122 seats out of 260 it contested, the [[Shiv Sena]] won 63 seats coming second, the [[Indian National Congress]] won 42 seats and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] won 41 seats&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=2014 saw return of BJP-Sena regime in Maharashtra after 15 years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2014-saw-return-of-bjp-sena-regime-in-maharashtra-after-15-years/articleshow/45557876.cms |access-date=2022-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Region<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Total seats<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | <br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#cccccc&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Seats Won<br /> |-<br /> |Western Maharashtra<br /> |70<br /> |'''24'''<br /> |{{Increase}} 15<br /> |-<br /> |Vidarbha<br /> |62<br /> |'''44'''<br /> |{{Increase}} 23<br /> |-<br /> |Marathwada<br /> |46<br /> |'''15'''<br /> |{{Increase}} 09<br /> |-<br /> |Thane+Konkan<br /> |39<br /> |10<br /> |{{Increase}} 06<br /> |-<br /> |Mumbai<br /> |36<br /> |'''15'''<br /> |{{Increase}} 10<br /> |-<br /> |North Maharashtra<br /> |35<br /> |'''14'''<br /> |{{Increase}} 13<br /> |-<br /> !'''Total'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nandgaonkar |first1=Satish |last2=Hardikar |first2=Jaideep |last3=Goswami |first3=Samyabrata Ray |date=20 October 2014 |title=Spoils of five-point duel |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201042347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |archive-date=2014-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !'''288'''<br /> !'''122'''<br /> !''{{Increase}} 76''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns|2014]]<br /> [[Category:2014 in Maharashtra]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patalpani%E2%80%93Kalakund_Heritage_Train&diff=524698 2026-03-17T21:41:33Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Patalpani–Kalakund Heritage Train<br /> | type = [[Passenger]]<br /> | locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | first = <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{rws|Patalpani}} ('''PTP''') <br /> | stops = 3<br /> | end = {{rws|Kalakund}} ('''KKD''')<br /> | distance = {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 2h 20m <br /> | frequency = Friday, Saturday, Sunday<br /> | class = Unreserved, Heritage<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = No<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = No<br /> | observation =<br /> | entertainment = No<br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities=<br /> | stock = 1<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|Metre}}<br /> | el = No<br /> | speed = {{convert|6|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts<br /> | map =<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> '''Patalpani–Kalakund Heritage Train ''' is a [[metre-gauge]] [[passenger]] train of the Indian Railways, which runs between [[Patalpani railway station]], [[Mhow]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Kalakund railway station|Kalakund]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is being operated with 52965/52966 train numbers, which operates three days a week i.e Friday, Saturday and Sunday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/patalpani-kalakund-heritage-train-take-this-cool-indian-railways-ride-through-several-tunnels-42-bridges/1437116/|title=Patalpani-Kalakund heritage train: Take this cool Indian Railways ride through several tunnels, 42 bridges!|date=2019-01-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/travel-most-affordable-irctc-tour-package-destination-ticket-fare-heritage-train-530333|title=Most affordable IRCTC tour package: Travel on a Heritage Train for just Rs 530; on-board meals, accommodation included|last=Mehrotra|first=Vani|date=2019-06-26|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/special-patalpani-kalakund-heritage-train-introduced-get-spectacular-view-of-waterfalls-and-mountains/1425289/|title=Special Patalpani-Kalakund heritage train introduced! Get spectacular view of waterfalls and mountains|date=2018-12-26|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/heritage-train-likely-to-run-in-morning-hours/articleshow/68310602.cms|title=Indore: Heritage train likely to run in morning hours|date=March 8, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Route and halts==<br /> <br /> The halts of the train are:<br /> <br /> * {{rws|Patalpani}}<br /> * Patalpani Waterfall<br /> * {{rws|Kalakund}}<br /> <br /> ==Average speed and frequency==<br /> <br /> The Patalpani–Kalakund Heritage Train runs with an average speed of 6&amp;nbsp;km/h and completes 15&amp;nbsp;km in 2 hours 20 minutes. The 52966/Kalakund–Patalpani Heritage Train runs with an average speed of 16&amp;nbsp;km/h and completes 15&amp;nbsp;km in 56 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=In-demand heritage train back on tracks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/in-demand-heritage-train-back-on-tracks/articleshow/103040205.cms |access-date=27 October 2023 |agency=Times News Network |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 Aug 2023 |location=Indore, MP |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Indore: Heritage Train Run To Start From Tomorrow |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-heritage-train-run-to-start-from-tomorrow |access-date=27 October 2023 |agency=FP News Service |publisher=The Free Press Journal |date=25 Aug 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Coach composite==<br /> <br /> The train consist of 6 coaches:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| Loco<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 1<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 2<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 3<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 4<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 5<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 6<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] <br /> ||D1||D2||D3||SLR||C1||C2<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow|Mhow Loco Shed]] based [[YDM-4]] diesel locomotive from {{stnlnk|Patalpani}} to {{stnlnk|Kalakund}} and vice versa. A Banker locomotive is attached from {{stnlnk|Kalakund}} to {{stnlnk|Patalpani}} due to steep incline of 1:40 gradient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Khandelwal |first1=Sandeep |title=Mhow Sanawad Gauge Conversion Project, Western Railways|url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_91127125512191MhowSWD-GCprojectdetail.pdf |website=Parivesh |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India |access-date=27 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Akola–Ratlam rail line]]<br /> * [[Patalpani railway station]]<br /> * [[Mountain railways of India|Mountain hertiage railways of India]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-patalpani-kalakund-heritage-train-52965/93054/5682/5681 Patalpani - Kalakund Heritage Train]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Railways in Western India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Kalakund Heritage Passenger}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mhow]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_pollution_in_India&diff=478489 2026-03-17T18:07:51Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater) by harmful substances or pathogens, making them unfit for human use or harmful to aquatic life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects |url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water pollution comes from two sources: point or non-point sources. Point sources refer to a single identifiable source for the pollution, whereas non-point sources means that the pollution comes from a variety of sources that are non-identifiable.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh Gupta 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite report |last1=Singh |first1=M. Romeo |first2=Asha |last2=Gupta |date=2016 |title=Water pollution-sources, effects and control |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321289637 }}{{self-published inline|date=November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are numerous point and non-point sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and improper disposal of waste. The presence of pollutants in water can have serious environmental, health, and economic consequences.<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = vertical<br /> | width = 270<br /> | footer = Canals, rivers and lakes in India often serve as dumping grounds for sewage, solid and liquid wastes. These are sources of water pollution, as illustrated in [[Tamil Nadu]] (above) and [[West Bengal]] (below).<br /> | image1 = India - Sights &amp; Culture - garbage-filled canal (2832914746).jpg<br /> | image2 = Santragachi Lake - Howrah 2012-01-26 1594.JPG<br /> }}<br /> [[Water pollution]] is a major environmental issue in India. India only holds about 4% of freshwater resources, yet nearly 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India's rivers choking on water pollution |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/198307/indias-rivers-choking-on-water-pollution |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=DevelopmentAid |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 163 million Indians lack access to safe drinking water and about 21% of communicable diseases are linked to poor quality water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Water Crisis In India: Everything You Need To Know |url=https://siwi.org/latest/water-crisis-india-everything-need-know/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=SIWI - Leading expert in water governance |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The largest source of '''water pollution in India''' is untreated [[sewage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb.nic.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Evaluation Of Operation And Maintenance Of Sewage Treatment Plants In India-2007|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests|year=2008|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/NewItems/NewItem_99_NewItem_99_5.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other sources of pollution include [[agricultural runoff]] and unregulated small-scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted due to industries, untreated sewage and solid wastes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html# |title= Water Quality Database of Indian rivers, MoEF |access-date=15 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Central Pollution Control Board, India, Annual Report 2008–2009 |url=http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_37_ANNUAL_REPORT-08-09.pdf |publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests, Govt of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the average annual precipitation in India is about 4000 billion cubic metres, only about 1122 billion cubic metres of water resources are available for utilization due to lack of infrastructure.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb1&quot; /&gt; Much of this water is unsafe, because pollution degrades water quality. Water pollution severely limits the amount of water available to Indian consumers, its industry and its agriculture.<br /> <br /> == Water resources of India ==<br /> India is one of the most water stressed countries in the world, with only 4% of freshwater resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh Gupta 2016&quot;/&gt; Water resources continue to dwindle, and while climate change is exacerbating this, there are issues of water pollution, which the following sections will tackle. In India, there are two main types of water resources: surface water and groundwater.<br /> <br /> Surface water refers to the water in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs. The main surface water bodies in India is the Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Barak, which account for 60% of the surface water in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure in India {{!}} Dams, Canals, Irrigation, Rivers, Rainwater Harvesting, Groundwater, Water Scarcity, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/water-infrastructure-in-India |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; India divides its surface water into 22 basins. The Ganges is the longest river in India, flowing across 11 states, but India additionally has a variety of lakes, with nearly 1,000 large and medium-sized lakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;USAID. n.d. ''India Water Resources Profile Overview.'' Winrock International. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://winrock.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/India_Country_Profile-Final.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Groundwater refers to the water under the surface, stored in aquifers. This accounts for nearly 40% of usable water in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Groundwater in India is classified into 14 system and these are subdivided into 42 major aquifers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Quality of water resources ==<br /> <br /> ===The Ganges===<br /> [[File:Ghats in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2000) 2.jpg|thumb|300px|The ghats of river [[Ganges river|Ganges]] are polluted.]]<br /> {{main|Pollution of the Ganges}}<br /> <br /> More than 500&amp;nbsp;million people live along the [Ganges] River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ganga conservation efforts inspire thousands |url=http://www.thewaterhub.org/news/ganga-conservation-efforts-inspire-thousands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203131625/http://www.thewaterhub.org/news/ganga-conservation-efforts-inspire-thousands |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2014-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/16/AR2007061600461.html A Sacred River Endangered by Global Warming] 17 June 2007&lt;/ref&gt; An estimated 2,000,000 persons ritually bath daily in the river, which is considered holy by Hindus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hyde |first=Natalie |url=https://archive.org/details/populationpatter0000hyde/page/15 |title=Population patterns: what factors determine the location and growth of human settlements? |publisher=Crabtree Pub. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7787-5182-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/populationpatter0000hyde/page/15 15] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganges river pollution is a major health risk.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dw.de/indias-polluted-ganges-river-threatens-peoples-livelihoods/a-17237276 India's polluted Ganges River threatens people's livelihoods] DW Germany (2013)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[National Ganga River Basin Authority|NRGBA]] was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the &quot;National River&quot; of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRGBA&quot;&gt;[http://moef.nic.in/modules/recent-initiatives/NGRBA/index.html &quot;National Ganga River Basin Authority&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; The chair includes the [[Prime Minister of India]] and [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief ministers]] of states through which the Ganges flows.&lt;ref name=&quot;NGRBATeam&quot;&gt;[http://moef.nic.in/modules/recent-initiatives/NGRBA/PolicyMaking.html &quot;Composition of NGRBA.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Yamuna===<br /> {{further|Yamuna#Pollution|l1=Pollution of the Yamuna River}}<br /> [[File:Oshiwara river.JPG|thumb|The [[Oshiwara River]] is severely polluted with solid and liquid waste generated by Mumbai.]]<br /> <br /> By an estimate by 2012, Delhi's sacred [[Yamuna]] river contained 7,500 [[coliform bacteria]] per 100cc of water. A number of NGOs, pressure groups, eco-clubs, as well as citizens' movements, have been active in their task to clean the river.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/yamuna-story-of-a-river-being-poisoned-to-death/article3494901.ece Yamuna: Story of a river being poisoned to death.] ''[[The Hindu]]'' on July 6, 2012 issue&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even though India revised its [[National Water Policy]] in 2002 to encourage community participation and decentralize water management, the country's complex bureaucracy ensures that it remains a &quot;mere statement of intent.&quot; Responsibility for managing water issues is fragmented among a dozen different ministries and departments without any coordination. The government bureaucracy and state-run project department has failed to solve the problem, despite having spent many years and $140 million on this project.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other Notable Rivers===<br /> *[[Buddha Nullah]], a seasonal water stream, which runs through the Malwa region<br /> *[[Jojari River]], it is a river in [[Rajasthan]] polluted due to disposal of untreated industrial effluent in it<br /> *[[Mithi River]], which flows through the city of [[Mumbai]], is heavily polluted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singare |first1=Pravin U. |last2=Mishra |first2=Ravindra M. |last3=Trivedi |first3=Manisha P. |last4=Dagli |first4=Deepak V. |title=Aquatic pollution in Mithi River of Mumbai: assessment of physico-chemical parameters |journal=Interdisciplinary Environmental Review |date=2012 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=245–268 |doi=10.1504/ier.2012.051425 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mithi River#Environmental degradation|Mithi River]], which has been degraded through industrial waste, but the Municipal Corporation of Mumbai has dedicated efforts to cleaning.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|title=Making the Sewer a River Again - Why Mumbai must reclaim its Mithi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4tYtd-4PR4|date=2011-05-17|access-date=2025-12-01|via=YouTube|last=ORF Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Mula River (India)#Pollution and flooding|Mula River]], which has led to flash flooding due to the accumulation of waste at the banks of the river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mula river 'wasted', get set for flash floods this monsoon|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-mula-river-wasted-get-set-for-flash-floods-this-monsoon-1677459|website=DNA India|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=Partha Sarathi|last=Biswas}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Musi River (India)#Current status|Musi River]], which is ranked the 22nd most polluted river in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lifeline Musi 22nd most toxic river in world, virtual drug lab|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lifeline-musi-22nd-most-toxic-river-in-world-virtual-drug-lab/articleshow/91605392.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2022-05-17|access-date=2025-12-01|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Gomti River#Pollution and degradation|Gomti River]], which flows through numerous human settlements, contributing to pollution and waste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=kukrail nala lucknow|url=https://ballotboxindia.com/ap/kukrail-nala-lucknow/5182050549/|website=kukrail nala lucknow|date=2016-07-12|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Vrishabhavathi River#Pollution and degradation|Vrishabhavathi River]], which is heavily polluted because of the sewage drainage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lockdown and a river's health|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/lockdown-and-a-rivers-health-826651.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Organic matter ===<br /> In 2010, the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of [[Biochemical oxygen demand|BOD]] (a measure of pollution with organic matter).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Pankaj |last2=Chauhan |first2=Akshansha |last3=Dua |first3=Piyush |last4=Malik |first4=Sudheer |last5=Liou |first5=Yuei-An |date=2022-02-21 |title=Physicochemical and biological analysis of river Yamuna at Palla station from 2009 to 2019 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=2870 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-06900-6 |pmc=8861024 |pmid=35190632}}&lt;/ref&gt; The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490&amp;nbsp;mg/L BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2&amp;nbsp;mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8&amp;nbsp;mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20&amp;nbsp;mg O/L indicates ecologically unsafe, polluted water.&lt;ref&gt;CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD. 2011. Status of Water Quality in India 2011. https://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/waterwiki/1.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In rural parts of India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb.nic.in&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kaur&quot;&gt;Kaur et al., [http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/356/mod_page/content/111/CountryReport_India.pdf Wastewater production, treatment and use in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929104800/https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/356/mod_page/content/111/CountryReport_India.pdf|date=2020-09-29}} UN Water (Publisher)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Coliform levels ===<br /> <br /> Coliform levels indicate possible contamination from sources such as animal waste and sewage, and the goal of drinking water is to have 0 coliform levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Addressing Total Coliform Positive or E. coli Positive Sample Results in EPA Region 8|url=https://www.epa.gov/region8-waterops/addressing-total-coliform-positive-or-e-coli-positive-sample-results-epa-region-8|website=www.epa.gov|date=2013-02-22|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=REG 08|last=US EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rivers [[Yamuna]], [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Gomti River|Gomti]], [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]], [[Chambal River|Chambal]], [[Mahi River|Mahi]], [[Varada|Vardha]] and [[Godavari]], are amongst the other most coliform polluted water bodies in India. For context, coliform must be below 104 MPN/100 mL,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Ceri A. |last2=Blackwood |first2=A. Denene |last3=Kirs |first3=Marek |last4=Buttigieg |first4=Neil D. |last5=Morgan |first5=Rhian R. |last6=Hogan |first6=James J. |last7=Weeks |first7=Ian |last8=Noble |first8=Rachel T. |title=Comparison of Transcription-Mediated Amplification and Growth-Based Methods for the Quantitation of Enterococcus Bacteria in Environmental Waters |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=15 May 2008 |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3319–3320 |bibcode=2008ApEnM..74.3319M |doi=10.1128/AEM.02623-07 |pmc=2394953 |pmid=18378648}}&lt;/ref&gt; preferably absent from water for it to be considered safe for general human use, and for irrigation where coliform may cause disease outbreak from contaminated-water in agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Prüss |first1=Annette |last2=Kay |first2=David |last3=Fewtrell |first3=Lorna |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |title=Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level. |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |date=May 2002 |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=537–542 |doi=10.1289/ehp.110-1240845 |pmid=12003760 |pmc=1240845 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154815-1 |edition=4th |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/707266 }}{{page needed|date=November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, 47 percent of water quality monitoring reported coliform concentrations above 500 MPN/100 mL. During 2008, 33 percent of all water quality monitoring stations reported a total coliform levels exceeding those levels, suggesting recent effort to add pollution control infrastructure and upgrade treatment plants in India, may be reversing the water pollution trend.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb2008&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Treatment of domestic sewage and subsequent utilization of treated sewage for irrigation can prevent pollution of water bodies, reduce the demand for fresh water in the irrigation sector and become a resource for irrigation.<br /> <br /> === Toxic metal contamination ===<br /> Toxic metal contamination from arsenic, lead, iron, and copper, is a common issue in India due to the geological composition and industrial waste. According to the Central Water Commission, in 2022, nearly 81 rivers and tributaries in India have found trace elements of heavy metal contamination. 43% of the river monitoring systems had alarming levels of one or more toxic metals. The Ganga River, was found to be the most polluted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kiran |date=2024-08-26 |title=81 Indian rivers, tributaries have extremely high concentration of one or more heavy metals |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/rivers/81-indian-rivers-tributaries-have-extremely-high-concentration-of-one-or-more-heavy-metals |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Causes of pollution==<br /> In India, water pollution comes from a variety of point and non-point sources, affecting all bodies of water, including surface and groundwater. The main causes of pollution at industrial discharges, inadequate waste management, and agricultural runoff.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=RiteWater |date=2024-01-31 |title=A Comprehensive Guide: Understanding and Addressing Water Pollution in India |url=https://ritewater.in/a-comprehensive-guide-understanding-and-addressing-water-pollution-in-india/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Ritewater |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Untreated sewage ===<br /> [[File:Crossing the street in Mathura.jpg|thumb|A street in [[Mathura]] overflowing with sewage and garbage in 2011]]<br /> <br /> There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-08-01 |title=How India's cities came to drown in sewage and waste |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/01/india-cities-drown-sewage-waste |access-date=2023-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sewage discharged from cities, towns and some villages is the predominant cause of water pollution in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb.nic.in&quot; /&gt; Investment is needed to bridge the gap between the sewage India generates and its treatment capacity of sewage per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Status of Sewage Treatment in India|year=2005|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests, Govt of India|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/newitems/12.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; In urban India, everyday there is about 72.3 million litres of wastewater produced, but only 28% of this is actually treated. As these urban centers continue to grow, sewage systems in India will be unable to cope.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Humphreys |first1=Gary |date=2024-08-01 |title=Water and sanitation in urban India |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=102 |issue=8 |pages=558–559 |doi=10.2471/BLT.24.020824 |pmc=11276156 |pmid=39091969}}&lt;/ref&gt; The problem is compounded by a series of issues, mainly stemming from an inadequate waste management system. India generates approximately 62 million tonnes of waste in a year, which only about 80% is collected. The large amount of waste generated is unable to be processed, due to a lack of waste collection systems, lack of recycling facilities, and improper disposal practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Waste Management in India: Challenges, Innovations, and Earth5R Case Studies |url=https://earth5r.org/waste-management-india-solutions/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Earth5R |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rest of the waste ends up in the environment, including in water bodies in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The sewage system and waste water treatment system is no better. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates into the soil or evaporates. The uncollected waste accumulates in the urban areas causing unhygienic conditions and releasing pollutants that leach into surface and groundwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title=A Brief Overview of Groundwater Pollution in India |url=https://homeliness.in/groundwater-pollution-in-india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101804/https://homeliness.in/groundwater-pollution-in-india/ |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=2021-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When this waste gets into the water bodies, the high levels of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stimulate microbial growth, which in turn depletes the oxygen leading to eutrophication, which is harmful to aquatic life. In the case of human health, the increased bacteria loads in water, can lead to dangerous diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Untreated wastewater - a growing danger |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/untreated-wastewater-growing-danger |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A large number of Indian rivers are severely polluted as a result of discharge of domestic sewage, such as the Ganges, which is the largest river in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Gillian E. |last2=Richards |first2=Laura A. |last3=Fox |first3=Bethany G. |last4=Thorn |first4=Robin M.S. |last5=Bowes |first5=Michael J. |last6=Read |first6=Daniel S. |last7=Tipper |first7=Holly J. |last8=Khamis |first8=Kieran |last9=Dutta |first9=Tapan K. |last10=Kumar |first10=Arun |last11=Hazra |first11=Moushumi |last12=Howard |first12=Ben |last13=Schneidewind |first13=Uwe |last14=Armstrong |first14=Linda K. |last15=Nicholls |first15=David J.E. |last16=Davies |first16=Helen |last17=Hannah |first17=David |last18=Nel |first18=Holly A. |last19=Ghosh |first19=Ashok |last20=Joshi |first20=Himanshu |last21=Gooddy |first21=Daren C. |last22=Polya |first22=David A. |last23=Krause |first23=Stefan |last24=Reynolds |first24=Darren M. |title=Associations of anthropogenic activity and tributaries with the physicochemical, nutrient and microbial composition of the Ganga (Ganges) River, India |journal=Water Research |date=June 2025 |volume=278 |article-number=123374 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2025.123374 |pmid=40023934 |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/538974/1/1-s2.0-S0043135425002878-main.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Agricultural run-off ===<br /> Since the Green Revolution, pesticide and fertilizer use in India has become commonplace, increasing food production, but additionally contributing to water pollution. In nitrogen based fertilizers, runoff has significantly impacted the water quality of the groundwater in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Eva |last2=Michalak |first2=Anna M. |last3=Balaji |first3=Venkatramani |last4=Resplandy |first4=Laure |date=2022-08-16 |title=India's Riverine Nitrogen Runoff Strongly Impacted by Monsoon Variability |journal=Environmental Science &amp; Technology |volume=56 |issue=16 |pages=11335–11342 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c01274 |pmc=9386906 |pmid=35895996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitrate pollution is a primary concern in India, particularly for farming states such as Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. The overuse of these fertilizers has led to nearly 56% of India's districts exceeding the safe limit of nitrate in their groundwater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kundan |date=2025-01-08 |title=Government report highlights groundwater contamination across India |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2025/01/government-report-highlights-groundwater-contamination-across-india/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Pesticide]]s are a major contaminant of water bodies in developing countries. Pesticides are chemicals that are used to combat against pests including weeds and insects. These chemicals contain large amounts of substances that are harmful to human and animal life, but additionally can last in soil and water bodies. Many pesticides have been banned all over the world due to their environmental damage such as [[DDT|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT), [[Aldrin]] and [[Hexachlorocyclohexane]] (HCH), but are still commonly used as a cheap and easily available alternative to other pesticides in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Sanjay |last2=Mishra |first2=Seema |last3=Tripathi |first3=Rudra Deo |title=Ganga water pollution: A potential health threat to inhabitants of Ganga basin |journal=Environment International |date=August 2018 |volume=117 |pages=327–338 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.015 |pmid=29783191 }}&lt;/ref&gt; India has used over 350,000 million tonnes of DDT since 1985, even though DDT was banned in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Choubey |first=Jitendra |date=2024-03-23 |title=Why India will miss 2024 deadline for toxic DDT phase out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2024/Mar/23/why-india-will-miss-2024-deadline-for-toxic-ddt-phase-out |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only about 15% of pesticide reach their intended target due to leaching, sprays, and runoff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Nitin Kumar |last2=Sanghvi |first2=Gaurav |last3=Yadav |first3=Manish |last4=Padhiyar |first4=Hirendrasinh |last5=Christian |first5=Johnson |last6=Singh |first6=Vijai |title=Fate of pesticides in agricultural runoff treatment systems: Occurrence, impacts and technological progress |journal=Environmental Research |date=November 2023 |volume=237 |article-number=117100 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2023.117100 |pmid=37689336 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The introduction of agrochemicals like HCH and DDT into water bodies can cause [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulation in water bodies]], since these chemicals are resistant to degradation. These chemicals are a part of [[Persistent organic pollutant|Persistent Organic Pollutants]] (POPs), which are potential [[carcinogen]]s and [[mutagen]]s. The levels of POPs found in several Indian rivers are well above the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] permissible limit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A study by the Punjab Pollution Control Board in 2008, revealed that in villages along the Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-[[endosulphan]] and [[heptachlor]] pesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap water. Plus the water had high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and [[chlorpyrifos]] pesticide. The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium.&lt;ref name=&quot;ex&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=May 21, 2008 |title=Buddha Nullah the toxic vein of Malwa |work=Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/buddha-nullah-the-toxic-vein-of-malwa/312236/ |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005151212/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/buddha-nullah-the-toxic-vein-of-malwa/312236/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Industrial wastewater and waste ===<br /> India is one of the most attractive destinations for industrial investment due to its large consumer base and cheap labor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajaram Das 2008 Water pollution&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rajaram |first1=T. |last2=Das |first2=Ashutosh |title=Water pollution by industrial effluents in India: Discharge scenarios and case for participatory ecosystem specific local regulation |journal=Futures |date=February 2008 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2007.06.002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, there has been a quick expansion of industry, but regulations have not kept pace with this expansion, leading to issues of water contamination. In India, there is an significant amount of industrial wastewater that is dispersed into rivers and water bodies, leading to increased processes of eutrophication and altering ecosystem services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rupanjali |last2=Singh |first2=Anuj |last3=Balomajumder |first3=Chandrajit |last4=Vidyarthi |first4=Ajit Kumar |title=Assessment of industrial effluent discharges contributing to Ganga water pollution through a multivariate statistical framework: investigating the context of Indian industries |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |date=6 January 2025 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-35823-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 2016 to 2017, it is estimated that 7.17 million tonnes of hazardous waste was produced by industrial plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jadeja Banerji Kapley Kumar 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jadeja |first1=Niti B. |last2=Banerji |first2=Tuhin |last3=Kapley |first3=Atya |last4=Kumar |first4=Rakesh |title=Water pollution in India – Current scenario |journal=Water Security |date=August 2022 |volume=16 |article-number=100119 |doi=10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100119 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) reported that as of 2016, there were 746 industries directly depositing wastewater into the [[Ganges|Ganga]], which is the largest river in India. This wastewater contains heavy metals such as [[lead]], [[cadmium]], [[copper]], [[chromium]], [[zinc]], and [[arsenic]], which negatively affect both aquatic life as well as human health. Bioaccumulation of these metals can cause several adverse effects on health such as impaired cognitive function, gastrointestinal damage, or renal damage.<br /> <br /> Flooding during monsoons worsens India's water pollution problem, as it washes and moves solid waste and contaminated soils into its rivers and wetlands.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Effects of water pollution in India ==<br /> Water pollution in India has several detrimental effects on both the environment and public health.<br /> <br /> === Health impacts ===<br /> Contaminated water is a significant cause of [[waterborne disease]]s such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. These diseases lead to illness, hospitalization, and even death among the population exposed to polluted water sources. In a study conducted from 2011 to 2015 and from 2016 to 2020, it was reported that there was 263 deaths from cholera in India. The majority of the cases came from Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. Other diseases from contaminated water include typhoid, which has a rate of 500-700 per 10,000 people in India, diarrhoea, which has an infant mortality rate of 9% for ages 0–59 months, and Hepatitis A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Misra Paunikar 2023 Healthy Drinking&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Misra |first1=Purbasha |last2=Paunikar |first2=Vaishali M |title=Healthy Drinking Water as a Necessity in Developing Countries Like India: A Narrative review |journal=Cureus |date=18 October 2023 |doi=10.7759/cureus.47247 |doi-access=free |pmc=10654688 |pmid=38022361 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In India, annually about 37.7 million are impacted by waterborne illness, and they have caused 10,738 deaths from 2017 to 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khambete |first=Aarti Kelkar |date=2021-10-17 |title=Water contamination and pollution - A growing challenge for health and biodiversity |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/faqs/water-contamination-and-pollution-growing-challenge-health-and-biodiversity |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=India Water Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Environmental degradation ===<br /> Pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals harm aquatic ecosystems. They disrupt the balance of ecosystems, leading to the decline of fish and other aquatic organisms, loss of [[biodiversity]], and degradation of habitats.<br /> <br /> Freshwater is important for biodiversity and the maintenance of vital ecosystem services in India. Water contamination tends to diffuse over a wide area, leading to various catchments and river systems to be contaminated. When species come into contact with these contaminants, they can be poisoned and concentrate toxic chemicals. In the case of agricultural fertilizers, this can cause a release of high amounts of nitrates and phosphate, which can lead to eutrophication in water bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Economic costs ===<br /> Water contamination in India has high economic costs, due to the health and environmental impacts of it. The cost of environmental degradation due to water contamination is estimated to be $80 billion a year, whereas the health costs are estimated to be $6.7-8.7 billion per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water pollution is killing millions of Indians. Here's how technology and reliable data can change that |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/10/water-pollution-in-india-data-tech-solution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818185420/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/10/water-pollution-in-india-data-tech-solution/ |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The health impacts of water contamination can be extremely high for individual households. In Ludhiana, Punjab, the per capita cost for lower income households is approximately INR 3,385.90. In Kolkata, this amount on average in INR 1,168.08.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Sukanya |last2=Malhari |first2=Mehak |last3=Starkl |first3=Markus |last4=Brunner |first4=Nobert |last5=Mishra |first5=Pulak |last6=Sahoo |first6=Swosti Subhrajyoti |title=Health and economic consequences due to inadequate water quality: a case study from Eastern India |journal=Journal of Water and Health |date=March 2025 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=397–412 |doi=10.2166/wh.2025.339 |pmid=40156217 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Impact on drinking water ===<br /> Drinking water is a human right and vital for life. Yet, water contamination in India critically impedes safe drinking water, especially for vulnerable populations. In 2019, the Government announced the Jal Jeevan Mission, which aims to catalyze safe drinking water for every rural household by 2030, but progress has been slow. However, safe drinking water management in India has increased from 61% to 71% from 2001 to 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;Misra Paunikar 2023 Healthy Drinking&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> One of the largest impacts on drinking water comes from the groundwater contamination. Nearly 85% of rural drinking water comes from the groundwater, and yet the groundwater is significantly contaminated with nitrates, heavy metals, microbes, and industrial toxins. This contaminants have been leading to an increase of developmental disorders and waterbourne illnesses among the rural populations in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Sudheer Kumar |date=2025-08-08 |title=India's toxic taps: how groundwater contamination is fuelling chronic illnesses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/indias-toxic-taps-how-groundwater-contamination-is-fuelling-chronic-illnesses/article69900562.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Impact on agriculture ===<br /> Agricultural runoff containing [[Pesticides in Canada|pesticides]] and fertilizers contaminates water sources and affects soil fertility. This leads to reduced crop yields and impacts food security.<br /> <br /> Due to the increasing urbanization, many small-holder farmers are turning to irrigate their crops with untreated wastewater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Blue |first1=This article first appeared on Circle of Blue as part of the multi-year Choke Point: India collaboration between Circle of |last2=water |first2=the Wilson Center on the global implications of |last3=energy |last4=India |first4=food challenges in |date=2019-01-03 |title=Toxic Water, Toxic Crops: India's Public Health Time Bomb |url=https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2019/01/toxic-water-toxic-crops-indias-public-health-time-bomb/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=New Security Beat |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Using contaminated water on crops has a significant impact on crop production, leading to the absorption of harmful substances and toxic residues. This can lead to an increase of food bourne illnesses, but additionally contribute to a declining productivity of farms in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Byadmin |title=Tainted Resources: The Ripple Effect of Contaminated Water on Agriculture in India |url=https://nexteel.in/tainted-resources-the-ripple-effect-of-contaminated-water-on-agriculture-in-india/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Impact on vulnerable populations ===<br /> Disparities in water access and contamination exist greatly in India, most notably along the rural-urban divide. For example, while about 90% of the urban population in India has access to safe water, this number decreases to approximately 50% in rural areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Saha |first1=Arunava |last2=Moray |first2=Kusum V. |last3=Devadason |first3=Daniel |last4=Samuel |first4=Barnabas |last5=Daniel |first5=Sanjana Elizabeth |last6=Lalthazuali |first6=null |last7=Peter |first7=Joel Vasanth |last8=Jamshed |first8=Jubin |last9=Harigovind |first9=M. R. |last10=Manne |first10=Mahita Rebecca |last11=Evangeline |first11=Pathula Anusha |last12=Alexander |first12=Roshni Silvia |last13=Issaac |first13=Ruby |last14=Kumar |first14=Senthil J. |last15=Roy |first15=Sheela |date=November 2020 |title=Water quality, sanitation, and hygiene among the tribal community residing in Jawadhi hills, Tamilnadu: An observational study from Southern India |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=5711–5718 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1519_20 |doi-access=free |pmc=7842438 |pmid=33532419 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For these rural populations, access to safe water decreases significantly for tribal populations as well. Only about 20% of Scheduled Tribe households have access to drinking water on their premises, and 33% must travel far distances to receive this water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Balkrishna |first1=Acharya |last2=Sharma |first2=Nidhi |last3=Arya |first3=Vedpriya |title=Navigating the Aquatic Challenges: Tribal Communities in India's Quest for Sustainable Solutions |journal=Current Social Sciences |date=15 October 2024 |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.2174/012772316X301083240902055241 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For these households, the quality of water has been deteriorating—leading to developmental disorders and diseases. For example, in the village of Gangnauli, located approximately 180&amp;nbsp;km from the capital city of New Delhi, nearly 1/3 of youth are sick from water contamination. 71 people died from cancer between 2013 and 2018 in this village, and in 2017 the NGT, the environmental court of India, confirmed that the water was the source of the widespread illnesses in the village. This village does not have a piped water supply, and rather relies on water from handpumps. The water is contaminated from a wide variety of sources, including the industry located in the urban centers nearby, who dump their waste into the tributaries, leading to groundwater contamination. In the groundwater here, there were extremely high levels of mercury and lead at 0.115&amp;nbsp;mg/litre and 0.12&amp;nbsp;mg/litre, respectively. The water crisis is compounded by the lack of public health infrastructure in the region, which is not equipped to deal with an issue of this magnitude. Vulnerable populations such as rural and tribal groups in India are significantly more exposed to issues of water contamination due to these issues of lackluster public health services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Mohammad |title=How river pollution is killing people in an Indian village |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/21/how-river-pollution-is-killing-people-in-an-indian-village |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Solutions ==<br /> <br /> === Restoration and conservation ===<br /> [[Water conservation]] in India is gaining pace. The central government started the Namami Gange program in 2014 to clean up the Ganga river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry Jal Shakti |access-date=2025-11-10 |title=Schemes and Services |url=https://www.jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/offerings?page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mowr.gov.in/schemes-projects-programmes/programmes/ganga-rejuvenation | title=Home &amp;#124; Department of Water Resources, RD &amp; GR &amp;#124; GoI | website=mowr.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Chennai River Restoration Trust]]'s efforts to clean the [[Cooum River|Cooum]], [[Adyar River|Adyar]] rivers in Chennai and civil society efforts spearheaded by organizations like [[Environmentalist Foundation of India]] (E.F.I) to clean lakes and ponds in the country are seen as significant development towards water conservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/99349/environmentalist-foundation-of-india-fundraiser/|title=This Organisation Has Restored 39 Lakes in 10 Years. This Year, You Can Help Them Fight Drought!|date=6 May 2017|website=thebetterindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Siruthuli was created in 2004 for the restoration of water bodies. They have launched a program called Waste Wise, to educate citizens on how to repurpose waste and are designing a system to limit liquid waste from getting into water bodies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Waste wise|url=https://siruthuli.com/waste-wise/|website=Siruthuli|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nationally, the Ministry of the Environment and Forests launched the National River Conservation Plan to protect rivers from pollution and the National Lake Conservation Program to protect lakes. In 2019, the government of India additionally released the Jal Jeevan Mission, which aims to place taps of drinkable water into each rural household by 2024. While this initiative is not directly related to water pollution, drinkable water is an important issue in India due to the contamination of water bodies and sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Priti |date=2022-10-23 |title=Water Pollution Prevention |work=ClearIAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/water-pollution-prevention/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Monitoring ===<br /> The Central Pollution Control Board, a Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests Government of India entity, has established a National Water Quality Monitoring Network comprising 1,429 monitoring stations in 28 states and 6 in Union Territories on various rivers and water bodies across the country. This effort monitors water quality year round. The monitoring network covers 293 rivers, 94 lakes, 9 tanks, 41 ponds, 8 creeks, 23 canals, 18 drains and 411 wells distributed across India.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpcb2008&quot; /&gt; Water samples are routinely analysed for 28 parameters including dissolved oxygen, bacteriological and other internationally established parameters for water quality. Additionally 9 trace metals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2019-12-11 |title=Heavy metals contaminating India's rivers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/heavy-metals-contaminating-indias-rivers/article30279681.ece |access-date=2019-12-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; parameters and 28 pesticide residues are analysed. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. However, despite the advances in technology and networks, water contamination monitoring in India is severely hampered by funding, infrastructure, and data transparency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Challenges and Opportunities for Water Quality Monitoring and Management in India|publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland|work=Integrated Management of Water Resources in India: A Computational Approach: Optimizing for Sustainability and Planning|date=2024|place=Cham|isbn=978-3-031-62079-9|pages=121–137|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-62079-9_7|language=en|first=Mridu|last=Kulwant|first2=Akhilesh Kumar|last2=Yadav|editor-first=Akhilesh Kumar|editor-last=Yadav|editor2-first=Kanchan|editor2-last=Yadav|editor3-first=Vijay P.|editor3-last=Singh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sewage and MSW treatment ===<br /> [[File:Polluted_Canal_in_India.jpg|thumb|A polluted canal in a neighborhood in India.]]<br /> There is a huge gap between the sewage generated in India and the sewage treatment capacity of the country. The central government has largely left it up to the state governments to manage wastewater treatments, which has led to huge disparity in the management of wastewater amongst the several states. However, approximately 815 [[Sewage treatment|sewage treatment plants]] (STPs) are under development or have been planned in the last six years. This has increased the percentage of urban sewage treated from 37% in 2015 to 50% in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A leap to advanced sewage treatment for India - Cambi |url=https://www.cambi.com/resources/blog/a-leap-to-advanced-sewage-treatment-for-india/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.cambi.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011164325/https://www.cambi.com/resources/blog/a-leap-to-advanced-sewage-treatment-for-india/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; There has also been an effort to encourage the reuse or recycling of treated wastewater in agriculture or industrial purposes to reduce the strain on groundwater resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CPCB {{!}} Central Pollution Control Board |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/status-of-stps/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=cpcb.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Other technologies to treat municipal wastewater have also been explored. Natural wetlands have shown to be a good alternative to STPs to remove 76-78% of organic waste, 77-97% of nutrients, and 99.5-99.9% of microbes from wastewater.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sonkamble |first1=Sahebrao |last2=Wajihuddin |first2=Md. |last3=Jampani |first3=Mahesh |last4=Sarah |first4=S. |last5=Somvanshi |first5=V. K. |last6=Ahmed |first6=Shakeel |last7=Amerasinghe |first7=Priyanie |last8=Boisson |first8=Alexandre |date=2017-11-07 |title=Natural treatment system models for wastewater management: a study from Hyderabad, India |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=479–492 |doi=10.2166/wst.2017.565 |pmid=29377832 |doi-access=free |url=https://brgm.hal.science/hal-02860418 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Decentralized wastewater system|Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems]] (DEWATS) have been adopted in some parts of India and have also shown to be an economically feasible alternative to STPs, considering the cost of installing and maintaining an STP is high. The quality of the effluent discharged by the plants was found to be within the permissible limits of the CPCB.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Anju |last2=Sawant |first2=Megha |last3=Kamble |first3=Sheetal Jaisingh |last4=Herlekar |first4=Mihir |last5=Starkl |first5=Markus |last6=Aymerich |first6=Enrique |last7=Kazmi |first7=Absar |title=Performance evaluation of a decentralized wastewater treatment system in India |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |date=July 2019 |volume=26 |issue=21 |pages=21172–21188 |doi=10.1007/s11356-019-05444-z |pmid=31119547 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2005, Indian [[wastewater treatment]] plant market has been growing annually at the rate of 10 to 12 percent. The [[United States]] is the largest supplier of treatment equipment and supplies to India, with 40 percent market share of new installation.&lt;ref name=&quot;vgp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Indian Water and Wastewater Treatment Market Opportunities for US Companies |url=http://www.ivgpartners.com/reports/US%20India%20Water%20Opportunities.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071657/http://www.ivgpartners.com/reports/US%20India%20Water%20Opportunities.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2012-09-02 |publisher=Virtus Global Partners}}&lt;/ref&gt; At that rate of expansion, and assuming the government of India continues on its path of reform, major investments in sewage treatment plants and electricity infrastructure development, it was estimated India will nearly triple its water treatment capacity by 2015, and treatment capacity supply will match India's daily sewage water treatment requirements by about 2020.<br /> <br /> === Industrial wastewater treatment ===<br /> Industrial wastewater is highly unregulated in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajaram Das 2008 Water pollution&quot;/&gt; However, several initiatives have been taken by the government to prevent industrial pollution of water resources. [[Zero liquid discharge]] (ZLD) is a water treatment process to eliminate liquid waste from industries that release very polluted wastewater, such as the fertiliser sector and distilleries. ZLD has been encouraged by the government and since implemented at some large industrial plants like [[Unilever]] and [[Procter &amp; Gamble|P&amp;G]], but installation costs and failure to process large amounts of dissolved solids in wastewater are a huge deterrent for industrial plants to adopt this technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jadeja Banerji Kapley Kumar 2022&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Alkali soil]]<br /> * [[Environmental impact of irrigation]]<br /> * [[Environmental issues in India]]<br /> * [[Indian states and union territories ranked by prevalence of open defecation]]<br /> * [[Groundwater#India|Ground water in India]]<br /> * [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]<br /> * [[Irrigation in India]]<br /> * [[National Water Policy]]<br /> * [[Water resources in India]]<br /> * [[Water scarcity in India]]<br /> * [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]<br /> * [[Ghazipur landfill]]<br /> * [[Bhalswa landfill]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/ India Water Portal]<br /> *[http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_WASH_2010_Annual_Report_15_06_2011_Final(1).pdf UNICEF Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Annual Report 2010]<br /> *https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/84986-.html<br /> *[http://yamunamission.com/ Yamuna Mission]<br /> <br /> {{Landfills in india}}<br /> {{Asia topic|Water pollution in}}<br /> {{India topics|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Social issues in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Water pollution in India| ]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vellikizhamai_Viratham&diff=464527 2026-03-14T04:55:27Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1974 film by Ramamurthy Thyagarajan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Vellikizhamai Viratham.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]]<br /> | screenplay = [[Aaroor Dass]]<br /> | story = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]<br /> | producer = Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar<br /> | starring = [[Sivakumar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jayachitra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jayasudha]]<br /> | cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy<br /> | editing = M. G. Balu Rao &lt;br /&gt; P. Babu<br /> | music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]<br /> | studio = [[Dhandayudhapani Films]]<br /> | released = {{film date|1974|4|12|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 146 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=friday |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1974 |pages=98 |language=en |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315102415/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU_AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=friday |archive-date=15 March 2022 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Vellikizhamai Viratham''''' ({{IPA|ta|ʋeɭɭikiɻamaɪ ʋiɾaðam|pron}} {{Translation|Fast on Friday}}) is a 1974 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]], directed by [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] in his debut and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] under [[Dhandayudhapani Films]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=12 November 2016 |title=Vellikizhamai Viratham (1974) TAMIL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Vellikizhamai-Viratham-1974-TAMIL/article16374361.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201055623/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Vellikizhamai-Viratham-1974-TAMIL/article16374361.ece |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Jayachitra]] and [[Jayasudha]], along with [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] and [[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]] as supporting actors. It was released on 12 April 1974. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Nomu (film)|Nomu]]'' (1974)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Arun |date=25 February 2023 |title=பாம்பை வைத்து படம் எடுத்ததுக்கு இப்படி ஒரு வரவேற்பா!... வெளிநாட்டுக்காரனையே அசரடித்த நம்மூர் தயாரிப்பாளர்... |url=https://cinereporters.com/avm-production-nomu-movie-screened-in-moscow-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201175724/https://cinereporters.com/avm-production-nomu-movie-screened-in-moscow-film-festival/ |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=Ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in [[Hindi]] as ''Shubh Din'' (1974).{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=June 2021}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Sivakumar]] as Nagarajan / Rajan<br /> * [[Nagesh]] as Ramu<br /> * [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as Kanthasamy<br /> * [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Ashok<br /> * [[Sasikumar (actor, born 1944)|Sasikumar]] as Suresh<br /> * [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] as Nattamai<br /> * [[Jayachitra]] as Parvathi<br /> * [[Jayasudha]] as Jaya<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Vellikizhamai Viratham'' is the directorial debut of [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ka&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=11 March 1979 |title=நாகசாந்தியும் வெள்ளிக்கிழமை விரதமும் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-03-11/kalki1979-03-11.pdf |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 April 2019 |title=Chinnappa Devar family scion speaks about dad, granddad &amp; films with Rajini |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/16/chinnappa-devar-family-scion-speaks-about-her-father-grandfather-and-their-films-with-rajini/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417140254/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/04/16/chinnappa-devar-family-scion-speaks-about-her-father-grandfather-and-their-films-with-rajini/ |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[News Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kamal Haasan]] worked under K. Thangappan as his dance assistant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=சிவகுமார் |author-link=Sivakumar |date=21 May 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 33: வெள்ளிக்கிழமை விரதம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/673297-thiraippada-solai-33.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521231711/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/673297-thiraippada-solai-33.html |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's story was written by Sandow Chinnappa Thevar inspired from the films ''[[The Shadow of the Cat]]'' and ''[[Cult of the Cobra]]'' who initially created a plot revolving around a child and snake since Thyagarajan wanted romance, a new plot was formed. Thyagarajan revealed sound overlapping system technology was used in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;ka&quot; /&gt; Thyagarajan initially wanted to film in black-and-white; however Chinnappa Thevar insisted him to film in colour. 15 cobras were bought specially for this film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=15 May 1983 |title=வெ.விரதம் முதல் ச. விரதம் வரை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-05-15/page/n63/mode/2up? |access-date=16 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=63–64 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[A. Maruthakasi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vellikkizhamai Viratham Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vellikkizhamai-viratham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072553/https://macsendisk.com/product/vellikkizhamai-viratham-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Macsendisk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Yethaiyo Ninaithathu&quot; || [[P. Susheela]] || 3:44<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aasai Anbu&quot; || rowspan=3|[[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[P. Susheela]] || 3:37<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Deviyin Thirumugam&quot; || 3:46<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gellu Gellu&quot; (Charming Beautiful) || 4:12<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Vellikizhamai Viratham'' was released on 12 April 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 April 1974 |title=வெள்ளிக்கிழமை விரதம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_60/4.jp2/full/1000,1463/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122180936/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_60/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1463/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Navamani'' praised the dialogues, acting, music and snake related adventures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=7 May 1974 |title=வெள்ளிக்கிழமை விரதம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_69/4.jp2/full/1000,1470/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250122170113/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_69/4.jp2/full/1000,1470/0/default.jpg |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was a major success,&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt; and propelled Jayachitra to stardom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=30 November 2018 |title=Scene change: Rules limit screen presence of animals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/scene-change-rules-limit-screen-presence-of-animals/articleshow/66977732.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314044704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/scene-change-rules-limit-screen-presence-of-animals/articleshow/66977732.cms |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=1 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{R. Thyagarajan (director)}}<br /> {{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1974 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about snakes]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by R. Thyagarajan (director)]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu devotional films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_from_Jharkhand&diff=465295 2026-03-13T14:41:48Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: quick improved section for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}<br /> This is a list of some of the notable people either born or brought up in [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].<br /> {{Dynamic list}}<br /> <br /> ==Award winners==<br /> <br /> ===Padma Bhushan===<br /> *[[Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay]] - 2010, Social Activist, Gandhian<br /> *[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] - 2018, Indian international cricketer who captained the Indian [[national team]] in limited-overs formats from 2007 to 2016 and in Test [[cricket]] from 2008 to 2014.<br /> *[[Kariya Munda]] - 2019, Indian politician and the former Deputy Speaker of the 15th Lok Sabha<br /> <br /> ===Padma Shri===<br /> * [[Shashadhar Acharya]] - 2020, Chhau dancer<br /> *[[Premlata Agarwal]] - 2013<br /> *[[Ashok Bhagat]] - 2015, social worker and secretary of Vikas Bharti<br /> *[[Makar Dhwaja Darogha]] - 2011, Chhau Dancer <br /> *[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] - 2009, Indian international cricketer<br /> *[[Gopal Prasad Dubey|Pandit Gopal Prasad Dubey]] - 2012, Chhau dancer and choreographer<br /> *[[Balbir Dutt]] - 2017, journalist<br /> *[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] - 2022, Literature<br /> *[[Chutni Devi]] - 2021, social worker<br /> *[[Digamber Hansda]] - 2018<br /> *[[Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh]] - 2020, folk singer<br /> *[[Bulu Imam]] - 2019, activist<br /> *[[Deepika Kumari]] - 2016, sports, archery<br /> *[[Vasundhara Komkali]] - 2006, classical musician<br /> *[[Mukund Nayak]] - 2017, folk singer<br /> *[[Parasu Ram Mishra]]<br /> *[[Ram Dayal Munda]] - 2010, Indian scholar and regional music exponent<br /> *[[Simon Oraon]] - 2016, Indian environmentalist and social worker<br /> *[[Shyama Charan Pati]] - 2006, Chhau Dancer<br /> *[[Kedar Nath Sahoo]] - 2005, classical dancer<br /> *[[Jamuna Tudu]] - 2019, environmental activist<br /> <br /> ===Sangeet Natak Akademi Award===<br /> *[[Chetan Joshi]], flautist<br /> *[[Mahavir Nayak]], nagpuri folk singer<br /> *[[Mukund Nayak]], folk artist<br /> <br /> ===Jharkhand Gaurav Samman===<br /> *[[Lal Vijay Shahdeo]] - 2019, film director, producer and writer<br /> <br /> === Nari Shakti Puraskar ===<br /> *[[Chami Murmu]] - 2019, environmental activist<br /> *[[Bharti Kashyap|Dr. Bharti Kashyap]] - 2017, vision and safe motherhood intervention<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> *[[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], scholar<br /> *[[Gerald Durrell]] - naturalist, zookeeper, conservationist, author and television presenter; born in [[Jamshedpur]] in 1925<br /> *[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] - Literature and Scholar<br /> *[[Shravan Kumar Goswami]], Professor and Scholar<br /> *[[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]] - educationist, writer, scholar<br /> *[[Shakuntala Mishra]], Professor and writer<br /> *[[Ram Dayal Munda]] - former Vice-Chancellor of [[Ranchi University]]<br /> *[[Ram Krishna Singh]] - teacher of English language skills and Indian writing in [[English language|English]] at Indian School of Mines, [[Dhanbad]] since 1976<br /> <br /> ==Authors==<br /> * [[Miniya Chatterji]] - author<br /> * [[Pankaj Dubey]] - author<br /> * [[Aditi Gupta (author)|Aditi Gupta]] - author<br /> * [[Bulu Imam]] - environmentalist, writer<br /> * [[Shiv Khera]] - author, motivational speaker, activist<br /> * [[Praful Kumar Rai]] - writer<br /> * [[Nikita Singh]] - author<br /> * [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]] - writer<br /> * [[Khagendra Thakur]]<br /> <br /> ==Bureaucrats==<br /> *[[Subodh Kumar Jaiswal]] - Director of CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)<br /> *[[Rajeev Topno]] - Private Secretary to the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]]; former Director of Prime Minister's office (PMO), New Delhi<br /> <br /> ==Business and industry==<br /> *[[Anurag Dikshit]] - born in [[Dhanbad]], ranked 207 by ''Forbes'' among the world's richest people in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/7XUE.html|title = Forbes List Directory|website = [[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Atul Kochhar]] - Indian-born, British based chef, restaurateur, and television personality<br /> *[[Mahesh Poddar]] - industrialist<br /> <br /> == Cinema and theatre ==<br /> ===Actors===<br /> *[[Krishna Bharadwaj (actor)]] - born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] - born in Jharia<br /> *[[Meiyang Chang]] - born in Dhanbad<br /> *[[Dipankar De]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Dinesh Deva]] - dancer and actor <br /> *[[Adarsh Gourav]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Raman Gupta]] - actor and dancer<br /> *[[Rajesh Jais]] - born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Sanjeev Jaiswal]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Deepak Lohar]], actor<br /> *[[R. Madhavan]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Zeishan Quadri]] - actor and writer, born in Wasseypur<br /> *[[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] - actor and producer, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Imran Zahid]] - born in Bokaro<br /> <br /> ===Actresses===<br /> *[[Pratyusha Banerjee]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Priyanka Chopra]] - [[Miss World]] 2000, actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Deeba]] - actress, born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Rasika Duggal]] - actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Ishita Dutta]] - younger sister of Tanushree Dutta, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Tanushree Dutta]] - [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] 2004, actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Auritra Ghosh]] - actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Komal Jha]] - actress, born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Shweta Prasad]] - actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Amrita Raichand]] - actress, born in Dhanbad<br /> *[[Anushka Sen]], actress, born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Meenakshi Seshadri]] - Miss India 1981, born in [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]]<br /> *[[Eenu Shree]] - actress, born in [[Jamshedpur]]<br /> *[[Alisha Singh]] - actress, dancer and choreographer, born in Ranchi<br /> *[[Pooja Singh]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Reecha Sinha]] - actress, born in Hazaribagh<br /> *[[Simone Singh]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Supriya Kumari]], actress<br /> *[[Sumann]] - born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]] - Punjabi actress, born in Jamshedpur<br /> <br /> ===Cinematographer / Choreographers===<br /> *[[Aseem Mishra]] - cinematographer, born in Dhanbad<br /> *[[Alisha Singh]] - choreographer and actor, born in Ranchi<br /> <br /> ===Directors / Producers===<br /> *[[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] - director and writer, Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Amit Bose]] - director, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Sriram Dalton]] - director, born in [[Daltonganj]]<br /> *[[Raj Kumar Gupta]] - director, born in Hazaribag<br /> *[[Sanjivan Lal]] - director and writer, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Akashaditya Lama]] - director and scriptwriter based in Bollywood, born in [[Ranchi]]<br /> *[[Prem Prakash Modi]] - director and writer, [[Dumka]]<br /> *[[Shomu Mukherjee]] - director, writer and producer, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Lal Vijay Shahdeo]] - director, producer and writer based in Mumbai, born in [[Lohardaga]]<br /> *[[Gul Bahar Singh]] - director, born in Pakur <br /> *[[Biju Toppo]] - director and producer, born in [[Mahuadanr]]<br /> <br /> ===Music / playback singers / Lyricist / Poet===<br /> *[[Rajdeep Chatterjee]] - singer<br /> *[[Biswajit Roy Chowdhury]] - Hindustani classical musician and sarod player, Deoghar<br /> *[[Payal Dev]] - playback singer<br /> *[[Ronkini Gupta]] - playback singer, born in Jamshedpur <br /> *[[Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh]] - folk singer, born in [[Ranchi]]<br /> *[[Chetan Joshi]] - flautist in the Hindustani classical music, Jharia<br /> *[[Govind Sharan Lohra]] - nagpuri folk singer<br /> *[[Monica Mundu]] - playback singer, also acted in film M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story <br /> *[[Nandlal Nayak]] - music composer<br /> *[[Shilpa Rao]] - singer, born in Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Chandan Tiwari]] - folk singer, Bokaro<br /> <br /> == Freedom fighters and revolutionaries ==<br /> *[[Budhu Bhagat]] - freedom fighter <br /> *[[Sheikh Bhikhari]] - freedom fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]<br /> *[[Telanga Kharia]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Chanku Mahato]]- freedom fighter in Godda<br /> *[[Dhananjay Mahato]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Raghunath Mahato|Raghunath mahato]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Tilka Majhi]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Birsa Munda]] - freedom fighter and folk hero; belonged to the tribal group of [[Munda people]]<br /> *[[Kanhu Murmu]] - leader of [[Santal Revolt|Santal revolt]]<br /> *[[Sido Murmu]] - leader of [[Santhal rebellion|Santal revolt]]<br /> *[[Nilambar and Pitambar]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Jagabandhu Patnaik]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] - freedom fighter in [[1857 Rebellion|1857 rebellion]]<br /> *[[Bakhtar Say]] - freedom fighter, fought against British force in 1812<br /> *[[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] - freedom fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]<br /> *[[Ganga Narayan Singh]] - leader of [[Bhumij revolt]]<br /> *[[Mundal Singh]] - freedom fighter, fought against British force in 1812<br /> *[[Raja Arjun Singh]] - freedom fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]<br /> *[[Ram Narayan Singh]] - freedom fighter<br /> *[[Tikait Umrao Singh]] - freedom fighter in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]<br /> <br /> ==Journalism==<br /> *[[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], editor <br /> *[[Dayamani Barla]] - journalist in Hindi newspaper ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''<br /> *[[Balbir Dutt]] - founder director and editor in chief of Hindi daily Deshpran.<br /> *[[Anjana Om Kashyap]] - executive editor of the Hindi news channel [[Aaj Tak]]<br /> <br /> ==Jurists and Lawyers==<br /> *[[Binod Bihari Mahato]] - lawyer, politician, political activist<br /> *[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] - jurist and political activist<br /> *[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]] - lawyer, writer, political activist<br /> <br /> ==Medical==<br /> *[[Bharti Kashyap]] - ophthalmologist<br /> *[[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]] - created the world's second and India's first child using in-vitro fertilisation<br /> <br /> ==Gallantry Awards winner==<br /> *[[Rakesh Asthana]]<br /> *[[Albert Ekka]] - recipient of [[Param Vir Chakra]]<br /> *[[Randhir Prasad Verma]] - recipient of [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]<br /> <br /> ==Poetry==<br /> *[[Anuj Lugun]] - won the prestigious Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award in 2011 for the best poem in Hindi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html |title=Hindi stalwarts praise tribal poet - Yahoo News India |access-date=2014-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214729/https://in.news.yahoo.com/hindi-stalwarts-praise-tribal-poet-000000197.html |archive-date=2014-11-12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Ghasiram Mahli]] - Nagpuri poet<br /> *[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]] - Nagpuri poet<br /> *[[Raghunath Shah]] - Nagvanshi king and poet<br /> *[[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], poet<br /> *[[Ram Krishna Singh]] - published seventeen poetry collections in English&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nazar Look 2013-09|url=https://issuu.com/kirim-tatar-kitaplari/docs/nazar_2013_09_online|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Issuu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> ===Activist===<br /> * [[Arjun Munda]]<br /> *[[Banna Gupta]]<br /> *[[Salkhan Murmu]] - Indian socio-political activist<br /> *[[Surya Singh Besra]] - politician and activist<br /> *[[Binod Bihari Mahato]] - lawyer, politician, political activist <br /> *[[Nirmal Mahto]] - political activist<br /> *[[Teklal Mahto]] - politician<br /> *[[Thakur Ji Pathak]] - Indian activist, politician, businessman, well-known leader of Jharkhand(bihar)<br /> *[[Jaipal Singh Munda]], hockey player and tribal leader<br /> *[[Kunal Sarangi]] - politician<br /> *[[Rudra Pratap Sarangi]] - politician and activist<br /> *[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]] - lawyer, writer, political activist<br /> *[[Shibu Soren]] - politician<br /> <br /> ===Governors of other states===<br /> *[[Bhishma Narain Singh]] - Member of [[Namudag]] royal family and governor of [[Assam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> *[[Rameshwar Thakur]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ===Chief Minister===<br /> *[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] - Chief Minister of Bihar from 14 February 1988 to 10 March 1989; born at Kasba village at Mehrama in [[Godda district]]<br /> *[[Raghubar Das]] - former chief minister of Jharkhand<br /> *[[Bindeshwari Dubey]] - Chief Minister of Bihar from 12 March 1985 to 14 February 1988; was involved in a Trade Union Movement in Chotanagpur collieries and industries since 1944; played an important role in the nationalization of collieries in India, specially in Jharkhand; was 6 term MLA from Bermo constituency in Bokaro District and MP from Giridih in Jharkhand<br /> *[[Binodanand Jha]] - Chief Minister of Bihar from February 1961 to October 1963<br /> *[[Madhu Koda]] - former chief minister of Jharkhand<br /> *[[Babulal Marandi]] - first Chief Minister of Jharkhand born in Giridih P.S Tisri P.O Chandouri<br /> *[[Arjun Munda]] - born in [[Jamshedpur]], Union Minister of Tribal Affairs, Government of India.<br /> *[[K. B. Sahay|Krishna Ballabh Sahay]] - ex-[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Bihar]]<br /> *[[Hemant Soren]] - current Chief Minister of Jharkhand<br /> *[[Shibu Soren]] - former Chief Minister of Jharkhand<br /> *[[Champai Soren]] - Former Chief Minister of Jharkhand<br /> <br /> ===Cabinet minister===<br /> *[[Yadunath Baskey]] - Minister in Bihar government<br /> *[[Satyanand Bhogta]] - minister of labour<br /> *[[Sudesh Kumar Mahto]] - former deputy chief minister <br /> *[[Arjun Munda]] - Minister of Tribal Affairs of India<br /> *[[Kariya Munda]] - former speaker of Loksabha<br /> *[[Vimla Pradhan]] - former tourism minister<br /> *[[Dinesh Sarangi]] - first health minister Jharkhand<br /> *[[Sanatan Sardar]] - Veteran tribal leader, former irrigation minister, Bihar and three-term MLA from Potka<br /> *[[Subodh Kant Sahay]] - former cabinet minister, government of India<br /> *[[Basant Narain Singh]] - cabinet minister in Bihar<br /> *[[Jayant Sinha]] - aviation minister<br /> *[[Yashwant Sinha]] - former Union Cabinet minister, Government of India<br /> <br /> ===Other===<br /> *[[Lobin Hembrom]] - politician<br /> *[[Ajoy Kumar]] - former [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer; elected as the MP (Member of Parliament)<br /> *[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]] - MP from Jamshedpur<br /> *[[Shashank Manjari]] - member of Ramgarh Raj royal family and ex MLA from Dumri<br /> *[[Kartik Oraon]] - former member of Parliament<br /> *[[Sambit Patra]] - politician and spokesperson of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> *[[Vijaya Raje]] - member of Ramgarh Raj royal family and ex MLA from Chatra<br /> *[[Ravindra Kumar Ray]] - former member of Parliament<br /> *[[Kunal Sarangi]] - politician<br /> *[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]] - last Nagvanshi king and MLA from Ranchi<br /> *[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] - King of Ramgarh Raj and politician<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> *[[Thakur Anukulchandra]]<br /> *[[Father Kamil Bulke]]<br /> *[[Parshvanatha]] - twenty-third [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism<br /> *[[Telesphore Toppo]]<br /> *[[Dular Lakra]]<br /> <br /> ==Rulers==<br /> *[[Bairisal]], Nagvanshi king in 16th century<br /> *[[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]], Nagvanshi king in 20th century<br /> *[[Bhim Karn]], Nagvanshi king in 12th century<br /> *[[Pratap Karn]], Nagvanshi king in 15th century<br /> *[[Shivdas Karn]], Nagvanshi king in 14th century<br /> *[[Gajghat Rai]], Nagvanshi king in 9th century<br /> *[[Phani Mukut Rai]], first Nagvanshi king<br /> *[[Medini Ray]], King of Palamu in 17th century<br /> *[[Durjan Shah]], Nagvanshi king in 17th century<br /> *[[Dripnath Shah]], Nagvanshi king in 18th century<br /> *[[Madhu Karn Shah]], Nagvanshi king in 16th century<br /> *[[Raghunath Shah]], Nagvanshi king in 17th century<br /> *[[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]], Nagvanshi king in 17th century<br /> *[[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], king of Barkagarh<br /> *[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], last Nagvanshi king<br /> *[[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]], King of Barkagarh<br /> *[[Baghdeo Singh]], first king of Ramgarh Raj<br /> *[[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], king of Ramgarh in 17th century<br /> *[[Jagatpal Singh]], king of [[Pithuriya]]<br /> *[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]], king of Ramgarh<br /> *[[Mukund Singh]], king of Ramgarh<br /> *[[Raja Arjun Singh]], King of Porahat<br /> *[[Tikait Umrao Singh]], king of Ormanjhi<br /> <br /> ==Social service==<br /> * [[Jyoti Dhawale]] - HIV activist<br /> * [[Bharti Kashyap|Dr. Bharti Kashyap]] - vision and cervical cancer activist<br /> * [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] - 19th Century Indian educator and social reformer<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> ===Archery===<br /> *[[Komalika Bari]] <br /> *[[Mangal Singh Champia]] - Indian archer, who won multiple medals in several International event, including Asian Games.<br /> *[[Deepika Kumari]] - Indian athlete who competes in archery status, currently ranked number 1 in the world.<br /> *[[Madhumita Kumari]] - won the Silver Medal Asian Games 2018 in the Women's compound archery team event.<br /> *[[Laxmirani Majhi]]<br /> *[[Purnima Mahato]] - won the Indian national archery championships and a silver medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.<br /> <br /> ===Boxing===<br /> *[[Anthresh Lalit Lakra]] - international boxer<br /> *[[Aruna Mishra]] - 2004 world champion<br /> *[[Diwakar Prasad]] - international boxer<br /> *[[Birju Shah]] - international boxer<br /> *[[Selay Soy]] - boxer<br /> <br /> ===Cricket===<br /> *[[Varun Aaron]]<br /> *[[Kirti Azad]]<br /> *[[Rajesh Chauhan]]<br /> *[[Kumar Deobrat]]<br /> *[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]<br /> *[[Ishank Jaggi]]<br /> *[[Monu Kumar]]<br /> *[[Kumar Kushagra]]<br /> *[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]<br /> *[[Shubhlakshmi Sharma]] - Indian female cricket player<br /> *[[Pratyush Singh]] - made his first-class debut for Jharkhand in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 20 October 2016.<br /> *[[Randhir Singh (cricketer)|Randhir Singh]]<br /> *[[Utkarsh Singh]]<br /> *[[Virat Singh]]<br /> *[[Saurabh Tiwary]]<br /> *[[Rahul Tripathi]]<br /> *[[Vikash Vishal]]<br /> *[[Ishan Kishan]]<br /> <br /> ===Association football===<br /> *[[Deepak Mondal]] - Indian professional footballer<br /> *[[Sanjay Balmuchu]] - [[India]]n [[association football|footballer]], plays as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] in the [[I-League]]; 2012 graduate of the [[Tata Football Academy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kapadia|first=Novy|title=Silver Jubilee of Tata Football Academy|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/10/21/silver-jubilee-of-tata-football-academy/|work=SportsKeeda|access-date=5 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Munmun Lugun]] - Indian footballer, plays as a [[defender (association football)|defender]] for [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] in the I-League<br /> <br /> ===Hockey===<br /> *[[Kanti Baa]]<br /> *[[Sylvanus Dung Dung]] - former field hockey player from India<br /> *[[Michael Kindo]]<br /> *[[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita Kumari]]<br /> *[[Bimal Lakra]]<br /> *[[Birendra Lakra]] - born in [[Simdega]]<br /> *[[Jaipal Singh Munda]] - captained the Indian field hockey team to win gold in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam<br /> *[[Nikki Pradhan]]<br /> *[[Pushpa Pradhan]]<br /> *[[Masira Surin]]<br /> *[[Sumrai Tete]]<br /> *[[Manohar Topno]]<br /> <br /> ===Lawn bowls===<br /> *[[Lovely Choubey]]<br /> *[[Rupa Rani Tirkey]]<br /> <br /> ===Mountaineering===<br /> *[[Premlata Agarwal]] - [[mountain climber]]; on May 21, 2011, became the oldest Indian woman to summit [[Mount Everest]], at age 45&lt;ref name=tele&gt;{{cite news |title=On the top of the world - Steel city mom oldest Indian woman to scale Everest |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14009988.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524162250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14009988.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]|date=May 21, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Binita Soren]] - [[mountain climber]]; on May 26, 2012, became the first tribal woman to summit [[Mount Everest]], at age 25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Everest climbers spur high spirits |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/everest-climbers-spur-high-spirits/cid/411345 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Others==<br /> *[[Rameesh Kailasam]] - governance reform and policy expert from India<br /> *[[Swati Ghosh]] - contemporary artist<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jharkhand| ]]<br /> [[Category:Jharkhand-related lists|People]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramapuram,_Duvvur_mandal&diff=529156 2026-03-05T00:03:45Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding new entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ramapuram<br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|14.8086|78.7081|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = Ramapuram<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 516175<br /> | registration_plate = AP<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ramapuram''' is a hamlet in [[Kadapa district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Duvvur mandal]] of [[Badvel revenue division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Unseasonal rain, gales cause chaos in Andhra Pradesh's Kadapa |date=2023-05-22 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/May/22/unseasonal-rain-gales-cause-chaos-in-andhra-pradeshs-kadapa-2577348.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The village has around 150 families with Ram temple, primary school. [[Kadapa]] is 44&amp;nbsp;km away.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]<br /> <br /> {{Kadapa-geo-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiranyakashipu&diff=464639 2026-03-04T02:48:07Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: small update citations for clarity further and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Redirect|Iraniyan|the Tamil film|Iraniyan (film)}}<br /> {{Short description|Asura in Hindu mythology}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}{{Infobox deity<br /> | type = hindu<br /> | image = Hiranyakasipu About to Decapitate Prahlada, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord)_LACMA M.88.227.jpg<br /> | caption = 18th century painting depicting Hiranyakashipu seated on a throne, trying to kill his son, Prahlada (left).<br /> | consort = Kayadhu/Kamala<br /> | weapon = Mace<br /> | affiliation = [[Asura]], [[Daitya]]<br /> | father = [[Kashyapa]]<br /> | mother = [[Diti]]<br /> | children = <br /> * '''Son:'''[[Prahlada]], Saṃhrāda, Anuhlada, Hlada, Shibi, and Bashkala from Kayadhu<br /> * '''Daughters''': Divyadevi and Paulami (wives of sage [[Bhrigu]]) and Simhika from Kayadhu<br /> | siblings = [[Hiranyaksha]] (younger brother), [[Holika]] (younger sister)<br /> }}<br /> {{Hinduism}}<br /> '''Hiranyakashipu''' ({{Langx|sa|हिरण्यकशिपु}}, {{IAST3|Hiraṇyakaśipu}}), was a [[daitya]] king of the [[asura]]s in the [[Puranas]].&lt;ref&gt;Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions, p. 20, Karen-Marie Yust, Aostre N. Johnson, Sandy Eisenberg Sasso, Rowman &amp; Littlefield&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In [[Hinduism]], Hiranyakashipu's younger brother, [[Hiranyaksha]], was slain by the [[Varaha]] (boar) [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. Angered by this, Hiranyakashipu decided to gain a boon of invulnerability by performing [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]] to propitiate [[Brahma]]. After his subjugation of the [[Trailokya|three worlds]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=D. Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA185 |title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9 |pages=185 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; he was slain by the [[Narasimha]] (man-lion) avatar of Vishnu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 734|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> Hiranyakashipu literally translates to &quot;person desiring wealth and material comforts&quot; (''hiranya'' &quot;gold&quot; ''kashipu'' &quot;soft bed&quot;), and is often interpreted as depicting one who is fond of wealth and sensual comforts. In the [[Puranas]], however, it is also stated the name was derived from a golden throne called 'Hiranyakashipu' the asura sat in or nearby during the [[Agnicayana|atiratra]] (soma) sacrifice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=G.V.Tagare |url=https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart2 |title=Brahmanda Purana - English Translation - Part 2 of 5 |date=1958 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart2/page/n36 426] (5.4-5)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> <br /> === Birth ===<br /> {{main|Jaya-Vijaya}}<br /> According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha are Vishnu's gatekeepers Jaya and Vijaya, born on earth as the result of a curse from the [[Four Kumaras]]. In the ''[[Satya Yuga]]'', Hiranyakashipu and Hiranyaksha &amp;ndash; together called the ''Hiranya''s &amp;ndash; were born to [[Diti]] (a daughter of [[Daksha]]) and sage [[Kashyapa]]. It is said that [[asura]]s were born to them as a result of their union at the time of dusk, which was said to be an inauspicious time for such a deed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/314 314]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Austerities and Boons ===<br /> [[File:Hiranyakashipu penance.jpg|thumb|Illustration based on Canto 7, Chapter 3 of the Bhagvata Purana, showing Hiranyakashipu performing severe penance to please Brahma. His penance has started a fire, seen on the left. ]]<br /> [[File:Devas approach Vishnu to requesting him to control Hiranya kashipu.jpg|thumb|Devas approach Vishnu requesting Him to control Hiranyakashipu]]<br /> After Hiranyakashipu's younger brother, Hiranyaksha, was slain by the hands of the [[Varaha]] avatar of Vishnu, Hiranyakashipu came to hate Vishnu. He decided to kill him by gaining a boon of invulnerability from Brahma. Hiranyakashipu traveled to the valley of the [[Mount Mandara|Mandara Mountain]], where he began an extreme form of penance. He stood motionless with his arms raised upward and his gaze fixed toward the sky. The [[Harivaṃśa|Harivamsha Purana]] states that Hiranyakashyipu did severe austerities for 11,500 years while observing the vow of silence in water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vyasa |first=Veda |title=A Prose English Translation of Harivamsha |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61937/61937-h/61937-h.htm#chapter-xli-the-incarnations-of-vishnu |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=file:///htdocs/ebookmaker/cache/20200425205750/harivamsa.rst |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Hiranyakashipu remained immobile for so long, his body became enveloped by grass, bamboo, and an anthill. Ants and other insects consumed his skin, flesh, fat, and blood, leaving only his skeleton. Despite this, his life force continued to circulate within his bones. Over time, his austerities became so intense that a blazing fire emanated from his head. This heat spread throughout the three worlds, causing the abode of the devas to tremble. This forced the devas to abandon their abodes and seek help from Brahma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srimad Bhagavatam: Canto 7 - Chapter 3 |url=https://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto7/chapter3.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.srimadbhagavatam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER THREE |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/7/3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119065420/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/7/3/ |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=vedabase.io |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hiranyakashipu's plan seemed to work initially, with Brahma becoming pleased by Hiranyakashipu's austerities.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/4/1/en1 Bhag-P 7.4.1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234834/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/4/1/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} &quot;Lord Brahma was very much satisfied by Hiranyakasipu's austerities, which were difficult to perform&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Brahma appeared before Hiranyakashipu and offered him a boon of his choice. But when Hiranyakashipu asked for immortality, Brahma refused. Hiranyakashipu then made the following request: <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> O my lord, O best of the givers of benediction, if you will kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me not meet death from any of the living entities created by you.<br /> <br /> Grant me that I not die within any residence or outside any residence, during the daytime or at night, nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death not be brought by any being created by you, nor by any weapon, nor by any human being or animal.<br /> <br /> Grant me that I not meet the death from any entity, living or nonliving. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any demigod or demon, or by any great snake from the lower planets. Since no one can kill you in the battlefield, you have no competitor. Therefore, grant me the benediction that I too may have no rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities and presiding deities, and give me all the glories obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the mystic powers attained by long austerities and the practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/3/en1 Bhag-P, Canto 7] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234959/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/3/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} 7.3.35–38&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Shiva Purana]] mentions the boon with a slight variation, where Hiranyakashipu asked Brahma that he would be invulnerable to weapons, thunderbolts, mountains, trees, missiles, water, fire, or any creature created by him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Siva Purana: 4 Parts in Set (AITM Vols. 1 to 4) |url=https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/products/the-siva-purana-4-volumes-j-l-shastri |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Motilal Banarsidass |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After receiving the boons, Hiranyakashipu felt invincible and conquered the [[Trailokya|three worlds]], assuming the throne of [[Indra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Hiranyakashipu, Hiraṇyakaśipu, Hiranya-kashipu: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/hiranyakashipu#purana |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Skanda Purana]], Hiranyakashipu ruled the universe for 107.28 million years, or 24.8 yugas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Leviton |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59pkEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Hiranyakashipu+ruled+the+universe+for+107.28+million+years,&amp;pg=PT416 |title=Mythopoieic Planet: Notes from a Project for Designing the Earth |date=2025-06-08 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-6632-7347-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Death ===<br /> [[File:God Narasimha.jpg|thumb|350px|Hiranyakashipu wielding a mace against Narasimha]]<br /> <br /> While Hiranyakashipu was performing tapas to be granted these boons, [[Indra]] and other [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] attacked his home,&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/6/en1 Bhag-P 7.7.6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235042/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/6/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} &quot;The victorious demigods plundered the palace of Hiranyakasipu, the King of the demons, and destroyed everything within it. Then Indra, King of heaven, arrested my mother, the Queen&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; seizing the opportunity in his absence. In response the [[rishi|divine sage]] [[Narada]] intervened to protect Hiranyakashipu's wife Kayadhu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/summary/en1 |title=Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 7 Chapter 7 |access-date=2008-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012063732/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/summary/en1 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |df=dmy-all }} &quot;When Hiranyakasipu left his kingdom and went to the mountain known as Mandaracala to execute severe austerities, all the demons scattered. Hiranyakashipu's wife, Kayadhu (Leelavati), was pregnant at that time.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; whom he described as 'sinless'.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/8/en1 Bhag-P 7.7.8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234945/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/7/8/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} &quot;Narada Muni said: O Indra, King of the demigods, this woman is certainly sinless. You should not drag her off in this merciless way. O greatly fortunate one, this chaste woman is the wife of another. You must immediately release her.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Narada took responsibility of her in his hermitage, and while she was under his guidance, her unborn child (Hiranyakashipu's son) [[Prahlada]] became influenced by the spiritual instructions of the sage while still in his mother's womb. Later, growing as a child, Prahlada began to reap the harvest of Narada's prenatal training and gradually became recognised as a devout follower of Vishnu, much to his father's anguish.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/6/en1 Bhag-P 7.8.6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208035748/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/6/en1 |date=8 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hiranyakashipu eventually became so angry and upset at his son's devotion to Vishnu (whom he saw as his mortal enemy) that he decided that he must kill him,&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/3-4/en1 Bhag-P 7.8.3–4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235015/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/3-4/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} &quot;Thus he finally decided to kill his son Prahlada. Hiranyakashipu was by nature very cruel, and feeling insulted, he began hissing like a snake trampled upon by someone's foot.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; but each time he attempted to kill the boy, Prahlada was protected by Vishnu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlada refused to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe, and claimed that Vishnu was all-pervading and omnipresent. To which Hiranyakashipu points to a nearby pillar and asked if 'his Vishnu' is in it:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;O most unfortunate Prahlada, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/12/en1 Bhag-P 7.8.12] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926130524/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/12/en1 |date=26 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Vishnu narasimha.JPG|thumb|Vishnu as Narasimha kills Hiranyakashipu, stone sculpture from Halebidu, Karnataka]]<br /> Prahlada then answered, &quot;He is in the pillar, just as he is in the slightest dust.&quot; Hiranyakashipu, unable to control his anger, smashed the pillar with his mace. A tumultuous sound was heard, and Vishnu in the form of [[Narasimha]] appeared from the broken pillar and moved to attack Hiranyakashipu in defence of Prahlada.<br /> <br /> Narasimha had appeared in circumstances that would allow him to slay the asura king. Hiranyakashipu could not be killed by human, deva, or animal, but Narasimha was none of these, as he was an incarnate that was part human and part animal. He attacked Hiranyakashipu at twilight (when it is neither day nor night) on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor outdoors), and placed the asura on his thighs (neither earth nor in the air). Using his claws (neither living nor non-living things), he disemboweled and killed the asura.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/29/en1 Bhag-P 7.8.29] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235028/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/8/29/en1 |date=26 September 2007 }} &quot;Lord Nrisimhadeva placed the demon on His lap, supporting him with His thighs, and in the doorway of the assembly hall the Lord very easily tore the demon to pieces with the nails of His hand.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alternative Puranic accounts, like the [[Harivaṃśa|Harivamsha]], describe Narasimha arriving to slay Hiranyakashipu accompanied by an attendant named Omkara. In these versions, Narasimha does not emerge from a pillar but instead enters Hiranyakashipu's assembly hall alongside Omkara. Despite Prahlad's attempts to persuade his father that Narasimha is none other than Vishnu, Hiranyakashipu dismisses the warning, leading to a violent battle between Narasimha and the demon king. The [[Kurma Purana]] has a related variant in which Prahlada initially confronts Narasimha upon his father's command but later learns and accepts his divinity. In both versions. Prahlada's efforts to convince Hiranyakashipu fail, and Hiranyakashipu is slain in battle by Narasimha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jaiswal |first=Suvira |date=1973 |title=Evolution of the Narasimha Legend and Its Possible Sources |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138607 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=34 |pages=140–151 |jstor=44138607 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even after Hiranyakashipu's death, none of the gods and the demigods present were able to placate Narasimha's fury. So, all the gods and goddesses called his consort, the goddess [[Lakshmi]], but she was also unable to do so. Then, at the request of Brahma, Prahlada was presented before Narasimha, who was finally calmed by the prayers of his devotee.&lt;ref&gt;[http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/9/en1 Bhag-P 7.9] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208025259/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/7/9/en1|date=8 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Redemption===<br /> <br /> According to the Bhagavata Purana, after the death of Hiranyakashipu, Narasimha expresses affection toward Prahlada and offers him boons, which Prahlada declines for himself. Instead, Prahlada requests a benediction for his slain father, asking that Hiranyakashipu be freed from the consequences of his faults and transgressions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi M. |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth R. |editor1-last=Gupta |editor1-first=Ravi M. |editor2-last=Valpey |editor2-first=Kenneth R. |title=The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-14998-3 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Narasimha assures Prahlada that Hiranyakashipu has already been purified, both through his kinship with Prahlada, described as a model devotee, and through contact with Narasimha’s own divine body at the moment of his death.{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=29}} Gupta and Valpey identify this episode as answering the primary interlocutor of the Bhagavata Purana, King [[Parikṣit]]’s question about why God appears partial to devotees while acting with hostility toward the asuras. The text resolves the tension by asserting that divine hostility functions as a mode of purification: through direct contact with God, even his enemies are sanctified and admitted into [[Vaikuntha]].{{sfn|Gupta|Valpey|2013|p=30}}<br /> <br /> == Hiranyakashipu in the Uttara Ramayana ==<br /> In the Uttara Kanda of the [[Ramayana]], Hiranyakashipu is referenced through an episode involving his great-grandson [[Mahabali]]. While touring the netherworlds (Patalalokas), [[Ravana]] meets Mahabali, who resides in Sutalaloka following his surrender to Vishnu's [[Vamana|Vamana avatar.]] During their discussion, Mahabali draws Ravana's attention to a massive jeweled earring (kundala) lying nearby, identifying it as an ornament once worn by his ancestor Hiranyakashipu. Mahabali asks Ravana to lift the earring. Ravana is unable to move it and collapses under its weight. Mahabali explains that the earring fell to the ground when Hiranyakashipu was killed by Vishnu's Narasimha avatar and implies that if Ravana cannot even move the earrings of Hiranyakashipu, he cannot hope to win against the deity (Vishnu) who destroyed him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-28 |title=Ravana's Meeting with Bali [Chapter 23b] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424785.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ram7 24 - AncientVoice |url=https://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/src-vrm:ram7-24 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=ancientvoice.wikidot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxBYEAAAQBAJ |title=Valmiki Ramayana: Uttara Kanda: English translation only without Slokas |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location identification==<br /> {{anchor | Location | Identification}}<br /> <br /> [[Banmankhi#Tourism|Narsimha Temple at Sikligarh Dharhara]] in [[Purnia district]] of [[Bihar]] state of India has the 1411 long ''Manikya [[stambha]]'' (pillar), from which the Lord Vishnu manifested Narsimha (half lion and half man) avatara. This temple complex has ruins which is said to be the fort of Hiranyakashipu and a cave where Lord Shiva is said to have meditated. The temple has a unique tradition, after [[Holika Dahan]] (Holi bonfire) at the temple the ashes are sprayed in the air as the sign of victory of good over evil, and people play Holi with the Holika Dahan bonfire ashes and this tradition is locally called the '''dhurkhel''' (hindi: ''धुरखेल'').&lt;ref name=dhurkhel&gt;[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%A8/ar-AA1XpJYD भारत कर रहा एक और युद्ध की तैयारी, हम बातचीत के लिए तैयार; पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति बोले], MSN News, 3 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Holi==<br /> <br /> One of Hiranyakashipu's attempts to kill his son Prahlada was to have him sit on a burning [[pyre]] with his aunt [[Holika]]. Holika had a special boon that prevented her from being harmed by fire. Prahlada chanted Vishnu's name and in the battle of good against evil, Holika was burnt down but nothing happened to Prahlada. The survival of Prahlada is celebrated in Hinduism as the festival of [[Holi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2016 |title=Holika Dahan 2019 - Information, Muhurat and Prahlad Story |url=https://fastread.in/explore.php?infoID=2821 |website=Fastread}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.holifestival.org/legend-holika-prahlad.html|title=The Legend of Holika &amp; Prahlad, True Story Behind Holika &amp; Prahlad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *[[Bhagavata Purana]]<br /> *[[Narasimha]] <br /> *[[Prahlada]] <br /> *[[Vishnu Purana]]<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{S-start}}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Hiranyaksha]] |<br /> title= [[Daitya]]s|<br /> years = -|<br /> after= [[Prahlada|Prahlad]]}}<br /> {{S-end}}<br /> <br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Daityas]]<br /> [[Category:Holi]]<br /> [[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]<br /> [[Category:Asura]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mysore_Sandalwood_Oil&diff=519436 2026-03-03T22:46:15Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: starting new details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Trademarked perfume oil}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox geographical indication<br /> | name = Mysore Sandalwood Oil<br /> | image =SandalwoodEssOil.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = A phial of Mysore Sandalwood Oil<br /> | caption = A phial of Mysore Sandalwood Oil<br /> | alternative names = <br /> | description = &lt;!-- Describe in brief --&gt;<br /> | type = perfumed oil extract<br /> | area = [[Mysore]] district<br /> | country = India<br /> | registered = 2005<br /> | material =<br /> | official website = http://ipindia.nic.in&lt;!-- {{URL|wwww.example.org}} --&gt;<br /> }}{{Mysore Kingdom series}}<br /> <br /> '''Mysore Sandalwood Oil''' is a [[trademark]]ed perfume oil extracted from the ''[[Santalum album]]'' variety of [[sandalwood]] tree (also known as a &quot;royal tree&quot;) in the [[Mysore district]] of [[Karnataka]], India.&lt;ref name=Sandal/&gt;{{Sfn|Pitman|2004|p=290}}&lt;ref name=Natarajan/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Initially, [[sandalwood oil]] was extracted in India by crude methods. Before [[World War I]], sandalwood from the Mysore district was distilled in [[Germany]] and sold there. However, when World War I broke out in 1914, this route of extraction had to be closed down, resulting in a loss of revenue to the exchequer. Due to this closure to the market, the Maharajah of Mysore appointed Alfred Chatterton, the director of industries in Mysore to develop the distillation of the oil. Chatterton enlisted the help of professors [[J. J. Sudborough]] and [[H. E. Watson]] who extracted the first sample of sandalwood oil in India at the [[Indian Institute of Science]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/12/14/mysore-sandal-soap-a-maharajas-gift|title=''Mysore Sandal Soap : A Maharaja's Gift''|work=Live India History|date=2 November 2020|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410082841/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/12/14/mysore-sandal-soap-a-maharajas-gift|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1916–17, the sandalwood oil distillery was established in Mysore by the then Mysore government (now the Karnataka government) to distil oil from sandalwood.&lt;ref name=Natarajan&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Natarajan |first=K.R. |url= http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v006n004.p006 |title=Mysore Sandalwood-Oil Factories |year=1928 |volume=6 |issue=4 |page=6 |access-date=26 January 2016 |journal= Chem. Eng. News|doi=10.1021/cen-v006n004.p006 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1977, the Mysore district had about 85,000 sandalwood trees, and production reported during 1985-86 was about {{convert|20,000|kg}} of raw sandalwood. To preserve its importance to the economy, according to the ''Government Gazetteer'', the government introduced special laws and regulations. In the erstwhile princely state of Mysore (part of Karnataka since independence), sandal was a &quot;royal tree&quot;, with the state government controlling it.{{Sfn|(India)|1988|p=1071}}<br /> <br /> This oil has been registered for protection under the geographical indication of the [[TRIPS Agreement|Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights]] (TRIPS) agreement. In 2006, it was listed as &quot;Mysore Sandalwood Oil&quot; under the GI Act 1999 of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |title=28 Products Registered As Geographical Indications |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404204206/http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp?id=1840 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Uses==<br /> The heartwood or the trunk of the sandalwood tree and also its roots are used in the oil extraction process.&lt;ref name=Sandal&gt;{{Cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Demise-of-sandalwood/articleshow/12078008.cms|title=Demise of sandalwood |date= 29 February 2012 |access-date=26 January 2016|newspaper=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|(India)|1988|p=1071}} <br /> <br /> The oil is used in the manufacture of soaps, [[incense]], scents, and cosmetics; it also has several uses in religious rites, skin and hair therapeutic treatments, and in pharmaceuticals. There are many varieties of sandalwood oil, and Mysore sandalwood oil was considered one of the best in 1938.&lt;ref name=Sandal/&gt;{{Sfn|Dept|1938|p=58}} The sandalwood oil produced in Mysore accounted for 70% of the world's sandalwood production in 1996.{{Sfn| Rangarajan|1996|p=240}} It is used as a &quot;blender fixative&quot; in the blending of many popular perfumes in the world.{{Sfn| Rangarajan|1996|p=240}} In 1942 it was assessed as having an assured minimum of 90% [[α-Santalol|santalol]], and of comparable standard to any sandalwood oil produced elsewhere.{{Sfn|Merrin|1942|p=121}}<br /> <br /> According to [[Swami Vivekananda]], Mysore was identified with sandalwood, which was integral to the religious, social and ceremonial life of the east. Vivekananda said &quot;the lingering perfume of this wood may be truly said to have made its conquest of the world&quot;.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|1943|p=21}} <br /> <br /> The heartwood of the tree, which is not affected by insects, has been used to fashion furniture and temple structures in India. Its oil has been considered an [[aphrodisiac]], as its aroma has similarity with [[androsterone]], a male hormone.{{Sfn|Wilson|2002|p=120}} In [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]], sandalwood is used to combat [[urinary tract infection]]s, [[prostate]] dysfunction, [[diarrhea]], [[earache]], and lung infections. Practitioners of [[traditional Chinese medicine]] use it to treat [[cholera]], [[gonorrhea]], and [[abdominal pain]].{{Sfn|Wilson|2002|p=120}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Navalgund durrie|Navalgund durries]]<br /> *[[Coorg orange]]<br /> *[[Byadagi chilli]]<br /> *[[Dharwad pedha]]<br /> *[[Mattu gulla]]<br /> *[[Mysore pak]]<br /> *[[Mysore silk]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book |last= Dept |first= Mysore. Information <br /> |title=Handbook |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq8CAAAAMAAJ |year=1938 |publisher=The University of Michigan }}<br /> *{{cite book|last=(India)|first=Karnataka |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Merrin |first= Archibald C. |title=The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record Year Book &amp; Diary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4xFtAAAAMAAJ |year=1942 |publisher=G. Street &amp; Co. }}<br /> *{{cite book|last= Pitman |first=Vicki |title=Aromatherapy: A Practical Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTxofb0MUoMC&amp;pg=PA290|year=2004|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-7487-7346-6}}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Rangarajan |first= S. |title=Frontline |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ap1KAQAAIAAJ |date=22 March 1996 |publisher= Kasturi &amp; Sons }}<br /> *{{cite book|last= Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=Awakened India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfkoAAAAYAAJ|year=1943|publisher=Swami Smaranananda}}<br /> *{{cite book|last= Wilson |first=Roberta |title=Aromatherapy: Essential Oils for Vibrant Health and Beauty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELvWZvGuk6AC&amp;pg=PA120|year=2002|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-58333-130-9}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Perfumes]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_Asian_Youth_Games&diff=503945 2026-03-02T13:46:53Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{infobox country at games<br /> | NOC = IND<br /> | NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]<br /> | games = Asian Youth Games<br /> | year = <br /> | flagcaption = <br /> | oldcode = <br /> | website = <br /> | location = <br /> | competitors = <br /> | sports = <br /> | flagbearer = <br /> | rank = 7<br /> | gold = 21<br /> | silver = 25<br /> | bronze = 27<br /> | officials = <br /> | appearances = <br /> | app_begin_year = <br /> | app_end_year = <br /> | summerappearances = <br /> | winterappearances = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[India]] first competed at the [[Asian Youth Games]] during the [[2009 Asian Youth Games|inaugural edition]] in Singapore. The earned medals in two sports: [[Athletics at the 2009 Asian Youth Games|athletics]] and [[Swimming at the 2009 Asian Youth Games|swimming]]. Four of the five gold medals came from athletics and one came from the swimming competition. Aaron Agnel Dsouza was a multiple medal winner. Dsouza won a gold in the 200&amp;nbsp;m freestyle and a bronze in the 100&amp;nbsp;m freestyle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/1STASIAN.pdf | title=Medal Winners&amp;nbsp;– 1st Asian Youth Games | publisher=olympic.ind.in. Indian Olympic Association | access-date=2 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116065255/http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/1STASIAN.pdf | archive-date=16 November 2011 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; India's membership in IOC was suspended when the 2013 games took place so Indian athletes competed in the event as independent athletes.<br /> <br /> ==Medal table==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:0; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Games<br /> !Host<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em;&quot;|Rank<br /> &lt;!--!style=&quot;background:gold; width:4em;&quot;|'''Gold'''<br /> !style=&quot;background:silver; width:4em;&quot;|'''Silver'''<br /> !style=&quot;background:#cc9966; width:4em;&quot;|'''Bronze'''--&gt;<br /> !{{Asia1}} Gold<br /> !{{Asia2}} Silver<br /> !{{Asia3}} Bronze<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em;&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Asian Youth Games|2009 Singapore]]<br /> | {{flagIOC2|SIN|Asian Youth Games}}<br /> | 7<br /> | 5 <br /> | 3 <br /> | 3 <br /> | 11<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Asian Youth Games|2013 Nanjing]]<br /> | {{flagIOC2|CHN|Asian Youth Games}}<br /> | 10<br /> | 3 <br /> | 4 <br /> | 7<br /> | 14<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Asian Youth Games|2025 Manama]]<br /> | {{flagIOC2|BHR|Asian Youth Games}}<br /> | 6<br /> | 13 <br /> | 18 <br /> | 17<br /> | 48<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2| Total <br /> ! 7 <br /> ! 21 <br /> ! 25<br /> ! 27 <br /> ! 73<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Medals by sport==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;width:8em&quot;| Sport<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em&quot;| Rank<br /> &lt;!--!style=&quot;background:gold; width:4em;&quot;|'''Gold'''<br /> !style=&quot;background:silver; width:4em;&quot;|'''Silver'''<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c96; width:4em;&quot;|'''Bronze'''--&gt;<br /> !{{Asia1}} Gold<br /> !{{Asia2}} Silver<br /> !{{Asia3}} Bronze<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em&quot;| Total<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Athletics pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Athletics at the Asian Youth Games|Athletics]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=ffdab9| 4 ||align=center| 5 ||align=center| 8 ||align=center| 8 ||align=center| 21<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Beach wrestling pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Beach Wrestling at the Asian Youth Games|Beach Wrestling]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=Gold| 1 ||align=center| 3||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 5<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Boxing at the Asian Youth Games|Boxing]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=#c96| 3 ||align=center| 4||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 7<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Golf pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Golf at the Asian Youth Games|Golf]]<br /> |align=center| 5 ||align=center| 0||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Judo pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Judo at the Asian Youth Games|Judo]]<br /> |align=center| 12 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Kabaddi pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Kabaddi at the Asian Youth Games|Kabaddi]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=Gold| 1 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 2<br /> |- <br /> |align=left| [[Image:Kurash pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Kurash at the Asian Youth Games|Kurash]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=#c96| 3 ||align=center| 0||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:MMA pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Mixed Martial Arts at the Asian Youth Games|Mixed Martial Arts]]<br /> |align=center | 10 ||align=center| 0||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 2<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Muay pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Muay at the Asian Youth Games|Muay]]<br /> |align=center | 15 ||align=center| 0||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 1<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Shooting at the Asian Youth Games|Shooting]]<br /> |align=center| 7 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1 <br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Squash pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Squash at the Asian Youth Games|Squash]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=Silver| 2 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Swimming at the Asian Youth Games|Swimming]]<br /> |align=center| 13 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 4<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Table tennis pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Table tennis at the Asian Youth Games|Table tennis]]<br /> |align=center| 5 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 2<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Taekwondo pictogram.svg|15px]] [[Taaekwondo at the Asian Youth Games|Taaekwondo]]<br /> |align=center| 12 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 3 ||align=center| 3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Tennis pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Tennis at the Asian Youth Games|Tennis]]<br /> |align=center| 8 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 0 ||align=center| 1 ||align=center| 1<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Weightlifting at the Asian Youth Games|Weightlifting]]<br /> |align=center| 5 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 3 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 7<br /> |-<br /> |align=left| [[Image:Wrestling pictogram.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Golf at the Asian Youth Games|Wrestling]]<br /> |align=center bgcolor=#c96| 3 ||align=center| 3||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 2 ||align=center| 7<br /> |-<br /> ! Total !! 7 !! 21 !! 25 !! 27 !! 73 !!<br /> |}{{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[India at the Olympics]]<br /> *[[India at the Deaflympics]]<br /> *[[India at the Paralympics]]<br /> *[[India at the Youth Olympics]]<br /> *[[India at the World Games]]<br /> *[[India at the Asian Games]]<br /> *[[India at the Asian Para Games]]<br /> *[[India at the Commonwealth Games]]<br /> *[[India at the Lusofonia Games]]<br /> *[[India at the South Asian Games]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:India at multi-sport events|Asian Youth Games]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._John%27s_High_School,_Ranchi&diff=458290 2026-02-21T03:39:49Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: cleaned up article based on references additionally and improved wording based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = St. John's School, Ranchi<br /> | logo = St. John's School, Ranchi Logo.jpg<br /> | image = St. John's School, Ranchi.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | caption =<br /> | motto = Character building is superior to science and knowledge<br /> | motto_translation = <br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1887}}&lt;ref name=Handbook/&gt;<br /> | principal = Fr. Florence Kujur, S.J.<br /> | location = Purulia Road, Pathalkudwa, Nayatoli, [[Ranchi]]<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | postal_code = 834001<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|23|22|4|N|85|19|38|E|display=title,inline|region:IN-JH_type:edu}}<br /> | grades = 6–12<br /> | gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]<br /> | enrollment = <br /> | type = [[private school|Private]] secondary school<br /> | religious_affiliation = Catholicism<br /> | denomination = [[Jesuits]]<br /> | sister_school = [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Education in Jharkhand|Jharkhand School Examination Board]]<br /> | free_label1 = Medium<br /> | free_text1 = Hindi<br /> | free_label2 = <br /> | free_text2 = <br /> | free_label3 = <br /> | free_text3 = <br /> | campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]<br /> | website = <br /> | picture = <br /> }}<br /> '''St. John's High School, Ranchi''' is a [[private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] secondary school for boys located in Purulia Road in [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India. The school was founded by the [[Jesuits]] in 1887 and provides boys with an education from grades KG to 12.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The origin of St. John's dates back to July 1869 when Fr. Stockman came to [[Chaibasa]] from Calcutta, ten years after two [[Belgian people|Belgian]] and one [[English people|English]] Jesuit began the [[Bengal]] Mission. The [[Munda people|Munda]] tribals ([[adivasi]]s) of the area were being exploited by tax collectors, landlords, and the British colonizers, and it was not until 1885, with the arrival of Fr. [[Constant Lievens]], that productive contacts were made between the adivasis of the Chotanagpur plateau and the Jesuit missionaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ranjesu.org/rjsHistory.php?menuItem=2|title=Welcome to Ranchi Jesuit Society|website=ranjesu.org|access-date=2017-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; St. John's was the first school founded by this mission, in 1887, and named the following year after Saint [[John Berchmans]], a young Belgian Jesuit who had been [[canonise]]d in Rome that year.&lt;ref name=Handbook&gt;{{cite book |title=International Handbook of Catholic Education: Challenges for School Systems |editor=Grace, Gerald |editor2=O'Keefe, Joseph |isbn=978-1-4020-5776-2 |page=692 |date=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> St. John's is one of the oldest schools in the entire region,{{clarify|date=April 2021|sub-continent? / Asia? / or local region?}} and had a year-long celebration of its centenary in 1989-90 which was attended by the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the state and hundreds of alumni.<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> The language of instruction is Hindi. The school is affiliated with the [[Education in Jharkhand|Jharkhand School Examination Board]] for class 10 examinations. It educates pupils from class 7 to class 10. Pupils of classes 1 to 6 are taught at St. John's Middle School, which is located on the same campus under the same administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/st-john-s-high-school-ranchi/20140116508|title=St. John;s High School Ranchi, Ward No 4, Ranchi – Jharkhand|website=iCBSE|language=en|access-date=2017-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> St. John's High School has a [[sister school]], [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]], which is on an adjacent campus.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}<br /> * [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]<br /> * [[List of schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Violence against Christians in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.ranjesu.org/aboutus.php About us]<br /> *[http://stjhonsranchi.dschool.co/ Facebook]<br /> *[http://www.ranjesu.org/rjsMilestones.php?menuItem=2 St. John's]<br /> <br /> {{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's High School, Ranchi}}<br /> [[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Private schools in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Ranchi]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1887]]<br /> [[Category:1887 establishments in India]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mavelikkara_Velukkutty_Nair&diff=474165 2026-02-19T11:37:11Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: add layout to improve readability and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian mridangam player (1937 - 2012)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Mavelikkara Velukutty Nair<br /> | image = Prof. Mavelikkara K Velukkutty Nair.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | alias =<br /> | birth_date = 2 October 1926<br /> | birth_place = Chettikulangara (near [[Mavelikkara]]), [[Travancore]]<br /> | death_date = 24 July 2012 (aged 86)<br /> | death_place = [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India<br /> | origin =<br /> | instrument = [[Mridangam]]<br /> | genre =<br /> | occupation = Academic<br /> | years_active = 1937–2012<br /> | label =<br /> | associated_acts =<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mavelikkara Velukutty Nair''' ([[Malayalam]]: മാവേലിക്കര വേലുക്കുട്ടി നായർ) was an Indian [[mridangam]] player.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=23081 |title=Mridangam player Mavelikkara Velukutty Nair dies |publisher=Kaumudiglobal.com |date= |accessdate=27 July 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219080303/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=23081 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair was born on 2 October 1926 in Chettikulangara (near [[Mavelikkara]]), [[Alleppey]] district, [[Kerala]] then in [[Travancore]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}} He had undergone preliminary lessons in Mridangam from his the famous ''Mridanga Vidwan'' Muthukulam S. Kumara Pillai. Later undergone advanced training from Maestro Sangeetha Kalanidhi Padmabhooshan [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] under Gurukula system for a period of 8 years. Late [[Palghat R. Raghu]] and [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]] were also disciples of [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] along with him.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognitions==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date= April 2022}}<br /> * ''A Top'' graded artist (highest award) in All India Radio and Doordarshan.<br /> * ''Sangeetha Kalaacharya'' title from [[Madras Music Academy]] in 2008.<br /> * Central [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] &quot;Tagore Samman&quot; in 2012.<br /> * ''Golden Jubilee Award'' from Dr. Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer foundation, Chennai in 2002.<br /> * [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1981.<br /> * [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 1998.<br /> * ''Gayaka Ratna'' title from Sri. Swathi Thirunal Sangeet Sabha, Trivandrum in 2000.<br /> * ''Mridanga Kalashiromani'' title from Palghat Mani Iyer Foundation, Bangalore in 2007.<br /> * ''Ganalaya Visharath'' title from Travancore Devaswam Board in 1994.<br /> * ''Guruvayoorappan Chembai Award'' from Guruvayoor Devaswam in 2008.<br /> * ''Layavadya Ratna'' title from Sathguru Sangeetha Sabha, Trichi in 2009.<br /> * ''Layavadya Praveena'' title from Kerala fine arts society, Ernakulam in 1998.<br /> * ''Tansen Sangeetha Kalanidhi'' title from Tansen Sur Sangom, Trivandrum in 1995.<br /> * ''Mridanga Ratnam'' title from Raja Rajeshwari Kalakshethram, Guruvayoor in 1994.<br /> * ''Golden Jubilee Award'' from Sri. Swathi Thirunal Sangeet Sabha in 1992.<br /> * ''Thulaseevanam'' award by Thulaseevanam Trust, Trivandrum in 1996.<br /> * ''Annual Award'' from Guruvayoor Dorai Trust, Chennai in 2008.<br /> * ''Kottaram Sankunni Nair Award'' from Harmoniom Chakravarthy Kottaram Sankunni Nair Memorial Trust, Changanassery in 2001.<br /> * ''Sangeetha Ratna'' title from Sri. Nataraja Sangeetha Sabha, Varkala in 2008.<br /> * ''Pranavasree Puraskar'' from Pranavam Sangeet Sabha, Kollam in 2006.<br /> * ''Sangeetha Sampoorna'' title from Poornathrayesa Sangeet Sabha, Thripunithura.<br /> * ''Vadya Kulapathi'' title from Kaladarppanam, Aluva in 2002.<br /> * ''Sangeetha Ratna'' title from Adi Sankara Veda Vedanta Samskritha Co-operative Society, Trivandrum.<br /> * ''Prathibha Pranamam'' by Manaveeyam, Government of Kerala.<br /> * ''Cultural Award'' from Padmasree Krishnankutty Nair Memorial Trust in 2004.<br /> * ''Mridanga Kalanidhi'' title from Nair Service Society, Muscat Chapter.<br /> * ''Annual Award'' from Sree Raja Rajeswari Sangeetha Sabha, Alleppey in 1998.<br /> * Award from Puthukkotta Dakshinamoorthy Pillai Memorial Trust, Trichi.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * http://www.velukuttynair.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123054531/http://www.velukuttynair.com/ |date=23 November 2018 }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211095450/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/12/05/stories/2008120551140100.htm]<br /> * http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=23081 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219080303/http://kaumudiglobal.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=23081 |date=19 December 2013 }}<br /> * http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3681002.ece<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130125141614/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/27/stories/2007072750890300.htm]<br /> * http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/article3684329.ece<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113203404/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/03/stories/2010010350780200.htm]<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Mavelikkara Velukutty}}<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:2012 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Mridangam players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian percussionists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian drummers]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Skill_Development_Corporation&diff=454433 2026-02-16T10:56:15Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: refined formatting for consistency to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian public-private partnership}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{primary sources|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = National Skill Development Corporation<br /> | logo = <br /> | hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | type = [[Nonprofit organization|Not-for-profit company]]<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2008}}<br /> | key_people = CEO post Vacant - Ved Mani Tiwari was the COO and acting CEO, he was removed by the NSDC board with immediate effect in May 2025 and is under investigation for several charges,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-pile-of-complaints-national-skill-corporation-ceo-removed-10032908/ | title=After pile of complaints, national skill corporation CEO removed | date=28 May 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alok Kumar (CEO - NSDC International)<br /> | website = [http://www.nsdcindia.org/ www.nsdcindia.org]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)''' is a not-for-profit public limited company incorporated on July 31, 2008, under section 25 of the [[Companies Act, 1956]] (corresponding to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013). NSDC was set up by [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] as [[Public Private Partnership in India|Public Private Partnership]] (PPP) model. The [[Government of India]] through Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE) holds 49% of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance 51% of the share capital.<br /> <br /> NSDC aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-profit vocational institutions. Further, the organization provides funding to build scalable and profitable vocational training initiatives. Its mandate is also to enable support system which focuses on quality assurance, information systems and train the trainer academies either directly or through partnerships. NSDC acts as a catalyst in skill development by providing funding to enterprises, companies and organizations that provide skill training. It also develops appropriate models to enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives. The differentiated focus on 21 sectors under NSDC's purview and its understanding of their viability will make every sector attractive to private investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsdcindia.org/about-us|title=About Us {{!}} National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)|website=www.nsdcindia.org|access-date=2019-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> The NSDC was set up as a Public Private Partnership Company in order to create and fund vocational training institutions, and create support systems for skills development.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Skill Development Corporation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship|url=http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/nationalskilldevelopmentcorporation.html|accessdate=16 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In light of the introduction of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in 2017, NSDC and the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) collaborated to train over 1,00,000 people as GST experts to help the corporate sector with accounts work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2017/11/nsdc-to-train-over-1-lakh-people-as-gst-account-assistants/ |title=NSDC to train over 1 lakh people as GST Account Assistants|date=16 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The NSDC has trained more than 5.2 million students, and it has also created 235 private sector partnerships and 38 Sector Skill Councils (SSC) in various industries.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Skill Development Corporation&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Projects and collaborations==<br /> It is estimated that by 2022 India will need an additional 104 million people in the workforce with a further 298 million requiring upgrade in training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/national-skill-development-mission/<br /> |title=National Skill Development Mission|date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; To address this NSDC has started skill development initiatives in North East India, with a target of training 240,000 people in 2017–18.<br /> <br /> NSDC has also partnered with Amazon's &quot;meri saheli&quot; initiative to improve the [[digital literacy]] of women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/jobs/nsdc-sharpens-focus-on-north-east-skill-development-initiatives-get-a-boost-1782321|title=NSDC Sharpens Focus On North-East; Skill Development Initiatives Get A Boost|date=1 December 2017 | publisher=NDTV | author=Press Trust of India | accessdate=29 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Together with Google India, it has launched a program to train people on mobile development, via a 100-hour course to be delivered though partner agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/google-nsdc-android-skill-development-programme-1735269|title=Google, NSDC Launch Android Skill Development Programme to Improve Mobile Developer Ecosystem <br /> |date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> NSDC also signed a collaboration with the [[Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs]] to train people within CSR, corporate governance, business innovation, e-governance and other skills.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/iica-nsdc-to-forge-collaboration-on-skills-and-csr-1686389|title=IICA, NSDC To Forge Collaboration On Skills And CSR|date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other partners include the [[Adani Foundation]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-adani-group-skill-development-body-sign-pact-to-train-300-000-youth-1639550|title=Adani Group, Skill Development Body Sign Pact To Train 300,000 Youth|date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uber and Maruti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/start-ups/article-come-join-uber-ceo-kalanick-urges-indian-ex-servicemen-1638714 |title=Come Join Uber, CEO Kalanick Urges Indian Ex-Servicemen|date=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On 8 July 2020, NSDC and Microsoft announced their partnership which will provide digital learning to over 1 lakh people in 12 months of time. This program will cover a wide range of skills learning; from basic level of digital information to advanced digital skills and technological knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/nsdc-microsoft-collaborate-empower-youth-digital-skills/ | title=NSDC and Microsoft collaborate to empower Indian youth with digital skills | date=8 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[EFS Facilities Services]] Group partners National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) towards the launch of Tejas in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian workers in Tejas project felicitated at Expo 2020 Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/indian-workers-in-tejas-project-felicitated-at-expo-2020-dubai-1.86767020 |website=gulfnews.com |date=27 March 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legal structure and Governance==<br /> NSDC operates under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model. The Government of India through the Ministry of Skill Development &amp; Entrepreneurship (MSDE) owns 49% of the share capital, while the private sector owns 51%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nsdcindia.org/about-us|title=About us|date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the NSDC's Board Report, the government is the largest shareholder and corporation controller, and the private holders are 10 business associations or confederations – including the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and National Association of Software &amp; Service Companies (NASSCOM) – each with 5.1% share capital. Under the aegis of MSDE, NSDC has collaborated with central and state governments, industry, non-profit organizations and academia to synergies and accelerate the skilling efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/files/Annual-Report-NSDC-2017-18.pdf|title=NSDC Annual Report 2017-18: Skilling Today for a Brighter Tomorrow|date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of Institutes Partnered==<br /> * SMEC Automation Pvt Ltd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nsdcindia.org/tphubdetails?getdata=NTgz | title=&amp;#124; National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A.K SAMANTRAY&amp; CO PVT LTD&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nsdcindia.org/tphubdetails?getdata=Mzk1 | title=&amp;#124; National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * AA EDUTECH PRIVATE LIMITED&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nsdcindia.org/tphubdetails?getdata=Mg== | title=&amp;#124; National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Medhavi Skills University, Sikkim]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NSDC, Medhavi Skills University partner to develop, promote long-term degree &amp; diploma skill courses |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/nsdc-medhavi-skills-university-partner-to-develop-promote-long-term-degree-diploma-skill-courses/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Smarts skills Bits &amp; Bytes Pvt Ltd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nsdcindia.org/tphubdetails?getdata=NTgz | title=&amp;#124; National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Operation and funding model==<br /> As a not-for-profit company, NSDC realizes its target both by running government-funded activities and providing funding to private skill-training enterprises, companies and organizations. NSDC participates in government skill-training schemes and initiatives as a partner or project management unit to run official grant-based programs, and supports the central and state governments of India in implementing their skills development strategies. NSDC also develops appropriate models to enhance, support and coordinate upskilling initiatives in private sectors. According to its annual report, NSDC developed an effective network of training partners which includes 302 funded, 115 non-funded and 14 innovation partners as well as 39 operational Sector Skill Councils, and distributed 1453.70 Crore (around US$210 million) funding to the skills training programs through the partnership network.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nsdcindia.org/sites/default/files/files/Annual-Report-NSDC-2017-18.pdf|title=NSDC Annual Report 2017-18: Skilling Today for a Brighter Tomorrow|date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Schemes &amp; Initiatives==<br /> * Pradhan Manthri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://msde.gov.in/en/schemes-initiatives/short-term-training/pmkvy-3.0 | title=Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 3.0 (PMKVY 3.0) 2020-21 &amp;#124; Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship &amp;#124; Government of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/skill-development/schemes-for-skill-development/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-vikas-yojana | title=Vikaspedia Domains }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pradhan Manthri Kaushal Kendra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://msde.gov.in/en/schemes-initiatives/schemes-initiatives-through-nsdc/pradhan-mantri-kaushal-kendras-PMKK | title=Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra (PMKK) &amp;#124; Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship &amp;#124; Government of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * India International Skill Centre (IISC) Network&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://msde.gov.in/en/schemes-initiatives/schemes-initiatives-through-nsdc/india-international-skill-centres-IISCs | title=India International Skill Centres (IISCs) &amp;#124; Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship &amp;#124; Government of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Technical Intern Training&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://nsdcindia.org/titp-home | title=Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) &amp;#124; National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Seekho Aur Kamao&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=सीखो और कमाओ, Ministry of Minority Affairs | url=http://seekhoaurkamao-moma.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211024145/http://seekhoaurkamao-moma.gov.in:80/ | access-date=2025-05-15 | archive-date=2016-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Swades&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.nsdcindia.org/swades/ | title=Skillcard English }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * PM-VISHWAKARMA<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.nsdcindia.org Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Non-profit corporations]]<br /> [[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmala_Devi&diff=457647 2026-02-14T18:17:37Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: enhanced section for consistency and added references per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{for|the Indian freestyle wrestler|Nirmala Devi (wrestler)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nirmala Devi<br /> | image = Filmindia194208unse 0815.jpg<br /> | caption = Nirmala in ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]'' (1942)<br /> | birthname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|06|07}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|06|15|1927|6|07}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = Vocalist, Actress, Singer<br /> | yearsactive = <br /> | spouse = [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]]<br /> | children = 5 (including [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]])<br /> | relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Ahuja Family (Govinda's Family)|Ahuja family]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Nirmala Devi''' (7 June 1927 {{endash}} 15 June 1996) also known as '''Dulari''', was an Indian actress in the 1940s and a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist of the [[Patiala Gharana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Ṭhumrī in historical and stylistic perspectives<br /> |last=Manuel<br /> |first=Peter Lamarche<br /> |page=90<br /> |year=1990<br /> |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]<br /> |isbn=978-81-208-0673-3<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Music in India: the classical traditions<br /> |last=Wade<br /> |first=Bonnie C.<br /> |page=178<br /> |year=1987<br /> |publisher=Riverdale Company<br /> |isbn=978-0-913215-25-8<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Tradition of Hindustani music<br /> |last=Sharma<br /> |first=Manorma<br /> |page=114<br /> |year=2006<br /> |publisher=APH Publishing<br /> |isbn=978-81-7648-999-7<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> |title=Political socialization of students<br /> |last=Singh<br /> |first=Manjit<br /> |page=24<br /> |year=1992<br /> |publisher=Deep &amp; Deep Publications<br /> |isbn=978-81-7100-404-1<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bollywood]] actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] is her son.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Nirmala Devi was born as Nazim on 7 June 1927, in [[Varanasi]] (then known as Banares), [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=दुबे |first=स्नेहा |date=2024-07-05 |title=जन्म से मुस्लिम, धर्म से हिंदू और कर्म से साध्वी थीं गोविंदा की मां, जानें कौन थीं वो |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/govinda-mother-nirmala-devi-was-a-muslim-married-hindu-and-became-sadhvi-know-everything-about-singer-actress-2730201 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her father was Vasudev Narayan Singh, a well known [[Hindus|Hindu]] tabla maestro in Varanasi of that time. However, Nirmala was raised as a [[Muslims|Muslim]] by her aunt Mannan Jan, who was a ''[[tawaif]]'' by profession.{{sfn|Dewan|2023|p=449}} Nirmala's siblings include musician [[Lachhu Maharaj (musician)|Lachhu Maharaj]] and actress [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title='I was really fond of Kumkum' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-was-really-fond-of-kumkum/20200729.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At a young age, Nirmala was enrolled by her aunt into music classes from Ustad Ata Mohammad Khan of the [[Patiala gharana]], who had previously taught high-profile figures such as [[Begum Akhtar]].{{sfn|Dewan|2023|p=449–450}}<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Nirmala made her film debut in ''[[Savera (1942 film)|Savera]]'' (1942), with actor [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]] as co-star. She went on to marry him the same year. Nirmala subsequently starred in ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]'' (1942) and ''[[Gaali]]'' (1944). The latter, also featuring [[Karan Dewan]], was a popular release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse |title=FilmIndia (1945) |date=1945 |publisher=Bombay |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=44 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1945, she played [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]]'s leading lady in [[S. M. Yusuf]]'s ''Piya Milan'', in which [[Baburao Patel]] described her as the only good performer in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Baburao |url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia194511unse |title=FilmIndia (1945) |date=1945 |publisher=Bombay |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=288 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She received similar reviews for her performance in [[Nanabhai Bhatt]]'s comedy ''[[Chalis Karod]]'' (1946).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/filmindia194814unse |title=FilmIndia (1946) |date=1946 |publisher=Bombay |others=New York The Museum of Modern Art Library |pages=377}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1948, she reunited with her husband in their home production, ''Sehra'', which was unsuccessful at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Premchand |first=Manek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJCBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PT326 |title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories |date=2018-12-27 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64429-877-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her subsequent release ''[[Anmol Ratan]]'' (1950) also turned out to be a critical and commercial failure.&lt;ref name=TMPM&gt;{{cite journal|title=Film Review - Anmol Rattan (1950 film) (scroll down to page 15 of 29)|journal=The Motion Picture Magazine|date=November 1950|volume=14|issue=11|pages=15|url=http://hindi-films-songs.com/books/Motion-Picture-Magazine-November-1950.pdf|access-date=30 June 2025|ref=hindi-films-songs.com-Surjit Singh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nirmala's final screen appearance was in ''Jai Mahalakshmi'' (1951).{{sfn|Dewan|2023|p=455–456}}<br /> <br /> Before Govinda started working in films, Nirmala was the sole earning member of her family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhingra |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH_1EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA73 |title=Baaten Beete Kal ki Yaani Kisse Bollywood Ke |date=2024-02-16 |publisher=BFC Publications |isbn=978-93-5764-813-4 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life and death ==<br /> Nirmala Devi was raised as a Muslim. In 1942, she converted to [[Hinduism]] and eloped with her first co-star, [[Arun Kumar Ahuja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Did Govinda Share Rocky Relationship With Father Arun Kumar Ahuja? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/did-govinda-share-rocky-relationship-with-father-arun-kumar-ahuja-6868357.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=पैदा होते ही गोविंदा को बेटा मानने से इनकार कर बैठे थे पिता अरुण, हैरान कर देगी इसके पीछे की वजह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/govinda-father-arun-kumar-ahuja-birthday-special-know-unknown-facts-about-actors-life-family-and-career-2023-01-16 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar Singh |first=Suneet |date=2021-08-03 |title=कांग्रेस नेता नगमा से गोविंदा तक, मुस्लिम फैमिली से हैं इन 7 हिंदू एक्टर्स की मां |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hundu-actors-muslim-mother-congress-mp-nagma-to-govida-and-sanjay-dutt-these-7-actors-take-birth-from-islamic-mom/1789996/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The marriage was opposed by her aunt Mannan Jan; Nirmala ultimately severed ties with her aunt.{{sfn|Dewan|2023|p=456}}<br /> <br /> Nirmala and Arun had five children: three daughters—Padma, Kamini and Pushpa—and two sons—Kirti and Govinda.<br /> <br /> Nirmala died on 15 June 1996, at the age of 69, in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=When Govinda's Mother Predicted His Stardom And Her Own Death |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-govindas-mother-predicted-his-stardom-and-her-own-death-8888575.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-11-22 |title=Govinda: One day mummy predicted her own death to me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/govinda-one-day-mummy-predicted-her-own-death-to-me/articleshow/45230262.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Work==<br /> ===As actor===<br /> Source:{{sfn|Dewan|2023|p=455–456}}<br /> * ''[[Savera (1942 film)|Savera]]'' (1942)<br /> * ''Sharda'' (1942)<br /> * ''Kanoon'' (1943)<br /> * ''[[Geet (1944 film)|Geet]]'' (1944)<br /> * ''[[Gaali]]'' (1944)<br /> * ''Jeevan'' (1944)<br /> * ''Piya Milan'' (1945)<br /> * ''[[Chalis Karod]]'' (1946) as Muniya<br /> * ''Ghunghat'' (1946)<br /> * ''Sehra'' (1948) — produced by her husband&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ |title=Asian Film Directory and Who's who |date=1952 |pages=197 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Janamashtami'' (1950)<br /> * ''[[Anmol Ratan]]'' (1950)<br /> * ''Jai Mahalakshmi'' (1951)<br /> <br /> ===As playback singer===<br /> * ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' (1985)<br /> * ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972) – one of the performers on the track &quot;Bhor Aai Gaya Andhiyara&quot;<br /> * ''Zara Bachke'' (1959)<br /> * ''Shama Parwana'' (1954)<br /> <br /> ===Music albums===<br /> Genre: Hindustani Classical / Music Label: [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]<br /> <br /> '''Singles:'''<br /> * ''Banaa Banaa Ke Tamanaa &amp; Gham Ki Nishani'' (Ghazal)<br /> * ''Jaadu Bhare Tore Nainava Ram &amp; Mori Baali Umar Beeti Jaye'' (Thumri)<br /> <br /> '''Full Albums:'''<br /> * ''Saavan Beetaa Jaye'' (Thumri) (With Ms Laxmi Shankar, contemporary singer)<br /> * ''Weekend Pleasure'' (Thumri) <br /> * ''Thumriyan by Nirmala Devi'' (Thumri)<br /> * ''Laakhon Ke Bol Sahe'' (Thumri)<br /> * ''Ghazals by Nirmala Devi'' (Ghazal)<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Dewan |first=Saba |title=Tawaifnama |title-link= |date=2023-11-03 |publisher=Context |isbn=978-93-95073-59-2}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|0222469}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Nirmala}}<br /> [[Category:1927 births]]<br /> [[Category:1996 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustani singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Singers from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women classical singers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Sunni Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian former Sunni Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meenakshi_Dixit&diff=451755 2026-02-08T12:13:01Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=October 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Meenakshi Dixit<br /> | image = Meenakshi dixit portfolio picture.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt =<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Raebareli]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | alma_mater = Kanpur University<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | height = <br /> | years_active = 2008 – Present<br /> | parents = Ishwar Chandra Dixit&lt;br/&gt;Geeta Dixit<br /> | website = {{URL|meenakshidixit.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Meenakshi Dixit''' is an Indian actress who has worked in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Meenakshi Dixit was born in [[Raebareli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She is the daughter of Ishwar Chandra Dixit, a senior lawyer in Civil Court in Raebareli, and Geeta Dixit.&lt;ref name=Youtube&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fly1U46dIAA |title=Super Dancer Junior 2 Off Camera – Actress Meenakshi Dixit Exclusive Interview |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=22 January 2012 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301180554/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fly1U46dIAA |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She graduated with a Bachelor of Science in [[Botany]], [[Zoology]], and [[Chemistry]].{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} She has trained in [[Kathak]] and western dance.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mainstream-moves/article6258997.ece Mainstream moves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220073641/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mainstream-moves/article6258997.ece |date=20 February 2020 }}. The Hindu (29 July 2014). Retrieved 28 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In 2008 Meenakshi Dixit appeared as a contestant in [[Imagine TV|NDTV Imagine]]'s dance reality show ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]'' hosted by [[Saroj Khan]], which led to her entry into the Indian film industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;/&gt; She first appeared in a Telugu film, ''Lifestyle''.&lt;ref name=SouthCast&gt;{{cite web |url=http://southcast.in/meenakshi-dixit-photos-videos-billa2-dookudu/ |title=MEENAKSHI DIXIT – SOUTH INDIAN ACTRESS AND PERFORMER |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504042803/http://southcast.in/meenakshi-dixit-photos-videos-billa2-dookudu/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dream&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dreamgirlsofbollywood.com/artists-dancers.php?page=artists&amp;pag=artists-dancers |title=Dreamgirls of Bollywood |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123053425/http://www.dreamgirlsofbollywood.com/artists-dancers.php?page=artists&amp;pag=artists-dancers |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Times&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-M-factor/articleshow/3926978.cms |title=The M factor |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 January 2009 |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621110359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-M-factor/articleshow/3926978.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later on, she got into modelling, endorsing local and international brands such as [[Joyalukkas]] Jewelry, [[Microsoft Windows]], Fair and Handsome cream, Chennai Silks, Shankaram diamond jewellery, Brook Bond Taza tea, Paaneri Sarees, [[Lee Cooper]], Red Square Energy Drink, [[Radio Mirchi]], ESSAR, [[Anytime Fitness]] gym and Aquagaurd. She has also been a regular model for the fashion industry, as well as in prominent Indian magazines.&lt;ref name=Dream/&gt;&lt;ref name=Times/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, she made a special appearance in a dance number in ''[[Dookudu]]'', the year's highest grossing Telugu film.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-top-hits-of-2011-imagegallery-tollywood-lm3o95dgchasi.html Tollywood top hits of 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226234432/http://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-top-hits-of-2011-imagegallery-tollywood-lm3o95dgchasi.html |date=26 December 2018 }}. Sify.com. Retrieved 28 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dookudu-touches-the-one-billion-mark/articleshow/10793015.cms?referral=PM Dookudu touches the one billion mark – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917163042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dookudu-touches-the-one-billion-mark/articleshow/10793015.cms?referral=PM |date=17 September 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (20 November 2011). Retrieved 28 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Following ''Dookudu'', she was also chosen by the producers of the ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' remake to do a dance number, hoping that it would repeat the success of her number in ''Dookudu''.&lt;ref name=Tol&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tollywoodicon.com/dookudu-sentiment-works-out-for-bodyguard/19629 |title=Dookudu Sentiment Works Out For Bodyguard? |accessdate=22 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204112635/http://tollywoodicon.com/dookudu-sentiment-works-out-for-bodyguard/19629 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She also performed an item number in the Tamil film ''[[Billa II]]'', considered to be one of her biggest project to be done yet.&lt;ref name=IndiaGlitz/&gt;&lt;ref name=Red1/&gt; In 2014 she was seen in lead roles in two films. She played the role of a princess in the Tamil period-comedy ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/didn-t-want-to-miss-working-with-vadivelu-meenakshi-dixit/article1-1208878.aspx Didn't want to miss working with Vadivelu: Meenakshi Dixit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018082533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/didn-t-want-to-miss-working-with-vadivelu-meenakshi-dixit/article1-1208878.aspx |date=18 October 2014 }}. Hindustantimes.com (17 April 2014). Retrieved 28 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; while the thriller-drama ''Adavi Kachina Vennela'' saw her playing an aspiring sharp shooter, with the actress also performing stunts in the film.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Meenakshi-Dixit-is-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/39369909.cms Meenakshi Dixit is back with a bang – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Meenakshi-Dixit-is-back-with-a-bang/articleshow/39369909.cms |date=4 January 2019 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (31 July 2014). Retrieved 28 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She was introduced in Bollywood by National Award Winner director Kundan shah's ''[[P Se PM Tak]]'' in 2015.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} She played a feisty prostitute who finds herself in the Chief Minister's chair and then in the run to become the Prime Minister of the country.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} Filmmaker Kundan Shah said &quot;She is photogenic and also a talented actress&quot;. She was next seen in ''[[Laal Rang]]'' in 2016 as Randeep Hooda's onscreen love interest where she plays the role of a medical student.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}<br /> <br /> Her last Tamil film was ''[[Bayam Oru Payanam]]'' (2016).{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} She next played the role of Nidhi in the 2019 Telugu film ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Pending films key}}<br /> <br /> ===Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | ''Lifestyle''<br /> | Anjali<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | ''[[Alexander the Great (2010 film)|Alexander the Great]]''<br /> | Bismitha<br /> | [[Malayalam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Dookudu]]''<br /> | Herself <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Telugu<br /> |&quot;Nee Dookudu&quot; song<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2012<br /> | ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]''<br /> | Guest appearance<br /> | &quot;Body Guard&quot; song<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Billa II]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | &quot;Madurai Ponnu&quot; song&lt;ref name=IndiaGlitz&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74124.html |title=Meenakshi Dixit shakes a leg with Ajith |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archive-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221032618/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/74124.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Red1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-virudhagiri/20101213.htm |title=Captain's outing with Virudhagiri |accessdate=16 January 2012 |archive-date=2 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802234038/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-virudhagiri/20101213.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]''<br /> | Sunandha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Telugu<br /> |&lt;ref name=TimeIndia&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-13/news-interviews/30271437_1_srikanth-film-flick |title=Srikanth as Devaraya |accessdate=17 January 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213243/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-13/news-interviews/30271437_1_srikanth-film-flick |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> | ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''<br /> | Special appearance<br /> | Baadshah title track<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2014<br /> | ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]''<br /> | Princess Maadhulai<br /> | Tamil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Adavi Kaachina Vennela''<br /> | Vennela<br /> | Telugu<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015<br /> | ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || Priya || Tamil || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[P Se PM Tak]]'' <br /> | Kasturi<br /> | [[Hindi]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2016<br /> |''[[Bayam Oru Payanam]]'' <br /> | Annu<br /> | Tamil <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Chronicle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080216/bayam-will-be-on-par-with-the-exorcist-meenakshi-dixit.html |title=Bayam... will be at par with The Exorcist: Meenakshi Dixit |first=S. |last=Subhakeerthana |date=8 February 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117162245/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080216/bayam-will-be-on-par-with-the-exorcist-meenakshi-dixit.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | ''[[Laal Rang]]''<br /> | Rashi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hindi<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''[[Lupt]]''<br /> | Tanu Tandon<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''<br /> | Nidhi<br /> | Telugu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021 <br /> |''Babu Marley''<br /> |Shanthi<br /> |[[Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Tamil Rockers''<br /> | <br /> | Tamil<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2022<br /> |''[[Bangarraju]]''<br /> |Apsara <br /> |Telugu <br /> |Cameo appearance <br /> |-<br /> |''Local Train''<br /> |Kushi<br /> |Kannada <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''<br /> | Herself<br /> | Runner-up; Credited in the show as Meenakshi Dixit&lt;ref name=Dream/&gt;&lt;ref name=Times/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Music videos===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Co-star<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Chuloon Aasman'' || ||Hindi<br /> |-<br /> |2017 || ''Kadhile Kaalam Kalala'' ||Anirudh Sameer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190217/a-star-in-the-making-1.html |title=A star in the making: Meet Anirudh Sameer, the lead actor in the latest viral music video, Kadile Kaalam Kalala |date=19 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182550/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/190217/a-star-in-the-making-1.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Telugu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || Uttar Pradesh Gaurav Samman ||Received from Governor of UP Shri Ram Naik &amp; Deputy CM Shri Dinesh Sharma<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || 10 Global Film Festival – Hindi Cinema Samman Samaroh || Received from Jackie Shroff &amp; Sandeep Marwah<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || Marvellous Personality Of India || Received from Governor of UP Shri Ram Naik &amp; Cabinet Minister Rita Bahuguna<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || Entertainment Award || Presented by Gurujee Kumaran Swami in Bahrain<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || Uttar Pradesh Gaurav Samman || Received from Home Minister of India Shri Rajnath Singh<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Meenakshi Dixit}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|3924800}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dixit, Meenakshi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:People from Raebareli]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinnarasi_Madha_Church,_Gopasandiram&diff=544699 2026-01-25T22:12:49Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating Info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{primary sources|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox church<br /> | name = Vinnarasi Madha Church<br /> | other name = Vinnarasi Annai Church<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.61663 | 77.66008 |display=inline,title}}<br /> | fullname = Our Lady Of Queen Of Heaven Church<br /> | native_name = தூய விண்ணரசி அன்னை ஆலயம்<br /> | native_name_lang = ta<br /> | image = Vinnarasi Madha Church, Gopasandiram.jpg<br /> | caption = Side view of this church<br /> <br /> | location = [[Gopasandiram, Thally | Gopasandiram]] [[Thally]], [[Krishnagiri district | Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> <br /> | denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]<br /> | religious order = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]<br /> | cult = [[Catholic devotions]]<br /> | founded date = 1937<br /> | founder = Fr. J. Arokiaswamy<br /> | membership = 17 Families<br /> <br /> | status = Quasi-Parish<br /> | functional status = Active<br /> | former name = <br /> | dedication = St. Mary<br /> | architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]<br /> | style = Modern Architecture<br /> | groundbreaking = 2013<br /> | completed date = 2014<br /> <br /> | parish = [[Gopasandiram, Thally | Gopasandiram]]<br /> | deanery = [[Denkanikottai]]<br /> | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]<br /> | diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]<br /> | episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]<br /> | archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]<br /> | bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj<br /> | priest = Fr. Bosco Madalaimuthu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''The Vinnarasi Madha Church''', officially known as '''Our Lady of Queen of Heaven Church''', is a Roman Catholic quasi-parish church located in the village of [[Gopasandiram, Thally | Gopasandiram]]. It operates under the direct administration of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri | Dharmapuri Diocese]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> For a long time, Christian people lived in [[Gopasandiram, Thally | Gopasandram village]]. Prayers and masses was functioning under [[Sacred Heart Church, Madagondapalli | Madagondapalli church]] priest. For the spiritual needs of village people, 0.65 cents of land was purchased in 1937 and a chapel was built.<br /> <br /> During the tenure of Madagondapalli parish priest J. Arokiaswamy, the old chapel was removed, the construction work of the present church was started. The construction work was completed by Fr. S. Jesudass. Then this church consecrated and inaugurated on 13.01.2014 by Dharmapuri Bishop Lawrence Pius<br /> <br /> Gopasandiram church, which was sub-station church of Madagondapalli Parish,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parishes List in Dharmapuri diocese |url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=dharmapuridiocese.org |archive-date=2022-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028070952/https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; on 22.08.2020 this church has been converted into a Quasi Parish then Diocese appointed Fr. Rajappa as a first mission priest for this church. Now, Fr. Bosco Madalaimuthu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=priest name mentioned in Dharmapuri diocese official website |url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/priests/lists/diocesan_priests/0 |website=dharmapuridiocese.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; has taken in-charge on 06.07.2021 and is leading the Gopsandiram church as a mission priest.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]<br /> [[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Instructors_School_(India)&diff=458430 2026-01-09T06:24:13Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: corrected layout also and fixed typos based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Military flying school}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> |name = Flying Instructors School<br /> |native_name = <br /> |image_name = File:Flying Instructors School, IAF.png<br /> |image_size = 200px<br /> |caption = <br /> |latin_name = <br /> |motto = {{lang|sa|विद्या दानॆन वर्धतॆ}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}<br /> |motto_lang = Sanskrit<br /> |mottoeng = Knowledge multiplies when disseminated<br /> |established = 1948<br /> |closed = <br /> |type = <br /> |parent = <br /> |affiliation = <br /> |endowment = <br /> |officer_in_charge = <br /> |chairman = <br /> |chancellor = <br /> |president = <br /> |vice-president = <br /> |superintendent = <br /> |provost = <br /> |vice_chancellor = <br /> |rector = <br /> |principal = <br /> |dean = <br /> |director = <br /> |head_label = Commandant<br /> |head = [[Group Captain]] P P Mishra &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=47 flying instructors graduate from IAF |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/12/01045043/1200932/47-flying-instructors-graduate-from-IAF.vpf |website=dtNext.in |language=en |date=1 December 2019}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |staff = <br /> |students = <br /> |undergrad = <br /> |postgrad = <br /> |doctoral = <br /> |other = <br /> |city = [[Tambaram]], [[Chennai]]<br /> |state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |province = <br /> |country = [[India]]<br /> |coor = <br /> |campus = <br /> |former_names = <br /> |free_label = <br /> |free = <br /> |sports = <br /> |colors = <br /> |colours = <br /> |nickname = <br /> |mascot = <br /> |athletics = <br /> |affiliations =<br /> |website = [https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/flying-instructors-school Flying Instructors School] <br /> |logo = <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Flying Instructors School''' or '''FIS''' is a training institution of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The FIS trains operational pilots of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and friendly foreign countries to be flying instructors. Pilots of the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]], [[Indian Coast Guard]] and friendly foreign countries join and graduate from the School as [[Qualified Flying Instructor]]. It is based at [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Air Force Station Tambaram]], in the suburb of [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=140 Flying Instructors School]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The FIS conducts Qualified Flying Instructors Course and imparts Air and Ground training instructions to trainee pilots.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tambaram-flying-instructors-school-to-hold-passing-out-parade-on-Saturday/articleshow/35486329.cms Tambaram flying instructors school to hold passing out parade on Saturday]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-first-indian-air-force-woman-to-graduate-as-flying-instructor-1922722 First Indian Air Force woman to graduate as Flying Instructor]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hightech-trainer-aircraft-for-iaf-school-in-tambaram/article5201931.ece High-tech trainer aircraft for IAF school in Tambaram]&lt;/ref&gt; The graduates of FIS are called as Qualified Flying Instructor.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The FIS was established on 1 April 1948 at [[Ambala Air Force Station]]. [[Flight Lieutenant]] L R D Blunt, VrC took over as the first [[Commanding Officer]]. The School moved from Ambala to [[Tambaram Air Force Station|Air Force Station Tambaram]] in 1954.<br /> <br /> ==Motto==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}<br /> The school's motto is '''VIDYA DANEN VARDHATE''', a line from the [[Chanakya]]'s ancient treatise [[Arthashastra]]. It means '''''Knowledge when imparted multiplies'''''.<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> * [[Basic Flying Training School (India)]]<br /> * [[Directorate of Air Staff Inspection]]<br /> * [[Air Force Administrative College]]<br /> * [[Paratrooper Training School]]<br /> * [[Mehar Singh (pilot)|Mehar Singh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Air Force}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Air Force]]<br /> [[Category:Military education and training in India]]<br /> [[Category:1948 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1948]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1948]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Kalinga_Rao&diff=455271 2026-01-07T23:58:39Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: added formatting after review per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian singer (1914–1981)}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2010}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = P. Kalinga Rao<br /> | image = P.KalingaRaoPic.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | background = solo_singer<br /> | birth_name = Pandeshwara Kalinga Rao<br /> | birth_place = Aroor, Udupi<br /> | birth_date = 1914<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1981|9|21|1914}}<br /> | origin = [[Udupi district]], Karnataka, India<br /> | instrument = <br /> | genre = [[Bhavageete]], [[Sugama Sangeetha]] (film songs)<br /> | occupation = Singer, composer<br /> | years_active = <br /> | label = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pandeshwara Kalinga Rao''' (1914 &amp;ndash; 21 September 1981) was an Indian [[Bhavageete]] and [[Sugama Sangeetha]] singer and composer in the [[Kannada language]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> | title = Nightingale of Karnataka <br /> | url = http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/starofmysore/hsk/kalingarao.htm<br /> | publisher = OurKarnataka<br /> | accessdate = 23 February 2007 }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Kalinga Rao was married to Meenakshamma (d. 2015).&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindulife&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalinga-rao-100-and-evergreen/article6380329.ece | last= Khajane |first= Muralidhara |title=The life and times of Kalinga Rao |work=The Hindu|date= 6 September 2014|accessdate=16 October 2014 |location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pereira |first1=Violet |title=Udupi: Meenakshamma Kalinga Rao (92), Wife of Renowned Singer, No More |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/udupi-meenakshamma-kalinga-rao-92-wife-of-renowned-singer-no-more |website=Mangalorean.com |access-date=3 December 2021 |date=27 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had four children together: Prema, Vasanth, Sharath and Santosh. Rao was a primary school drop-out. But his knowledge of six languages was near scholarly.<br /> <br /> ==Pioneer of light music==<br /> He popularised the Kannada [[Bhavageete]], a form of music that derives lyrics from popular poetry and devotional works.<br /> <br /> Rao is widely regarded as the pioneer of the Kannada sugama sangeeta genre. He was active for three decades from 1950 and thankfully almost all of his tunes were recorded either by the gramophone companies or All India Radio. Kalinga Rao began his musical life in the era of the 78 rpm gramophone record, and the three-minute discs took his music to audiences all over Karnataka. He was also a rage on radio, and started a musical counter culture that could take on expensively produced film songs.<br /> <br /> Poets Kuvempu, Bendre, and K S Narasimha Swamy were writing inspired lyrics that would soon turn into classics, and Kalinga Rao was instrumental in composing tunes for them. He also sang Purandaradasa and folk songs, emerging as a complete practitioner of Kannada music. Kalinga Rao used the medium of music more as a promoter of poems of great Kannada poets such as [[Kuvempu]], [[D. R. Bendre]] and [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]] than as a performer unlike professional musicians. It was not the music, but the words of these poets which sought importance in his compositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindulife&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distinctive composition==<br /> Kalinga Rao had learnt Carnatic and Hindustani classical music, but chose to experiment and arrive at a style that struck a balance between classical music and film music. Aesthetically, the genre he created drew from both worlds: raga nuances from the former, and the freedom to break from raga grammar from the latter. He also brought in Western orchestra colour, just like the movie composers, but was sparing in their use. Kalinga Rao mastered a mellow, understated, and chorus-easy style.<br /> He was the Chief Composer at the [[Gubbi Veeranna Drama Company]]. He acted and composed the music for Kannada cinema &quot;Vasantha Sena&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Influence==<br /> Kalinga Rao's composer-singer tradition was carried forward by [[Mysore Ananthaswamy]], [[C. Ashwath]] and Shivamogga Subbanna, and grew into a movement in the 1990s, giving rise to annual conferences and schools teaching sugama sangeeta. Mysore Ananthaswamy leaned towards the filigree of the ghazal style and excelled at tweaking Western styles for Kannada songs. C. Ashwath evolved a style that dramatised a folksy style. His signature composition ''Udayavagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Nadu'' which inspired the Kannada unification movement was a landmark in the Kannada light music tradition.<br /> <br /> ==Commemoration==<br /> A compilation of his works was released in the form of a CD titled ''Barayya Beladingale'' in 2010 with the help of some Government officials and talented artistes like D Srinivas, Rajesh, Suma Rani, Nelson, Venu, Arun Kumar, Varadaraj, Caleb and V Umesh. Kalinga Rao's original recordings used a piano, strings, clarinet, trumpets, and a tight rhythm section which often incorporates folk sounds. The magic of his music isn't completely lost in the digital format, although listeners who have heard him on spool and vinyl records may miss the warmth of his era.<br /> <br /> Department of Kannada and Culture organised a programme to mark the birth centenary of P Kalinga at Ravindra Kalakshetra on 6 September 2014. The Chief Minister of the state of Karnataka Siddaramaiah inaugurated the day-long event. A photo exhibition was organised to introduce the legendary singer to the present generation. ''Beladingala Hakki'', a 240-page book on Kalinga Rao, a CD on his recordings of ''Rangageethegalu'' (theatre songs), and the radio play for which he composed music was released on the occasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindulife&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu100&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalinga-rao-100-and-evergreen/article6380329.ece | last= Khajane |first= Muralidhara |title=Kalinga Rao: 100 and evergreen |work=The Hindu|date= 4 September 2014|accessdate=16 October 2014 |location=India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A Kannada monograph P Kalinga Rao, edited by B S Keshava Rao and Jayashri Aravind and published by <br /> the Kannada and Culture department, brings to light many interesting events from his life, including one where a government official demands certificates of his music qualifications for the grant of an artist pension. Kalinga Rao angrily rejects the pension, but chief minister Devaraj Urs steps in to help him in his needy days.<br /> <br /> ==Popular songs==<br /> <br /> List of some of his popular songs.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Songs !! Lyrics !! Singers !! Music !! Genre<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thoogiro Chinnava'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || [[Lullaby]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yaakaluve Ele Ranga'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || [[Lullaby]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Adu Betta Idu Betta '' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || [[Indian folk music]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Baarayya Beladingale'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Indian folk music<br /> |-<br /> | ''Attillada Manege'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Indian folk music<br /> |-<br /> | ''Moodal Kunigal Kere'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Indian folk music<br /> |-<br /> | ''Betta Bittiliyuttha'' || Traditional || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Indian folk music<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yaaru Hithavaru Ninage'' || [[Purandara Dasa]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Devotional<br /> |-<br /> | ''Maadu Sikkadalla'' || [[Purandara Dasa]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Devotional<br /> |-<br /> | ''Nageyu Barutide'' || [[Purandara Dasa]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Devotional<br /> |-<br /> | ''Helkolok Ondooru'' || [[G. P. Rajarathnam]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || [[Kannada poetry]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Holiya Hunnime'' || RC Bhoosanuramath || P Kalinga Rao || BV Srinivas || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Brammaninge'' || [[G. P. Rajarathnam]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Baagilolu Kaimugidu'' || [[Kuvempu]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anantadim '' || [[Kuvempu]] || P Kalinga Rao || BV Srinivas || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mugila Maarige Ragarathiya'' || [[D. R. Bendre]] || P Kalinga Rao || BV Srinivas|| Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aluva kadaloLu Telibarutalide'' || [[Gopalkrishna Adiga]] || P Kalinga Rao || BV Srinivas || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anthintha Hennu Neenalla'' || [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]] || P Kalinga Rao || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || Kannada poetry<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yerisi Haarisi Kannadada'' || [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Patriotic<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ilidu Baa Taayi'' || [[Da Ra Bendre]] || P Kalinga Rao || BV Srinivas || Patriotic<br /> |-<br /> | ''Udayavaagali Namma'' || [[Huilgol Narayana Rao]] || P Kalinga Rao, Mohanakumari &amp; Party || P Kalinga Rao || Patriotic<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Music Direction for Movies==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1947 || [[Krishnaleela]] || Kannada || C. V. Raju || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1948 || [[Bhakta Ramadas (film)|Bhakta Ramadas]] || Kannada || [[Kemparaj Urs]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1949 || [[Kalaavida]] || Kannada || Krishnan Suryanarayan || Sohanlal Viswakalasthan Ltd ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1950 || [[Sasidharan]] || Malayalam || T. Janaki Ram || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1953 || [[Muyarchi]] || Tamil || Joseph Pallippad || C. C. Productions || with S. G. K. Pillai<br /> |-<br /> | 1959 || [[Abba Aa Hudugi]] || Kannada || H. L. N. Simha ||Sri Jamuna Productions ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1966 || [[Mahaashilpi]] || Kannada || S. V. Doraiswamy || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Playback for Movies==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music director !! Co-singer<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|1950 || rowspan=4|[[Chechi (film)|Chechi]] || rowspan=4|Malayalam || Aasha Thakarukayo || rowspan=4|[[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Kaviyoor Revamma|Kaviyoor C. K. Revamma]]<br /> |-<br /> | Oru Vichaaram || Mohana Kumari<br /> |-<br /> | Chirakaala Manobhaavam || Mohana Kumari<br /> |-<br /> | Chudu Chintha Than || Mohana Kumari<br /> |-<br /> | 1959 || [[Abba Aa Hudugi]] || Kannada || Ba Chinna Mohana Nodenna || P. Kalinga Rao || Mohana Kumari &amp; Sohana Kumari<br /> |-<br /> | 1959 || [[Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam]] || Tamil || Ennai Ariyamale Enadhullam || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || [[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]] || Kannada || Thayi Deviyanu Kaane || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1964 || [[Thumbida Koda]] || Kannada || Anthintha Hennu || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Kalinga Rao died on 21 September 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindulife&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, P. Kalinga}}<br /> [[Category:1914 births]]<br /> [[Category:1981 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandwana&diff=493511 2026-01-05T04:45:07Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Chandwana<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.63316281634017|N|76.86899571286264|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_party = BJP<br /> | leader_title = MLA<br /> | leader_name = Ashish Sharma<br /> | leader_title1 = <br /> | leader_name1 =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 455336<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 07274<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | website = <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chandwana''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Chandpura Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chandwana(474251) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531596|accessdate=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]<br /> <br /> {{Dewas-geo-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaarthika_(TV_series)&diff=507211 2026-01-03T09:13:36Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Kaarthika TV series.png<br /> | caption = <br /> | creator = Ekta Kapoor<br /> | runtime = 30 minutes<br /> | executive_producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br /> | company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]<br /> | starring = [[Jennifer Winget]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Abhay Vakil (actor)|Abhay Vakil]] &lt;br&gt; Aditya Vaidya<br /> | producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shobha Kapoor]]<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | country = India<br /> | opentheme = &quot;Iraade... I Have It In Me&quot;<br /> | endtheme = &quot;I can do it&quot;<br /> | network = [[Hungama TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2004|9|27}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep229.htm|title=Hungama TV banking on movies, four driver shows|date=21 September 2004|access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2004|12|23}}<br /> | num_episodes = 52<br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kaarthika''''' is an Indian children's show that aired on [[Hungama TV]] from 27 September 2004 to 23 December 2004 and was later syndicated on [[Disney Channel India]] from 2008 to 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug123.htm|title=Balaji ready with 9 new shows across channels|website=Indian Television|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101072457/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug123.htm|archive-date=2015-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://balajitelefilms.com/serial.php?id=36#lead_actors|title=Kartika drama on Disney Channel|website=Balaji telefilms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Kartika is a nice singer and dreams of being a film star. She asks her father and mother to get her admitted to a singing academy. At first, they do not agree, but she manages to persuade them. At the academy, she makes new friends and rivals. She shares her room with Ankana, a bad but popular girl who always insults her and gets her into trouble.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> * [[Jennifer Winget]] as Kartika<br /> * Aditya Vaidya as Ritwik<br /> * Ankana Mehra as Bonita<br /> * [[Abhay Vakil (actor)|Abhay Vakil]] as Abhishek<br /> * [[Arjun Bijlani]] as Ankush&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/arjun-bijlani-acting-debut-tv-show-kaarthika-balaji-telefilms-first-of-many-7329610/|title=First of Many: Arjun Bijlani revisits Kaarthika|date=27 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Recurring===<br /> * Monica Kale as Meenakshi<br /> * Swati as Ash<br /> * Shikha as Sush<br /> * Mitika Sharma as Sweta<br /> * [[Resham Tipnis]] as Sushma<br /> * [[Sanjeev Seth]]<br /> * Aarti as Brinda<br /> * Monica Kale as Tanya<br /> * Daljeet Kaur<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Balaji Telefilms}}<br /> {{Children television series in India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kartika (Sitcom)}}<br /> [[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian children's television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hungama TV original programming]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sati_Savitri:_And_Other_Feminist_Stories_They_Don%27t_Tell_You&diff=533449 2025-12-31T13:36:56Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating New Post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Non-fiction book by Devdutt Pattanaik}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Sati Savitri: And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You<br /> | image = Sati Savitri - And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You (Book Cover).jpeg<br /> | caption = <br /> | author = [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]<br /> | cover_artist= <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | subject = Mythology, feminism<br /> | genre = Non-fiction<br /> | publisher = Penguin Books India<br /> | pub_date = March 2024<br /> | media_type = Print (paperback)<br /> | pages = 256<br /> | isbn = 9780143467588<br /> | oclc = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sati Savitri: And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You''' (often shortened to ''Sati Savitri'') is a 2024 non-fiction book by Indian mythologist [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]. The book collects retellings and interpretations of stories from Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions that highlight women's agency, choice and alternative models of femininity within South Asian mythic traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sati Savitri |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/sati-savitri/ |publisher=Penguin Random House India |access-date=29 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contents and themes==<br /> The book challenges popular cultural stereotypes surrounding mythology and its characters. Pattanaik argues that mythology is often treated as fixed doctrine or literal history, whereas it functions as a flexible narrative system shaped by social context and interpretation.<br /> <br /> A central theme of the book is the reinterpretation of female figures such as Sati and Savitri. Pattanaik notes that these women are frequently reduced in modern usage to symbols of obedience or self-sacrifice, while mythological narratives portray them as individuals who actively make choices, negotiate power and act with agency. Savitri, in particular, is presented not as a passive wife but as a figure who confronts death through intelligence and determination.<br /> <br /> The book also reflects the idea that Indian mythological traditions contain multiple and sometimes contradictory strands, including both patriarchal and empowering narratives. By revisiting myths through this plural lens, the work seeks to dismantle simplified moral readings and encourage an understanding of mythological characters as complex and context-dependent rather than fixed archetypes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Busting myths about mythology with Devdutt Pattanaik |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/busting-myths-about-mythology-with-devdutt-pattanaik/cid/1787679 |newspaper=The Telegraph (India) |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=29 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Mainstream coverage around the book focused on Pattanaik's stated aim of bringing out lesser-told, empowering stories about women from South Asian traditions. In an interview with the ''Deccan Chronicle'' Pattanaik described the collection as one that highlights stories where women exercise choice, noting that the Savitri story — often invoked as an ideal of wifely devotion — can be read as an account of a woman who &quot;outwits death and saves a man.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 April 2024 |title=Feminism Is Not About Women Dominating Men - Devdutt Pattnaik |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/interviews/feminism-is-not-about-women-dominating-men-devdutt-pattnaik-890308 |access-date=29 December 2025 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An NDTV video feature and interview presented Pattanaik explaining how the book &quot;breaks&quot; common myths about Sati and Savitri and highlights agency in women characters from mythology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NDTV Exclusive: Devdutt Pattanaik's Myth Breaking &quot;Sati Savitri&quot; |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP73SF9poK4 |publisher=NDTV / YouTube |access-date=29 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The book has also featured in recent student papers and survey articles that examine modern reworkings of myth and the construction of feminist readings of traditional narratives. Scholarly reviews and comparative pieces have used Pattanaik's retellings to discuss continuity and change in representations of women in Indian epic and Puranic literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Livish; Tiwari |title=Review on Devdutt Pattanaik's Work: The Pregnant King and Sati Savitri |journal=Journal of Science Engineering Technology and Management Science |date=November 2025 |url=https://www.jsetms.com/admin/uploads/hcUCv8.pdf |access-date=29 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Editions==<br /> * Pattanaik, Devdutt. ''Sati Savitri: And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You''. Penguin Books India. Published: March 2024. 256 pages. {{ISBN|9780143467588}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sati Savitri |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/sati-savitri/ |publisher=Penguin Random House India |access-date=29 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Women in Hinduism]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.penguin.co.in/book/sati-savitri/ Publisher page — Penguin Random House India]<br /> * [https://devdutt.com/sati-savitri/ Author page — Devdutt Pattanaik]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP73SF9poK4 NDTV video feature — 'Myth Breaking &quot;Sati Savitri&quot;']<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br /> [[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-book-stub}}<br /> {{Hindu-book-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antara_(hospital)&diff=445743 2025-12-29T04:51:07Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: revise</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox hospital<br /> |name = Antaragram<br /> |org_group = Antara Society<br /> |country = India<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|22|23|23.49|N|88|25|07.06|E|display=title,inline}}<br /> |founded = 1971<br /> |funding = Non-Profit<br /> |website = [http://www.antaraglobal.org/ Official Website]}}<br /> '''Antara''' (or '''Antaragram''') is a mental health institution located on the outskirts of [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. It is operated by the Antara Society. Antara was established in 1971 and registered in 1972 by a group of like-minded psychiatrists and other mental health professionals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=A.J. |date=6 November 2017 |title=Revisiting Antara: An oasis in psychiatric desert |url=http://www.heraldofindia.com/article.php?id=445 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107035501/http://www.heraldofindia.com/article.php?id=445 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |website=The Herald of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Organisation and administration==<br /> Antaragram is operated by the charitable trust Antara. Prior to the establishment of Antaragram, the group of founders including Dr. Satrujit Dasgupta, Maj. (Dr.) R B Davis, P M John, and Bro Andrew along with Mother Teresa and Mar Thoma Church, Calcutta operated an Outpatient Psychiatric Unit in 1971. The next year, the group provided residential facilities to mentally ill patients. From 1982 onward, a need arose to cater to a much larger patient population. Land was purchased in the outskirts of Kolkata to establish the larger Mental Health Hospital. The site was called 'Antaragram'. The foundation stone was laid by Mother Teresa in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Background |url=http://www.antaraglobal.org/spirit.html#.UnRdk3BpnYI |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102154939/http://www.antaraglobal.org/spirit.html |archivedate=2013-11-02 |accessdate=2013-11-02 |website=Antara Psychiatric Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Departments===<br /> * Psychiatry<br /> * Clinical Psychology<br /> * Psychiatric Social Work<br /> * Occupational Therapy<br /> * Psychiatric Nursing<br /> * Hospital Administration<br /> * Community Mental Health Unit<br /> <br /> ===Services offered===<br /> * Out-patient Psychiatric Services<br /> * In-Patient Psychiatric Services<br /> * Inpatient Treatment for Substance Abuse <br /> * Child Guidance Services (Indoor and Outdoor)<br /> * Psychological Therapy<br /> * Rehabilitation <br /> * Day Treatment Program<br /> * Satellite Outpatient Department<br /> * Low-Cost Pharmacy<br /> * Community Mental Health Awareness<br /> * School Mental Health Program<br /> * Training for Nurses and Mental Health Professional Students<br /> * Internship for Students (Psychology, Social Work, Hospital Management)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.antaraglobal.org/ Antara (Official Website)]<br /> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=S8xGeEtNwEsC&amp;dq=antaragram&amp;pg=PA241 Antara involvement in 1999 court case of Illegal Detention]<br /> <br /> {{Mental Health in India}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Antara}}<br /> [[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1980]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Psychiatric hospitals in India]]<br /> [[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swarnim_Bharat_Ke_Swapnadrishta_Narendra_Modi&diff=538895 2025-10-24T16:06:57Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating New Post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2014 nonfiction book by Vijay Nahar}}<br /> {{UPE|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> |name = Swarnim Bharat Ke Swapnadrishta Narendra Modi<br /> |image = File:Swarnim Bharat Ke Swapndrishtha Narendra Modi.jpg<br /> |author = Vijay Nahar<br /> |language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |country = [[India]]<br /> |genre = reference work<br /> |publisher = Pinkcity Publishers, [[Jaipur]]<br /> |isbn = 9789380522500<br /> |series = <br /> |release_date = 2014<br /> |pages = 260<br /> |preceded_by =<br /> |followed_by =<br /> }}<br /> '''''Swarnim Bharat Ke Swapnadrishta Narendra Modi''''' is a 2014 nonfiction book written by Vijay Nahar and published by Pinkcity Publishers. The book covers the personal and political life of [[Narendra Modi]] based on references and press releases. It contains details of his childhood and marriage, and covers his time as RSS member, [[Gujarat]] [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]], and [[BJP]] [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vijay Nahar|title=Swarnim Bharat Ke Swapnadrishta Narendra Modi|publisher=Pinkcity Publishers| isbn=978-93-80522-50-0|year=2014|page= 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The book was published in 2014, and was selected for government school libraries in Rajasthan in 2017. [[Rajasthan]] State Education Minister [[Vasudev Devnani]] claimed that the book would help students build character and remind the present generation about the contributions of their national heroes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biographies of PM Narendra Modi, RSS men in Rajasthan school libraries now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/biographies-of-pm-narendra-modi-rss-men-in-rajasthan-school-libraries-now/articleshow/58993716.cms|publisher=Times of India|website=www.timesofindia.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The book was promoted by [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)]] leader Indresh Kumar, ex-State BJP President of Rajasthan [[Ashok Parnami]], and ex-Vice Chancellor of MDS University P. L. Chaturvedi at the Rajasthan Chamber of Commerce and Industries. At the book launch Nahar stated that [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] was born to a financially weak [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Caste]] Ghanchi family and that he displayed qualities such as self-dependence, self-respect, courage, and determination from childhood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Book on Modi released in Jaipur|url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-st-jaipur/20140410/281603828445302|publisher=Hindustan Times ST|website=www.pressreaders.com|accessdate=10 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Vasundhara Raje Aur Vikasit Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITKcDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=vasundhara+raje+aur+vikasit+rajasthan&amp;pg=PA98|publisher= Prabhat Prakashan|date = January 2016|isbn = 9789351867210}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The book is said to have revealed the truth about Modi and his wife Jasodaban. The book says that after completing his education, Modi's family forced him to bring Jasodaban home, but he told his family to ask Jasodaban's parents to marry her off to another man. As in the book, Modi married Jasodaban as per Ghanchi's tradition in childhood. Living in Ahmedabad, Narendra Modi's personality was also very effective. He had become a leader of the student and a senior officer of the Sangh. The big men of the metropolis came to meet him and advise him. Father-Mother and elder brother were also afraid of putting emphasis on such an effective personality. Were hesitant. They also knew this very well that Narendra Modi will do the same thing which he has decided. Nobody can distract them. In such a case, the talk of marriage has ignored.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=मोदी चाहते थे दूसरी शादी कर लें जशोदा बेन|url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/vijay-nahar-book-on-modi-and-jasodaben|publisher=Amar Ujala |website=www.amarujala.com|accessdate=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nahar wrote in the book that Modi was receiving 5 Rs. wage to carry one oil container for an oil company. He sold tea and water bottles at the railway platform. In this book, comparison of Narendra Modi and Arvind Kejriwal's 14-page article has been compared. While Rahul Gandhi's mention in astrology article, only two times is related to his zodiac sign. In this article, the future fruits of Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh have been compared to Modi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=नरेन्‍द्र मोदी चाहते थे कि दूसरी शादी कर लें उनकी पत्‍नी जसोदा बेन<br /> |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/india/vijay-nahar-s-book-on-narendra-modi-lse-294739.html|website=www.hindi.oneindia.com|accessdate=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Author Vijay Nahar worked as Prant Pracharak of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and has written various reference books on Indian history and [[political leaders]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=मोदी चाहते थे दूसरी शादी कर लें जशोदा बेन|url= https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/vijay-nahar-book-on-modi-and-jasodaben|publisher=Amar Ujala |website=www.amarujala.com|accessdate=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biographies of PM Narendra Modi, RSS men in Rajasthan school libraries now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/biographies-of-pm-narendra-modi-rss-men-in-rajasthan-school-libraries-now/articleshow/58993716.cms|publisher=Times of India|website=www.timesofindia.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; His other popular books include ''Vasundhara Raje aur Vikasit Rajasthan'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=राज्यपाल कल्याण सिंह को पुस्तक भेंट|url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/picture-news/news-book-pregented-to-governor-kalyan-singh-1-65566-KKN.html|publisher=Khaskhabar.com Group|website=www.khaskhabar.com| accessdate=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Samrat Bhoj Parmar'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=उच्च शिक्षामंत्री ने किया पुस्तक का विमोचन|url=http://epaper.patrika.com/m5/892522/Rajasthan-Patrika-Pali/01.08.2016#page/10/1|publisher=Rajasthan Patrika|website=www.epaper.patrika.com|accessdate=1 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aapaatkaal Ke Kaale Divas'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= हर्षोल्लास के साथ मनाया स्वतंत्रता, शहीदों को किया याद|url= https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/pali/news/RAJ-PALI-MAT-latest-pali-news-072502-776632-NOR.html?ref=gamp|website=www.bhaskar.com|accessdate=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Prarambhik Islamic Aakraman Evam Bhartiya Pratirodh'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=भारत के इतिहास पर एक और प्रशंशनीय कार्य|url=https://www.patheykan.in/sites/default/files/10_16may2017.pdf|website=www.patheykan.com| accessdate=16 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Aadhunik Bharat Ke Bramharshi-Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=पंडित उपाध्याय पर लिखी पुस्तक का विमोचन|url=http://epaper.patrika.com/m5/1363889/Rajasthan-Patrika-Jaipur/Rajasthan-Patrika-Jaipur#page/10/1|website=www.epaper.patrika.com|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=भागवत ने की नाहर की पं. दीनदयाल उपाध्याय पर लिखी पुस्तक की तारीफ|url=http://epaper.dailynews360.com/m5/1363939/Daily-news/Daily-news#page/4/1|website=www.epaper.dailynews360.com|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|35em}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about Narendra Modi]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickleball_in_India&diff=525482 2025-10-14T01:31:23Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: adding new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Infobox sport overview<br /> | title = Pickleball in India<br /> | image = Pickleball balls and paddles.jpg<br /> | caption = Pickleball balls and paddles<br /> | union = [[All India Pickleball Association]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Indian Pickleball Association<br /> | country = India<br /> | sport = Pickleball<br /> | noncountry = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | first = <br /> | registered = <br /> | clubs =<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- COMPETITIONS --&gt;<br /> | national_list = <br /> | club_list = <br /> | intl_list = <br /> &lt;!-- Best Fighter --&gt;<br /> | Name =<br /> &lt;!-- AUDIENCE RECORDS --&gt;<br /> | match = <br /> | league = <br /> &lt;!-- FAN GROUPS --&gt;<br /> | fan_org =<br /> }}<br /> [[Pickleball]], a paddle sport that combines elements of tennis, badminton, and table tennis,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Essential Rules of Pickleball: A Quick Overview |url=https://www.teampickleball.com/blogs/the-playbook/essential-rules-of-pickleball |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Team Pickleball |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is growing rapidly within [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=From Mumbai To Goa, And Jharkhand To Kerala, The Growing Popularity Of Pickleball In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/from-mumbai-to-goa-and-jharkhand-to-kerala-the-growing-popularity-of-pickleball-in-india/86725/1 |website=Forbes India |access-date=1 September 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tennis but not quite: Pickleball gains ground in India, riding a pandemic-born craze |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/tennis-but-not-quite-pickleball-gains-ground-in-india-riding-a-pandemic-born-craze-101710679315176.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From Goa to Mumbai - How Pickleball Went From A Trend To A Sporting Revolution In India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/from-goa-to-mumbai-how-pickleball-went-from-a-trend-to-a-sporting-revolution-in-india-article-107810146 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=Times Now |date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pickleball Fever Sweeps India: From Mumbai to Kerala, the Sport Takes Center Stage |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pickleball-fever-sweeps-india-from-mumbai-to-kerala-the-sport-takes-center-stage-article-107889890 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=Times Now |date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Times Now]]'' reported in September 2024 that over 50,000 people in India played the game over the previous 18 months and at the time there were over 500 courts throughout the country, with 40 or 50 new courts being added every month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sadhu |first1=Rahul |title=Pickleball Fever Sweeps India: More Than 50,000 Players, Nearly 500 Courts Signals Popularity Across Nation |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pickleball-fever-sweeps-india-more-than-50000-players-nearly-500-courts-signals-popularity-across-nation-exclusive-article-113779643 |website=Times Now News |publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Company Limited |access-date=1 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930122512/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pickleball-fever-sweeps-india-more-than-50000-players-nearly-500-courts-signals-popularity-across-nation-exclusive-article-113779643 |archive-date=September 30, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The popularity of pickleball is causing waiting lists for booking courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Padel craze sparks waitlists for courts, Pickleball booms with ₹1 crore prize |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/padel-craze-sparks-long-waitlists-for-courts-pickleball-booms-with-1-cr-prize-tournament-101717098388538.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pickleball: The rising craze in India's sports scene {{!}} The Established |url=https://www.theestablished.com/culture/living/pickleballs-popularity-in-india-goes-beyond-just-a-recreational-sport |website=www.theestablished.com |access-date=1 September 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its increasing reach is attracting sponsors and investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Lijee |title=Pickleball growing in popularity, draws more sponsors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pickleball-growing-in-popularity-draws-more-sponsors/articleshow/104092433.cms |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Pickleball]] was introduced to [[India]] in 2006 by Sunil Valavalkar and has spread to several states including [[Maharashtra]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pickleball in India: The game that gives life (Pt. 1) |url=https://pickleballcentral.com/blog/pickleball-in-india-the-game-that-gives-life-pt-1 |website=PickleballCentral.com |access-date=1 September 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various clubs and centers, such as Pickleball Arena, offer coaching, court booking, and equipment sales to promote the sport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pickleball Arena |url=https://pickleballarena.in/ |access-date=1 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many pickleball tournaments have been held in India such as the 2023 Global Sports Indian Pickleball Open, and future tournaments like the World Pickleball Championship are planned to take place in India as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Additionally, notable Indian players such as Armaan Bhatia and Mayur Patil have emerged by performing well in various events.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A pickleball league called the World Pickleball League is planned to be launched in India with the backing of [[Gaurav Natekar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pickleball gets a league of its own in India with $10-mn investment in 3-5 years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/pickleball-gets-a-league-of-its-own-in-india-with-10-mn-investment-in-3-5-years-article-12718474.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India Set To Get First-Ever Professional Pickleball League With WPBL {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-set-to-get-first-ever-professional-pickleball-league-with-wpbl-5625953 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=KheloMore and All India Pickleball Association to establish 100 pickleball courts in 2 years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/khelomore-and-all-india-pickleball-association-to-establish-100-pickleball-courts-in-2-years-article-12756862.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=India set to launch its first-ever professional pickleball league with World Pickleball League |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/news-india-set-launch-first-ever-professional-pickleball-league-world-pickleball-league |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=All India Pickleball Association and Natekar Sports and Gaming Forge Pathbreaking Partnership for India's Inaugural Pickleball League |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/all-india-pickleball-association-and-natekar-sports-and-gaming-forge-pathbreaking-partnership-for-indias-inaugural-pickleball-league20240131190342/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are also plans to bring [[PPA Tour]] and [[Major League Pickleball]] to India in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Golden |first1=Jessica |title=Professional pickleball signs first international deal, looks to grow the sport in India |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/25/us-pro-pickleball-group-signs-first-international-deal-in-india.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=CNBC |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Pickleball]] was introduced to [[India]] in 2006 by Sunil Valavalkar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Pickleball Boom: The trendy, social sport is winning hearts in India too |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/pickleball-boom-india-trendy-sport-manish-rao-sunil-valavakar-2594812-2024-09-06 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valavalkar's first experience with pickleball was in British Columbia, Canada in 1999, where he played it daily during his 110-day stay. Following a later trip to Cincinnati, Ohio in 2006, Valavalkar was reminded of pickleball during a tennis clinic. He returned to India and began seriously demonstrating pickleball, with his daughter and niece being the first examples. Initially, it was not well received.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Mumbai To Goa, And Jharkhand To Kerala, The Growing Popularity Of Pickleball In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/from-mumbai-to-goa-and-jharkhand-to-kerala-the-growing-popularity-of-pickleball-in-india/86725/1 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, Valavalkar formed the [[All India Pickleball Association]] (AIPA), which was granted affiliation to the International Pickleball Federation in 2015. The AIPA was also a founding member of the Asia Federation of Pickleball.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AIPA |url=https://www.pickleball.in/about_aipa.php |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.pickleball.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pickleball has spread to many [[States and union territories of India|states]] including [[Karnataka]] and [[Jharkhand]]. Valavalkar helped organize some of the first national-level tournaments from 2013 to 2018. As time went on, the sport grew with more tournaments and larger prize pools.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tournaments ==<br /> In February 2023, the 2023 Global Sports Indian Pickleball Open was hosted at the Panjim Gymkhan venue in [[Goa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=panjim gymkhan |url=https://pickleball.global/clubs/9561 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=pickleball.global |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Global |first=Pickleball |title=2023 Global Sports Indian Pickleball Open |url=https://pickleball.global/compete/2023-Global-Sports-Indian-Pickleball-Open-1168/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=pickleball.global |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; The PWR DUPR India Masters in October 2024 at New Delhi's RK Khanna Tennis Stadium gathered 750 players and was India's first international pickleball event on the PWR World Tour, awarding up to 700 ranking points to participants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-23 |title=DUPR India Masters from Oct 24 to 27: Delhi to experience pickleball thrill as 750 players to compete for $50,000 prize |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/dupr-india-masters-from-oct-24-to-27-delhi-to-experience-pickleball-thrill-as-750-players-to-compete-for-50000-prize/articleshow/114515472.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the World Pickleball Championship (WPC) will take place in [[Mumbai]] from November 12–17, 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=India to host World Pickleball Championship for first time, showcasing global talent in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/india-to-host-world-pickleball-championship-for-first-time-showcasing-global-talent-in-mumbai-1115595-2024-11-04 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kolkata]] will host its first DUPR-certified tournament from November 21–24, 2024, at the [[Ballygunge]] Arena, offering players a chance to compete for Bengal State rankings and entry into December's National Tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Kolkata To Witness {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} First-Ever DUPR-PWR Competition ! IPA Announces Bengal State Ranking Pickleball Tournament PWR 100 : Check Deets |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/kolkata-to-witness-its-first-ever-dupr-pwr-competition-ipa-announces-bengal-state-ranking-pickleball-tournament-pwr-100-check-deets-article-114949726 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Leagues===<br /> [[PWR DUPR India League]] organised by [[Pickleball World Rankings]] was launched in December 2024. It is scheduled to be held in Mumbai from 10 to 22 January 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-21 |title=PWR DUPR India League 2025: From Armaan Bhatia to Dusty Boyr, Star-Studded Roster Of Players Who Are Likely To Feature |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pwr-dupr-india-league-2025-from-armaan-bhatia-to-dusty-boyr-star-studded-roster-of-players-who-have-signed-up-so-far-article-116534788 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; India League is associated with Indian Pickleball Association.<br /> <br /> [[World Pickleball League]](WPBL) co-founded by former tennis player [[Gaurav Natekar]] and his wife Arti Ponnanpa Natekar. Scheduled from January 24 to February 2 at [[Cricket Club of India]], Mumbai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=World Pickleball League: Gaurav Natekar confident of revolutionary inaugural season |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/world-pickleball-league-gaurav-natekar-interview-2652892-2024-12-20 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; WPBL is partnered with the All India Pickleball Association (AIPA), the governing body for pickleball in India. AIPA has championed the sport of Pickleball in India for fifteen (15) years. Affiliated with the International Pickleball Federation (IPF)<br /> <br /> == Performance ==<br /> India has sent [[athlete]]s to international pickleball competitions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Keyur |date=2024-10-30 |title=Pickleball global rankings: Check India's rising stars position in the world |url=https://www.insidesport.in/chak-de-india/pickleball-global-rankings-india-position-in-the-world-vanshik-kapadia/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Notable players ===<br /> Indian players have made a strong presence in the sport of pickleball, competing in both national and international tournaments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proud of our athletes' performance at World Pickleball Championship: AIPA President Arvind Prabhoo |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/proud-of-our-athletes-performance-at-world-pickleball-championship-aipa-president-arvind-prabhoo20241004114619/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Armaan Bhatia, currently ranked as one of the top pickleball players in Asia, claimed a trio of titles at the inaugural PWR DUPR India Masters, held at the [[R. K. Khanna Tennis Complex]] in [[New Delhi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Armaan Bhatia grounds American star Dusty to win first major pickleball event in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/armaan-bhatia-dusty-wins-first-pickleball-event-india-9641879/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhatia won the cup in men's singles, mixed doubles, and men's doubles at this event.<br /> <br /> Mayur Patil from [[Maharashtra]] was among the six Indians representing India at the English Open in August 2023. He won a silver in the open category in the [[Bainbridge Cup]].&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indian contingent also won four gold and two bronze medals in the Asian Open Pickleball Championship 2024 held in [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=10 May 2024 |title=Indians dominate Asian Pickleball Championship with 4 gold, 2 silver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indians-dominate-asian-pickleball-championship-with-4-gold-2-silver/articleshow/110006336.cms |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of November 2024, India has 7 players ranked within the global men's singles top 50 (22 players in top 100), and 8 players ranked within the global women's singles top 50 (15 players in top 100).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ProKennex Men's Singles GPR |url=https://pickleball.global/rankings |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=pickleball.global}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Popularity ==<br /> Starting around 2020, many individuals of various ages and levels of experience have since began to participate in pickleball games as a recreational activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Easy format of pickleball makes sport popular among young and old alike |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/easy-format-of-pickleball-gaining-popularity-among-all-age-groups/articleshow/113006285.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], more individuals in India played pickleball as a non-contact and gender-agnostic activity compared to previous years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Services such as [[Hudl]] have reported that in between 2023 and 2024, at least 50,000 people in India had played at least one game of pickleball.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Pickleball Fever Sweeps India: More Than 50,000 Players, Nearly 500 Courts Signals Popularity Across Nation {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pickleball-fever-sweeps-india-more-than-50000-players-nearly-500-courts-signals-popularity-across-nation-exclusive-article-113779643 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, India has now developed over 500 pickleball courts across the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=India joins global Pickleball, Padel boom as sports surpass tennis' growth |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tennis-pickleball-padel-growth-racket-sport-india-13814320.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; These courts are located in India's densely populated cities, and can also be found in the country's less urban settings as well.<br /> <br /> Organizations such as the Federation of Pickleball Association of Kerala and India's different amateur pickleball clubs have helped develop the pickleball scene in India by running competitions, creating courts, and coaching amateur pickleball players. [https://goodlandpickleball.com Goodland Pickleball] is at the forefront of making Pickleball mainstream. Within a year of its launch they introduced lifestyle content to Indian pickleball which was quickly aped by existing players in the space. However, Hemant Chavan the founder of Goodland was responsible to introducing Pickleball as a mainstream sport through his appearance on Shark Tank India Season 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Future ==<br /> Infrastructure development is a key driver of pickleball's growth in India, with efforts focused on increasing the availability of courts nationwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The All India Pickleball Association (AIPA), for instance, has collaborated with KheloMore Sports, a sports venue booking platform, which has committed ₹5 crore to construct over 100 pickleball courts across the country. However, this is yet to bear fruition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the corporate world, pickleball is emerging as an alternative to traditional leisure sports like golf, thanks to its ease of organization and inclusivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Pickleball Evolution: Faster, Greener, Smarter Courts, Balls, and Paddles Predicted By Sarah Burr {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pickleball/pickleball-evolution-faster-greener-smarter-courts-balls-and-paddles-predicted-by-sarah-burr-article-114941120 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; High-profile endorsements such as [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]’s investment in the World Pickleball League (WPBL), have also further boosted the sport's visibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; The WPBL is set to launch in 2025 and will be India's first franchise-based pickleball league.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The league aims to emulate the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) by attracting corporate franchise owners, securing media coverage and offering large-scale competitive opportunities for athletes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hariharan |first=Sindhu |date=2024-09-10 |title=Easy to play Pickleball is paddling its way through India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/easy-to-play-pickleball-is-paddling-its-way-through-india/article68626492.ece |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2024, the [[United Pickleball Association]] announced a partnership with Global Sports to bring the [[PPA Tour]] and Major League Pickleball (MLP) to India, marking the first international expansion for the association.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; MLP, the team-based league, plans to host competitions in India, integrating Indian players alongside MLP and PPA Tour professionals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The association aims to establish a full 12-team MLP season by 2025–26, which is expected to elevate pickleball's profile in India, offering players a pathway to international competition. This has not sufficed and apparently fallen through.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Financial constraints remain a challenge, but AIPA President Arvind Prabhoo envisions pickleball becoming a mainstream sport in India, citing the domestic popularity of other racket sports like tennis and badminton as evidence of its viability.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He states the ultimate goal is to secure pickleball's inclusion in the Olympic Games.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Aim Is To Take Pickleball To The Olympics: Arvind Prabhoo |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/the-ultimate-aim-is-to-take-pickleball-to-the-olympics-arvind-prabhoo/86847/1 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Pickleball box}}<br /> {{Sport in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pickleball in India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Sport in India by sport]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harsh_Mankad&diff=502278 2025-09-23T08:25:22Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: Creating new data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian tennis player}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=March 2008}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox tennis biography<br /> | name = Harsh Mankad<br /> | image = <br /> | caption =<br /> | country = {{IND}}<br /> | residence = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], U.S.<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1979|11|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | height = {{height|m=1.73}}<br /> | plays = Right-handed <br /> | turnedpro = 2002<br /> | coach = <br /> | careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]] 163,939 <br /> | singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=6|lost=13}}<br /> | singlestitles = 0<br /> | highestsinglesranking = No. 222 (19 December 2005)<br /> | currentsinglesranking = <br /> | doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=0|lost=6}}<br /> | doublestitles = 0<br /> | highestdoublesranking = No. 102 (26 October 2009)<br /> | currentdoublesranking = <br /> | WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R ([[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2010]])<br /> | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes|parents={{ubl|[[Ashok Mankad]]|[[Nirupama Mankad]]}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Harsh Mankad''' (born 10 November 1979) is a former world ranked ATP Professional [[tennis player]] from [[India]]. He played Davis Cup for India between 2001–2010 and was the No. 1 singles player on the team for several of those years.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He is the grandson of world-renowned [[cricket]]er [[Vinoo Mankad]], and the son of Indian Test cricketer and Mumbai captain [[Ashok Mankad]] and pioneer women's tennis player [[Nirupama Vasant]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Harsh Mankad - ATP Profile|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/players/harsh-mankad/m699/bio|website=atpworldtour.com|access-date=13 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harsh resides in [[Minneapolis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Ma/H/Harsh-Mankad.aspx |title=Tennis - ATP World Tour - Tennis Players – Harsh Mankad |publisher=ATP World Tour |access-date=2 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early career==<br /> Mankad was the #1 ranked junior tennis player in India, winning National Titles in every age group. Mankad earned a scholarship to the University of Minnesota where he played #1 singles and #1 doubles from 1999 to 2002. He played collegiate tennis at the [[University of Minnesota]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gophersportsguides.com/page/show/306155-letterwinners |title=Letterwinners &amp;#124; Records &amp; History &amp;#124; Archives: 2010-11 Guide &amp;#124; 2011-12 Tennis &amp;#124; Men's Sports |publisher=Gopher Sports Guides |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327202553/http://www.gophersportsguides.com/page/show/306155-letterwinners |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mankad won the Intercollegiate Tennis Association's National Indoor Tennis Championships in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] in November 2001.{{citation needed|date=March 2008}} He was the first Indian to win this event and consequently secured the No. 1 ranking in the [[NCAA Division I]] US tennis rankings for 2001–2002.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> On the ATP Tennis Tour, Mankad played against several world #1 ranked players, including Andy Roddick, Andy Murray, Lleyton Hewwitt, and other top ranked players such as James Blake, Marcos Baghdatis, and Scheng Schalken. Mankad has been a member of [[India Davis Cup team]] for over a dozen Davis Cup ties between Sep 2001 and Oct 2010. He was the highest ranked singles player from India on the [[ATP Tour]] in June 2005 (No. 220). He won the Manchester Challenger title in July 2006, becoming the first Indian since [[Leander Paes]] to win an [[ATP Challenger Series]] title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://im.rediff.com/sports/2006/jul/24mankad.htm|title=Mankad wins Manchester ITF Challenger|work=Rediff.com |date=24 July 2006 |access-date=23 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mankad qualified for the main draw of doubles in [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon 2010]] partnering [[Ilija Bozoljac]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/wimbledon/top-stories/Mankad-qualifies-for-Wimbledon-doubles-main-draw/articleshow/6058200.cms |title=Harsh Mankad qualifies for Wimbledon doubles main draw |work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2010 |access-date=2 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post retirement==<br /> Since retiring from the ATP Tour, Mankad has been the Director of the Tennis Academy at Golden Valley Golf and Country Club in Minneapolis, MN from Feb 2012 - Oct 2013. Mankad instituted several new marketing initiatives as the director and established a premiere tennis academy at the Country Club. He also co-Founded &quot;Tenicity&quot;, a web and mobile platform aimed at enhancing the overall quality of a tennis program.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{ATP}}<br /> * {{ITF}}<br /> * {{Davis Cup player}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mankad, Harsh}}<br /> [[Category:1979 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male tennis players]]<br /> [[Category:Minnesota Golden Gophers men's tennis players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriate tennis players in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Tennis players from Minnesota]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahal&diff=514716 2025-09-22T03:40:34Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: starting new article - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{wiktionary|mahal}}<br /> '''Mahal''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> {{tocright}}<br /> <br /> == Places ==<br /> * [[Mahal, India]], a small town in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> * [[Mahal, Punjab]], a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India<br /> * [[Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman]], a census town in Pandabeswar CD Block in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India <br /> * Mahal, close to [[pargana]], country subdivision in the Indian subcontinent<br /> * Măhal, a village in [[Sânmartin, Cluj]] County, Romania<br /> * [[Mahalla]], an Arabic language country subdivision or neighbourhood term<br /> * [[Mahalle]], Turkish language country subdivision or neighbourhood term<br /> * [[Malé]], national capital of the Maldives<br /> <br /> == Films ==<br /> * [[Mahal (1949 film)|''Mahal'' (1949 film)]], Indian film directed by Kamal Amrohi and starring Ashok Kumar and Madhubala<br /> * [[Mahal (1969 film)|''Mahal'' (1969 film)]], Indian film directed by Shanker Mukherjee<br /> * ''Mahal'', a 1989 Indian film directed by [[Keshu Ramsay]]<br /> <br /> == Other ==<br /> * [[Mahal (Eddie Henderson album)|''Mahal'' (Eddie Henderson album)]], a 1978 album by Eddie Henderson<br /> * [[Mahal (Toro y Moi album)|''Mahal'' (Toro y Moi album)]], a 2022 album by Toro y Moi<br /> * [[Mahal (Israel)]], foreign military volunteers in Israel<br /> * [[Mahal (palace)]], meaning &quot;palace&quot; in India<br /> * [[Mahal dialect]] (also spelled 'Mahl'), dialect of Dhivehi language spoken on Minicoy Island, India<br /> * [[Aulë]], a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, also named Mahal<br /> * [[Jinder Mahal]] (born 1986), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Yuvraj &quot;Raj&quot; Singh Dhesi<br /> * [[Mumtaz Mahal]]<br /> * [[Mahal (actress)]] (1974–2021), Filipino actress and comedian<br /> * [[Jagsharan Singh Mahal]], Canadian politician<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Mahale (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Taj Mahal (disambiguation)]]<br /> <br /> {{Disambiguation|geo}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhinai&diff=491182 2025-05-27T21:56:12Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created the stub basic info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}} <br /> {{onesource|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bhinai<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.0640945|N|74.7604763|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Rajasthan government<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | leader_party = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 895.78<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 433<br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = census 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = 13th in Rajasthan<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages - Marwari, Rajasthani, Hindi, English<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 305801, 305802<br /> | area_code = 01463<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhinay''' is a town in Bhinay Tehsil in [[Ajmer district]] of [[Rajasthan]] State, India. It is located in [[Ajmer Division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhinai Pin Code, Bhinai, Ajmer Map, Latitude and Longitude, Rajasthan |url=https://indiamapia.com/Ajmer/Bhinai.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=indiamapia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==History==<br /> Historically, Bhinai was an Istimrari estate under the Rathore dynasty's Jodha clan. The estate was founded by Rao Agar Sen, the younger son of Rao Chandrasen of Marwar. In 1783, the title of Raja was conferred upon the head of the Bhinai house by the then Chief of Jodhpur as a reward for military service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ajmer-Merwara (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvo4AQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=bhinai&amp;pg=PA9 |title=Report on the Administration of Ajmer-Merwara |date=1901 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C&amp;dq=bhinai&amp;pg=PA108 |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Kekri district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AjmerDistrict-geo-stub}}{{Kekri district}}</div>

PattyFreytag2 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatal:_Chapter_1&diff=498947 2024-07-10T21:08:16Z

<p>PattyFreytag2: created new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Web series}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=April 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | director = Chinni Chetan<br /> | producer = {{Ubl|Keshar Singh Bhandari|Rishabh Chhabria|Dinesh Kumar R. Sharma}}<br /> | company = Likap Films&lt;br&gt;ZAAR Films<br /> | story = Chinii Chetan<br /> | screenplay = Chinii Chetan<br /> | starring = {{Ubl|[[Zuber K. Khan]]||Suresh Vishwakarma|Sunil Mani|Manisha Tambade}}<br /> | music = {{Ubl|Rehan Khan|[[Shahid Mallya]] (playback singer)}}<br /> | cinematography = Ninad Tambe<br /> | editor = Arun D. Yadav <br /> | location = India<br /> | genre = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Drama]]<br /> * [[Murder Mystery]]<br /> * [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]<br /> * [[Romance film|Romance]]<br /> * [[Crime fiction|Crime]]<br /> &lt;!-- Per official story source --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> | based_on = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 6<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|2024|03|14|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|2024|03|14|df=yes}}<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | network = [[MX Player]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Fatal: Chapter 1''''' (Hindi: घातक: अध्याय 1)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Jul/19/manisha-tambades-upcoming-web-series-fatal-chapter-1-deals-withsuicidesof-young-adults-2596460.html|title=Manisha Tambade's upcoming web series Fatal Chapter 1 deals with Suicide of young adults|date=19 Jul 2023|work=www.newindianexpress.com|author=[[The New Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian, [[Hindi]]-Language [[Web Series]] directed by ''Chinii Chetan'' for ''[[MX Player]]''. The series stars [[Zuber K. Khan]], Suresh Vishwakarma and Sunil Mani in key roles alongside Manisha Tambade.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/anika-actress-manisha-tambade-to-play-title-role-in-mx-players-new-crime-thriller-series/1ab9c6c753294|title=Manisha Tambade to play a title role in MX Player's new crime thriller series|work=www.ottplay.com|author=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> When an unidentified fingerprint is discovered on a crime scene Insp. Kadam finds himself in a spiral of deceiving clues facing a powerful foe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://up18news.com/fatal-chapter-1-to-be-released-soon-writer-director-chinii-chetan-seems-optimistic-about-this-unique-mystery-drama/|title=Fatal Chapter 1 to be released, writer and director Chinii Chetan seems optimistic about this unique mystery drama|work=UP18 News|date=17 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bollywoodmascot.com/features/on-the-mark-fatal-chapter-1-an-upcoming-film-written-directed-by-chinii-chetan/|title=On the mark, Fatal Chapter 1, an upcoming film written and directed by Chinii Chetan|work=www.bollywoodmascot.com|author=Bollywood Mascot|date=25 December 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Zuber K. Khan]] as Maddy<br /> * Suresh Vishwakarma as Inspector Kadam<br /> * Sunil Mani as Ritesh<br /> * Manisha Tambade as Kavya<br /> * Soonia Prajapat as Nancy<br /> * Shubham Pradeep Surve as Jolly<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The web-series was mostly shot in [[Shirdi]] and [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> {{Series overview<br /> | caption = Series overview<br /> <br /> | color1 = #3877ff<br /> | link1 = #Season 1<br /> | linkT1 = Chapter 1<br /> | episodes1 = 6<br /> | start1 = {{start date|2024|03|14|df=yes}}<br /> | end1 = {{end date|2024|03|14|df=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|26345191}}<br /> * [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-fatal-chapter-1-series-online-a539a39391420b19a08bb32fbeaf9098 Fatal: Chapter 1] on [[MX Player]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 web series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama web series]]<br /> [[Category:Serial drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian web series]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>

PattyFreytag2